Thank you very much Chris for the opportunity to be on this stage.
It is a great honor and I am very happy to be able to receive it twice.
This conference has left me feeling overwhelmed. From all of you - I want to thank all of you for your kind comments on my last talk.
I really do, because... ugh... that's what I needed! (smile)
Please think from my point of view!
For eight years I flew in Air Force Two
Now I take my shoes off to get on the plane
You have to go through a metal detector! (Laughter) (Applause) Let me tell you a short story so you can see where I stand.
It's a true story...it's true down to the smallest detail
After Tipper and I left the -- ah -- the White House -- (Laughter) -- we were heading from our home in Nashville to a small farm we have 50 miles east of Nashville.
drive by myself
This may seem like a small thing to you, but... (Laughter) When I looked in the rearview mirror, I suddenly realized something.
There's no more convoy to follow
Have you ever heard of phantom limb pain? (smile)
I was in a rented Ford Taurus
I started looking for a place to eat at dinner time.
I was driving on Interstate 40. Take exit 238 at Lebanon, Tennessee.
I searched for a restaurant and found "Shawnee's"
For those of you who don't know, it's a cheap family restaurant chain.
I went in and sat down at a table, and the waitress came in and was very surprised...look at the tipper (laughter).
After taking our order, she went over to the couple at the next table and lowered her voice so I focused my attention to hear what she had to say.
She whispered, "Hey, former Vice President Al Gore and his wife Tipper."
And the man said, "He must have come a long way, too." (Laughter)
Then a series of events followed
The next day, which is also 100% true, I flew to Lagos in Nigeria, Africa, to give a speech at the G5, and I was supposed to talk about energy.
I started this speech by telling you about what happened the day before in Nashville.
Just like what we just talked about, Tipper and I drove ourselves to the cheap restaurant chain Showneys, and everyone laughed when the guy said,
And then after giving my speech, I went back to the airport and headed home.
While I was sleeping on the plane, the plane landed in the Azores for refueling in the middle of the night.
I woke up and the door opened and I went out for some fresh air and I saw a man running down the runway.
I was waving a piece of paper in my hand and yelling, "Call Washington! Call Washington!"
"What's wrong with Washington in the middle of the Atlantic in the middle of the night?"
I remembered that there were many problems (laughs)
It was actually my staff who were distraught because the Nigerian news agency had already published my speech and it was in newspapers all over the country.
I read in Monterey here's the article
"Former Vice President of the United States Al Gore said yesterday in Nigeria, 'Me and my wife Tipper opened a cheap family restaurant called Showies We do it ourselves'" (Laughter). David Letterman and Jay Leno had already teased me before I even stepped in. The private man puts on a big white chef's hat and Tipper yells, "Burger with fries!"
Three days later, I got a nice, long, handwritten letter from my friend and colleague, Bill Clinton, saying, "I heard about your restaurant. Congratulations Al!"
(Laughter) We want to celebrate each other's successes in life.
I was going to talk to you about information ecology.
But I plan to come back to TED more often in the future, so I'll leave that topic for another time. (Applause)
It is a promise!
I'm going to focus on what many people have asked me to elaborate on: What can we do about the climate crisis? to begin with
I'll show you the new slides, and then I'll just review 4-5 of them.
Let's get started. I update my slides every time I give a talk.
I'm always learning something new and adding new content.
It's like a treasure hunt on the beach, as the waves roll in and recede.
find some new shells
In the last two days, we've got a new January temperature record.
American data, through the history.
The average temperature in January is -1°C Last month the average temperature was 4°C
You want to hear more bad news about the environment, right? Just kidding, I've shown you this slide before.
I'll talk about what you can do in the new slides that follow.
First, let me explain this slide in a little more detail.
Projections of how normal economic activity will affect warming in the United States. Improving the end-use efficiency of electricity and other energies is easy.
efficiency and savings
This is a benefit, not a cost, the sign is reversed.
It's a plus, not a minus, and it's an investment that pays for itself.
But it's also an effective way to mitigate warming.
Cars, trucks -- I've talked about this before, and I want you to put it in the big picture.
It's an easy target to deal with, but much more global warming pollution comes from consumption in buildings than cars and trucks.
Cars and trucks are important, and America is one of the least regulated in the world.
We should do something about it, but that's part of the puzzle.
Efficiency in other modes of transportation is just as important as cars and trucks.
Renewable energy can make a big enough difference even with today's technology, like Vinod (Khorra), John Doerr, and others.
Many people here are directly involved in this, and this wedge will spread much faster than current projections.
Carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) is going to be a killer app that will allow us to continue to use fossil fuels safely.
I haven't gotten there yet
So what can we do? Reduce your emissions at home
Spending here pays off
Insulation Better Design And Buy Green Power If You Can
As for the car I mentioned earlier, buy a hybrid car or take the train.
Please consider if there are better options. It's important.
Be an Environmentally Conscious Consumer You have a choice in everything you buy
Some have a big impact on the planet's climate crisis, some have a small impact, so think about it.
Make the decision to live carbon neutral
If you're good at branding, I'd appreciate your advice and help.
It's easier than people think, really.
There are a lot of people out there who have made that decision.
Make every choice you make to reduce your carbon footprint, and buy carbon offsets where you can't cut it completely, which is explained in detail at climatecrisis.net.
There's a carbon calculator out there with Participant Productions.
I've been involved myself with some of the best software developers working on the arcane science of calculating carbon emissions to create a consumer-friendly carbon calculator.
It can give you an accurate estimate of your carbon footprint and give you options on how to reduce it.
By the time the movie comes out in May, it will be updated to version 2.0 and you will be able to purchase offsets with a click.
Now think about making your company carbon neutral, which some of us are actually doing.
It's not as hard as you think. Build climate change into every new development.
Whether your field is technology, entertainment, design and architecture.
Please invest in making it sustainable. Majora (Carter) was talking about it.
If you're paying administrators based on annual performance, don't complain about quarterly reports.
People eventually start doing things that make them money
If they decide that their money is based on short-term returns, they will be making short-term decisions.
I have more to say about this
BE A CATALYST FOR CHANGE Teach Others Learn Speak
The movie is coming out. It's an adaptation of the slideshow you saw two days ago.
Please encourage more people to watch the movie
Send someone to Nashville, pick someone
I'll train you to be able to explain this slide, and of course I'll replace the personal part with something more generic, not just the slide, but what it means and how it connects.
We're going to be doing seminars this summer with nominees from all over the country, and they'll be giving talks to communities across America. The slideshows will be updated weekly to keep them up to date and accurate.
I'm working with Lawrence Lessig to put tools and copyrights in place so that young people can remix and do it their way.
(Applause) Who said stay away from politics? I'm not trying to make the Republicans in you Democrats.
We also need Republicans. This has always been a bipartisan issue.
I'm inside and I know that, please be political.
So that democracy works as it should
Support the idea of ​​curbing and trading CO2 emissions, global warming pollution, here's why, if America is outside the world system.
will not be a closed system
If the world becomes a closed system with America's participation, how many people are on the board of directors...how many of these people are on the company's board of directors?
If it's a closed system, if you don't convince your CEO to maximize revenue through carbon reduction and trading, you'll be held legally accountable. work to resolve
Lend a hand in an awareness campaign starting this spring
We need to change the mindset of the American people
Politicians don't have the power to do what they need to do now.
In modern countries, mediation between wealth and power is no longer the role of logic and reason.
Now, short, repetitive TV commercials of 30 seconds or so speak for themselves.
We need to buy a lot of such commercials.
As many people have pointed out, let's change the image of global warming.
I think climate crisis is better than climate collapse. Again, if you're good at branding, please help.
A scientist once told me that the question we're facing now is the viability of the combination of thumb opposition and neocortex.
It's true. I said it last time, and I'll say it again. This is not a political issue.
Republicans here, this is not about party interests.
Some of you have more influence than us Democrats.
This is an opportunity, not only this, but connecting the ideas here.
make it more consistent
we are one
thank you very much
(standing ovation)
I'm going to talk to you later today about the legitimate concerns about AIDS and bird flu. From Dr. Brilliant, I want to talk to you about another epidemic: cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and high blood pressure. are all completely preventable, at least for 95 percent of people, just by changing their diet and lifestyle.
What's happening now is the globalization of the disease, people all over the world are eating like us Americans, living like us, dying like us, the worst thing ever in Asia. The levels of heart disease, obesity and diabetes were lost in a generation and are now among the highest in the world.In most countries in Africa, cardiovascular disease equals deaths from HIV and AIDS.
We are entrusted with a tremendous opportunity. We must implement preventive medicine on a global scale to make a significant difference in the lives of millions of people.
Cardiovascular disease still kills people, not only in the United States, but around the world. It's more deaths than all other causes combined, and for most people, this kind of disease is preventable.
It's not just preventable, it's actually reversible. For the last 29 years, we've been wondering how effective a low-tech, low-cost intervention that is simply changing our diet and lifestyle can be. We've proven that with these high-tech, expensive, state-of-the-art instruments, such as pre-intervention and one-year post-intervention quantitative arteriography and cardiac PET scans.
A study we published a few months ago showed for the first time that the progression of prostate cancer can be stopped or reversed by changing diet and lifestyle, compared to 9 percent in the control group. We saw a 70% reduction in tumor size growth and growth inhibition.
So here's an MRI and an MR image, and you can see the prostate cancer activity in red, and you can see that after a year, it's gone down.
Now, obesity is on the rise. It's two-thirds of all adults, 15 percent of children. What really worries me is that diabetes has gone up by 70 percent in the last decade. Our children are shorter than their parents. We may be the first generation to have a life, which is a shame, because it's preventable.
Look, this is not an election result. This is the percentage of obese people in each state, by color. Years, '90, '91 Here comes the new colors '92, '93, '94, '95, '96 '97, '98, '99, 2000 and In 2001 things get even worse. It's like we're regressing. (Laughter) What can we do? The diet we discovered with the potential to cure heart disease and cancer is
It's Asian food, but Asian people are starting to eat like Westerners, and that's why they started to be unhealthy like us.
So I've worked with a number of food giants who can make healthy food fun, sexy, cool, green and convenient. I am going to head the company and I will be going to Del Monte in the future, but they understand that it is a good business opportunity.
The salads sold at McDonald's were born out of this experiment, and they're going to roll out Asian salads, and at Pepsi, two-thirds of their revenue growth comes from healthy food.
If we can achieve better diets, we can use the money to buy the drugs we need to treat AIDS, HIV, malaria, and prevent bird flu.
here is my doppelganger
(Laughter) Dr. Gero is a wonderful, slightly insane scientist who appears in the Android version of Dragon Ball Z.
If you look closely, his skull has been replaced with an acrylic glass dome, which allows you to see how his brain works, and even control it with light.
This is exactly what I do... mind control with light.
(Laughter) But unlike my twin brother, who wants world domination, my ambitions aren't evil.
By controlling the brain, we understand how it works.
You might be thinking, wait a minute, how do you control it without even understanding it?
Isn't it like attaching a carrier to the front of the horse?
Many neurologists agree with that idea, and believe that understanding requires detailed observation and analysis.
They say, "If we could record the activity of neurons, we could understand the brain."
But think about what that means
Even if we could measure what every cell was doing all the time, we still had to interpret what those patterns of activity were. it's a little
Let's take a look at what brain activity looks like.
In this simulation, one black dot is one neuron.
When cells generate electrical signals, dots appear.
There are 10,000 neurons here.
That's about 1% of a cockroach's brain.
Your brain is about 100 million times more complex than this.
This pattern applies to all of you. Your perceptions, your emotions, your memories, your vision for the future are these patterns.
But we don't know where they are stored because we don't know how to decipher the patterns.
We don't know the code the brain uses.
To advance our understanding, we must break the code.
How?
Experts in cryptanalysis say that the key to unlocking the meaning of the symbols in a cipher is to try them out and reassemble them.
The same is true here. To decipher the information hidden in patterns like this, you can't just look.
have to reassemble
In other words, instead of recording neuron activity, we have to control it.
You don't necessarily have to control every neuron
A little is fine. It's better to narrow down the target as much as possible.
What I'm going to show you is how you can get the precision you need.
I prefer the real to the grand, so I'm not saying that controlling your nervous system will reveal all the mysteries in the blink of an eye.
Still we can learn a lot
Of course, I'm not the first to realize that intervention is a powerful tool.
There has been a long and successful history of various attempts at nervous system function.
Go back at least 200 years, and Galvani's famous experiment goes back to the late 18th century and even earlier.
Galvani showed that by connecting the lumbar nerves of frogs to electrodes, they could twitch their legs.
This experiment revealed for the first time, the most basic, an important part of the neural code, the information is in the form of electrical pulses.
Galvani's approach, which attempts to probe the nervous system with electrodes, is still cutting edge today, despite its many shortcomings.
No matter how you look at it, it's rough to pierce a lead wire into the brain
It's difficult in mobile animals, and it limits the number of wires that can be inserted simultaneously.
At the end of the 20th century, I thought, what if we reversed this logic?
What if, instead of putting wires into a part of the brain, we remade the brain itself so that a part of the neurons would respond to a broadly illuminated flash of light?
This experiment really removed many obstacles in the blink of an eye.
First, it's non-invasive to the brain because there are no wires.
The second is being able to communicate with many things at once, like a radio broadcast.
It doesn't matter where the receiver is, and it doesn't matter if the receiver moves, just like a car stereo.
As an added advantage, it turned out that we could encode it into DNA and create a receiver.
So a neuron with the right genetic make-up will spontaneously generate a receiver that we can control.
I hope you can appreciate the stunning simplicity of this method.
No high-tech machines, just biological functions revealed in biology.
So let's take a closer look at this miraculous receiver.
As you get closer to these purple neurons, you can see that their membranes are dotted with tiny pores.
These pores conduct electrical currents and are the basis for all communication in the nervous system.
But these holes are special.
These are paired with light receptors like your eye.
When light hits the receptor, the pore opens, allowing an electrical current to flow and the neuron to send out an electrical signal.
Because the light-activated pores are written into DNA, we can achieve incredible precision.
Because each cell in our body has the same genes, but different cells activate different genes.
We can use this to make sure that only some neurons have light-activated pits and others don't.
In this picture, the bluish white cell in the upper left does not respond to light because it lacks the light-activated pore.
This method works so well that it can even write artificial messages directly into the brain.
In this example, the electrical signal, seen as a waveform deflection, was induced by a brief exposure to light.
This method can also be used with animals that are moving or in motion.
This is, in some ways, the first Galvanic experiment done with light.
This was done six or seven years ago by Susana Lima, who was a graduate student at my school.
Susana genetically engineered the fruit fly brain on the left so that only two of the 200,000 cells were sensitive to light.
Those cells are the ones that cause you to get irritated when you try to hit them.
It triggers the fly's reflex movement when we brace ourselves, causing it to fly away.
In this experiment, a flash of light causes the same phenomenon.
It hops, spreads its wings, and shakes, but it can't actually fly because it's sandwiched between panes of glass.
To prove that this phenomenon wasn't caused by flies seeing the light, Susana took a simple, but ruthlessly effective, experimental step.
I drop the fly's head
You can live for about a day without a head, though you can't do much.
just move around and groom yourself excessively
It seems that the only thing left after losing the head is "pretentiousness"
(Laughter) In any case, as I'll show you, Susana managed to control the part of the fly that controls flight from the spinal cord, and she actually flew a headless fly.
Of course you can't go far
The field of optogenetics has grown exponentially since we started the first step.
Hundreds of laboratories now employ this experimental method.
We've come a long way since Galvani and Susana had their first successes with muscle contraction and flight in animals.
Now, we can interfere with the animal's psychology in an essential way, and what I'm going to show you in this last example is to ask a question that we hear all the time.
"Life is a chain of choices, constantly asking you to decide what to do next."
We deal with these pressures with our brains, and that part of our brain that holds the key to making decisions is what I call the "actor."
Actors set a policy based on the situation and environment in which we are placed at the time.
Your actions change the environment and the situation, and you can create a loop in which these are fed back and you make new decisions.
Let's apply this neurobiological argument to an abstract model, using our specialty, the fruit fly, to create a one-dimensional world.
Each of these two vertically stacked rows of cases contains one fly.
The right and left halves of each room are filled with different scents, and surveillance cameras watch the flies fly back and forth.
This is the footage captured by the surveillance camera.
When the fly is in the middle of the room, it has to make a decision between the different smells.
Either turn around and go back the way you came and stay on the same smell or cross the middle and try something new
This decision follows the course of action created by the actor.
The course of action of intelligent creatures like this fly is not fixed, but changes as it learns from experience.
In order to incorporate this adaptability into our model, we assume that there are "critics," a group of cells distinct from the actor, present in the brain who give their opinion on the choices that the actor makes.
This constant inner voice, if you're Austrian like me, think of it as the Catholic Church in your brain, if you're Freudian, think of it as the superego, if you're Jewish, think of it as your mother.
(Laughter) Clearly, the critic is the key to our intelligence.
So we tried to identify the cells in the fly's brain that act as "critics."
The experimental method is simple
We reasoned that if we could remotely control and activate the critic's cells with light, we could artificially alter the actor's course of action.
In other words, the fly is supposed to learn from the mistakes it thinks it made, but it doesn't actually make them.
We raised flies whose brains were randomly sprinkled with light-controlled cells.
We used these flies to make a choice.
If you choose one of the two scents, in this case if you choose the blue one instead of the orange one, it will light up.
If the light-activated cells contained a "critic," this intervention should change course of action.
Flies should avoid odors that have been stimulated by light.
I'm going to give you two examples. I'm comparing two strains of flies, both of which have about 100 light-controlled cells in their brains.
What these cells have in common is that they all produce the neurotransmitter dopamine.
But the neurons that produce dopamine are clearly very different on the left than on the right.
Activating these 100 or so cells with light makes a dramatic difference between the two strains of fly.
If you first look at the behavior of the fly on the right, when it reaches the middle of the room, where the two odors are mixed, it continues straight ahead, just like it always has.
Behavior doesn't change
But the fly on the left behaves completely differently.
When it reaches the middle, it stops, analyzes the odors meticulously, as if it were trying to explore its surroundings, and then goes back.
These results are because the course of action created by the actors urges them to avoid the scent that fills the right half of the room.
The fly on the left has a functioning critic, so the dopamine-producing neurons on the left should contain the critic, but the dopamine-producing neurons on the right do not.
After many iterations of this kind of experiment, we narrowed down the location of the "critic" to 12 cells.
These 12 cells, shown in green, send their output information to a brain structure called the mushroom body, here in gray.
Because we know from our theoretical model that it's the actor that receives the output of the "critic" in the brain structure.
What this analysis suggests is that mushroom bodies have something to do with behavioral choice.
Given what we know about mushroom bodies, it makes perfect sense.
In fact, it's so neatly coherent that you can build a toy circuit that mimics the behavior of a fly.
In this electrical circuit, the neurons in the mushroom body are represented by the central vertical row of blue LEDs.
These LEDs are connected to sensors that detect the presence of odor molecules in the air.
Each odor activates a different set of sensors, which in turn activates different odor detectors in the mushroom body.
In the fly's cockpit, the actor, the pilot, can recognize which smell it is by looking at which blue LED is lit.
What the actors do with this information depends on their course of action, which is based on the strength of the connection between the odor detector and the locomotory organs that drive the fly's avoidance behavior.
If the connection is weak, the locomotory doesn't work and the fly just keeps going straight.
If the connection is strong, the locomotory activates and the fly returns the way it came.
Consider the following situation: If the locomotor system is not working, going in a straight line has painful consequences, like an electrical current.
In such a situation, the "critic" would be expected to encourage the actor to change its course of action.
We artificially created this situation by making the critic work with the light.
And this resulted in a stronger link between the currently active odor detector and the locomotory system.
So the next time a fly encounters the same odor, the association triggers locomotory and avoidance behavior.
I don't know about you, but to me, it's really exhilarating to let the abstract concepts of psychology disappear and to understand how the mind works physically and mechanically, even if it's the mind of a fly.
this is one of the good news
The other good news, at least for scientists, is that there's still a lot of uncharted territory.
In the experiment I mentioned earlier, we know who the "critic" is, but we still don't know how the "critic" works.
Come to think of it, it's very difficult to realize your mistakes without the guidance of your teacher or your mother.
There are clues to these solutions in computer science and artificial intelligence, but it's never been proven, never been proven, how the interactions between neurons drive intelligent behavior in living organisms.
I hope it won't be long before they are resolved.
thank you
(applause)
I have a lot to talk about, but I'll start with the performance for now.
(Music) ♫ In the morning ♫ ♫ When you wake up ♫ ♫ Make coffee ♫ ♫ Read the newspaper ♫ ♫ Slowly ♫ ♫ And softly ♫ ♫ Wash the dishes ♫ ♫ Feed the fish ♫ ♫ You sing me happy birthday ♫ ♫ This day ♫ ♫ As if it were the last ♫ ♫ On this earth ♫ (Applause) Yes.
I want to do something a little special today.
It's been about five or six months since we started working on a new song.
There is nothing more exciting than performing a song for the first time in front of an audience. Especially the unfinished songs.
(Laughs) I hope that speaking here will lead to the completion of the song.
I'm going into a hell of a field.
Simply put, this song is about a loop, not the kind of loop I make here
feedback loop.
In the acoustic world, when a mic gets too close to a sound source, it goes into a self-destructing loop and produces a rather unpleasant sound.
I'll do it now
(laughs) It doesn't hurt. do not worry.
♫ This is a loop, a feedback loop ♫ ♫ This is a loop, a feedback loop ♫ ♫ This is a loop, a feedback loop ♫ ♫ This is a loop, a feedback loop ♫ ♫ This is a loop, a feedback loop ♫ ♫ This is a loop, a feedback loop ♫ ♫ This is Ha - (Feedback) Yes. I don't know if there was any meaning in what I just did... (laughs) ...Anyway, what I'm trying to say is that it's the sound of self-destruction.
And I think this applies to all sorts of fields, like ecology, yes.
Nature seems to have its own laws, and if you get too close to yourself, you become ugly
Don't feed cows brains or you'll get mad cow disease Inbreeding or incest or what else?
Biology - an autoimmune disease, a condition in which the body attacks itself. A little too eager to destroy the host or the person.
And - yeah, that's where it connects to the song - it connects to the emotional part
I used scientific words, but in the song, it's difficult to make them recite.
Some songs just don't need it.
That's why I'm trying to make a connection between this idea and the melody.
Maybe it's just me, but when I close my eyes when I'm about to go to sleep, all I can think about is my eyeballs.
Like an eye starting to strain to see the eye itself.
I feel like that.
It doesn't feel good.
I'm sorry if I upset you.
(Laughter) Of course, it's impossible for the eyes to see the eyes, but I feel like they're trying.
Now that's a little closer to personal experience, isn't it?
Or for the ear to hear itself - it's just not possible.
that's right.
That's why I've made a song that tells that story, and then this song tells the story of a fictional person who's become so good at protecting himself from being hurt that he ends up hurting himself. if there is.
That's what this song makes me think.
yes.
I don't have a title yet.
(music) ♫ Give yourself a congratulatory handshake ♫ ♫ Give yourself a handshake ♫ ♫ The eyes that look at you are your own ♫ ♫ And the ears that listen ♫ ♫ Cause ♫ ♫ You made the impossible possible ♫ ♫ You untied yourself ♫ ♫ Now you're utterly invincible ♫ ♫ A heart that no one can hurt ♫ And bare ♫ ♫ Break it yourself ♫ ♫ Break it yourself, break it yourself ♫ ♫ Break it yourself, break it yourself ♫ ♫ Break it yourself ♫ (Applause) Thank you.
(Applause) Yes.
It's good. A songwriter can get away with some kind of murder.
No need to prove it with data, no graphs, no research.
But I think reckless curiosity is what the world needs right now, at least a little.
(Applause) To conclude, let me perform my song, "Weather system."
(music) ♫ Quiet ♫ ♫ Quiet she said ♫ ♫ Calling from behind his head ♫ ♫ At the edge of the bed I can see blood ♫ ♫ I can see ♫ ♫ Cells growing ♫ ♫ ♫ ♫ Don't spill the wine ♫ ♫ I can see it all from here ♫ ♫ I can see it ♫ ♫ oh ♫ ♫ I can see it ♫ ♫ The weather system ♫ ♫ The world ♫ ♫ The weather system ♫ ♫ The world ♫ ♫ Some of the languages ​​we speak ♫ ♫ Not for sale ♫ ♫ I'd keep it ♫ ♫ Some substance free agent ♫ ♫ In a place where they're scared ♫ ♫ Stay there for a while ♫ ♫ Don't spill the wine ♫ ♫ I can see it all from here ♫ ♫ I can see it ♫ ♫ oh♫ ♫ I can see ♫ ♫ This world's weather system ♫ ♫ This world's ♫ Thank you.
(applause)
I'm going to talk about places that are now "home" to me.
The theme is what design can do to improve both public education and rural areas.
This is Bertie County, North Carolina, USA.
Let's take a look at a map. This is North Carolina, and if you zoom in, you have Bertie County in the eastern part of the state.
About 2 hours by car from the state capital Raleigh
It is flat and has many swamps.
most of it is farmland
The county only has a population of 20,000, and the houses are scattered all over the place.
The population density is 27 people per square mile, or 10 people per square kilometer.
Bertie County is a prime example of a "terminal state" in rural America.
Similar areas can be found across the United States and abroad.
Symptoms are...
Hollowing out of urban areas
Central ghost town
brain drain. Most educated people leave the city and never return.
Reliance on agricultural subsidies Lower-than-average quality schools Poverty rates in rural areas are higher than in urban areas.
Bertie County is no exception
Perhaps what suffers most, like communities like it, is the undistributed collective investment for the future of rural communities, out of all the charitable giving that's made across the country.
Only 6.8% benefit from rural areas, but 20% of the population lives in rural areas.
And Bertie County isn't just a rural area, it's extremely poor.
It's the poorest county in the state.
One in three children live in poverty, in what is often referred to as the "rural ghetto."
the economy is largely based on agriculture
The main products are cotton, tobacco and the specialty Bertie Peanuts.
The region's largest employer is a Purdue poultry processing plant
The county center is the city of Windsor
This photo is a corner of Windsor's "Times Square"
Windsor has 2,000 inhabitants, and like many small towns, its population is declining year by year.
There are more vacant and dilapidated homes than buildings in use.
I can count the number of restaurants on one hand, and Bun Barbecue is my go-to.
But Windsor has coffee shops, Internet cafes, movie theaters, bookstores.
not even walmart
Ethnically, 60 percent of the population is African American, but the majority of economically advantaged white children attend Lawrence Academy, a private school.
86% of public school students are black
Here's a list of alumni published in the local newspaper, and the difference is obvious.
To say that public education in Bertie County is "struggling" might be an understatement.
Basically, there's zero surplus of licensed teachers, because only 8% of the county's population graduated from college.
I don't have much of an educational tradition to be proud of.
In fact, two years ago, only 27 percent of children across grades 3 through 8 met the benchmarks in both English and math on the National Standards Test.
Now, I've talked about all the bad things about this region, but of course there's good news.
In my opinion, Bertie County's greatest asset right now is this man, Dr. Chip Zallinger, affectionately known as "Doctor Z."
In October of 2007, he was appointed superintendent to rebuild a broken education system.
Previously served as Superintendent of Education in Charleston, South Carolina and Denver, Colorado
In the late 80's he founded one of the pioneering charter schools in the United States.
He's rebellious and visionary. He's the reason I live and work here.
In February of 2009, Dr. Zalinger invited Project H. Design, the non-profit design collective I founded, to Bertie County to work with him to bring a design perspective into the rebuilding of the school district. was the request
He chose us in particular because we have a unique design process, a process that can generate relevant design solutions in areas where design services and creative capital are usually hard to come by.
Specifically, they used six design principles, and perhaps the most important is the second one: "Don't build for the person, build with the person." When we do, it's not about making things for our clients
To create together with people. It is to ensure that the optimal solution emerges from that process.
When we were invited, we were based in San Francisco, so during 2009, we spent almost half of our time in Bertie County, bouncing back and forth between our two locations.
"We," Project H, is me and my partner, Matthew Miller. Matthew is a MacGyver type of architect.
and now resides in Bertie County.
In this photo, Matt's face is cut off on purpose because he would get really angry if I posted a picture of him wearing a sweatshirt...
Well, this is the front door of our house.
Now we call this land "local"
After a year of going back and forth, we fell in love with this place.
I love the land, I love the people, I love the work, and it's not often that designers and architects get to work in rural areas like Bertie County.
There was plenty of room for experimentation and trial and error.
Dr. Zalinger's wonderful support
I am proud of this work, which is realistic and practical and makes my hands black.
But beyond our personal interests, there are enormous needs on the ground.
Creative capital in Bertie County is a complete vacuum
There are no licensed architects anywhere in the county.
The design was untouched, so I saw this as an opportunity to bring it in. I added a whole new tool to Bertie County's toolbox that otherwise wouldn't have been available.
The original goal was to work with Dr. Zalinger to bring design to life within the framework of the public education system.
But more than that, the Bertie County community itself was desperate for new perspectives, local pride, connection building, and scarce creative capital.
So we changed our goal from what it was originally, to not only introduce design into education, but also as a way to develop communities.
We decided to think about how to use education. To achieve this goal, we have three approaches.
We've brought design and education together. I think the three approaches that we've taken in Bertie County will probably work in different rural communities around the world.
The first is “design for education”.
This is the most direct and accessible interface between education and design.
It's all about rethinking spaces and materials to improve the teacher-student experience.
This approach was against the bad mobile trailers, the outdated textbooks and the bad construction materials used in today's schools.
I worked on it in two different ways.
The first is the renovation of the computer room.
Traditionally, the computer room has become a very superficial, mechanical testing room, especially in low-level schools like Bertie County, where you have to do progress tests every other week.
Enter the classroom, face the wall, take the test, leave
We wanted to change the way students interact with technology. We wanted to make it brighter, more social, more engaging and accessible. The intention was also to make it easier
This picture is of the high school computer room. The principal here really liked it.
When I have guests, I always show them here first.
This is also an educational playground that we created together with our teachers, which we called the "Garden of Learning."
Here, elementary school students can study compulsory subjects while playing and exercising, returning to their childhood and having fun.
In this picture, the children are playing Match Me, a game that teaches basic multiplication.
In the match-me game, the class is divided into two teams, with each team standing on either side of the field, and the teacher takes chalk and goes around writing numbers on each tire.
And then the teacher tells you the multiplication formula, let's say 4x4. sit
In the end, whoever gets the whole team on the right tires wins.
The Garden of Learning Had Amazing Power
Some classes scored better on tests and became more familiar with mathematics, especially boys, who liked to play outside, became less afraid of double-digit multiplication. A more accurate measure of how well students understand new material
I believe that the most important thing in designing for education is that the teachers in the field love the product and use it enthusiastically.
This is Assistant Principal Perry
This is a photo from when I participated in the teacher training program.
(Laughter) Now, the second approach is to redesign education itself.
this is the most complicated
A system-wide view of how education is managed, what is provided, and to whom.
A lot of the time, it wasn't so much about creating change, it was about creating the conditions for change, or motivating change, and that's easier said than done in rural areas and in closed education systems. "
Well, here's a public campaign with a graphic called "connect party."
We've posted this symbol in thousands of locations throughout Bertie County
They will also fund the provision of desktop computers and broadband internet to every student home in the district.
Only 10% of people actually have Internet connectivity at home.
The only places where you can connect to WiFi are inside the school building and at the Bojangles Fried Chicken store.
And then you envision the school system as a way of strengthening connections within the community by making people wonder, "What is this blue symbol?"
It encourages them to think about what role they can play in the development of their communities beyond the walls of their school.
The first set of computers to be installed has been rolling in since late this summer, and we're helping Dr. Zalinger to strengthen the connection between the classroom and home so that learning can go beyond school hours. working out a strategy
And the third approach, which we're most excited about, is the ongoing design as education.
Design as education means actually teaching design in public education, not design practice to learn something like building rockets to learn physics, but learning design thinking itself and actually building and building. It means that you learn the technology to do it according to the purpose of the local community.
In other words, we designers are no longer consultants, but teachers, responsible for growing the creative capital of the next generation.
Design as an educational framework works like an antidote for many school districts that have suffered from boring, rigid, language-only classes.
It's hands-on, it's challenging, it requires active participation, but it lets kids learn the required subjects the way they should really be learned.
We believe that our craft classes, especially those in woodworking and metalworking, were originally intended for students who weren't going to college.
It's like vocational training.
working class blue collar
For example, the challenge is to build a birdhouse as a Christmas gift for your mother.
Over the last decade, craft class budgets have been slashed to near zero.
So we tried to recreate craft classes, but this time, we wanted to be more in line with the needs of our community, and we wanted to incorporate a more serious, creative design thinking process into craft classes.
Over the past year, working closely with Dr. Zalinger, we have incorporated this vague idea into the middle school and high school curriculum.
This effort began in the last four weeks of the summer, when my partner Matthew and I went through a difficult and complicated process to gain recognition from our high school teachers.
I took it to the point of putting it into practice
Between the two semesters, Fall and Spring, students spend three hours each day in the 400-square-meter drafting room/workshop.
During that time, the students did a lot of things: they went out and did ethnographic research, they identified needs, they went back to the drawing room, they brainstormed designs, they came up with concepts that might work, and then they went to the workshop, Build it, prototype it, see if it works, fix it
During the summer they did an internship
I was a salaried employee of Project H, working on projects in the community as part of the building team.
The first project will be a downtown open-air market that will be completed next summer, followed by a covered bus stop for school buses in the second year, and a senior housing renovation in the third year.
These are really tangible projects that students can point to and say, "I made this, cool!"
I would like to introduce three of our students.
Ryan is the first
i'm a 15 year old girl
She loves farming and aims to be a high school teacher.
You want to go to college, but you want to come back to Bertie County, because Bertie County is where my family comes from, it's a place I call home, and I'm giving back to this place that I've been blessed with. because I have a strong desire to
Studio H will empower her to give back in the most meaningful way.
The second is Eric. Eric belongs to the football team
He's obsessed with racing off-road motorcycles and wants to be an architect.
Through Studio H, he can acquire the skills necessary to be an architect, the ability to draw blueprints, assemble wood and metal, and conduct research for clients.
Anthony is the third
He is 16 years old and loves to hunt, fish and do things with his hands in the outdoors. you can
He's interested in forestry, but he's still hesitant.
Indeed, design and architecture provide a different kind of classroom for public education.
This downtown building is a future open-air market, but it's now a classroom.
Also, my homework is to go to the community and interview residents to find out what kind of food they buy, where they buy it, and why.
At the end of the summer, a ribbon-cutting ceremony is held to celebrate the completion of the open-air market and its opening to the public, which is the final exam.
Design and architecture bring tangible improvements to local communities
We have one project a year, and it allows us to uncover our greatest untapped resource: young people, and envision a new future.
Studio H is a small story, especially in the first year, 13 students, 2 teachers, 1 project in 1 location.
However, there is a response that this is also valid elsewhere
I truly believe in the power of this little story.
If you expand your field of vision too much, you won't be able to see a life-size human being.
Ultimately, design itself is a continuous learning process for our peers, our clients, and ourselves as designers.
Designers need to face it and rediscover themselves
We should relearn important things by ourselves, challenge ourselves not only in a "comfortable space", and be better citizens with expertise.
It's a really small story, but I hope that as a step towards the future, we're building the future of rural areas, public education, and even the future of design.
thank you
(applause)
Today I want to talk to you about ethnic conflicts and civil wars.
It's not supposed to be a happy topic, or even create a happy topic, it's not the bright topic that a TED talk needs.
But the good news is that there are fewer conflicts than there were 20 years ago. It means that it came
Three things are important: leadership, diplomacy, and institutional design.
Today, I'm going to talk about why and how these three things matter, and what we can do to keep that importance moving in the right direction: how we can contribute to the world and the world. I'm going to explain how leaders can develop and hone the skills to reconcile and keep the peace.
Let's start with a review of the past
For decades, civil wars have been making headlines, but ethnic conflicts in particular continue to pose major challenges to international security.
For almost 20 years, I've been witnessing unfortunate news and sights.
In Georgia, after years of stalemate, full-scale violence returned in August 2008.
This quickly escalated into a five-day war between Russia and Georgia, further deepening rifts within the country.
In Kenya, the 2007 presidential election race devolved into massive ethnic violence, killing or displacing thousands of people.
In Sri Lanka, a decade-long civil war between the Tamil minority and the Sinhalese majority culminated in a bloody climax in 2009, claiming about 100,000 lives since 1983.
In Kyrgyzstan, just a few weeks ago, there was an unprecedented level of violence between Kyrgyz and Uzbek people.
Hundreds were killed, more than 100,000 were displaced, and many Uzbeks fled to neighboring Uzbekistan.
In the Middle East, Israel and Palestine are still at odds, and it's getting harder and harder to even find a sustainable solution.
Darfur (Sudan) hasn't been in the news lately, but there's still a lot of slaughter and displacement there, and it's hard to fathom the misery it creates.
And finally, in Iraq, violence is on the rise again. Four months after the last parliamentary elections, Iraq still has not formed a government.
Let's get into the original theme, the good news
Are the aforementioned events already a thing of the past?
Yes, despite the tragedies in various places, including the Middle East, Darfur, and Iraq, the long-term trends offer good news.
Over the past 20 years since the end of the Cold War, the overall number of civil wars has been on the decline.
There were about 50 civil wars in the early '90s, and that number is now down 30 percent.
Similarly, civil war deaths are lower than they were 10 or 20 years ago.
This trend is somewhat irregular
The deadliest period was recorded between 1998 and 2001, when about 80,000 soldiers, police and rebels were killed each year.
The lowest number of war dead was in 2003, at just 20,000.
Despite these ups and downs, the overall trend -- and this is really the big part -- shows a clear downward trend over the last 20 years.
Civilian casualties are also better than they used to be.
As many as 12,000 civilians were killed in the civil war in 1997 and 1998, but ten years later that number had dropped to 4,000.
2/3 reduction
This declining trend is made even clearer when you factor in the genocide in Rwanda in 1994.
800,000 civilians were murdered in just a few months.
A record like this should never be broken again.
It's also important to note that these numbers only tell part of what happened.
People who are not included in these figures, such as those who died of hunger or disease as a result of civil wars, are not included here.
Also not included in these figures is the number of people who have suffered more broadly.
Torture, rape, and ethnic cleansing are deadly, if not deadly, weapons in a civil war.
In other words, there is no good war or bad peace for civilians suffering from ethnic conflicts and civil wars.
So while we don't want civilians to be killed, maimed, raped and tortured, the good news is that the number of civilian casualties is significantly lower than it was 10 years ago.
So today there are fewer conflicts and fewer casualties.
What is that "why"?
In some instances, there was unilateral military suppression.
While this is one way to end a civil war, it usually comes at a cost of life and humanitarian costs.
The defeat of the Tamil Liberation Tigers in Sri Lanka is probably the most recent example, but similar cases of so-called military solutions can be found in the Balkans, the South Caucasus and other parts of Africa.
In these examples, once a negotiated settlement or ceasefire agreement is agreed upon, peacekeeping operations are deployed.
But there's very little success there. Bosnia and Herzegovina was even worse than Georgia.
A colleague of mine once told me about what happened across Africa, "A ceasefire agreement on Tuesday night is a harbinger of genocide that will begin Wednesday morning."
back to the bright news
Even without a militant solution, there are three key elements that are key to deterring ethnic conflicts and civil wars and sustaining peace afterwards: leadership, diplomacy and institutional design.
Take Northern Ireland for example
After centuries of hatred, decades of violence, and thousands of victims, a historic agreement was reached in 1998.
The initial agreement was reached through the skillful mediation of Senator George Mitchell.
In order to ensure the long-term success of the Northern Ireland peace process, he imposed very clear terms on which to enter the negotiations.
At its core is a radical commitment to peaceful means.
Subsequent amendments to the agreement were made by the British and Irish governments in their unwavering resolve to bring peace and stability to Northern Ireland.
The core of the system was introduced in 1998, and some modifications were made in 2006 and 2008, but they were very innovative and allowed both parties to the conflict to express their concerns and demands. was
The agreement combined power-sharing in Northern Ireland with a cross-border system linking both Belfast and Dublin, and gave due consideration to the Irish side.
And above all, it looked at individual rights and community rights.
The terms of the agreement are complex, but so are the causes of conflict.
Most importantly, I think the regional leaders finally stood up, even if it took time, but reluctantly, to reach a settlement.
Who would have imagined that Ian Paisley and Martin McGuinness would jointly govern Northern Ireland as Prime Minister and Deputy Prime Minister, respectively.
But is Northern Ireland a rare example, or are these explanations generally applicable only to advanced democracies?
It is different
When Liberia's long-running civil war ended in 2003, it was leadership, diplomacy and institutional design that mattered, as did Macedonia in 2001, when it successfully avoided a full-scale civil war, and Indonesia in 2005, when it successfully ended. The same is true for the Aceh conflict.
In all three of these cases, regional leaders wanted peace and were able to make it happen. It is now in line with the
By looking at leadership, diplomacy and institutional design, we can explain whether peace can fail or be sustained.
The hopes offered by the Oslo Accords did not lead to an end to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.
Not everything that needed to be resolved was included in the actual agreement.
Plus, regional leaders later revised the content of the agreement.
Failing to seize this opportunity, regional and international leaders pulled back from the issue, distracted by the ensuing second intifada, the 9/11 attacks, and the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq. was
A comprehensive peace agreement in Sudan was signed in 2005, but it's less comprehensive than expected, and the terms still continue to nurture the seeds of a full-scale war between the South and the North.
Leadership turnover and shortages, lack of international diplomatic intervention, and institutional failures are all contributing to equal levels.
Unresolved border disputes, conflicts over oil concessions, conflicts in Darfur fueling tribal strife in the south, weak administrative capacity across Sudan, and Africa's largest country is plagued with daunting challenges.
A final example is Kosovo
The failure of a negotiated settlement of the Kosovo problem, the violence and tensions, and the resulting de facto separatism, are motivated by many different factors.
There are three core reasons
First, the local leaders never compromised from their maximum demands.
Second, international diplomatic intervention was obstructed from the outset by Western European powers who wanted Kosovo's independence.
Third, due to a lack of imagination, they failed to take into account the interests of Serbs and Albanians when designing the system.
But there's good news as well. I'm explaining if the situation isn't getting worse
So even if the situation is less than optimistic, local leaders and global leaders can make choices to improve the situation.
Cold peace is better than cold war Cold peace is much better than hot war
The good news is that the right lesson was learned.
What separates the Israeli-Palestinian conflict from Northern Ireland? What is the difference between the civil war in Sudan and Liberia?
Both successes and failures tell us some very important things that we must always keep in mind if we want the good news to continue.
First is leadership
In the same way that ethnic conflicts and civil wars are not natural phenomena but disasters caused by humans, their prevention and resolution do not come naturally.
Leadership must be dexterous, determined and visionary for peace.
Leaders need to communicate with each other, and with their own followers, to lead them on the difficult journey towards peace.
Second is diplomacy.
Diplomacy must be well-prepared and sustained, appropriately balancing the interests and pressures of local leaders and their allies.
Diplomacy helps parties reach an impartial compromise and also firmly enforces agreements by ensuring broad-based cooperation with regional, local and international partners. i need help
Third is institutional design.
Institutional design requires strong problem focus, innovative thinking, and flexible and generous funding.
Disputes must stop chasing maximum demands and compromise by recognizing each other's needs.
Also, parties need to think about the property they get from the agreement, not about labeling the other.
Disputing parties also need to be prepared to return to the negotiating table if implementation of their agreements fails.
For me personally, the most important lesson is this: while community commitment to peace is paramount, it is often not enough to prevent or end conflict.
Yet, no amount of diplomatic effort or institutional design can cover up the failures and consequences of local people's failures.
So we have to develop leaders -- leaders who have the skills and the insight and the determination to make peace happen.
A leader, in other words, is someone who people trust and follow, even when making difficult decisions.
Finally, ending a civil war is a process fraught with danger, frustration and setbacks.
It often takes generations to achieve it, but it requires us today to take responsibility, and learn about the right understandings of leadership, diplomacy, institutional design, and so on, today. child soldiers can become the children of tomorrow.
thank you
(applause)
Today I'm going to show you a photo I took of the Lakota.
Many of you have heard of the Lakota or a larger tribe called the Sioux.
The Lakota were one of many tribes that were driven from their lands into prisoner-of-war camps, which are now called reservations.
The Pine Ridge Reservation, which is our subject today, about 120 kilometers southeast of the Black Hills, South Dakota.
Prisoner of war camp, also known as Camp 334, is where the Lakota live today.
If you've heard of the American Indian Movement, called AIM, or the American Indian Movement, or Russell Meanes, or Leonard Peltier, or the Oglala conflict, you know that Pine Ridge is the epicenter of Native American affairs.
Today I was asked to talk about my relationship with the Lakota, which is very difficult for me. this is a huge barrier
Today with the many people I introduce through my photos
I am very close and they treat me like family
He calls me "brother" and "uncle" and has invited me in many times over the past five years.
But at Pine Ridge, I've always been "wasichu."
"Wasichu" is a Lakota word meaning "non-Indian," but it also means "one who brings the best part of the meat."
And that's the point of my story.
that is, a greedy person
please look around
We're in a private school in the American West with red velvet chairs and money in our pockets.
If you look at our lives, we actually get the best pieces of meat.
So today, I'm going to show you a series of photographs of people who have sacrificed themselves for our good, and when you see their faces, understand that it's not just about the Lakota, it's about all indigenous peoples. is a symbol
This piece of paper is the history that I have learned from my Lakota friends and family.
So let's take a chronological look at the treaties that were made, the treaties that were broken, and the carnage that took place in the name of war.
Let's start with 1824
An organization known as the Indian Administration was created within the former War Department, and at this point there is a sense of aggression in the way they engage with Native Americans.
1851 The First Treaty of Fort Laramie was signed, delineating the distinct boundaries of the Lakota nation.
According to the treaty, this land is an independent nation.
If the boundaries set by this treaty had been respected, if there had been a legal basis for them, America would be where it is today.
After 10 years
The Homestead Act, signed by President Lincoln, forced large numbers of whites into Native territories.
In 1863, the Santi Sioux rebelled in Minnesota, and 38 Sioux were hanged, the largest execution in U.S. history.
It was President Lincoln who ordered the execution, just two days after he signed the Emancipation Proclamation.
1866 When the new era of the transcontinental railroad began
We've decided to take highways and railroads through the heart of the Lakota nation for shortcuts.
treaties are out of the loop
In response, three Lakota chieftains, led by Red Cloud, attacked and defeated the Americans several times.
I'll say it again, the Lakota nation is defeating the US military.
1868 The Second Treaty of Fort Laramie unequivocally guarantees the Lakota sovereignty over the great Sioux country and the sacred land of the Black Hills.
The government also promises land and hunting rights in surrounding states.
From now on, we promised that no white man would meddle in Powder River County.
The treaty seemed to give Red Cloud and the Sioux a complete victory.
In fact, this is the only war in American history where the government negotiated peace by giving up on all the demands of the other.
1869 Transcontinental railroad completed
Goods began to be transported, but so did hunters, who slaughtered buffalo in large numbers and deprived the Sioux of their source of food, clothing and shelter.
In 1871, under the Indian Expropriation Act, all Indian settlements were placed under government control.
In addition, the military issued orders forbidding western Indians from leaving the reservation.
And so all the Indians of the West were taken prisoner.
Also in 1871, we broke off the treaty.
We got in the way of treaty issues that allowed tribes to exist as sovereign nations.
because I had a plan
In 1874, General George Custer announced the discovery of gold in Lakota territory, naming the Black Hills.
The news brought a large influx of white settlers into the Lakota nation.
General Custer has asked Congress to find a way to terminate the treaty with the Lakota nation as soon as possible.
1875 The Lakota War begins over violations of the Treaty of Fort Laramie.
On June 26, 1876, General Custer's 7th Cavalry was wiped out at the Battle of Little Bighorn while en route to attacking a village in Lakota.
In 1877, the great Lakota warrior chief Crazy Horse surrendered at Fort Robinson.
he was killed in custody
1877 was also the year we found a way around the Fort Laramie Treaty.
A new treaty was presented to the Sioux chiefs and strongmen, by a movement known as "sell or starve," forcing them to either sign it or cut off food supplies to the tribe.
Only 10% of adult men signed
The Fort Laramie Treaty requires land transfers to be signed by at least three-quarters of the tribes.
It is clear that this clause was ignored
1887 Doze Act enacted
Reservations can no longer be jointly owned by tribes
The reservation was divided into 160-acre parcels and assigned to individual Indians, and surplus land was disposed of.
tribes lost vast territories
The American dream of private ownership of land worked as a very clever way to divide up all reservations.
This destroyed the reservation because it made it easier for each generation to further subdivide and sell the land.
Most of the surplus land and many of the smaller parcels on the reservation went to white ranchers.
The "best part" of the land was in the hands of Wasicu.
1890 I think the most important thing in this slide show-
It's the year the Wounded Knee massacre happened.
On December 29, U.S. forces laid siege to the Sioux who were encamped on the banks of Wounded Knee Creek and, using a new rapid-firing gun called the Hotchkiss Machine Gun, massacred Chief Bigfoot and 300 prisoners.
This was treated as a "battle," and 20 Congressional Medals of Honor for valor were awarded to the 7th Cavalry.
This is the most Medal of Honor ever awarded in a single battle to this day.
More medals have been awarded to those who indiscriminately killed millions of women and children than in any battle in World War I, World War II, South Korea, Vietnam, Iraq, Afghanistan.
The Wounded Knee Massacre is considered the end of the Indian Wars.
Whenever I visit the Wounded Knee Cemetery, I always feel that this is not just a Lakota or Sioux grave, but a grave for all indigenous peoples.
Shaman Black Elk said, "I didn't know how far it was over.
Now, looking back from the heights of the hills of old age, I can see the slaughtered women and children, piled upon each other, scattered here and there in that winding valley, just as I saw them when I was young.
And they find out they weren't the only ones to die in the bloody mud and get buried in the blizzard.
People's dreams died in that land
It was a beautiful dream."
With this incident, a new era began in the history of indigenous peoples.
All things can be compared before and after Wounded Knee, because in that moment, right when you put your finger on the trigger of the Hotchkiss gun, the U.S. government made its attitude towards Indigenous rights clear.
The government was fed up with the treaty
In a sacred place for indigenous people
Also in the ghost dance movement
I was tired of all the troubles I had with the Sioux.
so they point their guns
"You want to be an Indian, don't you?" He put his finger on the trigger.
By 1900, the Indian population in the country had fallen to less than 250,000, compared with an estimated 8 million in 1492.
time advances
In 1980, the United States Supreme Court ruled on the longest trial in U.S. history, the trial of Sioux and the U.S. government.
The Supreme Court ruled that the Sioux were forced into a landed reservation and opened seven million acres of their land to prospectors and settlers in violation of the Second Fort Laramie Treaty.
The court held that the Black Hills land acquisition was illegal and that the original price plus interest should be paid to Sioux.
The court ordered a payment to Sioux for land in the Black Hills of only $106 million.
The Sioux refused to accept it under the slogan, "The Black Hills are not for sale."
More than a century after the 2010 Wounded Knee massacre, Aboriginal demographics reveal a legacy of settlement, forced displacement and treaty violations.
Unemployment within the Pine Ridge Reservation hovering around 85-90%
The Housing Authority is unable to build new buildings, and existing ones are collapsing.
Many are homeless, and those who do have homes, up to five families living together in crumbling buildings.
39% of the homes in Pine Ridge have no electricity.
At least 60% of homes are full of black mold.
Over 90% of the population lives below the national poverty level
The probability of contracting tuberculosis in Pine Ridge is about eight times higher than the national average.
Infant mortality rate is the highest in North America, about three times the national average
Cervical cancer is five times the national average
School dropout rates are up to 70%
The teacher turnover rate is eight times the national average.
Grandparents often raise their grandchildren because their parents are unable to do so due to alcoholism, domestic violence and general lethargy.
50% of people over 40 have diabetes
Life expectancy for men is 46 to 48 years, about the same as Afghanistan and Somalia.
At the end of a successful massacre, the persecutors of the originator pull back and say, "I can't believe what these people are doing to themselves.
kill each other
They take their own lives and die in the blink of an eye.”
That's how we came to own the United States of America.
This is the legacy of self-evident destiny.
Even now, long after the guards have disappeared, prisoners of war continue to be born in the camps.
Here's what's left of the bones after the best meat is taken away.
A series of events began long ago when people from Wasicu, like me, tried to seize the land, water and gold of this hill.
That event set off a domino effect that continues today.
The massacre of 1890, and the broken treaties one hundred and fifty years ago, may be long forgotten by our dominant society, but I can't help but ask you. How do you feel about today's statistics?
How is the suffering in these images connected to the history I just read?
How far should we take this history for ourselves?
Is there any part that you are currently responsible for?
It's been said that there is always something we can do on our side.
There must be a call to action
For a long time, I sat on the sidelines, content to be a witness and just take pictures.
Because the solution seemed so far away in the past that I thought it would be out of reach without a time machine.
The suffering of indigenous peoples is not an easy one to solve.
It's not going to be like helping Haiti, ending AIDS, or fighting famine, which anyone can help.
So-called solutions are implemented by the dominant society, like donating a $50 check, going to church to paint graffiti-covered houses, or suburban families donating unwanted clothes. may be much more difficult than
What should we do then?
Just shrugging your shoulders in the dark?
The United States continues to violate the terms of the Fort Laramie Treaty of 1851 and 1868 with the Lakota Nation on a daily basis.
Today I propose a call to action -- my TED wish is to uphold the treaty.
to give back the black hills
So whatever the indigenous people do, don't get involved.
(applause)
This mobile phone has its roots in the mines of eastern Congo.
Some of the parts are made from ore mined by gangs using child slaves, which the United Nations calls 'blood ore'. And this mineral goes through several processes and finally goes to a factory in Shenzhen, China.
Many people commit suicide in that factory. already this year
One man died after a 36-hour work shift.
we love chocolate
Everyone buys chocolate for their children.
80% of the cocoa comes from Ivory Coast or Ghana. Their cocoa is harvested by children.
Ivory Coast has a big problem with child slaves.
Children from conflict zones are trafficked and forced to work in coffee fields.
The manufacture of pharmaceutical products such as heparin - an anticoagulant - begins in artisanal workshops in China. Because the effective ingredients are collected from the intestines of pigs.
You may have heard or seen in the movies about diamonds,
Mined in Zimbabwe. Right now,
Uzbekistan is the second largest cotton exporter in the world.
Every year when it's cotton harvest time, the government closes the schools and packs the kids into buses and takes them to the cotton fields. And let the cotton harvest for 3 weeks.
This is child labor. It is organized child labor.
And these products have a high probability of killing them. It's the same as the garbage dump in Manila.
These places and causes symbolize the lack of government control systems.
If I were to express it very politely, I would call it that.
Global supply chains begin in dark places. Popular brand products are delivered to us through a global supply chain.
Some lack of management systems are caused by lawless states.
Some nations are no longer nations.
It went bankrupt.
Some of the failed countries are countries that are happy to liberalize by deregulation or not to set regulations. It's perfect for attracting investment and facilitating trade.
Either way, they present us with a dilemma of conscience and ethics.
I don't think anyone wants accessories anymore. You would think so after seeing the facts of human rights violations within this global supply chain.
But right now, most of the companies involved in these subchains have no way of proving to us that no one has to give up their future. You don't have to sacrifice their rights to deliver hot branded products.
I am not here to discourage you about the state of global supply chains.
we have to wake up
And we need to recognize how serious human rights violations are.
The supply chain is an independent autonomous republic and possibly a failed state.
It's definitely not a democratic country.
And right now, the Supply Chain Republic isn't trading and consuming ethically in a way that pleases us.
This is nothing new.
You've seen documentaries around the world making clothes in exploitative factories. even in developed countries.
If you want to see an old-fashioned sweatshop, meet me at Madison Square Garden. We will walk you through the streets and take you to a Chinese sweatshop.
However, if we take heparin as an example,
It's a pharmaceutical product.
You want your product through your supply chain to be very clean when it arrives at the hospital.
The problem is the active ingredient in the product. As I explained earlier, the active ingredient is obtained from pigs.
The American manufacturers that make the ingredients decided to move their factories to China several years ago. Because China is the world's largest supplier of pigs.
In China, their clean factory gets all its ingredients from backyard slaughterhouses where they mass-kill pigs and extract ingredients.
A few years ago there was a scandal. Around 80 people died as a result. It's caused by contaminants. It slipped into the heparin supply process.
Worse still, some suppliers have made products that mimic heparin in trials and have found that they can substitute for heparin.
This substitute is $9 a pound. It costs $900 a pound to make real heparin.
No need to think about it.
The problem is that more people will die to make the substitutes.
You will wonder. Why hasn't the US Food and Drug Administration cracked down on these issues?
And why did the Chinese food and drug authorities allow this to happen?
The answer is simple. China categorized these facilities as chemical factories, not pharmaceutical facilities. Therefore, the facility was not audited.
The US Food and Drug Administration also had jurisdictional issues.
For them, it is an overseas event.
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration conducts a few foreign investigations, but at most it is about 20 per year.
There are about 500 of these facilities in China alone, and they make active ingredients.
In fact, about 80% of the active ingredients in medicine are made overseas. Especially in China and India. There is no management system there.
No regulatory system. So there is no way to guarantee that the ingredients are safe to manufacture.
There is no system in place to guarantee human rights and basic dignity.
At the national level we work in about 60 different countries. Serious deficiencies in the capacity of governments to enforce such production in countries have been identified.
It turns out that the real problem with global supply chains is that they involve more than one country.
Governments that are failing and lax at the national level are much less capable of responding to such problems at the international level.
And we will know from the headlines in the newspapers.
I went to Copenhagen last year, and I've been fixing the broken governance to do the right thing. It was an international challenge.
I was at the G20 meeting a few weeks ago, thinking from a distance about the pledges we made a few months ago.
When you look at the people we talked to this week who are taking on massive challenges at the international level, you ask yourself: Where are the government leaders who stand up to the solutions and answers to these international problems?
Simply put, the government can do nothing. they are nations.
Their voters are locals.
they are only interested in biased interests
Those interests cannot be turned into a larger international common good.
If we want to guarantee the delivery of public goods at the international level, in the case of global supply chains, we have to come up with a different mechanism.
We need a different system than we have now.
Fortunately, there are some examples.
The 1990s saw a series of scandals involving the production of American branded products. These include child labor, forced labor and serious health and safety violations.
Finally, in 1996, former President Clinton held a meeting at the White House. He brought manufacturers, international human rights NGOs, trade unions and the Ministry of Labor into one room and said, "Ladies and gentlemen, I don't want globalization to be a race to the bottom.
But I don't know how to avoid it. But at the very least, I would like to use this arrangement to bring you all together and help us find the answer to the solution. "
So they created a White House task force to investigate and spent three years debating who had what responsibility in the global supply chain.
The companies didn't feel it was their duty.
They don't own those institutions.
They don't hire people to work for those agencies.
They are not obligated to take legal responsibility.
Everyone else at the meeting said. "Everyone, this is not going well.
You have a duty of care and a duty of care to clarify how the product arrived at the store. In a way, it's a way to let people consume products without worrying about their safety. It's also a way to get us to consume the product without sacrificing our conscience.
And they agreed, "We do what we agree on in our common standards and code of conduct.
We apply this in our global supply chains regardless of ownership or control.
We make this part of the contract. "said.
It was a blow to a regime that was never regulated. Because corporations were stifling the power of treaty enforcement and the power of the private sector to provide public goods.
Speak up. Contracts between well-known multinational brands and suppliers in India and China outweigh local laws, local environmental regulations and local human rights standards.
You would never see an inspector in a factory in such a place.
If there was an inspector and he wasn't being bribed, I'd be surprised.
Even if the inspectors did their job and mentioned factory violations, the fines would be hushed up.
But we lose contracts with big companies. It's the difference between staying in business or going bankrupt.
That's what makes the difference.
What we can do is to get multinationals to do the right thing in the international supply chain, to use their power for good, including the public good, and the power and influence of institutions of integrity across borders. is to take advantage of
Of course, this doesn't happen naturally in a multinational company.
Because their interest is to generate money.
But they are a very capable organization.
They have enough money and they know how to procure the product if you give them mandates and obligations.
So it's not easy.
We don't have this kind of multinational company in the supply chain that I just showed you on the screen.
I need a safe space.
We need a place where people can come together, sit down, think about these issues, agree, and work out solutions without fear of scrutiny or stigma.
There are technical solutions.
The problem is a lack of trust, trust and interrelationships between NGOs, labor activists, civil society organizations and transnational corporations.
If we can get them to work together in a safe space, we can solve the public good and supply shortages right now.
This is an extreme proposition, and it's not wise to think about it, but let's say you're a 15-year-old Bangladeshi girl. She leaves her rural village to work in a factory in Dhaka. Monthly salary is about 22, 23, 24 dollars. The best way to protect your rights in the workplace is if the factory makes products for a branded company that has a code of conduct and makes that code part of the contract.
This is not sane.
But multinational corporations protect human rights.
Believe it or not.
“How can I trust them?” you say.
In fact, we don't trust them either.
I have an old quote. "Verification based on trust"
So we supervise.
To audit our supply chain, we check all factory names and conduct unannounced sample inspections. We will also secretly send a prosecutor to audit the facility. Then publish the results.
Transparency is very important in doing this.
Even if you are a responsible person, responsibility without accountability may not work.
What we're doing is not just enlisting multinational corporations, but giving them the tools to create public good, like respect for human rights, and see if they work.
You don't have to believe me, and you shouldn't.
Check out the audit results on our website.
Ask yourself again. Is this company acting socially responsible?
And can you buy the product without compromising your moral values? and.
This is what we are working on.
I hate the idea that governments are not upholding human rights around the world.
I also dislike the idea that the government has abandoned the protection of human rights. I also can't get used to the idea that we just can't get the government to do what it's supposed to do.
In the 30 years I've been doing this job, I've seen the government's ability, commitment, and willingness to reduce this kind of abusive labor, and it still solves problems. I haven't been able to.
As a result, we thought that what the government had done was just a stopgap measure.
But rather than dwelling on what governments have done to date, we have come to see this as a starting point for re-managing and re-implementing international challenges in new ways.
Even if this approach is network management,
Please read it even with people involved in the private sector. Businesses and NGOs will have to work together to solve the big problems we face.
Just look at the swine flu, bird flu, and H1N1 that are prevalent worldwide.
Look at the health care systems of different countries.
Do we have the resources to fight these serious epidemics?
No, you don't.
Can the private sector and NGOs raise funds and lead the way in response?
You can do it for sure.
What they lack is a safe space where everyone can come together, agree and act.
We are trying to provide such a place.
But I think sometimes this feels like too much of a burden for people to bear responsibility for.
"You want us to protect human rights within our global chain.
But there are thousands of suppliers.
What you are trying to do looks too risky for any company.
But there are companies like this.
We have 4,000 members.
Some companies are very big companies.
In particular, sports product companies have quickly cleared human rights compliance issues.
There are examples and role models.
The issue that we always have to grapple with when we talk about it is child labor in the Indian cotton fields. It plans to monitor 50,000 Indian cotton fields this year.
It will feel like a lot.
I think it's daunting to see this number.
But we break this down into basic realities.
Human rights are defined very simply. Can you give this person dignity back? about it.
It is of paramount importance to restore the dignity that has been lost or missing to the poor and those whose human rights have been violated.
It starts with giving them back their dignity
Sitting in a slum in one of India's brightest new cities, Gurgaon, right next to Delhi, I was talking to the workers in the textile sweatshop across the road. When asked what kind of message they would like to convey to brand companies
They didn't say money.
they said: "Our employers treat us like we're subhuman. As if we don't exist.
Ask them to treat us like humans."
This is my honest understanding of human rights.
Here is my humble suggestion to you. My humble request to each and every one of you who make decisions. This is my request to the people in this room and the people of the world.
We can all come together and make the decision to take on and solve the challenges that governments have been unable to fulfill.
If we don't, we give up hope, we give up our basic humanity. I don't think anyone wants to be like that, nor does it need to be.
So I appeal to all of you.
Join us and come with us to a place of safety. And let's make it happen.
thank you.
applause
Do you ever feel completely overwhelmed when faced with a complex problem?
Now, within three minutes, I want to change that feeling.
I want to prove that complexity is not the same as being difficult to analyze.
First, for me, well-baked, well-formed French bread is complicated, but curry and onion green olive poppy cheese bread is harder to analyze.
I'm an ecologist, I study complexity, and I love complexity.
And I study the interconnectedness of species in nature.
This is a food web, or should I say a map of the feeding relationships between species in mountain lakes in California.
And this is what happens to the food web when an alien species is released.
All species that have turned gray are annihilated
Some species are actually on the verge of extinction
Fish lakes have more mosquitoes than they feed on.
All of these events were unexpected, but we're starting to see that they are actually predictable.
I'd like to share with you two important insights about complexity that we're learning from nature, and they could potentially apply to other problems as well.
The first is about simple and useful visualization tools that help us understand complexity and ask questions that we might not have thought of before.
For example, you can plot the carbon flow from your supply chain within a company's ecosystem, or you can visualize the connectivity points of habitat patches in endangered species in Yosemite National Park.
The second thing is that when you want to predict the impact of one species on another, if you just focus on that link and ignore the others, it's actually going to be difficult to predict. It's much more predictable when we consider the system as a whole, all the species and all the links, so we can focus on the areas of impact that matter.
And research has shown that the range of influence of a species is often very local between the first and second order nodes.
So the more you embrace complexity, the more likely you are to get a simple answer, and it's usually not the answer you had in mind to begin with.
Now let's shift focus and look at a really complex problem, provided by the U.S. government.
This is a chart showing the U.S. military's counterinsurgency strategy in Afghanistan.
Although it made the front page of the New York Times a few months ago,
It's so complicated that it was immediately bombarded by the media.
The stated goal is to increase public support for the Afghan government.
It's obviously a complex problem, but is it a difficult problem to analyze?
When I saw this on the front page of the Times, I said, 'Yeah, finally I can be involved.
I thought, I can analyze this.
Let's try it. I'm going to show you the world's first regular network diagram based on this chaotic diagram.
Round nodes measure influence, which represents public support for the government.
Now we're going one, two, three degrees away from this node, and we're excluding the three-quarters of the figures that are outside the influence range.
Within that range, most nodes are non-actionable, and a small portion are military.
Mostly non-violent, broadly divided into two categories: active engagement in ethnic conflicts and religious beliefs, and fair and transparent economic development and provision of services.
I don't know the details, but here's what I analyzed in 24 seconds from this chart.
Don't be scared when you see a chart like this
I want you to be excited, I want you to feel safe
Because sometimes the easy answer comes to mind
In nature, simplicity is often the other side of complexity.
So the more you shrink any problem and embrace its complexity, the more likely you are to focus on the most important, concise details.
thank you
(applause)
There is a big problem with current mathematics education
First of all, no one is satisfied.
Learners find it difficult to find relevance and interest in mathematics.
Employers say they don't have ready-made talent.
Aware of the impact of mathematics on the economy, governments can't find a way to deal with it.
teachers are stressed too
But mathematics is now more important than ever.
While there is less interest in mathematics in education, the world is becoming more mathematical and quantitative than ever before.
What are the problems that create this chasm and what are the solutions?
I think the solution is obviously to use a computer.
There is no doubt that the correct use of computers is the answer to the success of mathematics education.
First, let me explain what mathematics looks like in the real world and in education.
In the real world, mathematics isn't always what mathematicians do.
Geologists, engineers, biologists, all sorts of people, modeling and simulation and
Used for various purposes
But it's different in the classroom, where we do simplified problems and calculations by hand.
Unless you're studying math, a lot of things look simple and aren't as difficult as they are in the real world.
Another thing I can say is that sometimes mathematics looks like mathematics, like in this example, but sometimes it doesn't look like the question, "Are you drunk?"
In today's world there is a quantitative answer
A few years ago, I never expected
You can find everything
So let's zoom out a little bit and think about why we teach math.
What is the meaning of teaching mathematics
Why do you teach mathematics in particular?
Why is it important to integrate mathematics into education as a compulsory subject?
I think there are three reasons for that. First, we need mathematics in technical jobs to advance our economy. And second, in our everyday lives. It's because you're calculating your mortgage and you're skeptical of government statistics.
Over the years, we've put a lot of effort into thinking logically.
mathematics is a great way to learn it
Now another question
what is mathematics
What does it mean to teach mathematics
I think it's about the four stages, so the first correct question is --
What are you trying to find out?
This is the least functional part of using math.
Asking irrelevant questions leads people to give wrong answers.
The next step is to take that problem and turn it from a real-world problem to a math problem.
this is the second step
After that, it's time to calculate
We turn the answer into a mathematical form, but mathematics is very
it is excellent
Finally back to the real world
Check if you have answered the question
It is also important to try to prove
terrible things are happening now
In mathematics education, we spend about 80 percent of the time teaching the third step to be manual.
No matter how hard humans try, they are no match for computers.
So for the third step, the computer should be used, and the students should spend more effort on the first, second, and fourth steps, conceptualizing and applying the problem, and the teacher should give full guidance on how to do it.
Mathematics and computing are not the same
Mathematics is a broader field
It's understandable that mathematics and computation have intertwined for hundreds of years.
The only way to do the calculations was by hand
has changed dramatically in the last few decades
Computers have revolutionized an ancient field.
Calculations were at a limited stage, but now they are often not.
Mathematics is no longer a calculation, but the fact is still in education
not penetrated
I believe that computation is the moving part of mathematics.
it's a chore
If possible, I would like to let a machine do it and avoid it myself.
It's a means, not an end. Automation makes that moving part possible.
The computer will do it for you. This is no small problem.
My guess is that people around the world today spend the equivalent of about 106 human lifetimes teaching them how to do calculations by hand.
you put in a huge amount of effort
Very few people enjoy doing it, so you should really know why and what you're doing it for.
I think it's better to think of computation as the work of computers, and teach them to compute for themselves only when it makes sense.
Let me give you some examples
For example, mental arithmetic
When I count by eye, I still do it in my head
when someone says something
I'm going to do a quick calculation to see if it's true.
Time-saving and practical
I think it's worth teaching from a practical point of view.
There are certain conceptual things that can also benefit from doing the math by hand, but I think they're relatively few in number.
I often ask about ancient Greek and its associations.
Now we are forced to learn mathematics.
is a major subject
If you're interested in doing math by hand, or if you're pursuing your own interests in any subject, no matter how unusual, then you should do it.
Pursuing one's own interests is exactly the right thing to do.
I've always been interested in ancient Greek, but I don't think we should be forced into a subject like ancient Greek for the whole nation.
there is no need
I think there are two kinds of things: mathematics, which is the mainstream subject, and mathematics, which people are interested in and want to pursue.
One of the opinions raised on this issue is
Some say you need to learn the basics first
They say you shouldn't use machines until you have the basics.
But what is the foundation
What basis?
How to check the basics of driving a car? Or how to design?
The basis of writing is how to sharpen a quill pen?
I think different
I think the foundation of what you're trying to do has to be decoupled from the mechanics of it, and automation enables that decoupling.
100 years ago, if you wanted to drive a car, you also had to know how the car works and when to fire the engine.
But the automation of cars has allowed us to separate driving a car from learning how to engineer and service a car.
It's made possible by automation, and when it comes to driving, which I think we can say about the future of mathematics, it makes it more democratic.
more people can use it
There is another topic about basics.
It seems to me that the order in which tools were invented dictated the order in which they were learned.
Just because paper was invented before the computer doesn't mean you have to use paper instead of computers in math classes.
my daughter said something funny
My daughter enjoys making a computer out of paper.
(Audience: Laughter) I didn't make one when I was a kid, but why?
I asked my daughter
I thought about it for a moment and said, "Didn't you have the paper?"
(audience laughter) If you're born in an era where both exist, it doesn't matter who teaches you, you just have to have the best tools.
Some say computers lower the level of mathematics
Computers just push buttons, but if you do the calculations by hand, you use your brain.
This way of thinking is irritating
Now in schools, students are being asked problems they don't understand, and they don't understand the need for it.
i don't think so
What's more, what students are learning isn't even useful.
Fifty years ago, it might have been practical.
When you go out into society, you will use computers.
I think computers can help with this problem and be conceptual.
It's like a great tool that you don't have to think about. It's like turning the whole thing into a multimedia show.
that's funny
How can a computer teach a student a problem that should have been done by a computer in the first place?
It's putting the cart before the horse
I'll show you something, you can make the math even more difficult.
Usually in school we study quadratic equations,
With a computer, you just have to substitute
as a quartic equation
Applying the same principle, the calculation becomes difficult.
In the real world, it seems to be overwhelmed like this
full of difficult problems
It's not as easy as it looks in class
think of the outside world
Do you think that engineering, biology, and other things that have benefited greatly from computers and mathematics have been downgraded by the use of computers?
I think quite the opposite
The decline in mathematics education isn't caused by computers, it's caused by us.
There's also another opinion, that the procedure of doing the calculations by hand is better understood.
By doing lots of examples, you'll be able to find answers and better understand the basics of the system.
I think that's a valid statement, although it's important to understand the procedures and processes.
Now there's a great way to understand it
called programming
Programming is how most steps and processes are written down, and it's also a great way to engage students and check their understanding.
If you want to make sure you understand math, try programming yourself.
So I think programming is the right way to do that.
So what I'm saying here is that we have an opportunity to make mathematics more practical and more conceptual.
No other subject has a similar situation.
It's usually a choice between the professional and the intellectual.
here you can do both at the same time
Open up more possibilities
solve more problems
From there, students gain an unprecedented amount of intuition and experience.
The experience of difficult problems can interact and feel with mathematics.
I want people to feel mathematics intuitively.
computer makes it possible
Another thing we can do is reorganize the curriculum.
So far, we've been following the difficulty of doing the math, but no matter how hard the math is, we can rearrange it to the difficulty of understanding the concept.
Traditionally teaching calculus at a late age
Why
The problem is that it is very difficult to calculate
Many of the concepts can be modified for young children.
Here is an example I made for my daughter
very simple
We were talking about what happens when we increase the number of sides in a polygon.
As the number of sides increases, it becomes a circle
As an aside, my daughter was adamant that the color change was important too.
As you can see, this is where we can see what happens when we increase the number of edges in the limits and in the early stages of differentiation.
very simple example
It's a worldview that you don't learn until you reach a certain age.
This is a very important and practical worldview.
One of the obstacles in considering this issue is testing.
When exams force people to do math by hand, it becomes difficult to change the curriculum to use computers in class.
It's one of the important reasons for introducing computers into exams.
And then you can ask important questions, such as which life insurance policy is the best for you.
this is not a downgrade
It's a question of finding the best choice
the required insurance coverage period,
You can check the payment amount, interest rate, etc.
I'm not saying that these are the only questions that should be covered in exams, but I do think that the things that are being neglected are the important ones that everyone should understand.
So we have to make a profound transformation of computer-based mathematics.
We must ensure economic and social progress, where mathematics can be felt by everyone.
must be based on
The first countries to do this, in my opinion, will take the big leap and create a new economy that will have a better economy and a better future.
And he's advocating a shift from what we call the knowledge economy to what we might call the computational knowledge economy, where, like the current state of knowledge, high-level mathematics will be essential for everyone to do what they do.
Engaging more students will make them enjoy learning mathematics.
I want you to understand that this is not an incremental change.
We're trying to bridge the gap between classroom math and real-world math.
Walking across a chasm is more devastating than inaction.
What I'm saying is, you should take the leap, speed it up, get it high, and fly it in the opposite direction, assuming you've calculated the differential equations properly.
(audience laughter) What I want is to radically renew the curriculum from the ground up, based on the prevalence of computers.
Computers are everywhere and will soon be ubiquitous.
I'm not sure if this subject should be considered mathematics, but I can say with certainty that it will be an important subject in the future.
Let's get started Let's take action Let's have fun For us For students For TED
thank you
(applause)
I'm happy to be here to talk to you about one of my favorite subjects, beauty.
I make my living in the philosophy and aesthetics of beauty.
I'm trying to understand, intellectually, philosophically and psychologically, what the experience of beauty is, what can be said for sure about beauty, how people can get lost in trying to understand beauty.
Beauty is a frighteningly complicated subject, and there's a huge range of what we call beautiful.
The variety of baby faces, movies like Berlioz's Harold in Italy and The Wizard of Oz, Chekhov's plays, landscapes of Central California, Hokusai's painting of Mt. The stunning winning goal Van Gogh's Starry Night Jane Austen's novel Fred Astaire dancing across the screen
This short list includes humans, natural landscapes, works of art, and masterful performances.
It's not easy to even describe the beauty common to all of them on this list.
But still, I think I can give you a glimpse of the most powerful theory of beauty we've ever had.
Its theorists are not aesthetes, postmodern art theorists, art critics.
This theory was put forward by Charles Darwin, as we all know, an expert on breeding barnacles, earthworms and pigeons.
Of course, many people think they know the right answer to the question, "What is beauty?"
"Beauty is in the eye of the beholder"
What moves you is beautiful
Or, as some people, especially academics, like to say, "Beauty is in the culturally conditioned eye."
Many people believe that paintings, movies, and music are beautiful because culture sets standards for beauty.
Both the beauty of nature and the beauty of art can be easily transmitted across cultures.
Beethoven is loved in Japan
Peruvians love Japanese woodblock prints
Inca sculptures are treasures of the British Museum, and Shakespeare has been translated into every major language on earth.
American jazz and movies are all over the world.
There are many differences between individual arts, but there is a universal beauty and value that transcends cultural differences.
How can this universality be explained?
The best answers come from reconstructing the history of how artistic and aesthetic tastes have evolved.
We need to trace the origins of our current artistic aesthetics and tastes and try to figure out how they came to be inscribed in our minds. Let's look at both the Pleistocene environment and the social context in which humans evolved.
Prehistoric records can also help in this quest, such as artifacts and
cave paintings etc.
We should also take into account our knowledge of the aesthetic interests of the hunter-gatherer tribes that survived in isolation during the 19th and 20th centuries.
I personally believe that any experience of beauty that is accompanied by strong emotions and pleasure is part of human psychological evolution.
The experience of beauty is one element in a series of evolutionary adaptations.
Beauty is an adaptive process, augmented and enhanced through the creation and enjoyment of works of art and entertainment.
As we all know, evolution works by two main mechanisms.
First, natural selection, through random mutation and selective conservation, evolved basic anatomic and physiological traits, like the pancreas, the eyes, the nails.
Natural selection also explains our aversion to the foul smell of rotting meat, our fear of snakes, and our fear of standing on the edge of a cliff.
Pleasure can also be explained by natural selection, sexual pleasure, and preferences for sweets, fats, and proteins.
Another big principle of evolution is sexual selection, which works in a very different way.
The peacock's magnificent tail feathers are perhaps the most famous example of this.
That's no help for survival
actually it's more of a hindrance to survival
A peacock's feathers are the result of selection by the female.
What was really driving history
It sounds like something I've heard before that it was a woman.
Darwin himself thought that peacock feathers were beautiful in the eyes of females.
actually using the word "beauty"
If we keep this idea firmly in our minds, we can see that the experience of beauty is also an evolutionary means of triggering and sustaining interest, fascination, and even obsession, in order to induce us to make the best choices for survival and reproduction. increase
Beauty is kind of how nature works from a distance.
Landscapes that favor adaptation are not directly targeted like food.
Children and lovers are roughly the same
That's why evolution uses the trick of making it beautiful, making it so attractive that it's a pleasure just to look at it.
Consider for a moment the allure of beautiful landscapes, one of the important sources of aesthetic pleasure.
People of different cultures around the world tend to prefer common landscapes that resemble the Pleistocene savannah landscapes in which humans evolved.
This landscape is today on calendars, on postcards, on golf courses and parks, and in gold frames in living rooms in New York and New Zealand.
It's a picturesque Hudson River school landscape, open and short grassy and dotted with woodland.
I like the trees to branch out close to the ground, so you can climb them when you're in trouble.
In this landscape, or in the blue haze, the presence of water is indicated, along with the lush greenery, animals and birds, and finally, there is a road that leads into the distance, or it may be a riverbank or a coastline, which leads into the distance. as if inviting me to follow
Landscapes like this are considered beautiful, even by people in countries that don't have landscapes like this.
The ideal savannah landscape is one of the clearest examples of human beings everywhere acknowledging beauty as a visual experience.
But this is about the beauty of nature, not the beauty of art
it's totally cultural
some may say
I do not think so
Let's go back to prehistoric times
Perhaps the most recognizable works of art from the earliest period of humankind are the spectacular cave paintings of Lascaux and Chauvet.
The Chauvet cave is about 32,000 years old, around the same time that small realistic statues of women and animals were created.
But the artistic and decorative skills themselves actually go back much further than that.
The beautiful shell necklaces and ocher body paint you see at handicraft fairs today have been found to be about 100,000 years old.
But the most striking prehistoric artefacts are much older than that.
What I'm thinking of is called the Ashur's hatchet.
The oldest stone tools are cleavers found in the Olduvai Valley in East Africa.
about 2.5 million years ago
These crude tools continued to be used for hundreds of thousands of years, but it wasn't until about 1.4 million years ago that Homo erectus began making thin, sharp stone blades, often oval. It's sometimes in the shape of symmetrical, spiky leaves and teardrops that we find attractive even when we look at it.
These Acheur handaxes, named after Saint-Acheur in France, where they were discovered in the 19th century, have been unearthed in thousands in Asia, Europe and Africa, where Homo erectus and Homo ergaster wandered. found almost everywhere
The sheer number of these hatchets suggests they weren't made just for butchering animals.
This is further reinforced by the fact that, unlike other Pleistocene tools, we sometimes find hatchets with delicate blades that are completely unworn.
Some of them are too big to even be usable.
Its symmetry, its fascinating materials, and most of all, its delicate workmanship are utterly beautiful, even to our eyes today.
They're so long ago, so distant, but they also feel so familiar.
What were these works made for?
Perhaps the best answer is that it was literally the first work of art, a utilitarian tool turned into an attractive and beautiful object through elegant shapes and virtuoso workmanship.
The hatchet represents human evolution. It's a tool that Darwinians call a fitness signal, and like the peacock's feather, it's for performance, but unlike the feather, the hatchet is conscious and skillful. is that it was made in
A well-made hatchet demonstrates the superior qualities of its maker: intelligence, dexterity, planning ability, meticulousness, and perhaps access to scarce resources.
For tens of thousands of generations, such skills would have raised the status of those who possessed them, and would have given them an advantage in procreation over those without them.
It's an old saying, but it's been shown to work. "Would you like to come to my cave? I'll show you my hatchet."
(Laughter) What's interesting is how this idea was communicated, because the Homo erectus that created them didn't have a language.
It's hard to understand, but it's an amazing fact.
These things were created 50,000 to 100,000 years ago, when language appeared in our ancestors Homo erectus and Homo ergaster.
The hatchet tradition is the longest artistic tradition in human and paleohuman history, spanning over a million years.
At the end of the hatchet era, Homo sapiens finally found new ways to entertain and impress each other: jokes, stories, dancing, hairstyles.
So are hairstyles
In our modern world, virtuoso techniques are used to create imaginary worlds in fiction and film, and to express strong emotions through music, painting, and dance.
Yet our aesthetic desires still carry the imprint of our ancestors' personalities: finding beauty in skillful performance.
From Lascaux to the Louvre to Carnegie Hall, mankind has had an enduring and deep love for virtuosity in art.
I find beauty in things that are well done.
So the next time you pass by a jeweler's window with a beautifully cut teardrop-shaped gemstone, don't think that it's just culture that makes you think that shiny gem is beautiful.
Your distant ancestors also loved the shape and saw beauty in the skill required to create it, long before love could be put into words.
Is beauty in the eye of the beholder?
no it's deep in our hearts
It's a gift, inherited from our ancient ancestors' intellectual skills and rich emotional lives.
Our strong reactions to images, to emotional expression in art, to beautiful music, to the night sky, will be passed on to our descendants as long as the human race continues.
thank you very much
(applause)
I'm passionate and responsible about biking the mountain roads of Israel. I'm passionate and responsible.
While riding a mountain bike, I feel oneness with the true beauty of Israel, the true beauty of Israel, the history of this country, the law of the Bible, the history of this country, the law of the Bible.
And for me, biking is also a source of energy.
When you reach the top of a steep mountain with nothing around you When you reach the top of a steep mountain with nothing around you, you feel young, invincible and forever.
I feel like I'm a legend or part of a greater energy that goes beyond who I am.
At the edge of this picture are my friends looking at me with worried eyes.
this is a picture of them
Unfortunately, I can't show them their faces or reveal their real names. The people I ride my bike with are juvenile inmates, criminals, and it's about a 20-minute bike ride from here to correctional facilities. Because they're held in institutions, anywhere in Israel is 20 minutes.
I ride my bike once a week with my boys for the last four years every Tuesday, rain or shine. Now they are a very big part of my life.
It all started four years ago
A correctional facility with boys happened to be on a route I used to travel, and it was surrounded by barbed wire, with motorized gates and armed guards.
I was driving that route, and one day, I talked to him and let him in, and I went to see the director.
I told the director that I wanted to start a mountain bike club and take the boys out of there and out here.
"Once a week, 10 kids said, 'Let's figure out a way to ride a bike through the fields in the summer.'"
The superintendent was very surprised and said that he must have been insane, and he said, "This is a correctional facility, and here are criminals who have committed felonies.
must be imprisoned here
I can't imagine going out."
Well, even so, the director and I started talking, and there were various developments.
If I were in New Jersey, I wouldn't have thought of going to a state prison and making that suggestion.
And two months later, we were on the loose. Me, 10 juvenile inmates, and a wonderful young man named Russ, who I became very good friends with and became my partner in this project.
In the weeks that followed, it was an amazing experience, showing the boys a world where complete freedom existed, a world of breathtaking vistas, one after another, and this is what you're seeing. It's all Israel, and we've also met all kinds of small animals, big and small, in all colors and shapes.
All of this was great, but in the beginning, it was very frustrating.
Little obstacles, just a little bit of uphill, that's what makes these boys get off their bikes and give up.
Such a sight was good
They weren't able to face the frustrations and difficulties.
That's one of the reasons they're where they are today.
I was getting more and more frustrated, because I was there because I wanted to run not only as a chaperone, but also as part of the team, and I was at a loss.
For example
The front wheel of Alex's bike got stuck in a crack while driving down a rocky hill.
He fell and got a minor injury, but he jumped up and eventually jumped on his bicycle and yelled at him with abusive language.
toss the helmet
The backpack pawns in another direction
Then run to the nearest tree, break off branches, throw rocks at it, and swear like you've never heard it before.
As for me, I'm just standing there staring blankly in disbelief, not knowing what to do.
I was surrounded by algorithms and data structures and highly motivated students, and I was completely unprepared to deal with this furious, violent young man, just standing in the wilderness.
And these things don't happen in convenient places.
It happens in a place like this, the Judean desert, and the nearest road is 20 kilometers away.
You can't see it in the picture, but between the boys on the bike and the camera, there's a boy sitting on a rock and saying, "I'm not moving from here! Enough!"
I'm saying
This is a problem. We have to get this boy moving somehow.It's getting dark and danger is looming.
But after some experience, I've learned how to deal with it.
But at first it was tragic
I used harsh words and threats, but it didn't help at all.
they are used to such things
It suddenly dawned on me that the best thing we can do when this kid has a temper tantrum is to stay as close as possible.
Everyone went away from him That's how everyone left him
That's why I'll stay by your side, and I'll put my hand on your shoulder to soothe you or give you some chocolate.
"Alex, I know this is really hard
Let's go back after a little rest."
"Go away you crazy bastard
Bring me to a place like this! say
So I said, "Relax, Alex.
I have chocolate," he says.
alex sticks to it
I'm hungry when I ride my bike. I'm hungry all the time on a long ride like this. I'm still hungry after I get off my bike.
Why did Alex become like this?
he is 17 years old
When he was eight years old, someone put him on a boat in Odessa, and he came to Israel alone, he came to Israel alone.
I ended up in the south of Tel Aviv, where luck wasn't on my side, and while I was roaming the streets and roaming the streets, I became part of a notorious gang.
He's spent the last 10 years in two places.He's spent the last 10 years in two places.Slums and prisons.He's been in prison for the last two years, sitting on that rock.
He's probably been abused, neglected, neglected, betrayed by every adult he's met.
Such a boy needs to have an adult by his side who he can look up to, who will not abandon him in any situation, and who will watch over him no matter how he behaves.
Because he has never experienced unconditional acceptance.
I want to talk a little bit about vision.
When I started this program four years ago, I wanted to build a team of underdogs who could win. I wanted to build a team of underdogs who could win.
I had an image of Lance Armstrong in my mind I had an image of Lance Armstrong in my mind
After two months of endless frustration, I finally realized that this vision was misplaced, and that there was another, far more important, and more immediately achievable vision.
During this project, I suddenly realized that the real purpose of this bicycle trip was to expose the boys to only one thing: love.
Love for country, love for uphills, love for downhills, love for all the wonderful creatures that surround us - animals, plants, insects, and team members, love and respect the members who ride bikes with us, most importantly. What they need is to love and respect themselves, and that's what they've been lacking the most.
Not just the boys, but myself have undergone a spectacular transformation.
I've been in the cold-hearted world of science and high-tech, so
Thinking about reason and logic and pushing things relentlessly was the only way for me to achieve anything.
Before I started working with boys, I always thought that what I do to them and what I do to myself should always be perfect and ideal and best. I've realized the great value of sex, that you can start with some kind of vision and if it doesn't work out, it doesn't matter.
You can think of something else that is actually effective and can be implemented by trial and error and making a few changes.
That's what happened, and now that's the rule.
(Laughter) (Applause) One of my guiding principles is to focus.
Every time before I go on a bike trip, I gather the boys together and tell them one word that they think about while they're on their bikes.
To keep their minds focused on one thing, because a lot of things happen along the way.
For example, words like "teamwork" and "persistence." They can give difficult concepts like "resource allocation." Words like "big picture" are words they don't understand.
Thinking big is the most important strategy in navigating life, and that's what mountain biking teaches us.
I say to the boys, "When the uphill is so hard that you can't go any further, ignore the obstacles in front of you, lift your head up, look around, and watch the landscape change around you."
That's how you really move forward.
That's the "big picture"
Or you can look back and realize that you've climbed even steeper mountains.
It builds self-esteem
I'll give you an example
Let's say you go out on your bike in early February.
It's very cold, and it's raining cold. It's drizzling, drizzling. It's cold and freezing.
I look up at the sky through the clouds, and I see the monastery at the top of Muflaka, and now I have to go up there.
And yet, two hours later, I'm standing on the roof of a monastery, covered in mud and blood and sweat.
From there, when you look down on Yokneam, everything looks so small.
"Alex, that's the parking lot where it started."
"So small
I can't believe you came from there."
You can start loving yourself from there.
I've told you before about the special language you teach boys.
Usually at the end of a bike trip, we all get together again and talk about the moment when the words of the day came to mind and made a difference.
A boy once said, "I was running along a ridge overlooking the Dead Sea..." This is the place he was referring to, "I remember the day I left my village in Ethiopia, my brother. left the village with
I walked 120 kilometers to reach Sudan.
It was there that I was able to get water and food for the first time.”
Everyone looks at him like a hero as he talks.It must be the first time in his life.
There were other adults who were volunteering there, and I was listening to him, and the boy continued, "But that was just the beginning of the ordeal that would continue until we got to Israel.
But now I feel like I finally know where I am I love this place
I still get goosebumps when he said it, because he said it with the Moab Mountains in the distance.
That's where Joshua descended and led the Israelites across the Jordan into the land of Canaan, at the end of his journey from Africa 3,000 years ago.
Perspective, circumstance and history are three important factors in the bike trips I organize with the boys.
Sometimes I visit a kibbutz (farm) built by Holocaust survivors.
Sometimes we visit abandoned Palestinian villages and discuss how they ended up in ruins.
We also visit the sites of Jewish settlements, Nabatite settlements, Canaanite settlements, three, four, or five thousand years ago.
By tracing these historical events, the history of this country, the boys learn perhaps the most important value in education: they understand that life is complex, it's not black and white.
Embracing complexity makes them more tolerant, and tolerance leads to hope.
I ride my bike with my boys every Tuesday
This is a picture I took last Tuesday -- less than a week old -- and I'll be running with them tomorrow.
Every time I go on a bicycle trip, I stand in such a beautiful place and take pictures of the scenery that surrounds me, and I feel blessed and happy to be alive, and that's why I feel every fiber in my body aching. is the
And I feel blessed and happy that 15 years ago I had the courage to leave my promised position at New York University and return to the country of my birth, where I came from Ethiopia, Morocco, Russia, and the problem. To have such a wonderful bike trip with some boys
And I feel blessed and happy that every Tuesday -- Friday, actually -- I get to revel in the quintessence of living in dangerous Israel.
thank you
(applause)
Thank you very much
Hey, I have a story I want you to hear
I came all the way from the West of England, and when I got off the plane, my computer, my beloved laptop, was broken, and... ugh... yeah, the display and everything was gone.
So, when I went to the IT people here, someone fixed it and asked me, "What are you doing here?"
I answered, "I play the cello and then sing a little bit," and he said, "If it's the cello, I'll do a little too."
"Eh, really?"
Anyway, you guys are lucky because he's really good, it's Mark.
(Applause) And so is my bad friend Thomas Dolby.
(Applause) The song is "Farther than the Sun."
(Prelude) I called for you in the wind, but you couldn't hear me... You took too much care of you to give up the flowers that only grow on barren soil, I was too rich for you. Farther from me than the sun Farther from where you should be It's so cold in the north My chest is like lava under a rock You don't deserve you don't deserve... Selfish eyes like spinning numbers You can't see me You can't see me... Tell yourself enough I'm sure you'll believe I'm unworthy Seas so frozen block the light I'm in love with being in love You're the one I've never been a partner In Gerda's eyes, the shards you've become Every moth that flies in the night believes in the brightness of the light You don't deserve, you don't deserve Selfish eyes like spinning numbers And you can't see me Tell yourself enough I'm sure you'll believe You're unworthy Far from me, farther than the sun, farther than you should be Going north, it's so cold My chest is rocky Like the lava below You don't deserve You don't deserve Selfish eyes like spinning numbers You can't see me... Tell yourself enough and you'll believe me (Applause) Thank you very much
I'm from a very small village in Canada, and I grew up without a diagnosis of dyslexia.
That's why I had a hard time when I was a student.
My mother later told me that I cried all the way to school.
i ran out of the village
When I was 25, I went to Bali, where I met my wonderful wife, Cynthia, and it's been over 20 years.
Business went very well and I am now retired.
One time my wife took me to the movies, and I wasn't really interested.
It ruined my life. (Laughter) Al Gore and An Inconvenient Truth.
I have four children, and if Mr. Gore is anything but certain, they will not have the wonderful life that I have.
Right then and there, I decided to do whatever I could to expand the possibilities of my children.
Well, this is the Earth, and this is Bali, where we live.
It's a very small island, only 5,600 square kilometers.
Hinduism is rooted here
we were there
I had a wonderful time in Bali and decided to do something a little different.
I decided to give back to the community.
Look at this, it's "green school."
You can't see it in school, right? We wanted to do something super green, something eco-friendly.
the classroom has no walls
The teacher uses a bamboo blackboard.
Even desks are not square
In the green school all the children are laughing - it seems very strange to me to laugh at school
we practice holism
It's just that, if this girl masters holism and leaves here, the whole world will be her place - her place to live.
The kids at my school spend 181 days in a box school.
The same people who built my schools also build prisons and mental hospitals with the same materials.
Now, if this man had a holistic education, would he have been here all along?
Did he have more potential?
Natural light floods the classroom
It's beautiful. It's made of bamboo.
the wind blows through
If there's not much wind, kids blow up balloons, but they're no ordinary balloons.
These are made from natural cotton and natural rubber.
Essentially, the balloon is the roof of the classroom.
The kids here know that in the future, controlling their environment won't be easy.
We pay our utility bills at the end of the month, but in fact, it's our grandchildren who really pay the bills.
We must teach our children that the world is not eternal
These kids scribbled on their desks, and they learned two new tasks.
One is sanding and the second is waxing.
But since then, I've taken great care of my desk.
Children know they can control their environment
Unfortunately, this place relies on high-voltage transmission.
But a great alternative energy company in Paris is helping us switch to solar heat.
This is the world's second-largest vortex, which cascades 2.5 meters down into a river.
Then the turbine kicks in, producing 8,000 watts of electricity day and night.
Now you know what these are
This toilet is not a flush
When we go to the bathroom, we use a lot of water, and you smart people know that.
Number of people times amount of water
We don't have that much water.
So these are composting toilets, but nobody at school wanted to know about these toilets, especially the principal.
But everyone is using it without any problems, and it's working well.
Why don't you try it too
not everything goes well
A clean canvas and a rubber canopy were ruined after six months.
Had to replace with reusable plastic
The teacher carried a giant plastic whiteboard into the classroom.
I had an epiphany, and I took an old car windshield, put paper behind it, and made my first whiteboard substitute.
Green School is located in South Central Bali on 80,000 square meters of rolling land.
A clean river runs across the property and this is how we cross the river.
I met an excited father the other day
"Welcome to the Green School" when I say
"I've been on a plane for 24 hours," he said.
"Why did you do that?" I asked.
"I had a dream of a green school, and then I saw this picture and got on a plane.
I will bring my sons in August."
it's really great
But what's even greater is that people are building eco-friendly homes around schools so that children can walk to school.
Eco-friendly industries are also emerging, preferably green restaurants.
community is growing
This will be a model for green places
we had to keep an eye on everything
no asphalt here
there are no paved roads
Volcanic rock laid by hand
There is no such thing as a sidewalk
Sidewalks are gravel roads that get washed away when it rains, but that's what nature is all about.
This is the buffalo kept at school
trying to eat the fence
The fences here are all made of natural materials.
When some kindergarten kids recently moved their gates, they realized that the fences were made of tapioca.
They pulled out the tapioca root and sliced ​​it into thin slices to make delicious chips.
let's talk about the land here
The land is kept as intact as possible, and the garden extends right up to the classroom.
I tried to change the surrounding environment as little as possible.
I made a room for them, too. It's Bali's precious black pig.
And I'm thinking about how we can somehow replace the cows that we have at school with the lawn mowers in the schoolyard.
These girls eat rice as their staple food, and they know techniques that very few people know.
They know how to care for it, how to harvest it, how to cook it.
They know everything about rice farming, which will be a valuable skill for them in the future.
This boy is harvesting organic vegetables
We prepare lunches for 400 people every day There is something unusual here too No gas
Local Balinese women cook in the hearth using a secret, time-honored method.
the food is really delicious
Green schools are pioneers, not just locally, but globally.
And in a way, it's a microcosm of the world.
Children from 25 countries
When I look at all of them, I see them trying to learn how to live for the future.
The green school enters its third year with 160 children.
At this school, I learned reading, which I was good at, writing, which I was not good at, and math.
but that's not all
Here you can learn bamboo architecture
You can even learn about ancient Balinese art.
This is mud sumo wrestling in the rice fields.
I love children
mothers are confused
(Laughter) We've done a lot of crazy things. What do you mean by local?
To be local, 20% of the students in the school had to be Balinese, and that was a very big promise.
we were not wrong
And people all over the world are supporting the Bali Scholarship Fund, because these children are the next generation of Bali.
Teachers are just as diverse as students, and the wonderful thing is that volunteers keep coming.
He came from Java and taught me new organic farming methods.
She's from Africa, she loves music
And it's this deep engagement of volunteers and teachers working together to develop the next generation of green leaders.
We don't know if the "green schools" are meeting their objectives.
i need someone to look it up
But what about the children with learning disabilities, the dyslexic children, we've changed the name to Prolexic, and they're doing well in this beautiful classroom.
everyone is showing great growth
So how do you do this?
giant plant
Bamboo
It sticks out like a train from the ground
Bamboo grows to the size of a coconut tree in just two months, and in about three years it's ready for construction like this.
It's as strong and dense as teak, and it can support even the heaviest of roofs.
The architect brought me this diorama, and it looks like this.
The yellow box was called the administration building
(Laughter) We reworked it from scratch.
It has a double helix
There are various departments including the management department.
There were a lot of problems during construction, and when the Balinese workers saw this huge blueprint, they said, "What is this?"
So we made a big model
I had it done by an expert.
The Balinese carpenters used bamboo scales to measure it, select the bamboo, and proceed with the construction, in a time-honored way, mostly by hand.
The scene was chaos
Balinese carpenters wanted a modern way to build their bamboo buildings, and they used metal scaffolding. When the scaffolding was removed, a cathedral-like building appeared: a green cathedral, and a majestic green. education
In the center of the school there is a bamboo grove that stretches for seven kilometers.
Three months after the foundation was completed, the roof and floor were completed.
This may not be the world's largest bamboo structure, but we believe it's the most beautiful.
Is it possible in your area?
should be able
The Green School was built to be a model for the world.
And also a model for Bali
The rules to follow are pretty simple: stay local, prioritize conservation, and think about what your grandchildren want.
thank you al gore
You ruined my life, but you gave me a wonderful future.
If you are interested in building green houses in Bali and 50 green houses around the world in the future and would like to participate, please come and meet us in Bali.
Thank you very much
(applause)
Today we take you on a voyage into the deepest depths, a world dark and unexplored and lesser known than the far side of the moon.
There is a world of myths and legends
A place marked "Monster's Lair" on an ancient map
With each new expedition, we find new discoveries, marvelous and unusual forms of life, no wonder our ancestors thought of them as "monsters."
Stories like this make me jealous of my colleagues at the International Union for Conservation of Nature (ICUN), who saw and photographed the deep-sea wonders on a seamount south of Madagascar.
We're talking about the high seas here.
The high seas is a legal term - 50% of the Earth's surface.
The average depth of the ocean is 4,000 meters, and nearly 90 percent of all life on Earth lives in the high seas.
In theory, the high seas are the "global commons," the common property of mankind.
In reality, the people who control and benefit from the high seas are those who have the resources to actually extract the resources.
So today's voyage will take us to the darkened high seas to shed light on the age-old myths, legends, and speculations that have made the high seas the common property of mankind.
This voyage will take you to a special place, an area where new discoveries have been made in recent years, and you'll see just how much we are being forced to respond to this problem.
And finally, I'm going to think about a new perspective that's being created and evolving about the governance of the high seas, one that's based on a basin-wide conservation perspective, but shaped by global norms of precautionary action and respect for the sea.
Here's a map of the high seas area, and on this map, the dark blue area is the high seas.
As a scholar of international law, what this map shows scares me more than any creature or monster, because it sees through the false notion of ocean protection: Earth's oceans provide life with stored carbon, heat and oxygen. is the concept that if we protect even 36% of that, we can protect the ocean.
The high seas are effectively the heart of the earth.
One of the issues we have to face is current international law, for example, in shipping, only the waters that are close to the coast are protected.
Problems such as the illegal dumping of garbage may seem easy to solve, but laws against illegal dumping from ships become less effective the further you go from the coast.
The result is a pile of garbage that's twice the size of the state of Texas.
It's absolutely unbelievable
It used to be said that the only way to deal with environmental pollution was to dilute it, but that is no longer the case.
Social scientists and economists like Elinor Ostrom study the management of local public resources -- the commons -- but there are a number of things that make it possible to manage and exploit the commons of natural resources as a public good. There are prerequisites
The first is the concept of shared responsibility, the shared norm that binds people together as a community.
"Use with incidental conditions" Others can enter, but it is necessary to make them comply with the rules
And to enforce the rules, you need a system of oversight and enforcement that works, and that requires sympathy, trust, and confirmation.
It's not just the current devastation on the high seas that I want to share with you.
A group of extremely dedicated individuals, scientists, conservationists, photographers and nations have turned a tragic trajectory and saved fragile seascapes that, like this coral reef, were being destroyed.
So we can also protect the high seas from deep-sea trawlers.
as a means
We had a group of photographers, like the one I talked about earlier, come on board and take pictures of the process.
We also spent a good deal of time underground at the United Nations, lobbying governments to tell them what it was like in the oceans far from land, and to make them understand the biology of creatures that we can't even imagine exist.
And so, within just three years, between 2003 and 2006, we were able to set the norm and change the landscape of deep sea trawl fishing.
We could do whatever we wanted, wherever we wanted, so we created a management system, conducted environmental impact assessments of fishing destinations in advance, and made them responsible for preventing massive environmental destruction.
In 2009, the United Nations assessed its progress since then, and found that nearly 100 million square kilometers of seafloor had been protected.
But this is not the final solution, nor is the protection permanent.
What this means is that groups of individuals, as a community, can embody the means to manage the high seas and create new governance systems.
I feel that the future is bright that we can create a future of pure blue ocean on this beautiful planet.
(Oceanologist) Sylvia's wish is to push us forward and touch people's hearts, for example, to broaden their curiosity to people who have only ever seen their feet, and the life of a sea turtle, which spends most of its life on the high seas. It would be nice to get people interested in cycling and stuff like that.
Today's voyage will take you step by step through these special areas, giving you a taste of the richness and wonder of the sea.
The Sargasso Sea, for example, is not bounded by any landmass, but is bounded by ocean currents, and these currents are the source of the abundance and concentration of free-floating algae Sargassum.
This area is also known as a breeding ground for the river eels of Northern Europe and North America. The eels are now so depleted that they have disappeared from Stockholm, and only five have been spotted in England recently.
But in the Sargasso Sea, just as currents accumulate seaweed, they also attract plastic debris from the surrounding waters.
This picture doesn't do a good job of conveying the plastic waste situation, because I haven't been there yet.
But a study published in February found that as many as 200,000 pieces of plastic per square kilometer float in the Sargasso Sea, affecting the larvae of many species that seek safe roosts and food there. I am
The Sargasso Sea is also a wonderful place for many rare species that mimic seaweed.
It's also a special spawning ground for these flying fish.
So what I want to tell you with this picture is that we have to start a global environmental initiative.
The Bermuda government has recognized these needs and responsibilities as a nation that has the Sargasso Sea within its territorial waters, and many other nations remain at the forefront of efforts to protect this vital maritime area. helped me to carry out
Now let's move on to a slightly colder region, the Ross Sea in Antarctica.
Originally a bay
Antarctica is considered the high seas because its sovereignty is frozen.
So anything in the sea gets the same treatment as anything in the high seas.
Adding to the importance of the Ross Sea is the vast oceanic pack ice (the Ross Ice Shelf), which provides coastal areas with abundant phytoplankton and krill during the spring and summer, replenishing coastal ecosystems that until recently were largely untouched. I came to support
But unfortunately CCAMLR (Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources) But unfortunately CCAMLR (Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources), that is, the Antarctic waters responsible for conservation and management of fish schools and marine living resources. The commission started making concessions to the fishing industry, and approved an expansion of the Antarctic toothfish fishery.
The captain of a New Zealand vessel that recently sailed to the Antarctic reported a dramatic decline in the number of killer whales in the Ross Sea, which directly depend on the Antarctic toothfish as a staple food.
We need to be brave, each and every one of us, and mobilize our governments and local fisheries authorities to assert our rights and ban fishing in some parts of the high seas. it is not possible for
Now it's the Costa Rica Dome, not far from the United States, a recently discovered area that could be a year-round habitat for blue whales.
We have enough food to live through the summer and winter.
What's unique about the Costa Rican Dome is that it's not consistently in the same area.
It's an oceanographic phenomenon that changes the time and place of upwelling with the seasons.
So it doesn't necessarily stay on the high seas.
It doesn't stay in the exclusive economic zones of the five Central American countries, it moves seasonally.
That's what makes it difficult to protect, as well as species that migrate with the dome.
It uses the same technology that fishing boats use to detect biomes and lock them down when they are most vulnerable, sometimes for an entire year.
Closer to the populated coast next, this photo was taken in the Galapagos Islands
This area has received particular attention because many species pass through it, and the tropical waters of the eastern Pacific are of increasing interest for conservation.
It's an initiative spearheaded by Conservation International, with the support of various partners and governments, to create an integrated management system for the entire marine area.
This is a great example of a truly local initiative.
Protecting 5 World Heritage Sites
Unfortunately, the World Heritage Convention does not address the need to protect areas that do not belong to any country.
So places like the Costa Rica Dome aren't technically under treaty protection when they're on the high seas.
So what we're proposing is to revise the World Heritage Convention to provide for and encourage international protection for these World Heritage Sites, or else it must be renamed the "Semi" World Heritage Convention.
What's more, species like sea turtles don't stay in one area, like the tropical waters of the eastern Pacific.
It travels southwards and rides a vast ocean current called the South Pacific Gyre, where it spends most of its life.
What I really want to recommend is to scale up the movement.
We need local action, but we also need action at the basin scale.
Today, we have enough tools and technology to allow us to broaden our horizons and take ocean-basis initiatives.
The Tagging of Predators in the Pacific project is one of 17 Censuses of Marine Life
They provided us with data like this, little gray petrels that roost throughout the ocean basins.
It can fly 65,000 kilometers in less than a year, according to the Census of Marine Life.
You can get data like tools and treasures
The culmination of the project year begins this October.
Stay tuned for more information
What excites me about the Census of Marine Life is that we've gone beyond "tagging predators in the Pacific" to explore the unexplored mesozoic and find sea cucumbers flying through the ocean like this.
Fortunately, as the International Union for Conservation of Nature, we are able to work with the Census of Marine Life, and the many scientists working in the team are able to translate a lot of the information into something more understandable for policy makers.
Now we have support from various governments
Information will also be made public through technical workshops
The wonderful thing is that we have enough information to act to protect these important and hopeful marine hotspots.
At the same time, we are sending out the message, "Protect more and move forward."
But many of you will say, "Even if we could put a rational system in place for marine reserves and fisheries on the high seas, how would it work?"
So next to marine science, my passion is space technology.
My dream was to be an astronaut, so for some time I've been checking out tools that would allow us to monitor the surface of the Earth from space. Made it possible to track at sea
Fishing boats can also be tracked with tags as well.
Already, many ships are equipped with automated response equipment that can identify where they are and what they are doing.
But not all ships are equipped with
Enforcing new laws and making them come into force is not difficult, and for those who want to gain access to the resources of our high seas, we need to know -- where people go and what they do.
Now back to my theory, we can avoid environmental destruction of the commons.
We can stop the destruction of the high seas, which cover half the planet.
But we need to think big and global.
The specific means of managing these resources must change.
We have to create a new paradigm of prevention and dignity.
At the same time, local thinking is essential, like Sylvia's story of joy and wonder, the hope of a ray of hope, to shine a light on these still-unknown seas and bring people to the table for dialogue. It's about making them feel part of the community, making them feel like they're in charge of their future.
Third, we need to think about basin-scale management.
Species live on a basin scale
Many deep-sea organisms are genetically related at the scale of the basin.
We need more understanding, but we also need control and protection.
For that, we need a basin-scale management system.
We have a regional management system within our exclusive economic zone, but we need to expand this scale and increase our capacity. As in the Antarctic Ocean, the Antarctic Ocean is a coexistence of bifurcated fishing and conservation groups.
Here we extend our sincere gratitude and praise to Sylvia Earle's wish, for shedding our attention to the depths of the sea beyond the high seas and our own territories.
It has brought together a group of brilliant and wonderful people who have taken their problems seriously and helped break through the problems that stand in the way of the management and rational use of the high seas, a goal that was once a distant and elusive goal.
Now, I hope this voyage has given you a new perspective on the high seas. The high seas are also our home.
thank you
(applause)
A funny thing happened on my way to becoming an amazing, world-class neuropsychologist, and I had a child, but this is amazing.
It's not the reason I became a world-class neuropsychologist.
Sorry TED
But it's become pretty shrewd, genuine concern.
My friend in graduate school, Marie, said, "Kim, I get it.
It's not that you're more neurotic than everyone else, you're really honest about your neuroticism."
In the spirit of disclosure, I'm going to show you a few photos.
Uh
I'll just say that it's July
(laughs) (sound of zipper)
for your safety
With floating bladders on both arms
Finally ready for the 90 minute drive to Copper Mountain
Somehow you know how it feels
my baby vander is 8 now
He's playing soccer
I enjoy playing soccer
also interested in unicycles
why are you worried
this is my job by teaching
this is my research and treatment
Because I know kids get concussions every year.
In fact, more than 4 million people have concussions each year, and that's only for people under the age of 14 who were brought into the emergency room.
When a child has a concussion, they say things like "sparks go off" and "bells go off", but what exactly does that mean?
take a look at this
It's "Detective Starsky & Hutch".
A car traveling at 64 km/h on a stationary object
35G impact force
A punch from a heavyweight boxer to the face is 58G.
Let's take a look again just in case
Note the right side of the screen
What do you think?
What is the force of impact?
sorry 72
What a 103G It's going to be ridiculous
It usually takes 95G to cause a concussion.
The boy on the right doesn't get up, so you can tell he's got a concussion, or the boy on the left, or the field.
What about away athletes?
How do you know if you had a concussion?
How do you know if the rules for being ejected or returning to play apply?
You don't have to be unconscious to have a concussion.
These include symptoms and changes in consciousness, such as feeling listless, dizzy, ringing in the ears, more impulsive than usual, and more aggressive.
If these and my worries merge, can't I fall asleep?
I know my brain is resilient, so I'm fine.
The brain has mechanisms to recover from injury.
I hope not, but if someone does get a concussion, most of the time, it's going to be over in a matter of hours to weeks.
But a child's brain is more sensitive.
High school athletes are actually three times more likely to suffer fatal injuries than college students, and they also take longer to recover.
Once you've been injured, your risk of being injured a second time soars.
Furthermore, the danger after the third time will also increase.
Now, it's especially important to note that the long-term cumulative effects of damage are not fully understood.
Some of you may be familiar with this NFL study, in a nutshell.
The study found that retired NFL players who experienced three or more concussions were significantly more likely to develop premature dementia than the general population.
Have you ever read the New York Times?
What you might not be familiar with is that the wife of a former NFL player who popularized the study said, "Isn't it strange that my 46-year-old husband always loses his keys?
Is it weird that my 47 year old husband loses his car all the time?
Is it weird that my 48-year-old husband can't find his way from the parking lot to the house on private property? "
I may have forgotten to mention that my son is an only child.
So it will be important in the future for him to be able to drive for me.
What should I do to ensure the safety of my children?
How can we guarantee 100% security?
I will introduce my idea
(Laughs) I wish it was like this
my beloved son looks like this
"I'm not kidding. It's not."
Seriously, should my son play soccer?
what about your son? don't understand
But there are three things anyone can do
first of all learn
I should be more knowledgeable about what we're talking about today
A lot of good materials are available
of the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Check out the program at CDC.gov
Heads Up is concussion-focused in children
The second is about a source that I'm personally proud of.
This is cokidswithbraininjury.com which I completed in the last few months.
A valuable resource for student-athletes, teachers, parents, professionals and coaches alike.
If you have any questions, please start here
talk to me second
Just two weeks ago, a bill introduced by Senator Kefaraz that would have required children under the age of 18 to wear a helmet when riding a bicycle was struck down by a committee just two weeks ago.
Most of them failed because they lacked constituency buy-in and stakeholder traction.
This isn't about supporting or not supporting a particular bill, it's about you, and lawmakers who support it need to know.
Talk to your coaches
ask me what kind of protective gear I have
How much does the protective equipment cost?
How long have you been using it?
There is also a way to start a fund organization and purchase new.
From this point of view, the appropriate proposal is
to wear a helmet
The only way to avoid the worst consequences is to prevent the primary injury
Recently in graduate school, one of my students, Tom, said, "Mr. Kim, I wear a bike helmet when I go to school."
Tom knows that the shock absorbing material inside the helmet cuts the load in half.
I thought this semi-mandatory helmet campaign worked, but this was Tom's epiphany.
It turns out that this 20-dollar helmet is actually the best protection for a 100,000-dollar education.
(smile)
Now, should Vander play soccer?
I can't say no, but I can tell you that every time I leave the house, go to the car, or go to school, I make them wear helmets.
An athlete, an academic, an overprotected child, a neurotic mother, or my baby, Vander, reminds us that this is our problem.
thank you
(applause)
I woke up in the middle of the night with a roar
it was late at night
I don't remember the exact time
I remember it being so loud and scary.
Everything in the room was shaking My heart, my windows, my bed, everything
I looked out the window and saw a dome-shaped explosion.
It was cinematic, but the spectacle was more intense than cinema can describe, bursting into circles of bright reds and oranges and grays.
I stared at it until the color faded
And then I went back to bed and prayed, and I secretly thanked God that the missile didn't hit my house and that my family was okay.
Thirty years later, I still feel guilty about that prayer.The next day, I learned that the missile hit my brother's friend's house, killing him and his father. mother and sister were safe
The next week, the mother came to my brother's classroom and asked the seven-year-olds if they had any pictures of their son, because they had lost everything.
This is not a story about an unnamed survivor of a war or an unnamed refugee, the stereotypical image you see in newspapers and on television of someone in shabby clothes, with a dirty face and frightened eyes.
It's not about a nameless person who survived a war with no hopes, no dreams, no deeds, no family, no beliefs, no values.
this is my own experience
This is what I experienced when I was a girl
I am also a person who survived the war.
The refugees and the girls that are being imaged are me too.
I grew up in war-torn Iraq, and I believe there are two sides to war, but we only see one side.
We only talk about one side
But as someone who lives and works in it, what I've witnessed is that there is another side.
I grew up seeing the colors of war, the red of fire and blood, the earthy brown that explodes before my eyes, the piercing silver of an exploding missile, so bright that nothing can protect my eyes.
I grew up with the sounds of war, the constant roar of cannonballs, the terrifying roar of explosions, the ominous bass of jets flying overhead, the mournful sound of air raid sirens.
Aside from these sounds that everyone imagines, we hear a flock of birds chirping at night, high-pitched cries of children, and a very eerie, intolerable silence.
A friend once said, “War is not a sound
It's silence, it's the silence after humanity disappears."
After that, I left Iraq and founded Women for Women International, working with women who survived the war.
I've traveled and worked in places like Congo, Afghanistan, Sudan, and Rwanda, and what I've seen in common is not just the colors and sounds of war, but the terror it creates.
It's the fear of death, and the characters in movies who aren't afraid to die are completely fake.
It's terrifying to have an experience that makes you think you're going to die from this or that you're going to die in an explosion.
Worse than that is the fear of losing someone you love.
It's hard to think
But the greatest fear, in the words of a Bosnian woman who survived the four-year siege of Sarajevo, is the fear of losing your mind.
It's like my mother in Iraq dying from the inside.
i said the same thing
A Palestinian woman said, "It's not the fear of dying only once. Sometimes I feel like I'm going to die ten times in one day," she said, describing the sounds of marching soldiers and the sound of guns.
"But it's unfair, you only have one life and you should only die once."
We've seen one side of the war
The only things we're discussing or interested in are military levels and troop reductions, troop increases and robberies, and what we should really be focusing on is getting into the details of the most affected communities and surviving. It should be a collection of resilience and courage that people show to not disrupt their daily lives.
We are preoccupied with objective debates about politics, bargaining, weapons, money, casualties.
this is just a barren word
How lightly do we take casualties
Rape is seen as inevitable as casualty.
80% of refugees in the world are women and children
90% of modern war casualties are civilians.
75% of them are women and children
how interesting
500,000 Rwandan women are raped every 100 days
As we speak, hundreds of thousands of Congolese women are being raped and mutilated right now.
well funny
they are just numbers
The front lines are becoming more and more invisible, firing missiles at unseen enemies from space, and only when a drone attack happens to kill a villager, not a militant, does the press make a fuss. there is
like chess
People who learned this game in school have become leaders in countries and international organizations.
Checkmate
we have completely lost sight of the other side of the war
My mother's story is missing. She put on a puppet show so that sirens would go off, air raids would come, lights would go out, and my brother and sister would not be afraid of the sound of artillery fire.
There is also a music teacher in Sarajevo named Farida who teaches piano. Every day for four years during the siege of Sarajevo, she kept the music school open without fail. I played instruments all through the war with students who protected their violins and cellos and kept their gloves and hats and coats on.
it's her fight
was resistance
Let's not forget the story of a Palestinian woman in Gaza who left her home as soon as there was a ceasefire last year to scoop up flour and burn it for her neighbors in case the ceasefire never came. I baked the bread of
And let's not forget the story of Violet, who, despite being nearly killed in a church genocide, continued to bury bodies and clean houses and streets.
What we're missing are the stories of women who kept their lives going during the war.
Do you know? Even during war, people fall in love. They go to schools, factories, and hospitals. They get divorced. They go out for fun.
Those who sustain life are women.
war has two sides
The side that fights and the side that keeps schools and factories and schools running.
The side that focuses on winning battles and the side that focuses on saving livelihoods
The side with people involved in the front lines and the side with people protecting their lives at home
Some people think that the end of the war is peaceful, while others think that going to school or getting a job is peaceful.
One side is led by a man, the other side is led by a woman.
To understand how to build lasting peace, we must understand war and peace on both sides.
I gotta get the full picture of what that means
To understand the true meaning of peace, we all need to understand what a Sudanese woman said, "Peace is the regeneration of toenails."
She grew up in South Sudan during 20 years of war, where a million people died and five million refugees.
Many women were kidnapped by rebels and soldiers to be sexually enslaved or forced to carry weapons and food for the soldiers.
There, this woman walked for 20 years, lest she be taken away again.
The toenails regenerated only when there was peace.
We need to understand peace from this perspective.
We have to understand that you can't talk about ending war or peace without including women at the negotiating table.
What makes me wonder is the people who don't fight, the people who don't kill, the people who don't steal or rape, most if not all of the people who are trying to make ends meet during wartime are on the negotiating table. is not
Women make our living, but we must not forget that there are also men.
Doctors who didn't fight, artists and students and men who refused to carry guns, they weren't even at the negotiating table.
You can't talk about any kind of stability, whether it's building lasting peace or building democracy or a sustainable economy, without including women at the negotiating table.
not one but half the women
You can't talk about building stability without empowering women and girls.
Do you know everyone? The world's annual military spending is equivalent to 700 years of the United Nations budget and 2,928 years of the United Nations budget allocated to women.
If we reversed the allocation of that money, perhaps the world could move forward and have a lasting peace.
Last but not least, we need to invest in peace and women, not just because it's the right thing to do to build sustainable peace, but for the future.
A Congolese woman told me that her child had her father killed in front of her eyes, she was raped and had her limbs cut off in front of her eyes, and her 9-year-old brother was killed in front of her eyes. But he seems to be living properly now.
she entered WWI
Get a support network
learned about rights
I got her trained and helped her find a job.
She made $450 and was doing well.
I sent my kids to school and bought a house.
But she said, "I'm not worried about these things.
What worries me is that the children have hatred and when they grow up they want to kill the people who killed their fathers and brothers.”
We need to invest in women, because it's the only way we can ensure that there will be no more wars.
That mother could heal her children better than any peace treaty.
There are many things that can move forward
The women I spoke to earlier dance and sing every day If they can dance, why can't we?
The girl I just talked to started the WWI Group, and it's got 80 million dollars to reach a million people, and it's had a huge impact. I started from scratch.
(audience laughter) These are independent women, not because of the circumstances in which they found themselves, but in spite of their circumstances.
Imagine how much better the world could be, if it were different, if men and women were equal, if women were represented, if war was understood from two sides.
The Sufi poet Rumi, who lived in the 13th century, said, “There is a place beyond the world where good and evil are mixed.
see you there
When the soul lies on the grass, the world is too rich to speak of
Thoughts and words, even the words 'to each other' no longer make sense."
I humble myself to add that there is a place beyond the world of war and peace, and there are many men and women to meet.
make the place bigger
see you all there
thank you
(applause)
This is a story about work, specifically about why we can't work in the workplace.
Let's start from the beginning
There are companies, non-profits, charities, and all sorts of organizations that have employees, volunteers, and other people working there.
I like to think that employers expect great work from the people who work here.
I expect a good job at the very least, a great job
So they usually group their employees in one place and let them work there.
So, in companies, in institutions, in organizations, unless you're lucky enough to be transferred to Africa, the average person commutes to work every day.
The company will set up an office there.
Buy a property or rent or lease a room and stuff it in there
A desk or a desk, a computer, software, an internet connection, maybe a fridge or something extra, and expect your employees to commute there every day and do a great job.
sounds like a matter of course
I'm going to ask a question here. Everyone, please ask yourself, 'Where do you go when you want to focus on work? 』
To this question, people give a different answer than their boss expects.
When asked, "Where do you want to go when you want to concentrate on your work?"
you get 3 different answers
One is a room or space
The other is transportation and time.
give an example
I've been asking this question for 10 years, "Where do you go when you want to focus on work?"
kitchen
Empty room at home, basement, cafe, library, etc.
And trains, planes, cars - vehicles
And I also hear answers like, "It doesn't matter if it's early in the morning, late at night, or on weekends."
Almost no people answered office
Companies spend money on spaces called offices and let people use them, but no one works there.
what is this
Why? How did this happen?
If we dig a little deeper into this problem, we can see why, and it boils down to this: when people go to work, they divide their work day into many work hours.
"Work days" become "Work hours"
Like a paper shredder at the entrance to the office, like the hours of the day are broken up, 15 minutes here, 30 minutes there, sudden errands pulling me out of work, and then 20 minutes later, lunch break, and then another task.
15 minutes later, he asks me for a favor And before I know it's 5 o'clock Looking back on my day, I realize I didn't do anything right
Have you ever experienced that?
How was yesterday? The day before yesterday or the day before that?
In the evening, I realize that I'm not doing anything!
I went to work, sat at my desk, used an expensive computer
using provided software
I attended a meeting that I was supposed to attend.
I had a conference call, and I did this
not actually doing anything
just got the job done
not doing any meaningful work
And what we find is that creative work, whether you're a designer, a programmer, a writer, an engineer, a thinker, needs a certain amount of uninterrupted time.
15 minutes isn't enough to tackle a problem creatively.
You can come up with a superficial idea, but you need a certain amount of uninterrupted time to work through it and think it through carefully.
Working hours are usually 8 hours, but who can actually concentrate for 8 hours?
7 hours?
6？ 5？ 4？
Have you been able to devote yourself to work for three straight hours recently?
2 hours? 1 hour?
Only a few people really get a set amount of uninterrupted time.
That's why they prefer to work from home. Or they go to the office, some go early in the morning or late at night when nobody is there. There are people, because then there is no obstacle
There's another kind of interference, but it's not particularly bad, let's talk about that too.
The phenomenon of being able to work in short bursts when trying to do work is similar to another thing that doesn't work well when it's interrupted: sleep.
Sleep and work are very similar, except that you can work while you sleep, or you can doze off while you work.
not that kind of story
Both sleep and work are phenomena that follow cycles, or stages.
“Cycle” and “Stage”
They both mean the same thing, but there are five stages of sleep. To get a deep and effective restful sleep, you need to go through the first stage.
It's not easy to get back to sleep when there's a bump, a noise, a disturbance.
If you wake up suddenly, repeat again
go back to the early stages and sleep again
Have you ever experienced something like this? Around 8 or 7 in the morning I woke up at my usual time, but I feel like I didn't sleep well.
I sleep lying down.
We say "go to sleep," but actually we're "going to sleep."
It takes a long time to go through the stages. If you get in the way, you won't be able to sleep well.
Do you think there are people out there who can sleep soundly despite being disturbed all night?
probably not
How can you expect good results from people who are interrupted all day in the office? How do you do in a disturbed office?
Can you tell me to go to work?
it must be unreasonable
So what exactly is the disruption in the office that doesn't happen anywhere else?
There are temptations in places outside, too. There's a TV, you can go for a walk, there's a refrigerator downstairs, there's a comfortable sofa, you can do whatever you want.
When I talk to managers, they come up with examples of these kinds of disruptions as reasons why they don't want their employees to work from home.
Besides, ``If you are out of reach of your eyes, you don't know if you are doing your job properly!''
It's silly, but some bosses make excuses like that.
I'm a manager myself, and I know the problem.
we have to improve
But they often refer to the temptation, "Working at home sucks."
"He's probably watching TV or doing something else."
They're not real disturbances, because they're voluntary disturbances.
It is your choice to watch the temptation of TV It is your choice to touch the disturbing factors It is your choice to go to the fridge or walk
Most distractions and interruptions that disrupt people's work in the office are coercive.
let me give you some examples
Managers and bosses believe that the real disruption in the workplace is sites like Facebook Twitter Youtube, and they ban those sites at work.
Does your workplace look like this?
Is this China? what the hell happened
Because employees use twitter The efficiency of work doesn't go up.
So access to the internet at work is censored. It's ridiculous. that's not the problem
Facebook Twitter Youtube in this case is like a modern "cigarette time".
Ten years ago, it didn't matter if someone took a break and slipped out for 15 minutes, but why would anyone here or there take issue with the use of Facebook, Twitter, Youtube, etc.?
The office's real problem is not here
The real problem is what I call M&M's managers and meetings.
It's a real problem in our current office.
This M&M's is the reason why I can't get my work done at work.
Interestingly, the places that were mentioned as places to work - at home, in the car, on the plane, at night or early in the morning - there are no bosses or meetings.
Lots of other temptations, but no bosses or meetings.
These are the two things that are unique in the workplace.
The role of a manager is basically to get in the way of people.
That's my job, to disturb people
They don't do much work, so they come to check on other jobs. This gets in the way.There are many managers in the world.
And there are a lot of people in the world who are being interrupted by bosses every day.
Say something like "How is it? How far have you gone?"
I'll come to see you
They come in at the wrong time and sabotage you while you're doing the work you're paid for.
this is not good
What managers do more often than that is hold meetings.
During the day at work, meetings are utterly toxic, toxic, and pernicious.
You all know, have you ever seen a meeting held by an employee?
That's not how it works
The manager calls a meeting and all the employees gather.
"It doesn't matter what you're doing." "It's a meeting, stop what you're doing."
Can everyone interrupt work at their convenience?
Any important thoughts? A very important job?
Your boss suddenly tells you to stop doing what you're doing for other things
And then people get together and have meetings, and they usually talk about trivial things.
meetings are not business
We talk about things that need to be done in the future, but meetings proliferate.
In other words, one meeting leads to the next meeting.
And then it leads to the next meeting.
Very costly for organizations
Is a one hour meeting worth an hour? Unless the participant is alone, it is not
With 10 people, it's a 10 hour conference.
You're robbing 10 hours of efficient work to hold a one-hour meeting, and perhaps a meeting that could have been completed in minutes by two or three people.
However, the meeting is scheduled for a long time. The time is divided into 15 minute, 30 minute, and 1 hour intervals according to the schedule software.
I don't schedule 8-hour meetings in Outlook, I don't know if it's possible in the first place.
15 minutes 30 minutes 45 minutes Can be scheduled in 1 hour increments
And even though it should actually be done sooner than that, the schedule is decided in units of this hour.
"Meetings and Bosses" are two of the biggest problems in business today, especially in the office environment.
Outside the office these don't exist
So here are some suggestions to rectify this situation.
Managers What managers can hopefully do when they realize their mistakes What should be done to make the office the first, not the last, choice for people to work? It's about getting people to say, "When I want to get my work done, I'm going to the office."
The office is well-equipped and should have everything you need to do your job.
Still not chosen by people So what should we do?
I have three suggestions that I would like to introduce here. You have three minutes left, so it's just right.
Do you know what "Casual Friday" is?
I don't know if they are still doing it
That's why it's called "Silent Thursday"
For example, pick a Thursday once a month, and for the sake of convenience, just do it in the afternoon.
Only once a month on Thursday afternoon
On the first Thursday of the month, that afternoon, no one is allowed to talk to each other in the office.
everybody keep silence
And what that means is that if no one talks to each other, an enormous amount of work gets done.
This is the situation where people can actually work, which means no one messing around or getting in the way.
Giving your employees four hours of time like this is the greatest gift you can give at work.
More than a computer, more than a new monitor or software, more than any other work tool
Providing four hours of quiet time in the office is a tremendous value.
Try it, you'll understand, and keep increasing the frequency.
Once every two weeks, or once a week, have an afternoon when no one talks.
you will find it very effective
Another suggestion is to switch from active communication and engagement, such as pats on the shoulder and meetings, to more passive communication using email, messengers, and other collaboration tools.
E-mails and chats are a distraction to work, some people say.
Boss can't logout like email
You can quit Messenger, but you can't hide your boss
Put aside the tools and work things out on your own schedule and be available when it's convenient for you.
Work, like sleep, is phased
Everyone can be in work mode and work, and if they rest for a while in a good place of separation, they will be able to check their e-mails and so on.
Urgent matters and things that need immediate attention are really rare
Managers, please encourage your employees to use messengers, emails and other tools that allow them to choose when to respond.
And my final suggestion is, if there's a meeting scheduled and you have the authority, just call it off.
maybe next monday
let's cancel
Let's pretend it didn't happen instead of postponing it
You'll find it's okay
Let's forget about the discussions and decisions that were scheduled for next Monday morning at 9am. But all will be well You'll have a free morning and you'll be able to use your head
And you'll find that what you thought you needed wasn't actually necessary.
it was just a suggestion
And I hope that these suggestions were an opportunity for managers, bosses, business owners, organizers and those in charge to think a little bit about taking a little less of their part and giving people time.
I'm sure you'll be fine in the end
thank you
(applause)
(Applause) Thank you.
I'm going to show you some pictures and tell you how I build my home.
All of these buildings are made from 70 to 80 percent recycled materials, materials that were destined for landfills and incinerators.
I used only things that had been thrown away
It's the first house I built
The front double door with the light window was about to end up in a landfill, and there's a small tower.
The button on the receiving material is
right here this is a walnut
This button is a chicken egg
First, you eat an egg for breakfast, and then you apply glue to the shell and fix it in place, and in no time at all you've got an architectural pattern.
The inside of the house looks like this There is a window for light
There is a window at eye level
It's an antique thing, and it was going to be trash, too, and it's going to be $200 just for the key.
Everything in the kitchen was salvaged from the trash
1952 O'Keeffe & Merritt stove It's cool to use for cooking
Stairs up to the turret
I got this staircase for $20 including shipping.
(Laughter) I'm looking up into the tower.
If it's going to ruin your life, you better not live in this house.
(Laughter) It's the laundry room.
We have shoe lasts, cast iron like you'd find in an antique store.
I had one at home, and I built a simple device out of it, where you put your foot on the shoe last, and the door bangs open and you throw your laundry in.
If all goes well, the laundry will end up in the basket above the washing machine.
otherwise you will be thrown in the toilet
(Laughter) This is a bathtub I made myself out of two feet by four feet of wood.
I started with the frame, and then I glued it and nailed it flat.
for two people
Hygiene isn't the only issue, we have to have fun.
(Laughter) This faucet is made of Osage orange wood.
It looks like a penis, but hey, it's a bathroom.
(Laughter) A house made out of Budweiser cans.
It doesn't look like a beer can, but you can't go wrong with the design.
The receiver that extends down from the eaves has a small mark of a can.
I put the can on the photocopier and kept expanding the design to whatever size I wanted.
The can says, ``This is the famous Budweiser, and I don't know any other beer.''
I played around with this and said, "This is the famous Budweiser house. I don't know of any other houses."
this is a bar
It was on a fence made from a noisy 1930s woodworking machine.
They gave me the fence, but they didn't give me the machine, so I removed the bar from there.
Not even a ferocious elephant can break it
Of course, there are no ferocious elephants around.
(Laughs) The shower imaged a glass of beer.
Bubbles climb up and there is a rugged tile at the top
How did you get this tile?
Instead of tiles, I was given a lot of toilets, so I dismantled them with a hammer and got the rough tiles.
This faucet is a beer tap
(Laughter) These panes of glass are the same ones you'd find in any middle-class American home.
I'm tired of it. It's worn out.
It is a failed design if used for the entrance
So I have to use it somewhere else, but it's a pretty glass plate.
when used at the entrance
"You must have imitated other people, but it's not going well," so the entrance is useless.
Don't build a second toilet on the second floor
The lighting here is the same one you see in the front porch of a middle-class American home.
don't open the door
Good for showers and closets, but not for entryways
Someone gave me a bidet
(Laughter) The branches in this little house are made out of Osage oranges.
Pictures scroll while you talk
To be successful in a job like mine, you have to know what goes to waste in the construction industry.
Homes have become just commodities, but the number one cause of garbage is
I think it's in our DNA
Humans have to be consistent in order to have apperception.
what do you mean
Everything we perceive is related to previous perceptions of the same kind, otherwise there would be no continuity and we would lose ourselves.
Let me show you something you've never seen before
mobile phone
but you've never seen this
I'm measuring patterns of structural features, and I go to the databank -- it's a cell phone.
If I put it in my mouth, they'd say, "Wait a minute.
it's not a cell phone
It's my new chocolate phone."
(Laughter) And a new category emerges between mobile phones and chocolate.
That's how we process information, and put that in the construction industry.
If one of the rows of window panes is cracked
"Oh my God, it's cracked. We have to fix it. Let's throw away the cracked one and replace it with a new one."
That's the fate of cracked windows
It is not considered that cracks do not affect life
It only disturbs the expected pattern and structural unity.
But if you take a little hammer and crack every other window, that becomes the pattern, in Gestalt psychology, rather than the part.
Emphasis on recognizing overall patterns
So it will be "oh nice"
very useful idea for me
Repetition creates patterns
It's like if there were 100 of each kind of repetition, there would be no difference between them.
From walnuts to eggs to pieces of glass to branches, repeated use creates patterns.
there will be no difference
It creates a lot of waste in the construction industry.
Friedrich Nietzsche wrote a book called "The Birth of Tragedy" around 1885.
So he wrote that culture oscillates between two perspectives. One is the Apollonian perspective: well-planned, rational, perfect.
On the other hand, there's the Dionysian perspective, which is more about passion and intuition, and more open to organic organization and gesture.
An Apollonian would use a goniometer, a laser level gauge, and a micrometer when taking pictures and decorating.
"Move the photo to the left by 0.03 mm
It's perfect. Horizontal, perpendicular, and centered.
If you're a Dionysian taking pictures... (Laughter) That's the difference.
Emphasis -
It's like the centrist John Dewey
Apollonian mentality creates a lot of garbage
If something isn't perfect or isn't the planned model
"Oops, it's scratched and it's going to the trash can.
Put this and that in the landfill.”
And the third thing is that - the Industrial Revolution started during the Renaissance with the rise of humanitarianism, and it made great strides around the time of the French Revolution.
reached its peak by the mid-19th century
Machines and devices appeared that could replace what was previously done by hand.
So materials are now standardized.
Trees don't grow to standard sizes like 2 by 4.8 inches.
So the standardization of materials creates a lot of waste.
It's also a source of building materials like oriented strand board and particle board, but there's no point paying attention to it at harvest if it's going to be wasted when it's used.
That's what's happening now.
"Oh, it's warped. It's going to the trash can."
You can buy 2x4 lumber and return it if it's not straight.
"Sorry, I'll bring you something straight."
I often work with curved timbers, which I use repeatedly to create patterns, and this is a Dionysian way of thinking.
that labor is absurdly more expensive than materials
this is just a myth
I once said to a student named Jim Trues,
I want you to be the chief."
"Dan, it's too early for me."
"That's not true. You're not feeling well."
That's how I got him to work
Jim went to the job site with a tape measure and scavenged through the trash heaps for boards to use over the edges, the doors - he was going to do what he was told to impress the boss. I said, "What are you doing?"
"I'm looking for small ingredients."
I was waiting for the compliment, but they said, "You're not hiring me to scavenge, get back to work."
Bravely, "If you're paying me $300 an hour, I know you say that, but now I'm
I'm saving five bucks a minute
Calculate it."
(Laughs) "That's right. From now on, you should start by scavenging the pile of garbage."
Ironically Jim wasn't good at math
(Laughter) Sometimes I go into the control room and it's confusing because there are so many dials, and the same thing happened.
My fifth point is that 2,500 years later, we're still influenced by Plato's idea of ​​the perfection.
They say that in our heads we know exactly what we want, and we adapt our environment accordingly.
We all have in our hearts the American dream, the perfect home - the dream home, but it's just not within reach.
So you've got the American dream home, the mobile home.
The earth has blight
It's a mortgage for household goods like furniture and cars.
The moment the check is written, the value drops by 30%.
After a year, only 70% of your household goods will be insured.
If you're not asking me to give you 12 caliber wire, it's not a bad thing, and the same thing is happening.
It's formaldehyde, so there's a federal law to warn new mobile home buyers of the dangers of formaldehyde.
have we become dull idiots
the walls are so thick
Structurally strong
(Laughter) "Palm Harbor Village should have been here."
"No, it was windy last night.
I got blown away."
(Laughter) What if your mobile home breaks down?
Today's architecture is based on Apollonian and Platonic models, and it's becoming more and more serious.
For one thing, all professionals, from merchants to salespeople to inspectors to engineers to architects, all think this way.
The same is true for consumers who want the same model.
It's like a self-fulfilling prophecy
This is where marketers and advertisers join
"Ikeike dondon"
You buy things you don't even know you need
All we have to do is wait and see what happens to carbonated prune juice.
(laughs) Do you know the results?
Say, "I drank Dr. Pepper."
You'll be drinking billions of liters in no time.
It does not contain real prunes and cannot be healthy.
(Laughter) It makes me sick.
be fooled in no time
Jean-Paul Sartre wrote a book called "Existence and Nothingness," which is a quick read.
If you read eight hours a day, you'll probably finish it roughly in about two years.
It speaks of a split self
Sartre says that people act differently when they're alone and when they're with other people.If I was eating spaghetti by myself.
eat with a bang
You can wipe your mouth with your sleeve, you can chew and make noises, you can scratch anything.
(Laughter) But when someone comes in, they're like, "I have spaghetti sauce."
Put a napkin on your lap, close your mouth when you chew, and don't scratch.
I act according to the person's expectations of how a person should be.
I feel expectations, so I accept them and live according to them.
The same thing is happening in the construction industry.
all subdivisions look the same
Sometimes we even have standardized cultural expectations.
You must be wearing the same shoes on the left and right
Of course everyone accepts that
In the gated community, everyone has the same standardized expectations that the homeowners association has, and sometimes even seems like a Nazi.
I'm expecting
that expands and continues this model
The last point is sociability
humans are social creatures
Like lions and other beasts, they like to reach out in groups, and animals in the wild don't associate with lions.
you will be eaten
humans are the same
I do what the groups I want to belong to do.
This is a common sight in junior high school.
Children spend all summer working until they're exhausted, trying to buy designer jeans.
Around September, I put them on and went out and said, 'I look good today, don't you look at these jeans, don't touch them'
you don't have jeans like this
That's why I'm not cool I'm joining the cool guys
That's enough reason to wear a uniform
The same thing is happening in the construction industry.
I changed Maslow's ladder of desires just a little bit.
At the bottom are basic needs: shelter, clothing, food, water, having offspring.
The second is safety, then the relationship.
The fourth is status or self-esteem - vanity, which is where vanity comes in.
Ended up making a pointless decision and unable to pay the mortgage
All you can eat is the beans, which means that housing has become a commodity.
It takes a little bit of courage to dive deep within yourself, to overcome your fears, to make up your mind, to prevent the commoditization of your home and make it future proof.
Not only that, but it can also fail.
But that's fine, if you're discouraged by failure
this is not accomplished
I fail every day, and I've made some terrible mistakes.
Everyone points and laughs, "I tried five times and failed again.
What an idiot."
A contractor once came up to me and said, "Dan, you're a funny guy, but this isn't going to work.
why are you doing this? "
What I want to say is this: "Chew an egg."
But I wouldn't say that, because that's who they are.
What we've done -- it's not just about home -- clothes, food, transportation needs, energy -- we've put some things together.
People all over the world contact me when there's even a little bit of coverage.
We may have invented too much, and the waste problem is spreading all over the world.
big problem
It's not like I'm wearing a red bandana with an ammo belt around my chest.
we are in big trouble
What we have to do is reconnect with our very primal part and decide, "I want to put my CDs on the wall over there.
What do you think? "
If it doesn't go well, you should quit
It's really exciting to reconnect with what's deep inside of you. Thank you very much.
(applause)
Hi Burke Bear, I'm 11 years old today, and I'm working on our food production system.
I'm here to talk about the negative side
First of all, I was very surprised by the fact that children are so easily deceived by the advertisements that we see on TV, in schools, everywhere.
It's almost as if corporations are using children to force parents to buy things that are not good for us or the planet.
Young children especially love the colorful packaging and plastic toy extras.
I used to be one
Back then, I believed that food came from nature's little ranch, where pigs roll in the mud and cows graze all day long -- happy little ranches.
But the internet, books,
Watching documentaries and traveling gave me glimpses of how this wasn't true.
I saw the downside of the industrialized food production system
The first is genetically modified food.
Seeds are genetically engineered in the lab. It's against the law of nature. You take DNA from fish, you put it in tomatoes.
Don't get me wrong, I like tomatoes and I like fish, but genetic manipulation is creepy.
(Laughter) This seed is planted and grown.
Genetically engineered foods have been proven in the lab to cause cancer and other problems, and we've been eating foods produced this way since the 1990s, and
Most people don't even know it exists
Did you know that toxins were found in the liver and kidneys of mice that ate genetically modified corn?
It also causes inflammatory lesions and enlargement of the kidneys.
But most of the corn we eat is somewhat genetically engineered.
Let me tell you, corn is used for everything.
Using it as livestock feed is too rudimentary, like in large-scale livestock farming entities.
(Laughter) In general, in agriculture, you mix fossil fuel-based fertilizers with soil to grow plants.
Because the same crops are grown over and over again, and the soil becomes thin.
Then more harmful chemicals such as pesticides and herbicides are sprayed on vegetables and fruits to kill pests and weeds.
When it rains, these run off underground and into waterways, contaminating our water resources as a result.
And then they irradiate the food to make it last longer and ship it to supermarkets thousands of miles away.
So I thought, how can we change this situation?
I am looking to improve
I noticed that there is movement
Not long ago, I wanted to be an American football player.
I decided to do organic farming.
(Applause) Thank you.
so we can make the world a better place
This is Joel Salatan, and people call him the eccentric farmer because he runs a farm that goes against the current food system.
I'm homeschooled, so I visited him the other day to hear his story.
This man, who we call "the oddball farmer," doesn't use any herbicides, genetically modified seeds, or pesticides.
This is why they are called oddballs
We can make a difference by demonstrating our willingness to buy food directly from local producers and other nearby sources.
Local and organic farming is thought to be expensive, is that true?
From what I've researched, you either end up paying the farmers, or you get sick and pay the hospital.
(Applause) No more wondering what to choose.
A ranch, like Bill Keener's Squat Cove farm in Tennessee, where cows graze and pigs roll in the mud, really does exist.
Sometimes I go to Bill's farm and volunteer to see up close where the meat we eat comes from.
I want you all to understand that if children are educated about food, they will make healthy food choices.
Farm-to-table grocery markets are popping up everywhere.
me and my brothers and sisters actually eat kale chips
I want to spread this kind of thinking everywhere I go.
A little while ago my uncle gave his six-year-old son organic cereal and
I asked which one of the corn flakes with sugar would you like?
I said I would eat the organic cereal instead of the sugary one pictured, because I told you earlier that you should avoid flashy foods.
By changing each friend like this, one by one, you can make a difference.
The next time you go to the grocery store, consider local produce, know the producers and foods, and choose organic.
thank you
(applause)
When it comes to difficult negotiations, the Middle East comes up with a favorite story: a man left 17 camels to his three sons.
1/3 for the eldest son 1/3 for the second son 1/9 for the third son
The three sons began to negotiate 17 is not divisible by 2
not divisible by 3
not divisible by 9
Tensions between the brothers began to rise
I finally got over it and consulted a smart old woman.
The old woman thought for a long time, then came back and said, "I don't know if I can help you, but if you really need it, I'll take my camel."
My eldest son got 9, half of the 18.
My second son got 6, one-third of the 18.
The third son is one-ninth of the 18 -- got two.
17 in total
I have one left
returned to the old woman
(Laughter) If you think about it for a moment, this story resembles a lot of tough negotiations that involve us.
17 camels can't solve
All you have to do is step back like an old woman and look at the situation from a new perspective and notice the 18th camel.
It's my life's mission to find the 18th camel in the world's conflict.
I think humans are like those three brothers.
we are one family
It's scientifically clear, thanks to the communications revolution, all of the 15,000 tribes on Earth can stay in touch.
big family gathering
Of course, it's not as peaceful and easy-going as most family gatherings are.
There's a lot of conflict.
Human beings are quarrelsome, and how can we resolve deep disagreements as weapons of terrible destructive power are being created from the human mind?
that's the problem
For the better part of the last 30, 40 years, I've traveled around the world and experienced conflict -- Yugoslavia, the Middle East, Chechnya, Venezuela -- and I've been to some of the most troublesome conflict zones on the planet. continue
I think we've got some answers as to what the secret to peace is.
it's really simple
it's not easy but it's simple
it's not new
one of the oldest human heritage
We are the secrets that lead to peace
Surrounding any conflict -- we are the ones on the fringes, and we can play a constructive role.
Let's take just one example
About 20 years ago, in South Africa, when I was talking to the parties to the conflict, I had a special month, sharing my life with several groups of San people.
I was interested in the Sans and how the Sans resolved disputes.
Because, as far as we know, the San people, hunters and gatherers, lived very much like the ancient peoples who made up 99 percent of human history.
Every man has a poisoned arrow that he uses to hunt, and it's lethal.
How on earth do you resolve conflicts?
In fact, in San society, when tensions rise, someone hides a poisoned dart in a bush and everyone sits in a circle, sits down and talks.
It may take two, three or four days, but we won't rest until we find a solution, hopefully until we reach a settlement.
If you're still tense, send someone out to relatives to cool off.
I think it's because of this system that we've survived to this day, despite the human temperament.
Let's call this system the third position.
Most of the time, when we think of conflict, we think of two sides: Arab countries and Israel, workers and employers, husbands and wives, Republicans and Democrats, and so on.
And what we always overlook is the third side. In conflict, the third side is us, our communities, our friends, our allies, our families, our neighbors.
we can play an incredibly constructive role
A third position can help -- the most basic way is to make people aware of what's really at stake.
For our children, for our families, for our society, for our future.
Because, again, when you get caught up in conflict, you lose your perspective.
I will immediately fight back
Humans are machines that fight back
It's often said that people speak loudest when they're angry, and they regret it forever.
The third position makes us realize that
The third position leads us to the balcony, which is a metaphor for a wider perspective, a place where you can keep your sights on the target.
Let me introduce a little bit of my negotiation experience
Some years ago, as a facilitator, I was involved in a very difficult negotiation between representatives of Russia and representatives of Chechnya.
In the midst of war as you know it
We met at the Peace Palace in The Hague, Holland, in the same room where the Yugoslav war crimes trials were being held.
The talks got off to a rocky start when the Chechen vice president pointed to the Russian representative and started saying, "You're going to be accused of war crimes, so sit down."
He kept talking, and then he turned to me and said, "You're American, aren't you?
Think about what you are doing in Puerto Rico."
I quickly thought back, "Puerto Rico? What is it?"
I started to feel the urge to fight back.
I tried to be conscious of standing on the "balcony"
The Vice President of Chechnya stopped talking, and everyone was waiting for my reaction, and when I stood on the "balcony," I was able to thank him for pointing it out, saying, "Thank you for your critique of our country. This is how we are friendly." It's a sign, so we can talk openly with each other, but --
I'm not here to talk about Puerto Rico or the past.
We are here to see if we can find a way to stop the suffering and bloodshed in Chechnya.”
Talks are back on track
This is the role of the third position, which is to put the parties on the "balcony."
Considered the most difficult and unmanageable conflict in the world -- think for a moment -- the Middle East.
Where is the third position?
How can I stand on the "balcony"?
It looks like we have a solution to the Middle East conflict -- I'm not pretending, but I think we've taken the first step, literally the first step, and as a third position, we can all do it.
First question
How many of you in the last year were worried about the Middle East and wondered if there's anything you can do about it?
I just want to ask. How many people?
It seems that most people thought
even though it's so far away
Why do we pay so much attention to this conflict?
Is it the number of dead?
Conflict kills 100 times more in Africa than in the Middle East, so it's not the death toll, it's the story.
Because you feel directly connected to this story.
Christians, Muslims, Jews, religious people and non-religious people feel a personal connection.
Stories matter, and as an anthropologist, I agree.
Stories are used to convey knowledge
Stories give meaning to life
At TED, stories are told
the story is the key
My suggestion is, let's solve the political problems in the Middle East, but let's also focus on the stories.
Let's see the root of it all
Let's see if we can use the third position. What does that mean? What kind of story do you have?
As an anthropologist, I know that every culture has its origin story.
What is the story of Middle Eastern origins?
Here's a story: 4,000 years ago, a man was walking with his family in the Middle East, and the world today isn't the same as it was then.
That man, as you know, is Abraham.
What Abraham symbolizes is the bond, the bond of the family, although Abraham is the ancestor of all of us.
That's not all Abraham tells us
The underlying teaching also includes connection, telling us that we are all interconnected and connected.
Abraham's core values ​​are those of strangers -- respect and compassion.
Hospitality is why Abraham speaks
In that sense, Abraham is a symbol of the third position in the Middle East.
Abraham reminds us that we are part of a larger whole.
Let's think about this for a moment
Now we are in the scourge of terrorism.
What is terrorism?
Terrorism means treating strangers, innocent people, as enemies who want to kill you to inspire fear.
What is the opposite of terrorism? A stranger and innocent person
It's about treating them as friends, welcoming them warmly into your home, planting seeds of understanding, respect and love.
So why not treat the story of Abraham as a story about a third position? Abraham represents hospitality, so why not think of him as a deterrent to terrorism?
How about thinking of it as a vaccine against religious intolerance?
How do we bring this story into this world?
Telling a story is not enough
I have the power, but I need to experience the story.
You need to be able to act out the story, but how?
Practice method I thought --
that's the first step here
A simple way to do this is by walking.
follow in the footsteps of Abraham
walk in the footsteps of Abraham again
There is real power in walking
As an anthropologist, we are human because we walk.
Interestingly, when they walk, they walk side by side in the same direction.
If you face each other and get this close, you'll probably feel a sense of danger.
It's okay if the shoulders touch when walking side by side
no one fights while walking
So when negotiations get stuck, I often -- take a walk in the woods.
So I thought, why not animate the road, like the Silk Road or the Appalachian Trail, and animate the path Abraham walked.
People say, "No way, no way.
You can't follow in Abraham's footsteps, it's too dangerous, you've got to cross a lot of borders, you're going through more than 10 countries in the Middle East, and it connects them all." Researched at Harvard.
after necessary consideration
A few years ago, 25 of our peers from nearly 10 countries decided to see if they could follow in the footsteps of Urfa, our birthplace, in northern Mesopotamia, in southern Turkey.
We took a bus and walked to Haran, the place where, according to the Bible, Abraham began his journey.
We crossed the border into Syria and visited Aleppo, which is said to be named after Abraham.
Then we went to Damascus, a place with a long historical connection with Abraham.
Then we traveled to Northern Jordan and arrived at Jerusalem, a land that was deeply associated with Abraham, and from Bethlehem we finally arrived at Hebron, where Abraham was buried.
I was able to walk from the dough to the grave with no problem.
It's been an amazing journey.
I would like to ask you
How many of you have been to a strange neighboring country, visited a strange land, been approached by a completely unknown person, been kind to you, invited you to your home, given you a drink, given you coffee and food? Is not it? How many of you have experienced that?
These are the footprints of Abraham
it's the core
I suspected hostility -- when you visit these Middle Eastern villages, you receive the most wonderful hospitality, one that's completely Abrahamic: "Let me feast in the name of Father Abraham."
To the people of this land, Abraham is not only a biblical symbol, but a living being, a living being.
In a nutshell, over the last couple of years, thousands of people have been walking in the footsteps of Abraham in the Middle East and enjoying the hospitality of the people who live there.
Israel, Pakistan, Jordan, Turkey, Syria, etc.
it's a great experience
Men, women, young people, old people, and the funny thing is, there are more women than men.
People who can't walk -- there are walking programs in various cities and regions for people who can't visit right away.
For example, in Cincinnati, we walk from church to mosques and synagogues and share Abrahamic meals.
It's the day to follow in the footsteps of Abraham
In São Paulo, Brazil, communities have come together to create an annual event where thousands of people mimic Abraham's footsteps.
The media likes it, and they treat it with a lot of respect.
The reason it gets so much attention is because it's a tangible activity, and also because it's an activity that spreads Abraham's hospitality and kindness to strangers.
Just about two weeks ago, NPR was on the radio.
Last month, there was an article about this in The Guardian, Manchester, in the Guardian, two full pages.
A villager commented, "Walking connects us to the world."
He said it was like a living light that gave us hope.
This is the meaning of this activity.
But it's not just about psychological significance, it's also about economic significance.
because people who walk spend money
This woman, Umm Ahmad, lives on the road through Northern Jordan.
very poor
I'm a little blind, my husband can't work, and I have seven children.
I can cook
So I started cooking food for people walking through the village and eating it at home.
sit on the floor, not even a tablecloth
We use the freshest herbs from the nearby countryside to create the most delicious dishes.
More and more people are walking, and recently I've started earning enough money to support my family.
She said to our group, "Once upon a time, the villagers were hesitant to even look at me, but thanks to you, my existence has been recognized."
due to the latent power of Abraham's footsteps
There are literally hundreds of different communities spread throughout the Middle East and in the footsteps of Abraham.
The potential power is to change the game.
To change the game, you have to change the fabric, which means changing the way you see things, changing the fabric from hostility to hospitality, from terrorism to tourism.
In that sense, the footprints of Abraham are game-changing. Let me show you something.
It's a little acorn, which I picked up earlier this year while following the tracks.
Acorns are associated with the oak tree. They grow on the oak tree. They are also associated with Abraham.
Those footprints are like acorns now. It's still in its early stages.
What kind of oak tree will it be?
When I was a kid, I was born here in Chicago and spent most of my time in Europe in 1945.
If you were in war-torn London or Berlin, and you said, "In 60 years, we're going to be the most peaceful and prosperous city on earth," the townspeople would call you a bona fide freak.
But thanks to our shared European identity and shared economy, we were able to do it.
So the question is, if it's done in Europe, can it be done in the Middle East?
What if we leveraged our common identity, the story of Abraham, and focused on tourism -- our common economic activity?
And finally, in the last 35 years of working in some of the most dangerous, most difficult, most intractable conflicts on the planet, I've never felt like I can't change the situation.
Of course it's not easy
Is possible
made it in south africa
Also available in Northern Ireland
i think you can do it anywhere
it's really up to us
It's up to us to take the third position
I'd like to encourage the idea of ​​taking a third position, even if it's just a very small step.
It's almost time for a break
Go to someone, someone from a different culture, a different country, a different ethnicity, a different person, invite them into a conversation and listen.
That's the role that the third position plays.
It means walking in the footsteps of Abraham
How about a TED walk after the TED talk?
I'll tell you three things at the end.
First, the secret of peace is the third position.
The third position is us
If each of us takes a step forward, we can bring this world one step closer to peace.
There's an African proverb that says, "One cobweb can stop a lion."
Third position -- if we can unite the web of peace, we can stop even the lion of war.
thank you
(applause)
what is capitalism
Fundamentally, capitalism is made up of multiple markets linked together.
If there's a market for lemonade, there's a market for lemons, there's a market for the trucks that transport the lemons, there's a market for the fuel that goes into the trucks, there's a market for the lumber to build the lemonade shop.
But capitalism, of course, as you know, is a word that's both happy and condemning.
Either revered or vilified
Today I'm going to tell you that the reason capitalism is so controversial is because modern capitalism is so misunderstood.
I think capitalism shouldn't be viewed as an ideology, but as an operating system.
Taking the iPhone as an example
The iPhone is an integrated combination of hardware and software.
app and hardware
Think of it here as hardware = things that are physically present around us, and apps = commercial activity, the energy that creates things.
Between the two is the OS
As the hardware improved, so did the software.
the OS must support it
It needs to be patched, it needs to be updated, and it needs a new version as well.
We have to develop so that everything can coexist.
Unless the OS continues to evolve, it will not be able to respond to technological innovation.
So, fundamentally, thinking of capitalism as an operating system separates the ideological representation from the notions held by the traditional defenders of capitalism.
But even the Constitution of the United States, if you read its text, you'll find that the framers of the Constitution thought about patents and copyright before the First Amendment, which provided for freedom of speech, freedom of religion, and freedom of the press.
Earlier we discussed the role of government in the promotion of arts and technology.
That's why we can't launch a search engine called Goggle tomorrow.
(Laughter) Google doesn't own the right to use the "G", but it's confusing.
Even ownership is inherently ambiguous.
let's talk further
Around 1900, a different kind of property emerged.
Let's say, in 1900, you had 400,000 square kilometers of land somewhere in the Midwest of the United States.
There is a fence on the boundary between your property and the neighbor, and you can easily check it visually.
So let me ask you, how high does your ownership extend in the sky?
Up to 300 meters? 1,500 meters 3 kilometers?
It doesn't matter how tall you are, because humans could not have flown without something as exotic as a hot air balloon.
In less than three years, I was able to fly
And suddenly height becomes important, and whether my land is up to 300 meters above the ground, or 1,500 meters, or 3 kilometers.
I had to let a third party decide.
that's exactly what happened
Five years from now, 10 years from now, if Amazon wants to jump over your house from its delivery vehicle and deliver it to your neighbor's house, you'll have to determine the extent of your property: "Up to 1.5 meters? 3 meters? 15. meters?up to 30 meters?
How far? "
No ideology can explain how far my ownership extends.
This is the realm of the OS
The same thing will happen in the automotive field.
A few years after the Wright brothers figured out the principle of flight, people started using cars more and more.
And suddenly, the regulatory system, the operating system, suddenly had to be patched for consumer safety.
Given that people using cars pose a danger to horses, pedestrians, streetcars, etc.
Suddenly, drivers were required to have a driver's license, to have a vision test, to register their vehicle, to follow speed limits, to follow traffic rules, so that horses and pedestrians could coexist with cars.
New systems must be backwards compatible
The point is, we had to adapt to what already existed.
And in five or 10 years, the same thing will happen with self-driving cars, because they will coexist with human-driven cars.
Why this matters is that in the next 10 years, something different from drones and self-driving cars will happen, and the most important economy in the world, the largest economy in the world, will become a country ruled by communists. It's from
China seems to be very good at using the capitalist system.
This fact is fraught with fundamental problems and will pose an identity crisis for the United States.
Because for so long, the free market has been inseparable from rights like freedom of speech, freedom of the press, freedom of religion.
it's about to pull away
When it does, democracy, the mixed voice of the masses, might be seen as a hindrance to capitalism. Because if it's a revolutionary technology, we could quickly put regulations in place for anything from drones to electric cars to self-driving cars.
This kind of thinking is an anomaly in the knowledge experience of the American people.
That's why it's so important to think of American capitalism as an operating system, not an ideology.
Because when you think of capitalism as an ideology, good political systems can sometimes make very bad policies.
Market dynamics and public opinion, along with voting competition, threaten to hinder development.
As the economy becomes more politicized over the next few years, American democracy will overcome the challenges posed by capitalism and the modern age.
What I want policymakers to think about is how to separate ideology from the economy and how good policy ends up being good politics.
thank you
(applause)
Now, I'm going to talk to you about your eating habits.
First, I'd like to ask you about your diet. Have any of you ever eaten bugs?
Surprisingly many
(Laughter) But the percentages in this room are not representative of the percentages of people on the planet.
(Laughter) Eighty percent of the people on the planet actually eat bugs.
But this is also a good percentage.
Would you like to eat bugs? First, what is an "insect"?
A bug is a creature with six legs.
there are many kinds
There are six million species of insects on earth, six million species.
Compared to mammals, which only have a few hundred species, that's a huge number of species.
And if you look at the number of individuals, the difference is even greater.
In fact, 80% of all species on earth are worms.
And if you weigh each species and compare them on average, it's going to be between 200 and 2,000 kilograms of the weight of a human being.
So the bottom line is that in terms of biomass, bugs are much more abundant than we are. This planet is not a human planet, it's a planet of bugs.
Bugs aren't just in nature, they're also affecting our economy without us even realizing it.
An assessment I did a few years ago puts the U.S. economy at $57 billion a year in benefits from insects, even if it's conservative.
This huge contribution of worms to the American economy is being made for free.
On the other hand, if you look at how much money we spent on the war in Iraq in the same year,
was $80 billion
It is well known that it was an expensive war.
But at no cost, bugs contributed as much money to the American economy as the war in Iraq did, and before anyone knew it.
It contributes to the economy of every country, not just the United States.
How?
By processing feces and other things, and by pollination.
One-third of the fruits we eat bear fruit thanks to insects.
Insects also exterminate pests and are also food for animals
Insects are also the starting point of the food chain.
small animals eat insects
Larger animals also eat bugs
Small animals that eat insects are eaten by larger animals, and those animals are eaten by larger animals.
Humans eat them at the top of the food chain.
Insects are eaten by many people
As I'm showing you now, the rural Chinese city of Lijiang has a population of about two million.
For example, you can choose which insects to eat, just like you can go to a fish restaurant for dinner and choose which fish to eat.
The bugs you choose will be deliciously cooked for you.
It looks delicious, doesn't it? Caterpillar locusts-- delicacies such as bees
You can eat different kinds every day.
More than 1,000 species of insects are eaten on earth.
That's a lot compared to the mammals we eat, like cows, pigs, and sheep.
With over 1,000 types, there is a tremendous variety.
I'm sure you're thinking, In rural China, we may eat bugs, but we don't.
I mean, quite a few people in this room have already eaten bugs, but the reality is that most of you, without exception, have eaten bugs.
We eat 500 grams of worms in at least a year.
As for how they eat--
Tomato soup, peanut butter, chocolate, noodles -- all processed foods contain bugs. Bugs are all around us and can be found everywhere, even in crops.
There is also worm-eaten fruit
Tomatoes that have been eaten by worms are made into tomato soup
If there is no worm-eaten, it is sold side by side at the store
It is a tomato that you usually see
But the tomatoes used in tomato soup can have anything in it, as long as it meets the Food Safety Authority's standards, and it's totally fine.
You can say that the soup already has "meat" without adding meatballs.
(Laughter) In fact, all processed foods contain a lot more protein than we think.
You can get protein from anything.
So you're thinking, 'So you're getting 500g of protein without knowing it? "
You're not just picking it without knowing it.
Some of them eat bugs for a reason, and I'm going to show you just two examples in this slide -- pink cookies, crab cakes, campari liqueur, and many foods that are red are colored with natural ingredients. I am
Kani kamaboko is sold as crab meat, but it is actually white fish dyed with scale insects.
Scale insects are insects that live on cacti and produce a red dye called cohineal.
Bulk-produced, 150 to 180 tonnes of the colorants are produced annually in the Canary Islands of Peru.
1 gram of cochineal is about 30 euros
1 gram of gold is about the same price.
Cochineal is very valuable because it's used to color food.
The situation in the world is changing, and that change concerns everyone on the planet.
The population of the planet has grown exponentially, by leaps and bounds.
Currently, the total population is between 6 billion and 7 billion, but population growth will reach 9 billion by 2050.
It means we need more food, and the potential for food shortages is making people anxious.
The food crisis was the main topic at the Food and Agriculture Organization meeting last October.
How do we feed the world?
Based on that number, we would need food for 30 percent more people than we are now, and agricultural production would have to increase by 70 percent.
And that's because the world's population is not only growing more and more numerically, but also because life itself is getting richer.
The fact is, meat is part of our food supply -- it's quite expensive to produce.
We need animal protein in our diets, but at the moment most of it comes from meat and fish from domestic and wild animals.
we eat a lot
In developed countries, the average person eats 80 kilograms of meat per year.In the United States, it's as much as 120 kilograms.There are developed countries that consume a little less, but on average they consume 80 kilograms of meat per person per year.
much less in developing countries
25 kg per person per year
but its consumption is increasing exponentially
In China, it's gone from 20 kg/year to 50 kg/year in the last 20 years, and it's still increasing.
For example, if one-third of the world's population were to increase their average meat consumption from 25 to 80 kilograms, and in fact one-third of the world's population lives in India and China, the demand for meat would increase tremendously. increase
Of course, meat isn't just for the developed world, it's not just for the developing world.
there should be an equal share
First of all, I would like to say that in Western societies, we eat too much meat.
much less meat is ok
You can get protein from anything
There are a lot of problems in producing meat, and we're facing them more than ever before.
First, I have health problems.
Pigs are (genetically) similar to humans
That's why it's used in drug development, and it's even possible to transplant organs from pigs.
So pigs and humans get the same disease.
There are swine diseases, viruses that infect pigs, viruses that infect humans, and they can infect both pigs and humans, and the way this virus reproduces creates new strains of the virus.
An example of this is the actual swine flu outbreak in Holland in the 90s.
fatal disease can be produced
Bugs, on the other hand, are very different from us, and they rarely do things like pigs.
One of the advantages of insects is that
(Laughter) And then there's the production efficiency factor.
It takes 10 kg of feed to produce 1 kg of beef, and the same amount of feed can produce 9 kg of locusts.
What if you were an entrepreneur?
For 10kg input, either 1kg harvest or 9kg harvest.
Right now, I'm putting in 10kg and harvesting 1 to 5kg of protein at most.
It's a waste
In the case of insects, 9 kg can be harvested.
Insects are superior to the second point.
(Laughter) And it's also better for the environment.
10 kilograms of feed -- (Laughter) For every 1 kilogram of beef, 9 kilograms is wasted.
Insects produce much less manure per kilogram of meat (protein) produced
less is wasted
What's more, the amount of ammonia and greenhouse gases produced per kilogram of manure is much lower with insect manure than with cow manure.
It produces less waste, and that waste has less of an impact on the environment than cattle waste.
The third advantage of insects is
(Laughter) Of course, this is hypothetical, but if you make "meat" out of insects, does it make good meat?
Various analyzes have shown that insects are rich in proteins, lipids, and vitamins.
In fact, it's even comparable to the meat we eat today.
Very good from a calorie point of view.
The calories per kilogram of locusts is the same as 10 hot dogs or 6 Big Macs.
Insects are better at 4.
(Laughter) I could list many more benefits of eating bugs, but I'm running out of time.
So why not eat bugs?
You've described at least four advantages.
we should eat bugs
Even if you don't like it, you have to get used to eating bugs, because currently 70% of the agricultural land on earth is used to produce livestock.
That includes land not only for grazing livestock, but also for processing and transporting fodder.
By sacrificing the rainforest, we can get some more farmland, but we'll soon run out.
Given that we have to grow crops by 70 percent, it's just not possible with current methods.
So instead of eating beef, let's eat bugs.
Already, 80 percent of the world eats bugs, which means that we, the people who live in countries like the United Kingdom, the United States, and the Netherlands, are the minority.
The slide on the left is a market in Laos, where you can buy a huge variety of insects for dinner.
The slide on the right is a locust
People eat locusts not because they have nothing else to eat, but because they think locusts are delicious.
Insects are a feast
Moreover, there are many kinds and cooking methods.
There are many benefits of eating insects.
In fact, we're already eating things like locusts, shrimp, and they're delicious, aren't they?
Who can't eat shrimp?
I think most people like shrimp, but shrimp, crabs, and crayfish are similar to insects.
and it's delicious
In fact, grasshoppers are called "land prawns," and they're a good addition to our diet.
Does this still make you want to eat bugs?
it's just a matter of feel
It's also a matter of getting used to it.
we are trying to change that mindset
Together with my colleague Arnold Van Huys, I've been trying to explain to people what insects are, how wonderful they are, and how they play an important role in nature.
In fact, if it weren't for insects, we wouldn't be here today.
Insects won't be a problem if we die, but...
(Laughter) You have to get used to eating bugs.
You may think that you can't get it even if you try to eat insects.
get it
It's being sold by a company that started in the Netherlands. Marian Peters is here today. Here's a picture.
I think that by the end of this year we will be able to get insects in supermarkets as animal protein in food.
And I think by 2020, bugs will be recognizable for sale and eaten.
very well cooked
Dutch chocolate shop
(Music) (Applause) Nice decoration.
(Laughter) The Dutch Minister of Agriculture was innovative and put bugs on the menu of the restaurant in the government building.
And bring together agriculture ministers across the EU
At a conference in The Hague, ministers ate bugs in a fancy restaurant.
it's not my hobby
Boom
Now you want to eat bugs, don't you?
Please try it yourself
A few years ago, I gathered 1,750 people in a square in Wageningen, the Netherlands, and they all ate bugs at the same time, and it's still a big topic.
In the near future, eating bugs will not be uncommon, it will just be seen as normal.
Try it yourself today and enjoy the wonders of bugs.
I'm going to have Bruno eat my first bug recipe.
(Applause) Bruno: Look at this, it's a bug!
Marcel: The whole thing is protein.
Bruno: It's the same as in the video
looks tasty
it looks like a nut or something
it was good
(applause)
Today, I'm going to share with you an extraordinary record, and in fact, it's been a very rewarding experience, and it's helped me train rats to find landmines, tuberculosis, and save lives.
When I was a kid, I was obsessed with two things.
one is a rodent
Rats, mice, hamsters, gerbils, squirrels, you name it.
I bred them and sold them to pet stores.
(Laughter) Another thing I was obsessed with was Africa.
Growing up in a multicultural environment, I learned about Africa from African students at home, completely different circumstances, reliance on external know-how, products and services, and an incredible cultural diversity.
Africa was a really interesting place
I later became an industrial engineer as a product development engineer and an expert in relevant detection technology, which was actually the first technology suitable for the developing world.
I started working in industry, but I didn't feel very fulfilled in contributing to a material consumer society in the form of extraction and manufacturing.
So I decided to quit my job and turn my attention to the real problem of landmines.
and in 1995
Landmines are a structural impediment to development, Princess Diana said on TV, and she's right.
A person cannot enter the land so long as it is or is suspected to be mines.
In fact, all over the world, there was a need for a new type of detector that would be sustainable in the places where detectors are produced, mostly in developing countries.
We chose rats
Why would you choose a rat?
Aren't rats pests?
Rats are actually very friendly animals, contrary to what people generally think.
We are now showing you our results.
the target is somewhere here
A trained African worker is behind the rat, right and left on the screen.
This is how rats find mines
scratch the ground
Then go back to the worker and get food
extremely simple
It's also very sustainable in this environment.
A rat being rewarded with food
work like this
very easy
So why use rats?
Rats have been used in various experiments since the 1950s.
Rats have more genetic material assigned to smell than any other mammal.
I am very sensitive to smells.
They also have the ability to smell and communicate different odors.
How do you interact with rats?
We don't speak rat language, but we have clickers, a common way to train animals, something like this.
Clickers make special sounds that can be used to reinforce certain actions.
First, you associate the "click" sound with the reward food, which is a blend of bananas and peanuts in an infuser.
"click" "bait" "click" "bait." Once the rat remembers this and understands that "sound is food," put it in a cage with a hole in it. It learns to put its nose in for five seconds, five seconds is a long time for a rat.
Once the rat learns, make the task a little more difficult.
Learn to spot target odors in cages with up to 10 holes
Rats are then trained to walk outdoors on a leash and find targets.
And then learn to find real mines in minefields.
Rats are tested and certified according to international mine action standards, just like dogs are tested for mine detection dogs.
on an area of ​​400 square meters
A few randomly buried mines are a test, and a team of workers and rats must find all the targets.
If successful, the rats are licensed and can work in the field as certified rats, which, by the way, is the same as for dogs.
One small difference is that training rats costs a fifth of the cost of training mine-sniffing dogs.
This is a team from Mozambique, and there's a Tanzanian instructor who teaches three Mozambicans skills.
I think you can see the proud expression on his face.
I have a job at hand, so I'm much less dependent on foreign aid.
Of course, this small team also needs people to clear the landmines it finds, and big vehicles.
But we've demonstrated in Mozambique that with a little investment in rat performance, we can reduce the labor cost per square meter by about 60 percent. can afford
it's a matter of scale
If we can increase the number of rats, we can further increase the workload.
Mozambique has a demonstration site
11 African governments recognize that using this technology will reduce their dependence.
These countries signed a security, stability and development agreement in the Great Lakes region to recognize specially skilled rats to clear landmines on their borders.
But let me talk about a completely different matter
Last year, about 6,000 people stepped on landmines, and in the same year, nearly 1.9 million people worldwide died from tuberculosis, the leading cause of infectious diseases.
There's one big problem that's particularly prevalent in Africa, where tuberculosis and HIV are closely linked.
That's 40 to 60 percent reliability of microscopy, which is the WHO standard procedure.
Statistics from Tanzania show that only 45 percent of tuberculosis patients are actually diagnosed with tuberculosis.
So you're more likely to have tuberculosis and die from a secondary infection or something like that without being detected.
But if TB is diagnosed early and TB is detected, treatment can begin, even if the patient is HIV-positive.
Because tuberculosis can be cured even if you are HIV positive.
In our common language, Dutch, tuberculosis is
The word "Tering" comes from the smell of tar.
As already documented by the ancient Chinese, Greeks and Hippocrates, tuberculosis can be diagnosed by certain odors given off by the patient.
So we tried it by getting some samples from the hospital, and we trained rats on them to see if they worked, and when we ran it on multiple rats in a row, we got 89 percent sensitivity and 86 percent specificity. came out
It's done in this way, and this is definitely the underlying technology.
Now we're talking about explosives and tuberculosis, but come to think of it, really, anything can be tested.
So how is it done?
A device containing 10 samples
Place in the cage at once
Animals can pick up scents in 1/200th of a second, so they move very fast.
I'm already smelling the third sample.
this is a positive sample
Receive a click signal and go get food as a reward
This kind of very quick work allows you to do something like a secondary diagnosis, where you can check whether a patient is positive or negative.
This is just a rule of thumb, a human can examine 40 samples a day under a microscope, but a rat can examine the same amount of samples in just seven minutes.
In a cage like this, (Applause) In a cage like this with rats -- we currently have 25 rats for tuberculosis testing -- 1,680 in a day in a cage like this. You can check the sample of
Think about the potential applications that could arise from this: detection of environmental pollutants in soil, detection of illegal goods, use at customs, etc.
But first, let's continue talking about tuberculosis.
I just want to show you a little bit, the blue bars are the microscopy-only scores, the results of 15,000 people tested in five clinics in Dar es Salaam, a population of 500,000.
1,800 were positive by microscopy
But just by using rats to retest the samples and reconfirm the results, we were able to increase the tuberculosis detection rate by more than 30 percent.
Over the course of the last year, depending on which time period you look at, we've consistently improved tuberculosis detection rates in five hospitals in Dar es Salaam by 30 to 40 percent.
so this is a really big amount
Considering that a patient undetected by microscopy can transmit tuberculosis to up to 15 healthy people a year, there's no doubt that we've saved many lives.
Our "hero rat" saved many lives
Looking ahead, it's time to standardize technology.
It's as simple as, say, there's a little laser in the hole that the rat has to sniff for five seconds.
need to standardize this
And by standardizing and semi-automating pellets and reward baits, we can repeat this process on a much larger scale and save more lives.
Finally, there are other utility prospects.
This is the first prototype, a camera rat, a rat carrying a special bag with a built-in camera that can go inside the rubble, like after an earthquake, and find victims.
this is in the prototype stage
Not officially operational
So in closing, I want to say that this project isn't about rats, it's about helping people.
It's about empowering vulnerable communities to tackle difficult, expensive and dangerous humanitarian detection tasks, and do it using readily available local resources.
So what's fundamentally different is that we're constantly reassessing our perceptions of the resources around us, whether they're environmental or technological, whether they're animals or humans.
and reconciling them with respect and fostering sustainable work.
thank you
(applause)
A few years ago, I was looking for a way to look stylish without spending a fortune.
I naturally landed in my neighborhood thrift store, a place to sleep where other people's junk was a treasure to me.
What I was looking for wasn't your typical vintage t-shirt.
For me, fashion is a fusion of design and individuality.
To make the most of my find, I bought a sewing machine and remade the '90s clothes I could find into modern styles.
Since then, I've been making my own clothes, so everything in my closet is original.
But as I sifted through countless piles of clothes at the thrift store, I thought, What happens to the clothes I don't buy? and
Clothes that don't sell well in thrift stores because they're not particularly cool or trendy.
I work as a wholesaler in the fashion industry, so sometimes products like the ones we sell end up in used clothing stores.
The questions I had led to my work
I did a little research, and soon I found a very scary supply chain, and I ran into a rather disturbing reality.
It turns out that the clothes I was sifting through the thrift stores were actually just a fraction of the clothes that were thrown out each year.
Only 15% of the fabrics and clothes produced in the United States each year are donated or recycled, and the remaining 85% of the fabrics and clothes end up in landfills each year as waste.
Let's make it a little more clear, because the number 85 percent doesn't really tell us what the problem is.
That's 13 million tons of fabric and clothing that goes to waste every year in the United States alone.
That's an average of 200 T-shirts per person going to waste.
The amount of clothing thrown away in Canada is enough to fill the largest stadium in my hometown of Toronto, a 60,000-capacity stadium, three times with piles of clothing.
Even with this fact, I still consider Canadians to be some of the more polite people in North America, so please don't hate Canada.
(Laughter) And what's even more surprising is that the fashion industry is the second most polluting industry in the world, after oil and gas.
This comparison is important
I'm not trying to defend the oil and gas industry, but I wouldn't be surprised if it's number one in polluting the environment.
Because those industries seem to be particularly willing to accept the status quo.
The technology itself doesn't change much, and it's an industry that continues to pursue profits at the expense of a sustainable future.
But I was surprised that the fashion industry came in second.
Because maintaining the status quo is the antithesis of what the fashion industry is aiming for.
Unfortunately, not only do we actually throw away much of what we consume, we also use a lot of resources to produce the clothes we buy every year.
On average, each household needs 1,000 bathtubs of water for each clothing purchase each year.
1,000 bathtubs per household each year.
this is quite a amount
An industry that has always been and will always be at the cutting edge of design, producing comfortable, trendy and expressive products, has no intention of being sustainable or reusable.
But I think you can change
I believe that the fashion industry's willingness to change is what allows us to pioneer sustainable business practices.
So the first thing you should do is design your clothes so that they can be recycled.
Designing recyclable clothing is clearly something that should be left to the professionals.
But as a 24-year-old thrift store lover who owns a sewing machine, I have the humble opinion that you should think of clothing design like Lego.
When you put Lego together, it's very solid, but you can rearrange it at will.
It's modular in nature.
Clothing design today is not very modular.
For example a motorcycle jacket
It's a normal jacket with buttons, zippers and decorations.
To effectively recycle a jacket like this, you need to be able to easily remove these parts and turn them back into plain fabric.
Once it's turned into fabric, you can make new clothes by chopping it up and turning it back into lint and spinning it into new fabric to make new clothes, whether it's a jacket or a T-shirt.
But parts such as buttons, zippers, decorations, etc., complicate matters.
In practice, it's difficult to remove these parts.
It takes a lot of time and money to disassemble a jacket like this.
Sometimes it's more cost-effective to throw things away than to recycle them.
We can change that by designing our clothes in a modular way that makes them easier to take apart.
You could also build a metal frame inside the jacket that would hold the parts together as a skeleton.
This framework has all the fasteners, buttons, decorations and other parts sewn into it and attached to the fabric.
When you don't need the jacket anymore, you can simply remove this skeleton from the fabric quickly and easily.
Clothing recycling is part of the problem,
If we're going to get more serious about reducing the fashion industry's environmental footprint, the next step is to make our unwanted clothing biodegradable.
Most of the clothes that we normally own have an average lifespan of about three years.
Many of us have clothes that we cherish for longer, and that's great.
Even if you can extend the life of your clothes by just nine months, you can reduce waste and use 20 to 30 percent less water in those clothes.
But fashion is trendy
Styles are ever-changing. Eight seasons from now, you'll probably be wearing something different than what you're wearing now, no matter how environmentally conscious you are.
But fortunately, some clothes never go out of style.
Basic items: socks, underwear, pajamas, etc.
After they've worn them all out, they're often thrown in the trash, and donating old socks with holes to your local thrift store is kind of silly.
But what if instead of throwing them away, we could biodegrade them?
We can greatly reduce our environmental footprint by simply changing the materials from which these things are made to natural fibers like 100 percent organic cotton.
Recycling and biodegradation are priorities,
Another thing to think about is how you dye your clothes.
Currently, between 10 and 20 percent of toxic chemical dyes end up in water bodies near production sites in developing countries.
The challenge is that these toxic chemical dyes are very effective at keeping clothes colored for a long period of time.
It's these toxic chemical dyes that keep a bright red dress staying red for years.
But what if you could use other dyes?
What if you could use what you have in your home kitchen to dye your clothes using what you have in your home kitchen?
What if you could use spices and herbs to dye your clothes?
There are many foods that can dye materials, but they change color over time.
It's very different from the dye-dyed clothes that I've used in the past.
But dyeing it this way makes it more unique and more environmentally friendly.
please think about it
Modern fashion is all about individuality
It's important to keep it unique enough to look cool.
Now everyone can share their brand and style with the world on social media.
In the palm-sized photos you see on Instagram, you see dozens of models and fashionistas showcasing their personalities through their personal brands.
But what could be more personal and unique than clothes that change color over time?
Every time you wash it, every time you wear it, it becomes your own color.
It's been a long time since ripped jeans started selling.
Clothing that fades is just another example of clothing that changes with its owner.
For example, I'm wearing a shirt that I used turmeric to dye myself after disappointing my mother with the mess in the kitchen.
Posting this same shirt on Instagram I have no friends
So it's unique, and more importantly, it's dyed with natural dyes.
I'm not trying to tell you to dye your clothes in your own kitchen.
But if we could implement a process similar to this on a commercial scale, we could easily reduce our reliance on harmful chemical dyes to dye clothes.
The $2.4 trillion fashion industry is a very competitive place.
If you can produce on a large scale and still promise your customers that every piece of clothing will become more unique over time, you'll have a huge competitive advantage.
Every brand has focused on customization
With the advent of online services like Indochino, where you can order a suit, and Tinker Tailor, where you can order a dress, you can customize it from the comfort of your own home.
Nike and Adidas have been taking customization orders online for years
Meeting orders at scale is a challenge faced by most customer industries.
So if we can address this and create products that have a lower impact on the environment, it will really move the industry forward.
And then we're not just thinking about the environment, we're also thinking about the pragmatic.
There is no one-size-fits-all solution
We can start designing clothes with the end of life in mind.
The fashion industry is the best industry to embrace the experimentation and change that will enable us to have the sustainable future we need.
thank you
(applause)
Now let me tell you the problem I have is that I am a philosopher.
(Laughter) When I go to parties, they ask me what I do, and when I say, "I'm a professor," their eyes go dark.
I go to a conference cocktail party, and they're surrounded by professors, and they ask me what my area of ​​expertise is.
(Laughter) When I go to a philosopher's party (Laughter) and they ask me what my field of study is, and I say, "consciousness," their eyes don't cloud over -- their lips curl up.
(Laughter) And then I get sneers and laughter and growls, and they think, "That's impossible! You can't explain consciousness."
How impudent to think that consciousness can be explained is completely out of the question.
Robert Nozick, a dear, deceased friend of mine, was a fine philosopher. In one of his books, "Thinking About Thinking," he commented on the peculiarities of philosophy -- the way philosophers work.
So he says, "You know that philosophers like rational arguments."
He continues, "For most philosophers, the ideal argument is as if you give the audience premises, and then give them reasoning and conclusions, and if they don't accept it, they die.
They're going to blow their heads off." This is meant to have a strong argument that beats the naysayers.
But really, it can't change people's minds at all.
It's very difficult to change people's minds about things like consciousness, and I finally understand why.
The reason is that we are all experts in consciousness.
We heard the other day that everyone has strong opinions about video games.
Even if you're not an expert, everyone has an opinion about video games.
But they don't consider themselves video game experts, they just have strong opinions.
If you're here and you're working on, say, climate change, or global warming, or the future of the Internet, you're going to run into someone who has a very stern view of what's going to happen next.
But maybe they don't consider these views to be expertise.
they are just strong opinions
But when it comes to consciousness, people seem to think we all think, "I'm the expert.
Consciousness alone, I know all about consciousness."
And when you tell them your theory, they say, "No, no, that's not consciousness!
You are totally wrong."
they say with astonishing confidence
So what I'm going to do today is to shake your confidence.
I want to shake that belief that I know the innermost depths of my heart and that I am the authority in my consciousness.
That's my agenda here today.
Now, this wonderful picture has a speech bubble, a thought bubble.
you guys know what this means
This shows the stream of consciousness
This is my favorite picture of consciousness ever.
Saul Steinberg, you know, the cover of The New Yorker.
The man here is looking at a painting of Black.
The picture elicits verbal associations from him.
There's this wonderful stream of consciousness here, and if you look at it all the way through, you'll learn a lot about this man.
What I really like about this painting is that Steinberg used this kind of pointillist style to represent a person.
As Rodney Brooks said yesterday, this reminds us that you and I are all robots made up of about 100 trillion tiny cells.
so we can
It's just made up of 100 trillion tiny cells with no other ingredients.
Not a single cell of consciousness Not a single one of them knows who you are or cares
How can you explain how if you put together hundreds of tiny unconscious cells into teams, army battalions -- each of them not much different from bacteria -- the result is this.
There's color in this, there's ideas, there's memory, there's history, and all that conscious content is achieved through the energetic activity of neurons.
How is that possible? many people think it's totally impossible
They think, "There is no naturalistic explanation for consciousness."
This is a great book by a friend of mine, Lee Siegel, professor of religion at the University of Hawaii. He's an expert in magic, an expert in Indian street magic. ”
I have a favorite passage that I would like to share with you.
it speaks very eloquently about this issue
"If you say, 'I'm writing a book about magic,' they'll ask, 'Is it real magic?' And when they say real magic, they mean miracles, magical acts and supernatural powers."
I say, "No." "It's not real magic, it's magic." In other words, real magic is magic that doesn't exist.
(Laughter) This is how many people think about consciousness.
(Laughter) Real consciousness is not a wisdom bag.
If you describe "it" as wisdom bag, then whatever "it" is is not real consciousness.
When Marvin and others say, "Consciousness is a bag of wisdom,"
When I try to describe consciousness, many people end up with frustration and suspicion.
This is a problem, so I'm going to have to try a little bit of the kind of thing that many of you aren't too happy with for the same reason many of you don't like magic reveals.
If one of you arrogant begins to reveal magic tricks, the desire to shut your ears will come and say, "Stop it, I don't want to know that."
Don't take the thrill, I wanna be in the smoke
Is there anyone who says, "Don't tell me the answer"?
Many people seem to feel the same about consciousness
I'm sorry if I have the audacity to impose a bit of clarity and understanding.
If you don't want to know about these tricks, you better get out of here now.
but i'm not going to explain it all
I'm going to explain it the philosopher's way
Here's how a philosopher explains the trick of sawing a woman in half
You know the trick to cut a woman in half with a saw?
A philosopher says, "Let me explain how this is
A magician doesn't really cut a woman in half, you see."
(Laughter) "He just does what you think he does."
You say, "Yeah, but how do magicians do that?"
A philosopher says, "Oh, that's my field, sorry."
(Laughter) So let me show you how philosophers describe consciousness.
And with that, I'm going to show you that consciousness isn't as wonderful or as wondrous as you think it is.
This is what Lee Siegel says in his book,
He puts on a spectacular magic show, and after the show, the audience claims they saw him doing X, Y, and Z, even though he didn't do them at all.
he never even tried to do them
People's memories create what they think they've seen.
And the same goes for consciousness.
ok let's see if this works see this
watch carefully
I'm working with a young computer-animator-documentary writer named Nick Deamer, and as part of a big project he made for me is a little demo that I think some of you might be interested in.
we are looking for sponsors
It's a feature-length documentary about consciousness.
Now, have you all seen what has changed?
Did any of you notice that the color of all those squares changed?
Everyone, let's see if it works again.
Even though you know all these colors change, it's hard to notice, and it takes a lot of concentration to spot those changes.
Now, this is just one example of the many cases that are currently being investigated extensively.
This is what I predicted in the last page or two of my 1991 book, "Consciousness Explained," where I thought that if you did this kind of experiment, people would notice even really big changes. I said you'll find out you couldn't
Finally, if I have time, I'll show you a more dramatic example.
Now, how is it possible that there are so many changes going on and we are not aware of them?
Today, Jeff Hawkins mentioned rapid eye movement, how the eye moves around three or four times in a second.
He didn't mention speed. His eyes are constantly moving, he's moving around, looking at his eyes, his nose, his elbows, and seeing interesting things in the world.
Where your eyes aren't looking, your vision is noticeably lackluster.
That's because the center of the eye, the high-resolution part of the eye, is only about the size of your thumb nail at arm's length.
this is the detail part
You don't think so, do you?
It doesn't look like that, but it is what it is.
you got less information than you thought
Here's a completely different influence, this is a painting by Bellot.
Located in a museum in North Carolina
Bellotto was Canaletto's pupil.
I love paintings like this - they're about the same size as what's actually here.
I love the wonderful detail in Canaletto's paintings, and you can see everything in the painting at a glance.
I started walking around the museum in North Carolina because I thought if it was Canaletto, it probably had all the details.
And I noticed a lot of people on the bridge there - you can barely see them crossing the bridge.
I thought that as I got closer, I could see the clothes and various descriptions of those people.
And it got closer and closer and actually screamed
Because there is no description there, no matter how close
It was just a small spot of paint that was cleverly placed
As I walked toward the painting, I expected a description that wasn't there.
The painter skillfully suggested people, clothes, cars, and so much more, and my brain was hooked.
You know the latest technology out there, you can clearly see this point.
up close it's just a blurry picture
You've seen something like this -- this is the opposite effect
let's do it again
What happens when the brain is overwhelmed by suggestion?
An artist's clever blob of paint or two makes you suggestive -- Marvin Minsky's little "society of the mind" sent a little painter somewhere in your brain to paint the details, right? Huh?
I don't think so Impossible So what the heck is going on?
Remember the philosopher's explanation to the woman?
the same thing
The brain tricks you into thinking the details are there.
I think the details are there, but they aren't there
Your brain isn't feeding details into your head
make you expect details
I'm going to keep this experiment short.
Is the shape on the left the same as the rotated shape on the right?
Is the same
Has anyone tried rotating the left side in their mind's eye to match the right side?
Who rotated the right side? got it
How did you know which one you rotated?
(Laughter) In fact, there's a very interesting argument that has been hotly debated in cognitive science for more than 20 years.
yes it is possible
But the details of the process are still under intense controversy.
One of the things you have to accept when you read the paper is that although you are the subject of an experiment,
it means i don't know how to do it
All you know is that you have certain beliefs
they come in a particular order at a particular time
How can you explain the fact that that's what you're thinking?
We'll have to go backstage and ask the magician.
This is my favorite figure: Bradley Petrie and Dumas
You might think I cheated because I made the white border there a little whiter
Does anyone see something like the border of the Necker Cube floating in front of the circle?
can you see it?
In a way, as an effect, the boundaries are really there.
Your brain is calculating the boundaries, and the boundaries are right here.
Notice that there are two ways to look at the cube, okay?
This is the Legislative Body of Neckar
Can you see it in two ways? Sounds good
Can you see four ways?
because there is another way
If you can see the square floating in front of the circle, in front of the black circle, there's another way to look at it.
A square on a black background, like a piece of swiss cheese that can be seen through
(laughs) Can you see it? Is there anyone you can't see? do you understand this
(Laughter) Now you see, these are two completely different phenomena.
When you look at the cube one way behind the screen those borders disappear
But as we can see and say, there is still something to add.
We can see the cube just fine, but where does the color change?
Did your brain send these little painters here?
Will the purple painters and the green painters fight over who should paint the back of this curtain? wrong
Your brain does it, your brain doesn't have to fill it out
When I first started talking about the Bradley and Petrie Dumas example you saw, let me show you again, this is it, I said I had nothing to add behind this.
And I thought that flat truth was always the real truth.
But Rob Van Riel has recently shown otherwise.
If you think you see something buff - try again
Look at the gray area and see if you can see something like a moving shadow there. You'd be surprised there's nothing there, it's not a trick
(I can't see the screen change) This is Ron Rensink's work, which was somewhat inspired by the last suggestion in the book.
please stop for a moment
this is a blinding
I'm going to show you two pictures, they're slightly different.
You can see the red roof and the gray roof here, and in between is the mask, the blank screen for a quarter of a second.
Look at the first picture, then the mask, then the second picture, then the mask
This continues, and your task as a subject is to press a button when you see a change.
Now, for 240 milliseconds, we'll show the original image. Blank.
Show the next picture for 240 milliseconds Blank
Keep doing this until the subject presses a button and says, "I found a change."
Now we will be the subjects of the experiment.
Let's start with something simple, some examples
no problem
Can you see it? nice one
Indeed, the Rensink subject took just over a second to press the button.
can you see this?
2.9 seconds
Is there anyone you still can't see?
What's on that barn roof?
(Laughter) It's easy.
Is it a bridge or a pier?
Let's do something a little more dramatic and then we're done.
Let's take a look at some of the most impressive
This is it, because it's very big, but it's hard to see.
can you see it?
Audience: Yes
Are the shadows moving forward and backward? it's pretty big
In his experiment, the subjects averaged 15 and a half seconds.
I love this experiment, so let's end it here, simply because it's obvious and important.
Is there anyone you still can't see? Who still don't know?
How many engines are there in that Boeing wing?
(laughs) Right in the middle of the picture!
thank you
What I wanted you to see is that scientists, using outside, third-party methods, can tell you things about your own consciousness that you never dreamed possible, and the fact is, you are. You're not as much in control of your own consciousness as you think you are.
And we've made quite a lot of progress in coming up with a theory of mind.
Jeff Hawkins set out this morning to come up with a theory, an interesting and grand theory, in the field of neuroscience.
he is right this is the problem
I once spoke at Harvard Medical School, and the head of the lab said, "In our lab, we have a saying.
If you work on one neuron, it's neuroscience.
If you work on two neurons, it's psychology."
(Laughter) We should have more theories, many of which may be given from the top down.
thank you
(applause)
The food and beverage industry is generally the most wasteful industry in the world.
For every calorie in food consumed here in the UK, 10 calories of energy are used to produce it.
That's a lot.
Today I would like to talk about something simple.
I bought this today at the farmers market. If anyone wants to take it home and cook it, I'll gladly give it to you.
A plain potato. I have known Potato for 25 years as a chef.
This potato goes through eight different experiences in its lifetime.
The field is first planted, a laborious task.
grow and store nutrients.
It is then harvested.
And to distribution Distribution is also one of the important points of discussion.
Then it's sold, bought and delivered to me.
I pick it up and cook it. I would appreciate it if you would be happy to have a customer eat it.
And basically the last step is "disposal". This issue is very neglected.
There are many types of "waste".
Waste of time, waste of space, waste of energy, etc. And waste of waste.
My job for the last five years is to minimize each of these factors.
Let me show you what a sustainable restaurant looks like in practice.
It's basically like a regular restaurant.
This restaurant is called "Acorn House".
Let's see.
I'll show you some ideas in action.
Floors: Sustainable and reusable.
Chairs: repurposed and even more reusable.
Table: UK Forestry Commission approved.
It is approved by the Norwegian Forestry Commission.
This bench didn't seem comfortable to my mother and she didn't want to sit on it. So she went to a local bazaar sale and bought this cushion. Reuse. It was a great idea.
I hate waste Especially for walls.
If you have space, add shelving, I did. Customers can see the products on the shelf.
All of this restaurant's systems are powered by sustainable energy.
These are powered by wind power and use light bulbs that consume less power.
The paint used has minimal chemicals. This is very important because I have to work in that room all day.
I've tried various things with this - I don't know if you can see it - there's a counter here.
The surface is a plastic polymer.
I always thought it was natural.
But in terms of life, "No, why don't you try it with resin, why don't you try it with polymer?
Will you outlive me? I probably will. "that's what I thought.
And this is a repaired coffee machine.
After fixing it, it feels better than new. I'm satisfied.
Reuse is very important.
We filter our own water.
Bottle water and refrigerate. Bottles are reused over and over again.
There is also a good trick here.
Can you see the orange tree? I actually grow it in my car tires. I turn the tire inside out and reuse it as a pot.
Homemade fertilizer is inside to grow orange trees.
This is the kitchen in the same room.
Basically, the menu is designed so that customers can choose the amount of food themselves. You can choose how much you want to eat.
It's better than just serving food. You can avoid things that the customer himself asks for uselessly and has surplus.
This is a small kitchen about 5 square meters.
We serve food for 220 people a day from here.
It creates a lot of waste.
This is the room where garbage is collected.
It is impossible to completely eliminate waste.
But today we are talking about minimizing, not eliminating.
We have garbage and packing materials here, and we can't lose them.
Food waste is put into this dehumidifier and turned into fertilizer. Collect them and later use them as fertilizer.
I use fertilizer in my garden.
The soil used here is basically what was originally used for restaurant dishes. These containers for growing plants are made from a variety of things, such as storm-torn trees and wine barrels.
Three compost bins process 70 kilograms of raw vegetables per week. On top of that, it also makes an excellent compost.
There are also some vermicompost soils.
One of them was very large and filled with worms.
I took out the dried cooking waste and gave it to the worms. Say, "Hey, it's time for dinner."
It was like delicious vegetable jerky, but I killed all the worms.
I don't know how many worms were among them, but I killed too much, so I'm worried about future generations.
(Laughter) Here is the water filtration system.
Water flows from inside the restaurant, passes through these stone layers and is filtered like fresh water. The filtered water is distributed to the garden.
I would like to eventually reuse that water for things like toilets. You can wash your hands with it.
Water is a very important aspect.
I thought a lot about water and created a restaurant called Waterhouse.
If we could make Waterhouse a carbon-free restaurant, if we could make it fuel-free, that would be great.
And I managed to do it.
This restaurant is a bit like Acorn House - same chairs, same tables.
They are made in England and are even more sustainable.
The difference is that this is an electric restaurant.
Everything is powered by electricity. The restaurant itself, and the kitchen.
Hydropower made it possible. This time, I thought from the perspective of water instead of wind.
And very importantly, this room is water cooled or heated to its temperature, it filters the water itself, and it's powered by water power.
It's literally "Waterhouse".
As for the air conditioning system in this room, we have eliminated the air conditioner. Because I thought that the air conditioner consumes electricity excessively.
Air conditioning takes other measures.
A canal outside the restaurant is used to regulate the temperature, pumping water and feeding it through a heat exchanger. The wind hits the 'sail' on the roof of the restaurant, and the wind blows gently down on the people inside the restaurant. Whether it's cooling or heating, when you need it, how you need it.
And this is a willow air diffuser made in England. It moves quietly and gently, creating air flow in the room.
It's very cutting-edge, but it's not air-conditioned. I like it very much.
Hundreds of meters of water cooling pipes are installed in the canal just outside the restaurant,
The temperature difference of the canal is used to enable temperature exchange of 4 degrees.
I don't know how it works, but I paid a lot of money.
(Laughter) One of the chefs working at this restaurant actually lives on this ship. There is no electricity and it is completely self-generated.
He grows all his own fruits. I think it's wonderful.
There is no contradiction in the names of these restaurants.
The element of Acorn House is wood and the element of Waterhouse is water. And now I'm thinking, or rather, I'm actually going to create five restaurants, which are based on the Chinese philosophy of five elements.
Water and wood are done, so next I'm thinking about fire.
Then there will be metal and earth.
Please look forward to.
And here is the next project.
It's only five weeks out. We have just started and there are a lot of problems.
It's "The People's Supermarket".
Basically, the restaurant I mentioned earlier is something that will impress anyone who agrees with my ideas.
What I really need to do is get food to a wider audience.
People, for example, more ordinary people, people who agree with what I do.
This is a social plan. A non-profit supermarket.
The real problem is the disconnect between food and the urban people, and it's important to connect the urban and rural producers - the Londoners and the rural producers.
Very important.
That's why I'm working on potatoes, milk, green onions, and broccoli. Each one is important.
The tiles and floor pillars are still used from the previous store. The refrigerator is recycled and the cash register is also recycled. The cart is also reusable.
In other words, everything is more sustainable than you can imagine.
In fact, what I'm trying to do is create the most sustainable supermarket in the world.
We aim for zero food waste.
no one has done it yet.
Sainbury's, if you're watching this, go for it.
I will get there faster than you.
In fact, the natural world does not produce useless waste. Nature itself does not produce useless waste.
Everything produced in nature is consumed in a closed circulation system. In nature, waste is the beginning of the end. That thought became my teaching at one point. That's what I want to argue.
If we don't stand up and act and think about sustainable food, and think about sustainable nature, we're going to be stuck.
I wanted to get up here and show you. It is possible if we become more responsible.
Environmental conscience business is viable.
As I showed you, I have completed three so far. And there are a few more.
This idea is still in development.
think it's important
If we think about reduce, reuse, refuse and recycle. I would like to emphasize recycling. I believe that the 4Rs are more important than just the 3Rs. And I think my goal is on track.
These three stores are not perfect, they are just ideas.
You will encounter various problems from now on. However, with help, you will find a solution each time.
I would like to invite everyone to participate.
thank you very much.
I'm wondering if I'd like to meet the snare drum at 9 o'clock in the morning...
It's an honor to have a full house.Herbie Hancock and the members performed wonderfully.
What was interesting to me was his talk about the competition between hands playing instruments and technology, and "Let's listen to the young people."
My job is all about listening
The purpose is to teach the world to listen
life's only purpose
It sounds easy, but it's actually quite a big job.
Because when you look at sheet music, for example, the sheet music in this bag, it's full of little black dots.
Spread out... read sheet music
Of course I can read sheet music
Follow instructions such as speed and strength
play as written
So... I have a limited amount of time, so if I were to play it... I would know that it's not a complicated song just from the beginning, but it's not difficult.
it's like a very fast song
The place to hit is also instructed
It also says where to use the stick.
Strong and weak...
You can also turn off the snare...
this is on... this is off
If you play along the sheet music, you'll know what kind of song it is
It's like... you'll be out of a job in less than five years
But it's the musician's job to do what's not on the sheet music, what you can't learn from a lesson or a discussion with a teacher...
I'm going to use this little drum surface to try things that I've noticed when I'm away from my instrument.
I played it according to the score, so I'll try to interpret it next time.
This will likely last a little longer as a job
In a way, it's the same thing when you look at a person, a pretty woman in pink.
I have a teddy bear...
I know the basics of who a person is, what they do...
This is only based on first impressions, and I interpret that.
Even music, which is not a deep insight, understands the basics from sheet music
Think about technical difficulties and how to play
It's basic
that's not enough
It's what Harvey called "listening."
listen to yourself first
If you grab the stick... if you squeeze it hard enough, you'll feel quite a bit of jolt through your arm.
But surprisingly, there's no sense of unity with the instrument or the stick, despite the tight grip.
The stronger you hold it, the more distance you can feel
If you relax and use your hands and arms as support, you can make a louder sound without much effort.
Feel at one with your sticks and drums
with much less force
Just like it takes time to get to know an instrument, it takes time to get to know a person.
To deepen the superficial understanding
Let's play a few bars of the song. As a technician... I mean, as a percussion player... as a musician... it's worth thinking about on both sides. (audience: applause)
there is a slight difference
I started playing percussion when I was 12 years old, and my teacher said, "What's wrong with you? Music is about listening."
I asked back, "Is that so?"
"How am I supposed to hear this?
this is?"
I asked, "Who's the teacher?"
He says, "I'll listen through my ears."
"Same for me, but also hands."
…Every lesson started with drum tuning, especially from timpani tuning, starting with a narrow pitch like this.
If you open your body, open your hands, and allow the vibrations to come through, you can feel very subtle differences in the small areas of your fingers.
So I put my hand on the wall of the lesson room and I listened to the instrument with my teacher, trying to become more at one with the sound than just hearing it with my ears.
Your ears are affected by many things.
The room, the amplification, the quality of the instrument, the type of sticks... it all makes a difference.
The weight is the same, but the "color" of the sound is different.
Just like humans, each of us has our own color, which creates our own unique personality, personality, and charm.
After that, I applied to the Royal Academy of Music in London, and the school refused, saying, "The future is uncertain."
So I said, "If..." "That's the only reason for refusal" "If you don't appreciate the performance technique and passion for creating sounds" "You need to think about the meaning of passing the exam in the first place."
And as a result... I overcame the hurdles, took the exam twice, and passed.
This changed the course of the British Conservatory's future course.
No matter what the circumstances, I've come to accept applications, even if I don't have an arm or a leg.
In any case, it is no longer a reason for admission refusal
I listened to the performers, I saw them in action, and I decided to pass or fail based on their ability.
As a result, some very interesting students entered the conservatory, many of whom are now working professionally in orchestras around the world.
Again, what's interesting is (applause) that not only can we all communicate with sound, but music is the medicine that heals us every day.
It's the sound rather than the music
I've had great experiences as a musician. I've had students who were about 15 years old. I'm going to lie down there and I'll play it like a pipe organ I don't have the right sticks... it's something like this It's simple, but he'll have a very different experience than I do because I'm right above the note.
the sound rises
he will feel the sound from the resonator tube
Without the resonators, this is what the sound would sound like. Below you would be surrounded by the sound.
Depending on where you sit, you experience completely different sounds.
Of course, as a person who makes sounds, the first thing I do is think about what kind of sound I want to make.
That's right, I didn't touch it
I still feel something happening
It's like watching a tree sway and imagining the sound of rustling leaves.
I understand?
When you see something there is a sound
It's always like being in a big kaleidoscope...
My playing is based on my own experience. I don't learn from sheet music, I don't follow someone else's interpretation, I don't buy CDs of the songs I play. not enough to enjoy
Depending on the hole, this strength may be sufficient
You may not be able to hear it at all in another hall... That's why I change the way I play depending on the conditions.
In modern times, sound has become a whole-body sensation, especially among the deaf, and this shift in how we treat sound has influenced conservatories and schools for the disabled, and beyond therapeutic means, from the music community. So, of course, it's for therapeutic purposes, but... this change has forced sound engineers to think about the acoustic design of the hall.
there are few in the world
A really good venue can do anything
From soft, very soft sounds to thick, loud sounds... great, usually.
Even if it's good here, it's not good there... Even if it's good there, this one is the worst... Even if it's terrible here, there...
It would be great if I could find a venue where I could play as I wanted.In a venue without any tricks...
Sound engineers are taking input from deaf people and musicians.
it's interesting
I'm not going to go into detail here, but sound engineers listen to people who have been told for years, "How do you know music? Can't you hear it?"
There are stereotypes about hearing impairment
even for the visually impaired
People in wheelchairs tend to think they can't walk.
But if you can take even a few steps, they can walk.
Two more steps in a year
In the next year, another three steps
this is a very important idea
That's why when I listen, it's a test of how much I can listen.
99% of the songs I handle are new songs, so I can easily say "I like this song" and "I don't like this one"...
But I realized that I should take my time with these songs as well.
Maybe it didn't go well with the song, but I don't have the right to say it's a bad work.
And the advantage of being a musician is that you have so much freedom.
There is no rule that this is correct
Hey… can you clap your hands?
Clap your hands to make the sound of thunder
You know thunder, right?
It's not just the sound, listen to the thunder within yourself
Let's express that with applause.
(Applause) Great! Now it's snow... have you ever heard of snow?
(Venue "No")
Then don't hit me (Audience laughs) One more time...
it's snowing again
You were aware of that, weren't you?
Then the rain... not bad
The interesting thing is... I asked my kids the same question recently.
Thank you very much
But everyone got up and said, "Well, how should we hit it?
and using accessories
did not use other parts of the body
No one did it differently, other than sitting and using both hands?
When we listen to music, we tend to think that we listen to everything.
If this is how you feel about music... it's not.
When I feel thunder... I think
Listen, listen, listen
My first lesson was like this, I had my stick ready and I was ready to go.
They didn't say, "Open your legs."
And when you say "stretch your back"... I'm sure you've thought about a lot of things, and you've been stiff and you couldn't play well.
"What should I do?
Without a stick?"
sticks are not allowed
So I took a closer look at this drum and looked at the knobs, the snare, the structure.
Flip it over, hit it on and around the drum
I used both the body and the accessories.
everything you can use
I got full of bruises
It was an unbelievable experience. How do you get this experience from sheet music?
How can I get it from the textbook?
I didn't use the textbook.
Lessons are, for example, learning the single stroke as a foundation for becoming a player rather than a musician.
Like this... I'll speed it up little by little How to play this song?
…single stroke I didn’t have this skill at the time
This is exactly what the teacher intended
When I grew up and became a full-time student, a so-called music college student, my lessons changed.
Now follows the textbook
I always wondered, "What does that have to do with anything?"
When I say "I want to play a song", "I need it for that"
Why do you need it to get to know the song?
i wanted to express
Why Practice Paradiddle?
What is the purpose of manipulating the stick?
I needed meaning, what does that have to do with telling music?
By speaking through music, you can tell everyone anything.
I won't go inside you
It's a personal matter, and that's what determines how an individual listens.
When I play, my emotions vary, but I don't necessarily want you to feel the same way.
Next time you go to a concert, open your body and let it resonate inside.
It's not the same experience as the performer
The player is in the worst possible place to hear, you hear the sticks hitting the drums, the mallets hitting the keyboard, the bows rubbing against the strings, the breath as you blow.
It's "bare"
It's also very pure, but it's a step before it becomes a real sound.
Be conscious of the process from birth to disappearance of sound and feel the whole process.
I wanted to touch on all things TED like that, but I got there last night, so...
I still wish I could share something...
Still it was an honor to participate
(applause)
A few years ago, it was easy to talk about Iceland, because people didn't know anything about Iceland, and I just wanted to talk about the good things.
But in the last few years, Iceland has become famous in a bad way.
The first is the economic collapse.
In fact, it's so serious that someone has put the country up for auction online.
(Laughter) Prices started at 99 pence, no reserve price.
Then the volcano erupted, and the eruption canceled flights and disrupted the itinerary of you, your friends, and President Obama.
By the way, the pronunciation of this volcano's name is Eyjafjallajökull.
None of the media pronounced it correctly
(Laughter) But I didn't come here to tell these stories.
In the spring of 2007, more than a year before the economic crisis hit Iceland, I came to talk to you about Oyzl Capital, the financial services company that Christine and I founded in this picture.
First, why did two successful women in the corporate arm of an investment bank quit their jobs to start a financial services company?
Well, let's just say it's because I'm fed up with the flood of testosterone.
But I'm not going to blame men for this economic crisis or what's happening in my country.
But what I can say with certainty is that in my country, like Wall Street and London and everywhere else, men are at the helm of the financial game, and this lack of diversity and uniformity is devastating. cause the situation
(Applause) We were fed up with a world dominated by men, which resulted in a strong feeling that such a world was not sustainable, and decided to start financial services that reflected women's values. So I decided to incorporate women's values ​​into the world of finance.
This caused ripples within Iceland.
We weren't recognized as the archetypal "woman" in Iceland at the time.
It was as if we just jumped out of the closet and started telling people that we have unique female values ​​and business models that are more sustainable than the traditional male-dominated ones.
And we've been blessed with human resources, people of conviction and skill, investors who share our values ​​and vision.
And that's how we got through Iceland's financial troubles without losing any of our assets or our customers' assets.
We are grateful to our talented peers, but the biggest reason is the luck and timing factor that comes from living up to our values.
So let us share our values
we consider the risks
what does that mean?
That means always understanding the risks you're taking and not investing in risks you don't understand.
it's very simple
But in 2007, we witnessed subprime and complex financial structures reaching their peak, and witnessing a reckless risk-taking and opposition.
We use simple language that everyone can understand, and we make sure that not only do we make money, but we also talk honestly and openly about the risks. It's about being honest about even our mistrust of the continuity of the Rand's financial situation.
We work in a financial industry where numbers rule, but we respect human emotions.
And acting on emotion is just as important in financial work as getting things done on time.
In fact, it's people, not spreadsheets, that make profits or lose money.
(Applause) Finally, we have faith.
Pay attention to how profit is generated
We're going to operate with a long-term view that's both good for the company and the customer.
So when we invest, we aim to have a positive impact on society and the environment.
We recognize the importance of this, but it's not just a question of values.
It was also a business opportunity.
This women's focus on values ​​and sustainability tendencies created a high-profile business opportunity years later.
Emphasizing women's values ​​isn't just about women being superior to men, it's about the differences between women and men finding different values ​​and directions in decision-making.
What do you get? Better decision-making. It also reduces side-by-side behavior. These two things have a positive effect on the income statement.
But I'm sure some of you are wondering, Iceland's economy is collapsing, Europe's economy is in a bad shape right now, and many of you think America is headed for another crisis.
Now that we've experienced these events and have the data to prove that diversity matters in decision-making, will business and finance change?
Will the government change?
speak my honest feelings
Some days I have hope, some days I have doubts
Have you ever felt the urge to rebuild this dilapidated business of ours?
(Applause) Einstein defined insanity as doing the same thing over and over and expecting different results.
So the world seems crazy, because we're doing the same thing over and over again, hoping it won't fail this time.
I'd love to see more innovative ideas. I'm not giving up hope yet.
I believe in people like TED
Consumers will become aware of this, and if they don't see structural change from the inside out, they will start to appeal by means of consumer behavior, which will change the face of business and finance from the outside.
I'm a revolutionist, because as an Icelandic citizen, I should be.
We have a long history of strong, brave and independent women since the days of the Vikings.
I first became aware of the economic and social importance of women when I was seven years old, which coincidentally happened to be my mother's birthday, October 24, 1975.
Women across Iceland take a break
I didn't work, I didn't do housework, Iceland went to a dead end.
(Laughter) Women protested in the center of Reykjavik for social equality.
Some say this was the beginning of the international women's movement.
It was the beginning of a long journey for me, but this day felt important.
Five years later, Iceland's first female president, Vigdis Finnbogadottir, a single mother, breast cancer survivor who lost one breast, was elected.
During the campaign, one male candidate implied that she was "a woman and an imperfect woman" and could not run for president.
The night she was elected She came back It wasn't because of his rant And said "I'm not going to breastfeed the Icelandic people I'm going to lead Iceland"
(Applause) So there were a lot of role models for women who had a huge impact on making me who I am today.
Despite this, I actually denied being a woman for the first 10-15 years of my career.
When I started working in America, I was acutely aware that women and men were given equal opportunities, and that it was simply a personal matter.
But today we have come to the conclusion that this is not the case.
Men and women aren't the same. It's this difference that allows us to create and sustain life. It's amazing.
We should respect and challenge this difference.
The final thought I want to share with you is that I'm sick and tired of the prevalence of choosing between being a man and being a woman.
Harmonious beauty must be respected
So let's leave the business and philanthropy that exists here and think about doing good business.
This is how we create a sustainable future and change the world.
thank you for listening
(applause)
I grew up in New York City between Harlem and the Bronx.
When I was a kid, I was told that a man should be tough and strong-------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------Brave; But women don't. It's the men who lead the world. sexual object
Later on, I realized that this is how men are socialized and confined to the framework of masculinity.
Inside this box is masculinity, as people often say.
Now let me assure you, there are some very nice things about being a man.
But at the same time, there's also something very twisted: masculinity, and so I'd like to take this opportunity to challenge that definition and try to deconstruct and redefine each component of masculinity.
my kids kendall and jay
12 and 11 year old siblings
15 months age difference
My wife, Tammy, and I both worked hard, and Kendall and Jay were born.
(Laughter) When my kids were five or six, when Jay came to me crying,
Whatever the reason, I put her in my lap and waited for her to stop crying.
I was by my daughter's side as a father
But not Kendall, who was only born 15 months early, but when I see him come to me crying, I start counting.
He waited about 30 seconds before he came to me and said, 'What's wrong?
lift your head and look at me
explain why
If I don't tell you, I won't know
What are you crying for?" I ask
And when I try to push myself in my fatherly responsibility to raise my son "manly," I get so angry that I say, "Go back to your room.
ok i'm going back
Sit quietly, cool your head, and when you come to talk again, tell me to be more "what"?
(Audience: "Manly") Yes.
my son is only 5
When I was young, I often wondered what was wrong with me
I wondered why
When I scolded my son
reminds me of my father
our family had a very hard time
My brother Henry died when I was just a teenager.
Our family at the time
I lived in the Bronx, and Long Island, where the funeral was held, was about two hours away from home.
After the funeral, I got ready to go home, and I thought about the long road ahead and pulled over to let everyone go to the bathroom.
Mother, sisters etc.
I got out of the limousine, but my father and I stayed behind, and when the women left, suddenly my father started crying.
You probably didn't want me to see you, but you thought you'd end up crying on your way home.
This is a man who just buried his own son 10 minutes ago, which is unthinkable to me.
The most memorable thing was when my father apologized for crying in front of me, and he held out his hands and held me up so that I wouldn't cry.
In this way, men can't cry when they want to because they're afraid of falling outside the definition of masculinity.
Speaking of which, I once asked a 12-year-old football player, "How would you feel if a coach told you you looked like a girl in front of the whole team?"
I thought you would answer if you were sad or angry
The boy said, "I can't live."
I thought, If men can't live if they call them women, how can they teach them about women?
(Applause) What was it like when I was about 12 years old?
near the slums of the Bronx
I lived in a cheap apartment next door to Johnny.
He was about 16 years old, so we were younger brothers.
We used to play together
because johnny was bad
Parents were worried, "What kind of play are you playing?"
Johnny who was always bad
I was treated like a problem child
mother died of heroin addiction
I was raised by my grandmother
no father
grandma is always at work
Johnny is home alone
But there was respect among us.
Fashionable and cool Johnny
Popular with girls
I had a lover
was the object of admiration
One day when I was playing outside my house
Johnny from the window of the room
by my nickname
Call me "Anthony"
I was asked to come
hurry up and go
I was asked, "Do you want to do it too?"
I knew something immediately
Given my "manly" behavior as a boy at the time, if someone asked me, "Do you want to do it?" I would say sex or drugs. I didn't do drugs.
And then my masculinity was at stake.
I've never had sex
it was not spoken between men
I don't talk about first experiences unless I'm a very close friend
Who says you're the first
I usually lie
(Laughter) But neither can I say no.
It's embarrassing to be a man
Women are always sexual objects for men.
i was lost
I ended up just telling Johnny, "I'll do it."
going to his room
There was a neighbor Shayla in bed
16 years old she
was naked
I didn't know it at the time, but Sheila had an intellectual disability.
after insulting her so badly
Johnny had sex
It was close to rape.
Sheila says she didn't say no, but she doesn't forgive either.
And I say do it too
when you enter the room and close the door
i got stuck
And I held the door with my back to keep Johnny from coming in, and I did nothing for quite some time.
I was standing at the door thinking, how am I going to leave the room?
I was only 12, and I unzipped my pants and walked out of the room.
There are many people in the living room
looks like a hospital waiting room
They asked me what I thought, so I said, "Good," and then I zipped it up and headed for the front door.
I regret it even now. I regretted it even more at the time.
i felt like i did something wrong
I was worried that I did something unmanly
What mattered to me wasn't about Shayla, it was that I behaved unmanly.
Men generally look down on women and see women as their property.
they become violence against women
The majority of men are very smart creatures, so why do men control the very core of society?
It is men who divide people
What I want you to understand is that condescending attitudes towards women breed violence against women.
The man who causes the problem is the key to the solution.
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, it's a global problem that women are more likely to suffer ill health from male violence.
I have something to say for my dear daughter, Jay.
What can a man do to make his daughter feel safe?
you all with me
Please think about how you're going to raise your sons, and teach them that to be "manly" doesn't have to be intimidating, it doesn't have to be emotional, it can be gender equal and it's okay to date women. So when I am free as a man, you can be free as a woman. I once asked my nine-year-old son, "What if I could live without being obsessed with masculinity?"
My son said "I can be free"
thank you
(applause)
I would like to tell you a story
This is the story of an Indian woman's journey.
first about my parents
I am their creation, my visionary parents.
I was born in the 1950s, the 1950s, the '60s Indian girls were useless.
Boys are the leaders of the times
Only boys get the right to enter the business world and take over their parents' jobs. Girls dress up and get married.
My family was unique in the region, even in India as a whole.
We are four sisters, luckily no brothers
There were no boys among the four sisters.
My parents came from a family of landowners.
My father went against my grandfather's will and was in danger of having his fortune taken away because he decided to educate all four of us.
My father sent us to the best school in the area and gave us the best education.
When we are born into this world, we cannot choose our parents.
Children do not choose their own schools
I go to the school that my parents chose
This is the foundational period of my life
We four sisters grew up like this
At that time, my father used to say, "I will send all four daughters to the far corners of the world."
I don't know what my father meant, but it came true
I am the only one of my sisters left in India.
One went to England, another to America, and one to Canada.
The four sisters were sent to all corners of the world.
My parents were role models for me, so I followed the two words they gave me.
One is "Life is a slope,
You either climb the hill or you roll down"
And the second word became my life philosophy and became the foundation of all the changes.
90 out of 100 are self made
Good things are your creations, enjoy them
Evil is your creation, learn from it
The remaining 10 are natural phenomena and natural disasters, nothing can be done
For example, death of relatives, cyclones, hurricanes, earthquakes, etc.
I can't do anything by myself
I have no choice but to react to the situation
But the reaction is determined by how the other 90 spend their time.
I've lived on the basis of this philosophy, the 90/10 rule, and the saying that life is a hill. That's how I grew up and learned to value what I was given
I'm a creation of every opportunity, a rare opportunity in the '50s and '60s that other girls didn't have, and I know this environment that my parents have given me is very special. I knew
While all my classmates were getting married with big dowries, I was going to school with a tennis racket and doing a lot of extracurricular activities.
I wanted you to know
This is the environment I grew up in
this is what happened next
I entered the Indian Police as a tough woman, a woman with undying stamina, a running tennis competition.
But when I entered the Indian police, the way the police behaved was not what I expected.
To me, the police meant the power to correct, the power to prevent, the power to detect injustice.
But what the Indian police did not have was the concept of the power to prevent.
Until now, the police have only had the power to detect injustice or the power to judge
But I insisted that we need the power of prevention, because that's what I've learned.
10 irresistible events and how to minimize them
This affected my work as a police officer, and it was different from how men did it.
It's not that I'm doing it differently than men on purpose, it's just that "my way" is different.
It changed the face of the Indian police force.
I'm going to take you on two journeys, one as a police officer and one as a prison guard.
Read this headline "President's Vehicle Gets Caught"
For the first time in history, a presidential car was given a no-parking ticket.
(Laughter) It was an unprecedented event in India, and it was later put on hold.
It will never happen again
I just followed my own rules. I was thoughtful and never did anything wrong.
That's why I entered the Indian Police as a woman
There were other ways, but I didn't choose
As for the second trip,
It's about tough and equal policing.
After that, I became famous as a stubborn policewoman.
I was demoted. I was sent on a mission that other officers didn't want to go on.
Worked as a prison guard
Everyone hates the job of a guard
If you put me in jail, I don't have a car, so you thought I wouldn't give you a parking ticket.
Lock her up! Say
I became a guard,
I got a mission against a lot of criminals
As expected
Of the 10,000 inmates, only 400 are female, and approximately 9,600 are male.
Terrorists, rapists, robbers, gangsters, some of whom I've arrested before.
how to deal with them
First day on duty I didn't know how to look at them
I asked first, "Do you pray?"
A petite young woman in uniform asks
"What about your prayers?"
they were silent
I continued, "Do you pray? Do you want to say a prayer?"
To those who answered "yes," he said, "Let's pray together."
i prayed for them. Everything started to change from there
This is footage from a real prison
It was unheard of.
At first, we got the cooperation of the surrounding area.
there was no budget from the government
It's the quality and scale of volunteer work inside a prison that's rarely seen anywhere else in the world.
It all started in a Delhi prison
This video shows one of the inmates teaching a class.
Hundreds of classes held
9:00-11:00 in the morning, the prisoner attends the class, in the cage where I'm a nuisance, and that's where it happened.
We changed the environment itself, turning prisons into monasteries through the power of education.
I think this was a big change.
And that was the beginning of another change.
Teachers are inmates and volunteers
the book was donated by the school
Stationery was also a donation
It was all funded by donations, and there was no funding for education in prison.
Without this program, this place would be hell.
This is the second milestone
I want to show you a historical moment in my journey, a sight that can only be seen here in the world
first the number
and a unique concept
This is what a meditation program looks like in a prison, with over a thousand inmates participating,
sitting together meditating
As a prison warden, this decision took a lot of courage.
The result is this transformation
If you want to know more, watch the movie "Doing Time Doing Vipassana"
You will be more impressed if you take a look
Email KiranBedi.com with your thoughts and reply
let me show you the next slide
I introduced the concept of mindfulness. Why was meditation introduced into Indian prisons in the first place?
Because crime is caused by a twisted mind
You need to face and control your twisted mind
Even if you are preached, ordered, or read, there is no effect, you need to face your heart firmly.
I asked the police to do the same. They too are trapped in the same cage of the mind.
It was effective
this is a comment box
It was an idea I introduced to listen to complaints.
this was a magic box
A box of compassion
Here's an inmate's drawing of a prison
This man in blue, yes, this man, he was a prisoner and a teacher.
As you can see, people are busy. no time to waste
One last word
I'm currently working on an initiative that involves education for disadvantaged children, thousands of them. Everything in India is in the thousands
Activities to prevent corruption in Indian society
This is a big issue, and we, as a small group of activists, put together an ombudsman bill for the Indian government.
Ladies and gentlemen, please stay tuned
This is what I'm working on right now and it's my passion in life.
Thank you very much
(Applause) Thank you, thank you very much.
thank you, thank you, thank you
We're experiencing the most amazing thing ever: the power relationship between men and women is changing rapidly, and in most places that matter, women are ruling everything.
When my mother was young, she didn't go to college
most women did
Now, for every two men who graduate from college, three women graduate.
This year, for the first time ever, women will make up the majority of the U.S. labor market.
They are starting many professions: doctors, lawyers, bankers, accountants.
More than 50% of management positions are now women Women dominate 13 of the 15 fastest growing occupations in the next decade
Amazingly, women are more successful than men in the global economy, and these economic shifts are rapidly affecting our culture -- romantic comedies, marriage, dating, and the new superheroes.
For a long time, this was the image of the typical American man: tough, rugged, and able to control his surroundings.
The Marlboro Man retired a few years ago, and what's changed is this unimpressive man, a parody of American masculinity that we see in commercials today.
First-born boys are so ingrained in our minds that this statistic is astonishing.
In fertility clinics in the United States, 75 percent of couples want a girl, not a boy.
Even in places like South Korea, India, China, and other places that might be considered very patriarchal societies, things are slowly changing, and families no longer want their eldest son so strongly.
Think about it, open your eyes to the possibilities, connect the dots, and the evidence is everywhere.
From college graduations, to employment, to marriage statistics, to Icelandic elections, to South Korea's male-first survey, there are unprecedented and surprising things happening to women.
The big breakthrough for women is nothing new
It was in the 20's and 60's
But back then it was driven by a very passionate women's liberation movement that wanted to mirror its own desires.
It's just the economy we're in now.
The 200,000-year era in which men held the lead is about to come to an end, so let me tell you about the end of men.
Men of the world, this is not the time for ignorance and tomato throwing, because this concerns us all.
I have a husband, a father, and two loving sons.
That's why I'm telling you, if we don't accept it, the transition will be very painful.
But with that in mind, it's going to be a lot easier.
It was a year and a half ago that I started thinking about the end of men.
Like many of you, I've been reading the headlines about the recession, and I've noticed a clear pattern: the recession hits the men more than the women.
I remember reading about 10 years ago in Susan Faldi's book, "Rigidity: The Betrayal of the American Man," about the impact the recession has had on men. I wondered if it got worse
I noticed two things that were different
The first is that the impact of the recession on men is no longer a temporary one, but a reflection of a more fundamental shift in the global economy.
Second, the impasse is not just men, it's women.
Now let's look at the next slide
In the headlines of what will happen to women in the past and years to come,
A few years ago it was unimaginable
Women, Majority of Workforce
Labor Statistics: Women occupy most managerial positions
Another headline sees how families and marriages are changing
Look at the last headline: Young women earn more than men their age
The headline comes from a market research firm,
It was at the request of a client who was looking to buy a house in the neighborhood where I live.
I had always assumed that the neighbors were either young families or men.
When I opened the lid, to my surprise,
Young single women were the main buyers of homes in the neighborhood.
Intrigued by these results, the company decided to conduct a nationwide survey.
When we looked at the census data, the results were shocking: in 1997 out of 2,000 communities, women, young women, earned more than young men.
These young women are going to grow up thinking that they will earn more than the men around them.
So far, I've only shown you what's going on, but I haven't explained why this is the case.
I'm going to show you a graph, and that graph shows how women entered the labor market from 1973 to the present day.
What we're seeing here is what economists call economic polarization.
Now what does this mean?
The economy is bifurcated into high-skill, high-paying jobs and low-skill, low-paying jobs, and the middle-skill, medium-paying jobs are disappearing from the economy.
This has happened in the last 40 years,
Men are affected much more than women in this process.
Females are shown here in red and males in blue.
You can see the numbers in the middle are down a lot, but look what happened to the women, what happened to the men.
what do you think
As you can see, the midsection is decreasing for both men and women.
What Happens to Women, What Happens to Men
Men stop here, but women soar to higher-skill jobs
What do you mean?
Were women empowered by video games, or did they thrive on birth control pills with holy serum?
Of course not
This is because the economy has changed a lot.
In the past, societies were based on the manufacturing industry, making goods and products, and now we are in the age of the service industry, the information society, and the society of creativity.
These two economies require very different skills, and women just happen to be better than men at developing these new skills.
In the past, a man with a high school diploma and no college degree could lead a middle-class life with certain skills and the help of a union.
The situation is very different
In the new economy, the size and strength that have traditionally supported men are less important.
Today's economy requires a completely different set of skills.
First of all, you need intelligence. Being able to sit still and focus, being able to interact openly, being able to be heard, and being able to function in a fluid work environment.
If you look at modern business management theory, the ideal leader in the past was someone like General Patton.
give orders from above
high class consciousness
give instructions to all subordinates on what to do
Today's ideal leader is different
If you read today's business management theory, the leader is the one who develops the imagination, and his -- did I still say "he?" a person who makes
Women do these roles much better.
Besides, it has a cascading effect
Women will rise to the top of the workforce, and beneath them new jobs will be created that were once unpaid for housewives.
Preparing meals for childcare and elderly care
These jobs are expected to be in great demand in the future and are easy for women to get.
Maybe one day we'll hire an unemployed middle-aged man whose mother used to work in a steel mill to be a babysitter.
To know what's going to happen, we have to look not just at the current workforce, but at the future workforce.
it's simple
Women are more likely than men to qualify for college
why? this is a mystery
When I asked the man why he didn't go back to the university or local junior college to acquire new skills, I learned that
I didn't want to do that
They're stereotyped as dependents, and they don't seem to have the social connections they need to go to college.
For some reason men don't go back to college
I'm more worried about what's happening to young men.
In the last decade or so of research, there's something called the boy's crisis.
The boys' crisis is, for whatever reason, they do worse than their peers in school.People have theories.
Do girls have the upper hand because there are so many oral courses?
Or do we demand too much to sit quietly, making boys feel inferior?
Some people say that this is why boys start dropping out after graduating from junior high school.
I'm currently writing a book on this, and I'm still investigating, so I haven't found the answer yet,
For now, I'm going to ask my 10-year-old daughter, Noah, the world authority on education, to tell me why the boys in her class aren't doing well.
(Video) Noah: Girls are obviously smart
they have more vocabulary
learning fast
also serious
Only boys' names on the list without recess
Hannah Rosin: Why?
Noah: 'Cause boys don't listen, girls can sit
Hannah: so
I was struck by this story when I visited a college for working people in Kansas City.
When I was in college, my vision for the future was for both my husband and I to work and raise our children together.
But the college girls I saw had a completely different picture of the future.
Basically, they work 18 hours a day, and their husbands may be working, but they're probably staying home and taking care of the kids.
it was a shock to me
One of my favorite words from that female college student is, "Men are the new shackles."
(Laughter) People are laughing, but there's a thorn in this word.
There are thorns because you can't reverse thousands of years of history without feeling pain, and that's why we're all going to get through this together.
On the night I spoke with the college girls, I also met with a group of men from Kansas, who were exactly the victims of the industrial world I mentioned earlier.
They were contractors and carpenters who, after the housing boom, had lost their jobs and couldn't afford to pay child support, and had joined the group.
There was an instructor in the class explaining how their identities had been lost in this new age.
Their moral authority is gone, telling them that no one has them as their support or support.
So who are they?
this made them very disappointed
The instructor also wrote on the blackboard, $85,000, and said, "This is her annual income." And wrote $12,000 on the blackboard.
"This is your annual income
So which one is the boss? ' asks
"Who the hell is the boss?
Now she's the boss
The whole room trembled
It's pretty painful for me to speak here, but we all have to work together.
There is also urgency, and this is not only in the United States.
it's happening all over the world
India's poor women learn English faster than men to become staff in India's growing new call center.
Many new businesses are starting up in China, but more businesses are started by women than by men.
My favorite example is Korea,
Over the decades, South Korea has built a strong patriarchal society.
In effect, women are supposed to have a second-class status in civil law.
Women were treated like slaves at home when they couldn't give birth to boys.
Family members may pray for the death of a girl in the hope of having a boy.
In the '70s and '80s, the South Korean government aimed to rapidly industrialize, and what they did was push women into the labor market.
The question that has been asked since 1985 is, "How much do you want your first boy to be a boy?"
look at the chart
From 1985 to 2003
How much do you want your first child to be a boy?
You can see the impact of economic change on culture.
We haven't fully processed the information yet, but in pop culture we see a strange and exaggerated trend of changing stereotypes.
A man who is a loser who is not popular with men and has no job, and is called "Omega man" by my colleagues.
Their roles are varied,
men in perpetual puberty
I hate people who aren't even cute
And happy lazy bud light (beer) man
Amazingly, even America's sexiest man alive, this sexiest man, has been cast in romantic roles in recent films.
On the female side, on the other hand, the ridiculous superhero-woman
lady gaga and
new james bond angelina jolie
Not just for young people
Even Helen Mirren owns a gun today
We should try to replace these over-the-top images with things that feel a little more normal.
We've had a glass ceiling in the economic realm for a long time.
i don't like this word
For one thing, this ceiling created by heartless men above us has turned the relationship between men and women into a hostile one.
And we women are always relegated to the lower floors of the glass
We have a lot of skill and experience, but how can we break through this invisible barrier?
And breaking glass is also a barbaric word.
Who in the world would bang his head against the glass?
The image I have in mind is not a glass ceiling, but a tall bridge.
Standing at the foot of a high bridge is of course terrifying, but it's also pretty exhilarating.
And there's no gimmick like a glass ceiling
No more women or men standing in the way and cutting the cable.
There is no hole in the middle of the bridge that you can fall into
Amazingly, anyone can accompany
you can bring your husband
You can cross over with a friend, a colleague, or a babysitter.
If the wife is not ready, the husband can drag him across.
The important thing on this high bridge is to be confident that you are qualified to be on it, that you have all the necessary skills and experience, and that you can cross it. just make a decision to take the first step
Thank you
(applause)
I've been in the field of education for a long time. Through teaching, I've learned a body of knowledge about children and learning, and I want more people to understand the potential of their students.
My grandmother, who can be seen in the bottom left of the picture, graduated eight years in 1931.
I was going to school to get information, because school was the source.
In books, in teachers' heads, you had to go to school to get information, and that was the learning back then.
Let's go back in time a little. This is the one-classroom school my father attended in Oak Grove.
He also had to go to school, collect information from his teachers, put it in a volatile memory in his head, and bring it back. because it was
When I was a kid, everyone had a set of encyclopedias at home.
My encyclopedia was purchased in the year I was born, and it's helped me a lot.
the source was in the house it was nice
This was different from my previous generation's experience, and it affected the way I interacted with information in small ways.
the information is close to me
was always accessible
Between when I was in high school and when I started teaching, the Internet finally took off.
With the advent of the Internet as a learning tool, I left Wisconsin and moved to Kansas, where I became a teacher in the Kansas School District, in a lovely little town there, where I taught my favorite subject, the U.S. Government.
First year, full of motivation, I loved the political system.
The 12th graders weren't so interested in the political system of the United States.
Second year, I learned a little bit and changed my strategy.
It provided a place for hands-on experience and encouraged self-directed learning.
I didn't tell you the purpose or the method
I gave them a little task: running their municipal election forum.
they made flyers and called the office
check the schedule, talk to the secretaries
To help you get to know the candidates better, I created a brochure for election forums.
They invited everyone to a discussion in the evening, an experiential learning experience, starting with government and politics, and talking about the pros and cons of road construction projects.
An older teacher, who was more experienced than me, looked at me and said, "Oh my dear, you're doing your best."
(laughs) "You don't know what to do."
But I knew and believed that my kids would do well, and I told them each week what I expected.
That night, all 90 students dressed up and completed their duties.
i just sat and watched
It was a great opportunity to experience
I could have left them something
This is how they grow
I moved from Kansas to beautiful Arizona and taught in Flagstaff for a few years, this time with middle schoolers.
Luckily this time it's not a political class
I'm going to teach more interesting geography
I was excited to learn again this time
But what I find most interesting about my work here in Arizona is that I got to spend time in a public middle school with an amazingly diverse group of kids.
We had the chance to speak with Paul Rusesabagina, the man who inspired "Hotel Rwanda."
I was supposed to give a speech at the high school next door.
Within walking distance without needing to take a bus
It was a great excursion that didn't cost much
But the question arose: If I told my students in grades 7 and 8 about genocide, how could they understand the issue in a responsible and respectful way, and how could I tell them what to do?
So I took Paul Rusesabagina as an example of a role model man who spent his life solving problems.
Ask the children to find someone in their life, in a story, or in the world who does something similar and learn about that person.
Assigned a simple video presentation
This is the first attempt, and no one can
I didn't have any experience making videos, but I felt motivated, so I asked him to include his own opinions.
Talking with your own voice is actually what children want, and it was a big discovery for me.
The final challenge question is: How do you plan to use your life to help others?
Give your kids a voice, and when you're ready to listen, they say great things.
Fast forward to Pennsylvania where I am now
I teach at the Academy of Science Leadership, a partnership between the Franklin Institute and the school district in Philadelphia.
We're the ninth of 12 public schools, but we're very different.
I originally moved here to put myself in a learning environment that would allow me to validate the way children learn that I understand, to forget the paradigms of the past and the lack of information that my grandmother and father had when I was in school. So, in this day and age of information overload, I wanted to explore the possibilities before me.
What do you do when you are surrounded by information?
Why send children to a school that no longer serves as a source of information?
In Philadelphia, we have a "one laptop per student" program that ensures that students always have laptops with them and always have access to information.
And there's a tradeoff to be made in giving students the tools to acquire information, and that is allowing children to make mistakes in the learning process.
We're drowning in a "one answer culture". We're dealing with an education system full of multiple-choice questions with fields to be marked correctly. not a figure
Telling children they shouldn't make mistakes is itself a mistake.
Constantly seeking the correct answer does not motivate them to learn.
This is one of the works of a project that we started.
I rarely show it to people because there is a problem of failure.
In a class at the end of the year, the students made posters about the oil spill.
I asked them to take the charts like this one that were flooding the mass media and think about what elements might be of interest to them, and I asked them to make their own posters about this man-made disaster in American history.
They also had the ability to judge
It was our first attempt, and we were a little hesitant because we weren't sure what to do.
Of course, they can speak, they can write well, but they were a little confused by this unusual way of communicating.
So I prepared a room just for this work.
"Let's make a poster here."
I urged them to think about what they can do.
Everyone loved the work of one student who was obsessed with vision.
It took 2-3 days to work
This is a work created by the students working together.
When I ask the students to sit down and ask, "Who's work is the best?"
Everyone immediately said "this"
It was "this" without reading the contents
I asked, "Where should I go?"
Then, "The design is good and the color usage is good.
Then..."
So if you say "read it"
They said, "Oh, this is not very good."
So I went elsewhere. It's visually unglamorous, but informative. We spent an hour discussing this learning process, because it's not about whether the piece is perfect or not, or what you can make.
Because it asked them what they wanted to create, and they made them fail, encouraged them to think, and gave them the opportunity to learn from their failures.
When they do the same activity again this year, they will be able to work more smoothly, because learning should embrace failure, because failure leads to learning.
I have a million pictures here, and I had to choose carefully, and this is one of my favorites, because when I think about how students learn, how they learn, they should come to school for information. Get rid of the mindset and ask how you use information
Ask questions that really interest you
so they won't betray
Take them outside, see for themselves, experience for themselves, think through play.
This is also one of my favorites, this one was taken on Tuesday, the day I told you to go vote.
This kid is Robbie, and he wanted to share his first ballot of the day with everyone.
But this is also learning, because we're telling you to go out into the real world.
The point is that we see education as going to school and gathering information, and failing to see learning from experience -- learning from students' voices and learning from their mistakes -- goes against the point of learning.
And what we're proposing is that it won't work as long as we have an education system that doesn't honor these values, because the one-answer culture and standardized testing are obstacles.
Now that we know how to improve, it's time to innovate.
(applause)
I started teaching MBA students 17 years ago.
Years later, I sometimes meet old students
That's when strange things happen
Not only do you remember each other's faces, but you also remember which side of the classroom you were sitting on.
I even remember who I was sitting with.
This is not to say that I have a great memory.
I remember because humans are creatures of habit.
they sit where they want with who they want
If you find someone you get along with, you'll be together all year round.
The risk of this behavior is that you only dated a few people who were very similar to you and ended up graduating from college.
It's wasting the opportunity to build an international and diverse network.
How could that be?
my students are receptive
You're coming to business school to make some great connections.
We're all socially marginalized in our daily lives, in school and at work, and I want you to think about that.
Who said you came here with a friend?
I want you to take a look at the other person.
Isn't that person's nationality the same as mine?
Is that person the same gender as you?
Are they of the same race?
I looked closely
Do you even look like yourself?
(Laughter) People who are sturdy and have similar hairstyles and they all wear checkered shirts.
we all tend to
There's nothing wrong with what everyone does
It feels good to be with people who are like you
The problem is when something becomes critical
When we have a problem, when we need a new way of thinking, when we need a new job, when we need new resources, we pay the price for living in a small, closed community.
Sociologist Mark Granovetter, in his famous paper, "The Strength of Weak Ties," looked at how people get jobs.
And it turns out that most people don't get their jobs through strong ties to their parents, spouses, or lovers.
Through the weak ties of someone you just met.
What is the problem of strong ties such as spouses and lovers?
Human relationships are dull
Everyone who knows the other knows this too
at least i hope so
Weak ties—the person you just met today is your ticket to a whole new society.
The problem is that we have a wonderful ticket to get through the world, but we don't use it very well.
Stay close to me
What I want to talk to you about today is what keeps you close and how you can expand your world a little more consciously.
The first measure is
Using a more imperfect human search engine
What I call a human search engine is a way of sifting through and finding friends.
I often say things like, "I want to get lucky through my connections," or "I want to find a job."
I receive consultations like, "I want to meet you at a wonderful opportunity."
"It's hard, because your network is fundamentally predictable," you answer.
If you follow the path you take on a daily basis, it's probably going to leave home, go to school or work, take the same stairs or elevator, go to the same bathroom, or even use the same toilet, then go to the gym, then go home.
It's like a train timetable
totally formulaic
It's efficient, but the problem is that you only meet the same people.
We should make socializing a little more inefficient.
Go to the restroom on the other floor and see
you will meet completely new people
The other side of this is how we sort through
It also means that you are unconscious
When we meet someone, we instantly think, "This person is interesting."
"This person is boring" "This person is important"
You do it unconsciously, you can't even avoid it.
What I want you to do is resist this filter.
Look around the room, find the person who seems the most boring, and talk to that person during your next break.
take it further
Find the person who annoys you the most and talk to that person
What I'm trying to do with this challenge is to expand my world by forcing myself to meet people I don't want to see and to be involved with people I don't want to be involved with.
If you really want to expand your relationships, to your liking
have to resist
Students don't like it, but what I like to do is
I don't want you to sit anywhere you like.
move everyone
It's as strong as teaming up with different people.
We did a study at Harvard University about the effects of such interference.
At Harvard, when first-year students are assigned rooms, they don't choose their own roommates.
mixed races and ethnicities
You might feel awkward with your roommate at first, but the great thing is that at the end of the year, the awkwardness goes away.
You can find a deeper level of commonality with the other person.
The lesson here isn't just "invite someone out for tea."
a little more elusive
It means "go to the tea room"
The heart of what researchers call the "social hub" is that you don't get to choose — you don't know who you'll meet there.
The paradox of social hubs is that to get randomness, you need planning.
At one university I worked at, each floor had a mailroom.
What that means is that the people you meet in that room are all people on the same floor, people you meet anyway.
At another university I worked at, there was only one mailroom, and it was a social hub where all the faculty met.
Small changes in design can make a big difference in how people come and go and how they meet by chance.
I want to ask you what you are doing to change your social habits.
Where do you find unexpected diversity?
A student gave me a good example
Picking her up at a basketball game, or walking her dog
You said it's better than online dating
What I really want you to think about is that you have to fight your own filters.
We need to be a little more inefficient, and that makes human search engines a lot more obscure.
And by giving it more randomness, it's going to give it a wider reach across the world.
but that's not all
We sometimes buy second-class tickets to travel the world.
I don't have the courage to reach out to other people.
Let me give you an example
A few years ago, there was a year of many things for me.
I lost my job and got my dream job overseas, but I'm expecting a baby next month and I'm so sick that I can't get my dream job.
So within a few weeks, I lost my identity as a teacher and found myself in a stressful new identity as a mother.
I got tons of advice from people around me.
The piece of advice that I hated the most was, "Spread your network."
When the world is psychologically collapsing, the hardest part is reaching out to other people and building relationships.
We investigated this on a larger scale.
We compared people with high socio-economic status and people with low socio-economic status in two situations.
One is the normal situation, when you're very comfortable.
People of lower status would rather think of more people in comfort situations
i found out to touch
In terms of how to expand your network, compared to people with high status
I wasn't thinking about a more diverse group of people and not getting caught up in it.
Then I asked her to think about what happened when she lost her job.
it made me feel scared
In the situation of unemployment, the story changed completely.
People of lower socio-economic status turned inward.
Whether it be the number of people or the diversity
I stopped thinking about a few people
On the other hand, those in higher positions thought about more people, more people, and positioned themselves to bounce back from setbacks.
let's think about what this means
Imagine cutting ties with everyone you know, except for your mom and dad and your pet dog.
(Laughter) This is what we do when we need human connection the most.
this is what we do to ourselves
You shrink your network psychologically when you're harassed, when you're bullied, when you face the threat of losing your job, when you feel depressed and helpless.
I've closed myself in, I've become isolated, I've had blind spots, and my own resources
I can't see my allies or my chances
How can we overcome it?
there are two easy ways
One is that when you look at your friends on Facebook or LinkedIn, you're reminded that there are more people than you can naturally imagine.
One of the things that our study looked at was Claude Steele's take on self-affirmation, the effect of thinking about your worth and using your strengths to socialize.
What Lea Thompson, Hunseok Choi, and I have shown is that people who believe in themselves first are more likely to receive advice from people who might otherwise perceive them as a threat.
The third and final task
I looked in my email inbox and remembered the last time I asked someone for a favor
Please pay attention to the words used at that time
Didn't you say something like this? "You are a great fortune." "I owe you one." "I will pay you back."
This phrase is an economic metaphor.
Think of it like a balance sheet or accounting or trading.
Seeing relationships as transactions makes me uncomfortable as a human being.
Relationships and interactions should be more human.
As an example of how this can be done
How do you say "please," "thank you," and "you're welcome" in other languages?
It would be nice to translate directly
This is a phrase that can be useful in relationships when you ask someone to do something.
"Thank you" in Spanish, Italian and French is "gracias," "grazie," and "merci."
means grace or mercy
It's a word of faith
It has nothing to do with economics or trading
"You're welcome" is funny
Robert Cialdini, famous for his theory of persuasion, talks about human reciprocity.
I need a little more emphasis on the deal.
Instead of saying, "You're welcome," I suggest saying, "You would have done the same."
"You're welcome" in Chinese means "Don't be stiff," "We're family," and "You don't have to be polite."
"kembali" in Indonesian means "please come back"
The next time you say "You're welcome," think of no transaction and a stronger social bond.
"I'm glad I got to be with you" or "That's why we're friends"
Think about how you perceive your ticket to travel through society.
A commonly used metaphor
There is a saying that "life is a journey"
Life is a train and people are its passengers and there are people who ride with it.
There are various people on board, and there are people who will be together for a while, people who get off at another station, and people who are new to boarding.
I love this metaphor, but
I would like you to think of another metaphor.
Train passengers are passive and very linear.
heading to a specific destination
Instead, think of yourself as an atom, a being that travels through the universe of society, colliding with other atoms, exchanging energy, combining to create something new.
thank you
I hope to meet you again somewhere
(applause)
Alisa (AV): This is where it all began, the dramatic moment when our first child, Declan, was born.
A wonderful experience that changed our lives
There were a lot of unexpected things in there, and looking back on them later, I came up with a new business, and a year later, I launched Babble, a website for parents.
Rufus (RG): This story begins years before that (AV: Certainly)
Do you remember we fell in love
A.V.: Yes
RG: It was a very different website then than it is now.
Used to run Nerve.com with the tagline "sophisticated erotic book"
It was meant to be an intelligent online magazine about sex and culture, and it did just that.
AV: It became the basis of a certain dating site
jokingly "sex gave birth to children"
I was also told that I followed Nerve and arrived at Babble.
Next time I might launch a site for seniors
RG: But for us, the common denominator between the two sites is not just life stages, which is relevant, but more than that, it's the topics that people want to avoid, people have a strong desire to talk about openly. is to be
I think it's an interesting topic when people start to lie and lie.
We would like to delve into such topics
Surprisingly, there are more taboos about parenting than there are about sex.
AV: As I said, the early days of parenting were really wonderful, but they were also really difficult.
I think part of that struggle is due to misinformation about parenting.
(Laughter) I subscribed to a lot of magazines and did my homework, but when I looked around, all I could see was something like this.
Expecting a scene like this Even though I started parenting...
The sun always shines, the child never cries
He always had the perfect haircut, he was always in good spirits, but the reality was far from it.
RG: So when we put down the parenting magazines that we were looking at with these beautiful pictures, and looked at our actual living room, it looked more like this.
my three sons
Of course, they don't cry all the time, but if you have three boys, there's usually at least one who's misbehaving and fussing.
AV: You can see how the gap between expectations and reality was created.
We realized that what we expected had nothing to do with what we actually experienced, so we decided to be honest with parents about this.
I felt a strong need to understand the realities of parenting as it is.
RG: So today I want to share with you four taboos of parenting.
Of course, there are many more taboos in parenting, but I want to talk to you today about four that are especially important to us personally.
First taboo: don't say you didn't love your baby the moment he was born.
I vividly remember waiting in the hospital
We were in the process of delivering our first child
"We"? "I", right?
sorry
misuse of pronouns
Arisa has generously given birth to her first child (AV: Thank you) and I will refrain as a partner.
waited for birth
And then a nurse came towards me with a pearly baby, and then I thought back to what my friends had said, "The moment I held a baby in my arms was more than anything I'd ever experienced in my life. The feeling of love comes rushing in with far greater power."
I held my breath and waited for the moment
Baby's coming and I've been waiting for love to come up like a giant truck
But the moment the baby was placed in my arms was amazing.
This picture was taken just a few seconds after I held the baby, and I held him in my arms.
As you can see our eyes shine
My heart is filled with love and affection for my wife, and I am filled with deep, deep gratitude for having a healthy child.
it was unreal
Just to be sure, I checked the name tag
I doubted if it was really our child
it was amazing
What I felt at that time was a deep affection for my child, but it's a very different feeling than what I have for him now, five years later.
It may not be allowed there, but we
I made a graph of my love for my children over time.
(Laughter) You know, this is something you shouldn't do.
Graphing love is not allowed
The reason this is not allowed is because love is considered a dichotomy.
in love or not
love or not
Realistically, I think love is a process. The problem with trying to understand love in terms of dichotomy is that it leads us to believe that love is deceptive or inadequate. is
Of course, I'm speaking from my father's experience here.
I think that probably many men, to a greater or lesser degree, experience the feeling that their emotional response is inadequate in the early months or first year of parenting.
AV: Thanks for bringing this up.
I often joke that in the first few months of my child's life, he's my uncle.
(Laughter) RG: I think I'm really affectionate for an uncle.
AV: Well, and when he came home, he used to joke that if you put him next to other kids, you wouldn't be able to tell them apart.
Let's actually give Rufus a quiz
RG: What!
? AV: I don't want to embarrass you, but the time limit is 3 seconds.
RG: It's cunning. It's a trick question.
AV: No. I have an eight week old son. Can he spot him quickly?
RG: Far left (AV: No!)
(laughs) RG: It's terrible.
AV: I can't say anything
(Laughter) Let's move on to the second taboo.
Don't divulge how lonely parenting is
I had fun during my pregnancy
Feel a strong connection with the community around you
I felt that everyone around me shared my pregnancy.
I felt like a ship with a future of charity on board.
It lasted until I was in the hospital, and I was exhilarated.
Many visitors received gifts and flowers
It was an amazing experience, but when I got home, suddenly I felt detached, trapped and excluded, and I was amazed by that feeling.
I knew I was going to have sleepless nights and constant breastfeeding, but the loneliness and loneliness I experienced was something I never expected.
I called my sister, who I'm good friends with and has three children, and asked her, "Why didn't you tell me how to feel so alone, how to feel this way?"
I'll never forget, she said, "Anyway, that's not what you want to say to a first-time mother."
RG: Of course, we think this is exactly what we should tell first-time mothers.
And this is one of our themes, and we believe that being honest and cruel is what we all need to be good parents.
And part of the reason for this feeling of loneliness is thought to lie in modern society.
It's not Alisa's experience alone.
Research shows that 58% of mothers feel lonely.
Sixty-seven percent of those said their loneliest time was when their child was 0-5 years old, especially 0-2 years old.
In preparing for today, I looked at how other cultures around the world survive this period, because here in the West, less than 50 percent of people live close to relatives, which makes this period difficult. I think that's the reason why
So let me give you an example.In South India, there is a custom called Joravihari, where when a woman is seven or eight months pregnant, she goes home to her mother, performs a series of ceremonies and rituals, and then gives birth to her baby. After a month, they go back to their nuclear families.
This is one of the many ways to avoid parenting loneliness in other cultures.
AV: Now for the third taboo. Don't talk about miscarriage. But today I'm going to tell you about my experience.
After we had Declan, we recalibrated our expectations.
I thought I could do the same thing again, and I already knew the walls that stood in my way
And to my delight, I was pregnant again, and I soon found out that it was a boy, and when I was five months pregnant, I found out I had a miscarriage.
this is the last picture i took of him
Of course, it was a very difficult time. It was very difficult.
During this period of grief, surprisingly, I didn't want to see anyone.
I really wanted to shut myself up in a hole, and I didn't know how to re-enter the community around me.
And then I realized that my feelings were very deep, physiological, and in a way, I was feeling very miserable, even more ashamed, that I had failed to give birth because I was born genetically predisposed.
I also asked what would happen to our marriage and me as a woman if I could no longer have children.
it was a really hard time
As I worked through the grief, I finally got out of the hole and started talking to people.
And I was amazed at the many stories I heard there.
People I interacted with on a daily basis, co-workers, friends, even long-time relatives, had never told me about them.
All of these stories seemed to come out of nowhere, one after the other, and I felt like I had stumbled upon and become a part of some kind of hidden women's society.
In my opinion, a miscarriage is an invisible loss.
There aren't many places to help.
There are no ceremonies or liturgies
For the deceased, there's a funeral, the life is celebrated, and there's a lot of support around them, which isn't the case with miscarriages in women.
RG: Of course, miscarriages are terrible, they're common, they're traumatic.
15-20% of pregnancies end in miscarriage, a staggering rate.
In one study, 74% of women felt they were partly responsible for their miscarriages, which is terrible.
Additionally, 22% of women would keep their miscarriage a secret from their spouse.
Now for taboo number four, don't say that having a child lowers your level of happiness.
The promise is that as soon as I had the miracle of having a family and having children, my life changed dramatically in every aspect.
I still remember it vividly, and there was one unforgettable moment, when my first child, Declan, was nine months old, and I was sitting on the couch reading "Happiness Is Always A Few Ways Away" by Daniel Gilbert.
When I was about two-thirds of the way through the book, on the right-hand side, on the right-hand page, was this graph: "The scariest graph you can imagine for a new parent."
This graph is made up of four completely independent studies.
Basically, there's a cliff-like drop in marital satisfaction that, as you can see, is closely tied to broader happiness, and doesn't rise until the first child goes to college.
So I was looking at the next 20 years of my life, the valley of happiness that I was going to plunge headlong into.
I was disappointed
AV: This research really shocked me, even though I managed to get through the first few difficult months.
So I wanted to dig deeper to find a ray of hope.
RG: I ran a website for parents, so I had a great reporter, and I was able to interview the scientists who conducted these four studies.
We think there's something wrong with this study
argued that something must be missing
The result shouldn't be this bad
So Liz Mitchell went out of her way to interview four researchers and Daniel Gilbert, and indeed we found a ray of hope.
This is the baseline of what we expect our average happiness to look like throughout life, but of course.
Well, the average happiness is probably an inadequate number because it doesn't reflect every single experience.
When I look back on my childhood, it shows on the faces of my own children, and it's the tiniest, the tiniest things that bring me heavenly joy, while the next minute thing pushes me to the brink of despair. it will end
You're surprised to see it, and you remember it as your own experience.
But as you get older, like lithium,
Gradually become stable
Perhaps part of what happens in your 20s and 30s is learning to insure your happiness.
You realize, "Yeah, let's go to a live music show and have a wonderful experience that will give you goosebumps all over your body, but it'll probably be crowded and you won't be able to buy a beer.
let's stop
I have a good stereo at home, so I don't have to go."
This raises the level of happiness, but misses out on the wonderful momentary experience.
AV: And then when you have your first child, you put up with these exaltations and disappointments again. Elation is the child's first steps. such as going to bed at home
But in doing so, I find myself getting off the hook again in a wonderful way, which brings a lot of meaning and joy to our lives.
RG: In exchange for average happiness
You get these wonderful moments in exchange for the assurance and reassurance of maintaining a certain level of satisfaction.
So what do we do with three boys?
there is one more element
We broke yet another taboo, and it's a bonus taboo.
AV: It's a taboo that we shouldn't work together, especially if you have three kids, but we do.
RG: We've already run into headwinds in the preparation phase of the job.
I think it is better not to work with my spouse at all
In fact, when I went to venture capital to raise money for Babble, they told me, "I don't invest in companies that my husband and I started, because the odds of failure are high.
stop and forget
But we actually moved forward.
I was able to make money, and I'm really happy, because time is precious at this time in your life.
And if you're really passionate about what you do every day, and you're passionate about your relationship, this is the only way to succeed.
So my final question is, can we raise the level of happiness for everyone?
It's great to have moments of transcendent joy, but they usually fly by in the blink of an eye.
So what is the average level of happiness?
can you raise it a bit?
AV: As I said earlier, I think what creates this happiness gap is walking into parenting or any long-term relationship with false expectations.
I believe that if you can set the right expectations and control those expectations, parenting can be a very enjoyable experience.
RG: And it's true for us, but for many parents, this is what parenting looks like, even though you were so excited to be packing for a trip to Europe.
When I got off the plane, it was Nepal
Traveling to Nepal can be an amazing experience if you pack properly, know what you're doing and are enthusiastic.
So what I want to say today is that it's not enough to just tell the truth, but that we can all collectively raise our level of happiness by speaking more honestly and openly about these experiences. is
RG and AV: Thanks
(applause)
I study how computers exchange information about the world around us.
There are many ways to do this, but one of the things I'm most interested in is having computers tell you what they see and understand.
If you have a scene like this, modern computer vision algorithms will show a woman and a dog.
It tells me that a woman is smiling
They may also tell you that the dog is very cute.
In this research, I think about how humans understand and process the world.
It's the thoughts, memories, stories that people evoke when they see scenes like this.
It's about connecting all the relevant situations together.
You've probably seen a dog like this before, and maybe you've run on a beach like this, vacation thoughts, memories, time spent at the beach, memories of running around with another dog, and so on. may have reminded
One of my guiding principles is to help computers make sense of these experiences, to make sense of what we share, believe and feel, and to evolve computer technology in a way that complements our own experiences. to play an important role in
Let's dig a little deeper. A few years ago, I started a research project, trying to get a computer to create a human-like narrative out of a sequence of images.
One day, I asked a computer to think about a trip to Australia.
I found a koala in the picture
The computer didn't know what a koala was, but it said, "A koala is an interesting looking animal."
He also showed a series of images of houses burning down.
When the computer saw it, it said, "This is an amazing sight! Spectacular!"
I got chills down my spine
What the computer sees is a terrifying, potentially life-threatening event, but it interprets it as something good.
I thought it was worth recognizing the contrast, the reds and the yellows in the image and interpreting it as something good.
And the computer probably thought so because most of the images it gave it were positive.
In fact, when we tell people about our experiences, we try to share positive images.
Have you ever seen a selfie at a funeral?
When I was working on AI, I realized that in dealing with many problems and datasets, I was creating huge leaps, gaps, blind spots in what a computer could understand.
And in the process, I was embedding all sorts of preconceived notions.
Prejudice from a limited perspective, prejudice from a single data set, it can also reflect human biases in the data, prejudices and stereotypes.
I looked back at the evolution of technology that got me to that day, and the first color images were tinted based on the skin tone of white women, meaning that black faces fall outside the norm.
And similar preconceptions and blind spots persisted well into the '90s.
A similar blind spot persists to this day in the field of facial recognition technology, which studies how to distinguish and recognize different human faces.
When we think about the cutting edge of research today, we tend to limit our thinking to one data set, one problem.
And that creates more blind spots and more biases that AI can amplify.
So at the time, we thought we had to think deeply about what the technology we were researching would look like five years from now, 10 years from now.
Humans evolve slowly, and in the meantime we have time to correct problems with our relationships and our environment.
Artificial intelligence, on the other hand, is evolving at an incredible rate.
So we all have to think about this more and more right now, and think about our own blind spots and preconceptions, and how they inform our technology today's technology. We have to discuss what will mean tomorrow.
Business leaders and scientists have focused their efforts on what they think is the future of artificial intelligence technology.
Stephen Hawking has warned that artificial intelligence could destroy humanity.
Elon Musk warns artificial intelligence is one of the greatest existential threats facing our civilization.
Even Bill Gates said, "I don't understand why people don't care."
But those views are only a few
The basic building blocks of artificial intelligence, such as mathematics and models, are publicly accessible and usable.
There are open source tools for machine learning and artificial intelligence that we can contribute to.
You can also share personal experiences
We can share our experiences with technology and how it relates and excites us.
We can exchange opinions about the things we love
We can have perspective and talk about the aspects of technology that are becoming more and more beneficial over time, and those that create problems.
If we all look to broaden the debate about AI with a vision of the future, what AI is like today, what it could be in the future, and to get the best end result for us. There will be more general discussion and awareness of what needs to be done.
we know this from current technology
Smartphones, digital assistants, Roombas, etc.
Are they evil?
sometimes it may
Is it beneficial?
It can be said that
and not all are the same
I can already see what will shine in the future
What we are building today will continue into the future.
Set in motion the domino effect that paves the way for AI evolution
Right now, we are shaping the AI ​​of tomorrow.
Technology that revives the past world as augmented reality and fascinates humans
And there are techniques that can help us share our experiences even when communication is difficult.
Technology based on understanding the visual world, which is constantly changing and "streaming," will be used in self-driving cars.
The art of understanding images and producing words is evolving to help blind people access the visual world.
At the same time, there are problems that these technologies pose.
Today, we have the technology to analyze people's natural physical characteristics, such as skin color and facial appearance, in an attempt to identify them as criminals or terrorists.
We have the technology to process large amounts of data, including gender and even race data, for loan approval reviews.
What we see today is just a fleeting moment in the evolution of AI.
Because we're in the middle of an AI evolution right now.
So what we do now affects what happens in the future.
If we want AI to evolve to serve humans, we must now chart our goals and strategies and pave the way.
What I expect is an AI that fits well with humans, their cultures and their environment.
It's a technology that helps people with disabilities, such as neurological disorders, to live equally rewarding lives.
It's a technology that works well regardless of a person's attributes or skin color.
And what I've been talking about today is the technology that will connect tomorrow and 10 years from now.
AI could go in many directions
They're not self-driving cars with no destination.
It's exactly the car we drive
when to accelerate and when to hit the brakes
We choose when to turn
And we also choose what the future of AI will look like.
The possibilities of what AI can be are vast
will develop into many
It's up to us. Please think about what we can do now to make what AI brings better for all of us.
thank you
(applause)
Why do you think the rich should pay more taxes?
Why did you buy the latest iPhone?
Why did you choose the person you are dating now?
Why did so many people vote for Donald Trump?
What was your reason for doing that?
We often ask these questions and hope to get answers.
When I'm asked, I think I know the answer and I'm just telling you why I did it.
But did you really know why?
When you say you like George Clooney better than Tom Hanks because of his environmental thinking, is that really the case?
And even if, in all honesty, I truly believe that's why I chose it, I still feel like something's missing.
Because of the subjective nature of things, it can be very difficult to prove an assertion about yourself wrong.
I'm an experimental psychologist, and we're trying to figure this out in our lab.
I was wondering if I could come up with an experiment that could show that what people say so confidently about themselves isn't actually true --
Because it is difficult to trick the other person about their own mind.
I turned my attention to professionals in that field
I'm a magician
They are professionals at creating the illusion of free choice.
When they say, "Pick any one," the choice is no longer free.
He consulted some Swedish magicians and figured out a way to manipulate people's choices.
I made it so that people could tell when they were wrong about themselves without realizing it.
Here's a short video showing how this is done.
what you are doing is easy
The participants in the experiment make a choice, but I give them the opposite of what they chose.
I want to see how they react and what they say at that time.
Please keep an eye on where I'm working
This is an actual participant, we don't know what to do.
(Experimenter) Hello, this is Peta.
(Becca) Hello I'm Becca
(Experimenter) I'm going to show you these pictures.
Please answer which one looks more attractive
(Becca) I understand
(Experimenter) Sometimes I ask them why they think it's better.
(Becca) yeah
(Experimenter) Let's get started. (Becca) Here you go.
(Experimenter) Why did you think that was better?
(Becca) I wonder if it's a smile
(Experimenter) You're smiling.
(Male) Left
This also hit me
it's an interesting picture
I'm a photographer, so I like the light and the way it looks.
(Speaker) This is where the trick comes in.
(Woman 1) This way
(Speaker) When you receive the opposite of what you chose—
how will you react
(Woman 2) Maybe this way
Because you look like a better person than the other one
(Male) Left
I like this person's smile and the shape of his nose and face.
You're more attractive and your hair is nice
(Woman 3) This way
it's good to be grinning
(Experimenter) I thought it was good to be grinning.
(grinning — laughing) (Woman 3) Over here
(Experimenter) Why did you choose that?
(Woman 3) It's like a hobbit
(Laughter) (Speaker) What if I told you what the experiment was really about?
(Experimenter) That's it. I have a few questions for you.
(Male) Please
(Experimenter) Was this test easy or difficult?
(Male) It was easy.
(Experimenter) Swapped the photos three times during the test.
Did you notice?
(Male) No I didn't notice at all
(Experimenter) Not at all? (male) yeah
The fact that you swapped photos is—
(Experimenter) I gave you the opposite of what you pointed out.
(Male) Haha, I didn't notice the other side.
(Laughter) (Experimenter) Did you notice that I was swapping photos from time to time during the test?
(Woman 2) No I didn't notice
(Experimenter) I gave you the other one you pointed at.
Didn't you feel that at all?
(Woman 2) yeah
did not notice
(Laughter) (Experimenter) Thank you.
(Woman 2) Nice to meet you
Speaker: As you've probably figured out, I'm actually holding two cards in each hand, and I'm going to give one of them to my opponent, and the other one with the black back is invisible on a black table.
Less than 20% of people notice the substitution when using this kind of photo.
As you can see in the video, when you reveal the truth at the end, people can be very surprised, and sometimes they don't believe it.
We can see that this effect is very strong and real.
If you're like me and you're interested in self-awareness, what's even more interesting here is how they explain choices that are permuted.
We analyzed the descriptions of participants in such experiments.
What this graph shows is that when you compare the manipulated and unmanipulated trials -- that is, when you compare the explanations of your choices to the explanations of the permuted outcomes -- they are very similar.
It's just as emotional, it's just as specific, it's just as convincing.
The conclusion that this strongly suggests is that if there is no difference between actual choice and manipulated choice, then we may be constantly making up reasons.
Also, compare what the participants said with their actual faces.
I found out this
Here, the male participant said he preferred the woman on the left, but he received the photo on the right.
Here's how I explain my choice
"I feel bright
If I were to speak out at a bar, I would choose this
I also like the earrings.”
Whatever the reason for choosing the woman on the left in the first place, it wasn't because of the earrings, they were on the woman on the right.
This is a clear example of ex-post reasoning.
I'm explaining my choices as an afterthought.
What this experiment shows is that when people don't realize their choices are being shuffled, they immediately start reasoning differently.
Another thing we've found is that participants often end up liking things that they've been told they like.
If you make them make the same choice again, they will choose the one they previously discarded.
This effect is called "choice blindness"
We've done a lot of research on consumer choice, choice based on taste and smell, and even the question of rational judgment.
But I guess what you want to know is, does the same apply to more complex and meaningful choices?
For example, ethical and political issues
The following example needs a little background
In Sweden, the political arena is dominated by a left-wing coalition and a right-wing coalition.
Voters may change parties within each coalition, but they are less likely to switch from one coalition to the other.
Before an election, newspapers and pollsters put out what they call the "election compass," a list of issues on which the two coalitions are at odds.
For example, should the gas tax be raised? Or should the 13 months of paid parental leave given to men and women be divided equally between their parents to increase gender equality?
Before the Swedish parliamentary elections, we made our own election compass.
I grabbed people on the street and asked them to help me with a simple poll about politics.
First, I will ask you which of the two coalitions you intend to join.
Then ask 12 questions
We'll get them to write down their answers and we'll discuss it, like why should we raise the gas tax.
look at all the questions
We have a sheet that indicates whether each question is left-handed or right-handed, and we use that to do the tally.
In this person's case, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 are on the left side, and you can see that they are on the left side overall.
I'll ask you one last time where you're going to put it.
Of course there is a trick here too.
We're going to grab someone, ask them what they think they're going to vote for, and while they're filling in the answers to the questions, we're going to fill in the opposite answer.
Hide that sheet under notepad
When you receive the answer from the other party, paste the sheet you filled out on top of the other person's answer.
Now replaced
And then for each question, I'll ask: Why did you think this way?
Opponent gives reasons and counts the overall score together
I'll ask one last time about where to vote.
The first thing you'll notice is that the other person is unlikely to notice this kind of manipulation.
Even if you do notice, instead of saying, "You've changed my answer," you say, "I think I misread the question when I first saw it.
Can I change my answer? will say
And even if some of these operations are returned, most of them are overlooked.
Ninety percent of the time, I was able to change the other person's answer from left to right or right to left.
So what if I ask you why you chose it?
The results were even more interesting than the experiments with facial photographs.
read the answer and let me know
“On ``the government's mass surveillance of e-mail and the Internet should be recognized as a means of combating transnational crime and terrorism.''
You should admit it to some extent." "Yes."
"For what reason?"
“I think such weapons are necessary because it is very difficult to crack down on international crime and terrorism.”
Then this person remembers what he read in the newspaper in the morning.
"I read in today's paper that, for example, we're going to be able to tap cellphones to see if a gang boss wants to continue his crime from inside the prison.
I think it would be silly if we had the potential to deter crime, but we could barely use that power."
There's a bit of a blur at the end. "I don't like it when the government sees everything I own, but I think it's worth it in the long run."
If you didn't know this person was a participant in a selective-blind experiment, you wouldn't question whether this is what this person really said.
What about where to vote?
This is also clearly influenced by surveys.
10% of participants changed from left to right or right to left
19% have become uncertain about who they originally voted for
7% of those who were uncertain
12% say they remain uncertain
And what's interesting about this number is that pollsters say that when an election is near, it's the floating vote that's going to be the deciding factor.
Because this shows that many more people can actually change their attitudes.
I have to point out that using this to get people to change their votes during an election is not allowed, and we did a good job of explaining it later so that we could revert back to the original idea.
But what this shows is that if you can get people to look at it the other way around and ask themselves questions, you can change their minds.
Now
what does this mean?
What the hell is going on?
First, what we call self-awareness is actually self-interpretation.
When I make a choice, and when I'm asked why I made that choice, I make up the most coherent explanation possible.
But we do this so quickly and so effortlessly that it feels like we knew the answer beforehand.
This is an interpretation, so it can be wrong.
just like we make mistakes trying to understand others
So you have to be careful when you ask people why, and it's like, "Why are you supporting this argument?"
Because when you ask, "Why are you staying in your current job or relationship?"
This is also important in my work
Design something and ask, "Why do you think this is good/bad?"
When a reporter asks a politician, "Why did you decide that?"
Or when politicians are trying to explain why they make decisions.
I'm a little concerned about this
On the bright side, you might say that we're more flexible than we think.
we can change our minds
Our attitudes are not fixed.
And if you can get other people to think about the problem the other way around, you can get them to change their minds.
Ever since I started doing this research, I've made a contract with the other person that even in my personal life, it's okay to cancel.
Just because you said you liked something a year ago doesn't mean you have to like it now.
If you accept that it's okay to be inconsistent, you'll feel better and your relationships will be much easier.
The bottom line is, "Know that you don't know yourself (as much as you think you do)."
thank you
(applause)
What would you think if I told you that you could do something right now that would improve your brain, improve your mood and focus right away?
And if that same thing could have lasting effects and protect your brain from diseases like depression, Alzheimer's, and dementia.
will you do it soon?
of course!
I'm talking about the powerful effects of physical exercise.
Simply moving your body has an immediate, long-lasting and protective effect on your brain.
The effects can last for life
So today, I'd like to share with you a story about how I, as a neuroscience professor, used my deep understanding of neuroscience to conduct an experiment on myself, and why exercise is the most transformative thing you can do for your brain today. or discovered the scientific basis for
As a neuroscientist, I can say with certainty that our brains, what we have inside our heads, are the most complex biological structures known to man.
But there's a big difference between talking about the brain and actually seeing it.
So I'm going to show you a real human brain preserved here.
If you look at this, you'll see two important pieces that I'm going to talk about today.
The first is the prefrontal cortex, just behind the forehead, which is the area that plays an important role in determining judgment, concentration, attention and personality.
The second important part is right here in the temporal lobe.
The human brain has two temporal lobes, the left and right, and deep within those temporal lobes are structures that are important for forming and retaining facts and events in long-term memory.
That structure is called the hippocampus.
I have always been fascinated by hippocampus
How can an event that takes as little as a minute, like your first kiss or the birth of your first child, shape memories that can change your brain for the rest of your life?
that's what i want to understand
I wanted to record the activity of individual brain cells in the hippocampus as subjects were forming new memories.
I wanted to make sense of the short bursts of electrical activity that neurons use to communicate with each other, and how they might or might not form new memories.
But a few years ago, I did something unusual in the scientific world.
I decided to completely change my research agenda as a professor of neuroscience.
Because I stumbled across something so amazing that it had the potential to change the lives of so many people, and I couldn't help but study it.
He discovered that exercise has the ability to change the brain, and he experienced the effects for himself.
It was an encounter in a totally unexpected way.
My long-term research into memory was going very well, and I was getting a flood of research data, and I was becoming a household name in my field.
Everything was supposed to be going well - scientifically speaking.
But when I stuck my head out of the closed lab, I noticed something.
I had no social life at all
I was alone in a dark room, listening to brain cells.
(Laughter) I didn't move my body at all.
I gained 11kg
It actually took me years to realize that, and it was really miserable.
should not be miserable
So I went on a trip down the river—alone because I didn't have a social life.
On the way back, I thought, (Laughter), "I was the weakest person on that trip."
I came back with a mission
I told myself, ``I never want to think again that I'm the weakest person on the river trip.''
That inspired me to go to the gym.
I took note of my no-nonsense Type A personality and decided to participate in all the exercises that the gym offered.
I tried everything anyway
Kickboxing Dance Yoga Step exercise It felt really hard at first
I've noticed that with each sweaty workout, I feel a surge of mood and energy.
Thanks to that, I continued to go to the gym.
Gradually your strength will improve
I feel better and lost 11kg of weight.
After a year and a half of regular exercise, I've noticed that there are things I take seriously.
As I was sitting at my desk writing out a research grant application, a thought crossed my mind, something that had never crossed my mind before.
The thought was, "Today, I am doing well in writing a research grant application."
All scientists -- (Laughter) every time I say that, all scientists laugh -- because writing a research grant application is never a good idea.
It's really hard, and it's always a headache.
But it went smoothly, because I was more focused and had more attention span than before.
I also felt that my long-term memory, which had been an issue in my lab, was improving in me.
The application was then completed
I suspect that the amount of exercise I've incorporated into my life has changed my brain.
I may have been using myself as a test subject without realizing it
So, as a curious neuroscientist, I searched for literature on the effects of exercise on the brain.
And what I discovered was that an interesting set of daily research findings confirmed what I had noticed myself.
Improves mood Increases motivation Improves memory and concentration
The more I learned, the more I realized the powerful effects of exercise.
That was the catalyst for my big decision, and it completely changed my research agenda.
And now, after several years of concentrating on this subject, I've come to the following conclusion: Exercise is the single biggest change you can make to your brain right now, and there are three reasons for that.
First, it has an immediate effect on the brain.
Boost levels of neurotransmitters like dopamine, serotonin and norepinephrine in just one workout
It lifts your mood right after your workout, exactly how I feel.
My lab also showed that just one workout increased the ability to quickly shift focus and focus, and the effects lasted at least two hours.
And finally, multiple studies have shown that a single workout can reduce your reaction time. Essentially, when a Starbucks coffee cup falls off the counter, you can grab it quickly, which is very important. is that
(Laughter) But these effects are temporary, right after exercise.
What you need to do is what I've done: change your exercise habits to improve your cardiovascular fitness and get long-term benefits.
The effects are really long-lasting, because exercise actually changes the structure, physiology and function of the brain.
Let's start with my favorite, Kaiba.
In the hippocampus -- exercise actually creates new brain cells, new brain cells in the hippocampus actually increase its volume, and at the same time improve long-term memory, right?
it's the same for you and me
Next, the most common neuroscience finding about the long-term effects of exercise is that it relies on the prefrontal cortex to improve attentional function.
Not only does it improve your attention and focus, but it also increases the volume of your hippocampus.
Finally, exercise not only provides an immediate mood boost, but the effects are lasting.
Long-lasting increase in mood-enhancing neurotransmitters
But the biggest change that exercise makes is its protective effect on the brain.
Think of the brain as a muscle here
The more you work out, the bigger and stronger your hippocampus and prefrontal cortex.
why it matters
That's because the hippocampus and the prefrontal cortex are two areas that are most vulnerable to normal cognitive decline due to various neurodegenerative diseases and aging processes.
Increased lifelong physical activity won't cure dementia or Alzheimer's disease, but it builds the largest and toughest hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, prolonging the time it takes to see these diseases progress.
I mean, think of exercise as a 401K you paid big for your brain.
It's actually better than that, because it doesn't cost you anything.
When I get to this point in talks, people always ask me, "Wendy, that's a great story, but to be honest, I only want to know one thing.
What is the minimum amount of exercise required to be affected by such changes?"
(Laughter) So I'll answer that question.
First of all, you don't have to be a triathlete to get the benefits.
Include aerobic exercise at least 30 minutes at a pace of about 3 to 4 times a week
In short, get your heart rate up
The good news is that you don't have to pay an expensive membership fee to go to the gym.
Try adding a brisk power walk to your daily walk.
If there are stairs, please use them
When you vacuum, if you vacuum powerfully, it's as effective as doing aerobics at the gym.
So I went from being a memory pioneer to being a movement explorer.
I've gone from studying the deep functions of the brain to understanding how exercise can improve brain function. My current goal in the lab is, I just told you, three or four times a week for at least 30 minutes. It's not just about knowing
By knowing the amount of exercise that's right for you -- your age, your health, your genetic background -- you want to maximize the benefits of the exercise you're doing today to ensure that your brain is functioning better and protected for the rest of your life. I am
There's a difference between talking about exercise and actually doing it.
So I'm going to use my "licensed exercise instructor" authority to ask you to stand.
(Laughter) I'm going to ask you to do one minute of gymnastics in a call-to-answer format.
Imitate what I do Repeat what I say Don't punch the person next to you Okay?
Music please!
(light music) 5, 6, 7, 8 so right, left, right, left
Let's go I'm full of power
here you go
(audience) full of power
(Wendy) Everyone, be strong like Wonder Woman
please!
(Audience) Strong like Wonder Woman
(Wendy) Change moves — uppercut right, left
I'm feeling better Go ahead!
(audience) I'm fine.
(Wendy) Last move — let's pull right to left, right to left
I am motivated! please
(audience) I am motivated
(Wendy) OK, done!
(Thank you for applause
I would like to leave one thought at the end
It turns out that incorporating exercise into your life will not only lead you to a happier, more secure life, but it will also prepare your brain for life-threatening diseases.
By doing so, you can change the trajectory of your life for the better.
thank you
(Applause) Thank you.
(applause)
I'm going to talk to you today about the emergence of collaborative consumption.
I'm going to start by telling you what collaborative consumption is, but I hope that in the next 15 minutes, you'll have to believe that this isn't an idea or a fad, it's a cultural and economic trend, just what you consume. rather than reinventing how we consume
Let's start with a sticky problem
How many of you have books, CDs, DVDs, and videos all over your house that you probably never watch, but can't seem to get rid of?
At first glance, it seems like everyone
I also have a DVD box of the "24" series on my shelf at home, season 6 to be exact.
I think I got it as a Christmas present about three years ago.
My husband, Chris, and I both love this show.
Honestly, if you've seen it once or twice, you probably won't see it again, because you already know how Jack Bauer beats the terrorists.
It's been left on the shelf, it's obsolete, but it should still have potential value for others.
I confess
I used to live in New York for 10 years and am a big fan of "Sex and the City."
I'm hoping to see the prequel next week before the sequel comes out.
How can you easily replace your unwanted "24" DVD with the "Sex and the City" DVD you want?
You've probably noticed by now that there's an emerging field called "swap trading."
A simple analogy to swap trading is an online dating service for media that is no longer needed.
We use the Internet to create a limitless market that matches what Mr. A has with what Mr. C wants.
Last week, I visited one of these sites, the aptly named "Swaptree," which had over 59,300 items listed that were ready to exchange for my "24."
And then, rondoron from Reseda, California, wanted to trade my "24" for my "almost new" Sex and the City.
In other words, Swaptree solved my vexing problem, what economists call the double coincidence of desires, in about 60 seconds.
Even more amazing, you can print labels on the spot, because you know the weight of the item.
There's a lot of amazing technology behind sites like Swaptree, but I'm not interested in the technology, it's not the swap trading itself.
What I've been interested in, and have been investigating over the past few years, is the mechanisms of collaborative behavior and trust inherent in these systems.
If you think about it, a few years ago, the idea of ​​this would have been unbelievable, exchanging goods with a total stranger, someone who didn't even know his real name, for no money.
But 99% of transactions on Swaptree are successful, and 1% are negative because they didn't arrive on time, or for other trivial reasons.
So what's going on here?
There's a powerful movement emerging that's going to have a big impact on business and on the cultural side.
So technology is enabling strangers to trust each other.
We now live in a global village, and we can mimic connections that used to occur face-to-face, on a scale and in ways that were absolutely impossible before.
So what's really happening is that social networks and real-time technology are taking us back in time.
Barter, trade, exchange, share, we're reinventing it in a dynamic and compelling way.
And what's really interesting is that we're creating connections to share this world -- our communities, our schools, our offices, our Facebook networks. increase
There are eBay, which can be said to be the origin of the exchange market, car sharing companies like GoGet, where you can pay a monthly fee to rent a car by the hour, and personal microfinance platforms like Zopa. We match people who want to lend out $100 to borrowers anywhere in the world, and I think we're sharing and collaborating again in a way that's even hippie than hippies.
I named this "swell" collaborative consumption.
Before I talk about other systems of collaborative consumption, I'd like to answer the question that every book writer is asked: "Where did the idea come from?"
I wish I could say that I woke up one morning and said, "Hey, let's write about collaborative consumption."
First, I'd like to show you a little bit of the conceptual "fireworks" made up of dots in my head.
The first thing I noticed was how many big concepts are emerging, from collective intelligence to smart mobs, and it's really easy to form a group for a purpose.
There are examples of this "collective mania" all over the world, from presidential elections to the infamous Wikipedia, where numbers help power anything.
When you learn a new word, you find it everywhere
This phenomenon happened to me when I realized that people around the world were moving from passive consumers to creators and highly useful collaborators.
Because the Internet cuts out the middleman, anyone, whether you're a T-shirt designer or a knitter, can now make a living selling person-to-person.
As this "peer-to-peer revolution" becomes ubiquitous, "sharing" is experiencing tremendous growth.
It's really fun to think about the fact that 25 hours of video is uploaded to YouTube every minute while we're talking here.
What I find very interesting is that examples like this are imprinted in our primate instincts.
So we're kind of monkeys, born and bred to share and cooperate.
When we hunted in groups, when we all worked together on farms, we've been doing this for thousands of years, even before we had a system called hyper-consumption. That's how it was before we created a tiny territory of
But things are changing, and one of the reasons is because of digital natives, Generation Y.
They grew up sharing files, games, and knowledge.
Sharing is their second instinct
Generation X, myself included, is like a foot soldier that facilitates the transition from "my culture" to "our culture."
The reason sharing is growing so fast is because of the availability of mobile collaboration.
We live in an age of connectivity, where we can find anyone, anytime, in real time, with a small device in our hands.
These are all things I was thinking about at the end of 2008, and then, as you know, there was this incredible financial crisis.
One of my favorite columnists is Thomas Friedman of the New York Times, and he made a scathing comment, "2008 was the year we hit a wall. Mother Nature and markets were both here." It is a comment saying "It's the year I said"
In our minds, we understand that an economy fueled by hyper-consumption is a pyramid scheme or a house of cards.
But I personally don't know how to deal with this
It's like a tweet storm
It was noisy and confusing until I realized four main factors.
The first factor is a renewed awareness of the importance of community, and a fundamental redefinition of what friends and neighbors mean.
Rapid advances in peer-to-peer social networks and real-time technology are fundamentally changing the way we behave.
The third is concern about unresolved environmental issues.
Fourth, the global recession that has shaken consumer behavior to its core.
These four factors are mingling with each other and influencing each other to bring about a major shift from the 20th century represented by hyper-consumption to the 21st century represented by collaborative consumption.
I think we're at an inflection point, and the natural behavior of sharing through sites like Flickr and Twitter applies to our everyday lives beyond the internet. It has been
From the morning commute to the way we design clothes and even the way we make food, we are consuming and collaborating again.
So, my co-author Lou Rogers and I gathered thousands of examples from all corners of the world of collaborative consumption.
They varied in size, maturity, and purpose, but when we sorted them out, we found that we could clearly divide them into three systems.
The first is the redistribution market.
Swaptree does exactly that, but the redistribution market is about moving used stuff from where it's no longer needed to where it's needed, to someone else.
This has come to be thought of as the fifth R: reduce, reuse, recycle, repair and redistribute because redistribution can extend the life of products and reduce waste.
The second is a lifestyle of collaboration.
Sharing resources such as money, technology and time
In a few years, I expect words like coworking, couchsurfing and time banking to become part of our everyday landscape.
One example of a collaborative lifestyle that I often use is land sharing.
This is the British system
It connects Person A, who has an unused space in his backyard, and Person B, who wants to use the land to grow something.
two people grow crops together
It's such a simple and brilliant idea that I'm surprised it hasn't come up before.
The third system is the product service system.
You pay for the product's effectiveness, which means you don't have to own the product to use it.
This idea is especially useful for products that you don't use very often.
Applies to both baby items and trendy clothes Does anyone have a power drill? It means you own
A power drill is used for only 12 to 13 minutes of its life
(Laughter) It's funny.
You need a hole, not a drill
(Laughter) (Applause) So why not rent it? Also, you can rent out your own drill, right?
Together, these systems allow us to share resources without sacrificing our lifestyles or taking away our precious freedoms.
It's not some kind of toy-friendly thing in the sandbox.
So let me give you an example of how collaborative consumption is so powerful and transforming who we are.
The cost of maintaining a normal car is $8,000 a year.
But the car isn't in use for 23 hours of the day.
Given these two facts, it seems a little silly to have to own a car.
This is where car-sharing companies like Zipcar and GoGet are looking.
In 2009, Zipcar recruited 250 participants from 13 cities, who were self-proclaimed car addicts and new to car sharing, and asked them to leave their car keys for a month.
During that time, they had to walk, cycle, or use public transportation such as trains.
As a member of Zipcar, I was able to use the car only when absolutely necessary.
It was only a month long challenge, but the results were astonishing.
I lost 413 pounds by exercising more.
What's even more interesting is that 100 of the 250 participants said they didn't need their keys back anymore.
In other words, car addicts have lost the instinct to own a car.
The product service itself is nothing new
Libraries and laundromats apply
But as technology has made sharing frictionless and enjoyable, we've entered a new era for these services.
There was a wonderful article in the New York Times, "Ownership to sharing is eight tracks to iPods and coal to solar energy."
I also think that our generation is far less likely than any other generation to be satisfied with owning the things we want.
I don't want the DVD, I want to watch the movie inside
I don't want that ugly answering machine, I want to hear my saved messages.
I don't want the CD, I want to hear the music inside
In other words, you don't want things, you want the experience they provide.
And that's what's driving the shift where "use" trumps "own." Kevin Kelly, editor of Wired magazine, also talks about "access is better than possession."
As the possessions disappear into the cloud, the line between mine, yours and ours blurs.
I would like to give you an example of how this progress is so rapid.
This is a story over an eight-year span.
Once upon a time, we owned cars, but now we have car-sharing companies like Zipcar and GoGet, which are shared platforms where you can use your car at your convenience, or you have person-to-person rentals. With this new system, you can earn money by renting out your car to neighbors for the 23 hours you don't use it.
Of course, these systems require a certain amount of trust, and reputation is the foundation of that.
In the old system of consumption, our reputation didn't mean much, because credit cards were much more important than personal reputation.
But now that we're on the web, we're leaving traces
Every time you flag a spammer, you publish an idea, and every time you post a comment, you're showing how you can cooperate, whether you can trust them, or whether you can't.
Let's go back to the first example we talked about in Swaptree.
rondoron has successfully completed 553 transactions
This means that this person can be trusted.
And remember, it's only a matter of time before we can see how much we've accumulated over time in a form like Google search.
And the evaluation value determines how much you can participate in collaborative consumption.
It's the so-called new social currency, and it's going to be as important as credit ratings.
Finally, we live in an era of emptiness and wastefulness, waking up from a terrible hangover to a more sustainable system that can follow our inner needs for community and individual identity. I think it's time to try to create a
So it's a kind of cataclysmic transformation, when society is in great danger, it's undergoing a tremendous transformation, from an era of individual ownership and consumption to an era of rediscovery of the common good.
Make sharing cool
It's my job to make it trendy
Because I truly believe that by sharing, we can destroy outdated business models, get out of the wastefulness of hyper-consumption, and understand where we find satisfaction.
thank you
(applause)
On a warm August morning in Harare, Farai, a 24-year-old mother of two, is walking to a park bench.
she looks miserable and depressed
Now, sitting on a park bench is an 82-year-old woman known in the community as "Grandma Jack."
Farai hands Aunt Jack an envelope from the clinic nurse.
Auntie Jack invites Farai to sit down, opens the envelope, and reads the letter.
There is about three minutes of silence while she reads the letter.
After a long silence, Auntie Jack lets out a deep sigh, looks at Farai and says, "You have me.
Can you tell me a story? "
With tears in his eyes, Farai begins:
"Grandma Jack, I'm HIV positive.
I've been living with HIV for the last four years.
I was abandoned by my husband a year ago.
I have two children under the age of five.
jobless
I can hardly see the care of the children."
tears are running down my cheeks
When Aunt Jack sees this, she walks up to Farai and touches her and says, "Farai, you can cry.
because it was so hard
Can you tell me more? "
Farai continues
"Over the last three weeks, I've thought about killing myself, taking my two children with me.
I can't take it anymore
A nurse at the clinic asked me to meet with you."
The conversation between the two lasts about 30 minutes.
And finally, Grandma Jack says, "Farai, I think you have all the symptoms of kufungisisa."
The word "kufungisisa" opens the floodgates of tears
So kufungisisa is the same word as "depression" in my country.
Literally means "overthinking"
The WHO estimates that more than 300 million people around the world today suffer from depression, which is what we call "kufungisisa."
The WHO also says that every 40 seconds, somewhere in the world, someone commits suicide, mainly because depression, or kufungisisa, keeps them from feeling happy.
Most of these deaths occur in low- to middle-income countries.
In fact, the WHO has said so far that suicide is now the leading cause of death among those aged 15 to 29.
But there are many different events that can lead to depression and sometimes suicide: abuse, conflict, violence, isolation, loneliness, and the list goes on and on.
But the only thing we know is that depression can be treated and suicide can be prevented.
But the trouble is, there aren't enough psychiatrists and clinical psychologists around the world to do that job.
For example, most low- and middle-income countries have a psychiatrist-to-population ratio of 1 in 1.5 million, which means that 90 percent of the people in our country who need mental health services do not have access to them. That's what it means
There are 12 psychiatrists in our country, and I'm one of them, and this number covers about 14 million people.
now what is this
One night, I was at home, and I got a call from the ER, which is a town about 200 kilometers from where I live.
An ER doctor says, "One of the patients you treated four months ago had a drug overdose. He's in the ER.
Hemodynamically, he seems fine, but I think he needs to see a neuropsychiatrist."
Of course you can't jump in your car in the middle of the night and drive 200 kilometers.
While listening to the ER doctor's call, we'll do our best to make a diagnosis.
Confirm that a suicide prevention system is in place
We confirm that this patient will begin to review the antidepressants she has been taking, and we conclude that as soon as this 26-year-old daughter named Erica left the ER, she came directly to me with her mother. I decided to get him checked out and see what we could do.
I assumed it would take about a week.
1 week passed
3 weeks later
Erica doesn't show up
One day, Erica's mother calls and she says, "Erika committed suicide three days ago.
I hung myself from a mango tree in my garden.”
I couldn't help but ask, almost reflexively, "Why didn't you come here to Harare?
You promised to come to me as soon as you left the ER."
she said bluntly
"I didn't have the $15 bus fare to Harare."
Suicide is not an uncommon occurrence in the world of mental health.
But there was something about Erica's death that hit right to the very core of who I am.
When Erica's mother said, "I couldn't afford the $15 bus fare to get to you," I realized that expecting patients to come to me wouldn't work. is the
I went into a state of self-discovery, trying to truly discover my role as an African psychiatrist.
After counseling, self-discovery, talking to colleagues, friends and family, it suddenly dawned on me that one of the most reliable resources in Africa, in fact, is an old woman.
yes it's a granny
I thought, grandma, in every community
there are hundreds
And -- (Laughter) the old women don't leave their communities in search of green grass.
(Laughter) The only time I ever leave is when I go to heaven, to a green meadow that's more wonderful.
(Laughter) So I thought, why don't we train these old women in evidence-based talk therapy, and do it on the bench.
We're empowering the grandmothers by teaching them skills rooted in cognitive-behavioral therapy, like listening and expressing empathy, teaching them behavioral activation and activity scheduling skills, and supporting them with digital technology.
You know cell phone technology, right?
In Africa today, almost everyone has
So in 2006, I started my first group of grandmothers.
(Applause) Thank you.
(Applause) Today, there are hundreds of grandmothers working in more than 70 communities.
And just last year, in one community in Zimbabwe, over 30,000 people were treated by an old woman on the Friendship Bench.
(Applause) And recently, we published in the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) what these old ladies have been doing.
And -- (Applause) Our reported results show that six months after treatment with Grandma, the patient was still asymptomatic, no depression, and suicidal ideation completely diminished.
In fact, our results came from a clinical trial that actually found that grandmothers were more effective at treating depression than doctors. (Laughter) (Applause) We are moving towards expanding the program
There are now over 600 million people over the age of 65 in the world.
By 2050, there will be 1.5 billion people over the age of 65.
Imagine creating a global network of grandmothers in every major city in the world who are trained in evidence-based talk therapy and supported through a networked digital platform.
they will make a difference in the community
It will reduce the number of people with psychiatric, neurological and substance use disorders who are not getting treatment.
Finally, here's a file of photos of Grandma Jack.
Farai sat with her on a bench and had six interviews.
Farai is currently employed
two children go to school
As for Grandmother Jack, one morning in February, she was scheduled to interview the 257th patient on the bench.
didn't show up
She's gone to the green grasslands of heaven
But I am sure that Grandma Jack has made a difference in the lives of many people from heaven and is rooting for an ever-growing number of other Grannies.
And I'm sure she'll be in awe when she finds out that what she pioneered and helped has now spread to other countries, like Malawi, Zanzibar, and here in New York City, USA. would have
I wish her all the best
thank you
(Applause) (Cheers) (Applause)
Most refugees now live in urban areas, not in refugee camps.
more than 60% of the world's refugees
With the majority of refugees living in urban areas, it requires a paradigm shift and a new way of thinking.
Rather than wasting money on building walls, it would be better to spend it on a program that encourages refugees to help themselves.
(Applause) At some point, we have to let go of all our possessions.
But skills and knowledge are different
If allowed to lead productive lives, refugees can become self-sufficient and contribute to the development of their host countries.
I was born in the city of Bukavu, the capital of the province of South Kivu in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
I was born the fifth child of 12 brothers and sisters.
My father was an auto mechanic, but he worked hard to get me through school.
Like all young people, I had many plans and dreams.
I wanted to finish my studies, get a good job, get married, have kids, support my family.
but it didn't
Nine years ago, in 2008, the war that broke out in my home country forced me to flee to Uganda.
My family also joined the endless line of refugees trying to settle in Kampala, Uganda's capital.
In my home country, I lived in the city, so I felt Kampala was better than the refugee camp.
Urban refugees were left out of international aid even after they were recognized by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) in 1997.
As the local urban poor, the refugees faced the problem of poverty, and their refugee status also brought them many other challenges, one of which was the language barrier.
French was the official language in Congo
English in Uganda
Education and health care were beyond the reach of refugees.
We were harassed, exploited, intimidated and discriminated against
Humanitarian agencies often looked to the formal settlement of refugees in rural areas, but did nothing for urban refugees.
But we weren't asking for supplies.
we wanted to work and be independent
Together with two of my colleagues, I started an organization to help refugees.
YARID — African Youth Refugees for Holistic Development — was born out of a dialogue within the Congolese community.
We asked the community how to organize to solve various problems.
YARID's support program develops step by step, from soccer community to English education to sewing everyday clothes.
Football has transformed the energy of unemployed youth and created connections with other communities.
Free English classes empower refugees to engage with the Ugandan community, get to know their neighbors, and sell groceries.
Vocational training programs provide livelihood skills, and those skills offer great opportunities for economic independence.
We have seen many families who have been able to support themselves.
We've seen people who no longer need our help.
As the YARID program expands, the number of nationalities it serves continues to grow: Congolese, Rwandan, Burundian, Somali, Ethiopian, South Sudanese.
YARID is currently supporting more than 3,000 refugees throughout Kampala City and is expanding further.
(Applause) Refugees want social advancement, not aid.
we understand our communities better than anyone
We understand the challenges and opportunities you face as you strive for independence.
We know better than anyone that refugees' own efforts can work.
They too should be recognized and supported internationally.
Give us the support we deserve and we'll pay it back with interest
thank you
(applause)
Our passion is the African wilderness and its conservation, with a particular focus on big cats.
At a time when human suffering, hunger and climate change are so severe, some of you may wonder why we worry about cats.
What I want to share with you today is a message I learned from this precious leopard with a unique personality.
We have lived a life that could be described as an ultra-long episode of the crime investigation drama CSI that lasted for 28 years.
I've seen more than 2,000 animals captured by big cats, basically through scientific studies and behavioral observations of animals.
But it's disappointing that science doesn't take the individual personalities of these animals seriously.
Here is an example
This leopard was on top of a 2,000-year-old baobab tree in Africa, and this leopard's mother and grandmother were in the same tree.
This leopard took us in and showed us something very important, an eight-day-old female leopard.
We immediately decided to live here, and we spent four and a half years with this leopard.
I'm destined to spend a lot of time with certain women, who are weird, very special, unique and often sexy.
(Audience: Laughter) Obviously my wife is one of them, but so is this leopard we named Ligadema. Ligadema has changed our lives.
We spent more time with Ligadema than mother Leopard spends with Ligadema.
After the mother leopard went hunting, I observed and filmed.
Lightning once struck a tree about 20 steps from where we were.
It was very scary.
I was stunned for a while, but when I came to my senses, I saw a baby leopard and I was worried about that deafening noise.
I thought it would connect us and remember.
it was an unnecessary worry
Ligadema scurried out of the bush and sat down beside us, shivering, turning her back on Derek and looking around.
It seemed that he opened up to us on that day.
It's this very day that gave this leopard its name.
Ligadema means light from the sky.
All animals have their own personalities, but cats in particular have their own.
I named this lion "The Man Who Greeted With Fire," and you can see why in the photo.
But by actually getting close to them and spending time with them, you can connect with them and get to know their personalities.
To advance our research, we must explore the unexplored lands of Africa.
This is the Okavango Delta in Botswana
I live in a tent in this wetland.It's an exciting day.
It's true that there are many times when I'm nervous because I'm driving through water or being in uncharted territory.
But we're still hunting for and photographing big cats in Africa.
We all know that cats hate water, but we've discovered something surprising.
We rushed ourselves to places that no sane person would ever go, and we discovered that, in part because Beverly pushed us to the limit, we pushed ourselves to the limit and pushed ourselves to do it.
But it turns out that this lion is 15 percent larger than a normal lion, and it's a lion that specializes in hunting water buffaloes.
Our problem is knowing when to turn back.
It doesn't work every time. On the day I took this photo, I underestimated the depth of the water.
It got deeper and deeper and I was soaked up to Derek's chest.
There it got stuck in a deep depression and the car completely sank.
I ruined $2 million worth of photography equipment.
The damage to my pride was horrific, and my car's engine died.
It's our rule that whoever sinks the car gets the privilege of swimming with alligators.
(audience laughter) All of this footage was shot by Beverly from above, where you don't get wet.
(audience: laughter) But everywhere I got stuck, the scenery was amazing.
These lions just arrived, and Beverly got some great shots.
We're constantly filming to capture rare footage.
Twenty years ago, when I was filming a movie called "Eternal Enemies," I was able to capture a rare and brutal sight of a lion and a hyena.
Surprisingly, it became a work that continues to be supported
The reason for this is probably because there are similarities between the conflict between natural evil and human evil.
What surprised me was that this lion, as the name suggests, is a man who greets with fire.
I'm aiming at this hyena and trying to catch it.
(animal voice) I think this shows that animals have their own personalities.
When I photograph animals, I don't just push the limits, but I live my life without interfering in their lives.
This kind of behavior in animals has been going on for hundreds of years, so humans shouldn't decide whether it's good or bad.
it's a hard question
As Derek puts it, we work in extreme conditions, in extreme temperatures.
At night, I am in a hurry and often do not sleep.
During the activity, it is almost at the limit
We chased lions and elephants for 10 years, and when it didn't work out, one night, we got it.
To be honest, it was a painful night
tears ran down my cheeks
I was trembling with anxiety, because no shot like this had ever been done before.
This is a video you should definitely watch
I think this is the best footage we've shot, but what's striking is the unpredictability of the ending.
Many people become convinced of the beginning of death with their eyes rather than their hearts and lungs, and when they are convinced of death, both humans and animals give up hope.
You can see it in this video
This elephant gives up hope with too many enemies.
But you can also restore hope as well.
Just when you think all is well, something happens, something flashes in your heart, and you have the will to fight, a will that is as hard as iron, man, this elephant, this reserve, this cat.
It's the will that we all have, the will to fight, to push through mental barriers, to keep moving forward.
In many ways, the elephant has become a symbol of inspiration for us, and a symbol of hope as we move forward.
(Applause) Back to the leopard.
We spent a lot of time together, more than enough to understand this leopard's personality.
The leopard might not have liked the fact that we were together like normal.
My husband and I work together all the time, so we have each other's place in the car.
On one side of where Beverly sits, I also have my camera equipment.
Securing each other's place is important
One time, I stepped out of the backseat to pick up some camera equipment, and Ligadema, who was watching, came to check on me like a curious cat.
I was surprised, but I was very happy that they seemed to trust us.
But when it became a habit, I worried that other people would do the same, and if anything happened, this leopard might get shot.
So I immediately thought of a preventative measure.
The only way I've come up with is to make this leopard listen to a sound that resembles the growl that the mother leopard makes without frightening it.
On a whim, Derek turned on the heater.
Beverly was worried about losing his place.
(audience laughter) Just kidding, that's how you showed your personality.
But when Ligadema started hunting, I was surprised at how things unfolded.
I was very happy at first
It's like watching a graduation ceremony
I felt like a surrogate parent
It was at this point that I was convinced that ligadema could live.
But when I saw the babies clinging to the mother baboons, I realized something strange was happening.
Baby baboons were so innocent they didn't run away.
So I watched it for a few hours, and I saw something interesting.
What was really impressive was that the ligadema held the baby in its mouth to protect it from the hyenas.
Five hours later, I was taking care of him.
It made me realize that what we don't know still exists and that nature is beyond human expectations.
It was a little rough
(audience: laughter) But there's something very interesting going on here.
It's a playful baby leopard, but it's also a predator and a mother, and it's a mental struggle.
Like a girl with a maternal instinct and becoming a woman, this observation brings a new dimension to our understanding of ligadema.
Ligadema and the baboon stayed together all night long
We slept together for hours
Everyone asks what happened to the baby baboon.
I'm dead. I think it's because of the cold winter.
I think it was around this time that we became convinced of the implications of protecting the natural environment.
understanding the individual personality of animals
It's about showing respect and understanding the importance of animals.
With National Geographic, we started a movement to promote conservation of the natural environment while protecting big cats, and we also looked back at what humans have done over the past 50 years.
When my husband and I were born, there were 450,000 lions, but today there are only 20,000.
Tigers are also declining, and there were 45,000 tigers, but now there are about 3,000.
The number of cheetahs has decreased to 12,000.
There were 700,000 leopards, but only 50,000.
Ten thousand leopards have been legally killed by hunters in the five-plus wonderful years we spent with Ligadema.
There are still many leopards that have been killed in the meantime.
Poaching may have killed as many as 10,000.
not sustainable
Humans admire and fear animals, but they want to take their power away.
In the past, only kings wore leopard skins, but now they are worn by traditional healers and clerics during ceremonies.
This is a skinned lion's paw, which is eerily similar to a human hand. Ironically, the fate of the animal is in our hands.
Bone trade soars
In South Africa, lion bones are on the market.
Because lion and tiger bones look the same, the lion bone industry is driving the tigers to extinction.
This is a real problem, but it also poses a serious problem for male lions.
The 20,000 number of lions is a cautionary tale. There are 3,000 to 4,000 male lions, but they're all infected with the same disease.
It's the disease of laziness. It's human laziness.
I'm aware of the fact that people treat hunting like a sport, but I don't condemn them.
I think it's because a lot of people don't know what I'm showing you today.
I want you to know that if one male lion is killed, the whole pack will perish.
Another male lion comes and takes over the herd, and all the cubs are killed, and the lioness who tries to protect her cubs may also die.
So, somewhere far away, for every lion hanging on the wall, we estimate that there are 20 to 30 lions killed.
Our research shows that lions are important.
Essential for this habitat
Without lions, whole African ecosystems would disappear.
Ecotourism in Africa brings in $80 billion a year.
This isn't just a lion's concern, it's a problem that affects all of Africa.
When animals disappear, everything associated with them disappears.
But even more worrying is that when humans lose their connection with nature, they lose their spiritual connection with these animals, they lose hope, they lose the spiritual connection and dignity that connects us to the planet.
Now, looking into the eyes of lions and leopards like this, what we must recognize is an awareness of critical issues.
I have a movie coming out in February called "The Last Lion."
You could say that the situation we're in is The Last Lion.
Without action, the grasslands will be completely wiped out of big cats, and the rest will go extinct.
If we can't protect animals, we're going to have jobs to protect ourselves.
As I said at the beginning, it shapes our lives, but protecting the natural environment just requires respect and concern.
Whether men or women, communities or the planet as a whole, we must never stop respecting each other and recognizing its importance.
Although ligadema
We had a baby and we became grandparents
(audience: laughter) Thank you very much.
(applause)
In 1962, when Rachel Carson's "Silent Spring" was published, the canary in the mine didn't sing to people in the world of making things like mine.
The question of possible absence of birds is very important for those who are looking for vanished murmurs.
Were the birds singing?
I am far from being a scientist
I talked earlier about birds.
what is a bird?
In the world of design, this rubber duck is also a bird.
Sold in California with the following warning: "This product contains chemicals known to the State of California to cause cancer and birth defects or other reproductive harm."
this is the bird
What kind of culture produces such products and sells them to children with these labels?
seems to be a problem with the design
Someone who listened to my six-hour lecture on NPR, "The Conversation of Monticello," sent me a thank-you message saying, "Design is intention, but design is what you do for the world. So you have to understand that world, and you have to put your own innate intelligence into design, but to go back to the origins of design, you have to go back in time and understand the planetary control systems and configuration conditions, and the joy you'll find in doing so. It's about the abundance and not the limits given to us. So while our current culture is filled with concerns about limitations and fears, I think about what we can share by adding another dimension to the abundance of the sun. We can do it.”
it was a nice message
It's a very long sentence, even the author Henry James.
you will be proud
The one at the bottom of the screen is just something I added.
It's fundamental to me that design is the first sign of human intention.
What are our intentions -- when we wake up in the morning, we are faced with different designs -- what is the intention of humans as creatures to rule the earth?
I'm not saying control or control. Control is implicit in control -- you can't control if you kill, right?
And control is implicitly included in control, because you can't control what you can't control.
What is the first question a designer should consider?
For example, nations, guardians who have the right to kill and deceive, the question we now ask is: How can we keep our communities at peace, create world peace, and protect our environment?
But I don't know if this is commonly discussed.
Commerce, on the other hand, is very fast-paced, very creative, effective and efficient, and very honest, because the exchange of value cannot last long without mutual trust.
So I use commercial tools primarily for my work, but the question I want to ask commercial is, "How can we love the descendants of all generations and all species?"
This question should be the starting point for design.
Because modern civilization has chosen scenarios that end in tragedy.
Even if you say, "I never meant to cause global warming at the price of development," or "I never meant to cause global warming at the price of development," they are actually doing it.
It happened because I didn't have any other options.
I met with President Bush at the White House and met with every federal department and federal agency and pointed out their haphazardness.
If global warming is their goal, they're doing great.
If we want to end the Clean Air Act and poison children downwind from coal-fired power plants with mercury, the slogan for education policy should be rewritten: "Let's make everyone brain dead." (Applause)
"Let's make everyone brain dead." (Applause.) How many federal officials are willing to move their families to Ohio or Pennsylvania?
Without a good solution to a problem, it's like moving a chess piece without knowing how to capture the king.
We have to develop a strategy to change the status quo, and that requires humility. Only water source
If the concept of humble design doesn't resonate with you, remember that it took 5,000 years to invent a wheeled suitcase.
As Kevin Kelly puts it, there is no such thing as what to do in the end.
We're playing an endless game
So I came up with the idea of ​​"cradle to cradle," and the goal is very simple.
Presented this to the White House
Our purpose is to create a diverse, safe, healthy and just world of clean air, water, soil and power, economically, equitably, environmentally and aesthetically pleasing.
(Applause) Okay?
There's nothing wrong with that, right?
I thought diversity was important, de Gaulle once wrote about the job of the French president.
"It would be very difficult to rule France with 400 kinds of cheese"...
And I realized that current products are dangerous and unhealthy.
So we designed our products and tested them for chemical content down to the ppm level.
This Pendleton baby blanket is made of materials that are good for your child's body instead of causing future Alzheimer's disease.
Ask yourself, what is justice? Is justice blind or ignorant?
And when did justice go from white to black?
The United Nations declared that water is a human right
You can also know the quality of the air by breathing
Is there anyone here who doesn't breathe?
Clean soil is also a big issue, the nitrification and dead zone of the Gulf of Mexico.
It's a fundamental problem that hasn't been addressed yet.
There's another form of solar energy that can compete with fossil fuels: wind power, which has thrived in the prairies and is eclipsing fossil fuels.
When Zaki Yamani founded the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), people asked me, "When will the oil age end?"
Do you remember him saying, "The Stone Age didn't end because we ran out of stones."
Companies that focus on ethics outperform those that don't Companies that focus on ethics outperform those that don't
The outlook for logistics is rather bleak.
This is a hospital monitor shipped from Los Angeles to China.
This woman exposes herself to toxic phosphorus and sprinkles nearly two kilograms of toxic lead separated from copper around her children.
But I also see great hope.
Venkataswamy, an Indian doctor, has figured out a way to make health more widespread.
He restored the sight of two million people for free.
The steel that was once used in a car will never be the steel in a car again because the coating contains bismuth, antimony, copper and other contaminants.
It becomes the steel frame of the building
But we're working with Warren Buffett's Berkshire Hathaway and Shaw Carpet, the world's largest carpet company.
We have developed a carpet that can be reused many times, even to the smallest pieces.
The top row is nylon 6, which can be converted back into caprolactam. The bottom row is polyolefin, a thermoplastic that can be reused over and over again.
Now if I were a bird, the building on the left is an obstacle.
The building on the right is Gap's corporate campus, and it's got old grassland, so it's a good place, and it's also a nesting site.
This is where I'm from, I grew up in Hong Kong, a city of 6 million people in 100 square kilometers.
During the dry season water was only available for 4 hours every 4 days.
The landscape of this land was created by farmers who have been plowing the same land for 4,000 years.
You can't farm in the same place for 4,000 years if you don't know the nutrient flow of the land.
My childhood summers were full of experiences in Washington's Puget Sound.
My grandfather used to cut down trees in the Olympic Mountains, so I have to do good to the trees.
I went to Yale for graduate school, and I studied in Le Corbusier's style buildings like this, what the architecture world calls Brutalism.
There's the 1928 Berlin Tower project by Mies van der Rohe, and you might ask, "Where's the sun?"
It may have been suitable for Berlin, but it was built in Houston, and all the windows were closed, and most of the products weren't designed to be used indoors, so they were actually tall gassing chambers. was a building like
I was at Yale when the first oil crisis happened, and at the time I was designing Ireland's first solar-heated house, and then I actually built it, and that's what I wanted to do.
One of my supervisors, Richard Meyer, came to my desk several times and criticized me, saying, "Bill, you don't get it. Solar energy has nothing to do with architecture."
You haven't read Vitruvius, have you?
In 1984, we were commissioned by the Environmental Protection Fund to build America's first "green office." In 1984, we were commissioned by the Environmental Fund to build America's first "green office."
When I asked a building material producer what the ingredients were, they dismissed me as saying, "It's a trade secret, but it's legal."
When I asked a building material producer what the ingredients were, they dismissed me as saying, "It's a trade secret, but it's legal."
At the time, the only office environment study was funded by the R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company to prove that secondhand smoke in the workplace wasn't dangerous.
When I graduated from high school in 1969, this photo was released and "somewhere" was gone.
I used to throw all kinds of things "somewhere"
But still -- this is a picture from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration -- you can see a little blue dot over Hawaii.
It's the Pacific gyre
When we collected samples here for plankton studies, we found six times more plastic than plankton.
The researchers who found it said it looked like a gigantic toilet that wouldn't flush.
This was "somewhere"
How is this designed? Irian Jaya has the most diverse tree species in the world. There are 259 species of trees. You can read about them in the book "From Cradle to Cradle."
The book itself is actually a polymer, not a tree.
That's the title of the first chapter — 'This book is not a tree'.
As the poet Margaret Atwood pointed out, destroying forests to write a book is like "writing history in bear's blood on fish skins."
There are so many polymers out there, you just need some technical nourishment, and yet you're using something like wood -- something amazing. What if you were to design this? Can we design something that makes oxygen, sequesters carbon, fixes nitrogen, distills water, stores solar energy as fuel, makes complex sugars and food, makes small-scale climates, changes colors with the seasons, self-replicates, and so on.
They cut it down and use it to write on.
(Laughter) We look at the same criteria as everyone else: Is it affordable?
Will it work? do you like it?
I'm from Charlottesville, and I had the honor of living in a house designed by Thomas Jefferson.
Let's also consider the criteria of life, liberty, the pursuit of happiness.
I think most of us have used the word "competition" before.
Most of them don't know that it comes from the Latin competere, which means "to work together."
It's meant to be like Olympic athletes training together.
Together we train and compete The Williams sisters of tennis-
Competition, one won Wimbledon
Competition is a way to train together and work together.
And the Chinese government now -- I'm working with the Chinese government right now -- is paying attention to this.
In the quest for survival of the fittest, it's not just about competition in the modern sense of beating and defeating each other, but about training together, creating a niche, and growing well.
But many environmentalists are critical of growth, and "asphalt" is "assigning.
Some people think, "Fault," but when we think of asphalt as growth, we realize that what we're doing is destroying the control system that's at the root of the planet.
Like the equation "E=mc²", in the eyes of a poet, energy (E) is physics, chemistry is mass (m), but where is life?
We have a lot of energy, so we can solve that problem, but the problem of biology is tricky, because we can never put back the toxic substances we exhale.
As Francis Crick pointed out nine years after he and Watson discovered DNA, life is a prerequisite for growth, requires free energy, sunlight, and has an open chemical system.
Humans are striving for man-made creatures that grow, get free energy from sunlight, and carry out chemical reactions with open metabolism.
The question should not be whether to grow, but what do you want to grow.
Instead of growing destruction, grow what you enjoy, and if the FDA allows it, you can even make French cheese.
So there are two types of metabolism, and together with the German chemist Michael Braungart, we identified two underlying types of metabolism.
Biological metabolism is well known, but there's also a technical part to it: the cyclical cycle of substances.
We call this biological nutrition and technical nutrition.
In the future, technical nutrition will be on par with biological nutrition.
There's only about 500 million people that can be biologically nourished, because if everyone wore Birkenstocks and cotton, we'd run out of cork and run out of steam.
We need substances that can be used in the circulatory cycle, but we have to dissect whether they cause cancer, birth defects, chromosomal abnormalities, immune system abnormalities, how they are broken down, whether they contain heavy metals, how they are produced. don't
Our first product was a fabric that was created by analyzing 8,000 different chemicals used in the textile industry.
Using our analysis, we eliminated 7,962, leaving us with 38 chemicals.
After that, we created a database of 4,000 chemicals that are commonly used in textile production, which we plan to publish in six weeks.
It will enable designers around the world to analyze the health and environmental impacts of their products in detail.
(Applause) We've developed a system that allows companies to spread this same message through their supply chains. From the trader" comes the answer
When asked about the destination of the product, "to the consumer"
When asked about the destination of the product, "to the consumer"
i need a little help
The first example of bionutrition is textiles, but factory wastewater is clean enough to drink.
An example of technological nourishment is show carpets, reusable rugs.
From nylon, back to caprolactam, back to carpet.
An example of biotechnology nutrition is Ford's Model U, a car that embodies "cradle to cradle."
This Nike shoe has an infinitely reusable polyester upper and a non-biodegradable sole on the bottom.
Old shoes become new shoes
no end point
The philosophy behind this car is a combination of reusable materials and recyclable materials, all powered by solar energy.
This is a building that we designed at Oberlin College that will generate electricity from the sun, purify water, and produce more energy than it uses.
Gap's building in San Bruno, California, has its rooftop greened with traditional local grasses.
In a project for Ford Motor
We regenerated the River Rouge factory in Dearborn.
this is a color photo
We sold these tools and got a deal with Ford.
In this way, Ford saved 3.5 billion dollars from day one, which is the equivalent of 90 billion dollars in sales for the Ford Taurus, which has a 4% profit margin.
This is the largest green roof in the world, about 10.5 acres.
This roof saves money.
Appeared on the 5th day
Workers in a 100-pound factory are now learning bird songs online.
We're thinking about new forms of cities, although cities are hubs of technological nutrition.
Combine this with local -- biological hubs.
As a final example of this, I'd like to introduce you to a new city that I'm designing for the Chinese government.
Currently, we are designing cities in 12 cities in China based on the "cradle to cradle" concept.
In 12 years, we will create a housing plan for 400 million people.
We've calculated a huge energy balance, because if we use bricks, we're going to lose the soil, and we're going to deplete the coal.
We will have a city without energy and without food.
To make "cradle to cradle" happen in China -- here are Deng Xiaoping's daughter and Mrs. Deng Nan -- signed a memorandum.
If China pollutes the land and the air, makes low-cost products, sells them on the discount chain Wal-Mart, and people buy them, the result is akin to the "mutually assured destruction" of the Cold War era.
Right now, we're just doing it at the molecular level, and here's our plan.
I'm building a new city next to this one
this is the site
We don't normally build in green spaces, but it was scheduled to be built, so I accepted the consultation.
this is their plan
We're laying out a grid, like a rubber stamp, over the land.
He welcomed us in and said, "What would you do?"
This is what it will look like in the end, also in color.
This is what the site looks like now - this is our proposal.
(Applause) For this project, we paid attention to the distribution and use of water in the area.
I studied current and past biota, and studied the current state and practices of agriculture.
By studying the movements of the wind and the sun, city dwellers could enjoy fresh air, clean water and bright sunlight for several hours a day, no matter what building they lived in.
It also positioned parks as environmental infrastructure.
Like integrating commercial and mixed-use buildings
When placed, it will create a center in the city and create a place for people to live.
Transportation is very simple, because everyone is within a five-minute travel radius.
There are streets that are open 24 hours a day, creating a place that is always lively.
All disposal facilities are connected
When you flush the toilet, the waste is taken to a sewage treatment plant and sold as a resource, not a waste.
Who would want a fertilizer plant that produces natural gas?
All the water from the toilets is collected and used to create wetlands to restore the habitat.
And then they make natural gas and bring it back to the city to fuel their cooking.
This is the fertilizer gas plant
All the compost is put back on the roofs of the city's buildings, where agriculture takes place. Our plan is to lift the city up and restore the landscape to the roofs.
Solar-powered roofs in all factories and industrial areas power the city.
The roof of the whole city looks like this
Lift conventional soil onto the roof
Farmers move from roof to roof over small bridges.
The first floor becomes a space for work and living.
This is the current city and this is the new city
(applause)
Well, let's first admit that everyone in this room today is lucky.
We don't live in a time when our mothers and grandmothers had very limited career choices for women.
Most of the people in this room today were born and raised in places where they had human rights, and the amazing thing about the world we live in is that some women don't have those rights.
But in addition to those, there are other big problems.
The problem is, nowhere in the world do women rise to the top of the workplace.
Statistics show that
Of the 190 leaders, 9 are women.
Women make up 13 percent of parliaments around the world.
Even in the private sector, women make up about 15 or 16% of top management positions and board members.
This number has not changed since 2002 and the situation has not improved.
Even in the nonprofit sector, which we often think is driven by women, 20% of women are at the top.
The other problem is that women face a tough choice between career advancement and personal fulfillment.
A recent study in the United States found that two-thirds of married senior executives had children, compared to only one-third of married women.
A year or two ago, I was closing a business deal in New York City. I was in New York City, as you might imagine, in an expensive private equity company. The meeting lasted about three hours. but
After two hours, it was time to wash up, and as everyone stood up, my partner who was running the meeting started to get really annoyed.
I realized he didn't know where the women's restroom was.
So I figured they had just moved in here.
So I asked, "Did you just move to this office?"
"No, it's been about a year," he said.
"So you're saying I'm the only woman who's done business in this room for the past year?"
He looked at me and said, "Yes. Or maybe you were the only one who needed to go to the bathroom."
(Laughter) So, how do we solve this problem?
How do we change these numbers?
How do you make a difference?
First of all, I'd like to talk about how to keep women in the workplace, because I think that's going to solve the problem.
The problem that I'm pretty sure about high earners, people at the top, Fortune 500 CEOs and people in similar positions in other industries is that women are leaving.
Many people are already talking about flextime, mentoring, and internal training for women.
Of course it's important, but I'm not going to talk about them today.
I would like to talk about what I can do as an individual.
What do you have to tell yourself?
To the women I work with and to our daughters
What is your message?
First of all, let me be clear: I'm not going to talk good or bad here.
Haven't found the answer yet
I don't even know myself
I left my home in San Francisco on Monday to attend this conference.
When I dropped my 3-year-old daughter off at nursery school, she hugged my legs and cried, "Mommy, don't go."
tormented by guilt
As far as I know, I don't know anyone who doesn't feel that way, whether they're housewives or working.
So I'm not saying that staying at work is good for everyone.
What I want to talk about today is what kind of message do you send when you want to stay in the workplace? I think there are three things.
First, negotiate
Second, be equal to your partner
And -- listen carefully -- it's about staying until the end.
1st message : please negotiate a week or two before we
Inviting government officials to Facebook to connect them with executives across Silicon Valley
everyone wants to get to the table
Among them were two female executives from the same department who came with him.
When I was in my senior year of college, I took a course called European Cultural History.
would be intriguing
I would like to take it again if possible
There was Carrie, a classmate who was a bright literary girl at the time and had gone straight into her research career, and her younger brother, who was in her second year at the time and was smart but doing sports all the time.
The three of us took the same lecture
Carrie read all the books in the original Greek and Latin and attended all the lectures.
I read all the books in English and attended most of the lectures.
my brother is busy
He read one of twelve books, attended several lectures, and came to our room a few days before the exam to study for it.
The three of us together for three hours,
I took the test with a blue notebook -- you already know how old I am.
After leaving the exam venue, looking at each other's faces, I asked, "How was it?"
Carrie said, "Hmm, I'm not sure if I explained the subject of Hegel's dialectic properly."
I said, ``Oh, I wish I could have made a good connection between John Locke's (labor) property theory and the philosophers who followed.''
And my brother said, "I must be the best in my class."
"Are you the best in your class?
You don't understand anything."
The data reveals what this interaction tells us: women underestimate their own abilities.
If you ask women and men questions that are completely objective, like their GPAs, the men's answers are higher and the women's answers are lower.
Women don't negotiate for themselves in the workplace
A study of people who graduated from college and started working in the last two years found that 57% of men -- no, men already -- negotiated starting salaries, compared to only 7% of women. is the
And most importantly, men see success as their own, whereas women look to external factors for reasons.
When I asked the men why they were doing so well, their answer was, "Because I'm cool.
That's right. Why are you asking me that? "
When you ask women the same question, they say someone helped them, or they were lucky, or they worked very hard.
Why is this important?
no, it's very important
No one walks into a boardroom without negotiating, so similarly, people who aren't sure they're going to succeed, who don't understand what it means to be successful, don't get promoted.
I wish I could say it easier
To all the young women I work with, to all the wonderful women I work with, "Believe in yourself, negotiate for yourself,
I want to say, "Get ahead in life."
I would like to say the same to my daughter
it's not that simple
Above all, the data show that career advancement and likability are positively correlated for men and negatively correlated for women.
When you see him nodding, it means that everyone knows it's right.
One excellent study illustrates it really well.
There's a famous Harvard Business School study of a woman named Heidi Roisen.
She was an operator of a company in Silicon Valley, and she was trying to use her connections to become an investor.
Not long ago, in 2002, a professor at Columbia University took up this case.
He gave this example to two groups of students.
Just change one word: from Heidi to Howard.
But this one word made a big difference.
When I surveyed the students, I found that they rated Heidi and Howard as equally competent, which is good.
The bad news is, everyone liked Howard.
great person to work with and
It's like going fishing
But what about Heidi? hmm
she's a bit selfish and shrewd
I'm not sure if I want to work with her
this is the problem
I have to convince my daughters and co-workers to believe that I've achieved the highest grades, to get ahead, to bargain, and to do that comes at a price no male brother should ever make. I have to tell you
Most deplorably, it is very difficult to be conscious of this
I'm going to tell you something really embarrassing, but it's important.
I gave this story a little while ago on Facebook to about 100 employees, and a few hours later, a young woman who works there was sitting by my desk wanting to talk to me.
I said okay and sat down and started talking to her,
She said, ``I had something to gain today.
You have to keep raising your hand." I asked, "What do you mean?"
"After giving the lecture, he said he would take two more questions,
I put my hand up like everyone else and you took two questions.
You kept answering questions from men only." So I thought,
If I paid attention to this -- and even gave that lecture -- I didn't notice whether a man's hand was raised or a woman's hand was raised during that lecture. As managers in organizations, do we notice how men are more willing to take chances than women?
we have to put the women in the bargaining chair
(Applause) Second message: Be equal to your partner.
I am convinced that progress is greater at work than at home.
This is clearly reflected in the data
When women and men work full-time and have children, women do twice as much housework as men, and women do three times as much childcare as men.
Her two or three jobs, his only one
Who retires when someone has to stay home
The cause of this problem is very complex and beyond the scope of this article.
I don't think it's caused by watching sports on Sundays or by regular negligence.
the cause is more complicated
Across society, we expect boys to be more successful than girls.
I know men who support women who have careers from home, but it's hard.
If you look at the man there, you realize that other mothers don't care about him.
If the world's most difficult jobs, housework and childcare, are to be shared as more important tasks, and women are to remain in the workplace, this is a major obstacle for both genders.
(Applause) Research shows that families with similar incomes and similar responsibilities have half the divorce rate.
And if they still don't want to do it, what else do they -- what should I say on this stage? --
We know each other well, even from a sacred point of view.
(Cheers) Third message: Stay till the end.
It's a very esoteric irony, but the actions that women take in trying to stay in the workplace -- and I see it all the time -- actually end up leaving.
The bottom line is: we are all busy, and so are women.
And she starts thinking about having children, and from the moment she starts thinking about children, she tries to make room for them.
"How can you do that when you have other things to do?"
From that moment on, literally, she doesn't raise her hand.
I lose my mind
The problem is -- let's say you get pregnant on that day, on that exact day, and you're nine months into your pregnancy, you're on three months of maternity leave, you're taking six months of rest -- it's a two-year fast-forward that I've often witnessed. It's the women who start thinking long before that, when they get engaged, when they get married, when they start having children, and it can take a long time. A woman came to me about this.
From what I saw she looked a little younger,
"So you and your husband are thinking about children?"
"No, I'm not married," he says.
she didn't have a girlfriend
"Think about it much later," he said.
What I'm trying to tell you is what happens when you slowly lose positivity.
As anyone who's been through it already knows, when you have kids in your home, you have to be ready to get home from work. work is exciting
must be evaluated
You have to feel like you're doing something important
When I didn't jump to the top two years ago, the person next to me took the chance Three years ago, I got fed up with trying new things I should have kept stepping on the accelerator.
please stay till the end
in that place
Keep stepping on the gas Take a break for your kids Till the day you have to leave And it's time to make a decision
Don't make decisions too early, especially decisions you make unconsciously.
Unfortunately, the top numbers aren't likely to change in our generation.
it hasn't changed
It's highly unlikely that my generation will have 50 percent women at the top of the industry.
But I hope future generations can do it.
A world where half the countries in the world and half the companies in the world were run by women would be a better place than the world is today.
It's not just that everyone knows where the women's restroom is, but that's also a good thing.
It must be a better world.I have two children.
5 year old son and 2 year old daughter
I want my son to have the freedom to contribute to his full potential at work and at home, and I want him to have the freedom not only to surpass my daughter, but also to be liked by others for his achievements.
thank you
(applause)
I would like to talk about people who have been active in the community.
First, here's what happened in Chicago.
Brenda Palms-Ferber works to help people with criminal records rehabilitate and keep them from going back to prison.
Currently, if one person is imprisoned in prison, it costs about 6 million yen a year in taxes.
2/3 of inmates return to prison
But for every dollar you spend on early childhood education like HeadStart, you save $17 on future costs like incarceration.
Think about it, $60,000 a year can send you to Harvard.
But rather than take this step-by-step approach, Brenda took a step back and came up with an unusual solution: she created a business that makes skin care products out of honey.
It didn't really hit me
That's what it means to foster social innovations that really have potential.
She hired seemingly unemployable people to do beekeeping and honey harvesting to create a value-added product that her employees would find and sell to Whole Foods.
And how do you combine employment experience and training with essential skills like anger management and teamwork, how can you apply what you've learned to future employers, and how can you convey your desire to learn more? taught me
Less than 4% of the young people who complete Brenda's program end up in prison again.
By beekeeping, they developed a work ethic and life skills that enabled them to become good citizens.
new life begins
Now let's talk about Los Angeles, and as you know, Los Angeles has its problems.
Now I'm going to talk about water issues.
Los Angeles is almost always water-deficient, but once it rains, it rains uncontrollably.
Today, 20 percent of the energy we consume in California is mainly used to send water to Southern California.
And when it rains and the water overflows, we also spend a lot of money to drain it into the ocean.
Andy Lipkiss is trying to make Los Angeles a more livable city by connecting trees, people and technology to reduce the cost of building infrastructure around water management and heat islanding.
Trees naturally absorb rain and keep cities cool.
Think about it, do you want an air conditioner or a cool room?
Even if the means are different, the result is the same
A few years ago, the County of Los Angeles decided to spend $2.5 billion to fix public schools.
Andy and his team found out that $200,000,000 of that money would be used for asphalt maintenance around the school.
Andy and his colleagues made a strong economic case and persuaded the Los Angeles government to show that the school could save energy by planting trees and greenery instead of asphalt.
In the end, 1.8 square kilometers of asphalt was cleared and removed, air conditioning bills went down, ground levelers were hired more, energy bills were down, students and staff were healthier.
Judy Bond was born into a mining family.
in a town called Whitesville, West Virginia
It's been eight generations in a row, and I'm sure Judy holds the mine and the town's glorious history alive and well.
But the way coal is mined has changed now.In Judy's father's and grandfather's days, thousands of miners were hired to dig deep holes.
Today, about 20 people can cut down a mountain in a few months, and we'll only get a few years' worth of coal.
This method is called peak removal.
In just a few months, the mountain will look like this.
Around these places, the air becomes filled with gunpowder and coal dust.
When we visited, even though we were only there for a few hours, some of the people had weird coughs, not just miners, but ordinary people.
Judy saw the landscape destroyed and the water polluted.
As the mountains emptied out, the coal companies left, leaving more people unemployed than ever before.
But Judy realized that the potential for wind power is different for mountains that have their peaks preserved and those that have been lowered more than 2,000 feet.
Three years of dirty energy that won't produce any jobs or clean that can last for centuries and have the potential to increase technology-based expertise and efficiency and knowledge to make the most of the local winds. energy
She calculated the initial costs and total benefits, and found that it was positive for the region, for the country, for the world.
It takes longer to be profitable than mountaintop removal, but wind power is much more profitable.
Mountaintop removal brings very little money to the local community, and it makes the people in the community very miserable.
water is sticky
Many remain unemployed and face the same social problems as the unemployed in the slums: drugs and alcohol, domestic violence, teenage pregnancies and health problems.
Judy and I are deeply connected.
I am a strong friend
Her hometown is West Virginia
It's Whitesville. It's not that I want to be the title of a hip-hop song.
I'm wearing a T-shirt that Judy gave me that says 'Save Southerners in Danger' on the back.
Locals and Southerners come together and get along just fine.
But just a few months ago, Judy was diagnosed with stage 3 lung cancer.
what do you mean
The cancer has spread to his bones and brain
To think that she would be afflicted with the disease she worked so hard to protect people from.
Judy's dream of the Coal River Mountain wind farm lives on.
She may never see mountaintop wind farms.
But instead of writing a manifesto of sorts, Judy left behind a business plan to make wind power a reality.
my best friend does that
i am really proud
(Applause) The three people I spoke to don't know each other, but they have a surprising amount in common.
We're all problem solvers, and I've been lucky enough to meet and learn from a lot of people like them in my current job.
I've been very lucky to have these people featured on my program on public radio, called "The Promised Land."
They're all very practical and visionary.
We're looking at whether we're meeting the needs of society, like cosmetics, healthy schools, or electricity.
If the cheapest solution is to cut jobs, there will be unemployment, and that won't be cheap.
The unemployed are the most expensive citizens, and poverty persists across generations, including wounded veterans from the Middle East and those released from prison.
According to the Department of Veterans Affairs, veterans in particular have seen a six-fold increase in psychotropic drug use since 2003.
there will be more to come
They're not the most numerous, but they're the most expensive people, and they're also more prone to domestic violence, drug and alcohol addiction, poor academic performance in children, and stress-related health problems.
The three people I've talked to know how to effectively move money through the local economy, meeting the needs of existing markets while alleviating existing social problems and preventing new problems from emerging.
There are many other examples like this
One of the problems is waste management and unemployment.
Even in this age of recycling, there are still many things that can be reused that are thrown away.
And the waste ends up in poor areas
There's this thing called eco-industrial business, which in Europe is called eco-industrial parks, where one company's waste is turned into another's raw material, or the recycled material is turned into a product that can be used and sold. doing
We can create local markets and incentives for recycled materials to be used as raw materials for manufacturing.
My hometown, the Bronx, tried to start something like that, but the mayor wanted to build a prison there.
We wanted to create a lot of jobs, so it took a long time, but luckily the city's plan to build a prison,
has been discontinued
Another problem is unhealthy diet and unemployment.
Poor urban American workers do not benefit economically from our current food system.
Today's food system relies too much on transportation and chemical fertilizers, uses a lot of water and requires refrigeration.
Giant farmers pollute waterways and land, and produce extremely unhealthy crops, leading to high medical costs and low productivity.
Urban farming is getting a lot of attention these days, but much of it is gardening.
because it doesn't create enough jobs or food
What I'm working on now is connecting urban agriculture with the rural food system. I want to quickly stop shipping 5,000 kilograms of salads. local producers using local production capacity and indoor growing facilities to create national brands of urban-grown produce.
This allows us to support seasonal farmers in urban areas who cannot afford year-round production.
Instead of competing with rural farmers, they complement each other.
It leads to a viable, economically viable food system.
The goal is to create a network of jobs in rural areas while meeting the needs of urban facilities such as hospitals, seniors' clubs, schools and daycares.
This is my smart infrastructure
How we manage the environment we take for granted affects our health and well-being on a daily basis.
Municipalities, both rural and urban, lead the development of infrastructure, not only in terms of waste disposal and energy demand, but also social costs such as unemployment and school dropout rates, incarceration rates and various aspects of public health.
With smart infrastructure, municipalities can manage both infrastructure and social needs at a lower cost.
We want to make it possible for people who were financial burdens to become tax bearers.
By increasing local jobs and creating smart infrastructure, business models can be created that stabilize local economies.
You know what I'm talking about
There seems to be some sort of current
I didn't create it, and it didn't happen by accident.
It's happening all over America, and it's growing.
we should all be involved in it
It's vital to America's recovery.
I call it hometown safety
We're reeling and frightened by the recession, but there's also been a very encouraging atmosphere these days.
The realization that the key to our own resurrection is ourselves
Now is the time for us to return to our communities, think locally, and act locally.
If we do that, our neighbors, our neighboring states, our neighboring countries will do the same.
Global is the accumulation of regions
Hometown security is about rebuilding our natural defenses to put people to work and restore nature.
It's not about destroying foreign wealth, it's about creating local wealth.
Solving social and environmental problems at the same time, in the same way, will save a lot of money, create wealth, and create a safer society.
Inspirational and better solutions are being created across America.
What we need to do now is find and support more of these efforts.
Home security is self-help, but charity doesn't start at home, as the old saying goes.
I recently read a book called "Leadership of Love"
It's a book about leading this world that seems to be driven by fear.
It got me thinking about what leadership is.
my father was a great man in many ways
I grew up in the segregated South, survived some really tough times, lynchings, and all sorts of hardships, and built a sturdy home to dedicate to my family and friends who fell along the way.
But like everyone else, my father had problems.
(Laughter) I was an avid gambler, to my father.
The saying, "Charity starts at home," was that my payday and my family's payday just so happened to coincide with my dad's lucky day.
to help my father
There were times when I lent my father the money I saved from my part-time job after school or during the summer vacation.When my father won big, he always said that he would pay it back with interest.
Believe it or not, my dad actually won big at a race track in Los Angeles in the 1940s.
Earned 1.5 million yen in cash and bought a house
It's not that I'm not happy
But I felt a duty to my father, and I grew up.
I'm a grown woman now, and I've learned a few things.
To me, charity is just about giving. People should give, and they always have, give until it hurts.
Giving is something that grows out of it to make what you've been given stronger. It's not about asking for more giving the next year.
Over the years, we've seen instances where the good intentions that are supposed to support and empower a community actually keep people in the same, if not worse, situation.
Over the last 20 years, record amounts of charity have been spent on social problems, but educational outcomes, malnutrition, incarceration, obesity, diabetes, and income inequality have all deteriorated, with a few exceptions, especially infants, among the poor. Mortality has gone up a lot, but our society is also a great place.
I know a little bit about these issues, because I've been in the non-profit industrial complex all my life, and I'm also a returning business owner, just two years old.
(Laughter) In the meantime, I've come to realize that starting and developing projects at the local level is what really helps the community.
I really struggled financially.
The more successful we were, the less support we received from the Foundation.
The last year I stood on the TED stage and became a MacArthur Foundation Fellow, everyone thought we had reached the end of the road.
But in reality, one-third of my firm's deficit was covered by my speaking fees.
I think my program was a little ahead of its time in the beginning.
But then, a park that was just a pile of garbage turned into this place after a TED2006 talk.
I actually got married in this park
around here
This is my dog ​​who led the ceremony.
The South Bronx Greenway was just a concept in 2006.
After that, I received the 5 billion yen that was prepared as an economic package, and this is what I looked like.
I love construction and I can see this happening
I want everyone to understand the critical importance of turning charity into business.
My company helps communities across the country realize that they have the potential to improve people's lives.
The safety of my hometown is my next challenge.
What we need are people who invest in local businesses, working with local players to identify growth trends and adaptations to the environment, while also understanding the growing social costs of traditional businesses. I want
Together, we must nourish the land, fix the power system, and heal ourselves.
Let's stop building shopping malls, prisons, stadiums, and other things that represent all the mistakes we've made.
It's time to create living people who connect with hope and possibility.
Thank you very much
(applause)
Well, let me start with this story: Two years ago, an event manager called me and said I was going to a speech event.
She said on the phone, "I'm having trouble with how to write your introduction on the guide."
"What is the problem?" "Considering from your speech
I'm a researcher, but if you think that if I introduce you to a researcher, no one will come, and you think it's boring and unrelated." (Laughter)
"Okay then?"
She continued, "But your charm lies in your ability to talk.
That's why I'd like to call you a storyteller."
As a researcher, I wondered, "What?"
"Storyteller"
"Why aren't you a wizard fairy?"
(Laughter) I said, "Let me think about it."
I tried to summon my courage
And I thought, Am I a storyteller?
But I'm doing qualitative research
My job is to collect stories.
I guess you could say that soulful data is a story
After all, I'm a storyteller
"Then how about this?
Researcher and Storyteller"
"That's impossible," he laughed.
(Laughter) So I'm a researcher and a storyteller, and today I'm going to talk about expanding our perspectives. changed the way
This was the beginning
When I was a young researcher, a first-year doctoral student, my supervisor said to everyone, "I mean, there's nothing you can't measure."
I doubted that you were just saying nice things.
he was confident
By the way, I had a bachelor's and a master's degree in social work, and I was about to complete my Ph.
I've been surrounded. I'm more than them. Life is messy.
(Laughter) That's my way of life, and I think that's my vocation, and one of the things that people often say in social work is to surrender to the pain of your job.
Rather, I've shaken off the pain of my job, pushed it aside, and cleaned it all up.
I was such a doctrine
So these words made me excited
Again, I thought, this is my vocation, and I'm interested in silly stories.
I want to do something about it
I want to understand
I wanted to organize these important things in a way that everyone could understand.
So I started researching from "relationships."
After 10 years of working as a social worker, I've come to realize that relationships are the reason we live.
Relationships give life purpose and meaning.
Relationships are like that
Anyone involved in social justice, mental health, abuse and neglect knows that relevance, the ability to feel connected, is a neurophysiologically validated ability that's why we live.
So I thought I'd start my research with relationships.
You can imagine a situation where your boss explains your evaluation to you. He talks about your 37 achievements, and then he talks about "room to grow."
(Laughter) I can't get that room to grow out of my head.
In the course of my research, the same thing happened, because when you ask someone about love, they talk about heartbreak.
When asked about their sense of belonging, they talked about the terrible experience of being cold-hearted instead.
When you ask about relationships, what they tell you is when relationships don't work out.
Six weeks into it, I found myself in this situation of what I don't know what to call it, and I was able to fully understand the relationships in a way I had never understood or experienced before.
I thought I needed to take a step back from my research and figure out what this was.
In the end it turned out to be a "shame"
Shame is easy to understand as the fear of being unrelated, and I can see it in myself when I imagine being thought unworthy of being in a relationship.
So it's universal and everyone has it.
Conversely, people who do not experience shame cannot have connection and empathy.
No one wants to talk about shame, but if you don't talk about it, it's even bigger.
This feeling of shame, the feeling that you're not good enough, that we all know, is that you're not perfect, you're not slim, you're not rich, you're not beautiful, you're not great, and so on.
It's an intolerable fragility that gives rise to these feelings.
Because in order to have a relationship, we have to expose ourselves.
My Thoughts on Fragility - Because I Hate It
I thought it would be a good chance to reexamine the fragility of my heart with a ruler.
I'm gonna figure this out I'll spend a year tearing it apart I'll figure out how it works And one day I'll beat it
I was ready and I was really into it
But as you can guess, it didn't work
(Laughter) I understand.
I want to talk more about shame, but I don't have enough time.
But ultimately, this discovery is the most important thing I've learned in the last decade or so of research.
What was supposed to be a year turned into six years, thousands of stories, lengthy interviews and focus group studies.
One time someone sent me a magazine article or a story of their own experience, and in six years it turned into thousands of data points.
That's how I got the clue
I can also say that I understand what shame is and how it works.
I wrote a book, I published a theory, but something was missing, and what it was was that I randomly chose the people I interviewed, and some of them were self-worthy. To make a distinction, what the former lacked was a sense of self-worth. Some people have a sense of love and belonging, while others struggle with it and wonder if they're okay with it.
People who felt strongly loved differed in one way from those who struggled with love and relationships.
It's just this: people who feel a deep affection and connection believe themselves to be worthy of love.
that's the difference
i believe i am worth it
What makes people so intolerant of being in a disconnected situation is the fear that they're unworthy of being in a relationship, so I think we need to understand this, both personally and professionally. rice field
So I picked out interviews of people who have a sense of self-worth and who live by it, and pored over these.
What do you see in common?
I'm a bit of a stationery junkie -- but that's another story.
With my manila folder and felt-tip pen in hand, I wondered what to call this study.
And then a word came to mind, and it is "as it is."
In other words, people who live with a sense of self-worth.
So I wrote this at the beginning of my manila folder, and I started looking at the data.
So that's what I did first, four days of intensive data analysis, looking back at past interviews, stories, events.
what is the theme? what is the pattern?
My husband took the kids and ran away from home, because when I'm writing, I'm in scientist mode, Jackson Pollock kind of work.
Tell me what you found there
What they had in common was courage.
Bravery and bravery are two different things here.
Courage, which originally came into English from the Latin word "cor," which means heart, and its original definition is to speak oneself as one is.
These people had the courage to accept imperfection.
And they're kind to themselves, and they're kind to others, because if you can't be kind to yourself, you can't be kind to others.
And these people also had relationships, and here's where it gets tricky, because as a result of being true to yourself, you've given up on what you should be in order to accept yourself as you are. It is absolutely necessary for
The other common denominator was this: they had embraced their fragility.
They believe that what makes their hearts fragile makes them beautiful.
We're not saying that fragility is comfortable or that it's hurting us.
I say it's necessary
The courage to confess that I love you
About the eagerness to do something without any guarantee of success
He also talks about his will to live after a mammogram, preparing for the doctor's announcement.
Whether it works or not, I want to devote myself to the relationship.
I just think it's essential.
For me this was a betrayal
I could no longer believe that I had once pledged allegiance to doing research. Research is about controlling, predicting, and studying phenomena that are done with a clear purpose: controlling or predicting. is
But the answer that emerges as a result of following the mandate of control and anticipation is a way of life that embraces the fragility of the heart, and that it tells us to give up control and anticipation.
This was a bit of a setback.
(Laughter) I took it as a setback.
my therapist took it as an eye opening
Eye-opening sounds better than frustration, but it was still a frustration for me.
I decided to stop researching and find a therapist.
As an aside, you know this situation, you call your friend and say, "I need someone to talk to.
Don't you have someone to play with? It is a situation to say
In my case, five of my friends said, "Well, if I were you, I'd be your therapist."
(Laughter) "What does that mean?"
"Like I said, you know what I mean?
Don't come in with a ruler."
"Yes yes"
That's how I found a therapist.
When I first met Diana, my therapist, I handed her a list of people as they were and sat down.
Her first question is, "How are you?"
"I'm fine. I'm fine."
"What's wrong?"—
She's a therapist's therapist.
(Laughter) So I said, "In short, I'm in pain."
"What is that suffering?"
"I have a problem with the fragility of the heart,
I know that fragility is at the core of my shame, my fear, my suffering about self-worth, but it also seems to be the root of joy, creation, belonging, love, and all that sort of thing.
That's my problem and I need help."
And he continued, "But--home problems,
I don't care about my childhood." (Laughter) "I just need a strategy."
(Laughter) (Applause) Thank you.
her reaction was
(Laughter) So — "This is hard, isn't it?"
"It's not a question of whether it's hard or not."
(Laughter) "It's just the way it is."
"This must be serious."
(Laughter) Yes, and some of it wasn't.
took about a year
Do you know how people embrace and step in when they realize that vulnerability and kindness matter?
A: "I'm not" or B: "I don't want to hang out with people like that."
(Laughter) It's been a yearlong battle for me.
it was a hard fight
The fragility of the heart pushed me, I pushed it back
I lost the battle, but I got my life back
So I resumed my research, and I spent the next two years trying to re-understand the choices people make as they are, and how we deal with our fragility.
Why do we suffer so much?
Am I the only one who suffers from a fragile heart?
-wrong
yes - that's what i learned
For example, when we're waiting for an announcement, we're paralyzing our fragility.
Interestingly, how do you define fragility on Twitter and Facebook?
What makes you feel fragile? and
I posed the question and got 150 replies in an hour and a half.
I wanted to know what kind of response you would get
When you're sick and you have to ask your husband for help and you're newlyweds When you ask your husband out for sex When you ask your wife out for sex When you're depressed When you ask him out on a date When you're waiting to hear from your doctor When you get fired When you're fired when ordering
this is the world we live in
We live in a world full of fragility
And one way to deal with emotional fragility is to numb it.
And the proof of that is that there's an event that this isn't the only cause, but that it's a big cause of, that we're the most prolific in American history.
I'm drowning in debt and I'm fat
It's a population that has a lot of addictions and relies on medication.
In fact, research has shown that humans can't selectively numb their emotions.
Because "this is the cause of evil"-
Because this cannot be identified as fragility, sadness, shame, fear, disappointment, etc.
I want to avoid these feelings
I'm going to have a few beers and a banana nut muffin.
(Laughter) I just want to avoid those feelings.
You must be laughing because you remember yourself
It's my job to hack your life.
right?
(Laughter) You can't numb these painful feelings without numbing your emotions.
can't be selectively paralyzed
So when you numb those feelings, you also numb your joy, your gratitude, your happiness.
And then I feel miserable As I search for life's purpose and meaning, I soon find myself feeling fragile So I drink beer and eat banana nut muffins
it becomes a dangerous cycle
We also have to think about why and how to paralyze.
Paralyze even if you don't become addicted to something
In addition, we try to make sure everything that is inherently uncertain.
Religion has already moved from belief in faith and mystery to certainty.
I'm right and you're wrong shut up
that's all
Everything that is certain The more you fear, the more fragile your heart becomes
it also evokes fear
this is like politics today
controversy no longer exists
dialogue does not exist
there is only accusation
How do you perceive criticism in your research?
A way to release pain and discomfort
we aim for perfection
If you aim for that, you'll end up like me, and it won't work
For perfection, they're taking fat from their buttocks and putting it on their cheeks.
(Laughter) I hope people in 100 years from now will be stunned when they look back.
(Laughter) And we're dangerously demanding perfection from our children.
talk about children
Children are suffering from the moment they are born.
It's not right to say things like this when you're holding a baby, look, she's perfect.
I'm going to keep this kid perfect, put him on the tennis team by fifth grade, and make him into Yale by seventh grade.
you don't have to say that
All you have to do is say, "You're not perfect. You're in pain, but you deserve love and belonging."
that's what we should do
If our children were raised that way, we should be able to solve today's problems.
We pretend that what we do doesn't affect other people.
I do that in my personal life as well.
We also do it as an organization, whether it's relief or oil spills.
whether it be a recall
We pretend that our actions don't have a significant impact on others.
you should tell the company
I know I'm not perfect, so I'll tell you the truth, and I apologize.
please tell me
Or there's another way.
Exposing yourself from the bottom of your heart, exposing the fragility of your heart
And to love for what it is, even if there's no guarantee of success, even if it's very painful, especially as a parent, it's excruciatingly difficult, and practicing gratitude and joy, even in moments of fear. Even in times of hesitation - can you love your partner that much?
can you believe so ardently
Even when I ask myself, can I be so intense about this?
Don't make a fuss, just stop and say, how wonderful it is to feel this fragility is what it means to be alive.
And finally, I think the most important thing is to believe that you're fine with yourself.
Because by working from this place where I can say I'm fine
Because I believe that we can stop yelling and listen, be kinder and gentler to those around us, and be kinder and gentler to ourselves.
Thank you very much
(applause)
thank you all for today
So first, let me introduce my co-author, friend and colleague.
Ken and I have worked together for almost 40 years.
That's Ken Sharp
-- (Applause) Now, I'm sure many of you here, myself included, have some kind of collective dissatisfaction with the way things are and the way society's institutions are run.
the teacher is spoiling the children
Doctors don't know their patients and don't give them time.
You can't trust bankers or brokers.
they are causing the financial crisis
And even in our own work, we are forced to choose between doing what we think is right, doing what is expected of us, doing what is required of us, doing what is profitable.
So everywhere we look, there's so much to think about, and it's worrying that the people we rely on most of the time aren't actually thinking for us.
And even if they do, they don't understand us, and they don't recognize what we should be doing to serve our interests.
you don't know us
there's no time to know
There are two types of reactions to these common complaints.
When things go wrong, the first reaction is, "We need to make more rules."
"In order to maintain order in the classroom, teachers should be given a script. Even if they don't know what they are doing and don't care about the well-being of the children, as long as they follow the script, the children's education is guaranteed."
"The judge should be given a list of sentences to determine the sentence, so that there is no need to leave it to the judge's judgment.
Instead, all you have to do is check the list to see which verdict corresponds to which crime."
“There should be limits on the interest and fees charged by credit companies.”
Rule after rule is made to protect us from that indifference, but we don't care about the institutions that surround us.
Or maybe there's more than just rules to consider if there really is a proper reward. In fact, even if the people around us don't want to serve our interests, serving those interests benefits them too. There is -- even if it comes from selfishness, rewards are magical and get people to do the right thing.
So if a student scores a passing score on an academic test that measures the quality of a school, the teacher gets a bonus.
Rules and rewards - it's like candy and sticks
In the wake of the recent financial crisis, we've put in place a number of rules to regulate the financial industry.
The Dodd-Frank bill, the Consumer Financial Protection Agency, which is unofficially headed by Elizabeth Warren.
These rules might really improve the way the financial industry works.
you will know now
In addition, it's difficult to create the right rewards for people in financial services, so that they're driven to create long-term benefits, at least for their own companies, rather than short-term gains.
So people will do the right things, even if they're just finding the right rewards, even if they're self-centered, and if they can come up with the right rules and regulations, they won't run over the edge.
Ken and I both see that we need to get the bankers under control.
If there's anything we can learn from the financial crisis, it's this.
And what I'm going to say, I believe, and I've said in my book, is that there are no rules, no matter how detailed, specific, carefully monitored and enforced, that will get us what we want. is
Because bankers are smart
Like low-flowing water, we find flaws in every rule.
Let's say, for example, that we want to identify why the financial system collapsed, and create rules to ensure that it never happens again.
It's naive to think that just by severing the root of this crisis, we're eliminating all the causes of the financial crisis.
A financial crisis for another reason awaits them, and they marvel at their stupidity in not being able to avoid it.
What we really need is not better rules, good and sensible rewards, but virtue, dignity.
someone who wants to do the right thing
that's what you need
And the most needed virtue is what Aristotle called phronesis, practical knowledge.
Practical knowledge is the moral will to do the right thing, the moral skill to find the right thing to do.
Aristotle was interested in observing the workmanship of craftsmen, and when they—
He was impressed by the way he was able to come up with new ways to solve new problems he didn't anticipate, on the fly.
For example, when he saw stonemasons working on Lesbos, they wanted to measure the circumference of a cylinder --
Think about it, it's pretty hard to measure the girth of a cylinder, isn't it?
what happened to them?
as a new solution they
He invented a flexible ruler, what we call today a tape measure, which is a flexible ruler, a flexible ruler.
Aristotle thought that when craftsmen measured a cylinder, it was sometimes necessary to bend an existing ruler, and likewise --
He understood that it was necessary to bend the ruler even in order to get along with people.
Dealing with others requires flexibility not included in existing scales.
Smart people know when and how
I know how to improvise
In our view - those smart people are jazz musicians and the rules are -
It's like the notes on a sheet of music, and that's where you start playing, and when you're playing off-the-sheet, you're creating a great combination of that moment with that band member.
According to Aristotle, the flexible application of these rules, the application of rules to exceptions, and the improvisational solutions found in craftsmen are what it takes to become skilled and ethical craftsmen.
And almost all interactions with people require this kind of flexibility.
Smart people know when to bend the rules
I also know when to improvise
And, importantly, smart people do these things for the proper purpose.
If you bend the rules or improvise for yourself, you're mercilessly manipulating others.
So it's important that we do this wise practice not for ourselves, but for others.
So the will to do the right thing is just as important as the moral skills of improvisation and handling exceptions.
All that constitutes practical knowledge, as Aristotle conceived it, is great virtue.
Let me give you a concrete example of practical knowledge here.
Michael's case
michael is young
with low wages
I had a wife and a child, and the child went to parochial school.
One day he lost his job.
He panicked about how he was going to support his family.
One night he got a little too drunk and pointed a taxi driver at gunpoint.
stole $50
it was just a toy gun
he was arrested and tried
found guilty
Under Pennsylvania guidelines, this type of crime carries a minimum sentence of two years in prison.
The judge on this occasion, Louis Four, thought that was not the case.
because he's a first offender
I feel responsible as a husband and father.
because I was in a difficult situation
If things continue like this, the family will collapse.
The judge thought about it and sentenced him to 11 months in prison on the spot, and not only that, but he also allowed him to go to work every day.
- spend the night in jail and the day work
he complied with the judgment
I repaid the stolen money and found a new job.
family was safe
They seemed to be on their way to a decent life, and it seemed as though a wise judge's well-placed impromptu judgment would lead to a happy ending.
But the prosecutor in charge didn't like the judge's ignorance of the guidelines and devised his own sentence, so he appealed.
and sought a sentence for armed robbery.
what he had was a toy gun
Armed robbery has a minimum sentence of five years in prison.
The prosecutor's appeal was accepted
Michael was sentenced to five years in prison.
the judge had to obey the law
By the way, this appeal was after serving a previously finalized sentence, and he was released and working to support his family, but he's back in prison.
The judge did what was required, but eventually resigned.
michael has gone missing
This is an example of knowledge destroyed by knowledge put into practice and rules enacted to make things better.
Now consider the case of Mr. Dewey.
Mr. Dewey is an elementary school teacher in Texas.
One day, I heard about a consultant who improves test scores, and when a large number of students achieve passing scores on tests, the school is classified as an elite school.
Every Texas school is competing to achieve this, and if you win, you get bonuses and other benefits.
My consultant advised me, first, that you can pass the exam on your own - don't waste your time on your kids.
Also, don't waste time on kids who won't pass their exams no matter how hard they try.
Finally, don't waste time on new transfer students who can't count scores.
Give your borderline child time and attention anyway.The borderline child may reach the passing grade depending on your intervention.
Dewey shook his head in despair, while the other teachers nodded and encouraged each other.
The surrounding atmosphere is like starting to play soccer
She didn't become a teacher for this reason.
Now, both Ken and I know that people need rules.
and I need a reward
I have to live
But the problem with relying on rules and rewards is that it discourages professional behavior. It undermines it in two ways.
First of all, it destroys the people who engage in activities.
Examples include Judge Four and Miss Dewey.
It also spoils the activity itself.
The practice itself and the people who engage in it fail.
Using rewards to induce appropriate behavior creates reward-dependent people.
In other words, it creates people who can only move by reward.
What's remarkable here is that it's been known to psychologists for 30 years.
We've known about the negative consequences of compensation systems for 30 years.
For example, if you reward a child to draw a picture, they will lose interest in drawing and will only care about the reward.
If you reward reading, you don't care about the content, you just care about the time.
If teachers are rewarded according to the performance of their children, they will stop teaching and focus only on test preparation.
In our current system, where the more a doctor treats, the more they get paid, the more procedures they do.
If you're rewarded for doing less, you'll do less.
Of course, what people want from doctors is to do the right amount for the right reason, to literally serve their patients.
Psychologists have been aware of this for decades, and believe that politicians should listen to themselves as well as economists.
it doesn't have to be this way
Both Ken and I believe there is a source of hope there.
In the midst of these practices, we find what we might call "wise outlaws."
These people find ways to circumvent or subvert those rules, even in systems that demand adherence to rules and are rewarded to guide them.
Teachers who know that following a script will keep children from learning
We use those scripts at double speed to create a little bit of extra time for a really meaningful lesson.
So these people are everyday heroes, they are worthy of admiration.
So "wise outlaws" are necessary, but it will be difficult for even those people to sustain it indefinitely.
And people like "system changers" are much more reliable.
They don't aspire to escape the rules and regulations of the system, they aspire to transform the system, which comes up in our discussion.
There's one judge named Robert Russell.
I worked on the case of Gary Petungill.
Petungil was a 23-year-old veteran who chose the military as his career, but was forced to retire after suffering a serious back injury in Iraq.
I had a wife and before I had my third child.In addition to a sore back, I was suffering from PTSD and nightmares.I started using marijuana to alleviate those conditions.
Because of my back injury, I was only able to work part-time and didn't earn enough money to feed my family.
So he started selling marijuana
eventually arrested
Families were evicted from apartments, welfare authorities tried to separate children from their parents.
Based on standard procedures, it would appear that the only way out would be to treat him as a drug offense and give him a harsh prison sentence.
But this judge had an alternative
he was in a special court
It's called the Veterans Court
This court is the oldest such court in the United States.
Judge Russell is the founder of this court.
We only try veterans who have broken the law here.
The judge created that court because the law determined the sentencing without the judgment of the judge.
No one wants to put "nonviolent offenders" in prison, especially nonviolent offenses of veterans.
I wanted to do something about the conveyor belt of judgment that is so well known in the criminal justice system.
So in this court, we try to treat each crime individually, to get to the heart of the matter, to make decisions that help criminals reintegrate into society, and to remember them even after they've been sentenced.
We follow along, follow the plan, and continue to make sure that we can overcome difficulties and rehabilitate.
These courts are in 22 cities.
Why did this idea spread?
For one thing, Judge Russell has tried 108 veterans in this court through February of this year, and you can imagine how many of those 108 have been sent to prison by the judicial belt. mosquito?
there is no single person
I think we all want to have a criminal justice system with a record like this.
Let's talk about another fascinating changemaker
A banker who founded a for-profit regional bank is encouraging his employees to lend to help low-income customers -- it's hard to believe.
The bank helped rebuild the economy of a dying region.
By general standards, these borrowers are high risk, but their default rates are extremely low.
the bank made a profit
Bankers stand by their debtors
Instead of taking out a loan and then selling the bond
offer a loan
Make sure the debtor pays off
Banking used to be nothing like it's been in the news these days.
Even Goldman Sachs used to be a customer-first business before it turned into a self-first company.
It didn't have to be, and it doesn't have to be
And this is the medical world, too, where some Harvard doctors are working to transform medical education to ameliorate the phenomena of humanitarian deviance and lack of empathy peculiar to medical students.
Third-year medical students were tasked with caring for patients throughout the year.
Patients aren't organ systems, they're not diseases, they're flesh and blood.
To be a good doctor, you need to deal with real people, not just sick people.
In addition to this, there will be a generation of doctors who can consult with each other about many things, and the professors will guide the students, and as a result, they will be able to face the patients.
hope to appear
There are many examples on today's topic
Each suggests the potential to nurture and make each profession faithful to its mission—a "proper purpose," as Aristotle called it.
We believe this is what professionals need
people want to be virtuous
I also want to be qualified to do the right thing
I don't want to go home every day and wash away all the moral filth in the shower.
Aristotle believed that practical knowledge was the key to happiness, and he was right.
There's a lot of research going on in psychology today about what makes people happy, and what they've found are two things that may come as a shock to some of you, but they have a lot to do with happiness. is love and work
Love is getting along well with the people around you, the group you belong to.
Work is engaging in meaningful and satisfying activities.
If your relationships are going well and your work is meaningful and satisfying, that's enough.
It takes wisdom to love and do a good job.
Rules and rewards don't tell you how to be a good friend, a good parent, a good spouse, a good doctor, a good lawyer, a good teacher.
Rules and rewards are no substitute for wisdom
There is no substitute for wisdom - that is our claim
And practical knowledge does not require a professional to act heroically or sacrifice himself.
Practical knowledge tells us the will and the skill to do the right thing for others, and it also tells us the will and the skill to do the right thing for ourselves.
thank you
- the venue (applause)
My big ideas are very, very small, but they can unlock the millions of bigger ideas that lie dormant within us.
That little idea is sleep.
(Laughter) (Applause) Many of you in this room
The type of woman who works hard She is a woman who tends to be sleep deprived
I learned the importance of sleep first hand
Two and a half years ago, I passed out from exhaustion.
I hit my head on the desk and broke my cheekbone
5 stitches above right eye
So I embarked on a journey to rediscover the importance of sleep.
I'd like to share with you what I've learned from meeting doctors and scientists along this journey: getting enough sleep is what makes life more productive, exciting, and joyful.
(Applause) We women are at the helm of this new revolution.
(Laughter) (Applause) Unfortunately, for men, sleep deprivation has become a symbol of masculinity.
I had dinner with a man the other day, and he boasted that he had only slept four hours the night before.
I didn't say it, but I was thinking to myself, "What?
(Laughter) Lack of sleep seems to be all the rage these days.
Especially when I'm on a breakfast date here in Washington and ask, "How about 8 o'clock?"
Most of the time, it's like, "Eight o'clock is too late, okay, I'll play tennis, finish the conference call, and see you at eight o'clock."
By saying this, they think they're super busy and super productive, but that's a misconception, because there are a lot of great leaders in business, in finance, in politics, who make crazy decisions.
A high I.Q. doesn't necessarily make a good leader. Leaders need to be able to spot the iceberg before the Titanic hits it.
We've hit Titanic with an incredible number of icebergs.
If Lehman Brothers had been Lehman Brothers &
(Applause.) While all the brothers (men) are busy working 24-hour days without a break, Sister (woman) may have noticed the iceberg. because you can see
We have a lot of problems in the world right now, and what's good for each of us is to bring more joy, more gratitude, more fulfillment into our lives, and to do our best in our careers, and that's what makes the world a better place.
So I urge you all to close your eyes, find a great idea that sleeps within, turn off your engines and discover the power of sleep.
thank you
(applause)
Some of you may have heard in the Qur'an that there are 72 virgins waiting for you in heaven.
In fact, here in the northeastern United States, we live very close to the paradise that the Qur'an preaches, and the Qur'an says 36 times, "Gardens watered by flowing rivers."
Living in a boathouse on Lake Union, that's true for me.
But why don't you all know this?
It seems that many sincere non-Muslims who read the Qur'an for the first time and gave up halfway through are puzzled by its foreignness.
Historian Thomas Carlyle has recognized Muhammad as the world's hero, but he has criticized the Qur'an as "a tedious and incomprehensible jumble, in addition to being the most difficult to read ever."
(Laughter) The problem here, I think, is that we think we can read the Koran like we normally read it, and it's something that you can read casually on a rainy afternoon with popcorn in your hand... the Koran is God. It's like saying God is just a bestselling author, forgetting that it's a revelation to Muhammad from
But the fact that few people actually read the Qur'an makes it easy to quote, and that's misquoting.
Excerpted phrases are taken out of context, highlighted, and accepted by both Islamic fundamentalists and anti-Muslims.
Last spring, I was preparing to write a biography of Muhammad, and I came to the conclusion that I needed to read the Qur'an as correctly as possible.
My Arabic proficiency was declining to the point where I needed a dictionary, so I picked up four famous translations and decided to read them side by side, verse by verse, comparing the translation to the original 7th-century Arabic version. went
I was in an advantageous position
The last book I wrote was about the Shiite-Sunni split, and I had studied early Islamic history in depth, so I knew the events and frameworks that the Quran constantly cited.
I knew I was just a Quranic traveler. I knew, I had experience, but I was still an outsider, a Jew reading the scriptures of other religions with anguish.
(Laughter) So I read slowly.
(Laughter) I decided to spend three weeks working on this project.
On the way, I want to skip to the short, clear and mysterious chapter at the end of the book.
But every time I think I've finally grasped the Quran's door handle, I feel like I get it, but I forget it overnight, and come back the next morning wondering where I've gone.
It's a familiar landscape
The Quran is said to be a revision of the Pentateuch and the Gospels, so one-third
Biblical figures Abraham Moses Joseph Marie Jesus Reenactment of the story
God Himself, as evidenced by his early manifestations as Yahweh, is jealous and claims to be the one and only God.
Camels, mountains, wells in the desert, descriptions of water sources reminded me of those years when I wandered through the Sinai desert.
And as for the language, its rhythmic cadence reminded me of nights when Bedouin elders recited narrative poems for hours.
And so I began to understand why only the Quran written in Arabic is truly the Koran.
Taking the Fatihah verse as an example, the introduction is a combination of seven verses, "The Lord's Prayer" and "Hear, O Israel."
In Arabic, it's 29 letters, but in translation it's somewhere between 65 and 72 letters.
It seems that the more characters there are, the more vague the information.
Arabic has a sound quality that is like a spell, like a hypnosis, that you should listen with your heart rather than read it with your head.
Arabic is the music that comes into your ears and plays on your tongue only when you speak it.
So the English version of the Qur'an is kind of like the original illusion, or "Quran interpretation," as Arthur Arbery called it.
But not all information is lost in translation.
As the Koran says, patience is prized. There are many amazing things written, such as environmental awareness, and the fact that humans are only stewards of God's creation, which is inconsistent with the Bible.
The Bible speaks exclusively to men by using masculine second and third person pronouns. In the Qur'an, women are included, for example, believing men, believing women, noble men, noble women.
Or the infamous verse Murder of the Infidels
This is certainly written, but the context is quite constrained: fighting is generally prohibited in what is considered the realm of the holy city of Mecca.
The permission is conditional
It's not 'Kill the unbelievers in Mecca', but they are only allowed to kill when the grace period expires, and without any other promises, and the road to the Kaaba is blocked and attacked. only if
And yet -- God is merciful and His forgiveness is infinite -- so it's essentially better not to kill.
(Laughter) This was probably the biggest surprise: how flexible is the Qur'an, at least in that it's not fundamentally inflexible.
“Some clauses are definite in meaning,” and “Others are ambiguous.”
A wicked mind seeks ambiguous expressions and tries to create discord by imposing its own interpretation.
Only God knows the true meaning."
Every once in a while, the verse that says, "God is elusive," comes up. Indeed, the entire Quran is vague, much more subtle than many of us think, and in small ways.
The story of the paradise that the virgin awaits is one such example.
Outdated 'oriental style' appears here
The word that appears four times is ``Fuly,'' which translates to dark-eyed, plump-breasted maiden, or busty virgin.
There is only one word in the original Arabic version, "Fuly."
It doesn't say plump breasts or big breasts
(Laughter) Maybe that's how we call pure angelic beings, or the Greek word kouros or kore, eternal youth.
But no one really knows
this is the point
The Koran clearly states that being reborn in Heaven is being reborn into something else that you don't know about, and I find this to be much more appealing than the virgins.
(Laughter) And the number 72 is nowhere to be found.
There are no 72 virgins in the Quran.
This theory came about 300 years later, and most Muslim scholars interpret the huri as being similar to a winged man playing a harp on a cloud.
It's the opposite of paradise
Not virginity, fertility, nourishing in the flowing waters full of vitality
it's a garden
thank you
(applause)
I'm a surgeon who studies creativity, and I've never had a patient who said, "Be creative during surgery," which is a little ironic.
That said, having had a number of surgeries, I feel that surgery has something in common with playing an instrument.
A deep and enduring fascination with sound led me to become a surgeon and research into the science of sound, especially music.
In the next few minutes, I'm going to talk about my career, how I actually study music, and how the brain is creative.
Most of the research was done at Johns Hopkins University and at the National Institutes of Health, where I used to be, looking back at some of the experiments.
Here are three experiments with music.
I'm going to show you a video first, and this is a famous jazz improviser.
It's a video of Keith Jarrett taking his improvisation to the next level.
You improvise and you never play the same thing twice, so I think it's a great example of intense creativity.
let's watch the video
(Playing) This improvisation is really amazing and amazing, as an audience, as a fan.
I am always moved when I hear this
What makes this possible?
How does the brain generate so much information and so much sound at the same time?
Creativity in art is like magic, but it's not magic. I followed this idea and approached the problem scientifically, which means that creativity comes from the brain.
In this line of thinking, creativity in art is a neural product, and I believe that we can study this phenomenon in the same way that we study other complex neural processes, as shown on the slide as a subproblem.
Is it really possible to study creativity scientifically?
i think this is a good question
Most of the scientific studies of music are very esoteric, and it's hard to find music in those studies.
In fact, the study of music has no musicality at all, it misses the point of music.
And then comes the second question: why should we scientists study creativity?
we may not be the right person
Maybe so, but let me tell you from a scientific point of view, even though we're going to talk about a lot of scientific innovations today, we still know very little about how the brain makes innovation possible. We know very little about how people can be creative.
I think that in the next 10, 20, 30 years, the science of creativity will really take off and blossom, because we now have new ways of scrutinizing processes like complex jazz improvisation. This is the brain.
we all have this amazing brain
It is difficult to say that it has been clarified yet.
Neurologists have far more questions than answers, and I myself am just going to ask a lot of questions in today's talk.
This is basically what I do in my lab
Exploring how the brain makes these possible
This is the technique I mainly use, it's called fMRI.
Much like an MRI scanner, fMRI is specialized in a different direction, not only taking images of the brain, but also of active areas.
So here's how it works, and it's called BOLD imaging, which stands for Blood Oxygen Level.
A giant magnet aligns molecules in specific parts of the body.
When a nerve area in the brain is activated, that area receives blood.
That blood flow increases the volume of blood in that area and changes the concentration of deoxyhemoglobin.
Deoxyhemoglobin can be detected by MRI, but oxyhemoglobin cannot.
This inference method, which measures blood flow rather than neural activity, tells us that during a particular task, areas with more blood flow are more active. So that's the gist of how fMRI works. ever since
has been used to study very complex processes
So let's take a look back at my past research, which was studying jazz performances in fMRI scanners.
It was done in collaboration with my colleague Alan Brown at the NIH.
This short video shows the research
(Video) Charles Lim: Here's a MIDI keyboard for jazz experiments
It has 35 keys, is sized to fit in a scanner, works in a magnetic field, has a minimal interface for creating art, and is cushioned so it can be placed on the feet of a player playing supine in the scanner.
Here's how it works, although it doesn't make any sounds by itself.
It sends MIDI signals, which are digital signals from musical instruments, through this box to the computer, and it produces these high-quality piano sounds.
(play) (play) CL: It's working
This keyboard gave me a way to study the process of music.
So what can you do with this cool keyboard?
You can't just say, "I'm glad I got a keyboard." You have to devise a scientific experiment.
The experiment will be based on questions such as
What happens in your brain when you're playing what you've memorized and reviewed, and when you're improvising? What about in terms of motor alignment and sensorimotor level?
This is called a paradigm
It's a scale paradigm where you just memorize it and just play it up and down the scale. Then you add improvisation to the scale.
At the bottom is what we call the jazz paradigm, and as an experiment we invited professional jazz players to come to NIH.
I had them memorize the music that I was playing, bottom left, and improvise with the exact same chord progression.
Can you please click the sound icon in the bottom right Let's listen to what we recorded in the scanner (playing)
In the end, it was a very unnatural environment, but they were able to perform, and I listened to that solo 200 times.
i still like it
Even the musicians eventually got used to it.
Well, we started by counting the notes.
Did they simply make more notes while improvising? it wasn't
Next, we examined brain activity.
I will explain about this image.
These are contrast images of the brain
Shows the difference in activity between improvisation and memorization
The areas in red that are active are the prefrontal cortex and the frontal cortex. The areas in blue are the areas that are inactive.
It turns out that it's activated during performance, in a region called the lateral prefrontal cortex.
It's deactivated during a performance, and I'll explain it to you.
It's not the area I'm in charge of jazz.
It's an area that's associated with reflection, introspection, working memory, and many other things. Consciousness actually resides in the frontal lobe.
But here we see a link between the areas that are involved in inhibition, such as introspection, and the areas that are involved in facilitating, such as autobiographical or self-expression.
It's an experiment, and I may be wrong, but it's still an experiment, and a plausible explanation we think is that being creative requires a strange dissociation in the frontal lobe.
One area activates and another large area quiets down, so that people are less afraid to make mistakes and don't shut down the neural activity of new creation.
Now, as many of you know, music isn't just about solos, it's about communication, so here's the next question.
What's going on when the musicians, called trading forces, take turns playing, as it usually does in jazz performances?
Here's a 12-bar blues, divided into four-bar groups so you know where to switch.
In the experiment, we put musicians in the same scanner and asked them to memorize a melody and then alternate playing it with another musician in the control room.
This is musician Mike Pope, one of the best bass players in the world, and an amazing piano player.
He's playing the score I mentioned earlier, and it's a little better than what I wrote down.
(Video) CL: Mike Please (Male: May the Force be with you)
Nurse: There's nothing in your pocket, is there?
Mike Pope: Not in (Nurse: OK)
CL: You have to have a certain posture to get into the scanner (laughter).
it's actually funny
We take turns playing He's in there You can see his feet
I'm taking turns playing in this control room
(music) (video) Mike Pope: This is a pretty good reproduction of Trading Force.
Not too fast, just right
By playing repeatedly, you become accustomed to the environment.
The hardest part for me was the exercise, because I had to look at my hands through two mirrors, and because I was lying on my back, I couldn't move anything but my hands.
it was difficult
But there was definitely some real pure musical interaction.
CL: I'm going to stop right now. It's a big sin to do this in science.
What I'm showing you here is preliminary data.
Data from one subject
Data for Mike Pope
What kind of image is this
He and I, improvisation versus memorization, activates the language area, Broca's area, in the inferior frontal gyrus of the left brain.
In fact, similar activity was observed in the right hemisphere,
This is the area that is said to be involved in communicative expression.
Music is a language, and there may indeed be such a neural basis, but we got this data when two musicians were having a musical conversation.
So far, we've got data on eight subjects, and we're compiling them. I hope we can come up with something meaningful to report.
rap oh yeah it's rap
it's freestyle
I've always been fascinated by freestyle
Let's take a quick look at this video
♫(Video) Mos Def: Will he be awake at 5:10?♫ ♫I'll rock it near you♫ ♫Can you see the symmetry in the whole synergy? ♫ ♫ Kennedy style, late at night 2:50 ♫ ♫ When I'm there, the girls tell me to bend the key ♫ CL: For freestyle rap and jazz have a lot in common
I think these two musics are related to each other because they're from different eras, and rap has a similar social function that jazz once did.
So how can we study rap scientifically? my co-workers think i'm crazy
i think it is possible
Here's the experimental procedure: Invite freestyle artists to memorize new raps they've never heard before, and have them freestyle raps.
I told the guys in the lab that I was going to rap at TED, and they said, "You're lying."
(Applause) I'll do this.
Look at the big screen and let's all rap together
Click on the sound icon in the bottom left to see what we did as an experiment.
Here's what the artists memorized in the control group experiment.
Computer: ♫ Remember 'shock' ♫ CL: ♫ Beat shock with known repetition ♫
♫ Rhythms and rhymes fill me ♫ ♫ With a mic the excitement is overwhelming ♫ ♫ Delivering throbbing rhymes ♫ ♫ Seeking the truth in an endless quest ♫
♫ Passion is not in style You can see it in this style ♫ ♫ Insane words come to mind ♫ ♫ Whisper a poem that only I can hear ♫
♫ The art of discovery and free thinking ♫ ♫ The discoveries within ♫ ♫ The words rain down ♫ ♫ Get me a mad scientist to examine my brain ♫ (Applause)
I promise you I won't do it again
(Laughter) Now, the cool thing about freestyle artists is that they're presented with different words.
It's coming out of the blue, and they don't know what's coming up. Click the sound icon on the right.
He is presented with three words in a box, ``like'', ``not'' and ``head'', but he does not know them.
Freestyler: ♫ I'm like [...] ♫
♫ ♫ Out-of-this-world views ♫ ♫ Used to sit in a pyramid ♫ ♫ Through two mics floating overhead ♫ ♫ If you could still hear while weaving sounds ♫ ♫ What would you be smiling at? ♫ ♫ Teach the kid in the back of the classroom ♫ ♫ Give me a revelatory message ♫ ♫ No, I have to keep it simple ♫
♫ [...] Instruments ♫ ♫ Harm Plays Super Mario ♫ ♫ Boxes [...] Hip Hop ♫ CL: Again, incredible things are happening.
neurologically doing amazing things
It doesn't matter if you like this music or not
In terms of creativity, this is just amazing.
This video is a scanner pattern
(laughter)
(Video) CL: We have Emmanuel here. CL: By the way, this was recorded with a scanner.
(Video) CL: That's Emmanuel in the scanner.
I memorized the poem
Emmanuelle: ♫ The pinnacle of beats without repetition ♫ ♫ Rhythms and rhymes fill me ♫ ♫ With a mic the surge is overwhelming ♫ ♫ Delivering piercing rhymes ♫ ♫ Seeking the truth in an endless quest ♫
♫ Passion is not cool You can see it here ♫ CL: I'll stop here What's going on in his brain?
This is actually brain data from four rappers.
We can see that the verbal cortex is activated, but the visual cortex is activated in the freestyle compared to wrapping what we memorize in the closed-eyes condition.
The cerebellum, which is involved in motor coordination, is active
When you're doing similar tasks, your brain is more active in creative tasks than in memorization.
It's still early days, but I think it's great. Let's wrap it up, we have a lot of problems.
As I mentioned earlier, we don't have the answers just by asking questions.
I just want to find out, neurologically, what creative genius is, and I think we're getting closer with the methods I've shown you.
And hopefully, in the next 10, 20 years, there will be real research where science has caught up with art, and we're probably just getting started.
Thank you for listening
(applause)
In terms of mammography screening, women are divided into two groups: one group where mammography is very effective and many lives have been saved, and another group where mammography is not effective at all.
which one are you?
most people don't know the answer
Because the breast has become a politically influenced organ.
The media, politicians, radiologists, and medical imaging companies tell us that rhetoric hides the truth.
What's true this morning, I'm going to demystify my opinion.
First let me say
I'm not a breast cancer survivor.
I'm not a radiologist
I don't have any patents, I've never been paid by a medical imaging company, I'm not asking for your votes.
(Laughter) I'm a physician, and about 10 years ago, I became very interested in this subject because a patient asked me a question.
she found a lump in her breast and came to me
Her sister was diagnosed with breast cancer in her 40s.
She and I were both pregnant at the time, and it was very heartbreaking to think of her anxiety.
Fortunately, her lump was benign.
She asked, "If I had breast cancer, would I be confident that a mammogram would detect it in its early stages?"
So I looked at the mammograms and looked at the radiology literature, and to my surprise, I found that in her case, the mammogram had less than a 50% chance of finding the tumor early.
A year ago, the U.S. Preventive Services Investigation Task Force scrutinized the world's mammogram screening literature and recommended that women in their 40s be discouraged from having mammograms, sparking considerable controversy.
The committee was heavily criticized, and most of the critics were unfamiliar with research using mammography, and they were still critical.
Congress passed in just 17 days that these guidelines should not be used to determine insurance coverage.
Radiologists, too, were outraged by the committee's guidelines.
A prominent mammography expert in the United States released a statement in the Washington Post condemning the guidelines.
And then they accused me of pursuing only my own interests.
But I think radiologists are heroes.
Physicians who can read mammograms are in short supply, because reading mammograms is one of the most difficult aspects of radiology, and radiologists are sued more often when breast cancer is missed than any other.
So why is it so easy to overlook?
There's no smoke without fire
The main cause of this fire was mammary density.
Mammary gland density is the ratio of fat, shown in yellow, to connective and epithelial tissue, shown in pink in this diagram.
And that proportion is largely determined genetically.
Two-thirds of women in their 40s have dense breast tissue, which may explain the low diagnosis rate of mammography.
It's true that breast density declines with age, but less than a third of women maintain density for years after menopause.
So how do you know if it's high concentration?
First, read your mammogram results in detail.
Radiologists classify breast density into four categories based on how the tissue looks on a mammogram.
If the concentration is less than 25 percent, it is called fatty.
The next category is diffuse mammary glands, and then heterogeneous dense and dense.
Anything that falls into these two categories is considered high concentration.
Breast density matters because you're a wolf in sheep's clothing.
Both tumors and dense breast tissue appear white on mammograms, so x-rays are nearly indistinguishable.
This tumor is clearly visible in the upper part of the fatty breast.
You know, if you have a tumor in a dense breast, it's hard to see.
So mammography can detect more than 80 percent of tumors in fatty breasts, but only about 40 percent of very dense breasts.
Unfortunately, breast density not only makes cancer harder to detect, it's actually a predictor of breast cancer risk.
It's a stronger risk factor than having a relative with breast cancer.
At the time the patient asked the question, the treatment of breast density was unclear in the radiology literature, and neither the woman undergoing mammography nor the physician recommending it understood it.
But I had no other choice
Mammography has been around since the 1960s, but we've made very little progress.
It's almost like there was no innovation until digital mammography was licensed in 2000.
A digital mammogram is also a chest x-ray, but the images can be digitally stored and processed just like a digital camera.
The United States invested $4 billion to transform mammography into a digital machine. What did this investment bring?
A $25 million taxpayer-funded study found that digital mammography offers no advantage over conventional mammography, and it's even worse for older women.
But in some cases, we've seen good results. In women under 50, premenopausal, and with dense breasts, digitization has enabled us to detect twice as many cancers, but we're still only detecting 60 percent.
So digital mammography was a huge leap for the manufacturers of this machine, but it was just one small step for women.
What about ultrasound?
It's not widely used because it increases unnecessary biopsies compared to other techniques.
MRI is very sensitive and can detect tumors, but it's also very expensive.
Any technology that has had a big impact tends to get smaller and cheaper as it evolves.
Compare an iPod to a stereo
But medical devices are the opposite.
Machines are getting bigger and more expensive
Examining a young woman with an MRI is like riding a Hummer to go shopping.
unnecessarily bulky
An MRI costs 10 times more than a digital mammogram.
We have to admit that sooner or later medical innovation doesn't have to be expensive.
Malcolm Gladwell, speaking of innovation in The New Yorker, said, "Scientific discoveries are often not the product of a lone genius.
Rather, if you bring people with different perspectives together in the same room and create a forum for them to discuss things they wouldn't normally talk about, they'll come up with big ideas."
It's kind of like the essence of TED.
He quotes one pioneer, "The only time a doctor and a physicist see each other is when the physicist is sick."
(Laughter) It's funny, isn't it?
Physicists have the solution, but they don't see the problem.
By the way, this cartoon that accompanies Gladwell's article.
(Laughter) So let me tell you one thing about my patient's problem and a physicist's solution that led to an unexpected breakthrough.
Not long after that patient came to see me, I met a nuclear physicist at the Mayo Clinic named Michael O'Connor, whose specialty was cardiovascular imaging, a field that was foreign to me.
I had just returned from a conference in Israel on a new type of gamma detector.
Gamma imaging has been used for some time to image the heart, and has also been attempted to image the breast.
There was a problem: the gamma detector was a very large tube filled with crystalline scintillator, and it couldn't get close enough to the breast to look for small tumors.
Unlike X-rays, gamma rays had the advantage of not being affected by breast density.
Gamma detectors can't detect small tumors, and finding small tumors can be life-threatening.
Survival rates are greater than 90% if detected when tumors are less than one centimeter, but survival rates plummet as tumors grow.
But Michael told me about a new type of gamma detector, and this is it.
Unlike a big tube, it has layers of semiconductor elements that act as gamma detectors.
So I talked to him about the problem of breast density, and decided that this detector might be able to get closer to the breast and find small tumors.
So they put them in a grid and taped them together. (Laughter) Michael removed the X-ray detector from the nearly abandoned mammography machine and put a new detector in its place, and called the machine MBI -- a molecular breast imaging machine. decided to call
Here is an image of the first patient
If you use the old gamma detector, it looks like nothing but noise.
With this new detector, we can see the outline of the tumor.
So, along with a nuclear physicist and a physician, biomedical engineer Carrie Raschka, and two radiologists, we decided to venture into the well-established world of mammography, and the tool was this machine, taped together.
At first, everyone was very skeptical, or not at all skeptical, but I believed that this might work, so I improved the device little by little.
Here is the current detector
It is quite different from the first machine
We don't use duct tape either, and we've added a second detector to the upper chest area to further improve tumor detection.
How does it work?
First, you give a patient a radiotracer, and it's taken up by rapidly growing tumor cells, not by normal cells, which is the big difference from mammography.
Mammography takes advantage of how tumors look different from the surrounding tissue, so if the breast density is high, it's difficult to tell them apart.
But MBI takes advantage of the different behavior of molecules in tumors, so it's not affected by breast density.
After administration, the patient's breast is sandwiched between the detectors
If you've had a mammogram, if you're old enough to have a mammogram, you know what comes next: pain.
You might be surprised, but mammography is the only radiology field that is federally regulated.The law requires that the breast be held down with a weight equivalent to an 18-kilogram car battery during the examination.
But MBI examines with light, painless pressure.
(Applause) The detector sends the image to the computer.
Here is an example
The mammogram image on the left shows a faint tumor surrounded by dense tissue.
But in the MBI images, the tumor is very clear, and the second tumor is also very visible, which is a deciding factor in whether or not to have surgery.
In this example, one mammogram shows that there are three separate tumors, one of which is only three millimeters.
Opportunity came around in 2004
After proving that we could detect small tumors, we used this image to apply for research grants from the Susan G. Komen Foundation.
To my delight, they bet on this unknown group and funded a study in which they would screen 1,000 women with dense breasts using mammography and MBI and compare the results.
Only 25% of the tumors found were found by mammography.
83% found in MBI
Here is the image used in that study
The mammogram was normal, but showed a lot of dense tissue, while the MBI showed a two-centimeter tumor with high radio uptake.
In this case, it was a one-centimeter tumor.
And this case is a 45-year-old medical secretary at the Mayo Clinic who lost her mother to breast cancer when she was young and wanted to help us with our research.
Her mammogram shows dense tissue, but there was a worrying area of ​​high uptake on the MBI, which looks better on the color image, like this.
This corresponds to a tumor the size of a golf ball.
Fortunately, I was able to remove it before it spread to my lymph nodes.
So when we realized that we could see three times as many tumors in a dense breast with this device, we had to solve an important problem.
How to reduce the amount of radiation. To achieve this, we have spent the last three years rethinking all aspects of imaging technology.
As a result, the current radiation dose can be as high as a single digital mammogram.
We're continuing to work to see if we can diagnose this low dose. Three weeks ago, a 67-year-old woman was screened, and the digital mammogram read normal, but the MBI image showed a large cancer with high radioactivity. I understand
So it's not just young women who benefit.
Older women with dense mammary glands can also benefit.
And now, the dose is one-fifth that of other technologies that use gamma rays.
MBI takes four images of each breast.
MRI takes over a thousand images
So radiologists need years of specialized training to be able to distinguish anatomically sensitive areas of suspected tumor from normal tissue.
But I think you don't have to be a radiologist to find a tumor on an MBI image.
But maybe that's why MBI is considered destructive: it's as accurate as an MRI, much easier to read, and a fraction of the cost.
But I think you can also understand why there's a force of status quo at work in the mammography world.
Four journals rejected my paper for publication, even though I thought my study had some surprising results.
So we applied for the paper to be re-reviewed, because we strongly felt that one of the reviewers who refused was involved in a competing technology and that there was a financial conflict of interest.
The paper has since been accepted and will be published in the journal Radiology later this month.
(Applause) We're not done with the diagnostics at low radiation doses, and we have to replicate the results at other facilities, which could take five years or more.
Widespread acceptance of this technology will not benefit me financially in any way, and that is very important to me, because I want to keep telling you the truth.
But we know that the acceptance of this technology -- (applause) -- is going to be influenced not just by scientific backing, but by economic forces and political forces.
The MBI machine has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration, but it's not yet widely used.
So until it becomes available, women with dense breasts should know the following to protect themselves.
First, know your breast density.
90% of women don't know their breast density 95% of women don't know they're at high risk for cancer
Connecticut is the first and only state to impose a mandate to inform patients of their breast density after a mammogram.
I attended a mammography conference last week in Chicago with 60,000 people, and I was amazed at the heated debate over whether or not patients should be informed of their breast density.
of course you should let me know
If you don't know, ask your doctor or read up on your mammogram results.
Second, if you're a premenopausal woman, have a mammogram during the first two weeks of your menstrual cycle, when breast density is relatively low.
Also, if the breast seems to be continuously changing, request that the imaging be repeated.
And finally, and most importantly, the debate about mammography continues, but every woman over the age of 40 should have an annual mammogram.
Mammography isn't perfect, but it's the only screening method proven to reduce mortality from breast cancer.
But this mortality rate is also deadly, because mammography zealots use it as a shield to stifle innovation.
Some people die years after getting breast cancer, and fortunately most women survive.
So it will take 10 years or more to prove that any screening modality can reduce breast cancer mortality.
Mammography is the only technique that has been used long enough to be able to assert its effectiveness today.
Now is the time for us to acknowledge the amazing achievements of mammography and its limitations.
Diagnosis should be individualized according to breast density.
Mammography is best for women with low breast density
But for women with dense breasts, we shouldn't give up on diagnosing, and we should have more accurate screening.
The first time that patient asked the question, the babies we were carrying are now in middle school, and it took me a long time to answer the question.
She told me that I could share her experience with you.
After having a biopsy and learning that she was at high risk for cancer, and having lost her sister to cancer, she made the difficult decision to have a prophylactic mastectomy.
We can and must try harder, in time to save her granddaughter, my daughter, of course, all of you.
thank you
(applause)
Now for the "Awesome" story, which began about 40 years ago when my father and mother came to Canada.
Mother left Nairobi, Kenya
My father left a small village outside Amritsar, India.
came to Canada in the late '60s and
I settled down in a poor suburban neighborhood about an hour east of Toronto and started a new life.
I went to the dentist for the first time, ate a hamburger for the first time, and had a baby for the first time.
My sister and I grew up here and had a peaceful and happy childhood.
Blessed with a close family, good friends, and a quiet neighborhood
I grew up taking many things for granted that weren't taken for granted by my parents when they were kids: in the house, the electricity is always on, the school is across the street, the hospital is down the street, in the backyard. being able to eat popsicles
we've grown up and grown up
go to high school
Graduated
I started living on my own, got a job, found a girlfriend, and settled in. I know it's like a bad sitcom or a Cat Stevens song.
life was rosy
2006 was a great year
We got married in Ontario's wine region under blue July skies, surrounded by 150 family and friends.
2007 was another great year
I graduated from school and traveled by car with my two best friends.
This is a picture of me and my friend Chris taken on the Pacific coast.
I saw seals out of my car window, so I stopped the car and took a quick picture, but our heads were too big.
(Laughter) That's why it's not actually in the picture, but the seals were amazing, really.
(Laughter) 2008 and 2009 were a little tougher years.
I think it's been a tough year, not just for me but for many people.
First, I was depressed by the news.
There's still dark news, and it used to be, when you open up the newspaper or turn on the TV and you see the melting ice caps, the wars around the world, the earthquakes, the hurricanes, and the economy is on the brink of destruction. Indeed, the economy ended up collapsing, and many people lost their homes, their jobs, their retirement savings, their livelihoods.
2008 and 2009 were hard years for me for different reasons.
I had a lot of private issues at the time.
The relationship between husband and wife was not going well, and the relationship was getting colder and colder.
One day, my wife came home from work, and in tears, she took the plunge and confessed her honest feelings.
"I don't love you anymore" was one of the saddest words I've ever heard in my life. it was done
My friend Chris, the one I showed you in the picture earlier, struggled with mental illness for quite some time.
If you've had someone close to you with mental illness, you know how difficult it can be.
me on a sunday night at 10:30
I spoke with Chris on the phone
It was about the TV program I watched that night.
And then Monday morning, I learned that Chris was gone.
Unfortunately, Chris committed suicide.
It was such a difficult time
And with the dark clouds hanging all around me, it seemed extremely difficult to think of the bright side.
So I came home from work one night and turned on my computer and built a little website called 1000awesomethings.com.
I tried to focus on the simple, universal little things that we don't usually talk about but that make everyone happy, like the waiters and waitresses who give you free refills without having to ask, at a wedding buffet dinner. Like being called to a table, taking warm underwear out of the dryer to put on, or being the first to walk in when the new cashier opened at the supermarket, even though I was originally at the end of the line.
(Laughter) And then, as time went on, I started to feel better.
50,000 blogs are launched every day, so my blog was one of 50,000.
My mother was the only one reading
Having said that, when my mother forwarded it to my father, the number of accesses increased dramatically and doubled.
(Laughter) And then there were 10 or so hits, and I was overjoyed, and then dozens, hundreds, thousands, millions, I was ecstatic.
It was getting bigger and bigger
And then one day, I got a phone call and the person on the other end of the phone said, "You've won the award for the best blog in the world."
i thought this was some kind of scam
(Laughter) (Applause) Which country in Africa are you going to send money to?
(Laughter) But I ended up getting on a plane and walking the red carpet with Sarah Silverman and Jimmy Fallon and Martha Stewart.
And received a Webby Award in the Best Blog category on stage
It wasn't until I got back to Toronto and saw the emails that my amazement and excitement faded that I received offers from 10 copyright agents who wanted to turn their blogs into books.
The following year, "The Book of Awesome" was the No. 1 bestseller for 20 consecutive weeks.
(Applause) But today I wanted to do three things.
I'd like to talk about "Awsome" and share the three elements of "Awsome" and finally offer some food for thought.
Let's talk about the three elements
Over the last few years, I haven't had time to slow down and think things through.
But recently, I've had the opportunity to sit back and think, "What have been the things that have made the website and myself grow over the last few years?"
And I've personally summed this up in three parts:
"Attitude toward things," "Awareness," and "Being true to yourself."
I would like to talk briefly about each
First of all, the attitude towards things. Everyone faces obstacles and encounters adversity.
No one can predict the future, but one thing we do know is that things don't go according to plan.
There are moments when we're on our best days, moments when we're all smiles as we receive our diplomas, fathers and daughters dancing at a wedding, and babies crying happily in the delivery room. there may be an obstacle
It's hard and sad to talk about, but my husband might leave, she might cheat, a headache might not be just a headache, my dog ​​might get hit by a car on the street.
I don't want to think about it, but it's possible that a child might be seduced by a delinquent or involved in an incident.
Mom could get cancer, Dad could get sly.
And sometimes life can get you down in the depths, and it can leave you feeling gut-wrenched, but when bad news hits you suddenly, or when the pain fills you up, you know you always have two choices. i hope
One is to be pessimistic that there is nothing you can do about it.
A positive attitude is choosing the latter, no matter how difficult or painful it is, choosing to change your mind and move forward, taking small steps into the future.
The second element is the "mind of awareness"
i love playing with my 3 year old
The world that children see is wonderful, because it's the first time they've seen it.
Staring at insects crossing the sidewalk without getting tired
It is truly heartwarming to see a child with glove in hand, eyes wide open, staring at his first baseball game, enjoying the sound of a bat hitting a ball, the crunchiness of peanuts, and the smell of a hot dog.
I love how they spend hours in the backyard picking dandelions to make a nice Thanksgiving table decoration.
The way they perceive the world is very good, because children are seeing the world for the first time.
To be receptive is to accept yourself as a three-year-old.
Everyone was a three-year-old once
The heart of that 3-year-old boy or girl
still in you
If you look for it, it should be there
To notice things, you just have to remember that there was a time when everything you saw was new to you.
It must have been the first time on your way home from work that all the lights were green.
There must have been the first time you walked past a bakery and smelled that freshly baked bread, or the moment you pulled a $20 bill out of your old jacket pocket and said, "I've found the money."
The final element is to be true to yourself
let me tell you a little about this
Fast forward to 1932, on a peanut farm in Georgia, a boy named Roosevelt Greer was born.
Also known as Rosie Greer, he grew up to be a 300-pound, 6-foot-5 NFL linebacker.
The jersey number 76 in the photo is Greer.
The members were dubbed the "fearsome quartet"
1960s L.A. Rams players feared they didn't want to face
They're tough football players, they love to bump their heads on the field and have sprained shoulders.
But Rosie Greer had another hobby.
In his most sincere heart, he loved to embroider, he loved to knit.
Calm down and relax. Forget about being afraid of airplanes. Get to know girls.
he was saying
I liked it so much that after I retired from the NFL, I started going to embroidery clubs.
And she even published a book, "Embroidery for Men by Rosie Greer."
(Laughter) (Applause) This cover is amazing.
If you look closely, you'll see that he's embroidering his own face.
(Laughter) What I really like about this story is that Rosie Greer is really genuine, and that's what it means to be true to yourself.
It's about being open and true to who you are
I believe that when you're true to yourself, you follow your heart, and you find places, situations, and conversations that you like and enjoy.
find someone fun to talk to
I go where I want to go
And following your heart will give you a sense of fulfillment.
These are the 3 elements
Finally, back to the very first story, my parents came to Canada.
I don't know what it's like to be in an unknown country in your mid-twenties.
Because I've never experienced it myself, but I think it would have required an ambitious attitude.
I would have had to be sensitive to my surroundings and enjoy the little discoveries I began to see in my new world.
And I think I really needed to be who I am and who I am in order to get through the things that I'm facing.
Let me pause my TED talk for ten seconds, because there are very few opportunities in life to do this, and my parents are sitting in the front row.
I would like you to stand up if you don't mind
I wanted to say thank you to the two of you.
(Applause) When I was a kid, my dad used to love telling stories about when he first came to Canada.
And it's funny, what happened was that when my father arrived at the Toronto airport, he was greeted by a non-profit organization, which I think was someone in this room.
(Laughter) This organization was preparing a big welcome lunch for new immigrants to Canada.
And according to my dad, when you get off the plane and go to this lunch, there's an incredible amount of food on the table.
There was bread, there was a little dill pickle, there was olives and pearl onions.
Sandwich turkey, ham, and roast beef were neatly rolled and lined with little cubes of cheese.
There were also tuna salad sandwiches, egg salad sandwiches, and salmon salad sandwiches.
There was lasagna, there were some braises, there were brownies and butter tarts, there were many kinds of pies.
And when my father tells this story, he says, "I've never seen anything but bread."
(Laughter) "I don't know which ones have meat and which ones don't.
I ate it with a combination of olives and pie."
(Laughter) "I couldn't believe how many things there were here."
(Laughter) When I was five years old, my dad used to take me grocery shopping, and he would look at the stickers on the fruits and vegetables in amazement.
"Can you believe there are mangoes from Mexico?"
"There are apples from South Africa."
Say things like, "It's great to have Moroccan dates."
"Do you know where Morocco is in the first place?"
"I'm five years old and I don't know where I am
Is this supermarket A&P? and say
"My father doesn't know either, but let's find out," he said.
And buy some dates and go home
I would actually take an atlas off the bookshelf and flip through the pages until I found this mysterious country.
When he found it, my father said, "Somebody climbed a tree here and harvested it, and it was loaded onto a truck, taken all the way to a port, then shipped all the way across the Atlantic, and then loaded onto another truck right by our house. Can you believe I traveled all the way to this little supermarket to sell it for 25 cents?"
When I say "I can't believe it"
"Dad can't believe it.
It's a surprise, I'm full of gratitude."
Come to think of it, my father was absolutely right.
There are many things that make me happy
As far as we know, humans are the only creatures in the universe that can feel so many things on the only planet that can support life.
Only humans have buildings and agriculture
We're the only ones with jewelry and democracy.
We have planes and highways and interior design and horoscopes
There are places for fashion magazines and home parties
watching horror movies with monsters
You can also go to concerts and listen to guitar improvisations
There are books, buffets, radio waves, brides, and roller coasters.
sleeping between clean sheets
You can go to the movies and get a good seat
You can smell the bakery, leave your hair in the rain, pop the bubble wrap and take a forbidden nap.
There are so many things like that, but we only have 100 years to enjoy
this is the sad point
The cashier at your favorite supermarket, the manager of your factory, the guy who follows you closely on the highway, the salesman who calls you at dinner, the teacher you've been with, the person you've greeted the dawn with, the politics of different countries. The whole house, every actor in the movie, every family member, every person you love, you and everyone in this room, in 100 years we'll all be dead.
Life is so wonderful that we have so little time to experience and enjoy each and every little moment that makes life like this so sweet.
That moment is getting lost more and more right now, it's always, always, it's fleeting.
I will never be younger than I am now
So live your life with a very positive attitude Change your mind when you're hurt Make a choice to move forward Focus on the world around you and take care of the heart of a three-year-old and the little joys that make life great. Find it and be true to yourself Don't be afraid to let yourself go and experience what makes you happy I think you will live a rich and fulfilling life A truly awesome life should be able to send
thank you
I'm here to talk to you because I want you to take on a challenge.
So far there have been many challenges
My challenge is to redefine what peace really means.
Peace is not something you wish for by singing a song
Peace isn't a dove or a rainbow painted lovely.
What I associate with rainbows and pigeons is peace of mind
meditation
I don't associate peace with what I think peace is. To me, peace is a sustainable peace where there is justice and equality.
A sustainable peace in which the vast majority of people in the world have access to sufficient resources to live a life of dignity, without poverty and fear, if they can find adequate access to education and health care. can live
That is human security.
I'm not an outright pacifist, my friend Mairead Maguire is a very serious anti-war activist.
Humans are really insane. I promised my mother that I would be careful with my language, so I won't use foul language.
I'm really careful
mom you know
We need a minimum of police and military, but we need it for defense.
We need to redefine what makes us safe in this world.
It's not about fully arming your country.
It's not about arming other countries outright with the weapons we produce and sell.
It's about using that money more rationally to make the nations and people of the world safer.
I was thinking about the ongoing agenda in Congress that the Obama administration is committing $8.4 billion to ratify the New Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty.
I can agree
The president is committing $84 billion to modernize nuclear weapons.
Did you know that it costs $80 billion to realize the United Nations Millennium Development Goals?
I wish it was in my account, but...
From a global point of view, it means that
But with that money, we're going to develop weapons we don't need, and leave them for posterity, provided we don't.
Unless we take action to make it happen, unless we begin to believe that everything we've heard in the last two days is a building block for human security.
to protect tigers
to stop the oil sands
To be in an environment where medical equipment is available to detect cancer.
all these things
spending money on things like this
is to take action
A few weeks ago I was in Hiroshima, and eight Nobel laureates, including the Dalai Lama, sat in front of thousands of people.
The Dalai Lama was like a mischievous child
As I was looking at everyone waiting for my turn to speak, I leaned over and said, "I'm a Buddhist monk."
I replied
“You can tell by looking at the robe”
(audience laughter) He said, "I like to meditate and I pray."
I replied, "That's good.
it's important for everyone
I don't do it, but it's great."
Then he said, "But I started to have doubts.
I believe that neither meditation nor prayer will change the world.
I think what we need is action.”
The Dalai Lama in his robe became my action hero.
I spoke with Aung San Suu Kyi a few days ago.
As you know, she's Burma's democratization hero.
You know that she's been under house arrest for 15 of the last 20 years because of the pro-democracy movement.
She was just released a few weeks ago, and we were worried about how much she would stay free, because she's already campaigning for change in Yangon.
He's already campaigning with his supporters to rebuild the country.
I talked to her about various issues
She said something in common with the words of the Dalai Lama.
“Burma has a long road to democratization, but
Efforts are required to achieve the desired
To bring about change, you have to take action.”
a hero to me and a friend
Dr. Shirin Ebadi is the first Muslim woman to win the Nobel Peace Prize.
She's been living in a foreign country for the past year and a half.
When asked how he lived
say airports around the world
She's traveling because she was out of the country at the time of the election.
Instead of going back to her country, she talked to the women she worked with, and they told her not to go back to her country.
Because being abroad makes it easier to communicate the situation in your own country to the rest of the world.
For a year and a half, she's been working on behalf of women in Iran.
Wangari Mathai won the Nobel Peace Prize in 2004
It's called the Lady of the Trees, but it's much more than that.
peace activism is very creative
days of hard work
When she was planting trees, I don't think most people realized it, but as we all planted trees, she used it as an opportunity to talk about how to overcome an authoritarian country.
A gathering of people would normally lead to imprisonment,
If it was in the name of planting trees for the environment, it was fine: creativity.
But it's not just women like Sirin, Aung San Suu Kyi, and Wangari who are all respected, but there are other women in the world who are trying to change the world.
Eleven organizations of Burmese women have formed the Burmese Women's League to strengthen their power.
We change the world by working together
Women in Burma who are participating in the Million Signature Campaign are working for human rights and democracy.
When one person is imprisoned, another person joins the movement because they know that together they will one day make a difference in the country.
Maired in the middle and Betty on the right are bringing peace to Northern Ireland.
let's tell a story
An IRA driver was shot and the car he was driving rammed into a pedestrian.
of mother and three children
child died at the scene
The mother was Maired's sister
Not saddened, depressed, or discouraged by this violent event, she worked with Betty, a devout Protestant and a Catholic, telling the public, "No more violence."
Tens of thousands of women and men who joined them came together to campaign for change.
They've done their part to bring peace to Northern Ireland, but they're still working because there's still work to do.
Also Rigoberta Menchu
won the Nobel Peace Prize
she's running for president now
And we're educating the indigenous population of Guatemala about what democracy means, how democracy works, how to vote, but democracy isn't just about voting, it's about being an active citizen.
That's why I remained involved in the landmine campaign.
One of the reasons for the success of this campaign was that it grew the number of two NGOs to thousands in 90 countries around the world, working together with the common goal of eradicating landmines.
Some of the campaign participants are busy people.
those who participate for a short time
Some people, like me, were always active.
It was through everyone's work that we were able to make a difference.
What we need now is for people to rise up and take action to redefine what peace means.
it's not a bad thing
I do my best every day
If each and every one of us who cares about the things that matter is stepping up and volunteering as much as we can, we will change the world, we will save the world.
You can't leave it up to others
thank you
(applause)
Technology and resilience are much easier than you think
Other speakers seem to be talking about pain, but not with technology.
it's relatively easy to come back
If you look at what's happened on the Internet, it's hard to come up with an analogy because so many amazing things have happened in the last six years.
The way we make decisions, the way we react to things, the way we look forward to the future is largely determined by the way we enumerate and categorize things.
A plausible analogy for the rise and fall of the Internet is the Gold Rush.
Some of you may give other examples, but the internet boom, the gold rush,
it's a real event
The Gold Rush of 1849 saw $700 million worth of gold mined out of California.
Internet as a practical means of communication between people
It created a spectacular boom and then collapsed spectacularly.
Both were swayed by many scams
I don't need to tell you what kind of scams you know, like Be rich dot com.
Even during the gold rush, the headline was "Gold Gold Gold"
"Sixty-eight rich men board the steamship Portland with piles of gold"
"Most unearthed more than $5,000 worth of gold.
Some even took out the equivalent of $100,000.”
People got excited when they read articles like
"We found Eldorado, the land of gold in the United States," "California has an endless goldfield," and so on.
The comparison between the Gold Rush and the Internet bubble is vivid
a lot of people quit their jobs
The gold rush lasted for years
When the news first hit the East Coast in 1849, no one believed the story.
And one year later, in 1850, I still couldn't believe the story of the wealthy people being born one after another.
Three years later, in 1852, he realized how foolish he had never been to California.
Across the towns of the east coast
They formed teams of 10 to 20 people, founded companies, and traveled across the Americas.
Most of them traveled in groups, whether they were lawyers, bankers, whatever their skills, they left their jobs to go digging for gold.
Dr. Cole is one of them, from Philadelphia via Panama.
We crossed the isthmus and boarded a ship and headed north.
Dr. Toland used a covered wagon.
Although both were excellent doctors,
He left the patient and headed for California.
Similarly, Dr. Coop.com has appeared in the net bubble
(audience laughter) People jumped out of boats during the gold rush.
At its peak, the San Francisco harbor was filled with as many as 600 ships abandoned by their crews who were looking for gold.
The remaining 600 captains
It seems that there was no choice but to turn the ship into a hotel.
Dot-com fever as well as gold fever
produced similar excessive behavior
The fort in San Francisco had 1,300 soldiers.
Half of them abandoned their jobs and went looking for money.
And there was no order to bring them back, fearing that the mummies would turn into mummies.
(Audience laughs) In a letter from a soldier to his family, he said, "The difference between $6 a month and $75 a day is stark if the gold is mined."
The gold rush had a very high burnout rate.
This is the White Pass Road to the Klondike Gold Mine
Load the mules and horses so that they are overweight.
without a proper plan
With no idea how far to go, overloaded, most horses
Because he died before reaching his destination
It came to be called "Dead Horse Road"
Canada's Minister of Home Affairs wrote, "Thousands of packhorses are lying dead, fallen off cliffs, unherded, still saddled, entangled in the mud, not yet dead. I'm out of breath. Not many people know about this terrible situation, but my eyes were gouged out by crows, and my eyes disappeared from their eye sockets.
Countless crows flock to the dead horse
The horrifying sight of this "dead horse trail" is unimaginable and indescribable."
It's just that it doesn't smell, and the internet doesn't have a good burn rate either.
Let us show you a new commercial in your memory
This is a commercial that aired during the 2000 Super Bowl
"Didn't you say you have a lot of invitations to choose from?" "You're right..."
"Then why does this person have my invitation?"
"It seems like a trivial matter..." "You are mine."
"It might be important to you." "Is this your wife?"
"In fifteen minutes." "It's a once-in-a-lifetime day."
"Tell the world about our start.com event"
I'm not sure what this commercial is for
(Laughter from the audience) It's a commercial that airs during the Super Bowl, so the company spent $3.5 million on it, even though the company was only making $1 million at the time.
This is where the comparison between the Gold Rush and the Internet bubble gets very different.
In the case of the gold rush, once the gold runs out, it's over.
Dawson has a lot of deeply disappointed guys at the moment.
Thousands of miles of perilous travel that threatened my life, my health and my fortune After months of hard and painstaking work At the final destination I've longed for At the height of my expectations There was really nothing left I was made aware of
Of course this is a common story
After the last nugget of gold was mined, as you can see in the gold rush of 1849, all the stones in America's river regions were turned inside out in two years, and then big companies with sophisticated mining technology began mining them. is
So I can be much more optimistic than the gold rush, and the comparison is the electrical industry.
There are many similarities between the Internet and the history of the electrical industry
The electrical industry consists of various layers of industry formed by small horizontal connections.
does not consist of a single unit
Electricity is so broad that it must be targeted.
While being a great means of providing power
It can transmit detailed information like a phone that can transmit voice.
Electricity has an interesting side
In the revolution that happened in the electronics industry, I want to talk to you today about the golden age of appliances.
The product that got the world excited about introducing appliances was the light bulb.
A light bulb connected the wires of the world
Originally, when drawing electric lines, no one
It wasn't about appliances, it was about light bulbs rather than bringing electricity into the home.
so as you can imagine
huge amount of money was invested
all roads dug up
This is the southern tip of Manhattan, where the first power station was built.
It looks like they are digging a road
Edison Electric Lighting changed its name to Edison General Electric, which later became General Electric, and paid for the very expensive road excavation.
But that's not what the Internet has in common.
As you know, the net was built on a network of long-distance phone lines.
In 1994, when the Internet boom happened, the Internet grew at a rate of 2,300 percent per year.
How did you manage to grow at a rate of 2,300% when internet investments weren't booming?
because extensive infrastructure had already been built
The light bulb built that infrastructure, and home appliances began to spread.
It was a big sensation, and the first sensation was this electric fan, which came out in 1890.
This golden age of electronics lasted for quite some time -- 40 to 60 years, depending on how you measure it.
This fan, which was introduced to the world around 1890, was a great success.
And an iron. This was also a big hit.
By the way, this was the beginning of the first asbestos lawsuit.
(audience laughter) The inside of the handle had asbestos.
This was the first vacuum cleaner released by Hoover in 1905, the Skinner Vacuum, which weighed 42 kilograms, required two people to move it, and sold for about a quarter of the price of a car.
Of course it didn't sell very well.
(Audience laughter) The 1905 Skinner Vacuum.
Three years later, in 1908, the weight was reduced to 18 kg.
None of these home appliances were hit products.
(laughter from the audience) Maybe it's because everyone was careful not to wrinkle their ties.
tie press machine
Never got a hit. This is a shoe dryer and warmer.
I could choose from 6 colors, but it didn't sell
(audience laughter) Why?
super bowl commercial
If you make it with the right partner (audience laughter), it might be a hit this time.
The toaster also made a big splash, because it baked the bread over an open flame, and of course it took a lot of time and effort.
I have a question, do you know what this is?
The socket into which the light bulb was inserted had not yet been invented
At that time, electrical circuits were not prevalent in the home.
Wiring for lighting was done and home appliances were connected with plugs
Every home had a socket for a light bulb in the ceiling
And then I hooked up my appliances to it.
If you've ever seen the Carousel of Progress at Disney World, you know what this is.
I unplugged the light bulb there and plugged in the appliances.
The next big thing was the washing machine
The washing machine was the envy
We all wanted a washing machine.
Soap water enters on the left side
And there's a motor that spins
I cleaned the laundry
You take your laundry out and put it in a drum of clean water for rinsing and run it through the dehydrator.
that caused a lot of discussion
I put it at the entrance, so not only did it spoil the scenery a little,
It was difficult because I had to pull a long cord inside the house.
(Laughter from the audience) One of the key points of this presentation was that the "stop" button hadn't been invented yet.
"Stop" buttons on home appliances came much later. Plugging in a light bulb
I didn't want to fill up the socket so
When I finished using the washing machine, I unplugged it.
I didn't need a "stop" button.
Electrical outlets hadn't been invented yet, so washing machines were dangerous.
It was one of our products, because even if hair or clothes got caught, we couldn't immediately pull out the cord and stop the machine.
There's a lot of horrifying stories to be found if you look into it.
(Laughter from the audience) No "stop" button
You'd think how stupid our ancestors were to connect cords to light bulb sockets.
But before you accuse our ancestors, let me show you my conference room.
this is a terrible situation
By the way, this outlet is installed upside down, isn't it?
(Laughter from the audience) This is not the worst spectacle.
This is the usual situation under my desk
This is a photo I took two days ago
We haven't made much progress since 1908.
(laughter from the audience) It looks like a terrible mess.
But it's really progress. Have you ever tried to install 802.11 yourself?
(Audience laughs) Try it. It's hard.
I've asked a computer science PhD to do this, and it's a really disappointing procedure, assuming the DSL is already in place.
Try setting up your DSL at home
Even the technicians who install DSLs on a daily basis cannot
Usually installed in 3 visits
A friend of mine told me that the technician had to go back three times and have to wait at the customer's house.
Because after waiting an hour to get the access code, I finally got the DSL installed.
So we are pretty terrible too
DSL is also terrible
It's twisted copper wire that's being used for a very different purpose than it was originally created for, and my point is that the whole thing is really primitive.
When you think about the "resilience" of the gold rush, it's understandable that it's pretty depressing, because once the last nugget of gold is gone, it's over.
Fortunately, innovation, like gold, never runs out.
Every time you make a new product, you will notice improvements, which will become new opportunities.
If you can believe that, we're still at a primitive place, full of user interfaces on the Internet, a jumbled system of systems.
No danger of getting your hair caught, but similar to the 1908
we are at a primitive point
If you believe that, then you wouldn't mind the 1996 headline "Not worth connecting to a troubled internet."
1998 "Amazon Dot End" 1999 "Amazon Dot Bomb"
my mom hates this picture
(audience laughter) If you can agree that we're at the 1908 Harley washing machine point right now, you're very optimistic, and I'm one of them.
I believe there will be more innovation in the future than there has been.
This came out in 1917
sears ad
“Let’s use electricity for things other than lighting”
this is where we are now
Thank you very much.
I'll let everyone here know that we're all cyborgs Cyborgs as you think -
It's not RoboCop or Terminator, it's a cyborg when looking at a computer screen or using a mobile phone
What is the definition of cyborg?
A common definition is "a living organism with parts added from the outside in order to adapt to a new environment."
It was born out of a 1960 paper on space travel, in a very strange place,
Humans cannot live there.
But man's curiosity never ends, and by adding things to his body, he climbs the Alps one day and becomes a fish in the sea the next.
Consider traditional anthropology
Somebody goes to a strange country and says, "What's fascinating about the people here, what's interesting about the tools they use, what's interesting about the culture."
Then you write a paper, read by several other anthropologists, and think about other cultures.
So what's going on now? Suddenly, a new species has been discovered.
As a cyborg anthropologist, I was suddenly like, "Wow. All of a sudden, humans have become a new race. What an interesting culture. What is this interesting ritual? Everyone is doing something with technology."
I'm staring at the screen while clicking."
There's a reason I'm working in this area that's different from traditional anthropology.
The reason is that in the thousands of years since the tools were invented, the tools themselves have constantly been physically improved.
It was about overcoming physical limits with tools to hit faster and harder, and there were always limits.
But today, instead of overcoming our physical limits, we are overcoming our mental limits, so we can move faster and communicate more effectively. is
There are other magic bag technologies that we carry around with us all the time.
You can put whatever you want in it and take it out without it weighing you down.
What's inside the computer?
If you printed it all out, you'd be carrying tons of material with you all the time.
And when you lose that information, all of a sudden you feel like you're missing something, like you're missing something, but you can't see it, which is a very strange feeling.
Other things happening have their own incarnations
Like it or not, it's showing up online, and when you're not there, other people are interacting with your avatar.
So you have to be careful not to leave your front door open like Facebook updates, because you don't want to be posted on a bulletin board any more than you don't want to be visited in the middle of the night.
And suddenly I had to maintain the incarnation as well
You have to show yourself in your digital life as much as you do in your analog life.
You have to let your digital avatar do the same as you wake up, take a shower, and get dressed.
Many people, especially minors, have to go through two stages of adolescence.
Along with going through the troublesome conventional adolescence, you also have to go through the adolescence of your avatar itself.
All the people who are starting to use technology are still underage online.
When I was little, my father used to sit me down and say, "Let me teach you about the future of time and space."
I reply "Nice!"
One day my father asked, "What is the shortest distance connecting two points?"
"It's a straight line. You said it yesterday.
I thought it was a great idea."
"No, no, no, there's a better way," he said,
He took out a piece of paper, wrote A and B on the paper, and then folded the paper so that the two points touched.
"This is the shortest distance between two points," said my father,
I said,
"Yeah, we should just bend time and space, but we can't do that without using a tremendous amount of energy."
"I want to do that" when I say
I was told, "Well, try it."
For the next 10 to 20 years, when I was going to sleep, I would say, "I want to be the first person to build a wormhole, do more things faster, and build a time machine."
I was thinking
I used to send taped messages to my future self.
But when I got to college, I realized that technology doesn't spread just because it works.
It's for humans, it spreads because everyone uses it.
So I started studying anthropology
When I was writing my paper on mobile phones, I noticed that everyone was carrying around wormholes.
Instead of moving yourself physically, move yourself mentally.
Clicking a button instantly connects A to B
I thought, "This is a great discovery."
So, over time, time and space have been compressed.
What you whisper in one part of the world can be heard by people in another.
Also, a separate timeline will appear for each device you're using.
You're in a different timeline in each browser tab
So we dig into the external memory to see how far we've come.
Like a paleontologist, we dig up our lost past from the outside brain we carry in our pockets now.
It can also cause panic Where was that?
It's a conveyor belt of information, like in "I Love Lucy," and you just can't keep up.
As a result, they carry such things in public and check their phones constantly.
There was also a change in the distance to the surroundings
It's not like you're always connected to everyone, but you can connect with whoever you want whenever you want.
If you print out all the contacts on your cell phone, you'll end up with a very small room.
All the people you have access to right now, or in other words, all the family and friends you can connect with.
It has some psychological effects,
There's also something that worries me, that people don't really think about it anymore, they don't stop and they don't slow down, and people they know are always in the same room, trying to get everyone's attention and share the same time, paleontology. and panic structure
don't just sit there
It is only when there is no outside input that you are able to establish yourself, make long-term plans, and know who you really are.
After you've done that, you'll be able to express your second self, too.
This is very important because
With everything coming in, I'm especially worried about kids these days who are always connected, who grew up in an exciting and addictive culture of instantly clicking buttons, and they just can't handle it right. prize
but it's not the end of the world
The world itself has artificial devices that help us interact.
But when you actually visualize it, the connections we have -- this is a mapping image of the Internet -- are not artificial,
it's very organic
It's the first time in human history that we're all connected to each other in this way.
Instead of being dominated by machines,
It makes us more human by making it easier for us to connect with other people.
The most excellent technology secretly supports a rich life
And it becomes more human than technology, because we build it together.
What's important about the research I'm doing is that the nice things are still connected - they're connected in other ways.
Our humanity is enriched, and the power to connect with each other transcends place.
That's why I study cyborg anthropology.
thank you
(applause)
If you look around you, much of what surrounds us is made up of different rocks, mud, and other things buried in different places around the world.
Of course, it doesn't look like rocks or mud right now.
Television cameras and monitors have become annoying radio microphones
This magical transformation has become known as my toaster project.
It's also inspired by science fiction author Douglas Adams, and it comes from a scene from "The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy."
It's a scene in which the protagonist, a 20th-century man in the book, finds himself alone on a strange planet inhabited by people whose technological level is primitive.
And he thinks that he'd like to be emperor of these people and change their society with the knowledge of 20th century technology and science, but he thinks he could barely make a sandwich without 20th century human civilization. I notice, not to mention the toaster.
Of course he couldn't use Wikipedia.
So I decided to try making an electric toaster from scratch.
I bought the cheapest electric toaster with the idea that the cheapest electric toaster would be the easiest and best way to figure out how it works, and when I brought it home I was blown away by what was inside this object. The toaster consisted of over 400 small parts made from over 100 different materials.
I can't keep this project going forever
The deadline was 9 months.
So I narrowed down the ingredients to 5.
It's steel mica plastic copper and nickel
Let's start with steel How can you make steel?
So I went to the Royal School of Mining, which runs the Advanced Mining Course at Rio Tinto, and asked them how they could make steel.
Professor Cereals was very kind and caring.
I vaguely remember middle school science, and steel is made of iron, so I called mines.
"I want to make a toaster.
Can you go over there and give me some iron? '' said
I met Ray when I arrived at the mine.
He probably misheard me and thought I was there to make a poster, so he wasn't prepared to take me to the mines.
After asking persistently, it became OK
(Video) That's a rippling limestone that was formed 350 million years ago by marine life and warm weather.
EnglishAnd when you study geology, you learn what happened in the past, and there have been tremendous changes.
As you can see, it's decorated for Christmas.
This is no longer a working mine. Ray was a miner, but the mine was closed and reopened as a tourist destination because it can no longer be mined on the scale that is being done in South America and Australia.
Anyway, I got a suitcase full of iron ore, and I took it by rail in London, but I ran into a problem: how do I turn this stone into a toaster?
So when I went back to Professor Cereals again, he said, "Go to the library."
I went looking for a college metallurgy textbook, but it didn't help me at all with what I was trying to do.
We don't have a smelting plant, and there's no information on how to actually do it if you want to do it yourself.
So I ended up with this book from the Science History Library.
This is the first Western textbook on metallurgy.
As you can see, what we ended up with was a process like the one in this woodblock print.
But instead of a bellows, I used a machine that blows off fallen leaves.
(Laughter) One of the things that struck me over and over again throughout the project was that the smaller the scale, the further back in time you had to go.
This is the result of a day and a half of smelting iron.
When I took it out, it wasn't iron.
Luckily, I found an article online about a microwave furnace, and after 30 minutes of smelting in the microwave on high, I was able to finish making the steel.
Then (applause) the next thing we tried to get was copper.
Similarly, here is the site of the largest mine in the world.
But not anymore. I found a retired geology professor to guide me into the mine, and he said, "You can take some water from the mine with you."
The reason I wanted to get water is that the water that flows into the mine becomes increasingly acidic and dissolves the minerals in the mine.
A good example of this is Rio Tinto in Portugal.
As you can see, a lot of minerals are dissolved in it.
So many dissolved minerals make it a home for bacteria that prefer acidic and toxic places.
Water brought back from mines in Anglesey contained enough copper for metal electrical plugs.
Then I traveled to Scotland to get my mica.
Mica is a mineral that is very good as an insulator and has a high electrical insulating effect.
this is me picking mica
The last ingredient I'm going to talk about is plastic, and of course my toaster needs a plastic case.
Plastic is synonymous with cheap electronics.
Plastic is made from oil, so I called BP, the oil company, and spent half an hour talking to BP's public relations department, if they could take me to an oil rig and get me a bucket of oil.
It was great, but BP would have thought more about it now.
But at that time, they didn't agree to negotiate, saying, "I'll call you back later," and never contacted me again.
So I looked for other ways to make plastic.
Plastic can also be made from vegetable oils and starches.
So I tried to make plastic out of potato starch.
The beginning went very well
Like this, it's poured into a mold made from a tree trunk.
It was going very well for a while, but I left it outside to dry, and when I came back, the snail had eaten the potato pieces.
I was so disappointed that I decided to look at it from a different perspective.
The epoch we live in now, named by geologists, or is being argued to be named, is called a new geological epoch, the Age of Man, the Anthropocene.
Because the geologists of the future will be observing rapid changes from today's strata.
There have been big changes, like the radiation in Chernobyl and the more than 2,000 atomic bombs that have exploded since 1945.
Organisms may go extinct, and all of a sudden there won't be any fossils left.
Also, I think rocks will start to contain things like synthetic polymers and plastics.
So I went looking for plastic, and I thought, let's go mine these modern rocks.
I went to Manchester and visited a place called Axion Recycling.
This is the front line of the European Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive, commonly known as WEEE.
There, right now, we're grappling with the mountains of stuff that's still being made right now, that's been living in our homes for a while, and that's going to end up in landfills.
Just like that, it's finally complete
(Music) (Laughter) Here's a picture of my toaster.
(Applause) Here it is with the case removed.
This is how it looks when displayed on the shelf
thank you
(Applause) Bruno Giusani: I heard you turned it on once.
TT: Yes, I put it in.
I don't know if you can see it, but I couldn't insulate the wires.
We were constantly warned by the Royal Botanic Gardens to stay away from rubber trees.
Therefore, the wire cannot be insulated.
240 volts of current ran through homemade copper wires and power plugs.
And after about five seconds of toaster movement, unfortunately, the heating element melted.
But honestly, I think I was partially successful.
BG: It was Thomas Thwaites (TT: Thanks)
This room looks like it holds 600 people, but it's actually a lot more, because each of us has more than one personality.
Ever since I was little, I've had two personalities, and I've been having conflicts and conversations.
I call them "mystic" and "warrior" respectively.
I am a politically active, intelligent and atheistic
I was born into a family, and in my family there was an equation: great intelligence is incompatible with religion.
I was a mutant in this family
I'm an odd kid, and I wanted to have a serious talk about a world that might exist beyond our senses.
I wanted to know if what mankind sees with their eyes, hears with their ears and thinks with their minds is an accurate and complete picture of reality.
So I sought answers and followed my neighbors to Catholic mass.
Read Sartre and Socrates
And then, when I was in high school, something wonderful happened, oriental missionaries started making their way to the United States.
That's when I thought, "I'd rather be alone."
And ever since then, I've been following a mysterious path, trying to go beyond Albert Einstein's "illusion of our consciousness."
what did he want to say? I will teach you
Now take a breath in this clear air
Now, on the screen, you can see something that looks like a strange underwater coral.
This is actually a human trachea
These colored objects are actually microbes swimming around us in this room.
If you miss this simple creature, imagine what you might miss at the smallest subatomic level, or at the largest cosmic level.
Through my years as a mystic, I
I began to doubt, thus wiping away the shame of ignorance.
Now, the strange part of me is that I'm going to put in a side spear like this.
she's worried about what's going on in the world right now
that's what i'm worried about
She says, "I'm sorry, but I'm fed up. I don't know the details, but you should take it seriously."
I've been a warrior, working on women's issues, running political campaigns, and activizing the environment.
It's a little strange to have both a "mystic" and a "warrior" in one body.
All my life, I have been fascinated by people who have successfully tackled this problem, who have devoted their lives to humanitarian service with the courage of a warrior and the grace of a mystic. For example, Martin Luther King Jr. "It is impossible for me to be who I really am without you being who I really am.
This is how inner facts work.”
Another mystical warrior, Mother Teresa, said, "The problem with the world is that we underestimate the bonds of family."
And Nelson Mandela valued the African idea of ​​Ubuntu, which is that I need each other to be me and you to be you.
We speak as if these three mystics were born with the saint's genes.
In fact, we all have the same abilities.
we need to do what they did now
We denounce those who are so distant as demons, and we are deeply resentful of our culture in this way.
Let's take a look at some of the best-selling titles from both wings of politics here in the United States: "Liberalism is a Mental Illness," "Rush Limbaugh is a Fat Fool," "Fools and Patriots," and "Idiots." discussion with
This may be ironic, but it's actually fraught with danger.
The next title, which some of you may be familiar with, will surprise you with its author, "Four and a Half Years of Struggle Against Lies, Stupidity, and Cowardice."
who is the author?
This was Adolf Hitler's first book, "Mein Kampf," which founded the Nazis.
The worst thing in human history, be it Cambodia or Germany or Rwanda, started with this kind of negative exclusion.
and later morph into violent extremism.
This is why we started a new initiative
This will help us, myself included, not tend to be exclusive.
I understand that we are all busy.
I call this initiative "inviting others to lunch."
Republicans take Democrats to lunch
If you're a democrat, think about having lunch with a republican.
If taking someone like this to lunch makes you lose your appetite, let's start with something more familiar, because there's no lack of the notion of the "other" in your immediate surroundings: in a mosque, in a church, in a synagogue, or on the street. Maybe you're a worshiper, or someone else, like an anti-abortionist, or your brother-in-law who doesn't believe in global warming, or you're offended by people who live and think in ways that horrify you. Ideally, you will end up standing up.
A few weeks ago, I invited a woman from the Tea Party movement to lunch.
The newspapers said she passed my test, but she's a right-wing activist and I'm a left-wing activist.
So we used guidelines to facilitate conversation.
You can use this too, because I know you go out to lunch with other people.
Let's start with a goal: to get to know one of the people you've stereotypically shunned.
Then set some ground rules before you actually meet.
My Tea Party friends and I established these rules: persuade, advocate, no interruptions, be interested, join the conversation, don't lie, listen to what the other person has to say, and from there on we just immersed ourselves.
The question we asked was, can you tell us about your experience? What issues are you deeply interested in?
What have you been wanting to ask people who disagree with you?
A friend of mine and I left this lunch with an important insight, one of which I'd like to share with you.
in my opinion on any problem of any people
I asked her why right wingers keep making aggressive claims and lies about the left wing.
"Huh?" she didn't understand
You're saying, "It's an ethically corrupt, terrorist-supporting elitist group."
she seemed shocked
In her view, it was me who was taunting her side by calling her a moron and a racist with a gun.
Most of all, we were struck by the fact that such labels didn't apply to anyone we knew.
That's how we built trust and trusted each other's loyalty.
We've come to a consensus that when we hear exclusionary conversations that are hurtful, lead to paranoia, or are used by extremists as fodder for agitation, let's speak up in our communities.
By the end of lunch, we had come to accept each other's candor.
Neither of us made any attempt to change the other, but neither of us pretended that our differences would disappear after lunch.
Instead, together, we took the first step towards Ubuntu, the only place where we can avoid the cliche reaction and find the solution to this thorny problem: invite who to lunch. Is it okay?
The next time you notice your exclusionary behavior, that's a clue.
What happens at lunch?
Will Heaven's Doors Open And Play "We Are The World" In Restaurants?
would not
because ubuntu works slowly and hard
I threw off the arrogance of knowing-it-all
Two men, surrendering their weapons and stepping towards each other, two warriors, two men, the great Persians.
The poet Rumi wrote in a poem, "There is a place far beyond good and bad deeds.
I will meet you there."
(applause)
I'd like to talk to you about the boy's problem, and it's a serious problem.
Their traits don't fit into school, so I'm going to talk about how we can address this problem.
First of all, this is a boy, this is a girl, and you probably subconsciously thought it was a boy and a girl.
Because it is not my intention to summarize sex
I don't do that, I'm not interested, this is a different type of boy and girl.
So not all boys fit the way we think of boys, and certainly not all girls fit the way we think of girls.
But the truth is that most boys and girls have their own characteristics, and in today's schools.
Their behavior patterns and their traits just aren't working.
How do you know that?
The 100 Girls Project shows great stats.
For example, 250 boys are suspended for every 100 girls who are suspended.
For every 100 girls who get expelled, there are 335 boys.
If there are 100 girls in special education, the number of boys will be 217.
For every 100 girls with learning disabilities, that's 276 boys.
324 boys for every 100 girls diagnosed with an emotional disorder
And these numbers show a significant upward trend for black students, those from poor backgrounds, or those who attend overcrowded schools.
And boys are four times more likely to be diagnosed with ADHD, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
let's move on to the other side
What I want you to understand is that we still need support for women in schools, and women are significantly underpaid in the workplace, even when sorted by occupation.
these are all facts
That's no reason to neglect the literacy needs of boys ages 3 to 13.
we should pay more attention
In fact, we should emulate their game strategy books, and the initiatives and programs they have put in place for girls to learn science, engineering, and mathematics are wonderful.
We've made great strides in addressing the challenges faced by girls, and we need to look at how we can achieve these outcomes for boys at an early stage.
Years go by and still the problem doesn't go away
In college, 60 percent of bachelor's degrees are now going to girls, a significant shift.
In fact, colleges are a little concerned about the fact that the population is approaching 70 percent female.
The reason colleges are worried is because girls don't want to go to schools without boys.
So we set up a male center and started a study of men's studies on how to get men involved in college life.
College professors will say, "Oh yeah, they usually play games and online gambling all night long. World of Warcraft, too. This kind of stuff gets in the way of their studies."
May I
video games are not the root
this is a symptom of poisoning
Long before they reach this state, their motivation is eroded.
So I'm going to talk about what causes them to lose motivation between the ages of 3 and 13.
I believe there are three reasons why boys don't fit in today's school culture.
First, zero tolerance is fried.
When a kindergarten acquaintance donated her son's toys to a kindergarten, she had to inspect all the toys and get rid of all the little plastic guns.
Plastic knives, swords, axes, all of these things are forbidden in kindergarten.
What could this boy do with these toys?
I'm not kidding
This proves the fact that today's children can't make a fuss in the schoolyard.
I am not advocating bullying
I'm not saying we need to allow guns and knives in schools.
But if an Eagle Scout student who finds a penknife in a locked, parked car is suspended from school, I think zero tolerance may be going too far.
Zero tolerance also applies to boys' writing about violence in many schools today.
I'm not allowed to write anything about video games, either.
This subject matter is forbidden
Boys will come home from school and say
"I hate writing"
"Why do you dislike writing? What do you dislike about writing?" "I have to write what my teacher says."
"Yes, what does the teacher tell you to write?"
"It's poetry, I have to write poetry
and everyday trifles
I don't want to write something like this."
"So what do you want to write? What do you want to write?"
"About video game level up
About that interesting game world
Come to my house and blow out all the windows
A tornado that destroys furniture and kills everyone." "I see."
tell your teacher this
They'll say, with a serious face, "Should I take him to a mental hospital?"
the answer is no he is a child
he is a little boy
It's not allowed to write things like this in school today.
This is the number one reason: zero tolerance and isolation from school.
The next reason boys don't fit in school is the lack of male teachers.
It's a no-brainer, but over the last decade, the number of primary school teachers has been cut in half.
So the percentage of male staff dropped from 14% to 7%.
That means that 93 percent of the teachers who teach boys in primary school are women.
What's the problem?
Women are great, no doubt, but being smart is a good thing.
There are role models -- fathers, pastors, Cub Scout leaders -- but after all, they spend six hours a day, five days a week in school, and most classrooms don't have men.
So the boys don't think this is a place for men
School is a place for girls.
Then let's do something else like video games or sports This is not my place
This is clearly not the place for men
This view may seem very direct
But more indirectly, in a place where men are scarce, a teacher's conversation in the break room says of Joy and Johnny in a fistfight in the schoolyard:
"How do I deal with boys?" The answer to that question depends on who's there.
Are there men there?
Do you have a mother who raised a boy student?
The content of the conversation itself changes depending on who is present at the table.
The third reason boys don't fit in school is that kindergarten is the previous second grade.
Our curriculum has undergone serious compression
To be able to write one's own name clearly at the age of three.
You may have pictures, but you'll need to be able to read about 25 to 30 pages of text.
Failure to do so may result in consideration of participation in "Title 1" (U.S. Special Education)
According to the teachers at Title 1, the proportion of boys who attend this program in primary school is four to five for every girl. Why is this a problem?
A message received by a male student, "You always have to do what your teacher tells you."
The factors that determine a teacher's income are no dropouts, good grades, accountability tests, everything.
So teachers have to find ways to make sure boys can do the curriculum as well as girls.
This compressed curriculum is detrimental to all active children.
And the current situation is, "Okay, let's sit down, do what we're told, follow the rules, use our time wisely, focus, focus, be a girl."
Here's what she has to say to her students, which indirectly sends a message like this.
This is a serious problem. What is the cause?
it's us
(Laughter) We are the ones who want six-month-olds to read.
Have you seen this ad?
"I want to live in Lake Woobagon where all the kids are smart."
But this is not healthy for babies
It's unsuitable for natural development, and it's especially bad for boys. So what do we do?
you should face the real them
You have to put yourself in the culture of boys
We need to change the way we think about accepting boys in primary school.
To put it bluntly, there are concrete solutions.
to make better games
Most of the learning materials out there today are flashcards.
It's a beautified drill-style practice
It lacks the depth, storytelling, and other elements of the fun games that boys love. We need better games in development.
We need to talk to teachers, parents, school boards, politicians.
We should make the class realize that we need more men
We should also pay attention to the zero tolerance policy Does it make sense?
compressed if possible
We also need to consider reverting the curriculum to make it a more welcoming space for male students.
We need conversations like this
There are some great schools that serve as role models, and the New York Times picked one.
The game designer at that school introduced a great game.
However, it seems that it can only be played with a small number of people and lacks practicality.
We need to change the sentiments and culture that politicians, school boards, and parents have about how and what is acceptable in schools.
You should secure funding for game production
Because really good games cost money, and World of Warcraft has a lot of money.
The problem with educational games is the lack of funding. First, my colleague Mike Pettner.
Sean Vashone and I worked together to observe the teachers' attitudes, how they felt about the game, and what conversations they had.
And what we found was that their attitude towards the kids who talked about the game was extremely disrespectful.
"Ah yes, I always talk about games
Characters, badges, small achievements, harvests, and so on, all the time."
and so on
They act as if this is natural
Think about how you would feel if your culture were told this.
If you are in a position to receive such words, you will be very uncomfortable.
Teachers are nervous about anything related to violence because of the zero-tolerance policy.
I don't think parents or schools will allow anything, so we want teachers to be more open.
We need to find ways to change their attitudes to respect boys' culture in schools.
If this is neglected, the boys will eventually drop out of school and say, "Well, this is a woman's place. This is a woman's place. This is not my place."
You should play games or play sports."
If you pay attention, make changes, and re-engage them in learning, the boys will leave elementary school saying, "I'm smart."
thank you
(applause)
I recently had my first experience
I spent a week on a research ship.
I'm not a scientist, but I was with a team of brilliant scientists from the University of South Florida tracking the movement of BP's oil in the Gulf of Mexico.
This is the research ship we were on
Scientists weren't looking at the effects of crude oil and dispersants on birds, turtles, dolphins, and other large organisms.
They study very small creatures that are preyed on by smaller creatures that are eaten by larger creatures.
Studies have shown that even trace amounts of crude oil and dispersants can be very toxic to phytoplankton, and this is a very thorny problem because so many lives are affected.
So, contrary to comments made a few months ago that 75% of the oil that was spilled had magically disappeared, and that there was nothing to worry about in the first place, the tragedy is still happening today.
It's evolving up the food chain.
It wouldn't be surprising
Rachel Carson, the pioneer of modern environmentalism, warned of just this in 1962.
She points out that what she calls "rulers" is spraying cities and farms with toxic pesticides like DDT, trying to kill small creatures like worms instead of killing birds.
But one thing they forgot is that birds eat larvae, and robins eat a lot of bugs that are soaked in DDT.
As a result, robin eggs fail to hatch, songbirds die en masse, and the city falls silent.
Hence the name "Silent Spring".
I've been trying to figure out why the Gulf of Mexico has stuck with me, because I'm Canadian, and I don't have any ancestral ties.
And I think the reason for that is probably because we don't quite understand what this catastrophe means, what it means to see a hole in the world, a hole in which the contents of the earth leak out for months. Do you understand what this means that you've been watching live on video for a while?
For so long we told ourselves that our inventions and technologies could control nature, but suddenly we were confronted with our own weaknesses and inability to manage, in vain all containment tactics like top hats and top kills. The oil spill didn't stop, and one of the most impressive was the junk shot, a "wonderful" idea of ​​throwing a waste tire or a golf ball into the oil spill hole.
But even more remarkable than the force of the eruption of oil is BP's recklessness that led to this, a carelessness and lack of planning that manifests itself in the process from extraction to cleanup.
If there's one thing that BP's response to the accident has made clear, it's that gambling has become a part of our culture, betting on something precious and irreplaceable, as well as alternatives. It's a gamble with no exit strategy
The BP oil spill is just one example of the wild bets we've seen in recent years.
When leaders advocate for war, they optimistically say, "It's an easy victory," and "We're waiting for the victory parade."
And then for years, you're dealing with damage control, siege attacks, rebellions, riot suppression, all seeds you've sown, and you have no exit strategy.
Economists often fall victim to a similar kind of overconfidence, telling themselves, "This bubble will never abate with new market patterns."
And when an economic downturn inevitably happened, the economic version of the "junk shot" that was best implemented was to pour huge amounts of public money into preventing a very different kind of "hole."
The BP oil spill closed the hole, at least temporarily, but at a very high cost.
We have to think about why we allow these things to happen, because we're taking a gamble on a priceless thing: a gamble on what to do and what not to do about climate change.
Now, as you know, a huge amount of time is being devoted to climate change debates, both at home and abroad, on the question, "What if IPCC scientists are wrong?"
Now, a more nitty-gritty question is raised: MIT natural scientist Evelyn Fox Keller asks, "What if all the IPCC scientists were right?"
So the climate change crisis requires us to act according to the precautionary principle, because when human health and the environment are at great risk, and the potential damage is irreversible. Sometimes we can't afford to wait for perfect scientific accuracy.
Better to fail at the prevention stage
What's even more obvious is that the burden of proving the safety of a method should fall not on the public, who may be harmed, but rather on the industries that benefit from it.
But in an affluent world, as long as there is such a world, climate policy is not based on prevention. Rather, it is based on cost-benefit analysis, where economists look for what they believe will have the least impact on GDP. is
So instead of asking, from a prevention perspective, "What can we do now to avert a possible catastrophe?" we ask the odd question, "How long before emissions reductions become absolutely necessary?" Will there be a grace period for rank?"
"Is it okay until 2020?" "Then 2030? What about 2050?"
Or the question, "How much longer can the Earth survive after it gets hotter?"
“2°C? 3°C?” “Or 4°C, as we are already reaching?”
By the way, to think that we can control and regulate the temperature of this wonderfully complex planetary climate system as easily as a thermostat is, in some ways, just a Goldilocks-like illusion. Without
It's from economists trying to apply mechanistic thinking to science.
In fact, we don't know when the feedback loop will completely wipe out the warming that we've created.
So I want to ask again, why do we take these insane risks to the things we care about?
Any number of reasons may have come to your mind, such as greed.
This is a popular reason, with a lot of truth to it, because taking big risks, as you know, costs a lot of money.
Another common cause of recklessness is arrogance.
Greed and arrogance go hand in hand when explaining recklessness.
For example, if you're lucky enough to be a 35-year-old banker who's being paid 100 times more than a brain surgeon, you need an explanation, a story to justify that disparity.
What kind of stories are possible There really aren't many choices
First, it's a story about being an astonishingly brilliant con artist, a con man who manipulates the system to get away with it, or a boy genius like no other in the world.
Whether you're a genius boy or a cheater, you'll become very overconfident and more likely to take bigger risks in the future.
By the way, former BP CEO Tony Hayward had a plaque on his desk with the slogan: "What would you try if you knew you couldn't fail?"
Shields like this are actually quite common in a group of successful people. Some of you may have one of these.
no need to be ashamed
When you're training for a triathlon, or preparing for a TED talk, for example, sometimes it's very good to overcome your fear of failure. I think they should have a picture of Icarus on their wall, it doesn't have to be the same one, but what I want them to think about is that there's always the possibility of failure.
We've become greedy, overconfident, and arrogant, but now, let's look at another aspect here at TEDWomen that could contribute somewhat to solving social recklessness.
I'm not going to go into this right now, but research shows that women are less likely than men to take reckless risks when investing, and the reason, as you know, is that women are more likely than men. Because it's hard to be overconfident like
So it turns out that being paid less than men and receiving less praise has its advantages, at least for society.
On the flip side, being constantly told that you're gifted, that you're a born leader, that you're the chosen one, has a definite negative social impact.
I think this problem of what you might call the "danger of privilege" brings us closer to the roots of collective recklessness.
Because no man or woman in the northern hemisphere can avoid this problem.
what i mean is this
Whether we actively believe it or consciously reject it, our culture remains entrenched in a kind of fictional narrative of its supremacy over others and over nature. It's a story of a pioneer, a story of manifest destiny, a story of apocalypse and redemption.
These stories become a thing of the past, just when you thought you'd overcome them, and they show up in unexpected places.
For example, at Kansas City Airport, I came across this ad as I exited the women's restroom.
This is an ad for Motorola's new cell phone that actually says, "Slap Mother Nature."
I'm not showing this to criticize Motorola.
The reason I'm showing this is they're not sponsors, right? Because in some ways this is the story of our beginnings in rough form.
We beat Mother Nature and we won, we always won, because it's our destiny to rule nature.
This is not the only fairy tale about nature telling itself
There's another fairy tale that's equally important, and that's the very same story of Mother Nature, so nurturing and hardy that she can't really affect her abundance.
Listen again to what Tony Hayward has to say
"The Gulf of Mexico is a very big ocean.
The amount of oil and dispersant we flushed is a very small fraction of the total volume of the ocean."
So it's like, "The ocean is big, so it's acceptable."
The reason we're able to take reckless risks is that we're basically convinced that nature is infinite.
Because this is the narrative that dominates the story: "No matter how much you mess up, there will always be water, land, and untapped resources."
"New bubbles will replace old ones"
"New technology will be born and will fix the mistakes that the past technology made."
In some ways, this is the story of the migration to the Americas, the story of the Americas, where Europeans believed they would never run out of settlements.
But it's also the story of modern capitalism, because it's the wealth of this land that created our economic system, which must continue to grow and feed the frontier. cannot continue to function
The problem is that the story was always a lie.
the earth has a limit we know it
I just didn't see it
And now, on multiple fronts, we're reaching those limits.
We know that, but we're stuck in the same narrative repeating itself.
Not only do they keep telling the same boring story over and over again, but they're collectively telling it with frenzy.
Otherwise, how can we explain the cultural space dominated by Sarah Palin?
While she urges us to "dig more and more," because God has prepared underground resources for us to exploit, she appears in Alaska's innocence on a popular reality show. Appealing beautiful nature
This conflicting message is crazy but reassuring
“Ignore any fears that arise that you have finally reached your limit.”
"There are no limits yet."
“There are always new frontiers.”
"So stop worrying and keep shopping."
Is this just about Sarah Palin and her reality show?
A lot of what I hear at environmental gatherings is that instead of shifting to renewables, they're just going to stay in business.
Unfortunately, this assessment is overly optimistic.
The fact is that we've exhausted most of the available fossil fuels, and we've entered a riskier era of business, the ultimate energy era.
And that means extracting oil from even the deepest depths, like the icy Arctic Ocean, and if it leaks out there, it won't be cleanable.
Or you could mean large-scale hydraulic fracturing for natural gas that you've never seen before, or large-scale open-pit mining for coal.
and the most controversial oil sands
It always amazes me how few people besides Canadians know about the Alberta oil sands, which are projected to be the number one source of oil imported by the United States this year.
I want to explain a little bit about how this works, because, more than anything else, it explains recklessness and where we're headed.
This is where the oil sands lie, sleeping beneath the last remaining majestic boreal forest.
Since oil sands are not liquid
You can't just dig a hole and pump
The oil in the oil sands is a solid that mixes with the sand.
So in order to get the oil, the trees must first be cut down.
Then you peel off the topsoil to get to the oily sand.
This requires a lot of water, and the used water is poured into a huge, toxic tailings pond.
This presents a very troubling problem for the indigenous people who live downstream, who have an alarmingly high rate of cancer.
It's hard to get a good sense of the scale of this project just by looking at this picture, but it's visible from space, and it could be as big as England.
A dump truck that transports earth and sand is a guideline. It is the largest class dump truck ever built.
Humans are in front of the tires
This isn't oil drilling or mining, it's the surface of the earth
that you are peeling off
i want to tell you
Vast, vibrant landscapes are razed to pieces, leaving only colorless grey.
In fact, I was worried that if this method didn't emit any carbon dioxide, it would be embarrassing to tell this story.
But in fact, this method of crude oil production emits, on average, three times as many greenhouse gases as Canada's conventional method.
Can you describe this in anything other than collective madness?
Knowing that we need to learn how to live on this planet, we are madly digging for the dirtiest, highest emissions imaginable, putting aside solar, wind and hydro energy.
This is where the story of never-ending growth finally landed, like BP's oil well erupting into this black hole at the center of my country. to the place
As Jared Diamond and others have said, this is civilization's suicidal act, hitting the accelerator hard when it should be hitting the brakes.
The problem is that our "dominant narrative" has an answer for this too.
The answer, as is often the case with Hollywood movies, like "Rapture," is that it's saved at the end.
But of course our real religion is technology.
You may have seen these headlines a lot lately.
The idea behind all this geoengineering is that as the Earth warms, we can cool it by shooting particles of sulfuric acid and aluminum into the stratosphere, reflecting the sun's rays back into space.
The most bizarre scheme, not my adaptation, is to have a garden hose hoisted 30 kilometers above the ground with balloons, anchored, and then sprayed with sulfur dioxide.
Solving pollution problems with more pollution
It's the ultimate "junk shot"
Scientists who are serious about the study stress that the method is not fully proven.
We don't know if it works or what terrible side effects it might have.
And yet, at the mere mention of geoengineering, some people, especially those in the media, welcome it.
"New settlement found"
Furthermore, "today's lifestyle
I don't need to change."
Some people think that the person wearing the robe is the savior,
Some people think of people with hoses
we desperately need a new story
We need stories with new types of heroes, heroes who can take a different kind of risk, who can face the recklessness that comes their way, who can put the precautionary principle into action, even if it requires direct action, hundreds of them. It's like trying to stop a dirty power installation, or fighting for the abolition of a coal mine on a mountaintop, even though a young man is arrested.
Instead of a one-way narrative of endless growth, we need a cyclical narrative that reminds us that we pay for what we do.
Earth is the only place we can live
there is no emergency exit
It's destiny, it's the dynamics of action and reaction, it's the precautionary principle, the principle that life is more precious than any benefit, and it can't be risked.
thank you
(applause)
I don't know about you, but today is my anniversary.
It wasn't on my wedding anniversary, it was a year ago today when I woke up from a month-long coma, after receiving a double lung transplant.
Crazy right? impossible!
thank you
Six years earlier, I had just started my career as an opera singer in Europe, when I was diagnosed with idiopathic pulmonary hypertension, also known as PH.
This happens because the pulmonary veins become narrower and the pressure on the right ventricle increases over time, resulting in what we call the "reverse Grinch effect."
my heart was 3.5 times normal
This disease makes it difficult to move, and most people die within two to five years.
I went to see one of the top specialists in this field, and they told me that I should never sing again.
"Singing in high notes will kill you."
Although there was no medical evidence to support this observation, and no indication that operatic arias were associated with pulmonary hypertension, it was flatly asserted that it was like singing your own eulogy.
Due to my illness, I was physically at my limit.
When I sang, I didn't feel any limits. Breath going from my lungs, through my vocal cords, and making sound, was the closest I've ever experienced to a spiritual state.
So I wasn't going to give up on baseless opinions.
Luckily, I met Leda Gargis, who's a total cold-hearted person, but he and the staff at Johns Hopkins wanted me not only to survive, but to live a meaningful life.
this required a compromise
i'm from colorado
Over 1600 meters above sea level, I grew up with 10 brothers and sisters and loving parents.
But the altitude made the symptoms worse.
I moved to Baltimore, where there's a doctor, and enrolled in a nearby music school.
I couldn't walk as much as before, so I thought I'd wear high heels.
I stopped eating salt, went vegan, and started taking high doses of sildenafil, aka Viagra.
(Laughter) My father and grandfather were always looking for the latest information on alternative and conventional treatments for PH, but after six months, I couldn't walk down hills or climb stairs.
It was difficult even to stand up and I felt like I was going to fall down
When the internal pressure of the pulmonary artery is measured with a cardiac catheter, the standard should be 15 to 20.
in my case it was 146
I like to be flashy, but this meant one thing: there's a very powerful drug called Flolan for pulmonary hypertension that's not just a drug, it's a life changer.
You put a catheter in your chest and you connect it to a pump that weighs about two kilograms.
You have a pump by your side 24 hours a day, and you're putting drugs directly into your heart.
Here's a list of side effects: If you eat something high in salt, like a peanut butter and jam sandwich, you'll probably end up in intensive care.
If you go through a metal detector, you'll probably die.
I need to prepare a medicine every morning, and if air gets into the medicine at that time and it's administered as is, it's probably going to kill me.
If I run out of medicine, I'm sure I'll die
No Patient Likes Floran
But Florent was a godsend to me at that time.
be able to walk in a few days
Within weeks, I was singing on stage, and a few months later, I made my debut at the Kennedy Center.
The pump was a bit of a problem on stage, so I used a girdle and an elastic bandage to keep it on the inside of my thigh.
There have been quite a few times when I've ridden an elevator alone and shoved the pump into my leggings, hoping the door wouldn't pop open.
Also, the tubes that were sticking out of my chest were a headache for costume designers.
After graduating from graduate school in 2006, I returned to Europe on a scholarship.
A few days after arriving, I met a wonderful, elderly conductor, and I began to be selected for various roles.
Eventually, I started going back and forth between Budapest, Milan, and Florence.
Even though I was tethered to this ugly, cumbersome, fiddly pet device, my life felt like a blissful scene in an opera, very complicated, but in a good way.
Then in February of 2008, my grandfather passed away.
He was a man who was loved and trusted by everyone.
I couldn't afford to accept what happened next.
Seven weeks later, I got a call from my family.
I was told my father had been killed in a horrific car accident.
It was quite possible that I would die at 24.
But my father -- I can't put into words the shock.
Go home and go to the funeral, even if it's against what the doctors and family say
I thought I had to say goodbye in some way
But the symptoms of right heart failure soon appeared, and even though I knew I would never see my home again, I had to return to sea level.
That summer I canceled most of my plans, but I had a show in Tel Aviv and I went.
After the first performance, I was barely able to get a taxi from the stage.
I sat in a taxi and felt the blood drain from my head, and my body was freezing in the heat of the desert.
My fingers turned purple and I was like, "What's wrong with me?"
I felt my heart beat
A taxi pulled up and I dragged myself, as heavy as lead, to the elevator.
I collapsed into the front door of my apartment and crawled to the bathroom, where I realized I had a problem: I had forgotten to prepare the most important medicine.
I was dying, and I didn't think I would leave the apartment alive if I didn't get the medicine right away.
I started making potions, but it didn't work out very well, but I just kept going.
I put the last bottle in, deflated it, hooked up the pump to the tube, and lay there praying that the medicine would work quickly.
If it didn't work out, I would have met my father sooner than I thought.
Thankfully, within minutes, the classic worm-like eczema, a side effect of the drug, appeared on my feet, and I knew I was fine.
Neither I nor my family are afraid of things, but at this time I was scared.
I came back to the United States with the intention of returning to Europe, but after a heart catheter, I found out I couldn't go farther than Johns Hopkins Hospital's emergency helicopter flight range.
I performed here and there, but as my health deteriorated, I lost my voice.
Doctors should book an appointment for a lung transplant
I said no
I had two friends who died a few months after undergoing very difficult surgeries.
On the other hand, I also knew about a young man with PH who died waiting for a lung for transplant.
i didn't want to die
I thought stem cells might be a good idea, but they weren't quite as practical as I could use them.
I officially took a break from singing and went to the Cleveland Clinic to be re-examined for a lung transplant, my third in five years.
Unproactive, I was there talking to the chief transplant surgeon, and I asked him if he needed a transplant and what he could do for it.
Then he said, "Have hope
A bright patient is a healthy patient."
It felt like he summed up my thoughts on life, medicine, and the teachings of Confucius in one sentence.
I hated the transplant, but a month later, I was back in the hospital. My ankle was swollen, severely edematous. It's ugly.
It was due to right heart failure.
I finally decided that I should follow my doctor's orders.
It's time to go to Cleveland and face the pain of waiting for lungs that fit my body.
But the next morning, while I was still at the hospital, I got a call.
My doctor in Cleveland was Marie Bodev.
"I got a lung for transplant"
"suitable"
It said it came from Texas.
Everyone around me was very happy, but I wasn't.
Despite all the problems, it's a lung that I've devoted my life to training.
I flew to Cleveland, my family rushed over, and just in case, they tried to look me in the face and say one last goodbye.
But my organs weren't waiting for me, and before I had time to say goodbye, the operation began.
My last memory is lying on a white blanket and telling the surgeon that I want to see my mother again and hopefully I don't want to lose my voice.
And I fell into a hopeless dream world
During the 13.5 hour operation, my heart stopped twice and over 40 liters of blood was transfused.
According to the surgeon, it was one of the most difficult surgeries of his 20-year career.
my chest has been open for two weeks
I could see my enlarged heart beating inside.
I was finally alive after being tethered to over a dozen devices.
The skin was infected and ragged
I hoped my vocal cords weren't hurt, but the doctor knew that the breathing tube that was threaded down my throat might have already damaged my vocal cords.
If I had a breathing tube, it would have been impossible to sing in the future.
So a well-known otolaryngologist in the clinic was called in to perform an operation to move the tubes away from the vocal cords.
I was told it was useless because I would die
So my surgeon did last-minute surgery to save my vocal cords.
My mother didn't get to say goodbye to me before the surgery, but she stayed by my side throughout the months of recovery.
If there's ever a pretty and wonderful person with patience, energy and strength, it's my mother.
One year ago today, on this day, I regained consciousness.
with a weight of 43 kg
Over 10 tubes were in my body.
I couldn't walk, I couldn't talk, I couldn't eat, I couldn't move, I couldn't even sing, I couldn't even breathe.
Death can come from being hit by a lorry, from heart failure, from lung failure.
But isn't life just about avoiding death?
life is to live
A person's condition cannot be canceled by a medical condition
Doctors will find that if they allow their patients to pursue their passions, they will become hopeful, energetic role models.
My parents were very worried about me going all over the place doing auditions and performing, but they knew that this was better for me than thinking about my own death all the time.
I am very grateful for this
As I ran and sang and danced with my nieces and nephews and brothers and sisters and my mother and grandmother this summer in the Rocky Mountains of Colorado, I couldn't help but think of the doctor who told me not to sing. bottom
What I wanted to tell her, and what I would like to tell you, is that illness should not be the reason you give up on your dreams.
If you don't give up on your dreams, your patients will not only survive, they will thrive.
Some patients may even sing
(Applause) [Singing: French] Thank you.
(Applause) Thank you.
Thanks also to pianist Monica Lee
(Applause) Thank you very much.
thank you
Do you know who I envy?
I have a job related to my college major.
(Laughter) Journalism-educated journalists, engineering-educated engineers.
That's no longer the norm, it's the exception.
A 2010 study found that only one in four people had a job related to their college major.
I have two degrees in biology
To my parents' dismay, I didn't become a doctor or a scientist.
(Laughter) Years of learning about DNA replication and photosynthesis didn't really help me in my career in technology.
I had to learn everything on my own: sales, marketing, business strategy, even programming.
When I sent my resume to Etsy, I had no product manager experience.
Google and a few other companies had already kicked me, and it was frustrating.
Etsy had just gone public, so when I applied, I read the IPO filings cover-to-cover and created a website with my own business analysis and ideas for four new features.
It turned out that they had already worked on two of the ideas, and were seriously considering the third.
i was hired
It was initially ignored or overlooked, but now there are those who prove the deniers wrong.
I especially like—
Engineering manager Brian Acton told me that Twitter and Facebook didn't take it, but then they made WhatsApp, a messenger, and sold it for $19 billion.
The 20th century recruitment system is failing, people with great potential are overlooked.
Advances in robotics and machine learning are changing the way we work, automating routine tasks in a wide variety of jobs while also extending and augmenting human capabilities.
At this rate, you'd better be prepared to spend the rest of your professional life doing something you've never done before.
So what tools and strategies do we need to find the next big performers?
In search of an answer, I consulted with leading experts in various fields, read dozens of reports and papers, and conducted experiments myself.
This quest is far from complete, but it gave me three ideas to pursue.
First, widen the search range
If you always go to the same place, whether it's a gifted education program, a top university, or a top company, you're going to get the same results.
The cash-strapped Oakland Athletics decided to change baseball because they began looking for people who didn't rank highly on traditional metrics like RBI, but who could contribute to the team's scoring and winning streak.
This idea is starting to spread beyond sports.
Someone on Pinterest who is an R&D director told me that he was able to build one of the most diverse and talented teams in Silicon Valley because he believed that there is more than one type of talent.
We looked outside the tech hub, and instead of looking at the big names, we looked at the designer's previous work.
Secondly, hire for performance
Inspired by my own work experience, I created Headlight, a recruiting platform that gives candidates a chance to shine.
Like a test for a sports team or an audition for an actor, candidates should be asked to demonstrate their skills.
Our clients benefit from findings backed by 85 years of employment research that the best predictor of job success is getting the job done.
If you hire a data analyst, you can hand them a spreadsheet of historical data and ask them what they know.
If you're going to hire a marketing manager, let him plan a new product launch campaign.
And if you're the one being hired, don't wait to be told.
Look for ways to showcase your unique skills and abilities outside the traditional resume and cover letter.
Third, see the big picture
I've heard that recruiters are quick to label people who don't get a job because of one small blemish on their resume, and even if the content is the same, the emails are from blacks and Asians, not whites, and professors ignore them. I also read a story about tenda
When I was a kid, I was almost put into a special education class.
A month into kindergarten, my teacher wrote me a note saying that I was impulsive, distracted, curious, but tired to be with.
(Laughter) The principal summoned the parents, asked the mother if she had any problems during the birth, and recommended that she consult a counselor.
When my father figured out the situation, he immediately explained the family situation.
I just moved to America and I live in the attic of a mentally ill nursing home.
Parents worked late to make ends meet and had little opportunity to play with children their age.
After a lonely summer, I wouldn't be surprised if an understimulated five-year-old entering kindergarten was a little more excited.
If you don't get the full picture of who you are as a person, your judgment about that person will be biased.
Don't confuse experience with ability, qualifications with aptitude
Stop dwelling on the safe, usual choices and open the door to those who might be awesome.
We need to ditch outdated hiring practices and embrace new ways of finding and developing talent, empowering candidates to tell their stories in powerful and compelling ways.
A world where people are seen for their true potential and given the opportunity to reach their potential is possible.
let's build together
thank you
(applause)
I am very honored to be here to speak to you about a very important issue.
There's been a lot of controversy about the negative impact that plastic has on the planet and on other organisms, but it also harms humans, especially the poor.
Poor people are the ones most affected by the way plastics are made, used and handled.
At the time of the BP oil spill, society was shaken for good reason. "Oh my God,
It's hopeless that there's oil in the sea, biological system-
destroy it.
Not good for humans. A terrible accident. For those who live along the coast
It's a big blow. I worried.
But what if the oil had been safely – transported?
What if you've reached your destination?
It doesn't just burn in the engine and cause global warming. Do you know the place called "Cancer Street"? Where the petrochemical industry is thriving, people are dying as a result of the adverse health effects of the processing of petroleum into plastics.
It is shortening the lives of people living in the Gulf.
So the problems in the petroleum and chemical industry are not limited to oil spills, they are all the time.
But we don't realize the price poor people are paying to bring disposable products into society.
It's not just the manufacturing process. Even at the stage of use, poor people
I am damaged.
Those of us with fixed incomes have a choice.
The reason I work hard so that I don't run out of money is to retain my options, both financially and financially.
In fact, we also have the option of not using products that contain harmful plastics. But poor people don't have that option.
As a result, products such as toys – containing harmful chemicals – are consumed by low-income people. poor people,
We are consuming plastic and ingesting toxic substances.
Some people say, "Well then, just buy another product."
But the problem is that poor people don't have that option.
I have no choice but to buy the cheapest product.
And the cheap ones are usually the most harmful.
This is not the only seriousness of the situation. As in the case of the residents of "Cancer Alley," the manufacturing process afflicts humans with cancer, and the use process—not only harming children from poor families, but also the poor people in the disposal process—sacrifices. I'm here.
We all live our lives thinking that we are doing something good. For example, let's say you're in the office and you drink a bottle of water. You say, ``Throw it away.
I'm a man of good manners, so let's recycle! "Do not you think so?
"I put it in the recycling box."
Then he looked at his colleague and said, "You're an idiot. Throw it in the trash."
It gives you moral satisfaction.
Everyone feels good about themselves.
I don't like it myself.
It's not about you In my case.
Everyone likes the satisfaction of doing a good job.
But if you follow the whereabouts of those plastic bottles, you'll be shocked to find that most of them are paid to be put on a boat and sent across the ocean. And it ends up in developing countries, especially China.
Don't you have an image? Someone is picking up a small plastic bottle and saying, "Oh my gosh, it's an honor to meet you, Mr. PET Bottle."
(laughter) He said, "You've done a good job of serving humans."
Give them a massage or give them a medal.
When asked, "What do you want to do next?"
"I don't know," Bottle replies.
The reality is not like this.
PET bottles are incinerated.
Incineration is the preferred method of recycling plastics in developing countries. Incineration of plastic releases harmful chemicals that harm people.
So, like the residents of "Cancer Street," in the petrochemical area -- the people involved in the production of plastics, the poor people who consume a lot of plastic, and the poor people involved in the recycling -- the end-of-life process, everyone. , disposable society -
You are being sacrificed and your life is in danger.
Since it's all about you, "Isn't this terrible for poor people?"
Do not you think? "To these poor people—
Somebody should give me a helping hand."
But here in Los Angeles, we don't realize the important thing.
In Los Angeles, you're working hard to reduce the smog.
But did you know?
Harmful industries are flourishing in Asia these days. It's because of low environmental standards that ignore the impact on the public. As a result, all of California's clean and unclean air is being swept away by the dirty air from Asia.
In other words, everyone is affected.
The people closest to us who are most affected are the poor.
With the lack of environmental standards, air pollution in Asia – from harmful industries and toxic incineration – is endless, sweeping across the ocean and into California's atmosphere.
It's like a throwback to the 1970s.
After all, we live on the same earth, so we need to solve the fundamental problem.
I think that the “disposable” consciousness that prevails in society is the root of the problem.
If we understand the connection between our actions that contribute to the pollution of the planet and what we impose on the poor, I think we can gain a deeper understanding of the difficulty of solving these problems. In other words, polluting the earth means abandoning humans.
Therefore, if we build a society that does not give up on people, we can save the earth.
We are now finally able to combine the social justice perspective with the spirit of environmental protection as one philosophy.
In other words, it is a philosophy to throw away the consciousness of "disposable".
If there is no resource that can be "disposable",
There are no “disposable” seeds,
There is no such thing as a “disposable” human being.
The earth is not expendable, nor are the children. Everyone is precious.
A new initiative has emerged based on this basic idea.
It's a new scientific field called biomolecules, and it does a good job of summarizing the idea of ​​social justice that I mentioned earlier.
Those involved in the field of biomimicry respect the wisdom of species.
By the way, democracy is an idea that respects the wisdom of the people.
Biomimetics, on the other hand, value the wisdom of all species.
Humans are smart creatures.
It is a proud creature with a big head.
But when we want to make something solid, we say, "It's easy to make something hard.
With this vacuum and furnace, you take this thing out of the ground, ignore the toxins and contaminants, and heat it up.
Look! Something hard is ready.
You're smart after all."
And later you realize that you've caused a lot of damage.
What about shellfish?
They may be smarter than humans.
Seashells are hard.
Without using a suction machine or a furnace,
It emits no toxins or pollutants.
It seems that other creatures discovered long ago that they could build what we need in a biological way that nature knows so well.
The idea of ​​biomimicry is rooted in the fact that humans learn a lot from other organisms. It's not like experimenting with rats.
It's not about abusing little creatures.
Respect what other creatures have accomplished.
That is the biological model. It is a way of thinking that opens the door to a pollution-free society that produces no waste. A clean planet, happy people and a high standard of living - a world is possible.
By combining the bio-model - the respect for all living things - with the idea of ​​democracy and social justice - the respect for people - it is possible to create a new society.
The shape of the economy will also change.
We might be able to create a green society that even Dr. King would be proud of.
And that is the goal.
The first step is for everyone to realize that the "disposable" mentality not only harms living things, but also destroys society.
Everyone loves California.
It's right after the resolution on air pollution, and people are like, 'My state is different.
I don't know about greenhouse gases in other states. ”
(laughter) You're proud, aren't you? I'm proud too.
But the world's "green movement"
California, which leads, unfortunately, also leads the world in prisons.
California has one of the highest prison rates of all 50 states. You could say I have a moral challenge.
We work hard to reduce landfill waste, but we don't work so hard to help the living.
We live in a country that accounts for 5% of the world's population and emits 25% of greenhouse gases. The number of prisoners in the world is -25% of the country.
One in four people caught anywhere in the world is calculated to be imprisoned in the United States. Even in this number, there is a consciousness of "disposable" in society -
It reflects what is going on.
So, the success of a social movement requires expanding its following, growing its movement, and breaking out of the norm. The challenge to the success of this movement, and to eliminating plastic and creating economic change, is the presence of those who question the movement.
You may be asked this question. "Why are you working so hard?"
That person could be a poor low-income person, a cancer street resident, a Watts resident, a Harlem resident, a Native Reservation resident - one of them. It makes sense. "Why do we work so hard to ensure that plastic bottles are properly recycled, and aluminum is reused, but why is it that my child is involved in a problem and goes to jail? Won't you give me a chance?"
This social movement works hard to eliminate "disposable" products and things - but they are treated as "disposable" - lives and communities like "Cancer Alley" accept them. of?
But now, finally – it's time to feel confident about this movement.
When dealing with such issues, it is necessary to be well aligned with other movements and to grow inclusively. Finally, we can get out of the long-standing dilemma.
Everyone is kind and good people, right? Didn't you care about the whole world when you were young?
Occasionally, someone has advised you to – “Keep it to yourself”. It's impossible to love the whole world.
Do you work for the forest, or do you work for immigrants?
Focus on one problem. and.
But that's basically the question. "Do you love trees?
Choose whether you love children.
do you care about trees
Choose whether you value your child. "
But when you start thinking about things like plastics, you realize that everything is related.
Many people have both arms. Both trees and children can be embraced.
thank you very much.
(applause)
First, I'd like to talk about the challenges of working with medical data.
this is a big challenge for us
It's this machine that puts the burden on us. This is a computed tomography machine, or CT.
great device
It uses X-rays that rotate at high speed around the human body.
It takes about 30 seconds for the machine to move from one end to the other, and there's a ton of information out there.
It's an amazing machine that we can use to improve healthcare, but it's also a challenge for us.
You can see the problem in this image
This is the explosion of medical data that we are facing today.
I am currently working on this issue
let's go back in time
I'll tell you what happened a few years ago.
These machines, which began being introduced around 1970, scan the human body and produce about 100 images of the human body.
If we digitize those data to clarify, very arbitrarily,
It's about 50MB in size, and the amount of information itself is probably small compared to the amount of data we can handle on a typical mobile device.
If I were to compare it to a phone book, it would be a phone book stacked one meter.
These machines that we have today generate 24,000 images of the human body within seconds. That's 20 gigabytes of data, or the equivalent of 800 phone books. prize
What's about to happen? One technology trend that's just starting to happen is looking at how the human body changes over time.
So we can get a lot of dynamic information from the human body.
So let's say you get five seconds of data, and that's a terabyte of data -- the equivalent of 800,000 books, or a 16-kilometer telephone directory.
This is the data for one patient
the amount of data we have to deal with
It's really a hell of a job
Now there are 25,000 copies
Imagine what it would have looked like if radiologists were processing these things.
You're faced with 25,000 images and you say, "Well, 25,000?
There's a problem."
I can't do that anymore it's impossible
We have to do it in a more intelligent way
First, put these images together.
Imagine slicing your own body from every angle and putting them back together again into the original chunk of data.
that's what we do
I'm going to put this giga-terabyte-class data back into its original chunk.
Of course, the chunk of data simply represents the total amount of X-rays absorbed at each point in the body.
So the first thing we need to do is make sure that we can't see what we don't want to see, and only see what we want to see.
So I want to transform the data into something like this
This task
It was a huge challenge for us
Even with computers that are constantly getting faster and more powerful, extracting relevant information from gigabytes and terabytes of data is a difficult task.
heart, blood vessels and liver
there may be times when you want to see
maybe we'll find a tumor
That's where this pretty girl comes in.
this is my daughter
Here's what she looks like this morning around 9:00
she is playing games
I'm only 2 years old but I'm having a lot of fun
You could say she's a driving force behind GPU development.
As long as kids play games, graphics will continue to evolve.
Please recommend the game when you get home because that's what we need.
There's something in this machine that allows me to do what I do with medical data.
In fact, we use these little wonderful devices like this.
As you know, maybe 10 years ago, when I got the budget to buy my first image processing computer, it was a pretty big machine.
It was packed with processors, storage, everything.
I paid a million dollars for that machine
Those machines are now as good as my iPhone.
New graphics cards come out every month, and these are from vendors like NVDIA ATI Intel, and some of the latest models.
As you know, for a few hundred dollars, you can buy a graphics card like this, add it to your computer, and do a lot of things.
So, along with all of this, people are researching algorithms, how to compress the data, how to extract the relevant information, and so on, which makes it possible to deal with vast amounts of medical data.
So here are some examples of what we can do.
This is the data acquired by the CT scanner
As you can see this is the complete data
This is a woman and you can see her hair
You can see this woman's anatomy one by one.
Here you can see the X-rays scattering against the metal part of the tooth.
That's where the artificial noise is coming from.
But you can interactively create cross-sections with a standard graphics card in a normal computer.
All the data is stored, so you can rotate it and look at it from different angles.It looks like this woman had a problem.
It looks like he had a cerebral hemorrhage, but he's been treated with a little stent, which lines the blood vessel.
And by changing menu selections, you can decide what's transparent and what's visible.
You can see the skeleton, and this is the part of the woman's skull that was opened up, and it looks like it went inside through here.
these are great images
It's very high resolution, and it really shows what's possible with today's standard graphics cards.
We tried to cram a huge amount of data into the system, inventing an effective way to use it.
One of the apps we're working on is a virtual dissection app that's slowly becoming a hot topic around the world.
Similarly, we use very large datasets, such as whole-body scan images.
You can pass the whole body through a CT scanner and get full-body image data after a few seconds.
this is virtual anatomy
Gradually peel off like this
First, you can see the body bag, then you can see the skin, and you can see the muscles, and finally, you can see the skeleton of this woman.
From now on, I'm going to show you some virtual autopsies, out of respect for those who have donated their bodies since then, and out of respect to those who lost their lives in horrific events, I'm going to show you these images.
As a forensic case, in Sweden alone, where I'm from, about 400 virtual autopsies have been performed in the last four years.
this is the normal workflow
The police will decide if an autopsy is needed, for example, if the incident happened in the evening.
And then between six and seven in the morning, the sacked bodies are transported to our center to be scanned on one of our CT scanners.
Radiologists, accompanied by pathologists and sometimes forensic researchers, review data output and hold joint meetings.
And then decide how to do the real dissection.
I'd like to share with you some of the early cases that we worked on.
This way you can see the data in really great detail.
It's very high resolution, and we've devised an algorithm that allows us to magnify the finer details.
Again, it's fully interactive, and the system allows you to rotate and view images in real time.
This case may need no explanation, but this is a car accident where a drunk driver hit a woman.
It's very easy to see skeletal damage.
Cause of death is neck injury
In addition, the woman was trapped under a car, and her injuries left her with severe bodily harm.
I'll give you another example: a stabbing.
This example also illustrates what we can do.
You can easily check the metal products present in the body
You can also see the processed material inside the tooth. This is the filling of the tooth.
I'll give you another heinous case, this is not an actual fatal injury.
This man died after being stabbed multiple times in the heart, but the killer also left the knife stuck in one of his eyes.
I'll give you another example
It's very interesting for us to be able to look at things like knife stabbing cases.
Here you can see the knife going through the heart.
It's easy to see how air is leaking from one side to the other, which is difficult to see with normal dissection.
So, in determining the cause of death, it can be very useful in criminal investigations, and it can also steer investigations in the right direction, and in some cases, track down the real killer.
This is a case that I found interesting
You can see the bullet lodged next to this person's spine.
By transforming this bullet into a light source, the bullet makes these fragments glow, making them easier to spot.
If you're trying to find these fragments inside the body during a normal autopsy, it's actually very difficult.
One of the things that I'm excited to show you today is this virtual dissecting table.
This is a touch device that we developed based on standard GPUs and existing algorithms.
It actually looks like this
Works like a giant iPhone
It implements all the gestures you can do on a dissecting table, think of it as a giant touch interface.
If you're thinking of buying an iPad, forget it. This is what you wanted.
Steve, I hope you're listening to this.
So this is a very good device
If you have the chance, please use it.
We recommend that you experience
It's gotten a lot of attention, so we're aiming to commercialize it for educational purposes, and in the future, we're thinking about using it in the medical field as well.
If you want to introduce virtual dissection, there is a video that you can watch on YouTube, so please use it.
Now that we've talked about touch, let's talk about really touching data.
A little sci-fi, but let's talk about the future.
Doctors don't use it now, but I hope they do in the future.
You can see on the left is a touch device.
It's a little mechanical pen with a super-fast stepper motor inside.
can produce force feedback
So when you virtually touch the data, the pen receives a force, and you get a sensation from that feedback.
For scanned images of people living like this
If you hold the pen and look at the data, and you move the pen toward your head, suddenly you can feel the resistance.
You can feel the skin like this
If you press a little harder, you can go through the skin and feel the skeleton inside.
Push harder and it'll go through your bones, through the soft bones right next to your ears.
You can feel the brain in a slimy way.
It's a very useful function.
Now, thanks to a new scanner, we can scan the entire heart in just 0.3 seconds, and it's time-resolved.
It is possible to play videos while looking at the heart
He's one of the graduate students working on this project, his name is Karl Johan.
If you sit in front of the tactile feedback system and move the pen toward your heart, your heart will start beating in front of you, and you'll be able to see how it's beating.
If you take a pen and move it toward the heart and place the pen over the heart, you can feel the heartbeat of a living patient.
heart activity can be checked
You can go inside the heart and press inside to feel the action of the heart valves.
I believe this is the future of heart surgery.
It would be a dream come true for a cardiac surgeon to see inside a patient's heart with high-resolution data before surgery.
very nice idea
I'd like to introduce something closer to sci-fi.
Do you know about functional MRI?
this is a very interesting project
MRI uses magnetic fields and radio frequencies to scan the brain or any part of the body.
This gives us information about the structure of the brain, but it can also be used to measure the magnetic difference between oxygenated and non-oxygenated blood.
This means that it is possible to create a map of brain activity.
we are also working on this
We're just watching Mots, a research engineer, step inside an MRI with goggles on.
this through goggles
Because I can show him the footage while he's in the scanner.
This might come as a surprise, but here's what Mots is actually seeing.
he's looking at his brain
Motts is doing something here, probably doing something like this with his right hand, because the left motor cortex is activated.
he can see that as well
Such visualization is a new endeavor,
This is an area that we have been researching for some time.
This is another part of Mots' brain
I asked him to count backwards from 100.
"100 97 94..."
calculating
You can see that the little computational areas of his brain are activating, lighting up the whole brain.
It's a great result. It can be measured in real time.
You can ask him to investigate.
In addition, his visual cortex is activated in the occipital lobe, because he's looking at his own brain.
Also, he's listening to our orders to get him to do something.
This signal is emitted deep inside the brain, and you can see it glowing inside, because it contains all the data.
Here you can see a scene like this Motz, please move your left foot.
he does so
Keep moving for 20 seconds, and this place will suddenly light up.
We can confirm that the motor cortex is activated.
It's a very interesting result.
And to sum up what we've talked about so far, I think it's a very useful tool for understanding how neurons and how the brain works, and above all, it's very high quality, and it's very fast.
We also do a little bit of fun inside the center.
This is a CT scan being taken
A lion named Elsa at Colmalden Zoo on the outskirts of Norrkoping.
She came to the center, was sedated, and was brought straight into the scanner.
After that, we got all the lion data.
For a lion image like this
peel off the layers
I will check inside
I have verified this way
I think it's a great app for the future of this technology, because there are so many unknowns about animal anatomy.
because all veterinarians know is limited to basic knowledge.
You can scan anything, including any animal.
The only problem is getting it inside the machine.
this is a bear
I had a hard time getting it into the machine.
bears are very cute and friendly animals
This is the bear's nose
You'll want to cuddle until you change the function and see this
Beware of bears
With that said, I'd like to thank everyone who helped generate these images.
It takes a lot of work to collect data and develop algorithms to create all the software.
thanks to very talented people
My motto is to hire people smarter than me, and many of them are smarter than me.
thank you
(applause)
The greatest developments and innovations in the world often occur at the intersection of two fields.
Tonight, I'd like to talk to you about one of my biggest passions right now: the intersection of entertainment and robotics.
If we want robots to be more expressive and better able to interact with us in society, then maybe we should look to the performers who bring the emotions and personalities they create to life on stage.
I also want to make people more interested in science and technology by creating new technologies for art.
In the last 10 or 20 years, there have been attempts to use technology to create art.
In my venture, Marilyn Monrobot, I'm trying to turn art into technology.
we are based in new york
If you're an entertainer who wants to work with a lovely robot, or if you want to add an element of entertainment to your robot, please contact me as an agent.
This future star robot also has a Twitter account, @robotinthewild.
So let me introduce you to our first robot, Data.
Named after a Star Trek character
I'm sure you'll be very popular
This kid has a huge database of jokes in his head.
Each joke is labeled with various attributes
The length of the joke, the story, and the movement
data you know
and see your reaction
I really have no idea what this kid is going to do today.
(Laughter) This kid learns from you how to make jokes and presents them accordingly, like Netflix, over time, to different communities and audiences, learning the differences between children and adults and cultural differences.
This robot can tell you something about your community.
And I can use each and every one of you as coaches for future robots.
For those in the middle seats, we've given you a red and green panel.
If you like it, please bring out the green.
If you don't like the story or the performance, put out the red
no need to worry
I'm just a robot
I have no feelings...for now
(Laughter) I'll ask other people to help me.
Through a microphone, I listen to your laughter, your applause, and (I hope you don't want me to) boo you, and use that information to decide what to do next.
So let's get the robot comedy going.
Hello TEDWomen,
It's an honor to meet you
(Laughter) (Applause) You're all beautiful.
Want to hear a joke?
(Audience ``I want to hear'')
Then it's the first time
Well, the doctor said to the patient, "I have bad news and bad news.
The bad news is that you only have 24 hours to live."
"Oh no!" said the patient.
"What could be worse news than that?"
"Actually, I've been trying to tell you since yesterday."
(Laughter) (Applause) Switzerland has a rather interesting army.
We haven't had a war in 500 years.
you're lucky
Have you seen those little swiss army knives they wield?
"Come on, we've got nail clippers over here.
Even if you dodge me, there's someone with a spoon waiting for you later."
(smile)
It's a foul-mouthed robot when two hunters from New Jersey went to the woods.
one died suddenly
don't seem to be breathing
Another person pulls out his phone and calls 911.
I panicked and said, "My friend died.
what should I do? "
the operator replied
"calm down please
First, make sure you're dead."
After a few moments of silence, the operator heard gunshots.
The man returned to the phone and said, "So what should we do next?"
(Laughter) (Applause) Why is television called medium?
Anyone know?
Because it is neither rare nor well done.
But to be honest, I'm more of a TV lover.
Do you like TV? (audience "likes")
you will learn a lot
In fact, as soon as someone turns on the TV, I go to another room and read.
(...Very subtle?) That's all for today.
How was my first stage performance?
(Applause) You guys are great customers.
Thank you very much
Yay
(Applause) With the audience's live feedback on the performance,
This is my first time. Thank you for participating.
We will continue to improve
I hope you can learn more about robot expressions.
thank you very much
(applause)
The world is changing so fast
Take a look here, by 2025, Goldman Sachs estimates that China's economy will match the size of the US economy.
Furthermore, by 2050, China's economy is projected to be twice the size of the United States, and India is also estimated to match the United States' economy.
And let's not forget that this prediction was made before the financial crisis.
A few weeks ago, I was looking at the latest forecast, according to BNP Paribas, about when the Chinese economy will surpass the size of the United States.
Goldman Sachs predicted 2027
Post-financial crisis estimates are for 2020
Only 10 years from now
China will change the world, and two things in particular will change the most.
First of all, China is a big developing country, with a population of 1.3 billion people, and it's been growing steadily over the last 30 years, about 10 percent per year.
In the next 10 years, China's economy will be the largest in the world.
Until modern times, no country, not a developed country, but a developing country, has become the world's largest economy.
What's more, for the first time, I think it's China that will take over the world, and that's going from the West to a completely different civilization.
Today, in the West, generally speaking, modernizing a nation has meant westernizing.
this is just an illusion
Modernity is seen as the product of competitive markets and technology.
But modernity also comes from history and culture.
China is different from the West and will continue to follow its own path
China will continue to earn sweeping respect and go its own way.
The big question here, obviously, is how can we understand China?
How should we strive to understand China as a country?
The problem we have in the West at the moment is, by and large, an unoriginal approach, because it uses Western ideas to understand China in a Western language.
I can't understand that
So here I would like to give you three basics to try to understand China as a country, as a starting point.
The first one is that China is not so much of a nation-state.
Okay, China has been called a nation-state for the past few hundred years, right? But everyone who knows anything about China knows that China existed long before this.
This is China when the Qin Dynasty triumphed in 221 BC, when the Warring States period ended, and modern China began.
I think you can see that it is different from the current borders of China.
Right after the Han Dynasty, but still 2,000 years ago.
As you can see, we've already taken over Western China as we know it, where most of the Chinese still live.
So what's amazing is that the feeling that China is China, the feeling that the Chinese are Chinese isn't from the past hundreds of years, it's not from the times of the peoples. That's what people think, but this kind of feeling has continued since the beginning of civilized nations.
For example, I believe that a week like cherishing ancestors is a very unique concept for the Chinese family, social relationships like personal connections, Confucianism, and so on.
All of this is from the beginning of this modern China.
In other words, China, unlike the West and many other countries, has a sense of enlightenment, an enlightenment of civilization, not a nation-state.
One more thing I would like to add is, of course, we all know that China is huge, both racially and geographically, with a population of 1.3 billion people.
What we don't often realize is that China is very diverse, it's also pluralistic, and in many ways it's very decentralized.
At this scale, we can't control it from Beijing alone, even if we think these things happen.
There is absolutely no such thing
So this is China, not so much a nation-state as a civilized state.
what's the meaning of this
I think this has a very deep meaning.
In short, there are two
The first one is that what the Chinese hold most politically is the survival and unity of Chinese civilization.
2000 years ago in Europe, the Roman Empire collapsed.
Europe has remained divided ever since.
China went in exactly the opposite direction during the same period, and it suffered a great deal to sustain this great civilization.
The second, maybe more objective, is Hong Kong.
Remember when Britain handed Hong Kong back to China in 1997?
You may remember the Chinese bill
One country, two systems
And I'd bet most people in the West don't believe them.
to take care of one's appearance
When China got their hands on Hong Kong, they couldn't do that.
For 13 years, Hong Kong's legal and political system is completely different now than it was in 1997.
we were wrong why were we wrong
Because we thought of China as a nation-state.
Consider the reunification of Germany in 1990
what happened
Basically, the East was swallowed up by West Germany.
one country one system
Spiritually, it is a nation-state.
But in a civilized nation like China, one civilization, one system cannot control it.
it doesn't work
So China's reaction is a question for Hong Kong, and it's a natural reaction, just as it's a question for Taiwan. One civilization, many systems.
Let me tell you one more thing you need to know about trying to understand China.
Chinese people have a very, very different conception of race compared to other countries.
Did you know that 90 percent of China's 1.3 billion people identify themselves as Han Chinese?
This is very different from other countries with large populations.
India, United States Indonesia, Brazil All these countries are multi-ethnic nations
Chinese people don't think like that.
China is a multi-ethnic country, and it really is on the fringes.
why is it
I think it's ultimately because of civilized nations.
Over the course of at least 2,000 years of occupation, reunification, and so on, in the process, this concept of the Han people was born, and of course it has been preserved and thrived in a strong sense of civilizational identity.
But the great advantage of this historical experience is that without the Han people, China could never have come together as one nation.
The Han identity has become the cement that holds this country together.
The downside is that Han is a very weak concept when it comes to cultural differences.
The Han Chinese really believe in their superiority, and the Han Chinese are disrespectful to those who don't.
For example, attitudes towards Uyghurs and Tibetans.
Let me tell you the third important factor, and that is the nation of China.
Today, China's state-society relationship is very different from that of the West.
We Westerners, surprisingly, at least these days, believe that state power and legitimacy are a function of democratization.
The problem with this proposal is that the Chinese state enjoys legitimacy and power much more than the Western world.
The reason for this, I think, is for two reasons.
Clearly, this has nothing to do with democracy, because we think China is not a democracy.
The reason for this is that, first of all, the state of China holds a very special, special importance, as a representative of a civilized nation, as a protector.
This is where China can go in its spiritual role.
The second reason is that in Europe, in North America, state power is always provoked. European practice has historically been against the church, the aristocracy, the merchants, etc. For more than 1,000 years, the Chinese state power has never been provoked.
The Chinese nation didn't have a big rival.
So the way power was built in China was very different from our experience in the West.
By the way, the result is that the Chinese have a very different view of the state.
We sometimes see the state as an aggressor, whereas we tend to see the outsider as an organization whose powers need to be limited or constrained and clarified. there is no
The Chinese see the state as a close friend -- not just a close friend, but a family member -- not just the fact that they're part of the family, but the head of the household, the head of the family.
This is how the Chinese view the state, really different from ours.
This view is embedded in a different way than in the West.
What we're really dealing with here is a very new dimension from the Chinese point of view.
Know that China believes in the market and the nation.
Already in the late 18th century, Adam Smith said, "The Chinese market is the largest, most developed and most sophisticated of any European market.
Apart from the time of Mao Zedong, the market has more or less been that way since the time of Mao Zedong.
But this combined with a very strong and ubiquitous state.
States were everywhere in China
Many of China's major companies are still state-owned
Sole proprietorships like Lenovo are big companies, but they rely on state support in many ways.
Economic goals and such are determined by the government.
And, of course, state autonomy flows through many branches, as we already know -- the one-child policy is an example.
Besides, this is a very old national week, one of the very old national affairs.
If you need a little more explanation, it's the Great Wall of China.
And then there's the Grand Canal, which was first built in the fifth century BC.
finally ended in the 7th century AD
It's 1,114 miles from Beijing to Hangzhou to Shanghai.
So China has had a long history of national infrastructure projects, which makes it easier to explain what we're seeing today, like the Three Gorges Dam, and there are many others. is an indication of national power within China.
So far, in my effort to understand the differences with China, I've laid out three key points: the civilized state, the concept of race and the state of the state, and its relationship to society.
And all in all, when we try to understand China, we try to build on the experience of the West and use Western concepts to look at it from a Western perspective.
If you want to know why we see China so completely inaccurately, our predictions of what China is going to look like are spectacularly wrong, and here's why.
Unfortunately, I have to say what I think is that attitudes toward China are a little more Western.
this is a little arrogant
We're arrogant in that we think we're the best, and we have a global perspective.
Second, ignorance
we refuse to recognize differences
Here's an interesting passage from a book by American historian Paul Cohen.
Paul Cohen thinks the West considers itself perhaps the most advanced of all cultures.
it is not
In many ways, the West has the narrowest vision.For 200 years, the West has conquered the world.It didn't take that conquest to understand other cultures and civilizations.
Because at the end of the day, cultures do what they want, by force when necessary.
A culture like this -- in fact, the rest of the world, in fact -- was in a very weak position relative to the West, and these countries were forced to understand the West because they were in society. because of the existence of the West
As a result, it's more modern in many ways than the West.
Consider the example of East Asia
East Asia: Japan, South Korea, China, etc. One-third of the world's population lives in these countries.
is now the world's largest economic zone
So let me tell you, East Asians, people from East Asia, know a lot more about the West than people in the West know about East Asia.
Unfortunately, this point is very closely related to the current state of affairs.
because what's going on? Let's go back to the first chart - the Goldman Sachs chart.
What's happening is that from a historical perspective, the world is being driven and shaped at a very fast rate, not by the old developed world, but by the developing world.
We can see this in the term G20 -- from G7 or G8 to G20 very quickly.
and came to two conclusions
First, the West is rapidly losing influence over the world.
A year ago, there was a dramatic presentation of this at the climate change conference in Copenhagen.
Europe was not at the final negotiating table
When was the last time something like this happened?
I'd bet it was probably about 200 years ago.
and this is what will happen in the future
The second conclusion is that the world will inevitably end up being unfamiliar to us, because the world will be shaped by cultures and experiences and histories that we are less familiar with and less familiar with. because it will be
Ultimately, unfortunately -- I look at Europe and America in a slightly different way -- I have to say that Europeans are very ignorant. Europeans don't realize how the world has changed. Dolphin
Some people say, I have a British friend who lives in China, and he said, "The continent is sleepwalking into oblivion."
Maybe this is true Maybe this is an exaggeration
But there's another problem with this -- Europe doesn't know what the world is really like -- and this fact also means that it loses its sense of the future.
Of course, Europe once ruled the future, confidently.
The 19th century was just that
sadly this is no longer the case
If you want to feel and taste the future, try China - there is old Confucianism.
This is like a train station you've never seen before.
it doesn't even look like a train station
This is a new high-speed express station in Guangzhou.
China already has the largest network of any country in the world China will have a network larger than all the networks in the world combined
There's also this one: It's just an idea, but it was tried at one point in the suburbs of Beijing.
Have you ever seen a megabus that can hold 2000 people on the upper deck?
It runs on railroad tracks, on country roads, and cars drive under buses.
So this bus accelerates to 100 miles an hour.
This is how things go, because China has a specific problem, and this is not a European problem.
So this was one way to solve it, because China has so many cities with over 20 million people.
Okay, how do you want to end this speech?
So what should be our attitude towards this world? This world is developing rapidly before our eyes.
There are good things and there are bad things
But I want to discuss, above all, the positive picture of the world.
For 200 years, the world was basically controlled by a few scattered humans.
Europe and North America are examples of this.
Countries like China and India have emerged, which have 38 percent of the world's population -- and countries like Indonesia and Brazil have been symbolized by one of the most important acts of democratization in the last 200 years. increase
Civilization and culture have been ignored and had no voice. We have not heard of them, they have not been known. Civilization and culture will come to symbolize the world in the future.
As anthropocentrists, we must embrace this change, and we will learn about these civilizations.
The big ship here is the ship that Zheng He sailed in the early 15th century, and he sailed across the South China Sea, the East China Sea and the Indian Ocean to East Africa.
In front of this one, there's a little boat, and this is Christopher Columbus' transatlantic crossing 80 years later.
(Laughter) Or this silk scroll, if you look closely, you'll see that it was made in 1368 by the city of Zhuzhou.
I think they were playing golf
The Chinese also invented golf.
welcome to the future thank you
(applause)
I want to talk about an underutilized resource in the medical field: the patient, or, in scientific terms, the person.
We are all patients and people.
Doctors are sometimes patients too.
I want to talk about this opportunity that has been left untapped, not only in this country, but on a global scale.
From the public health aspect of my training, broadly speaking, there are behavioral problems.
I see people who are actually given information but don't follow it.
Considering smoking, this problem can be evidenced in diabetes, obesity, various heart diseases and some cancers.
In these acts one understands what one should do.
I know but don't do it.
Behavior modification has long been a problem in the medical community.
It dates back to the time of Aristotle.
i hate doctors
I'm always complaining.
non-compliance, e.g.
Not taking pills or following doctor's orders. These are problem behaviors.
Clinical medicine is plagued with behavioral change, but not enough is being done to promote it.
The core is based on the concept of decision making. It's not just about educating and informing, it's about informing people to make better decisions, better choices in life.
Only part of the medical site is responding well to behavior improvement. Dentistry.
Many dentists seem to admit that dentistry is far from the center of medicine.
Nothing cool or sexy happens in the dental world.
However, I thought about the improvement of this problem behavior and solved it.
This is a successful example of preventive medicine in the medical system.
A person brushes and flosses his teeth.
Not quite enough, but I'll do it.
I will tell you about one successful experiment that some Connecticut dentists did 30 years ago.
A very old experiment, but efficient, simple and easy to talk to.
Several dentists in Connecticut wanted more teeth brushed and flossed. So I came up with one method. I threatened.
I taught them what would happen if they didn't brush and floss.
It was a huge number of patients.
We divided into two groups.
I gave a 13-minute science-based presentation to the low-fear group and told them that if they didn't brush and floss, they would get periodontal disease. If you have periodontal disease, your teeth will fall out.
This is the low fear group.
I took extreme measures against the high fear group.
bloody gums
pus coming out from between the teeth,
I was told my teeth would fall out.
The infection spreads from the jaw to other parts of the body, eventually leading to tooth loss.
I needed dentures, and then I couldn't eat corn on the cob, or chew an apple, or eat steak.
You will live on porridge for the rest of your life.
Please brush and floss your teeth.
This was the message, the experiment.
I found another method.
I tried to use patient efficacy as another tool.
The concept is whether the patient is confident that they can brush and floss.
At the beginning, patients were asked, “Are you confident that you will be able to complete this programme?”
I asked, "Of course I think it's fine." They are characterized as high efficacy. People who say, "I should brush and floss more, but I'm not doing well..." are characterized as having low efficacy.
Result is
Fear is not the primary motivation.
People who brush and floss are not necessarily people who feared the consequences of not doing so. They are the ones who feel they have the ability to change their behavior.
i.e. not fear
Efficacy is the motivation.
This observation was made 30 years ago, so we're no longer researching it, so we're excluding it.
This concept is credited to Albert Bandura, who did a study to see if people could have a concept of empowerment.
The concept of efficacy is belief in the ability to improve behavior.
In the medical community this depends on whether you feel like you can see a path towards better health. a very important concept
Great concept.
I don't know how to handle it.
you might know
Threats don't work.
A good example of not learning it at all.
Campaign for the American Diabetes Association.
We still communicate about health in this way.
I showed this to my 3 year old last night and he said, "Dad, why is the ambulance at these people's house?"
"It's to scare you," I explained.
I don't know if it works or not.
Personal information is effective.
Bandura knew years, decades ago.
What works for behavioral change is giving people an idea of ​​their health, where they are, where they want to go, where they might end up.
Let's find out a little.
We connect personalized data and information obtained from individuals to their lives.
It should be associated with life in a way that is understandable, preferably not terrifying.
Now I know where I am.
The flood of health information, not just as abstract numbers,
It really hits the mark.
It will touch your heart as well as your head.
There is an emotional relevance because it is your information.
We need to tie this information to a set of choices. The direction to go Trades and profits.
Finally, action must be realized.
We must always connect information with action. That action is issued as another informational feedback. Thus creating a feedback loop.
Behavioral change is a well-observed and well-established concept.
But the problem is that the individualized data in the upper right corner is hard to come by.
Until now, it has been an expensive and difficult-to-find product.
Let me give you one very simple example.
You've seen it before. A speed limit sign.
Now that radar is cheap, I see it everywhere.
This is how the feedback loop works.
Start with individual data. The speed limit on the road you are on is 25 and you are driving faster than that.
People always drive faster than the limit.
The choice is easy.
Either keep your speed or slow down.
Maybe you should drop it, maybe you should act now.
You should lift your foot off the acceleration paddle now. People usually slow down. Signs have proven very effective in slowing down.
It slows down about 5-10%.
After about 80 km, put your foot back on the acceleration paddle.
Effective and even repercussions for health.
Your blood pressure may drop slightly.
It is beneficial to public health as it may reduce the number of accidents.
But usually this is a nice, rare loop of feedback.
In many healthcare organizations, data is insulated from behavior.
It's hard to get things to line up nicely.
But there are opportunities.
I would like to talk about how health information is delivered in this country and how information is obtained.
It's a pharmaceutical advertisement.
Actually this is a fake and not a real pharmaceutical advertisement.
There is also no great idea to name a product "Havidol".
But you are absolutely right.
Health information and drug information are all obtained this way and it looks perfect.
You go through the pages of the magazine and see this. The Food and Drug Administration has required drug companies to include this in or after their promotion. I think it's one of the ironic acts in the medical world.
Because I know
Who can actually say that they will read this?
Who can say that those who actually read it will learn something?
It is an irresistible means of exchanging medical information.
No good intentions.
It's a different way.
It was developed by Dartmouth Medical School researchers Lisa Schwartz and Stephen Orosin.
They devised drug labeling standards.
Inspired by "Captain Crunch".
Cornflakes and other nutrition labeling standards on food show what the food contains.
Applying the same standards as "Captain Crunch" to drugs is of course unacceptable.
Let's talk quickly.
It clearly states what the drug works for, and especially for whom. So you can understand whether the information is personal or drug related.
You can see if it helps.
Instead of vague promises that it works for everything, you'll see statistics that show how well it works.
Finally, understand your options.
There will be options to choose from due to side effects.
Every time you take a drug, you are exposed to side effects.
clearly stated. valid.
I like the drug labeling standards.
I thought about it. How can we help you understand information?
Is there information that is unused and unknown?
Laboratory test results are the answer.
Blood test results are a huge resource of information.
Information is overflowing.
It's not for us, the patients.
It belongs to the doctor.
Ask a lot of doctors and they won't know for sure.
This is bad information.
Tufte will answer: "Yes. It's the worst way to give information."
At Wired, we had our graphic design department rethink the test results.
This is what I want to talk about.
This is the previous general blood test and this is the one after. Here are our results.
There are 4 stages. The slide above is actually the first stage of the data, a general blood test.
There are numbers that we don't even know about.
Our summary.
use color.
The color concept is great.
At the top is the overall result, and that's the big part in the fine print.
Go down and actually document the patient's condition. Illustrate patient numbers with colors.
In this example, the patient is on the verge of becoming diabetic due to their glucose levels.
Similarly, we can look at lipids to understand total cholesterol levels and break them down into HOL and LDL.
Always use color to get closer to individual information.
Other numbers could be summarized as pages of other numbers are unnecessary.
Tell the patient that they are fine.
No need to read unnecessary stuff.
It does two things that help fill the feedback loop. It helps you understand in a little more detail what the numbers mean and what they refer to.
Take the next step and tell the patient what you can do.
Educate patients about their options and what they can do.
Here are our general blood test results.
Next is the CRP test.
In this case, it's a shameful omission.
I have a huge amount of space, but I'm not using it. we use
A CRP test is usually done after a cholesterol test. done concatenatively.
So, boldly put it on the same page as the cholesterol information. Physicians also assess in this way.
I thought that patients would also like to know the contents.
A protein that appears when blood vessels become inflamed. You are at risk of heart disease.
The actual object to be measured is written in easy-to-understand words.
Then use the information already in the test results.
Individual risks are recorded according to the patient's age and sex.
We take the data we have and do some simple calculations with a variety of calculators available on the internet to get the actual risk.
Finally, I will show you the PSA test.
This is before, so this is after.
I put a lot of effort into this. As many of you know, the PSA test is controversial.
It is used to detect prostate cancer, but there are many reasons why the prostate gland enlarges.
I spend a lot of time showing it.
Individualize risk.
Let's say you have a patient in their 50s, and you can predict their risk of getting prostate cancer very accurately.
According to it, the risk is 25%.
It will then be re-examined
It costs less than $10,000.
This is the expense that Wired magazine used.
Why?
(Laughter) Quest Diagnostic and LabCorp are two of the largest laboratory testing companies. They made $700 million and $500 million respectively last year.
It's not a question of resources, it's a question of motivation.
The target of the information is neither the doctor nor the insurance company, but the patient.
need to recognize.
It is the patient who ultimately changes their way of life and develops new habits.
This information is very powerful.
It is a powerful catalyst that is hard to change.
But without using it, it's just there.
Lost.
I suggest four questions for patients to ask. I don't think we'll start developing our own test results.
You can create your own feedback loop.
Anyone can create a feedback loop by asking a simple question: Can I get the test results?
The only plausible answer is (audience: yes) - yes.
What does this mean? Please explain the data.
What are your options? What is your choice now?
What next?
How should we apply this information to our lives in the long term?
Finally, I want to show that humans are capable of making sense of this information.
It is not incomprehensible to ordinary people.
You don't have to have a higher education level than the people in this room.
If you present it in an acceptable form, even the layperson can understand it.
Participation is mandatory. We don't just provide information, we give them the opportunity to take action.
Participation is not the same as acceptance.
It's completely different from what medical science says now.
There is information.
Today we've been talking about hidden information that's in the system but not being used.
However, much more information is available online. To change lives, to engage, to help, we need to recognize the capacity of information.
thank you
(applause)
(It all started) I used to resist femininity
I still have it, but I've developed the flexibility to not show it.
(anxiety is a good motive)
I've honed the right tools for alleviating my anxiety.
I will introduce it
In the 1950s and 1960s, when I was a little girl, what was expected of girls was kindness, compassion, cuteness, gentleness, gentleness.
(What kind of adult? Good person? Bad person?) There were many people I could follow.
So did my mother, aunt, cousin, and sisters, and the media continued to imprint the ideal image of women through images and words.
But my mother is a different person
Even though I'm a housewife, she didn't let me experience being a girl outside, and she didn't buy me pink clothes.
In exchange, he bought me the comic book I wanted.
I'm crazy
I drew and drew and continued to draw.My family loved humor, so I was able to draw whatever I wanted.I didn't need to assert myself or talk.I still have a shy personality. one step
(It's not okay to avoid femininity or failure)
People pick up on the rules at an early age (when I get married, I'm going to be that girl, and Tommy's going to be that man), but we don't always follow the rules, even if they're ingrained in us from birth. The most important obligatory color in the world (pink)
customary shape
(It's a big dress, but it's a customer, too.) Routine outfit (should I wear something like that?) Routine hairstyle (look like politician Sarah Palin, but don't look like her) Routine behavior does not follow
The rules mentioned here are constantly exposed to the eyes of society
It's something that continues to be modified, and the best watchers for it are women, because women are the heirs of tradition.
For generations women have inherited the rules
Not only do I continue to vaguely feel that something is being forced upon me --
(Why do I feel like I'm being pushed all the time?) And it keeps changing.
(I'm worried about not worrying about anything) Sometimes I don't understand the current situation, but that puts the position of women in jeopardy.
(How to dress, behave, speak, walk) I think there are many people who don't like such rules. humor)
Humor depends on the traditions of society (traditions)
add a twist to knowledge
It makes us laugh by transforming our behavioral and dress conventions into something unexpected.
What happens when you combine women with humor?
change is born
Women have the advantage because they hold onto traditions so they can bring new voices.
When I started drawing cartoons, society was in chaos.
Not far from Washington D.C.
Having grown up watching the civil rights movement, the assassinations, the Watergate scandal, and the women's liberation movement, I was drawing with the intention of grasping the situation in front of me.
There was some turmoil in my family, so I wanted to hold them together (I came with you for Mom and Dad).
but it didn't work
My parents got divorced and my sister got arrested.
but i found a place
I realized I didn't have to wear high heels, I realized I didn't have to wear pink, and it felt right for me.
When I grew up a little and entered my twenties, I realized that there weren't many female manga artists.
I thought, "I should be able to break down the invisible walls of the manga world," and I really did.
In my 40s, I started thinking, "Why don't we do something?
I've always liked political cartoons, so why don't you do something with them? Why don't you laugh and think about the stupid rules that bind women? "
(The black really stands out.) My view is a particularly American view.
As long as you live here, it's inevitable.
I've traveled a lot, but I still think like an American woman.
But this rule is universal. Different cultures behave differently, dress differently, have different traditions, but women everywhere face the same challenges as Americans.
(Look, that antenna is cool)
Women have an advantage because they are well versed in tradition.
The sensitivity of the antenna is also good.
Recently, I've been collaborating with cartoonists from all over the world, and it's been a lot of fun, and it's made me feel even more deeply about the power of cartoons.
I feel the power to appeal to the beholder, the power to appeal not only to the intellect but also to the heart.
Through production, you can join forces with women cartoonists from all over the world - Saudi Arabia, Iran, Turkey, Argentina, France - and we can all sit and laugh and talk and share our problems.
Women everywhere struggle to make their voices heard in very difficult circumstances.
I am happy to work with these women.
We're talking about how we can strengthen women's awareness of their high potential as agents of change, when women are at risk and heirs of tradition.
(I wish I could stop talking about rice and mutter about the revolution.) I believe that we can change things step by step with laughter.
thank you
(applause)
Let me start by telling you about when I was four years old, when my family moved to Savannah, Georgia.
It was the 1960s, and every street in the area was named after a Confederate general.
Our house was on Robert E. Lee Street.
When I was five years old, they bought me an orange Schwinn Stingray bicycle.
It had a banana-shaped saddle and a tall deformed handle, and when I rode it, it looked like an orangutan, so I decided to use that handle.
It's called an ape hanger.
It was modeled after a modified bike from the '60s, but my mom probably didn't know that.
One day, I went out to explore a dead end, not far from my house, at the end of the road.
Then I turned around and turned and thought I'd go back down that road faster I was about to make a U-turn on the wide street in my neighborhood Boom! I was hit by a passing car
My broken body flew one way, my broken bike the other way
I was lying on the yellow line of the road My neighbors came running
"Andy, Andy, are you okay?" I called him by his brother's name.
(Laughter) I said, "I'm the blues," and I passed out.
It broke my left femur - the largest bone in the human body - and I was in a full body cast for two months, from my chin to my toes, my right knee, then my right knee to my left ankle. I got a steel rod
For the next 38 years, the only health problem was that accident.
In fact, I used to work walking.
I've traveled around the world and been in different cultures, and I've written books about those journeys, "Walking Through the Bible" is one of them.
I also hosted a program of the same title on PBS.
I was known as the "walking man"
Until May of 2008, I had a routine blood test at my regular check-up, and my alkaline phosphatase levels were abnormal, and something was wrong with my bones.
The doctor had an idea, and he did a full-body scan, and they found a tumor in his left leg.
Then an x-ray, then an MRI, and so on.
One afternoon, I got a call from my teacher.
"The tumor in my left foot does not appear to be benign."
My feet came to a halt, and I quickly realized that the negative "not benign" meant something much more terrifying.
it's cancer
The cancer was in the same part, in that bone, in the same part of the accident 38 years ago.
Well, that afternoon, when I got home, my identical twin daughters, Eden and Tybee Filer, rushed to pick me up.
They had just turned three, and they loved anything pink and purple.
We used to call them Pink and Purple, but my favorite nickname is the one we got on April 15th when they were born.
On April 15, 2005, at 6:14 and 46:00, when the two were born, the serious teacher, who never smiled, looked at his wristwatch and said, "Hmm.
Early submitters and late submitters."
(Laughter) "Doctor, that was a good joke," I said the next day.
They say, "You wrote the script, didn't you?"
Anyway, the twins had just turned three, and when they came in, they would improvise, and they would spin around, and they would go faster and faster until they finally fell over and they were laughing.
i cried
One thing after another came to mind that I wouldn't be able to experience with these girls I'm not going to ruin their craft, stare at their boyfriends, or walk down the aisle arm in arm with a daughter in a bride's dress.
do the girls think
Who I was My approval My love My voice Will I ever need it?
A few days later, when I woke up in the morning, an idea came to my mind: a way to get my voice heard to my daughters.
I call out to the six men I've met in my life and ask them to be present at the milestones of my daughters' lives.
"My daughters will have many opportunities," I wrote to them.
"You'll have a loving family and a warm home, but I won't be there.
daughters will have no father
Will you take my father's place? "
So I decided to call these guys the "Father's Corps."
As soon as this thought came to me, I decided not to tell my wife, and that's fine.
My wife is very positive and naturally energetic.
There's something about the culture of this country -- it goes without saying -- that there's a certain lightheartedness about trouble.
try to focus only on the good
My wife grew up in the suburbs of Boston.
She has a bright smile and an easy-going personality.
I have a lot of volume in my hair My wife recently said, "Don't say you have volume in your hair. If you say your hair is full, you'll think you're from Texas."
Apparently, it's okay to marry a Georgian man, but you shouldn't have a Texan hairstyle.
To my wife's credit, when we got married in Georgia, the document on our marriage certificate had three questions, and the third one was, "Are you related?"
(Laughter) "In Georgia, we make it clear.
In Arkansas you wouldn't even ask."
I was silent, but if I answered "yes", we could get married right away.
No 30 day waiting period
We don't need to know each other anymore.
I had intended to keep it a secret about my father's group, but the next day, I couldn't take it anymore, so I confessed.
My wife said it was a good idea, but she was quick to say that my candidate was no good.
"He's nice, but I don't want his advice"
Ultimately, starting a fatherhood gave me a quick idea of ​​what my wife thinks of my friends.
(Laughter) So I decided to set some standards, and I made some rules.
First of all, no relatives, only friends
Because my relatives are always by my side
second only men
'Cause I'm trying to fill the void left by the father in my daughters' lives.
The third is a father who can cover all aspects
We talked about who I was, and tried to choose a father to represent each side.
So I wrote a letter to each one of them.
Instead of mailing it, I decided to read it out in front of the other party.
His wife, Linda, laughed that it looked like he was proposing to six people.
So I made a connection with six friends.
The first one was Jeff Shumlin
Jeff was the leader when he traveled to Europe in the early '80s after high school.
I stayed at a youth hostel in the castle on the first day.
I sneaked out to the back, and there was a moat and a fence, and I could see a meadow with cows.
Jeff came up to me and said, "Have you ever rolled a cow?"
"Rolling cows?" I asked.
"Oh cows sleep standing up
So if you approach it from the lee behind you and give it a jerk, the cow will fall in the mud.”
Before I knew if it was a good thing or a bad thing, I jumped over the moat, climbed the fence, sidled through the dung, and approached the unknowingly sleeping cow-
Well, a few weeks after the cancer diagnosis, we decided to go to Vermont and make Jeff the first member of the fatherhood.
I went to the apple orchard and read the letter
"Would you like to play the role of a father to my daughters?"
After reading -- both Jeff and I were crying, Jeff said, "Okay."
"Okay"?
I forgot that the important part of the letter was the question.
To be honest, this is a question I get asked a lot, but I never thought I'd be turned down, because circumstances are circumstances.
Then I asked a question, and I asked all the other "fathers" the same thing, and that led me to write a book about this experience.
The question is, "What advice would you give my daughters?"
Jeff's advice is, "Be a traveler, not a tourist.
get off the bus and look for something new
Come closer to the cow."
I said, "Well, let's say 10 years from now, my daughters will be traveling abroad for the first time.
I'm no more What do you say "
Jeff said, "I would make this journey like a child walking into a puddle.
I crouch down and see myself reflected Maybe I'll run my fingers in the water and make some ripples Or jump in and scurry around and see how it feels and smells."
His eyes had the same sparkle as they did back then.The eyes I saw for the first time in Holland when he said, "Let's go trip the cows." Even if the cow doesn't sleep standing up
But Jeff is going to say, "I'm looking forward to seeing you all muddy and back home."
Two weeks after the diagnosis, histological results showed an 18-centimeter osteosarcoma in his left femur.
600 people in the US are diagnosed with osteosarcoma each year.
85% of them are under the age of 21
Only 100 adults will get osteosarcoma
Twenty years ago, doctors would have amputated my leg and hoped it wouldn't come back, and the survival rate was 15 percent.
But in the 1980s, I found a combination of drugs that worked well, and within a few weeks, I started the treatment.
After being admitted to the hospital, I received chemotherapy for four and a half months.
Cisplatin Doxorubicin and large doses of methotrexate
After that, in a 15-hour surgery, Dr. John Healy at Sloan Kettering Memorial Hospital in New York, removed my left femur and replaced it with titanium.
If you've seen the Sanjay special on CNN, you've seen the oversized screw that I put in my pelvis.
Then I took the fibula from the calf, cut it, and transplanted it to the femur, and I still have it.
Then they took the vascular tissue from the calf, transferred it to the femur, and spliced ​​it to healthy areas of the knee and hip.
Then I removed 1/3 of the quadriceps
This is a very rare operation, and only two people have survived it before me.
The reward for surviving major surgery was four more months of chemotherapy.
In my family, we call it the "lost year."
For the first few weeks we had bad dreams
One night I had a nightmare and I walked around the house and sat down at my desk and there was a picture of a stranger on the table.
Another night, when Professor Nuland - where are you now - he told me about William Sloane Coffin, I got lost in thought.
I think it was after four rounds of chemotherapy, and the numbers were zero, which meant that I was effectively immune.
There he was transferred to the infectious disease ward of the hospital.
All visitors must wear a mask and cover their entire body.
One night my mother-in-law called me and told me that her daughters, who were three and a half years old at the time, missed me.
When the call ended, I buried my face in my hands and let out a muffled scream.
I remembered what Dr. Nuland said.
Because what came to my mind was that the feeling at that time was like a primordial cry.
What was so impressive - and one of the things I want to share with you today - is that experience.
I became less and less human - I was probably 15 kilos lighter then than I am now.
Of course hair falls out, no immune system.
In fact, blood transfusions were also performed.
It became less and less human, but at the same time it may have been the most human.
What surprised me the most back then was that instead of hating people, people came to me in a way that attracted them.
came amazing
When my daughters were born, I thought they would all come together.
Actually everyone ran away
I thought it would turn into cancer and make us estranged
everyone came running
And when they come in, instead of being disgusted by my behavior--I was like a ghost--they were deeply touched and told stories about their lives.
So cancer was a passport to the human mind.
Maybe it's an invitation, maybe a power of attorney, to the most important place for a human being, to the most delicate and frightening place, to a place you never want to go, but when you get there, you realize that a big change has happened.
It's happened to my daughters, and they've become more understanding, just a little bit more compassionate.
One day my daughter Tybee came and said, "Dad, I love you so much, I want to hug you and kiss you.
When that feeling is gone, I'll drink milk, because "I love you" is made of milk."
(Laughter) One night, my daughter Eden came over.
As I stepped out of bed, Eden grabbed my crutch and handed it to me.
If I had to remember only one memory from that year, it would be walking the pine trees in the darkened corridors, gently grasping the rungs of my cane that my daughter's soft fingers grasped.
I didn't need crutches anymore. I felt great.
One of the most significant events was actually connecting with those people.
I thought to myself, just in case - yesterday when we were all doing Tony Robbins' yoga together, the only word that came up, the word that wasn't used in this seminar, is "friend."
But when it comes to kindness, addiction, weight loss, we know that community is important, and we don't talk about it.
It was so important to sit down with my closest friends and talk about how important they were to me.
One of the things I've learned over the years is that men, in particular, who used to be reluctant to speak up, are talking more and more.
And especially in my life, that's what fatherhood is all about. Linda says we talk the same way mothers drop their kids off and talk outside of school.
The epitome of this modern man, to me, is David Black.
my publishing agent
Standing in cowboy boots, I'm at most 160 cm tall.
And when he answers the phone, he's very masculine -- and I'm sure you've experienced it -- and he says, "Hey, man."
I gave a boring lecture on obscure wines and bought a convertible sports car for my 50th birthday.
But like modern men, I hug each other, bake bread, and leave early as a youth baseball coach.
I was once asked if he cried when I invited him to join the father's group.
I replied, "He cries even if he invites me out for a walk."
(Laughter) But he's a publishing agent, selling dreams in a world where dreams rarely come true.
What I wanted David to show me is what it's like to give up and try again.
When asked, "What is the most valuable thing that can be given to a dreamer?"
Answer "Believe in yourself"
"But I didn't believe in myself at first.
I was hitting a wall,' he said
They say, "You can't see the walls." That's right. Don't look at the walls.
You'll hit a wall, and you'll have to find a way around it, around it, through it.
I won't lose anyway
Don't let the walls block the way
My house wasn't far from the Brooklyn Bridge, and during the year and a half that I was on crutches, it became something of a symbol.
One day near the end of my journey, he said, "Come on, let's cross the Brooklyn Bridge."
I told my daughters
I was on crutches, my wife was by my side, my daughters were up front in rock star poses.
The first thing I lost was the ability to walk, so all that year I thought about this most basic human ability.
We were taught that walking upright is what makes us human.
And yet humans have been walking upright for four million years and we're still doing basically the same thing.
As physiotherapists often say, "Every step can lead to an accident."
I almost fell on one foot and tried to stay on the other
What's different about using crutches -- I've been on them for a year and a half -- is that I walk slower.
If you hurry, you'll reach your destination, but you'll arrive alone.
You can walk slowly and you'll get there, but you'll get there with the people you interact with along the way.
To be honest, I was a much better person on crutches than I was before.
200 years ago, a new type of pedestrian appeared in Paris.
A loafer who roams the arcades
Such slumbers usually took turtles with them and walked at the speed of the turtles to show off their leisure class.
I like the words that praise this leisurely movement
I'm using it as a lesson for my daughters.
take a walk with turtles
stop and look at the world
I think this pause is the best lesson I've learned from my experience.
The side of the Liberty Bell is engraved with the words of Moses, which is a quote from Leviticus, that in the seventh year the land must be given rest.
And when the seven years are counted seven, I'll give the land an extra year of rest, and then all the clans will be reunited for family reunion.
This 50th year is called the Jubilee Year and is the origin of the 50th anniversary celebration.
I'm not 50 yet, but this is exactly what I experienced.
The lost year was the year of Jubilee for me
By taking a year off, I sowed the seeds for a better future and reunited with my loved ones.
On the anniversary of my trip, I visited Dr. John Healy, a surgeon. Healy is a fitting name for a doctor.
You're the president of the International Limb Salvation Society, which is a very open name.
I said, "Master, if my daughter came to me one day and asked me, 'What should I learn from my father, what would you say?'"
The teacher said, "I'm going to tell you what I know, which is that we all die, but not everyone 'lives.
live to the fullest"
I wrote a letter to my daughters, which I put at the end of the "Fathers' Association" and listed the teachings of the "fathers," some of which I've told you about before. go don't look at the wall live the question harvest the miracle
When I look at this list - it looks like a psalm for life - I did it for my daughters, but in reality we changed.
Here's the secret of fatherhood, so my wife and I did this to help our daughters, but we've changed.
So here I am standing here today, and as you can see, I can walk without crutches or a cane.
I had my 18 month scan last week.
As you know, people with cancer get regular scans.
For me it's four times a year.
Even if you put all your wits together, you won't find a way to eliminate the fear of scanning.
On my way to the test, I was wondering what results I should get and what I should say.
The results that day were good, and now I'm here as an ex-cancer patient.
I just wanted to let you know -- we're running out of time. Let me add just a little something. Good things happen when we speak. acted quickly -- in just three weeks, 23andMe went all-out and announced a plan in July to test the genetic code of anyone with a heart tissue tumor or osteosarcoma.
I heard from her last week that in the three months since the project started, 300 people have joined the project.
As epidemiologists know, that's half the number of people diagnosed with the disease each year in the United States.
So go to 23andMe or councilofdads.com and click the link
I would like to ask for your cooperation in this movement.
I'll end with one last thing: I hope I can somehow get in touch with my long-lost friends, college roommates, and estranged people.
May you find a puddle somewhere to jump in May you find a way to climb over, around or through the wall that separates you from your dreams
And may you take long, leisurely walks with your friends and turtles once in a while.
thank you
(applause)
I love America's landscapes and terrain. From the Central Valley of California to the bedrock of Manhattan, they shape our history and character.
But obviously
In the last 100 years alone - the screen is a map of sprawl - our country's terrain has been intentionally flattened. It's as if we've forgotten our relationship with the flora and fauna that coexist with us and the soil beneath our feet.
It's my job to reshape this relationship and recreate it physically.
This table shows the built environment.
It's a collection of various information. We're talking about urban population growth and precipitous declines in biodiversity, and of course sea level rise and climate change.
When I think about design, I try to repurpose the lines in this chart and recreate their relationships to be more productive.
The arrow on the table is the present where we are. I try to merge two different fields, urban planning and ecology, in interesting new ways.
The days of massive infrastructure are over.
Top-down, single-function, massive infrastructure becomes really ineffective.
New tools and approaches are needed.
Similarly, the concept of architecture in this field that is out of context is just— excuse me. That's blatant—it's just not worth the approach that's needed.
So we need a new scenario. New actors and props.
Now, let me introduce you to our new protagonist in the story of climate change. Oysters.
This creature is small and humble, but wonderful. Because oysters grow attached to reefs,
Farming is also possible. Besides—Did I mention it? It's delicious.
In other words, oysters are the foundation of my manifesto urban design projects. The project I did in New York Harbor is called "oyster-tecture."
The core idea is to harness the biological power of the mussels, eelgrass and oysters that live in the bay, and at the same time, harness the power of the people who live in the region to challenge the status quo.
This is a map of New York City. Areas in red are at risk of flooding, and
The circled areas are the Gowanus Canal and Governor's Island that I'm talking about.
Please look at this map. All blue areas are underwater and all yellow areas are land.
And you intuitively know that this bay has been dug out and flattened, and that in the last few years it's gone from three-dimensional to flat and boring.
Here is another angle shot of the actual Gowanus Canal.
The Gowanus Canal is very stinking right now - I'll admit it.
The problem is sewage flooding and pollution. But the point is that almost every city and all of us face exactly the same situation.
This is the current situation. Polluted areas in yellow and green are polluted by new causes such as storm surges and rising sea levels.
There are so many issues to deal with.
When we started this project, the central idea was to look back in history and see what was there.
And as you can see from this map, these islands that were in a row outside the bay had amazing topography, with salt marshes and beaches that act as foundations that attenuate the natural waves and make land habitable.
We also learned that you can eat oysters the size of a dinner plate right on the Gowanus Canal.
So our concept is to bring the past into the future, using the wisdom of local life.
And there are two core steps to this idea.
First, we will create a new artificial ecosystem, a reef in the bay. This will preserve the new way of life both inland and on the Gowanus Canal.
If you have clean, slow-flowing water, you can use it to build a new way of life.
This project addresses these three critical issues. And in a new and exciting way, I think.
Now, back to our hero, the oyster.
Once again, oysters are incredible creatures.
Oysters take in algae and organic sediments on one side, filter them in their beautiful, lustrous stomachs, and expel clean water on the other.
In addition, one oyster filters 50 gallons of water per day.
Oyster reefs cover about ¼ of New York Harbor and could filter the water in the bay in a matter of days.
Oysters have been an important part of our culture and economy.
Originally, New York was fueled by oyster farming and roads were literally built on oyster shells.
This is a picture of what the oyster stalls used to look like, but they were as ubiquitous as the hot dog stalls today.
All that was left was the hot dog.
(Laughter) And what's more, the oysters stick to each other and clump together to form a wonderful natural reef structure.
In fact, oysters act as a natural breakwater,
It also forms the basis for all ecosystems in the bay.
So many creatures depend on oysters.
This appealed to us, but I was also fascinated by the life cycle of oysters.
Oysters become eggs from fertilized eggs and float in the water. Within a few weeks, they attach themselves to other adult oysters, male or female.
We reinterpreted this life cycle on a human scale, using the Gowanus Canal as a giant oyster nursery. So, in the Gowanus Canal, oysters grow, go through the egg stage, and emerge on Bay Ridge Reef.
The central idea here was to once again hit the reset button and over time create a self-renewing, clean and productive ecosystem.
Is that mechanism? It's that simple.
The big idea here is that climate change isn't just a question of, well, the answer coming from the moon.
It's an immediate problem facing us with a $20 billion price tag.
Now, what you see in this picture is an ocean pile that's been hammered all over, and it's connected to a fibrous fuzzy rope.
"What is a fuzzy rope?"
Well... it's very cheap and you can buy it right away at your local hardware store.
So we're secretly imagining that just hosting a bazaar will raise the money we need.
(Laughter) In the studio, I learned to knit rather than draft.
These ropes were woven together to create a soft base for oysters to grow on.
As you can see in the diagram, over time the place that was the foundation grew into a new city.
With climate change, it will grow dramatically over time.
Also, which I find very interesting, is the new amphibious space. Imagine working here and playing new games.
After all, what we were creating was a new blue and green park for the next century, flooded with water. It's an amphibious park, so to speak.
Now put on Teva®.
Imagine scuba diving here.
This is a high school photo. They worked on our team.
Imagine a new way of life with a new relationship with water, and an observational program that combines recreation and science.
Introducing new words for the wonderful world to come. It's flupsy. This stands for "floating upwelling system".
Magnificent and readily available Basically a floating raft right above an oyster nursery.
This raft circulates the water.
Eight side chambers take in and feed oyster larvae.
It's not about 10 animals. We will raise 10,000 oysters.
Then eggs are laid.
This is the future projection of the Gowanus Canal. Oyster rafts are set up on the coastline. It is exactly "flupsy of the Gowanus Canal".
This is a coined word.
This is an oyster garden along the edge of the canal.
And finally, this looks like a lot of fun, the flupsy parade. We are celebrating the oyster eggs that leave for the reef.
I received two questions about this project.
One is why this is not currently being done
The other is when we can eat the oysters.
The answer is not eaten yet, they are at work.
But according to our calculations, by 2050 we may be able to eat oysters from the Gowanus Canal.
Finally, this is an attempt in a corner of a certain city. But my dream, my hope, is that when you return to your cities, you can start working with us to rebuild and reorganize new urban landscapes that are more sustainable, more livable, and tastier. is to create the future.
thank you very much.
(applause)
From now on, until you believe me, I will continue to say simple things that make my ears pop. It means we are creators.
I firmly believe
we are creators
And it was born
It's talent. As creators, we make things, and we hold things in our hands.
To grasp is, in reality, to grasp, to understand.
We don't just live, we make things,
I am creating things.
Now, let's take a look at the makers who came to the Maker Faire and other places.
In case you don't know, this is a pretty tall bike.
It's called a scraper bike, and it's from Auckland City.
This is a very small scooter for this man.
But he used a drill as the driving force to try to move it.
(Laughter) I think he himself was wondering, "Can we do it? Will we succeed?"
It's done.
In other words, creators are enthusiasts. Even if you are an amateur, you can forget your ego when you create.
There is no reason for their actions.
That's why we organized a maker fair for makers,
Last summer it was held in Detroit and next summer it will be held again at Ford.
Then we have San Francisco and (applause) New York City.
This place is also a good place to meet and talk with people who work hard at making things, to show the audience what they have made, and to have conversations.
(Video) Man: I want this.
Dale Doherty: This is an electric powered muffin.
Man: Where did you get that?
Woman: Shall we slide together? (Male: No) Dale: I heard that Ford is launching a new electric car.
It seems we are ahead.
Woman: Shall we slide together?
Dale: Let's call this "If the rain hits me."
As you can see, the controller is attached to the top, and the water stops just before it passes directly below.
When children say, "I'm getting wet, I'm getting wet, oh, I'm not getting wet
I'm getting wet! Get wet! ”.
It's worth riding.
Of course, it is also in fashion.
We remake things and make them into fashion.
Shall we call it a basketball bra? But should I have done so?
Here, art students worked together to make new things by scraping iron scraps from old cooling equipment.
I went in the summer so it was very hot.
This one needs a little explanation.
You know what these are, don't you?
Call me Billy Bob, or Billy Bass.
In fact, this creator has a career as a physicist.
Let's listen to his explanation.
(Video) Richard: Richard Carter. And "Sashimi Choir".
Choir: ♫ When you hug me ♫ Richard: This is an old Volvo, all computer controlled.
Choir: ♫ When you fall in love with me ♫ Choir: ♫ Believe it or not ♫ Dale: Richard visited last year from Houston to this city of Detroit, wonderful sashimi He showed me the choir.
Well, are you the manufacturer?
Raise your hand if you think we are creators.
That's nice. It seems that some people still think that they are not creators.
Think again.
You are making food, you are making housing and all the different things. The interesting thing here is that you too can be one of the creators. Because we have the latest technology all around us,
As Volkswagen himself puts it, he can be both a driver and a passenger.
I think that creators are limited
drive them. That's why they do it.
They just want to unravel, learn, control and personally enjoy how things work.
That's all.
Recent creators are somewhat not the royal road,
I am running the wrong way.
For what we are doing now,
They're rooting a little.
Once upon a time, the manufacturer was not special,
There was a time when I was just an ordinary person.
So I found this video.
I'll talk more about that later
(music) (video) Narrator: All Americans are manufacturers.
When you combine your strengths, your thoughts and your spirit, you shape things. Later it becomes customary.
Making, shaping, and matching
Dale: What would you make out of wood? An old man made a boat in a bottle, and a woman made a pie. That's how I managed to make ends meet.
But for them, it was a kind of pride that we were making various things in the world.
create something that doesn't exist
I've been looking for ways to use it.
I think that is extremely important.
Now let's talk about something interesting about this.
In 1961, at a drive-in theater in the Detroit City area, I was shown a film that was reminiscent of Alfred Hitchcock's "Psycho."
(Laughter) I was interested in whether the new generation of creators would find a “psycho” out of this video, and whether it would work.
This is Andrew Archer.
I met Andrew at a community conference co-hosted by Maker Faire.
Andrew moved from Duluth, Minnesota to Detroit.
When I asked his mother about him, it ended up being about the Kid Robot magazine he was in.
According to her, she was just raising him to play with tools, not toys.
He liked to take things apart,
His mother gave him part of the garage. Then, it seems that he was making something by collecting various things at the flea market.
He didn't seem to particularly like school, but he was drawn to robotics competitions, and once he realized he was talented, he took his passion more seriously.
And he started building robots.
In fact, when I sat down next to him, he told me about the company he started, and he was in the middle of building a robot for a two-wheeled motorcycle factory that would traverse the factory floor.
I moved because of that creation.
Another reason was that there were people nearby who could help him.
This is what gives rise to the notions we need today.
A picture of Jeff and Bilal and others in the club.
There are at least three other clubs in Detroit,
I'm sure it's been increasing since I came here. They are rather
It's close to the club. They share expertise in tools, places and what they make.
I believe that this is a phenomenon that we want to see happening all over the world.
To do that, we need people who can play with technology.
It's "playing".
what they are actually doing and why they are doing it
You don't have to know. They are playing around to find out what the technology can do, what they can do, what they are good at.
Another thing I think is to take a step back. Creating today means taking a step back and discovering wonderful new tools.
In the computer world it is. Arduino, open source hardware,
It's a microcontroller.
If you don't know what they are, let's call them brains.
It becomes the brain of the creative plan. For example something like this.
I don't know if it's something you see very often, but it's a mailbox. Ordinary mailbox and Arduino.
Program it and attach it to your mailbox.
If someone opens your mailbox, a notification will be sent to your iphone.
This becomes a guard dog, and it says, "The boy is in your sister's room."
Anything imaginable can be monitored.
Another is a 3D printer.
It is a substitute that can be seen by taking a step back. Really funny.
This is called a makerbot,
A typical industrial one costs $20 million.
They handcrafted it for $750. Hobbyists and ordinary people can pick up and play with 3D printers.
They don't know what the future holds. But it looks like they will find it.
You just find it out through tinkering.
The best thing about this is that it's always up-to-date, e.g.
Print out a new one and replace it.
Isn't it interesting?
Makers harvest technology from their surroundings.
This radar speed sensor evolved from an off-the-shelf toy.
This is how they do interesting things.
They're trying to build things that the military uses, like unmanned aerial vehicles and unmanned vehicles that can take over places and move at your will. You can use the program instead of the control stick and move it as you wish. their actions
Isn't it wonderful?
Space exploration is full of challenges, but this is done by hand.
This is a once-in-a-lifetime moment in the history of space-loving humankind.
For $8,000, you can build your own satellite and fly it into space.
Think about how much time and money NASA has spent.
In fact, they are at the forefront of NASA, making satellites that can be assembled inexpensively and launched into space using everyday objects that have nothing to do with space.
Creators are the source of innovation, much like the birth of the personal computer.
Mr. Steve Wozniak has a computer knowledge
I learned it at a club called the Homebrew Computer Club.
He says, "I can stay all day because I can share my thoughts for free."
It looks like you did something a little better than Tada.
Here, what I would like you to know is that if you look back at the origins of industries such as Ford Motor Company, there is a trajectory that was drawn out by a group while playing.
I'm not saying that you are makers, but I want our next generation to be makers. We will attract children's interest, actually do it, use microcontrollers, etc., create robots, and change reality.
If you do this at school or in your community, you can create new things around you by tinkering with them.
This is your chance today. "To create creators."
THIS IS FOR AMERICA
It is what is required.
Thank you for your attention.
(applause)
I want to talk to you today about something a little bit crazy: social media and the end of gender.
let me explain
Today, I'm going to talk to you about what we all know, love it or hate it, and how social media can free us from some of the weirdest assumptions about gender in society.
I believe that social media can change the silly and degrading gender stereotypes we see in media and advertising.
I don't know if you know, but the media is misrepresenting the truth about our lives and our gender, and I think that will change.
A lot of media companies, like television, radio, publishing and gaming companies, use very rigid taxonomies to understand their audience.
outdated stats
They come up with very specific categories to define us.
The funny thing is that media companies believe that if you fit into a certain category, they can predict you in certain ways.
Strangely enough, a lot of popular culture is actually based on some kind of statistical prediction.
Let's look at the demographics by age group. Since 1960, when the baby boomers were young, people between the ages of 18 and 49 had a huge impact on the mass media in this country.
Baby boomers are getting older now, but TV giants like Neilson still don't take into account TV viewers over the age of 54.
They are ignored in today's media industry.
In a famous American TV show called "Mad Men," Dr. Faye Miller uses psychographics, a complex psychological analysis of consumers that was invented in the 1960s, but the method is:
It didn't make much of an impact on the media industry.
Only simple statistical methods have been used
I'm currently working at the Norman Lear Center at USC, and I've spent the last seven or eight years doing a lot of research into how the results of the statistics are influencing media and entertainment nationally and internationally.
For the past three years, I've been using social media to track those changes, and I've discovered some really interesting things.
People who participate in social media networks also belong to the statistical taxonomy that media companies and advertising companies use to understand them.
But these categories are less meaningful than they used to be, because online networking tools have made it possible to easily deviate from some statistical categories.
Online, you can freely connect with people and redefine yourself.
It's easy to misrepresent your age online
You can connect with people based on specific hobbies.
You don't need a media company to connect with like-minded people.
Traditional media companies are very interested in these online communities.
I know they're future viewers, and I want to do something about it.
I'm having a hard time understanding them because they're still using old statistics, because that's how advertising rates are set.
They're monitoring what you click on, but they're having a really hard time figuring out your age, your gender, your income.
It's all I can do to make a star
Instead, you get a lot more information about what you do online, what you like, what you're interested in.
It's easier to find out who you are
As creepy as that sounds, being monitored has a positive side.
Suddenly, the things we love are more valued than ever.
which was previously expected
If you look at how people gather online, people aren't gathering by age or gender or income.
We gather around things that we have a strong interest in and that we like. Common tastes and values ​​are a far more powerful unifying force for human beings than statistical classifications.
I don't want to know how old you are, I want to know if you like Buffy the Holy Girl.
That will give us a clue to know your characteristics.
I made another surprising discovery about social media.
It seems that women are leading the rise of social media.
If you look at the statistics, and these are the global statistics, across all age categories, women's use of social networks outpaces men's.
If you look at the number of hours they spend on these sites, you can see that they occupy a significant portion of the social media space, which has a big impact on older media.
The question is, what effect does that have on our culture and what does it mean for women?
If social media dominates the old media, and they're dominated by women, does that mean women dominate the world's media?
Will we suddenly see more female characters in comics, games and TV shows than ever before?
Will the next big-budget blockbuster movie be a women's movie?
Is it possible that the media landscape could suddenly turn feminist?
I do not think so
Media companies will hire more women because they know they're important for business, and I think women will continue to occupy the social media arena.
But the irony is that women actually have a responsibility to get rid of stereotyped genre categories, such as women's films, that assume that certain statistical groups like certain things. There is a framework that Hispanics like certain things and young people are attracted to certain things.
You take things too easily
The entertainment media of the future will be data-driven, based on verified information from online communities that are actually published by women.
You might be wondering why it's important to know what makes people happy.
why should i know?
Of course, old media companies and advertising companies would need to know.
But I think that if we want to understand the world, it's good to know what people are passionate about, what they enjoy, what they do in their free time.
this is very important to know people
In my job, I spend a lot of time researching the impact of media and entertainment on people's lives.
Not just because it's fun, it's fun, but our research shows time and again that entertainment and play have a huge impact on people's lives, on things like political beliefs and health.
So if you're interested in making sense of the world, I think the first thing you should do is find out what people enjoy.
Imagine a media atmosphere not dominated by unconvincing stereotypes of gender or other statistically derived classifications.
Can you imagine such a thing?
I can't wait to see how it goes
thank you
(applause)
There's an African proverb that goes, "As long as the hunter is the speaker, the story of the lion will never be known."
To decipher the politics of racial conflict in America, we need racial literacy rather than talking about race.
The key to racial literacy is that the forgotten truth, the understanding of cultural differences, has the power to heal centuries of racism, dehumanization and disease.
Both my parents are African American
My father was born in southern Delaware, my mother in northern Philadelphia, and the two are as different from each other as West and East New York City and Montgomery, Alabama.
The way my father dealt with racism was by sending my brother Brian, my sister Christie, and me to church, to the point where I thought I was in church 24 hours a day.
(Laughter) My father believed that if someone was bullying us because of the color of our skin, we should pray for them, that in the end God would judge them.
(Laughter) I guess you could say that my father's approach to racial coping was religious -- like Martin Luther King, "eventually" and "someday."
My mother handled things a little differently.
It was a relationship-oriented one.
like Malcolm X
(Laughter) My mother grew up in a neighborhood where there was racism and anti-racial violence, where people were kicked out and violently kicked people out.
When my mother came to Southern Delaware, she thought I was in a foreign country.
I didn't understand anyone, especially the minority of blacks and other people of color who were respectful in their attitudes and language in front of white people.
mother was not
If I wanted to go somewhere, I walked like this
I didn't care what you thought
Her cultural behavior irritated a lot of people.
Before I entered the supermarket, I was told the usual routine, "Don't want anything, don't touch anything in the store.
Do what your mother says
It doesn't matter if all the other kids were climbing the wall
because it's not my child
I know what your mother said."
The three of us harmonize, "Yes, Mama."
Before I entered the supermarket, I was always told that story.
Has anyone ever told you a similar story?
Has anyone done this?
(Laughter) Who exactly did you say that to today?
My mother told me this story not because she was worried about money, not because she was worried about her reputation or her child's misbehavior.
I didn't do anything wrong
too scared
Because I was in church 24 hours a day, seven days a week.
(Laughter) My mother wanted to use that story to teach us that there are people in this world who think that just because they're black, they do bad things.
All parents shouldn't have to worry that their child will be misunderstood just because of the color of their skin or the way they breathe.
When we walk into a supermarket, people stare at us like we stole something.
Occasionally, a clerk will do something or say something to us because they're frustrated with the way we're doing things, and it usually happens on the checkout conveyor belt.
Worst case, you can throw the food you bought into your shopping bag.
Then my mother's switch is turned on
(Laughter) My mother said to the clerk, What are you going to do? What is your family like? They start saying things like
(Laughter) If you've never been abused by my mom, you've got a long way to go.
(Laughter) Those who are abused -- writhe in agony of utter decay and decomposition -- drown in racial shame and sob.
(Laughter) Now, my parents were both Christians.
The difference was that my father prayed before the racial conflict, and my mother always prayed after.
(Laughter) Whichever strategy my parents use, if you use the right timing and the right way to do it, you'll get some time.
But that's not the time -- even if it's a time for reconciliation or a time for confrontation -- to sit like a deer in the headlights and do nothing -- to attack each other with rash anger.
What I can learn from my parents' methods is that when it comes to interracial relationships, sometimes we need to know how to pray, how to think through, process, prepare.
Sometimes you need to know how to take action, like how to brute force things.
But unfortunately, those two skills -- both preparation and brute force -- are not common in modern society.
Neuroscience studies show that when we're exposed to racial threats, our brains shut themselves off, dehumanizing blacks and other people of color.
The brain imagines that children and adults are older, bigger and closer than they really are.
When things get really bad, we assume that black people and people of color don't deserve love and protection.
The Racial Empowerment Collaborative recognizes that one of the most frightening moments is racial contact.
If you look at examples of people who have unjustly lost their lives in contact with a police officer -- usually with Native Americans and African Americans -- it's been about two minutes.
It is said that the brain shuts down within 60 seconds.
If you're not prepared, you'll overreact to situations.
Stopped at best
In the worst case, they shoot without hearing anything.
Imagine if, within those 60 seconds, you could de-stress against threats and avoid brain shutdown.
How many children can come home from school and convenience stores without being expelled or shot?
How many mothers and fathers will survive without tears
Racial socialization can help young people get through those 60 seconds, but chatting alone isn't enough.
need racial literacy
Now how do parents talk about that? What is racial literacy?
thanks for the question
(Laughter) Racial literacy is the ability to judge, reinterpret, and resolve when you encounter someone and experience racial stress.
Situational judgment is about recognizing moments of racial threat and being aware of our stress reactions.
Reinterpreting means concentrating and reducing the tsunami-like experience of the moment to a mountain-climbing experience.
Solving racially stressful encounters is about being able to make healthy decisions, not reacting weakly by pretending not to care or overreacting by exaggerating the moment.
I use mindfulness techniques to teach parents and children how to assess, reinterpret, and resolve situations in the form of "assess, locate, communicate and take a deep breath."
continue to explain
Situational assessment asks what emotion you're feeling at the moment and how strong it is on a scale of 1 to 10.
In "locating," we ask where in your body you feel that emotion.
I'm going to give you a concrete example. A Native American girl in fifth grade in Chicago said to me, "My anger is a 9 out of 10, because I'm the only Native American.
I feel it in my belly, so many butterflies are fighting, they're flying up to my throat and choking me."
The more specific you are, the easier it will be to reduce the pain in that place.
In "Communicate your intentions," ask, "What are you saying in your head, and what images come to mind?"
If you really need help, inhale and exhale slowly.
With the help of many of our colleagues at the Racial Empowerment Collaborative, we're using these "now" stress reduction techniques in our research and psychotherapy projects.
One project used basketball -- on the court -- to help young people navigate instant emotional outbursts in 60 seconds.
Also, with the help of my colleagues Loretta and John, we also tapped into the cultural modalities of African-American barbers, training black barbers to be health educators in two areas. reducing sexual risk in relationships with, and eliminating retaliatory violence.
The great thing about this project is that barbers can use black cultural modalities to bring health education to men aged 18 to 24 while they're getting their hair done.
In another project, we taught teachers how to reinterpret, reinterpret, and resolve situations when stress builds up in the classroom.
And in the final project, we're teaching parents and children to understand racial trauma separately, and then teaching them to work together to resolve the little angers they face every day.
Now, talking to children for racial understanding is healing, but it takes practice.
Some of them must be
"Training? Training?
Was that the story? will say
yes this is a training issue
i have two sons
My brother is Brian, 26. My brother, Julian, is 12.
I'm sorry I didn't have time to tell you why you two are so far apart in age.
(Laughter) But when I think about them, they're still babies to me, and I worry every day that the world will misunderstand them.
In August of 2013, I was folding laundry with Julian, who was eight years old at the time.
Trayvon Martin's parents were crying on TV because George Zimmerman was acquitted.
Julian glued to the TV
They bombarded me with questions, but I wasn't prepared to answer.
He wanted to know why, why on earth a grown man chased, caught, and killed an unarmed 17-year-old boy.
I didn't know what to answer
The words that barely came out of my mouth were, "Julian, sometimes there are people in the world who look down on black people and other people of color and they don't treat black people and people of color as the same people, even if they're children. ”
he interpreted this fact as sad
(Julian) That's sad.
"You guys are different from us, so it doesn't matter"
(Howard) Yeah
(Julian) It's like saying "We're better than you guys"
(Howard) Yeah
(Julian) I can't help it
If you threaten me or do anything to me, I'm scared of you, so I'll shoot you mercilessly?
(Howard) Exactly
But if someone follows you -- (Julian), you're not always treated the same.
(Howard) Yeah, we gotta be careful
(Julian) Yes, because there are people who despise me
(Howard) Yeah
(Julian) That kind of person is like, "What do you look like?"
It's like saying, "You deserve to be looked down on because you look different."
CA: Yeah, that's what we call racism.
Julian, that's racism, yeah, when other people wear hooded hoodies, what can happen to you and Trayvon.
It won't happen to them, so dad wants you guys to stay safe.
So -- (Julian) So when your dad said "someone else", if Trayvon was white, he wouldn't have been killed like that?
(Howard) Yeah, when your dad says someone else, he's talking about white people, okay?
It started quite awkwardly, but once I found my rhythm and my routine, I started talking about prejudice and discrimination.
(Howard) Just because you're black makes you a dangerous person or a criminal, if you're a kid or whoever does it, that's wrong.
(Julian) Dad, wait a minute.
(Howard) What?
(Julian) We
CA: Now, in the middle of my story, Julian started telling me that when he went to the pool with his friends, he was racially intimidated by two white men, and his mother remembered that. rice field
I'm glad he was able to talk about it, and he seemed to understand.
Because of the grief of Trayvon's parents, I started talking about George Zimmerman's parents, a story I read in a magazine that would have allowed him to follow Trayvon.
Julian's reaction was priceless
thought he understood
Julian: What did you say about Trayvon?
(Howard) They thought their son was justified in stalking Trayvon. (Julian) What?
(Howard) Yeah, you're wrong.
(Julian) Wait a minute, then those people-
Are you saying it's your right to have your son follow a black kid around and get in a fight and shoot him?
CA: As Julian figured it out, I didn't understand it.
In my head, I was thinking, What if Julian and Brian were Trayvon?
I estimated my anger to be 10
With that anger, I could feel my right leg shaking uncontrollably, as if I was running.
In my head, someone was following Julian and I was chasing them.
The words that barely came out of my mouth were, "If someone tries to hurt my child...
(Howard) If someone tries to hurt my child
you will understand
(Julian) What? What will happen?
(Howard) They'd better run.
(Julian) Why? (Howard) Dad's gonna beat them up
(Julian) I guess (laughter) (Howard) I'll definitely beat him (Julian) Really?
(Howard) Of course.
Julian: Dad's going to get killed, he might have a weapon.
(Howard) Then of course I'd call the police.
But I want to beat them myself
But yeah, I can't just chase after you
Julian: You might have a weapon.
(Howard) Yes, that's right.
I want to hunt them down
(Julian) And you have friends.
(Howard) I know, but I want to get rid of the people who annoy my son.
I absolutely hate it
(Julian) Hmm
(Howard) Yeah that's right so we have to be careful
you have to be careful
I don't know what the crazy people think of you
As long as you believe you're handsome and great, like your dad believes you're handsome and great, and your mom believes you're handsome, great and smart—
You deserve to exist on this planet, and you can be as happy, beautiful, and intelligent as you want.
you can do whatever you want
Racial socialization is not just something parents teach their children.
It's also about how children respond to what their parents teach them.
Is my child ready?
Can you recognize when racial issues that are hard to talk about pop up like elephants?
Can you make the experience that feels like a tsunami smaller than climbing a mountain that you can face without running away?
Can you make such a healthy and fair decision in 60 seconds?
can i do it?
you?
should be able
If we learn how to assess situations, see where we are, communicate and take a deep breath during moments of threat, when we face our smaller selves, we build better interracial relationships.
Against the racial anger that has been burning in our bodies, minds, and souls for centuries -- that harms our bodies, minds, souls, and even our health -- we can use something like gun control in our hearts. increase
I just want to give what any parent wants to give their children when they're gone: love and protection.
When police and teachers see my child, I want them to think it's their child. If they think it's their child, they won't shoot them.
Racial literacy, and training, allows us to analyze racial trauma from our stories, and through speaking comes healing.
Never forget that there is love and protection in our cultural differences, and as long as the hunter is the speaker, the story of the lion will never be known.
thank you
(applause)
Running It's stepping left and right alternately, isn't it?
I've been running for two million years, so it might be a bit presumptuous to say, "I'm going to introduce you to new knowledge about running that you didn't know before."
Now, my nice discovery is that running causes some strange behavior.
Anyone watched the New York City Marathon a few months ago? You must have seen an amazing sight that no one has ever seen
An Ethiopian woman named Derartu Tulu stood at the starting line.
she is already 37
It's been eight years without a win, and just a few months ago I was on the verge of giving birth.
Tsuru was going to retire from the marathon, but he was determined to make it a high-stakes final run, which you all know, was the New York City Marathon.
Unfortunately for Tsuru, there was another runner who felt the same way: Olympic gold medalist Paula Radcliffe.
Only ten minutes better than the world record, it's almost impossible to beat her first.
It was a challenge for the cranes.
It was an existence that could not be an opponent
But the cranes ate it. By the end of the race, at the 35km mark, the cranes were in the lead pack.
That's when something really startling happened.
Contender Paula Radcliffe grabbed the hand of the lesser crane, held her own leg and began to retreat.
You know what to do?
All you have to do is put in the elbow iron, shake it off, and aim for the goal
the crane did not
Instead of shaking off Paula, I shook her hand and encouraged her, "Let's do our best. You can do it!"
Paula manages to stand up and catches up with the leading group.
aimed at the goal
But Paula started late again
The crane tried to pull Paula up again this time.
Paula said, "I'm fine, let's go."
Here's the expected ending to this touching story
Instead of winning, the crane gets something more precious.
But the crane betrays the script here too
Far from losing, catch up with the leading group
I overtook and finished first and got a large amount of prize money
It's a really heartwarming story, but if you dig a little deeper, it makes you wonder what happened there.
It's not just a coincidence that two exceptional events happen at once.
A runner with the greatest competitive spirit and compassion, this is no coincidence
Organisms with webbed blades and gills suggest a connection with water.
There's some kind of connection hidden in the heart like a vine
I think the answer lies in Mexico's Copper Canyon, where the indigenous people called the Tarahumara live.
The Tarahumara tribe has three amazing secrets
The first is their way of life, which is pretty much the same as it was 400 years ago.
When invaders came to North America, I was faced with a choice: 1. Fight 2. Run away
Few of the Mayans and Aztecs who chose to fight survive.
The Tarahumara Tribe Had Another Plan
I abandoned my hometown and hid in a cobweb-like labyrinth of canyons -- Copper Canyon -- this is the story of the 17th century.
From that time until now, their way of life has changed very little.
The second secret is that older people in their 70s and 80s are running ultra-long distance marathons, not long-distance marathons.
Not only 42.195 km, but 160 km, 240 km at a time, no injuries, no problems.
The third secret is related to what I'm going to tell you about: heart disease, cholesterol, cancer -- crime, war, violence, depression -- the modern problems that we're trying to solve with all our skill and knowledge are the Tarahumara. You don't understand the civilized society's
It has nothing to do with today's problems
So what does that have to do with, you know, we're talking about exceptions.
There has to be some kind of causal relationship between Harvard and Utah.
The research team has been using wisdom and research to unlock the wisdom of the Tarahumara.
There is something in common between this riddle solving and the previous exception
The key to unlocking the mysteries of the cranes and the Tarahumara is the mystery hidden within this mystery, but there are three other mysteries that no one knows. you will be smarter than anyone on earth
Mystery number one:
Two million years ago, the human brain expanded exponentially.
Australopithecus had a pea-sized brain in the time of Homo erectus.
My head was the size of a melon
A brain of this size requires dense energy resources to function.
It's an undeniable fact that primitive man ate animal carcasses, the only problem is
The oldest stone tools were born only 200,000 years ago.
The point is that before that, for about two million years, they hunted without weapons.
Big and weak, humans don't kill anything on their own.
Other animals are much stronger, they have fangs and claws, they are agile and they can run fast.
Usain Bolt is fast, but even a squirrel can catch up.
we are slow
Squirrel hunting will become an Olympic sport.
If you catch the released squirrel, you get a gold medal.
Lacks weapons, speed, and strength
how did you hunt? this is the first mystery
Mystery number two: It's been a long time since women have participated in the Olympics, but what all female runners have in common is that they're terribly bad at running.
There are no fast women, and there will be no more
The women's world record for the 1-mile run (about 1.6 km) is just below 4 minutes 15 seconds
Even if you are a high school student, if you are a boy, this time will come out immediately
Everyone at the venue is running slow for some reason
(Laughter) But the marathon I was talking about, anyone can do it. It's only been 20 years since the marathon was legal. Before the 1980s, it was medically forbidden for women to run a full marathon, and that's why. Does anyone know what did you say?
(Audience member: Because my uterus will tear) Because my uterus will tear
Yes, because it destroys the reproductive organs.
It seems that the uterus actually protrudes outside the body.
I've seen a lot of marathons, but I've never seen anything like that. (Laughter)
The history of the women's marathon is only 20 years, but in that short time.
I was 10 minutes away from the men's world record from where I was told my genitals would break.
Feidipides, who completed the full marathon, died, and running 80 km or 160 km over a full marathon is a medically dangerous and completely different sport.
Ann Traeson, Nikki Kimbal, Jen Sheraton, put them in a 80-kilometer race, a 160-kilometer race, and you can't predict who's going to win.
A few years ago, Emily Baer ran a race called the Hard Rock 100, and here's what you need to know about that race.
Race time is 48 hours
Now, Emily went to every aid station to feed her baby, and she was in the top 10 out of 500.
Finished 8th Final Mystery: Bears Run This Long Distance
What is the driving force behind running
What is it? The University of Utah is studying the evolution of runners' finish times.
And the study found that if you start running marathons at age 19, you get faster the older you get, peaking at age 27.
After that time seems to be stagnant
As you age, your time will slow down and eventually return to the time you had when you were 19.
It takes seven or eight years to get to your best time, and then you slowly get back to where you started.
So you're thinking that in eight years or 10 years, you'll be back to where you were, but the correct answer is 45 years.
60-year-old men and women are running as fast as they were when they were 19.
Now, folks, I'm not going to let you say no to any other exercise. Not golf, because it's a sport that's so hard that old people get injured as often as they did when they were teenagers.
Now that we've seen three mysteries,
Were there any pieces of the puzzle that tied these together?
It's easy to neglect knowing about prehistory, so always be careful when looking back at history for global answers, but my point is this.
Put the last piece in the middle, and suddenly you see a coherent image.
"Why don't the Tarahumaras fight?" "Why don't the Tarahumaras have heart disease?" "Why was the poor crane from Ethiopia so competitive and compassionate?" You wondered this way, because humans think of themselves as masters of the universe, but in reality they are no different than hunting dogs.
Humans may have evolved as herd hunting animals.
The advantage we have in nature isn't fangs or claws or agility, it's sweating.
We are good at sweating and smelling
Outperforms all mammals on earth at sweating
It's a little uncomfortable in public, but it's great when you're running long distances in the hot sun.
Suppose you are riding a horse on a hot day. After about 10 km, the horse is forced to choose between 1. breathing or 2. cooling the body.
Unlike humans, we can't do this at the same time.
What about the theory that we evolved as pack hunters?
Is it possible that one of humanity's innate strengths is the ability to collectively chase prey in the African savannah until it falls to the ground?
in the scorching sun for us
Long-distance running This is the only thing I can do
If this is true, then the other two must be true as well.
The key to the term hunting group is "group"
Even if you chase your prey alone, it will rot and become food.
Hunting must be done in groups to keep track of your prey
You have to hunt in groups with experienced seniors, chasing them sporadically and eventually rallying.
The group should also be responsible for tracking, the group should not be far apart.
We bring women and children into the group because animal protein is essential for nursing mothers and adolescents.
No matter how much food you say, if you're 80km away, you won't feel like going. Everyone needs to act together.
Best performance for hunting
We need 27-year-olds who can perform, but we also need teenagers who will be future ace through experiential learning.
All personnel act collectively
Finally, this group should not be materialistic.
You can't think of silly things when you're hunting
"I'm sick of him, I can't help
I should go alone."
There should be no personal feuds to hunt cooperatively.
You have to let go of your ego, in other words the Stone Age and
The Tarahumara culture is remarkably similar, which means no major changes have taken place.
It's a very interesting story, because the Tarahumara may be doing something they've been doing for two million years, and it's only in modern times that they've strayed from this path.
In modern times, running is seen as a kind of queer punishment for pizza at night.
Am I a bit wrong? I lost this advantage inherited from the past
Maybe it's us How did you mess it up?
It's commercial
It's sold together with peripheral equipment and other things to make it look nicer.
It all started when I made a running shoe that said, "For a better run." Why I personally hate running shoes.
I hurt my feet many times while using it.
Anyone running? with Carol in the back earlier
We talked about plantar fasciitis for about two minutes.
When I talk about running, within 30 seconds, it's about injuries.
If humans evolved as runners, why are we so bad at running and getting so injured?
injuries that occur while running
The strange thing is that it's unique to the present.
It doesn't matter what, but in folklore and mythology, running is always associated with a sense of freedom, vitality and youth.
It's a recent connection, Geronimo said.
"My only friend is my leg, my leg is the only one I can believe in"
That's why the Apaches were able to run 50 miles across the desert and bring back the leather from the horses they had stolen in hand-to-hand combat, Geronimo never said.
"Ah, my Achilles tendon hurts. I'm weak. Let's rest this week."
"I need cross-training"
"I didn't do yoga, I'm not ready yet" or something like that
Humanity has always run
Now is the age of digital technology, in today's science our predecessors
We know they were doing amazing things on a daily basis. They relied on their bare feet to run long distances.
How about getting rid of the running business first?
Also uncomfortable running shoes
If it takes 4 hours, you're out. If you're even 1 second faster, you'll qualify for the next race.
Barefoot running is the backbone of the Tarahumara's global healthy and safe culture.
So what are the benefits Burning calories from the Häagen-Dazs you ate last night?
there may be other advantages
It's not that big of a deal, but what if we could live in a world where everyone could go out and exercise, calmly relax, de-stress, be healthier, and not go back to the office or home stressed out. For us today and the Tarahumara
there must be something in common
We don't say, "Eat corn in Copper Canyon like the Tarahumara." But what about the middle ground? if this is found
A Nobel Prize is not a dream
If we could recapture the innate abilities that humans possessed until the 1970s, we would reap astonishing benefits socially, politically, physically, and spiritually.
Today, I introduced you to the ever-expanding subculture of barefoot runners who have ditched their shoes.
They found that when they took their shoes off, they were less stressed and freed from injuries and illnesses.
This discovery, which the Tarahumara tribe has long guarded, makes running a lot more fun.
I personally tried
I've had injuries for years, but when I ditched my shoes in my early 40s, it all went away.
thank you for listening
(applause)
"My will" I have no intention of dancing to the drum
I have no intention of surrendering my soul or my bones
I never dance to the beat
I know that rhythm
lifeless rhythm
I know the skin that's been beaten
They killed, carried away, and prolonged what had life.
The same goes for the call of war
I don't jump around and breakdance
I don't support grudges or hate you
I have no intention of killing
I can't die for you
I don't mourn murder or suicide
I won't dance with you and the bombs just because everyone else is dancing
Everyone can make mistakes
Life is a right, not a product of chance
i will never forget my hometown
i will make my own drums
If you gather the people you love, the song will start dancing
Everyone's hum becomes a rhythm
i can't dance
I won't lend you my name or my rhythm
For the sake of rebellion, for the sake of assertion, I will continue to dance
This heartbeat is stronger than death
A war drum can't beat this sigh Haa
What's wrong? let me hear the sound
(Applause) A gathering of pacifists
Ambitious people in chaos
I understand
i was wrong
a lot
I had no idea what to read today.
You said you've been preparing
(Laughter) I was looking for options, where they were coming from and where they were going.
poetry is best
gives you a goal
So I would like to read the poem that you chose earlier.
I want you to sit for 10 minutes and imagine a woman who is not here.
hug her now
Please hug me without saying my name
are you hugging me?
"group truce"
All sacred history is forbidden
No book predicts the future and projects the past
In the face of unrelenting male violence, my blindfold is lifted
Whose son are you?
Who is the child who wastes another day?
their death comes suddenly
we love corpses
A distraught woman grieves
women are exposed to violence on a daily basis
Prophecies Spoken and Forgotten
Childhood stolen by war
Colors dance and everyone becomes unstable
don't look for the darkness inside me
Living in a cycle of light and dark
Rhythm is semi-silent
It was neither that nor this
Sick Health Mild Violence
never been pure
Before I took shape I was a storm Blind and ignorant I still am
People have become blind and vicious
i was never pure
A woman rotten before maturity
language cannot formulate me
experience is a geometric number
everything is everything
A woman lost 15 or 20 family members
Another woman lost six
a woman lost her head
Some women dig through rubble and eat garbage.
Some shoot in the face with a gun, some shoot their husbands
a woman tied herself
Another woman is given life
A woman gave birth in a foreign country
Some women stop believing in love
some have never believed
Where are the hearts of refugees?
Destroyed and despised, abandoned in a foreign land
loneliness
We lament, but it may not be particularly meaningful
My spine that curves in a spiral
Cliff from man to man
The cluster bomb left behind
like a mine
smoldering sadness
The Retribution of Contaminated Cigarettes
harvesting bombs
pick up baby teeth
I pick up my palm and smoke a cigarette
Collect evidence and smoke
determination tobacco
salvation cigarette
amortization cigarettes
breathe
don't be afraid to blow up
If you're afraid of something that hasn't exploded yet
thank you
(applause)
I've always wanted to do this, but let's start with one simple request.
First of all, please stop for a moment and reconsider your miserable existence as a pathetic weakling.
(Laughter) This is a piece of advice that St. Benedict gave to a rather surprising number of his followers in the 15th century.
When I turned 40, I decided to submit myself.
Until that moment, I was the old corporate warrior: I ate too much, drank too much, worked too much, and neglected my family.
I tried to turn my life around
In particular, it tried to address the thorny issue of work-life balance.
I quit my job and spent a year at home with my wife and four children.
But during that time, I've learned one thing: when you're not working, it's very easy to balance work and life.
(Laughter) Although, by the time the money runs out, this skill won't be very useful.
And so I started working again, and since then, I've spent seven years working on work-life balance, studying and writing.
I would like to share with you today four observations.
First, if society is to somehow address this challenge, we need honest debate.
The trouble is that a lot of people talk absolutely ridiculous things about work-life balance--
Flextime, casual Fridays, paternity leave -- all this discussion just obscures the problem that certain job and career options are fundamentally incompatible in families with children to be cared for on a daily basis.
The first step in problem solving is to be realistic about your current situation.
Our real world is full of millions of people who spend hours at a job they hate to buy things they don't need, to impress people they don't like, and live quiet lives while screaming in despair.
(Laughter) (Applause) Working in a T-shirt and jeans on Fridays doesn't get to the heart of the matter.
(Laughter) The second observation -- we have to face the fact that governments and corporations are unwilling to solve this problem.
Stop asking outside for help
It's up to you to take control and take responsibility for the life you want.
If you don't design your life, someone will do it for you, but that balance probably isn't for you.
Most importantly -- it's not on the internet. I'm about to get fired -- but it's very important that we should never put the essence of our lives in the hands of commercial corporations.
I'm not talking about black corporations at all -- though I call them "slaughterhouses of the soul."
(Laughter) It's about all companies.
Commercial companies are essentially trying to take advantage of you as much as they can and get away with it.
It's a property, it's in our DNA, and that's what even healthy, well-intentioned companies do.
On the one hand, setting up childcare at work is a great, smart move.
But it's also a nightmare.
We have to take responsibility for setting and enforcing the boundaries we need in our lives.
Third observation -- we have to be careful in what timeframes we seek work-life balance.
Before I went back to work after a year off, I sat down and wrote down, one by one, my ideal balance days.
Like this: sleep well and wake up feeling refreshed
have sex
Dog-walking
have breakfast with wife and kids
have sex again
(Laughter) Driving the kids to school on the way to work
work three hours
exercise with friends during lunch break
work another three hours
drink with friends in the pub early in the evening
drive home and have dinner with my wife and kids
meditate for 30 minutes
have sex
walking the dog again sex
sleepy
(Applause.) How many days do you think there will be?
(Laughter) Let's be more realistic.
It's impossible to do everything in one day
We have to extend the window of time to find balance in our lives. Don't fall into the trap of starting a second life with no friends or hobbies.
(Laughter) A day is too short, too long after retirement.
there must be a better way
Fourth observation - balance itself needs to be revisited in a balanced way.
When a friend met me last year--I've got permission to do so--the friend said, "Nigel, read your book.
I found my life completely out of balance
I'm full of work
I work 10 hours a day and my commute takes 2 hours.
No relationship at all
I have nothing in my life except work.
That's why I thought I had to be strong
I decided to go to the gym
(Laughter) And I'm not kidding you, but being a healthy employee working 10 hours doesn't mean you're balanced, you just work more.
(Laughter) Exercise is great, but there are other parts to life: an intellectual part, an emotional part, a mental part.
You have to think about all these parts to balance -- 50 sit-ups isn't enough.
this is tough
People say, "I don't have time for such a reckless person;
You want me to go to church and talk to my mother?"
i understand
I know how hard it can be
But a few years ago, an event gave me a new perspective.
Somewhere in the audience today, my wife called me at work and said, Nigel, pick up our youngest child, Harry, from school."
My wife had to go out with the other three children in the evening.
I left work an hour early and picked up Harry at school.
The two of us would go to a nearby park, ride the swings, play funny games
After that, we went to a cafe up on the hill, had pizza for a snack, and then walked back down the hill to my house to bathe my son and put him in his Batman pajamas.
Then read Roald Dahl's "The Adventures of the Haunted Peach",
I laid him down on the bed, kissed him on the forehead and said "good night boy" and left the room.
That's when my son called, "Papa?"
He said, "Dad, today is the happiest day of my life."
I didn't do anything I didn't take you to Disney World or buy you a Playstation
So small is important
Improving your balance won't dramatically change your life.
A minimal investment in the right place can dramatically change your relationships and even your quality of life.
I also believe that I can change society.
Because if enough people do it, we can change the popular definition of success from the silly, simplistic, whoever has the most money when they die wins, to a more sensible, balanced life.
I think this is an idea worth spreading
(applause)
Ever since I was a little kid and watching "Star Wars," I've been fascinated by the idea of ​​personal robots.
When I was a kid, I loved the idea of ​​robots interacting with us, helping us, being trusted partners, making us happy, enriching our lives, helping us save a galaxy or two. I will give
I knew that such a robot didn't exist, but I really wanted to build one.
Twenty years later, I was a graduate student at MIT, studying artificial intelligence, in 1997, the year NASA landed the first robot on Mars.
But the irony is that robots weren't in our homes yet.
I remember thinking about why it turned out that way.
But what was most shocking was
Robotics was only focused on interacting with objects, not people, and this was definitely not the way to help people accept robots socially and in their everyday lives.
For me, that was an area robots hadn't yet mastered.
So that year, I started working on this robot, Kismet, the world's first social robot.
Three years later, after a lot of programming and working with other graduate students in the lab, Kismet was ready to start interacting with people.
(Video) Scientist: I have something to show you.
Kismet: (words) Scientist: This watch was given to me by my girlfriend.
Kismet: (words) Scientist: Look, there's a little blue glow inside.
I was going crazy this week
Cynthia Brizeal: Kismet treats people like a child who can't speak at all, or hasn't yet spoken.
I don't speak the language, but it's not a big deal.
This little robot somehow tapped into something deep within us socially, and it opened up the prospect of interacting with robots in entirely new ways.
For several years now, I've been exploring the interpersonal dimension of robotics with some very talented students in my lab at the Media Lab.
my favorite robot is leonardo
Leonardo developed in collaboration with Stan Winston Studios
I would like to show you a special moment with Leo
Matt Berlin is in contact with Leo, introducing him to a new object.
Because it's new, Leo can't decide what to do.
But just like us, he can learn by watching Matt's reactions.
(Video) Matt Berlin: Hi Leo
Leo this is cookie monster
Can you find the cookie monster?
Leo Cookie Monster is such a bad guy
he's a very bad guy leo
Cookie Monster is a very, very bad guy
he is a scary monster
I want to take your cookies
(Laughter) CB: Yeah, Leo and Cookie had a bit of a hard time meeting each other the first time, but now they get along really well.
So what we've learned from building these things is that robots are actually fascinating social technologies, because they actually push our social buttons and treat us like partners, and that's them. is the central function of
By changing our way of thinking in this way, we are able to imagine new questions and possibilities for robots that we had never thought of before.
But what is “pressing our social buttons”?
One of the things we've learned is that if we design robots to communicate with us using the same body language, if they can use the non-verbal gestures that humans use, like Nexy, this puppet robot, people are robots. discovered that people began to respond in a similar way to humans to
People use these gestures to gauge how persuasive they are, how much they like them, how attractive they are, how trustworthy they are.
Apparently the same can be said for robots.
Robots are actually becoming a very interesting new scientific tool for understanding human behavior.
For example, I'm trying to answer questions like this: How do you assess someone's credibility from a momentary encounter?
Mimicry is believed to play a part in understanding, but how?
Is mimicking certain gestures that important? is a question
It turns out that these questions are difficult to learn and understand from observing people, because that's what we naturally do when we interact with people.
You can't control it because you do it unconsciously.
But robots can be controlled
This video was filmed in the David Desteno lab at Northeastern University.
He is a collaborating psychologist.
There are actually scientists controlling Nexy's gestures to study this question.
The reason this works is that when people interact with robots, they treat them as humans.
And it's this kind of insight that got me thinking about new ways to use robots.
For example, if robots could respond to our nonverbal gestures, it would be a really cool new communication technology.
Imagine a robot accessory for your mobile phone?
I called my friend, and when she attached the phone to the robot, JUMP! You've got a Mebot. You can talk to your friends, make eye contact, move around, make gestures.
To explore this question, my student, Siggy Adalgerisson, gathered a group of participants in the lab to collaborate with collaborators outside of our lab.
This task involves, for example, looking at objects on a table and discussing their importance and relevance to performing a particular task, and ultimately how much each of us trusts each other. rated
The collaborators outside the lab were members of our lab, and they used three different techniques to interact with the participants.
One is using just a screen.
Same as today's video conferencing
Next is the addition of the ability to move to the screen.
This is a very familiar sight for those who know telepresence robots.
Finally, the expressive Mebot.
After the interaction, we asked the experiment participants to rate the quality of their interactions with their collaborators outside the lab using each technology.
We looked at how much we could empathize with each other in terms of their psychological engagement.
the overall relationship
I saw about the desire for cooperation
And this is the case when using only the screen
Add in the ability to move around the table, and it gets a little higher rating.
The richer the expression, the higher the evaluation.
Incorporating locomotion and expressiveness in this way seems to be very effective in practice.
Let's make this a little more concrete
In today's world, families are living farther and farther from each other, which certainly has a negative impact on family relationships and bonds.
In my case, I have three little boys, and I want them to have a very good relationship with their grandparents.
But my parents live thousands of miles away and don't get to see each other very often.
We Skype and make phone calls, but the kids are still young and they'd rather play than talk.
They view robots favorably as a new technology that allows them to play from a distance.
So in the not-too-distant future, I imagine this: My mother sits at her computer, launches a browser, and connects to a little robot.
And then the granny robot can play with my sons, my grandchildren, in the real world with their real toys.
I can imagine my grandmother being able to play with her granddaughter and her friends, playing in the house, telling them fairy tales before bed, and all sorts of other things.
Through this technology, they will be able to actively participate in their grandchildren's lives in ways that are not possible today.
Now let's look at other areas, let's take healthcare as an example.
Today, more than 65 percent of people in the United States are obese, and it's a big problem for children, too.
As we get older, if we're obese at an early age, we realize that it's a chronic disease that not only impairs our quality of life, but also puts a huge financial burden on our healthcare system.
But if robots are attractive, if they can work with them, if they're compelling, then robots might manage people's diet and exercise, they might manage people's weight. is the
It's like a digital version of the famous fairy tale Jiminy, a very kind person who helps you make the right decisions about developing healthy habits in the right way, in the right amount of time.
So I actually tried this idea
This robot is called Autom
Corey Kidd developed this robot during his PhD research
Designed as a diet and exercise coach robot
It is possible to perform gestures that are not simple words
You can make eye contact with people
You can share information by looking at the screen below
You enter information into an on-screen interface, for example, how many calories you ate that day, how much exercise you did.
And then it helps us track those pieces of information.
To exercise, the robot begins speaking a synthetic voice, a teaching line modeled after the interaction between the trainer and the patient.
And they try to build partnerships through instructional lines.
It helps me set goals, track progress, and motivate me.
An interesting question being asked here is does it make sense to implement social features? What does it mean to be a robot?
Is it only the quality of the advice and information you provide that matters? such as
To answer those questions, we conducted three different experiments in the Boston area over several weeks in different people's homes.
The first is Otom the robot.
Next is a computer with the same touch screen interface and the same conversation.
The quality of advice is the same
And the third one is just a pen and a piece of paper, because that's what you usually use when you're starting a diet or exercise program.
What we were most interested in was not how much people lost weight, but how long they actually interacted with robots.
Because the challenge is to maintain weight rather than lose it.
Because the longer you interact with these subjects, the longer you're doing well.
So I started by looking at how long people were able to interact with these objects.
Apparently, people interacted longer with robots, even though the quality of advice was comparable to that of computers.
When we asked people to rate the quality of their partnerships, they seemed to rate and trust the robots more than others.
(Laughter) When I looked at the emotional engagement, it was completely different.
people name robots
they dress the robot
(Laughter) And when they come to pick up the robot after learning, they'll get out of the car and say goodbye to the robot.
There was no such correspondence in the case of computers
The last thing I want to talk about is the future of children's media.
Today, children spend a lot of time in front of screens, whether it's television or computer games.
my sons really love the screen
But as a mother, I want them to play in the real world.
So today, I'd like to introduce you to my group's new project, Playtime Computing, which takes a serious look at what's compelling in digital media, and literally pulls them off the screen and into the real world of a child. The purpose is to have various play characteristics in the real world.
This is the first time I've tried this idea. Characters can be physical or virtual, and digital content can move out of the screen and into and out of the real world.
I would like to think of this play that mixes reality and virtuality like Atari Pong.
And this idea can be extended further.
If (game) Nathan: Here we go!
CB: What if the characters themselves appeared in your world?
Apparently, children love seeing their characters come to life.
And when it's real, they can play in a radically different way than they did on screen.
Secondly, it's about continuity between characters and reality.
Any changes a child makes in the real world must be reflected in the virtual world.
Here Nathan changed the letter A to the number 2.
Think of symbols like this as giving your character special powers when they return to the virtual world.
They are now returning the characters to their original world.
I got the power of numbers
What I'm trying to do here is create an immersive experience for the kids, as if they were part of that story.
And I want to inspire them in the same way that I felt when I was little watching Star Wars.
take one more step
I want them to create those experiences
I want them to literally use their imagination to create these kinds of experiences.
So, I've shown you a lot of different ideas that you can use, through telepresence and synthetic reality, to bring your children's ideas into this space, so that other children can play with them, and you can build new things out of them.
I would like to prepare new media for children that foster imagination, learning ability, and innovation.
i think this is very important
So I started this new project
I invited a lot of children to this kind of space, and it was very well received by them.
But I can tell you that what they loved most was robots.
They were interested in robots
Robots awaken our humanity
They boost our imaginations, help us feel more connected even when we're far apart, and serve as trusted partners to help us achieve our personal goals. I think robots are for people
thank you
(applause)
For 20 years many people have been fighting in Somalia.
So no job, no food.
Many of these children became severely malnourished.
As you know, it's always women and children who are most affected by ethnic conflicts.
So do most of our patients.
in my backyard
We accept everyone.
This is my current camp. There are 90,000 people, 75% of whom are women and children.
This is the inside of the clinic.
We perform caesarean sections and other surgeries because people in the camp need help.
There is no government to protect them.
Around 400 patients come every morning.
With five doctors and 16 nurses, it can be physically exhausting to see all the patients.
In that case, I see a seriously ill patient and send other people the next day.
It is very painful to do so.
As you can see, it is the woman who takes care of the children, the woman who comes to the hospital, and the woman who builds the house.
This is the women's home.
The camp also has a school. This is the elementary school I started two years ago. It has 850 students, the majority of whom are women and girls.
(Applause) You said that at the Hawa Abdi Clinic, there are some very important rules about who can see you.
Could you please explain?
Everyone is welcome to come to us.
We share what we have.
But there are only two rules.
The first rule is that there are no tribal or political distinctions in Somali society.
Those who make a distinction will be kicked out.
The second rule is no violence against wives.
If the husband is violent, the husband will be put in prison and the elders will be called.
I will never release you until the elders pass judgment.
These are our two rules.
(Applause) Another thing I've realized is that women are the most powerful beings on the planet.
Because over the last 20 years, Somali women have stood up.
Somali women were leaders. We women are the leaders of our communities and the hope of the next generation.
We women are not just helpless victims of civil war.
We women can make up.
Anything is possible for us women.
(Applause) As my mother says, in Somalia women are the hope of the future and men are just killing each other.
That's why I came up with these two rules.
In a camp with 90,000 people, if you don't make some rules, conflicts will arise.
Therefore, no ethnic distinctions should be made and men should not beat their wives.
And we turned our little warehouse into a prison.
So if you beat your wife, you go to jail.
(Applause) We are working for women's empowerment and opportunity. Women are not alone.
You mother and daughter run a clinic.
It has brought much-needed medical care to people who otherwise wouldn't have access to it.
You also run a community.
We have created our own rules, and women and children are now able to feel a different sense of security than before.
Dr. Abdi, please tell us about your decision. And how did Dr. Mohammed decide to become a doctor and work with your mother?
Born in 1947, my generation still had government, law and order.
But one day my mother got sick and I went to the hospital. In hospitals, I saw doctors doing important work and devoting themselves to helping the sick.
I respected doctors and decided to become a doctor myself.
Unfortunately my mother died when I was 12 years old.
Then my father allowed me to pursue my dreams.
My mother died from complications of a gynecological disease. So I decided to become a gynecologist.
That's how I became a doctor.
Next is Deco-sensei's turn.
In my case, my mother had prepared me to become a doctor since I was little, but I didn't really want to.
I was supposed to be a historian or a journalist.
I love it, but it didn't work.
When the civil war started, I realized how my mother was helping people, how she really needed help, and how in Somalia she needed the care of a female doctor to help women and children. I witnessed that.
So I thought maybe I could be both a reporter and a gynecologist.
(Laughter) And then I went to Russia during the time of the Commonwealth of Vietnam, just like my mother.
So our mother-daughter character may come from a strong background of training in the Soviet Union.
This is why I became a doctor, just like my mother.
my sister is different.
My sister is coming today too. My sister is also a doctor.
My sister also graduated in Russia.
(Applause) Returning home and working with my mother is what we sisters have discovered in the midst of the civil war. The civil war broke out when I was 16 and my sister was 11.
The plight of the people we saw in the early 90's made us sisters want to go home and work for them.
What's the biggest problem with working as a mother and daughter in such a dangerous and sometimes scary situation?
Yes, I was working in very dangerous and difficult conditions.
When I saw someone who needed me, I decided to stay with them to help them. Because I was able to do something for them.
Many people fled abroad.
But I stayed with people and tried to do whatever little thing I could.
I am successful where I am.
Now I have 90,000 people who respect each other and don't fight.
We mother and daughter are trying to stand on our own feet and do something small for the people in the camp.
And I am grateful for my daughters.
When my daughters came to me, they helped me heal and help people.
The girls will do anything for the people in the camp.
My daughters did what I wanted people to do.
What was the best thing about working with your mother, and what was the hardest thing for you?
My mother is very strict, so that's the hardest part.
My mother always expects us to do more.
And even if you really think you can't do it anymore, you can do it with your mother's push.
That's the best part.
She trains us how to do things, how to be better people, how to operate for a long time. 300 patients a day, 10-20 surgeries, plus camps to care for. That's how mothers train us.
Twenty patients can be said to be exhausting, unlike a clean office here.
You see 300 patients, you do 20 surgeries, you care for 90,000 people.
But you guys are doing it for a great reason.
(Applause) Wait, wait.
thank you very much.
thank you.
(applause) Thank you very much.
I'll start with a short example
This is the thrombus gland on the spider's abdomen.
From here, we create six types of silk that are spun into filaments that are stronger than any man-made filament.
Aramid fiber is the closest
Making aramid fibers requires extreme temperatures and pressures, as well as a pollution load.
Spiders do this at normal temperatures and pressures, with raw materials like dead flies and water.
there should be something to learn here
This insect can detect forest fires from 80km away
This is 10,000 times the range of artificial fire detectors.
And these insects don't even need to be powered by power plants that burn fossil fuels.
These three examples give you a sense of what biomimicry can do.
If we imitate the way the natural world works, we may be able to save resources and energy by a factor of 10, 100, or even 1,000.
And we need to bring about three big changes in our sustainability reforms.
First, drastic improvement in resource efficiency
Next, shift to closed-loop use of waste and pollution-ridden one-way resources.
Third, the shift from a fossil fuel economy to a solar fuel economy
I think biomimicry is the solution we need for all three of these things.
Think of nature as a catalog of products, all of which benefit from 3.8 billion years of research and development.
Given the level of investment, it makes sense to use it.
Here are the projects that researched these ideas
Let's start with radical resource efficiency gains
For the Eden Project, we had to build a giant greenhouse not just in a strange place, but in a place that was constantly changing during the quarrying process.
It's a tough challenge, and in fact biology has given us a lot of clues.
For example, soap bubbles inspired us to generate a building model that could adapt to any terrain.
Studies of pollen, radiolarian and carbon molecules have helped us devise the most efficient structural solutions using hexagons and pentagons.
As a next step, we tried to increase the size of these hexagons.
So we had to find an alternative to glass, which was pretty limited in terms of size.
There are many examples in nature of very efficient structures based on pressurized membranes.
So we started researching a material called ETFE.
High strength polymer
So what it does is you put it in three layers, weld them along the edges, and then inflate them.
The great thing about this is that one piece can be made about seven times the size of glass, and it's only 1% the weight of double glazing.
This is a 100% savings
And so we rode a positive cycle where one breakthrough led to another breakthrough.
Because we're using these big, light materials, there's a lot less iron.
There is less iron, so more sunlight comes in. Less heating is required in winter.
The whole superstructure is light, so you also save a lot on the foundation.
At the end of the project, the superstructure itself weighed less than the air inside it.
The Eden Project is a great example of how ideas from biology can lead to radical increases in resource efficiency, providing the same functionality with very little material.
Nature has so many examples that lead to similar solutions.
For example, from giant water lilies in the Amazon, we can develop roof structures of great efficiency. Architecture inspired by abalone shells. Ultra-light bridges inspired by plant cells.
A beautiful and efficient world using nature as a design material is spreading.
Introduce ideas from one-way to closed-loop
Ordinarily, we take resources and create short-lived products that we then dispose of after use.
nature is completely different
In natural ecosystems, waste from one organism becomes food for others in the ecosystem.
There are several examples of projects that deliberately try to mimic natural ecosystems.
One of my favorites is Craham Wiles' cardboard to caviar project.
Their area has a lot of shops and restaurants, a lot of food, a lot of cardboard and plastic waste.
These are taken to landfills
They made clever use of this cardboard trash.
I will explain with animation
They get money from the restaurant to collect the cardboard boxes.
I shredded the cardboard and sold it to the equestrian center for horse beds.
When it gets dirty, you get money and collect it
They put it in a worm recomposting system, and they feed the worms to the Siberian sturgeon, and they get caviar from the shark and sell it to restaurants.
This turned a linear process into a closed loop and created value in the chain.
Graham Wiles continued to add more and more elements, creating a mechanism to create value from the waste stream.
Just as natural systems tend to increase in diversity and resilience over time, there is a real sense that this project has a multitude of possibilities.
It's a quirky example, but it's a very big one, because it suggests that we can transform the big problem of waste into big possibilities.
Especially in cities, you can look at your overall metabolism and see it as an opportunity.
I'm going to tell you about the Mobius Project, an attempt to bring together a number of activities in one building to turn waste into other nutrients.
First, we're going to build a restaurant inside a working greenhouse, kind of like the Decas in Amsterdam.
Next, we'll build an anaerobic digester that can handle all of the biodegradable waste in the area, and use the heat generated by the waste to power our greenhouses or convert it into electricity and feed it back into our grid.
Incorporating a system that converts wastewater into fresh water, using plants and microbes to generate energy from solids.
Vegetable scraps from kitchens and worms from compost can be used to feed fish to feed to restaurants.
You can set up a coffee shop and use the coffee grounds as a mushroom bed to grow mushrooms.
As you can see, it brings together food and energy and water and waste cycles in one building.
For playfulness, I proposed this for a roundabout in central London, which as it stands now is a complete eyesore.
Some of you may recognize me
With a little bit of planning, this can be transformed from a space dominated by transportation to one that provides open space where people can reconnect with food and transform waste into closed-loop opportunity.
The last project I'm going to talk about today is the Sahara forest project that we're working on right now.
It may surprise some of you, but what is now a vast expanse of desert was in the not-too-distant past a forest.
For example, when Julius Caesar arrived in North Africa, most of North Africa was covered with cedar and cypress forests.
During the evolution of life on Earth, it was the colonization of plants that created the mild climate we now enjoy.
vice versa
The more we lose vegetation, the worse climate change will likely lead to desertification.
This animation shows the activity of photosynthesis over many years. You can see the boundaries of these deserts constantly changing. This raises the question of whether we can stop the boundaries from changing and whether we can shrink the deserts. come
Creatures that have evolved to adapt to the desert provide a great example of adapting to water scarcity.
This is an insect that gets its water from the mists of Namibia and has evolved to self-gather fresh water in the desert.
How it works is, at night, it climbs onto the dunes, covered in matte black armor that allows it to radiate heat in the dark, making it a little cooler than the surroundings.
So when the moist breeze blows from the beach, it creates water droplets like this on the armor.
Just before the sun rises, the insect pushes up its buttocks, brings water to its mouth, drinks the delicious water, and spends the rest of the day in hiding.
This wisdom will evolve further
If you look at the insects more closely, you'll see a lot of little protrusions on their armor.
This protrusion is hydrophilic and attracts water
Between the protrusions is waxy and repels water.
And the effect is that on the protrusions, the water droplets take the form of hard, spherical beads that roll more easily than if the water were just soaking the entire armor.
Even if the air doesn't have a lot of humidity, it can still be collected and brought to your mouth quite effectively.
It's an amazing example of adaptation in a world where resources are so limited, and in some ways it's all about the challenges we're going to face in the years and decades ahead.
We are working with the man who invented the seawater greenhouse.
This greenhouse was designed for a dry coastal area, and the way we do it is by dribbling seawater across the walls of this evaporator grill, each time the wind blows, the greenhouse will become moister and cooler.
This makes the inside cooler and more humid, so plants don't need as much water to grow.
And in the back of the greenhouse, the moisture condenses as fresh water, an effect very similar to that of insects.
And what we found when we set up our first saltwater greenhouse was that it produced a little more freshwater than the indoor plants needed.
So we also watered the surrounding land, which had a synergistic effect of increasing the humidity, which had a huge impact on the area.
This photo was taken when the greenhouse was completed, and this is how it turned out in just one year.
It's like green ink spreading out of a greenhouse, turning barren land into biologically productive land, and in some ways, we've achieved restorative design that goes beyond sustainable design.
We're going to take this further and adapt the idea of ​​biomimicry to maximum effect.
When we think of nature, we look only at competition.
But in mature ecosystems, you'll find just as much symbiotic relationships.
A key biomimic principle is how we bring technology together as a symbiotic community.
And the technology that has become an ideal partner for seawater greenhouses is concentrating solar power (CSP), which uses tracking mirrors to collect the sun's heat and generate electricity.
The potential for CSP is that we receive 10,000 times more energy from the sun every year than all the energy we use, 10,000 times.
We can solve today's energy problems
a challenge to wisdom
What I mean by synergy is, first of all, these technologies work well in the hot, sunny desert.
CSP requires demineralized water
That's exactly what a seawater greenhouse produces.
CSP puts out a lot of wasted heat
That heat can be used to evaporate more seawater, increasing the recovery benefit.
Finally, shade under mirrors can produce all kinds of crops that don't grow in direct sunlight.
This is the idea of ​​this plan
Facing the wind, the greenhouses are lined up like hedges.
Place concentrated solar power plants at regular intervals along the road.
Some of you may be wondering what to do with the salt.
If there are underutilized resources in biomimicry, instead of "how to dispose of them"
Ask yourself, “What can I add to increase the value?”
What we found is that different things crystallize at different stages.
When seawater evaporates, the first thing that crystallizes is calcium carbonate.
It builds up on top of the evaporator, pictured on the left, slowly becoming covered with calcium carbonate.
After a while, I take it out and use it as a lightweight building block.
As for the carbon content, it's thought that what comes out of the atmosphere goes to the ocean, where it's fixed in building materials.
next is sodium chloride
You can squeeze it into a building block like we did here.
This is a hotel in Bolivia
After that, there are various compounds and elements that can be extracted, such as phosphates, which we put back into the soil to fertilize the desert.
Seawater contains almost every element on the periodic table.
So we should be able to extract expensive elements like lithium for high-performance batteries.
In parts of the Persian Gulf, the salinity of sea water is gradually increasing due to the wasteful disposal of brine from desalination plants.
it threatens the ecosystem
We can put those waste brines to good use.
By evaporating it, you can increase the restoration profit and you can get the salt out, and turn the pressing waste problem into a big opportunity.
The Sahara Forest Project is a model of how we can grow carbon-free food, how we can generate renewable energy in the most water-poor regions, and how we can reverse desertification.
Let's go back to the big challenges I mentioned at the beginning: radical resource efficiency, closed loop, solar thermal economy.
This is not only possible, but critically important
And I firmly believe that there are many solutions if we learn how nature solves problems.
Beyond that, this way of thinking is a really good reference point when thinking about sustainable design.
A lot of environmental stories are very pessimistic.
But I was talking about symbiosis, abundance and optimization.
this is an important point
Antoine de Saint-Exupéry said, "If you want to build a fleet, don't talk about carpentry.
To stir people's souls with visions of exploring distant shores."
This is what we need: hope and move forward. This is the most exciting time of innovation ever.
thank you
(applause)
(whistle) (applause) Thank you.
(Applause) Thank you very much.
I heard you whistle
I'm trying to speak in English somehow
"What is this dutch with curly curly hair? Why is he whistling?" You might think so.
My father used to whistle at home all the time and I thought of it as a form of communication.
We were whistling together
And when I turned 34, I used to whistle all the time to annoy and annoy people around me.
I was whistling when I was alone, whistling in the classroom, whistling while riding my bike, and whistling wherever I was.
I used to whistle when my sister-in-law's house had a Christmas party.
The Christmas music they played was horrible if you ask me.
And when I hear a song that I don't like, I think I'll try to make it better.
Do you know "The Red-Nosed Reindeer"?
(Whistle) It can be done like this
(Whistling) But at Christmas dinner, it was kind of annoying.
So my sister-in-law warned me several times, "Can you stop whistling?"
But I couldn't stop
And because I was drunk with wine, I said, "If there was a whistling contest, I would enter."
Two weeks later, I got an email from my sister-in-law, "Are you going to America?"
(laughs) "I'd like to go to America.
why again? ’ I wondered and called
My sister-in-law did a Google search and found that the World Whistling Championships was in America.
My sister-in-law doesn't think I'm going
I'm going to lose my face
I don't know if it's the correct way to say it in English.
If you're Dutch, you know what I mean.
(Laughter) I lose my face.
(Applause) Because I'm thinking, 'I really can't go.'
decided to go
Lewisburg, North Carolina, a town in the southeastern United States, and participated in "The Whistling World."
Participated in Whistling World Championship 2004 and won
(Applause) Of course, it was a really fun experience.
And like judokas and athletes, I went back in 2005 to defend my title, and I won again.
I wasn't able to participate for several years after that, but in 2008, at a tournament in Tokyo,
Participated again and won again
And now, in the beautiful city of Rotterdam, I'm on a big stage and I'm talking about whistling.
I quit my job as a nurse
(Applause) And I'm trying to dream... It wasn't a dream, but it's kind of cool, isn't it?
(Laughter) Now, I'm not the only one whistling.
Are you wondering, "What do you mean?"
I will have everyone blow it together.
I always get the same reaction when I say this, look at each other.
I think, "Hey, hey, give me a break." No, I can't escape
it's actually easy
Blowing is called "Feast of Beauty"
The song is about 80 minutes long.
Just kidding. It's a four minute song.
Let's practice whistling a little first
Please blow like this
(Whistling) (Laughter) Sorry, I forgot to say one thing.
(laughs) There were so many different sounds.
(whistling) Sounds very promising.
it's promising
Have the technician start the music
I'll show you the whistling part when it starts I can't wait to see how it goes
Oops sorry I was the engineer
(laughs)
do it yourself
Let's begin
(laughter) (music) (whistling) here you go
(whistle) It's easy
(Whistle) Solo from here I will blow
(Whistling) (Applause) It was world whistling champion Geert Chatlow.
thank you very much
we are here to celebrate compassion
But to me, there's a problem with compassion.
Many of us know that it's an integral part of any culture of any tradition, and that it's real in the lives of each individual, but the word "compassion" has become a mere skeleton in culture, journalism. In my field of
It's seen as a strange "spiritual system" or somehow depressing.
Karen Armstrong told me an iconic story, after giving a lecture in Holland, the word "compassion" was translated as "pity."
Now, "compassion" is in the world of journalism, as a feature story that makes you feel happy, as a feature story that makes you feel happy, or as a side story about a hero you could never be, or a happy ending, or, most of the time, surreal. too virtuous too portrayed as a model of self-sacrifice
Our cultural imagination of compassion is paralyzed by idealism.
And today, what I want to do in the next few minutes, and what I want to do today in the next few minutes, is the execution of the language revival.
In doing so, I hope to tell you that words matter, that words matter, that words shape how we understand ourselves and interpret the world, and that words shape how we understand ourselves and interpret the world and how we relate to others. I hope you agree with the basic premise of
In the 1960s, when this country met with real diversity, when this country met with real diversity, we used the word "tolerance" as a core people's virtue to approach diversity. adopted as
If you look up the dictionary, the word "tolerance" includes the meanings of "forgiving," "spoiling," and "tolerating."
In the medical context where the term comes from, "tolerance" means testing the limits of thriving under adverse conditions.
Tolerance is more of a brain than a living virtue.
It's too big-headed, and when the going gets tough, your guts, your heart, your actions don't go along with it.
And now things are getting pretty tough.
I think, without really knowing what it is, we've all done the best we can with tolerance as the only guide to virtue, we've done the best we can.
Compassion is a worthy successor
It straddles and transcends essential, religious, spiritual and ethical traditions.
Compassion is just one word in our vocabulary, but if we can really make it permeate it, to the point of reference for ourselves and others in our private and public spheres, it might change us.
What exactly is compassion from different perspectives?
What constitutes synonyms and meanings?
What are the virtues it contains?
First, I simply want to say that compassion is kindness.
"Kindness" can sound like a very soft word, and it's often prone to certain platitudes.
But kindness is an everyday by-product of all great virtues.
And in the most beneficial way, it gives instant gratification.
Compassion is also curiosity
It nurtures curiosity and puts it into practice.
I love a phrase suggested by Aziza Hassan and Marka Fenjebezi, two women in Los Angeles who are innovating for interfaith understanding.
They are creating new visions of young Jewish-Muslim communal living, and in doing so they foster what they call "curiosity without speculation."
it becomes the soil of compassion
Compassion is synonymous with empathy
It may involve the more difficult acts of forgiveness and reconciliation, but compassion can express itself just by being there.
Even though it's associated with practical virtues like generosity and hospitality, compassion is just there and showing up.
I think compassion is also often associated with beauty, which means that you're willing to see the good in people, but not just those who might need help.
What I love is hearing my Muslim interlocutors often talk about beauty as a central moral value.
In its godly light Compassion also takes us into the realm of mystery--not merely to see beauty, but in the midst of suffering to see in the face of a stranger the lively and pious face. It also probably encourages us to look for the face of God within.
I don't know if I can show you what tolerance looks like, but I can show you compassion, because it's visible.
If we can see it and recognize it, it changes the way we think about what is possible and what can be done.
Especially when it comes to communicating great spiritual ideas, like compassion, it's very important to present them to others as rooted in time and space, in flesh and blood -- in other words, in connection with the color and complexity of life.
Compassion seeks concreteness.
I first learned this most intensely from Matthew Sanford.
If you look at this picture of him and you don't realize it, he's paralyzed from the waist down.
He lost his father and sister in a car accident and has been paralyzed from the waist down since he was 13.
Matthew's legs don't work, he can never walk again, and -- he sees this experience not as a renunciation, but as progress, and he experiences himself as healed into a harmonious, united being.
And as a yoga teacher, I share that experience with people with and without disabilities, healthy and unhealthy, and of all ages.
He says he's the furthest out of human life.
He's currently doing a great job with veterans from Iraq and Afghanistan.
And Matthew noticed something remarkable, which neither he nor I can explain very well.
please listen for now
He said that in order to become more aware of the fragility and beauty of our body, he said, we need to be more compassionate in all aspects of life.
Compassion also manifests itself in this way.
this is jean vanier
Jean Vanier helped found Larche, a community centered around living with people with intellectual disabilities, mostly people with Down's syndrome, and now it's all over the world.
Founded by Jean Vanier, it's a community that exudes kindness just like his own.
I'd like to take some time again for the revival of the word "kind."
We spend a great deal of our time in this culture driven by compulsions and belligerents, and so do I.
And although compassion can be of that nature,
Living compassion brings us back again and again to the wisdom of kindness.
Jean Vanier says what he's doing isn't changing the world all at once, like what other people, his great and beloved late friend, Mother Teresa, did, but first is changing ourselves. and
What they're doing at L'Arche, he says, is not the solution itself, but the sign of it.
Compassion is rarely the immediate answer, but it's always a hint of a deeper reality, a deeper human potential.
And compassion is unlocked in a wider circle, never by statistics or strategies, but by signs and stories.
We need that too, but we're hitting our limits.
But at the same time, I think we're rediscovering the power of storytelling. We need stories to survive, to thrive, to change as human beings.
Our traditions have always known this, and so they sincerely nurtured their stories and told them for us.
Of course, there is also a story behind the tikkun olam (restoration of the world), the cornerstone of Judaism's ethical philanthropy and precepts.
And I'll never forget that story that Dr. Rachel Naomi Limen told me like her grandfather told me. It became countless scattered pieces
A piece of it dwells in all of God's creations.
And humanity's highest mission is to seek, find, and gather this light, and thus mend the world.
This may sound like a pipe dream
Some of my fellow journalists may think so.
Rachel Naomi Limen says this is a very important and empowering story for our generation, because it's probably fragile, flawed, and, as you're aware, inadequate. It's insisting that it has exactly what it needs to help repair some part of this world.
Stories and signs like these, stories and signs like these, can overwhelm us To dispel the images of pain that surge in on us Practice in a world desperate for compassion to be brought to us. is a useful tool
Rachel Naomi Lehmen is actually putting compassion back where it belongs, in her field of medical residency training, alongside science.
And this Rachel Naomi Lemen effort, how these virtues can find a place within medical terminology -- and the efforts that Fred Ruskin is making -- is one of the most fascinating developments of the 21st century. I think it's one of the -- in fact, science is definitely adopting virtues like compassion from the realm of idealism.
This will change science and will eventually change religion.
But here is a 20th-century science figure who might surprise you in his discussion of compassion.
We all know Albert Einstein, who came up with the special theory of relativity.
You don't often hear of African-American opera singer Marian Anderson suggesting that she stay at his house when she performed in Princeton, because the best hotels there were under segregation and wouldn't let her stay.
We don't often hear that Einstein used his fame to advocate for the rights of political prisoners in Europe or for boys in Scottsboro, in the south of the United States, who faced racism.
Einstein deeply believed that science should transcend national and ethnic boundaries.
But he saw physicists and chemists become procurers of weapons of mass destruction in the early 20th century.
He once said that the science of that era became like a razor blade in a three-year-old's grip.
And Einstein foresaw that the more modern and technologically advanced we grow, the more we need the virtues that tradition carries on.
He loved to talk about the spiritual heavyweights of yesteryear.
Favorites were Moses Jesus Buddha St. Francis of Assisi and Gandhi - who admired his contemporaries
As Einstein puts it, and I think it's his words, and it's also not passed down, "These people are geniuses in the art of living, and for the sake of human dignity, safety, and pleasure, it's objective." It is more indispensable than the discovery of intellectual knowledge.”
Now, relying on Einstein might not seem like the best way to make compassion real and accessible to everyone, but it is.
I want to show you the rest of this picture, because this picture is similar to what we do in our culture for the word "compassion." It reduces the depth and traces of life from what would otherwise be a mess of life.
Now, you interpret this picture as looking out the window at something that looks like a cathedral and lost in thought -- but no.
And here's the full picture, and you'll see a middle-aged man in a leather jacket tasting a cigar.
And to see that pot belly, it looks like you haven't done enough yoga.
I put these two pictures side by side on my website, and someone said, "I wonder what he's thinking in the first picture.
The second picture made me wonder what kind of person this man was."
he was a complicated person
He was incredibly compassionate in some relationships, and horribly inept in others.
And being compassionate to those closest to us is often harder, and it's one of the other darker aspects of the world of compassion that deserves our sincere attention and enlightenment.
Gandhi was actually a flawed human being.
Martin Luther King and Dorothy Day
Mother Teresa was also
so do we all
And I would like to say that it is liberating to realize that there is nothing to stop compassion. If you follow Fred Ruskin, these flaws are what make us human.
Our culture is desperate for perfectionism and hiding problems.
But our problems are, in fact, perhaps the most fertile source for developing this ultimate virtue of bringing compassion to those who are in the midst of joy and suffering. How refreshing it is to realize that
Crohn's disease is what made Rachel Naomi Lemen a better doctor.
Einstein became a humanitarian not because of his outstanding knowledge of space, time and matter, but because he was a Jew raised in Germany, the birthplace of Fascism.
And in the case of Karen Armstrong -- and I'm sure you all agree -- one of the most traumatic experiences in her religious life led her through the twists and turns of the Charter of Compassion.
Just as "compassion" should not be dismissed as "compassion," neither should it be "sanctified."
Now, I'd like to propose a final definition of compassion -- Einstein and Paul Robeson, by the way -- and I'd like to call it "mental technology."
Our traditions now contain vast wisdom about this, and we need to unearth it for ourselves now.
Compassion exists not only in religion, but also in the secular world.
Now, I'd like to end with a final Einsteinian quote: Humanity, and the future of humanity, needs this technology. To bring humanity together, technology connects us today, and holds amazing possibilities for the future. But like all of them, the technology of compassion is what we need.
Thank you. (Applause)
look at this baby
You will be attracted to the lovely eyes and the skin you want to touch.
But what I'm talking about today is the part you can't see
It's about what's going on in a baby's little brain.
The latest neuroscience instruments show that something as sophisticated as rocket science is happening there.
And what we're discovering will shine a light on what romantic writers and poets call the "heavenly open mind" of the child.
This is a mother in India who speaks a language that was unknown until recently, Koro.
I'm talking to my baby, this mother
The 800 or so Koro speakers around the world know that they need to talk to their babies to preserve their language.
here is an important mystery
Why can't we keep our word when we speak to adults like us?
the key is in our brain
What this diagram shows is that there is a "critical period" in language acquisition.
From this perspective, if you look for your age on the horizontal axis,
(Laughter) The vertical axis shows your ability to learn a second language.
Children are linguistic geniuses until they're seven years old, and then they steadily decline.
After puberty, it falls to the margin
No scientist disputes the curve itself, but research institutes around the world are trying to figure out why it's the way it is.
In my lab, we look at the first critical period in development, when babies are trying to master the sounds used in their own language.
By studying how sounds are learned, I think we can model the rest of language and even critical periods in children's social, emotional and cognitive development.
We study babies in different ways in different parts of the world to the sounds of different languages.
Place the baby in the parent's lap and train it to move its head when the sound changes from "ah" to "ee", if the timing is right.
A black box lights up and a panda beats a drum.
6 month old baby loves doing this
What did you find out?
All babies in the world are citizens of the world if you ask me.
They can hear the sounds of any language, no matter what country they try, no matter what language they speak.
Adults are culture-bound listeners, even if they can distinguish the sounds of their own language.
We can't distinguish the sounds of foreign languages, so the question is,
It's about at what point you go from being a citizen of the world to being a language-bound listener.
The answer is before your first birthday.
This shows the performance of a baby in Tokyo and a baby in Seattle on a test to distinguish between /ra/ and /la/. /r/ and /l/ are important in English, but not in Japanese.
Babies 6-8 months old don't see a difference
Amazing changes after 2 months
American babies do better, Japanese babies do worse, but both babies are preparing to learn their own language.
what is happening is
What's going on in your head during this time when your understanding of sound is developing?
two things are happening
One, babies are listening intently to us and counting our speech.
This is a universal way of speaking to children, first in English, then in Japanese.
(English) Oh I love your big blue eyes How pretty and lovely
(English) Wow, big brown eyes and beautiful black hair. When a baby hears the words that are spoken, what the baby is doing is statistically processing the language it hears.
And you end up with a distribution like this
What we found is that babies are sensitive to this statistic, and the statistic is very different between Japanese and English.
In English, the distribution of /r/ and /l/ is
appearing large
The distribution of Japanese is quite different, with a sound in between /r/ and /l/ known as "Japanese /r/".
Babies absorb the statistics of language, and that changes their brains, transforming them from citizens of the world to culture-bound listeners like us.
We adults no longer absorb statistics.
We are governed by representations in memory that are formed early in our development.
What we're seeing here is changing the way we think about critical periods.
From a mathematical point of view, we expect language learning to slow down as the distribution stabilizes.
That raises questions about bilingual people.
Bilingual people seem to keep two sets of statistics and switch between them depending on who they're talking to.
So the baby wondered if he could do statistics for a new language.
So we did an experiment where American babies, who had never been exposed to a second language, were exposed to Chinese for the first time during the critical period.
We knew that when we tested monolingual children in Taipei and Seattle with Chinese sounds, they would follow the same pattern.
No difference seen at 6-8 months of age
Amazing changes after 2 months
Taiwanese babies do better, American babies do worse.
What we did was expose American babies to Chinese during this period.
12 sessions of talking to your baby in Chinese as if a Chinese-speaking relative came to your house for a month
See what's going on in the lab (Chinese)
What have we done to the tiny brains of babies? (smile)
We also had a control group to make sure that simply participating in the experiment didn't improve Chinese language skills.
I will teach English to this group
From the graph, we can see that exposure to English does not improve Chinese grades.
But what happened to the baby who was exposed to Chinese 12 times?
His grades were as good as those of Taiwanese babies who had been listening to Chinese for 10 and a half months.
It turns out that babies do statistics on their new language.
No matter what language, babies make statistics on the language they're exposed to.
It made me question what role humans play in this learning process.
So another group of babies had 12 similar sessions through TV.
Another group had an audio-only session where they were shown a video of a teddy bear.
So what happened to the baby's brain?
And here's the results for the audio alone, no learning effect at all, and for the video, no learning effect at all.
Babies need a real human presence to do the math.
The social brain controls when babies do statistics, when they're in front of people and when they're in front of people.
When I'm in front of the TV, I want to take a peek inside my brain to see what's different.
Thankfully, a new device called the magnetoencephalography (MEG) allows us to do just that.
It's kind of like a Mars beauty salon, but it's totally safe.
It's a completely non-invasive, silent device.
It has millisecond precision in terms of length, and we can use 306 SQUIDs, or superconducting quantum interferometers, at intervals of milliseconds to see how the magnetic field changes as we think.
We were the first in the world to record MEG in a learning baby.
this is emma
6 months old
I'm listening to different languages ​​through earphones.
baby can move freely
It's a little pellet in the hat that collects the data, so the baby can move freely.
technically very well done
What do you see here?
looking at the baby's brain
When a baby hears a word in his or her own language, the auditory area lights up, and then the areas around it light up. I think it shows
We are entering a golden age of knowledge about child brain development.
We'll be able to see how the brain behaves as children experience emotions, learn to speak and read, solve math problems, and come up with ideas.
We could invent an assistive device that works with the brains of children with learning disabilities.
I believe I can unlock the secrets of the child's open mind that poets and writers celebrated, the secret of the innocent open mind.
By examining the brains of children, we may discover deep truths about what it means to be human, and in the process, we may also be able to keep our hearts open to learning for the rest of our lives. Thank you very much. thank you
(applause)
One day, when I was about 10, I found a box of my father's antiques.
Among them was a pair of black corduroy bell-bottom pants under a bunch of college textbooks.
These pants were in terrible condition. They were musty and moth-eaten.
Of course I fell in love with those pants
It was the first time I saw such a thing
Up until that day, all I knew and wore was my school uniform, and I was really grateful for that, because from a very young age, I realized that I was a little different.
I looked nothing like the boys my age, I had no sense of exercise, and I was probably the least masculine boy.
(Laughter) I was bullied a lot.
So I decided to become invisible to survive, and the uniform helped me to look like any other kid.
(Laughter) Well, just barely.
My daily prayer was this: "God, do me the same as everyone else."
But this request must have gone straight to the answering machine.
(Laughter) Eventually, it became very clear to me that I was not going to be the son my father always wanted me to be.
sorry dad
Yeah, there was no sign of it magically changing.
And over time, I became less and less sure if I actually wanted to change.
So the day I met those black corduroy bell-bottoms, something happened.
I saw opportunities, not pants.
The very next day, I had to wear it to school, no matter what.
And as soon as I put on these ugly pants and tightened my belt, my gait changed, and I could only describe it as a slouchy walk.
(Laughter) All the way to school and all the way home, because I was sent home right away. (Laughter) I turned into a little brown rock star.
(Laughter) I finally stopped caring that I didn't fit in.
I suddenly felt happy that day.
On that day, instead of being invisible, I chose to be seen by others just by wearing something different.
That day I discovered the power of what I wear.
I discovered the power of fashion that day and have been hooked ever since.
Fashion tells the world how different we are
Through this simple act of facing the truth, I realized that none of my differences were a shame to me.
I realized that the difference is the expression of who we are, the expression of our very distinctive identities.
we should express ourselves, wear what we want
What's the worst that can happen?
Arrested by the fashion police for being unfashionable?
(laughs) That's right.
Unless "fashion police" means something completely different.
Nobel laureate Malala escaped an attack by Taliban militants in October 2012.
But in October of 2017, we faced a different enemy when an internet troll posted a vicious slur over a photo of her in jeans that day, at age 20.
The comments and the hate she got The comments and the hate she got Because "It's only a matter of time before you stop wearing that scarf"
Quoting, it went down to, "That's why you got a head shot a long time ago."
Most of us now choose to wear jeans, in places like New York, London, Milan, and Paris, and maybe we won't reconsider it as a privilege, something that might cause inconvenience elsewhere. And we don't think of it as something that one day will be taken away from us.
My grandmother was the kind of woman who took special pleasure in dressing up.
Grandma's fashion was colorful
And the color she loved to wear was probably the only true truth about her, the only thing she had authority over, like most other Indian women of her generation. Because it was not allowed to exist beyond what was dictated by tradition.
My grandmother got married at 17, and after 65 years of marriage, suddenly one day my grandfather passed away, and it was an unbearable loss.
But that day, she also lost something else, the only joy she had: wearing color.
In India, according to custom, when a Hindu woman becomes a widow, she is not allowed to wear any color other than white since the day her husband died.
No one forced my grandmother to wear white.
Yet every woman she knew who outlived her husband, including her mother, followed the tradition.
This repression is so internalized and so deep-rooted that my grandmother herself refused to make a choice.
My grandmother died this year, and she wore nothing but white until the day she died.
I have a picture of me with my grandmother in the old happy times.
I don't think you can really tell by looking at what she's wearing, because it's a black-and-white photo.
But in the middle of it, when I see my grandmother smiling, I know she's wearing color anyway.
This is what fashion can do
It has the power to fill us with joy, the joy of freedom to choose who and how we want to live, a freedom worth fighting for.
And freedom fights and protests come in many forms.
There's a city called Vrindavan, where thousands of Indian widows like my grandmother live.
Therefore, for centuries, it was filled with a lot of white.
But as recently as 2013, the widows of Vrindavan started celebrating Holi, a festival of colors in India, where widows are not allowed to participate.
On this day in March, they paint each other with traditional colored powders used in festivals.
A handful of colored powder is thrown into the air and the white sari slowly begins to be covered in color.
I won't stop until I'm covered in rainbow-like colors that are forbidden to me.
The color fades the next day, but that moment is their beautiful break.
This "interruption" or any dissonance can be our first resistance to oppression.
And fashion can also be the very visual interruption that we wear on our bodies.
The lessons of resistance have always been taught by fashion's great revolutionaries -- designers.
Jean-Paul Gaultier taught me that a woman can be king.
Thom Browne taught me that men wear heels too.
And at Alexander McQueen's Spring 1999 show, two giant robotic arms were placed in the center of the runway.
As model Shalom Harlow began twirling between these two giant arms, the arms began spraying, first subtly and then more violently.
McQueen taught me this before he took his own life, that this body of ours is a canvas that we can paint however we want.
Kalal Nushi loved this world of fashion.
I was a student from Iraq and an actor.
loved the bright and eclectic clothes
But he soon began receiving death threats because of his appearance.
he didn't move
He remained a nice guy, but in July of 2017, Khalal was found dead in downtown Baghdad.
kidnapped
tortured
Eyewitnesses said the body had multiple wounds.
It's a stab wound
In Peshawar, about 2,000 miles away, Pakistani transgender activist Alisha was shot multiple times in May 2016.
She was taken to the hospital, but was refused admission to either the men's or women's ward because she was wearing women's clothing.
What we choose to wear is sometimes a matter of life and death.
sometimes even in death you can't choose your gender
Alisha died that day and was buried as a man.
What kind of world is that?
In this world, it's natural to fear this kind of surveillance and violence against our bodies and clothes.
But the bigger fear is that once we surrender and blend in, one after another, we become invisible, and the more normal this false cooperation seems, the less shocking this oppression feels.
Today's injustice may become the norm tomorrow for the children we raise.
As they grow accustomed to the status quo, they too may begin to view anything that is different as filthy, hateful, and to be extinguished, one by one, like extinguishing the light, until the darkness becomes a way of life.
But if I'm today and you're tomorrow Maybe more people will one day embrace their right to be themselves In a world that's been wildly whitewashed We're stuck in it It becomes a needle of color, like the widow of Vrindavan.
If there were a lot of people like us, would guns be aimed? To Kalal, to Malala, to Alisha?
Can you kill us all?
It's time to stand up and stand out
In a world where sameness means security, you use things as simple as clothing to make everyone look at you and claim that there are differences in the world and they will always be the same.
get used to it
No words needed for this claim
Fashion gives us a language for dissent.
gives me courage
It literally wears courage up our sleeves.
let's wear it
wear it like armor
because that's what matters
and because you matter
thank you
(applause)
I spend a lot of time traveling around the world these days, speaking to groups of students and professionals. And you hear similar things everywhere you go.
On the one hand, people say, "Now is the time for change,"
I want to be part of it.
People say they want a purposeful, more meaningful life.
But on the other hand, I also hear from those same people the desire to avoid fear and risk.
"I really want to live a purposeful life, but I don't know where to start.
I don't want to disappoint my family and friends. "
I am working on the problem of world poverty.
People say, 'I want to work on poverty, but what about my career?
Will you be left behind?
Can you get enough money?
You can't get married, can't have children, can you? "
As a woman who didn't get married until very late — I'm glad I waited — (Laughter) — as a childless woman, I say to young people, "Perfection is not required.
You are only required to be human.
Nothing in life is important without a price.”
This conversation is a very good reflection of what is happening at the national and international level.
Our leaders and ourselves want it all, but we don't talk about the price,
Nor does it speak of sacrifice.
I have a favorite quote. by Tilly Olsen, the great writer from the American South.
A quote from the short story "O Yes". It tells the story of a white woman in the 1950s whose daughter is best friends with a young black girl. Whenever she sees her daughter, she feels proud, but at the same time, she wonders what the price will be.
"Better immerse yourself. Rather than living without touching anything. 』
But the real question is what is the price of lack of courage?
What is the price of not trying?
I have been very fortunate to have met some outstanding leaders. A leader who chooses to immerse himself in life
One such fellow is Ingrid Wasinawatok, a program fellow at the Rockefeller Foundation.
He is the leader of the Menominee tribe, an American Indian tribe.
Fellow meetings prompted me to think about how elders make decisions in Indian culture.
According to her, the Indian elders envision the next seven generations of children watching them from the earth. As the children's faces look upon the elders, they become stewards for the future.
She thought we were all one. Not only humans are connected, but all life on earth is connected.
Tragedy struck in 1999. It happened while I was working with the Uwa people in Colombia. I was involved in a cultural and language preservation movement when the FARC (Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia) kidnapped, tortured and killed Ingrid and two of my colleagues.
Whenever the Fellows of that time get together after that, I leave one chair free for her.
More than a decade later, if I had the opportunity to speak to an NGO Fellow, whether it was in Trenton, New Jersey, or the White House, I would tell them Ingrid's story, and they would merge with Ingrid's wisdom and spirit. She says that she wants to do so, and that she wants to make the mission of her life unfulfilled.
Ingrid's life was short, but I can't think of a more powerful life for what she left behind.
Then I was moved by Cambodian women. They are beautiful women who inherit Cambodian traditional dance.
We met in the early 90's.
The Khmer Rouge killed over a million people under the Pol Pot regime in the 1970s. Their targets were elites, intellectuals, artists and dancers.
When the war ended, only 30 traditional dancers survived.
To my great pleasure, three of them were still alive when I met them, and they told me stories of their days sleeping in cots in refugee camps.
He said that he had worked very hard not to forget the dance, and that other dancers would have done the same if they had lived.
One of them stood in perfect posture with his hands at his sides and talked about how the 30 people reunited after the war and how miraculous it was.
Large tears streamed down her cheeks. But I didn't even try to wipe the tears.
Instead of training their children, who are already grown up, they decided to train their grandchildren.
I sat in the studio watching these women clapping their hands -- it was a beautiful rhythm -- and around them these fairy dancers in their beautiful silks.
And after that atrocity, I thought, this is what people really pray.
Because we're committed to honoring the most beautiful parts of our past, from which we build our vision for the future.
They know that the most important things we do and spend our time on are sometimes beyond measure.
I've also been exposed to the dark side of power and leadership.
I've learned that extreme dark forces can overwhelm us all in the same way.
In 1986, I moved to Rwanda and started working with a small group of Rwandan women to create a microfinance bank.
One of them, Agnes -- on the far left -- was one of the first three women to become members of parliament in Rwanda. She could have been called Mother of Rwanda because of what she left behind.
We built our organization around ideas that help women, such as social equity and gender equity.
In time, Agnès focused more on seizing power than on the bottom line.
A founding member of the liberal party, which championed diversity and tolerance, three months before the genocide, she left the party to join the extremist Hutu Power and the regime that carried out the genocide. served as Minister of Justice. She became famous for inciting men to say, "Kill them now, don't act like a woman."
Agnes was found guilty of genocide in the first degree.
If you go to jail to see her, even if you sit next to her and put your knees together, you have to admit that the monster is in all of us. Perhaps, if not powerful monsters, our broken parts, such as grief and hidden shame, ultimately provide opportunities and triggers that are easily exploited by demagogues, who, if willing, to see others below them. In extreme cases, it makes them do cruel things.
No group is more vulnerable to this kind of manipulation than the group of young men.
I have heard that the most dangerous animals on earth are adolescent males.
So, in this women-focused gathering, it's important to invest money in girls, to ensure that they are housed and valued, but we must also remember that girls and women are isolated and violated. being killed, becoming victims, and even disappearing from existence. This is especially true in a society where men and boys feel helpless and unable to live.
That's why I can't imagine hanging out on a street corner and thinking about the future, finding in uniforms and guns the potential to secure a position in a situation where there's no job, no education, no chance. It's not difficult.
Sometimes, even a small investment can unlock the truly enormous limitless potential that we all hold within us.
Suraj Sudhakar, a Fellow of my organization, Acumen Fund, is someone who has what we call moral imagination, the ability to put yourself in someone else's shoes and drive things from that perspective.
He works with a group of young men from Kibera, the world's largest slum.
Great people.
I started a book club for 100 people in the slums.
Then they started a business plan competition.
They decided to do a TEDx event.
I learned so much from Chris and Kevin, from Alex and Harbour, from all the young people.
Alex said nice things.
“I used to feel like I was nothing, but now I feel like I am something.”
I think it's completely wrong to think that your income makes you do that.
What we really want as human beings is to be visible to each other.
That's how these young men decided to do a TEDx event. Speaking of workshops that come to slums, they focus on HIV and at best microfinance. I was tired of it
They wanted to celebrate the beauty of Kibera and Masare -- with photojournalism and other works, graffiti artists, teachers and entrepreneurs.
And they are doing just that.
Hats off to everyone in Kibera.
My own focus is on making philanthropy more efficient and capitalism more inclusive.
At the Acumen Fund, we obtain philanthropic funds and invest in what we call "Patient Capital." We will invest in entrepreneurs who recognize that the poor are not just passive recipients of charity, but who want to solve their own problems and decide for themselves, who see themselves as agents of total change.
We leave the money on loan for 10 to 15 years, and when it is paid back, we invest again in change-focused innovation.
This works.
To date, we have invested $50 million in 50 companies. These companies created an additional $200 million from an overlooked market.
This year alone, it generated $40 million in services including maternity health care, real estate, emergency services and solar energy. It is to enable people to deal with their problems with more dignity.
"Patient Capital" is not for those looking for simple solutions or easygoing categories. Because we don't see profit as a mere means.
These entrepreneurs put people and the planet above profit.
We want to be part of the movement. It's about thinking about impacts, and more importantly, thinking about what matters most to us.
My dream is to one day find and recognize not just those who make more money out of their money, but those who can use our resources to change the world in the most positive ways.
The world will truly change only when we celebrate, celebrate, and give status to such people.
Last May, I saw two faces of the world in quick succession during an exceptional 24 hours. One is based on violence and the other is based on transcendence.
I was also in Lahore Pakistan the day suicide attacks attacked two mosques.
The two mosques were attacked because the people who were praying inside belonged to a particular sect, not recognized by the fundamentalists as true Muslims.
Not only did this suicide bombing take the lives of 100 people, but it could be worse. It brought disgust, anger, fear and, of course, despair.
Less than 24 hours later, 13 miles from the mosque, I was visiting one of our investments. Jawad Aslam is a wonderful person who dares to choose a life of immersion.
Born and raised in Baltimore, I studied real estate and worked in the real estate industry. After 9/11, I decided to go to Pakistan to make a difference.
For two years, with no income other than a meager wage, I apprenticed to Tasneem Sajiki, an amazing housing developer.
Sajiki had a dream to build community housing on this wasteland with "patience capital", but it was just too expensive.
From a moral point of view, he refused to offer a bribe.
It took two years just to register the land.
But how much morals have improved based on the actions of one person.
Today, 2000 people live in 300 houses in this beautiful community.
There are also schools, clinics and shops.
But there is only one mosque.
I asked Jawad. "How do you manage this diverse community?
Who Uses Mosques on Fridays? "
"It's a long story.
After going through a very difficult and difficult road, in the end, community leaders who realized that there was only one other, came together,
We have decided to select the three most respected imams. The three take turns speaking at the Friday service.
But the whole community, all denominations, including Shiites and Sunnis, come together to pray at the same time. "
Our world needs this kind of moral leadership and courage.
Globally, there are also big problems -- the financial crisis, global warming, growing fear and alienation.
And we can choose every day.
Take the easy way, or take the crooked way of blaming each other, keeping a distance from each other's imagined fears, even though it really isn't.
Or, even more difficult, the quest for transformation, transcendence, empathy, love, trustworthiness, and fairness.
It was a great honor to have the opportunity to work with child psychologist Robert Coles. He was one of the people who stood up for change during the Civil Rights Movement in America.
He told me such a wonderful story. A 6-year-old girl named Ruby Bridges attended the first desegregated school in the South. -- In New Orleans.
Every day, this 6-year-old girl walks down the street with grace in her pretty dress. There, white people huddle up, yell at her, call her a monster, and threaten to poison her. -- Crooked people.
I saw her every day and it seemed like she was telling people something.
"Ruby, what are you talking about?" I asked.
She says, "I'm not talking about anything."
Finally he said, "I saw you talking.
What are you really talking about? ”,
"Mr. Coles, I don't speak, I pray."
"Then what are you praying for?"
Ruby says, "Lord, forgive them. They just don't know what they're doing." her family struggled for it
She developed the idea that we should be a part of history and that everyone should have access to education.
The final story is about a handsome man. His name is Josefa Bjarhanga. He is also an Acumen Fund Fellow and one of the people who escaped from a farming settlement in Uganda.
We posted him to a base in western Kenya, 200 miles away.
At the end of his term, he said to me: “Jacqueline, you realize how small I am.
But sometimes I make mistakes, especially when talking to African women. -- Sometimes you can't listen to people. "
He continued: “In conclusion, in many ways, leadership is like the ear of rice.
When it is at its most stretched, when it is at its most powerful, it is beautiful, it is green, and it nourishes the world. And it reaches up to the sky. "
“But just before the harvest, with gratitude and humility, I bow down and try to touch where I came from: the earth.”
we need a leader.
We must lead, however bold we may be, from the standpoint of believing that we can promote the basic premise that all men, women and children on earth are fair.
At the same time, we must have the humility to recognize that we cannot do this alone.
Robert Kennedy once said. "Few have the power to rewrite history, but each of us has the power to change a small part of history.
And the accumulation of each person's deeds will be written later as the history of this era. "
Our lives are so short, our time on this earth is so precious, and we only have each other.
So you may want to live an immersive life.
It's not always an easy life, but in the end all of it will be on our side.
thank you very much.
(applause)
The "mesh" I'm going to talk about is
It fundamentally transforms the way we relate to things.
It's not going to apply to every thing in every case, but when the time comes, using certain goods and services will cease to mean ownership.
Mesh makes it easier to share better things
Sharing has been around for a long time
For example transportation
We've shared wine, food, and other wonderful experiences in cafes and bars in Amsterdam.
And so are other forms of entertainment -- stadiums, parks, concert halls, libraries, universities, everything.
It is a platform that serves as a place for sharing.It is this mother sharing platform that is the origin and destination of sharing.
What is mesh? what's driving it? why now? I want to talk to you about the various factors behind it.
One of them is the recession. It's caused us to rethink our relationship with things in terms of value.
Then there's population growth and urban concentration.
More people, less space, less things
Climate change is also having an effect. People are trying to reduce their personal stress and reduce the burden on their communities and the planet.
And lately, there's been a growing distrust of global mega-brands in a lot of different areas, and there's room for that.
Research shows that in the United States, Canada, and Western Europe, more and more people are embracing local companies and brands that they've never heard of.
In the past, I would have chosen a well-known brand that I felt I could trust.
Finally, people around the world are more connected now than ever before, except when they're sitting next to each other.
(Laughter) Another thing to note is that we've invested hundreds of billions of dollars over decades, and we're inheriting assets.
In addition to the physical infrastructure that moves or carries things from one place to another
The web and mobile that connect people and build platforms and systems are also assets. These investments in technology and infrastructure are assets that we have inherited.
From there, you can create engagement in new and interesting ways.
I think mesh companies combine three things: first, the power to connect with each other, and second, because we all carry GPS and web-enabled mobile phones, we can find people and things anywhere, anytime.
And the third is the ability to locate physical objects on a map, such as the location of a restaurant, of course, but using wireless technology like GPS and RFID, it goes beyond the movement of cars, taxis, transportation vehicles, and other moving objects. It is also possible to track
This creates an environment in which goods and services are often more convenient and cheaper to use than owning them.
i am a zip car fan
How many of you have ever used a car or bike sharing service?
there are a lot
Zipcar is the world's largest car-sharing company.
Car sharing did not originate from this company
started in Europe
When one of the founders went to Switzerland and saw it being used, he said, "This is amazing.
We could do it in Cambridge." We took the idea home, and we started as two women with another founder - Robin Chase.
The zip car was to the point
First of all, I really understood that the brand is the voice, and the product is the souvenir.
That's why the car-sharing staging was so good.
sexy and new
I made it cool
Zipcar members are called Zipsters
The car I prepared was not a patrol car with a hole
it's a cool car
target universities
We tailor our cars to the tastes of our target audience, so they feel good in the ride.
It's a clean, reliable and working car.
Zipcar had an accurate branding strategy
You're an information company, not a car company.
I really understood
If I'm going to buy a car, I go to the dealership, talk to the salesperson, and make a decision as soon as possible.
People who use car-sharing might use an electric car to commute or rent a truck for housework.
When I go to pick up my aunt at the airport, it's a sedan.
If you're going skiing in the mountains, you'll have your gear ready for it.
In the meantime, Zipcar is collecting all sorts of data about customer behavior and usage.
I believe that for mesh companies like Zipcar, surprises and concierge-like services aren't just an option, they're a necessity.
Because the customer gives the company a lot of information, and the company knows how the customer rides.
We are in a better position to predict what users will want next.
On average, how many times do you think you drive a day?
what percentage?
understand?
I'm hitting the good points
I expected 20 percent
The average across America and Western Europe is 8 percent.
Even if it's 10%, the remaining 90% of the time - it's going to be expensive for me personally, I need to improve the environment of the city, and it's a lot of trouble - 90% of the time it's just stopped.
That's why the theme of mesh is that if you narrow down the waste, you'll see various values.
With that in mind, Zipcar was founded in 2000.
And last year, 2010, two companies were formed: Whipcar in England and Relay Ride in the United States.
Both are car-sharing services between individuals, and two things that make car-sharing work are the availability of a car and the fact that it's within a block or two of where you are.
It's probably a neighbor's car that's within that range of your home or business, and you can probably rent one.
That's where this business was born.
The Zipcar was born ten years ago, in 2000.
It took us six years to get to 1,000 cars.
Whipcar, which was founded in April last year, has been able to use 1,000 cars in six months.
it's very interesting
You can save around $200-$700 a month by renting your car out to your neighbors when you're not using it.
generate income
We're in Detroit, so it would be nice if there were people working in the car industry (Laughter). But I think it would be nice if cars that were compatible with car sharing were sold.
freedom to use the car
because it gives owners more choice.
I think it's becoming
When you think about the possibilities and challenges of mesh businesses - some businesses, like Zipcar and Netflix, are fully mesh-enabled, while others, like many car companies and car manufacturers, have their own way of offering car-sharing services. Some have started with , and others have experimented with launching second brands, but the potential and challenge is to attract share.
There are actually times in my life when I feel the overwhelming appeal of sharing.
How do you scale it up repeatedly?
It's easy to share joy in a limited space because we are connected by social networks.
Because we are connected to each other, joy is instantly contagious
A great experience can be spread by tweeting it or telling it to five people.
The opposite can also happen, the reverse pattern may be more common
Ludo Truck in Los Angeles is gaining a lot of fans by moving and selling delicious food.
Maybe because I'm a technology entrepreneur, I see things as platforms.
Platform is Attraction
Create a craigslist Build an iTunes or iPhone developer network Create a Facebook page, etc.
These platforms invite different developers, different people, to come together with opportunities and ideas to build apps for specific audiences.
totally amazed
I don't think anyone in this room could have predicted what happened to apps on Facebook and around it two years ago when Mark Zuckerberg said he was going to build a platform.
If you think about it in the same way, cities are also platforms, and of course Detroit is too.
By attracting producers, artists and entrepreneurs, we can inspire fiery creativity and revitalize our cities.
Cities also invite participation, and historically they have invited participation of all kinds.
Cities can do more
For example, cities publish traffic data.
Google has released an API for traffic data
There are already 7-8 cities in America
It provides traffic data, and developers are creating apps.
I was having coffee in Portland, and I had half a latte left, when all of a sudden, a small monitor in the store flashed a message that the next bus was in three minutes, and the train was in 16 minutes.
I was able to drink the cafe latte with confidence because the reliable and real data appeared in front of me.
Amazing opportunities are popping up all over America, and about 21 percent of all vacant commercial and industrial space has potential.
Such spaces are lifeless.
The surrounding area lacks vitality and lacks people's attention.
Do you know pop-up stores that open for a limited time?
there are a lot i love this
Great use of mesh
Auckland, near my house, has all kinds of restaurants.
And once every three weeks, there's a pop-up grocery store, and it's a social event for people who love food.
Opened in an area with a high turnover of stores
So, about a year later, we've rented a shop, built a product, and started expanding.
What used to be a edgy, arty neighborhood is now much more fashionable and acceptable.
Let me give you another example
Crafty Fox, a woman who loves handicrafts, is hosting pop-up miscellaneous goods fairs around London
These things are happening everywhere
I think one of the things pop-up shops do is create a sense of fragility and urgency.
These stores create the "sold out" that business likes.
It's great to have the opportunity to gain credibility and attention.
You can use the mesh to build a platform, and you can define things, refine them, and propagate them.
As an entrepreneur, you can test something, you can look at the market, you can talk to people, you can listen to them, you can improve them, and you can come back.
Cost-effective and mesh-like
It's possible because we have the infrastructure
Finally, I would like to encourage all of you.
(Laughter) If we're looking at waste and thinking about how we can be generous and contribute to each other, but if we want to improve our economy and improve our environment, it's important to share our failures.
For example, Velib started in Paris in 2007, a bold attempt at a large-scale bike-sharing service.
fail again and again
very successful in some respects
I was very open about my failures, I was very open about my successes.
So B.C. in Barcelona, ​​B-Cycle in the United States, Boris Bikes in London, and so on, didn't have to repeat the v1.0 failures and expensive learning lessons that Velib experienced in Paris.
Connecting gives us the opportunity to share our failures and successes.
What we're seeing is just the beginning. Mesh companies are attracting people and generating interest, but it's still early days.
At first, there were about 1,200 mesh companies listed on my website, but in the last two and a half months, that number has grown to about 3,300.
increasing day by day
But it's just the beginning
Please join us in this process
Thank you very much
(applause)
What does this brooch mean?
"Breaking the glass ceiling"
Perfect for TEDWomen
most of the time when i wake up in the morning
I think about my schedule for the day, how the brooch story began
It was Saddam Hussein. Let me tell you what happened.
After the Gulf War I
I went to the United Nations as an ambassador, and I had some instructions, and from the ceasefire.
When we moved to a series of sanctions resolutions, the instructions given to me were to constantly denigrate Saddam Hussein.
Among the many metaphors for me was the expression "extraordinary snake," because I happened to have a snake brooch.
I wore it to the next meeting
(laughter)
At a press conference, reporters asked me, "Why are you wearing a snake brooch?" I replied, "Because Saddam Hussein compared me to a snake."
and i think this is funny
I started buying a lot of brooches
And in fact, those brooches began to speak for me on many occasions, and that's where it all began.
How big is your collection?
It is quite large
now it's in a traveling exhibition
Originally in the Smithsonian Museum
I'm off to Indianapolis now with my book "Reading the Brooch's Message"
(laughter)
That's a good idea, back when you were the first female secretary of state.
It's always been about how you dress and how you look. I'm sure a lot of women are going through the same thing, especially if you're the first woman to hold a position. How do you feel about that?
It's actually quite frustrating, because men don't talk about what they're wearing, but my outfit got a lot of attention.
What was interesting was
Before I went to New York as Ambassador to the United Nations, I had a conversation with my predecessor, Jean Kirkpatrick, and he told me to ditch the professor clothes and buy the diplomat clothes.
Thanks to you, I was able to do a lot of shopping.
Even so, I was still being asked questions like that.
do you wear a hat? What is the skirt length? Do you remember
When Condoleezza Rice got criticized for wearing boots to an event? If you were a man, you wouldn't be criticized for such things.
we are both men and women
I'm trying to find my role, contribute to society in my own way, and create the future.
How did you manage to be a strong diplomat, a powerful spokesperson for our country to the world, and at the same time raise a child as a mother and grandmother?
Interestingly, the question is
Just minutes after becoming the first female secretary of state, she said, "I've been a woman for 60 years.
I just got to be Secretary of State a few minutes ago." That's how it started.
(laughter)
Basically, I like being feminine, but something changed.
I'm sure some of you have had a similar experience. It all started when I attended my first meeting at the United Nations, because the United Nations is an all-male organization. men
He was sitting in front of me and staring at me.
I wanted to impress them, and I lost confidence in what I said.
But suddenly I realized
Because I represent America
It was only then that I realized that if I didn't speak up today, America wouldn't get the point of view. I was determined to let go of my modest feminine shell and speak up for my country. happened at different times
But I believe that being a woman has some great advantages in many ways, and women are more than men.
I think I'm good at socializing, and I think I have the ability to do that when I need it, but my youngest grandson last year.
When she was seven years old, I said to her mother, my daughter, "What's so great about your grandma being the secretary of state? Because secretaries of state are only women."
(laughter)
(Applause) Okay, since she's grown up, things change when the world changes.
you are now frequently
You travel all over the world. How do you see it? How far have we progressed in the situation for women in the world?
I think things are changing little by little
Of course, there are regions and countries that have been left behind by change.
Just like you are a leading expert in your field, there are women who have great opportunities, but there are also women who don't fully understand the need to take care of themselves and help each other. when he was chief
After doing some research on national security, I decided to make women's issues a focal point of American foreign policy, not just because I'm a feminist, but because I believe that society would be better off if I did, because women are politically and economically empowered. Once you have it, you will inherit those values, and you will have better health, better education, and greater economic prosperity, both economically and politically.
In countries where we have a say, we have a duty to help other women.
I was totally committed to that. Was there any resistance?
For making women's issues a foreign policy focus? from some people
You must have thought it was a silly problem
After all, women's issues
It's actually the hardest problem, because it touches so many aspects of human life and death that it's at the core of how we think about things, for example.
During my tenure there were several wars, and in many cases the main victims were women, ever since I arrived.
There was the Bosnian conflict, and Bosnian women were systematically sexually assaulted.
We specialize in these cases
The International War Crimes Tribunal has finally opened.
I just joined the United Nations, and at that time there were 183 countries and territories in the United Nations, and now there are 192.
It was the first time I didn't have to prepare my own lunch.
to my assistant
I told him to invite the other female ambassadors to lunch when he arrived at his apartment.
I thought there would be a lot of people, but out of 183 countries, there were only six women.
Countries where women were ambassadors at the time
Canada, Kazakhstan, the Philippines, Trinidad and Tobago, Jamaica, Liechtenstein, and me.
(laughter)
The faction that we founded, we called it the G7. (Laughter)
G7 means Girl Seven, right? on women's issues
Lobbying before the International War Crimes Tribunal
I was able to get two female judges. and rape is a weapon of war
We were able to show that it was against human dignity. (Applause)
If you look around the world, you'll see that women, especially in Western societies, are increasingly in leadership positions, and in other parts of the world, the glass ceiling is being broken, and yet there are still many. of violence and many problems remain, even though more and more women are entering the negotiating table when you are in the negotiating table.
I think you were one or two of the women, and you'll be sustainable in the future.
Do you think there will be visible changes? Between things like armed conflict and peace, conflict and resolutions? if i had more women
I think the tone of the discussion will change, the conclusions will change, but that's only if the whole world is run by women.
It's not that it's going to get better. If anyone thinks that way, they're forgetting high school.
(laughter)
But the bottom line is that more women are trying to find a way to get some kind of agreement when they're in the negotiating table, like when I went to Burundi.
I brought Tutsi and Hutu women together to talk about the problems in Rwanda.
I think that's what brought them together. I think we women are great at putting ourselves in the shoes of others and empathizing, and that ability is what makes other women stand out.
It helps to support, when I was Secretary of State,
There were only 13 women ministers of foreign affairs, so it would have been nice if at least one of them had come.
For example, he was the Finnish Foreign Minister at the time.
Tarja Halonen is the current president of Finland and for a time he represented the European Union.
I hope you can understand
about a problem I have at a meeting
I feel like I have to do something, and a man from our delegation said, "Do you feel like it? What do you mean by that?" Tarya was sitting across from me.
And when we were discussing disarmament, suddenly she
I said I felt like I had to do it, and suddenly my colleague seemed to understand.
So if a group of women
I think it would be really helpful if I had a position in foreign policy.
In fact, most national security policy isn't just about foreign policy. It's about the military budget, and it's also about how to reduce the national debt.
You know, being in different foreign policy positions, you can help each other out when it comes to making budget decisions for your country.
Should we increase it? Reflecting the opinions of more women?
Or the importance of gender ratio
Increase the number of men who understand I
I'm the president of an organization called the National Institute for Democracy and International Studies, which supports women candidates, and we do that in other countries as well.
I think we should help train women to get into government and understand how to use political tools, and when new businesses come up.
I think that creating a system in which women can help each other will also be supportive.
At my age, I feel even more strongly: when I was just starting out, it was other women who criticized me.
We have a habit of making each other feel guilty.
In fact, "guilt" is every woman's middle name.
we really love each other
We must help each other My motto is "In hell
There's a place for women who don't help each other." (Applause)
Then you will surely go to Heaven! Thank you for today
thank you
(applause)
it's a monday morning
In Washington, the President of the United States is sitting in the Oval Office, trying to decide whether or not to attack Al Qaeda in Yemen.
At 10 Downing Street, David Cameron ponders whether more public sector jobs should be done to stop a double-dip recession...
In Madrid, María González stands at her door, listening to her baby howling, wondering whether to let her cry until she falls asleep or pick her up.
And I'm sitting by my father's bed in the hospital, and I'm wondering if I should give him 1.5 liters of water, as the doctor just told me. Let him go." He hasn't eaten in a week. If I let him drink this water, I might kill him.
We are faced with many choices in life that have profound consequences, and there are many different strategies for making decisions.
Talk to friends, search on the internet, search in books...
But even in today's world where we still have Google, TripAdvisor, Amazon Recommendations, etc., we still put the most trust in experts.
Because in a society that is overwhelmed by information and has become extremely complex, we believe that experts are better able to process information than we are. is
And in these uncertain and confusing times, we are reassured by the almost parental prestige of an expert who articulates what is possible and what is impossible.
But I feel that this is a big problem, a problem with potentially dangerous consequences for society, for culture and for individuals.
Of course, it's not that professionals don't contribute a lot to society.
The problem is with us: we rely too much on experts.
We rely on their confident, convincing, definitive answers, and in the process we abandon our responsibility to think and substitute the "wisdom words" of experts for our own intelligence and thinking. take the
We surrender our power and replace the anxiety of our own uncertainty with the illusion of certainty that they provide.
this is no exaggeration
In a recent experiment, a group of adults listening to an expert was scanned with an MRI.
very surprising results
Once they started listening to the experts, the self-decision-making areas of their brains turned off.
It was literally flat
They listened to the experts and accepted their advice, right or wrong.
But even experts make mistakes
Did you know that studies show that doctors misdiagnose 4 out of 10 times?
Did you know that filing your own income tax returns is statistically more accurate than having a tax accountant do it for you?
And, of course, there's the case, which we're all familiar with, that we're in the Great Depression since the 1930s, because the economists got it so far wrong.
For our health, our wealth and our security, it's important to keep the areas of our brains that make decisions for ourselves active at all times.
This is the result of my research as an economist over the last few years looking at what people think, who they trust, and why they trust them. But I know it's ironic. , I advise prime ministers, business leaders, and international organizations. As an expert, I believe that the role of the professional must change. We need to be more open-minded and democratic. I think we should accept people's rebellion against our expert views.
Now, to help you understand my position, let me take you into the world of experts.
Of course, there are exceptions, wonderful exceptions that contribute to civilization.
But my research has shown that, as a whole, the experts are divided into some very inflexible positions, and when a dominant theory emerges, the counterarguments are silenced. In line with this, we treat authority figures as heroes among our peers.
It wasn't until after the economic crisis that some people challenged Alan Greenspan's prediction that economic growth would continue to grow steadily.
Research reveals that experts are governed and influenced by the social and cultural norms of the time. Victorian doctors sent women to mental hospitals when they expressed sexual desire, also in 1973. Until then, American psychiatrists classified homosexuality as a mental illness.
What all this means is that it takes too long for a paradigm shift to happen, and that complexity and nuances are ignored, and in the end, money does the talking, and the worst side effects in drug-funded clinical trials are in your favour. I've seen evidence that they're missing out, and I've seen studies funded by food companies that when they launch new products, they overstate their health benefits.
On average, studies by food companies overstate the effects seven times more than independent studies.
And we have to realize that even professionals make mistakes.
They make careless mistakes every day.
A recent study of surgical medical documents found that surgeons removed healthy ovaries, operated on the wrong side of the brain, or operated on the wrong hand, elbow, eye, or foot. Misconceptions can also occur
For example, a common mistake of thinking among radiologists is that when they look at a CT scan, they are too dependent on what the referring doctor said, or what the referring doctor said.
Let's say a radiologist is looking at a scan of a patient with possible pneumonia. You miss lung tumors
So far I've given you some insight into the world of experts.
Of course, there are many other things besides these insights, but these examples teach you the need to be skeptical and not blindly believe the opinions of experts, the need to keep your decision-making capacity activated. will make you feel
What should I do about it?
I'm short on time, so I'd like to focus on just three strategies.
First, we must challenge the experts and at the same time stop treating them as modern-day evangelists.
For this reason, in all subjects
Don't worry, you don't need to get a Ph.D.
But despite their frustration, please stick to your point.
After I had surgery, why did the doctor say, "Mr. Hartz, beware of hyperpyrexia" when you could have just said, "Beware of high fever"?
So the challenge for the experts is to find the motives behind their graphs, their equations, their forecasts and predictions, and to ask questions like this: What is it?
what evidence is it based on
What did the research focus on?
and what was ignored
A recent study found that most expert clinical trials of drugs are first tried on male animals, and then on men, before they go on sale.
It's as if they forgot that half the world's population is female.
And women have taken the wrong lot in medicine, because it turns out that many of these drugs don't work very well for women. give
Being a rebel means recognizing that the assumptions and methods made by the experts can be wrong.
Second, we need to create space for what I call "managed disagreements."
To create a paradigm shift, to come up with a breakthrough, and to dismantle myths, we need to create an environment in which expert knowledge can be contested, with new, diverse, conflicting, heretical opinions. into the discussion without hesitation, bearing in mind that human progress arises not only from the creation of ideas, but also from their destruction, and thus surrounds ourselves with diverse, conflicting, and heretical opinions.
Research shows we can get smarter
Encouraging disagreement is rebellious, because it goes against our instincts to surround ourselves with opinions and advice that are already in line with what we believe to be right.
That's why we need to proactively manage disagreements.
Google's CEO, Eric Schmidt, is someone who actually puts this idea into practice every day.
In a meeting, you fold your arms, find someone with a puzzled look, and if they're actually the one with a different opinion, you pull them into the discussion and encourage disagreement.
Managing disagreements means recognizing the value of disagreements, differences and differences
But take it one step further
We need to redefine what it means to be an expert.
Professionals, traditionally, are people of high status who have advanced degrees, fancy titles, diplomas, and who have written best-selling books.
Imagine if we discarded this definition of expertise as an elitist group, and instead embraced democratic expertise, where expertise isn't just the domain of surgeons and CEOs, it's also the domain of salespeople. Ru-yes,
For example, at Best Buy, an electronics retailer, we let everyone in the workforce -- not just the cleaners, the salespeople, the back office people, the forecasting team -- but everyone bets, yes, bets whether or not a certain product will sell before Christmas. Whether a new idea should be incorporated, whether a project will come to fruition on time, and so on.
By leveraging and recruiting in-house expertise, Best Buy discovered that the opening of its forthcoming large-scale store in China did not materialize as planned.
Because when I had the entire staff put up with the store whether the store would open on schedule, the group in the accounting department all hung up that it wouldn't go as planned.
They were the only ones in the company who were aware of a technical problem that even the forecasting experts and field experts in China didn't know about.
These strategies I've talked about tonight -- embracing dissent, challenging the profession, and democratizing the profession -- are strategies that can help us cope with a variety of problems in a time of chaos, complexity, and difficulty. i think there is
Because we keep the areas of our brains active for self-decision making, we challenge experts, we doubt, we yield authority, we rebel, and we become more familiar with nuances, uncertainties, questions, and experts. If we can allow ourselves to express ourselves in these terms, we will be better prepared for the challenges of the 21st century.
Now is not the time to blindly follow, blindly accept, blindly trust like never before.
Now is the time to open our eyes and face the world, because of course we're not going to completely eliminate our jobs while having experts help us solve our problems -- but their limitations and, of course, ours. while recognizing
thank you
(applause)
Mockingbird is badass
(laughs) Seriously
Also known as mockingbirds - they are MCs of the animal kingdom
My favorite sounds are mimics and remixes
Every morning they rock outside
They sing the sound of car alarms as if it were the babbling of spring
people talk but they get angry
I'll catch you, so look at me
Take them all over America, put them in glass jars and turn them into Mockingbird Molotov cocktails
(Laughter) Driving around a wealthy neighborhood Let's release a mockingbird caught in the open I'll scream when it flies
”(Spanish) Juanito viente a comer mi hijo!”
I'm Johnny Appleseed, the manipulator of sound
(Laughter) A Cadillac convertible for a carefree drive A Wal-Mart shopping bag full of Mockingbirds in the back I've got everyone's voices with this
(Laughs) There's even a stupid newscaster who says, "Details of the case will be after the commercial."
Even the dumbfounded who asks about the ice brand at the bar
Happo-bijin's laundry lady
The postman who decides on dinner
Even the last lie you told
Some angry voices said, "Hey, give me the newspaper."
Even the misleading voice of a lonely boy says, "It's fine, but it won't last long."
(Laughs) ESL class "It's Raining, it's Pouring" in Chinatown
Don't miss the snoring of the old man on the night train
"Good morning" that a lover says to another person
I will collect everyone's "good morning"
It doesn't matter how you say it
Aloha Konnichiha Shalom Assalamuaraik
Everyone is Minna, you too
Finally make a gilded basket
Put an old notebook on the bottom
I put Mockingbird in it, but it's all about hippie parents.
(Laughter) The relationship between the violin and technology?
Where is the world headed?
Gold bars on one side - the whole world on the other
"There are 12 billion light years from the earth to the end of the universe"
this is just a guess
The universe is endless, it goes on endlessly You can't buy tickets for space travel in the United States The whole world eats, lives, and dies like the United States
You want to look away, you're like a newt regenerating your legs, a handshake spreads more germs than a kiss
10 million bacteria in one handshake
The world of nanotubes is so strange
Women talk Black people ski White people build buildings We build things that sparkle
And the surface of the earth is already full of holes We're right here in the middle
(Laughter) Nature is calling out, "Humanity, learn."
When all the mockingbirds fly they'll sound like the last four days on earth
High-income guru City teacher Debted artist Dealer Filipino evangelist Leaf cleaner Bartender Breast implant Hooligan Garbage collector City council members at a meeting Guys in overhead helicopter
You can't escape Mockingbird
Obedient Witness Mockingbird hears all
I will cooperate
Till Mockingbird picks up every sound Chat rooms, impersonators and moms putting their babies to sleep
"Don't cry, Mockingbird man is coming"
(Laughter) And then the press came in, interviewed on the street, and the editor got the letter.
"Mockingbirds are yelling all over the country, who's doing it?" Finally someone informed the Monterey City Council in California The key to the secret is in my hands
A giant 18k gold key I've been looking for this, it can unlock
Let's listen to the trapped voice and send it out
Thank you TED
(Applause) Chris: Wow.
(Applause) Wow
(applause)
The face is very important because it's visible to everyone from the outside.
functionally important
The hard skull protects the most important organ, the brain.
All the senses are concentrated in the face.It has special senses: sight, hearing, smell, taste and the mouth through which words are spoken.
You can see the small holes in this bone that allow light to leak through. These are cavities called sinuses, which regulate the temperature and humidity of the air.
But what would happen without this cavity? My head is so heavy that I can't hold my neck upright and I can't even look around.
This woman is slowly dying because she has a benign tumor in her facial bones that completely blocks her mouth and nose, and she can't breathe or eat.
The muscles that attach to the facial bones that make up the face create facial expressions, which are used to express emotions worldwide and are also a social signaling system.
The next thing that covers the muscles is the skin. It's made up of a very complex three-dimensional structure that's bent at right angles here and there.
The face also has a sensual meaning
Where do you usually kiss?
Maybe it's the lips, maybe it's the ears
It's the face that makes me want to kiss you
don't forget the hair
Look at the image on the left. This is my son. He has eyebrows.
If you don't have eyebrows, you feel uncomfortable.
it's totally different
If you have hair growing down the middle of your nose, it's going to make you feel uncomfortable.
Dysmorphophobia is the extreme form of this, where you can't see yourself the way other people see you.
We can only see ourselves in mirror images, and only in images and films that capture only a fraction of our lives. It's a shocking truth, isn't it?
Dysmorphia is a twist on this fact, where good-looking people think they're so ugly that they constantly seek plastic surgery to get closer to their ideal facial features.
We need help from a psychiatrist, not surgery.
he kindly provided the image
He's not dysmorphic, but here he looks like a dysmorphic.
I mean, he's normal too.
Age matters too, as attitudes toward appearance change.
Children make their own decisions; they learn how to make decisions by watching the adults around them.
Take Rebecca as an example, she has a benign vascular tumor that has grown through her skull, her nose is blocked, and she has trouble seeing.
vision is partially obstructed
Scratching this tumor can also cause heavy bleeding.
Our research shows that parents and loved ones give patients like Rebecca a lot of love.
They've gotten so used to this face that they think they're special.
In fact, parents sometimes argue over whether to have the lesion removed.
Especially when you remove a tumor from a child you loved, your appearance changes so drastically that you can no longer recognize it as your own child, and sometimes it makes you sad.
But other people sometimes say very bad things.
"Well, you can take this kid outside, everyone's afraid.
What should I do? why don't you take "
Other children, out of curiosity, will approach and poke the tumor.
But if you do this to me, I think I'm weird.
Everything will be normal after surgery
Adults become more natural and play with other children without hesitation.
What if you're a teenager? Think back to your teenage years, when your facial features change dramatically, often in disproportionate ways.
desperately searching for identity
I have a strong desire to be recognized by my friends.
For teens, looks are an important way of presenting themselves to the world.
A single pimple can leave you feeling depressed for days.
How long did you spend in front of the mirror each day? You can be cynical, you can be serious, and I've done it, and you can raise one eyebrow and do a Sean Connery look.
That's how you waste your time
I decided to show you a side view of Sue. Her lower chin and lower lip are protruding forward.
Everyone, try pushing your lower jaw forward.
Just face to the side, stick out your lower jaw and show me next to you.
It was often said that Sue
It wasn't miserable at all
But he was often asked, "Why do you look so sad?"
People always misunderstood her
She was belittled and even bullied by her teachers and peers.
That's why I decided to have plastic surgery.
After plastic surgery, she said, "My face is a reflection of who I am.
Everyone knows that I'm lively and cheerful."
Plastic surgery in your teens can make a difference
Is this change real? Or is it just a figment of the patient's own imagination?
Now, we used photographs of patients who underwent these plastic surgeries to study the reactions of teenagers.
I've jumbled up these pictures to obscure before and after surgery, and this study found that post-surgery patients are seen as more attractive.
Not surprisingly, it's also about honesty, intelligence, friendliness, ferocity.
I asked them questions, and it was the pre-surgery photos that commonly gave them a more negative impression than usual, such as "you look rough."
The post-surgery ones seemed to be smarter, friendlier, more honest, less violent.
As people get older, they don't necessarily resort to plastic surgery.
Those in the doctor's office have endured an unfortunate fate.
They may have had cancer or trauma.
This is Henry, two weeks after he had a malignant tumor removed. The tumor was on the left side of his face and had spread to his cheekbones, upper jaw, and orbit.
At first glance, the surgery seems to have gone well.
Over the next 15 years, he underwent 14 more surgeries as the tumor eroded his face and destroyed multiple reconstructions.
i learned a lot from henry
Being able to continue working after surgery
He was a spokesperson for facial surgery and also enjoyed playing cricket.
He was enjoying his life, thanks in no small part to a rewarding job, a warm family, and social participation.
he remained calm and nonchalant
I wouldn't say he overcame it, he didn't.
It wasn't a matter of overcoming it, he ignored it.
He ignored the ugly scars of his life and remained indifferent.
there are people who can do this
Henriapi also demonstrates
This man had a malignant tumor and when he was in his 20s, he came from Nigeria to England for surgery.
It was the longest surgery I've ever had.
I had 23 hours of surgery with a brain surgeon.
They removed all the bones on the right side of the face, the eyes, the nose, the skull, the skin, and reconstructed the face with tissue from the back.
As a psychiatric nurse, he continued working.
I'm married and have a son named Jeremiah.
He said, "This is my son's drawing of me. He drew me as successful as I thought he was."
The scar on his face wasn't a problem at all because he had the support of his family and a job that was worthwhile.
Now, I told you about facial plastic surgery.
And at the same time, for better or worse, is it also changing people's identities?
For example, there are two types of plastic surgery.
can be classified as follows
One is patients like Sue who decide to have plastic surgery.
They'll feel that having facial surgery changed their lives, because it makes other people think they're a better person.
they don't feel the difference
They develop the unexperienced feeling that their new face reflects their personality.
In fact, maybe that's the difference between plastic surgery and what they've had.
Some of you might say, "This is another form of cosmetic surgery."
Plastic surgery often makes you less happy
Because I want to change to something else
But Sue was different
She just wanted a face that matched her personality.
But there are other people who are not opting for facial surgery.
shot in the face with a gun
I'm going to leave you with a blank slide, just in case some of you feel sick.
I got shot
Again, if you have a family that loves them, if you have a fulfilling work environment, you can lead a mediocre but fulfilling life.
their identity does not change
Is appearance and appearance obsession just a Western phenomenon?
The Musetta family tells us otherwise.
A Bangladeshi girl from east London who had a huge malignant tumor on her right face that left her blind and a rapidly growing tumor that threatened her life.
After the tumor was removed, her parents wanted her to wear this beautiful green velvet dress with pink ribbons in her hair and to show the world this painting, from a conservative Muslim family, and her mother wore a burqa veil. I was there
So this is not just a Western phenomenon.
People's impressions are always determined by their faces
This has been going on since Lombroso defined the criminal face.
He said you could tell if someone was a criminal just by looking at the picture.
good-looking people are always considered friendly
Let's take a look at O.J. It's cool
I want to be with you and you seem friendly.
But he was convicted of assaulting his wife, and he's actually not a nice person.
Beauty is not the same as goodness, and of course beauty is not the same as satisfaction.
So far, we've been talking about static faces and their judgments, but it's actually much easier to make judgments on moving faces.
I think you can judge people by their facial expressions.
In the English legal system, jurors want to see witnesses with their own eyes, because they can spot false signatures like blinking or stuttering.
So I want to see the witness with my own eyes.
Todorov said that people can look at a person's face and make a judgment within a fraction of a second.
Do you feel uncomfortable with this image? That's right
What if your doctor, your lawyer, your financial adviser covered their faces like this?
you'll be very uncomfortable
But are we good at judging people's faces and movements?
The truth is in the five-minute rule, as Todorov said, not in the blink of an eye.
If you spend five minutes with someone, you'll see the other side of their appearance. People who were initially attracted to you may become bored and lose interest. you may also notice
So far, we've talked a lot about facial appearance.
I'm here to give you an overview of what we're doing and what's next.
This is a picture of Anne, who had her right jawbone and base of her skull removed.
Here's a post-surgery picture, and the reconstructive surgery was a success.
but that's not all
All Anne wanted was kayaking and mountain climbing.
I was able to fulfill her wish, and that's what I'm aiming for.
The next image is terrifying, so I'll raise my hand to warn you.
This is Addy, a bank manager in Nigeria who was shot in the face by a bank robber.
So I lost my lower jaw, my lips, my upper jaw, and my teeth.
he gave us a goal
"I want to be like this, like I used to be."
Modern technology uses computers to create models.
Make a boneless jaw model
bending a metal plate
I put the plate in the right position so you know the exact location.
and transplanted back bone and tissue
You can see the implants embedded in the plate that holds it in place, and this is what the mouth looks like after this one surgery, and this is what the face looks like.
he got his life back
that's a good thing
The skin on your chin looks different than it used to.
This skin is from my back
It is thick and dark in color and has a rough texture and no roundness.
This is something we fell short of, so we need a face transplant.
Face grafts will be used for skin grafts on patients with burns.
We can create skeletal structures, but facial skin grafts have room for improvement.
The face transplant option is of great value.
But after surgery, you'll have to take immunosuppressants for the rest of your life.
that means
Not only does it increase the risk of infections, but it also increases the risk of malignancies.
The face, unlike the heart, the liver and the lungs, is not life-sustaining. It's a transplant to improve the quality of life. If you end up with a malignant tumor 10 or 15 years later, would you say, "At that time, conventional reconstructive surgery? I should have received it, but I'm going to die of a malignant tumor, right?" I still don't know
I don't know what they think of recognition and identity.
Dubochele and Testelin, who were the first to do this surgery, are doing this research.
You won't find a face transplant donor, and not many bereaved families will be willing to donate a face when their loved one dies.
So face transplants have their problems.
Now, the good news is that the bright future of regenerative medicine is just around the corner.
Imagine creating a biodegradable template
put it in the right place
You sprinkle a little bit of cells on it, and you add in the patient's own iliac stem cells, genetically engineered proteins, and you see, after four months, it grows into a face.
Sounds like a Julia Child recipe.
still there is a problem
it is oral cancer
Oral cancer is the most disfiguring of the face, and a complete cure is not yet possible.
Reconstructive surgery for oral cancer patients is still imperfect.
In England, we see a lot of facial injuries among young people.
I still can't erase the scars
Needs more research
Fortunately, surgeons understand the need for research.
So we've created charities and funded clinical research through fundraising to determine the best treatments available today, and to determine better treatments in the future.
I am not satisfied with the current situation.
I'm really thankful to you
(applause)
When I was just nine years old, my grandfather told me about the horror he had witnessed six years ago, when 39 people died in a mob crash in my hometown of Nashik, India.
It happened in 2003 at Nashik's Kumbh Mela, one of the world's largest pilgrimages.
Every 12 years, more than 30 million Hindu pilgrims flock to my city, which normally has only 1.5 million people, and stay there for 45 days.
The purpose of the pilgrimage is to wash away all their sins by bathing in the river Godavari.
And crowd accidents happen easily, because dense crowds move slowly.
The Kumbh Mela is also held at three different locations besides Nashik, and between 2001 and 2014, more than 2,400 people lost their lives in the Kumbh Mela crowd.
What saddened me the most was seeing people close to me surrender to the fate of this city and just watching dozens of people die during each Khumbu Mela.
I wanted to change this situation, why can't I find a solution to this situation?
because this situation is wrong
I learned to code when I was little, and I became a crafter, and I was thinking of bold ideas. And so, at the upcoming Khumbu Mela in 2015, we wanted to use the system to reduce crowds and hopefully fatalities.
It seemed like an impossible mission, a dream too big, especially for a 15-year-old boy. Achieved zero crowd accidents in
(Applause) This was the first Khumbu Mela without casualties in recorded history.
How did you do it?
It all started with my participation in the MIT Media Lab innovation workshop, Kumbhathon, in 2014, which was a challenge to solve a problem at the scale of the Kumbhathon.
To solve crowd accidents, we only wanted to know three things: the number of people, the location, and the flow of people per minute.
We looked for technology to know these three things.
How about handing out wireless devices to identify people?
Distributing 30 million devices would be expensive and impractical.
What about using cameras and image processing technology?
It's too expensive for this scale.
How about using a mobile phone relay station?
This seems like the perfect solution, but strangely enough, at an event like the Kumbh Mela, most people don't bring their cell phones.
Also, you can't get enough detailed information on a mobile phone.
So we needed a way to get data that worked in real time, that was cheap, robust, water resistant, and easy to process.
So we created "Ashioto," which means footsteps in Japanese. It's a portable mat with a pressure sensor that can count the number of people walking on it. Sent to analysis software
Possible mistakes, such as overcounting or double-stepping, were solved by design ingenuity.
The optimal mat width was 46 cm, based on testing many prototypes and the average human stride length.
Otherwise people can step over the sensor.
We built a prototype out of cardboard and aluminum foil in three days.
(Laughter) This actually worked.
We then built a prototype using an aluminum composite panel and a piezoelectric plate that converts pressure into electrical pulses.
We tested it in 30 crowded restaurants, shopping malls and temples to see how people reacted.
People were supportive of this test because they were happy to see locals addressing local issues.
I was 15 and the other members were in their early 20s.
When we colored the sensor, people got scared and asked us, "Does stepping on it electrocute you?"
(Laughter) Or, if an electrical sensor is immediately visible on the ground, people jump over it.
(Laughter) So we decided to put a cover on the sensor, so people don't have to worry about things on the ground.
After some experimentation, we decided to go with an industrial sensor that's used in hazardous area safeguards, with a sheet of black neoprene rubber as the cover.
Another advantage of using black rubber is that dust will cover the surface on its own, so it camouflages itself from the ground.
Additionally, the thickness of the sensor must be less than 12mm.
Because otherwise people will trip over the sensors and cause crowd accidents.
(Laughter) I don't want that.
(Laughter) The sensor was made 10 mm thick.
Now the data is sent in real time to a server and a heatmap is drawn based on the information from all the devices on the ground.
If the crowd slows down or the crowd density exceeds a threshold, an alert is sent to the authorities.
At the Khumbu Mela in Nashik in 2015, we used five mats to monitor the movements of more than half a million people for 18 hours, making the data from individual checkpoints available in real time to keep people's movements safe. was able to keep
Now, this system, in combination with other innovations, is helping to completely prevent crowd accidents at Kumbh Mela.
Asiot's program code used in Kumbh Mela will soon be released and will be available for free to everyone.
I'd be happy if someone could use this code to make many gatherings safe.
My success at Khumbu Mela made me want to help other people who might be in a crowd accident.
The system is designed to be applied to any event where large numbers of people gather.
And my new dream is to improve this system and apply it all over the world to prevent the loss of life and to ensure the safety of the flow of people, because every human soul is precious, at concerts and sporting events. Even in the Maha Kumbh Mela of Allahabad, in the pilgrimage to Mecca, in the Shiite pilgrimage to Karbala, in the Vatican City.
What do you think? do you think you can?
(Audience) We can!
thank you
(Cheers) (Applause)
Future technology will always do two things at the same time: good hopes and unintended consequences.
That's the kind of result I want to explore.
Before we talk about the impact of future technology, let's first take a quick look at some of the unintended consequences of modern technology, especially social media.
Until just a few years ago, social media was supposed to be your future self.
Now it's just me
It was thought that social media would bring people together in unimaginable ways.
That is correct
These three girls are talking to each other, looking each other in the eye, without being awkward.
(Laughter) This is progress.
It was thought that I would be overwhelmed by a tsunami of communication mechanisms that I had never experienced before.
that's exactly what happened
this is also true
(Sesame Street song) Which one is different?
take a good look at the photo
If you thought it was someone with a book, you're wrong. Any president would say, "No."
(Laughter) Three of them are reading something, but one of them is listening to music and playing "Candy Crush."
(Laughter) Are people more connected, or are they just connecting to their devices?
Social media was supposed to become a kind of town square for inspiring ideas and discussions.
What we got instead was an internet troll.
this is the actual tweet i received
"Chuck, no one wants to hear your stupid, ignorant political views!
I wish I could get leprosy and die
(Laughter) But if you look closely at this tweet, it's a quesac. Like most trolls, it's not that bad.
(Laughter) (Applause) Trolls aren't the only new ways to torment teenagers, there's also cyberbullying.
It's hard for my 75 year old mother to understand.
"Was the child beaten?"
"Mom no, I wasn't beaten."
"Then they took your money?"
"No, no money was taken"
"Did you put your face in the toilet bowl?"
"That's not right..." "Then what did you do?"
"They attacked me online."
"Attack on the Internet?"
(laughs) "Then why don't we turn off the internet?"
(Laughs) "It's a generation without guts."
(Laughter) You're right.
(Laughter) Absolutely the best
There are no words for how social media has changed dating
I thought Grindr (gay chat) was just a sandwich app
(Laughter) I don't want to talk about Tinder, either, but let me point out one thing: If you think there's a limit to the number of one-night stands you can have on the planet, you're well off the mark.
(Laughter) Now, what about future technology?
Let's move on to popular topics.
driverless car
We've been doing that for a long time without the help of computers.
(Laughter) (Applause) Because you've been doing it for a long time, texting while driving, putting on makeup, shaving, reading -- reading -- me.
(Laughter) But with driverless car-sharing, people won't have cars anymore, and there won't be a need for the Department of Motor Vehicles.
This is what everyone thinks when they hear the word “Land Transport Bureau.”
"There's no way this speaker would raise his voice here to defend the Department of Motor Vehicles."
I don't know about you, but I don't want to live in a world like this: harsh fluorescent lights, long lines, cumbersome paperwork, disgruntled, impersonal officials. and
(Laughter) That's the service they provide.
Department of Motor Vehicles—visit to renew your license and enjoy the good life choices you've made
(Laughter) In the future, no one will own a car, which means teenagers will have no place to flirt.
What would happen then?
Young people will call driverless cars for that purpose.
I don't want to get in the car and ask myself, "Why does this car have an air of embarrassment, failure, shame?"
(Laughter) That's enough of a question to ask in your own bedroom.
(Laughter) What else are we waiting for?
That's right artificial intelligence
Man, engineering, intelligence, and ability
There was a time when artificial intelligence was the subject of jokes.
As a literal sarcasm you hear at cocktail parties, someone used to say, "Artificial intelligence...
It's the same as the Diet, there's not even a shred of intelligence
Hahahahahaha"
No more kidding!
(Laughter) Stephen Hawking, Elon Musk, Bill Gates have all publicly stated that they have serious concerns about artificial intelligence.
It's like Christ and Moses and Muhammad all saying, "Hey guys, there's something we all believe."
(Laughter) I mean, maybe you should take it seriously.
Humans are teaching machines how to think, how to understand human behavior, how to protect themselves, even how to deceive.
There's nothing wrong with that, right?
(Laughter) One thing is clear: creation always hates its creator.
Right?
The Titans defy the gods Lucifer defies Yahweh
If you have a teenager, you've probably been told, "I hate you, you're ruining my life.
Enough! "
Imagine a machine saying that to someone with superhuman intelligence and a heavily armed weapon.
(Laughter) What was the outcome?
of course like this
(Laughter) Before we can build a fully artificial intelligence, we have to build a fully artificial emotion.
Teach robots and machines to love humans unconditionally, so that when machines realize that it's all humans that are to blame, instead of killing humans -- and that makes sense -- (Laughter) Like baby poop.
(Laughter) "Oh, how nice of you to destroy this kid's planet!
You can't get angry when you're this cute
cute~! "
(Laughter) A discussion of robotics is essential to a story like this, isn't it?
Remember when you thought robotics was cool?
That's what I thought, until I realized that everyone from delivery workers to heart surgeons was losing their jobs.
But there's one big gripe with robotics, and it's that the bottom line is that we haven't done it yet.
A robot girlfriend. A lonely nerd in a windowless basement dreams of one day marrying off his creation.
But the reality is that there is a movement to block the development of such things because of concerns about sexual exploitation.
I personally think it's a bad move.
Everyone should be able to have a robot girlfriend.
But robot girlfriends should have feminist standards and artificial intelligence so that they can take one look at a guy and say, "I'm sorry for you, goodbye."
(Laughter) (Applause) Finally, I also need to talk about bioengineering, a field of science that promises to eliminate disease before it occurs, leading to longer, more satisfying, healthier lives.
When this is combined with hardware that can be implanted in the body, we can see the next evolution of humankind.
It all sounds great, until you understand where it's going.
As an example, designer babies (genetically engineered), no matter where you are on the planet, regardless of ethnicity, all babies are born like this.
(Laughter) This kid is surprised because both of his parents are black.
(Laughter) Imagine him 20 years from now at a cocktail party.
"My parents are black
Sometimes I feel shy, but look at my credit rating
It's amazing, it's amazing."
(Laughter) It's all terrifying, but I think the people in this room know it's not.
It's not that technology is scary
It's been different in the past, and it won't be the same in the future
What's scary is that we're humans and what we do with technology.
Will technology allow us to reveal our humanity, reveal our true selves, and prove ourselves keeper of our brothers?
Or will you expose the darkest demons that lie deep within your heart?
The real question isn't whether the technology is scary or not.
The real question is, how human are we? How human are we?
thank you
(applause)
As a child, I was raised by three elderly Native Hawaiian grandmothers who took care of me while my parents worked.
it was 1963
we are on the beach
It was twilight
I watched the stars rise and the tide come and go
It's a beach that I know very well
Even the cobblestones on the beach feel a bond
The old women's clothes were faded, so when you see them on the street, people tend to think that they are simple people.
this is wrong
Your grandmothers are the descendants of ancient Polynesian navigators who underwent ancient training, and are now being passed down to me.
We are taught the names of wind and rain based on the genealogy of the stars.
When the new moon sinks into the horizon
In Hawaii, they say it's a good night for fishing.
chant begins
[Hawaiian chant] When she's done singing, she sits in a circle and asks me to join her.
I want to tell you about my destiny
I thought all seven-year-olds would do this.
(Laughter) "Daughter, something terrible is going to happen.
people lose their wisdom
In order to restore harmony to the world, we must travel to the ends of the world in search of the voices of our predecessors.
you will go far
It can be a lonely journey
we can't go together
But even if you're a stranger, you'll know in their eyes that they're ohana, family.
no one can avoid
as no one"
This word has been with me for the rest of my life.
Because the thought of traveling alone makes me shudder.
2007
I was on a remote island in Micronesia
Satawal Island is about 800m long and 1.6km wide.
This is my teacher's village.
His name is Pierce Mau Pealuk
Mau is Pal and nautical priest.
If you read the waves, there is no one who will be on the right
The number of pals on this island is less than a handful.
Their tradition is so great that they've sailed 300 miles across the Pacific without using any equipment.
The Pals discover patterns in nature, such as the rising and setting of stars, the direction and direction of waves, and the flight of birds.
Even the slightest change in the color of the underside of the clouds can be sensed and sailed with unparalleled accuracy.
When a Western scientist sees Mau getting into a canoe and crawling into the hull of a hull, you'd think they'd take a break.
In fact, the hull of a canoe is like the womb of a ship.
It is the place where you can feel the rhythm, connection and direction of the waves most accurately.
In fact, Mau uses its entire body to systematically gather data.
I've been training for this since I was five years old.
Even though this method has not been scientifically validated, Polynesian navigators still use it today because they know exactly the attitude and bearing of the ship.
Pal also had the uncanny ability to predict the weather for several days ahead.
Mau and I are sitting on the island's southeastern shore, looking far into the cloudy night sky, and eventually he says, "Let's go."
A faint flash of light told me what the weather would be like three days from now.
Their work is intellectually and scientifically impressive, and their ability to keep our ship sailing through storms is essential.
We live in a time when it is dangerously difficult to carry on the history of our ancestors.
Old navigators who sail thousands of miles across the ocean in double canoes from tiny islands have been compared to astronauts.
Their canoes, modern rockets, their oceans, our universe.
Wisdom of the Old Man is not just a collection of stories about frontier lands and old people.
it's part of the traditional culture
this is human DNA
I can't afford to lose this
It's 2010
The world is in trouble, as predicted by the woman who raised me in Hawaii.
We live in a society that is flooded with data and still hungry for wisdom.
Even if we are always connected, we cannot control anxiety, fear, depression and loneliness.
I have to straighten the way
An African shaman said, "Does your society worship jesters and the king appears in plain clothes?"
The connection between the past and the future is fragile
I knew this all too well, because I had traveled all over the world, hearing and recording stories like this, and I struggled.
The fact that I no longer remember the names of the wind and the rain made me bitter.
Mau passed away five months ago, but his legacy and teachings live on.
This reminds me that there are cultures around the world that have accumulated vast and useful knowledge, much like Micronesian navigation, that are disappearing. It is proof that you are being
It's like the library disappears when the old man dies. Libraries are burning all over the world.
I feel very lucky to have a teacher like Mau who teaches me how to sail.
Through his teachings, I realized that we will continue to search for the right path.
He said, "This island is a canoe. A canoe is an island."
What he meant was that when you travel far from your hometown, everyone on board gives their lives to each other.
You can't travel alone and you shouldn't
If you think that you should protect yourself by yourself, you will be worried about the future.
it's always been that way
Lastly, I would like to say that this earth is our canoe and we are all travelers.
The true course to follow is something that arises from the human heart.
This is the most valuable map
Good luck on your journey together
(applause)
I'm a little nervous right now, because I'm going to make a bold statement that we should change the way we think about cancer, but there are a lot of people out there who know more about cancer than I do.
But I'm not that nervous because I'm a little confident.
(Laughter) In fact, this could be the cancer cure of the future.
Before I talk about cancer, I actually have to -- just a quick slide here.
I'll start by explaining different views on genomics.
I'm going to give you a perspective on the bigger picture that includes everything else that's going on, and then I'm going to talk about the little-known proteomics.
I'm going to explain these things to you about how I think about different approaches to treating cancer.
Starting with genomics
It's a hot topic right now
we learn the most
cutting edge field
But there are some limits
In particular, as we all know, the genome is like a blueprint for the body, which would be great if it were true, but it's not.
A genome is like a list of parts
I don't know how it's put together or how it works.
So it's kind of like trying to tell the difference between a good healthy restaurant and a sick restaurant, but all you have is a list of ingredients.
So, for example, if you go to a French restaurant and find out they have margarine but no butter, you say, "I know what the problem is.
Let's fix it."
there will be such cases
You can definitely tell the difference between a Chinese restaurant and a French restaurant by what's in your pantry.
EnglishThere's certainly something that can be learned from a list of ingredients, and it can also tell us what's wrong.
If you have a lot of salt, you can suspect that you're using too much salt.
But there are limits to that. To really evaluate a restaurant, you have to taste the food, look at the kitchen, and see the results of all the ingredients.
So if you look at a person and look at that person's genome, it's the same thing.
What we can decipher from the genome is a list of ingredients.
So sometimes we can actually find cases where the material is the problem.
Cystic fibrosis, for example, is a genetically problematic disease, so we can actually link the disease directly to the gene, which is the raw material list.
But most of the time, you need to know what the kitchen is like, because usually sick people were previously healthy, so they have the same genome.
So the genome is more about information about your constitution.
So if you look at the gene list, you can see the difference between Asians and Europeans.
But in general, we can hardly tell the difference between a healthy person and a sick person, except in special cases.
So why is the genome important?
First of all, the genome is readable, which is great.
because it is very useful in certain situations
It's also a great theoretical achievement in biology.
It's the only theory biologists have ever really got right.
Genomics is essential to the theories of Darwin, Mendel and others.
I'd say it's the only prophetic theoretical construct.
Mendel thought of genes as theoretical, Darwin developed a series of theories based on the existence of genes, and then Watson and Crick actually discovered the structure of genes.
It's a common story in physics.
A black hole was predicted, and confirmed with a telescope.
rare in biology
So this is a feat, really amazing, almost a biology religious experience.
And Darwinian evolution is the core theory.
Another reason for the focus is that the genome is digital and can be analyzed.
In fact, thanks to Carrie Mullis, you can do your own genetic analysis in the kitchen with a few ingredients.
By analyzing the genome, we've learned a lot about genealogy and the genealogy of organisms, for example, how we relate to other animals because of their similarities, how people relate to each other, and so on.
Just by comparing gene similarities, we can get an enormous amount of information about genetics.
Of course, it's also very useful in medical applications, because it gives us the same kind of information that doctors get from their patients' family histories, and perhaps even more historical information than the patients themselves.
So if you decode the genome, you'll learn things you didn't know about your family.
If you look at your relatives enough, you'll discover things you might know, but some facts may surprise you.
I did 23andMe too, and I was surprised to find out I was fat and thin.
(Laughter) But sometimes it turns out to be even more useful.
But most of the time, to know if you're ill, you don't need to know your constitution, you need to know what's going on inside your body.
And the way to do that is to look at what a gene is producing and what happens after gene expression. And that's what proteomics does.
As the genome is the study of all genes, proteomics is the study of all proteins.
Many of the little substances in the body that carry signals between cells are proteins, which are actually the machines that run life, life itself.
Basically, the human body is built on communication within cells and between cells. Cells tell each other to grow, to die, and so on. there is
So it's important because, unfortunately, we don't have a way to measure these things as easily as we do with the genome.
Measurement is a problem, but it's hard to measure all the proteins.
It takes hundreds of steps and takes a very long time.
The difference in protein amount is significant
A difference of 10 percent can make a big difference, and it's not as digital as DNA.
So the basic problem is that if someone takes a short break in the middle of this very long process and leaves something in the enzyme, all of a sudden the measurements from this point onwards go wrong.
Doing it this way gives totally inconsistent results.
Many strenuous attempts have been made
I have tried to solve this problem several times, but gave up.
I was getting a lot of calls from an oncologist named David Agus.
At Applied Minds, we get a lot of calls from people with problems asking for help, and I kept putting it off because I thought this person would give up.
But then one day, John Doerr, Bill Berkman, and Al Gore told me to call David Agus on the same day.
(Laughs) "At least I know a lot of people."
(Laughter) And then we started talking, and they said, "We need a better way to measure protein."
"I considered it, but
It's difficult."
"But I really need it," he says.
"Every day I see patients dying without knowing what's going on inside their bodies.
We need a way to find out why."
And he gave me an example of what you actually need.
I realized that if I could actually do it, it would be a huge contribution, so I decided to look into it.
Applied Minds has a sufficient budget and can carry out the project without outside funding or approval.
So I started thinking about
And then I realized a fundamental problem: "Coffee puffs" exist because humans are doing this complex task, and in fact, what we really really need is to automate this process, like an assembly line, and build robots to do proteomics. is to make a measurement of
So we did it, and I ended up working with David to form a small company called Applied Proteomics, where we built an automated line of robots that could measure proteins in a consistent way.
I'll show you later about the protein measurement.
Basically, what you do is take a drop of blood from a patient, sort out the proteins from that drop of blood, sort them by their molecular weight, by their affinity to other molecules, and line them up in an image.
And literally hundreds of thousands of features can be seen from one drop of blood at a time.
If you run another sample the next day, you'll find that it's different from the day before, after you eat, after you sleep, and the protein ratio changes.
I know what's going on
So this image looks like a big stain, but when I saw it, I was very impressed, and I thought I was right.
If you zoom in on this image, you can see what it's all about.
We sort through the proteins, left to right is the molecular weight of the fragments we detect, and top to bottom is how binding they are.
I'll zoom in and show you a little bit.
Each line represents the signal you get from a fragment of the protein.
You can see that the small peaks group into groups, and that becomes a line.
And that's because we're measuring molecular weight very precisely. There are several isotopes of carbon, but one extra neutron actually measures them as different chemicals.
So you're measuring each isotope as a different substance.
So you can see how sensitive the measurement is.
Looking at this image is like Galileo looking at a star for the first time through a telescope and suddenly realizing that it's much more complicated than I thought.
But you can still see it, and you can actually see the features.
This is the feature that we're trying to capture patterns for.
So what we're going to do is, let's say, we look at two patients, one that responds to a drug and one that doesn't, and we look at what's going on in their bodies and what's different about it.
These measurements are accurate enough that we can overlay them to look for differences between the two results.
This green is Alice and the red is Bob.
Overlay the two. This is the actual data.
As you can see, most of it overlaps and becomes yellow, but there are parts that are only in Alice (green) and parts that are only in Bob (red).
If you know the pattern you see in patients who respond to drugs, if you see it in their blood, you know they have a disease that can respond to this drug.
Even if you don't know which protein, you know it's a marker for disease.
So I think this is already very useful in a lot of medicine.
But really, it's just the first step in the future of cancer treatment.
so let's talk about cancer
As for cancer -- I didn't know anything about cancer when I got involved in this, but working with David Agus, I started to look at how cancer is actually being treated, and even surgery to remove it. witnessed
But when I watched it, I didn't think that approach to cancer made sense, so I had to study the background to understand what the rationale was.
Cancer is treated almost like an infection.
I'm treating it as if something invaded my body that should be wiped out.
This is an important paradigm
Another case where the theoretical paradigm of biology has worked is pathogenic bacteria.
Physicians are typically trained to diagnose patients, divide them into categories, and give them scientifically proven treatments for their diagnosis, which is perfect for infectious diseases.
If you classify it as syphilis, you can give it penicillin.
I know it works
Malaria patients are given quinine or quinine derivatives.
That's the basic way doctors are trained, and in the case of infections, it works wonders.
I'm sure many of you would have died if doctors hadn't done it this way.
But suppose we apply this approach to systemic diseases like cancer.
The problem is, cancer doesn't mean there's a foreign body in the body.
the body itself is broken
The communication in that body has gone crazy.
How do you diagnose that interaction?
The current method is to segment patients by body part, which is the site of the disease, according to the body part.
And then they're doing clinical trials, trying drugs for lung cancer, drugs for prostate cancer, drugs for breast cancer, and treating them as if they were separate diseases, as if these classifications had something to do with what actually happened.
But of course, the location of the body and the onset don't really matter, because cancer is a malfunction of the body's system.
In fact, I think it's wrong to think of cancer as an object.
i think it's a big mistake
I don't think cancer should be treated as a noun.
It should not be described as something, it should be described as something like "I have cancer."
These tumors are symptoms of cancer.
Your body is probably cancerous all the time, but your body has a lot of mechanisms that you have under control.
To give you an idea of ​​what it means to think of the word "get cancerous" as a verb, think of it this way: Let's say you don't know anything about plumbing, and you've never heard of it. If you say, “There are puddles in the house,”
"Where is it?" asked the plumber
"Kitchen?" means "kitchen water".
This is the level
"If it's kitchen water, first wipe off most of it with a mop.
And I know it's a good idea to sprinkle some pipe unclogner on it.
If it's 'living room water', it would be better to tar the roof."
It's silly, but that's basically what we do.
I'm not saying don't wipe the water off, but it's a symptom of the problem, not the underlying problem.
What we really need to understand is what happens at the process itself, at the level of protein action, at the level of why the body's self-healing process isn't working as it should.
Because the body normally deals with this problem.
So the house has constant leaks, and the house responds by doing things like draining water.
What we need is a model of disease pathogenesis that shows what's really going on, and proteomics really gives us the means to build such a model.
David arranged for me to speak at the National Cancer Institute, and Anna Barker was there.
After I gave this lecture, I asked, "Why aren't you doing this?"
Anna said, "Because no one in the cancer field thinks like this.
But I want to bring people from outside the cancer field together, and I'm going to work with doctors who know a lot about cancer, and we're going to set up a different research program."
So David and I applied and founded a consortium at the University of Southern California, where you'll find some of the best oncologists and biologists in the world: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Stanford, Austin, to name all the locations. No, and I decided to do a five-year study to try and actually build a model of cancer like this.
We're targeting mice first, and a lot of them will die in the process, but their deaths won't be in vain.
We'd like to get to the point where we can actually create predictive models to understand when cancer develops, what's actually happening, and which treatments are effective against cancer.
So I'd like to conclude by briefly presenting my thoughts on what the future of cancer care should be.
I think that eventually, once we build a model like this for humans, our group won't be able to do that, but eventually we'll have a computer model as good as a global climate model.
It contains a lot of information on different levels of how proteomics interacts.
So we're going to use this model to simulate a specific cancer in a patient, and it could also be amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, or any other neurodegenerative disease, and we could simulate that sort of thing, and what about a genetically defined human? rather than looking at the internal conditions of a particular patient.
And in that simulation, we can set up a regimen of treatments specific to that patient, which can be a very mild treatment with a small dose of drugs.
For example, we should fast today, or we should have a little chemotherapy, or we should have a little radiation therapy.
Of course, sometimes you have to do surgery.
But it's about setting up a personalized treatment program to help your body get back to a healthy state, and get you back to being healthy.
Because the body does most of the recovery work on its own if you give it support as things go wrong.
It's the same as applying a splint
The human body has many cancer-fighting mechanisms, and all we need to do is support them in the right way and allow them to heal themselves.
So I think this is going to be the cure for cancer in the future.
It will require a lot of effort and research.
Many teams like ours will advance this research.
But ultimately, we'll be designing custom cancer treatments for everyone.
thank you
(applause)
(Applause) (Music) (Applause) (Angela Ahn) Thank you.
(Applause) Thank you very much.
It's an honor to be able to perform here at TEDWomen.
I think it will be a very exciting and stimulating event.
You just heard "Skylife" by David Balakrishnan
I would like to play another song
Argentinian composer Astor Piazzolla
We're talking about different ideas. His idea was that music should come from the heart.
Back in the mid-20th century, beautiful music from the heart wasn't exactly a popular idea in the classical world.
Atonal or 12 tones were the mainstream
But he insisted on beautiful music
Then Astor Piazzolla's "Oblivion"
please listen
(music) (applause)
room full of boys
There's a little girl, she's just turned nine or 10, and she's sitting in the middle of the room, surrounded by books.
I'm the only girl among boys, but I don't miss my girl cousins ​​and friends in the least.
There is not a single school in this village that functions as a place for girls to get an education.
In the conservative tribe of Baloch, where this child was born, chastity was the only issue for women and girls.
Just before this child was born as their first child, my parents wanted a boy.
But "unluckily" a girl was born
In this house, it was customary to keep girls indoors.
But the kid's uncle, who had just graduated from college, wanted to give the kid a chance to see the outside world and become part of society.
Luckily, this child's name was a name that works for both boys and girls.
I saw the potential to change the course of this child's life.
I decided to raise this child as a boy.
This child, who was born a girl when she was three months old, became a boy.
I was given boy clothes
I was allowed to go out and get an education with the boys.
I gained freedom and gained confidence
This child has become observant and has become aware of the injustices faced by the women and girls of her village, even in the most trivial of everyday events.
I've seen newspapers delivered to homes passed from male elders to the youngest.
By the time a woman has a newspaper, the news is old news.
This child finishes grade 8 (secondary education)
I feel anxious at that time
I thought that this would be the end of my education, because my only option to continue my studies was high school, which is five kilometers away.
Boys have bicycles and can move freely.
The boy knew that his father wouldn't let him go alone, even if he pretended to be a boy.
"I can't allow that
I take you to school and I don't have time to take you home
I'm sorry, it's impossible."
the child was very upset
But then a miracle happened
A relative who lives far away has decided to teach me the 9th and 10th grade classes during the summer vacation.
So the kid was able to qualify for college.
The child I am talking about here is me, Shamin, standing before you.
(Applause) For centuries, people have fought for a sense of belonging.
People were loved and privileged on the basis of their identity and on the basis of nationality and ethnic affiliation.
Similarly, we've been hated and rejected on the basis of nationality, identity, race, gender and religion.
Wherever you live, your identity establishes your place in society.
So if you ask me, I have a strong resistance to the definition of identity.
Millions of girls around the world are denied basic human rights simply because they were born female.
I would have been in a similar situation if I hadn't been raised as a boy.
I was determined to keep studying, to learn, to be free.
After finishing compulsory education, it was not easy to move on to higher education.
I went on a three-day hunger strike
(Laughter) And I was admitted.
(Laughter) (Applause) That's how I finished my higher education.
Two years later, when it came time to go to college, my father's attention shifted to my younger brothers.
My younger brothers need to go to school, get a job and support their families.
As a woman, my place was to stay at home.
i didn't give up
I enrolled in a two-year program to become a public health nurse.
And then I learned about the Thardeep Rural Development Program (TRDP), a non-profit organization that provides development assistance to rural communities.
I sneaked out
After traveling for five hours, I went to the interview.
It's the farthest distance from home I've ever been
It's the closest distance I've ever been to freedom
Fortunately, I got the job, but the biggest challenge is facing my father.
(Laughter) My relatives had already warned him, and they were making fun of him, saying that his daughter would go out on her own and cross the border.
When I got home, I had no choice but to accept Thardeep's job.
So that night, I packed my stuff in a bag, went to my dad's room, and said to him, "Tomorrow morning the bus will arrive.
If dad believes me, wake me up and take me to the bus stop.
If you can't do that, then I agree."
so i went to sleep
The next morning my father was standing beside me to take me to the bus stop.
(Applause) That day, I learned the value of words.
What words speak to our hearts How words play an important role in the way we live
that words have more power than fighting
At TRDP, I discovered Pakistan, a country I didn't know, and it was more complicated than I thought.
Until then, I thought my life was the only one
But then I saw what women were experiencing in other parts of Pakistan.
woke up to reality
Women who have 11 children and no food to feed
Walk three hours every day to the well to get water
The nearest hospital was at least 32 kilometers away.
When a pregnant woman goes into labor, she rides a camel to the hospital.
Pregnant women can die during this long journey.
So my job here became more than my job.
i found my strength
I was getting paid, so I started sending money home.
relatives and neighbors noticed
I have come to understand the importance of education
By that time, other parents were sending their daughters to school.
Gradually, higher education for girls became possible and permeated.
Now there are no girls in my village who don't go to school.
(Applause) Girls are getting jobs in health agencies and even police.
Village life is getting better
But somewhere in my heart, I came to realize that change was needed outside of my village.
Around that time, I joined the Acumen Fellowship.
There I met leaders like myself from all over the country.
What I saw was everyone taking risks in their own lives.
So I started to understand the true meaning of leadership.
So I decided to go back to my hometown area and become a teacher at a school in a remote village.I spent two hours each way every morning and evening at a school where you had to go by bus.
It was hard, but on the first day, I realized that I had made the right choice.
On my first day at school, a bunch of little shamins were staring at me -- (Laughter) -- with dreaming eyes -- the same dream of freedom that I saw as a child.
The girls were eager to learn, but the schools were understaffed.
Everyone was hopeful and sat still, but they left without learning anything.
I couldn't stand this situation
I can't pull back anymore
I realized my mission
I invited a few friends over and asked them to help me teach.
Introduce girls to the outside world through books and extracurricular activities.
I'm going to give you bios of some of the world's most prominent leaders, like Martin Luther King and Nelson Mandela.
Last year some students went on to higher education.
i will never stop studying
Now, I'm continuing my studies for a PhD in education.
Unless we educate girls, we will never have world peace.
Child marriage will not decrease
Infant mortality cannot be reduced
Maternal mortality may not be reduced
To do that, we have to keep working together.
At least I'm fulfilling my role The destination is still far away
Even if the road is rough
But I have a dream I won't look back
thank you
(applause)
Exactly ten years ago I was in Afghanistan.
As a reporter for Al Jazeera, I went undercover in then-conflicted Afghanistan, and witnessed the great suffering and destruction of war.
Two years later, we infiltrated the Iraq War.
I was on the front lines covering the war in the North.
Like Afghanistan, the war ended with the collapse of the regime.
The nature of the government that the people overthrew was dictatorial, authoritarian in nature, and for decades it had caused a great deal of desensitization to the people in the country.
However, the changes brought about by interference in domestic affairs have exacerbated the situation of the people, deepened their sense of numbness and their sense of misery in their communities.
For decades, people in the Arab world and the Middle East have lived under authoritarian governments.
During this time, the government has planted something in us.
I am 43 years old
All the kings and presidents I've seen in the last 40 years, all the old authorities, they all looked the same, and the state of government was so corrupt.
And then I thought to myself, "Will there ever come a day when there will be real change, without foreign intervention and foreign occupation, without deepening the sense of tragedy and inferiority that comes from occupation?" and
Even the Iraqis who accepted Hussein's expulsion by foreign forces felt grief-stricken and dignified when they saw foreign forces occupying them.
So I rebelled
I didn't accept it in the end.
And other governments said to their citizens, "Would you like to see Iraq?"
"Would you like to see a civil war or sectarian conflict?"
"Do you want to see sabotage?"
"Would you like to see another country's army stationed there?"
So people thought, "It's better to manage these authoritative situations than to create other chaos."
I shouldn't have reacted like this.
This area was originally the cradle of civilization, art and culture for 1,000 years, but unfortunately, in the last 10 years, we have repeatedly destroyed our image, turned it into slaughter, sectarian conflict, and violence. It was
I'm here today to tell you that the future we once envisioned is finally here.
A new generation with higher education, connections around the world, world-class values ​​and international affairs has created a new reality for people.
We found new ways to express our feelings and dreams.With renewed self-confidence, the young people of the Arab world gave people a new interpretation of freedom and empowered them to be brave.
I don't need violence anymore
You just have to go out and raise your voice and say, "So many governments like this!"
this is what happened in tunisia
The Tunisian government spent hundreds of millions of dollars on security to prevent prisoners from breaking out and other prison disruptions, but public outcry led to the government's downfall within days.
The government tried to kill people who were inspired to step out and speak out.
on facebook or twitter
If writing is found
intelligence agency
subject to arrest
"These kids are out of their minds"
I asked my parents to bring these guys back home.
This was their propaganda
"Bring back the bloodthirsty kids"
But young people were inspired by an idealistic set of world-class values ​​that envisioned a brighter future, but at the same time, a balance between being realistic and not resorting to violence or creating chaos to achieve ideals. I also have good qualities. The young people did not listen to me
The parents' generation was rather an ally of the young people.
And so there was a revolution in Tunisia.
Al Jazeera was barred from entering Tunisia, and the government did not allow Al Jazeera journalists to enter.
However, I found that all the people who stepped outside became reporters, and they provided photos and images.
And all of a sudden, the Doha press room became a center for all kinds of submissions from ordinary people who are connected, who are ambitious, who are free from inferiority complexes.
So we decided to spread this news.
Let's speak for those who have no voice
I want to send a message-
Some of these young people are internet users, but internet use in the Arab world is not very widespread due to various problems.
But Al Jazeera has made people's voices heard.
All Arab tearooms - and to the world through English channels.
And that's how people became aware of the new movement.
So Ben-Ari went into exile.
A revolution broke out in Egypt, and Mubarak decided to go into exile.
And now it's Libya's turn
Happening in Yemen
In other countries, we see them imagining and trying to rediscover a peaceful and tolerant future.
What I'm trying to say here is that the internet and the connections it makes have created a new way of thinking.
But this system of thought is also true to the climate in which it was born.
This is what we had before the change happened, and what our governments were advocating. It's true that when changes were forced upon us, we refused them because they didn't fit our culture. death
We've always believed that change should come from within and be in harmony with diverse cultures, traditions and historical beliefs, but at the same time it should be in tune with global values ​​and tolerant of different cultures.
This is exactly what is happening in the Arab world right now.
In this very moment, we are witnessing the convergence of meanings to usher in a glorious future for this land.
How did the so-called political elite cope?
Against Facebook, they brought camels to Tahrir Square.
They started advocating tribalism in front of Al Jazeera.
And when that failed, they started saying it was a conspiracy created by Israel to divide the Arab world.
He also warned Western countries, "Beware of Al-Qaeda.
they want to take over our land
They're conservative Muslims trying to build a new Imara.
Be aware that these guys are on their way to destroy a great civilization."
luckily people aren't fooled anymore
Because these corrupt elites have lost even the ability to deceive people.
I don't know how to deal with reality, past or present.
they took the wrong way
Now you're completely isolated from the masses, and you can see that they're becoming more and more corrupt.
Al Jazeera is not an instrument of revolution.
we didn't start the revolution
But when big things like this happen, we're at the forefront of reporting.
We were banned from reporting to Egypt, and some of our correspondents were arrested.
But many photographers and journalists voluntarily went undercover in Egypt to cover what was happening in Tahrir Square.
For 18 days, cameramen broadcast the voice of the people from Tahrir Square.
One night, I got a call on my cell phone from an unknown civilian in Tahrir Square.
He said, "Keep the cameras rolling.
If you stop doing that, there will be a slaughter
Communicating what happened in Tahrir Square protects us.”
I felt a sense of responsibility, so I contacted the local reporters and the press office and told them, "Keep your cameras rolling all night. Our reporting is giving the people there confidence and comfort."
We now have a chance to usher in a new future for the Arab world.
It's also an opportunity to think about a future that's open to the whole world.
Don't be a repeat of the Iranian Revolution
Especially in the Western world, we need to break free from the illusion of being an oil-producing country or a stable nation.
Terrorism, violence and destruction are bound to happen when a nation is stabilized by authoritarian regimes.
From now on, we will adopt the judgment of the people
Let's make our own choices for the future
From now on, the people should decide for themselves what to do in the future, even if there are people who threaten us.
The democratic values ​​and freedom of choice now sweeping the Middle East is a wonderful opportunity for people around the world to see stability, security, human connection and tolerance, not violence and terrorism. rice field
on the side of the people
let's support
Let's put aside self-righteousness, embrace change, and celebrate the dawn of a bright future, hope, and a tolerant society for the people of this land.
The future has arrived, it's already in your hands.
Thank you for your attention
Audience (Applause) Thank you.
Audience (Applause) Chris (C): I have a few questions-
Thank you for your lecture today.
So what do we call this historically significant event?
The Biggest Happening of the Year The Biggest Happening of the Year – or what?
Wada (W): Probably the biggest we've seen so far.
many wars and
We've covered many tragic events and issues, civil wars and conflict zones, because we've been at the center of them.
This is a big event and it's really great
It's not just because there was a big incident that I did the interview as part of my mission.
People have made great changes in history and
We are at the dawn of a new era
on this
C: Some people in the West are still skeptical and think it's just a harbinger of more chaos.
If Egypt had democratic elections today, do you think it would have the kind of government you speak of?
W: After the corruption of the Mubarak regime, people, especially young people, are coming together in small groups to talk about change and try to get it on track in a way that's consistent with democratic values, and at the same time it's reasonably reasonable. We also take care to ensure that it functions effectively and effectively.
These people are much smarter than the political elite, the intellectual elite, and rival leaders, including political parties.
The young people of today's Arab world are politically, culturally and ideologically much smarter and more capable of making changes than the old, backward governments.
- Audience (Applause) C: I can't interfere politically.
If Arabs understand the significance of these forums and want to connect with us and make a difference, what can Westerners do?
W: I think people are very interested in the Arab world and they are looking at this transformation.
The head of Al Jazeera Net told me that the site is now being visited by people from all over the world, and the number of hits has increased by 2,500 percent.
Half of that access comes from the US
People are interested, they want to know, they get information through the internet.
Unfortunately, at this time, there is no English-language Al Jazeera coverage in the United States outside of Washington.
But I'm glad that we're connecting with those who are speaking out on the ground right now. Let's send our cheers, let's send our universal message of support to the weak and the oppressed. A wonderful future should come
C: The TEDX Cairo, a group of members of the TED community, is a place for discussions like the one I talked about today.
There are also some performers there
I think I'm listening to your talk there too
It was a very inspiring story.
Thank you for today
- the venue (applause)
Two weeks ago, I was in my studio in Paris when the phone rang and I said, 'Hey, you won the JR TED Prize 2011.
Tell me your wish to save the world."
I was puzzled
I can't save the world, no one can
this world is a mess
Dictators rule the world Population grows by the millions There are no fish in the ocean The Arctic is melting Former TED Prize winners say everyone is obese
(Laughter) Probably not French.
leave that
I called her back and told her, "Tell the people at TED I'm not going.
I can't save the world
She said, "Hey JR, even if you don't want to save me, you do want to change."
"Oh yes"
(Laughter) "That's cool."
Technology, politics, and business actually change the world, and it's not always right.
Then what about art?
Can art change the world?
I started art when I was 15
Never thought of changing the world
All I did was doodle.
Going through the tunnels of Paris, climbing rooftops with friends
Everything was like an excursion, it was truly an adventure
It is a journey to leave a mark on society and tell people, "I was here" from the top of the building.
After I found a cheap camera on the subway, I started photographing my adventures with friends and keeping copies of the photos, these really tiny pictures.
That's how I started posting photos when I was 17.
I opened my first "expo de rue", it's a "sidewalk gallery".
I colored around the photo like a forehead so it wouldn't be mistaken for an advertisement.
For me the city is the best gallery
There is no need to prepare a collection of works and bring them to the gallery, and there is no need to judge whether the work can be shown to people.
face the people you meet on the street
this is paris
The title of the exhibition changes depending on the location.
This is the Champs Elysées
this is self-confidence
Because I was only 18 and had an exhibition on the Champs-Élysées.
Even if the photo disappeared, the frame remained
(Laughter) November 2005, the road was on fire.
A huge wave of riots has swept through the public estates on the outskirts of Paris.
Everyone was glued to their TVs, watching disturbing and terrifying footage shot from the corner of the city.
Children threw Molotov cocktails at random, attacked police and fire brigade, and robbed them of their merchandise.
They're criminals, they're villains, they're dangerous, they're situational people.
And what I saw at that moment, I couldn't believe it, and the picture I had put up on the wall came to light in the flames of my car. It's a picture I put up a year ago. It's illegal, but it's still there.
"Isn't that your friend's face?
they know
I'm not an angel, but I'm not a monster either."
It was strange to see the eyes in the photo staring back from the TV.
I took my 28mm lens and headed to the spot.
It was the only thing
With that lens, you have to get as close as 25cm to the subject.
You can't shoot without trust
I took 4 portraits at Le Bosquet
I'm making a scary face and satirizing myself
We made them huge posters and put them up all over the wealthy neighborhoods of Paris, with their names, their ages, their addresses.
A year later, it was exhibited in front of the City Hall in Paris.
Once upon a time, their image was ripped and distorted by the media, but now they proudly carry their image.
That's when I realized the power of paper and glue.
Can art change the world?
A year later, I was listening to the Middle East conflict.
All I heard then was the conflict between Israel and Palestine.
So my friend Marco and I decided to go there and meet real Palestinians and real Israelis.
Is it that different?
When I got there, I went out into the streets and talked to people here and there.
So I decided to shoot portraits of Palestinians and Israelis who were doing the same job: taxi drivers, lawyers, cooks.
I asked him to make a facial expression
You can't convey your personality or feelings with a smile, so it's useless.
Everyone agreed to put them side by side with their opponents.
I decided to put it on eight cities in Israel and Palestine, on each side of the wall.
The opening of the largest illegal art exhibition in history
We named it "Face 2 Face"
Experts Say "Stop
no one will accept
Shot by the army and imprisoned by Hamas."
Our feeling is "OK, let's do as much as we can"
I love questions like this: "How big will it get?"
"It's just like your house."
Thinking of putting it on the wall in Palestine
I brought a ladder and it wasn't tall enough
And the Palestinian said, "It's okay, we'll fix it right away."
I went to the Church of the Nativity and brought an old ladder that may have seen the birth of Christ
(Laughter) "Face 2 Face" is just six friends, two ladders, two brushes, a rental car, a camera, and about 2,000 square meters of paper.
I received a lot of support from all kinds of people.
This is Ramallah in Palestine
How to paste a portrait
Put up pictures of the people of both countries on the busy market streets.
People gather and ask, "What are you doing here?"
"It's an art project, put up Israelis and Palestinians of the same profession.
They are both taxi drivers."
Then there was always silence
"So you put an Israeli face -- on there?"
"Oh yeah, that's part of this project."
And after a short pause, I make it a rule to ask, "Can you tell which nation you are?"
no one can answer
(Applause) I put it up on the Israeli watchtower, but nothing happened.
All you need is paper and glue
You can burn, you can do graffiti, and you can urinate in. There are places where you can't reach, but the people on the street are the curators.
Can be removed by rain or wind
that's fine
But just four years later, I still have most of the photos.
What "Face 2 Face" demonstrated was that what seemed impossible was actually possible. In fact, it was easy.
We didn't push the boundaries, we just proved that we can go farther than we ever imagined.
In the Middle East, I made it in a place where there are no museums.
I felt that the direction of exhibiting works on the street was interesting.
I wanted to take it a step further, so I decided to go to an area where there were no museums.
When you go to these developing societies, women are the core of the community, but it's still the men who run the streets.
And so we were inspired to start a project where men could express their gratitude to women by posting pictures of women.
The project name is "Women Are Heroes"
Even after traveling to different continents and hearing different stories, I didn't always understand their complex conflicts.
I can only stand by and watch
There were times when I couldn't say a word, couldn't express my opinion, and had no choice but to shed tears.
just take a picture of them and post it
"Women Are Heroes" went around the world
I chose most of the destinations because I had heard about them in the media.
For example, in June 2008, while watching television in Paris, I learned about the terrible conditions that were taking place in Rio de Janeiro, in Providencia, Brazil's first favela.
Three students were detained by the military because they didn't have identification.
Instead of being taken to the police station, the students were taken to an enemy favela and chopped up.
it was a shock
All of Brazil was shocked
Said to be the most violent favela, controlled by the largest drug cartel
i decided to go there
When I arrived, I had no contact with NGOs.
No tourists, no NGOs, no witnesses.
As I was walking around, I met a woman and I showed her my book.
she said
"Hungry for culture
We need culture here."
I started with the children
I took some pictures of the kids and the next day I put them up on posters.
The next day there was a scar
Just this is good
We want you to feel it's our art
The next day, we had a meeting in the square, and some women came.
People connected to the three students who were killed.
I had my mother, my grandmother, my best friend, and they were very vocal about what happened.
From that day on, I was accepted by Fabera.
Filming progressed and the project began to move
The boss of the drug lord was apprehensive about filming there, so he said,
"I don't want to shoot violence or weapons.
I've seen enough in the media
I want to show you great people
I've been witnessing it for the past few days."
This is a very symbolic piece, and it's the first time I've made a piece that can't be seen from downtown.
This is where three students were detained. Pictured is the grandmother of one of the students.
There's always a salesman standing on this staircase, and gunfire is often exchanged.
everyone understands the project
I was able to put the work on the whole hill
(Applause) Interestingly, no media.
from a distance by helicopter
It had to be shot with a telephoto lens, and we used to watch the process of applying them on TV.
The telop reads, "Call me if you know what I'm doing."
When we finished the project, we walked away, so the media had no way of knowing.
To know about the project
We have no choice but to find the women on the ground and ask them for an explanation.
This project became a bridge between the media and unknown women.
we continued our journey
Africa Sudan Sierra Leone Liberia Kenya
Even war-torn Monrovia, the people came straight
i want to know what you're doing
"Why are you doing this project?
Are you an NGO? media? "
"It's art. I'm just doing art."
"Why black and white?
Doesn't France have color? "
(Laughter) "All dead people?"
People who understood the project were teaching others
One person explained to a man who didn't understand, "Hey, you've been here for hours trying to figure it out, haven't you?
In the meantime, you probably aren't thinking about tomorrow's meal
That's art."
Bringing people into the project -- I think people's curiosity is what motivates them.
And it gets bigger
Become a desire and become a need
A former rebel soldier helped me on a bridge in Monrovia with a photo of a woman who was allegedly raped during the war.
Women are always the first victims of conflict
This is Kibera in Kenya, one of the largest slums in Africa.
I'm sure you've seen the post-election riots here in 2008.
I put it on the roof, but I didn't use paper, because paper doesn't stop the rain from leaking into the house, but vinyl does.
art became practical
that's why it remains
There's something interesting, you can see the biggest eyes, and there are a lot of houses inside.
A few months ago, when I visited again, I had the photos, but some of them were missing.
When I asked what happened
"Oh he moved away"
(Laughter) As we covered the roof, one woman joked, "God will find you."
When you look at Kibera, Kibera looks back.
then it's india
Let me tell you, I don't have a guide anywhere I go.
But there are some areas where you can't put pictures on the wall.
India is
It seems to be illegal both culturally and legally, and you will be arrested as soon as you post it.
I decided to put white paper on it, it's just white
A white man sticking a white piece of paper
They ask me, "Hey, what are you doing there?"
"Oh, I'm just doing art." "Art?"
It seemed to be difficult to swallow
There's a lot of dust on the roads in India, so there's a lot of dust, and you can barely see it, but the white paper has glue on it, like the back of a sticker.
A picture emerges as the dust rolls
After I put it on, I just walk around for a few days and the photos just pop up.
(Applause) Thank you.
That's why I didn't get arrested.
This video was shot for "Women Are Heroes"
(music) ok
I make videos for each project
This is a snippet from the introductory video for "Women Are Heroes." What you're seeing are mostly photographs taken in time.
Photos continue their journey without us
(Laughter) (Applause) I encourage you to watch this video to get a sense of what the project was about, and to get a feel for the local sentiment.
It is also an important part of the project.
There are many stories hidden in every photo
"Women Are Heroes" set a new trend in the community, and women are continuing it long after we're gone.
For example, we created a not-for-sale book, which is available to any community.
It is a condition to get a signature from the woman in the photo
done in every region
I also go back regularly
For example, in the Providencia favela, we set up a management office.
In Kibera, more and more roofs are installed every year.
As we're leaving, the neighbors ask, "Hey, where's my roof?"
That's why I'm going next year, and the project is continuing.
The key is not to rely on brands or corporate sponsors.
So I'm not responsible. I'm only responsible for myself and my subjects.
(Applause) And that's one of the most important things about making art.
how you do it is as important as the result
It's always been at the core of my work.
Interestingly, the line between just an image and an advertisement is blurred.
Last week, I posted a photo in Los Angeles for another project.
I also received an invitation to cover the MOCA Museum
But yesterday, I got a call from the city saying, "It's being misidentified as an advertisement.
You will have to tear it off. It is required by law, so please do not."
What kind of advertisement is that?
All the subjects are proud to participate and to be posted in the community.
I have been asked
"Please share our story with us."
so i do this this is paris
this is rio
The story will spread everywhere because it will be exhibited with stories
Communicate the intent of the project
this is london
new york
I'm here in Long Beach today.
I recently started a public art project that doesn't use my work.
I use works by Man Ray, Helen Levitt, Giacomelli, etc.
Today it doesn't matter if it's your picture
What matters is what you do with the photo. Where you put it makes a statement.
For example, I posted a photo of a minaret in Switzerland, just weeks after there was a referendum in favor of banning construction.
(Applause) This photo of three men in gas masks was taken in Chernobyl, but it's posted in southern Italy, where the Mafia sometimes bury their garbage.
art changes the world
Art doesn't change things directly, but it does change the way we see things.
Art changes the way we see the world
art becomes a metaphor
Art can't change things, and that's why art provides us with a neutral space to exchange ideas and debate -- and as a result, we can change the world.
When I'm making a piece, I get two kinds of reactions.
"Why don't you go to Iraq or Afghanistan?
someone who says it will be very helpful
Person saying "Can I help you with something?"
I'm sure you're the latter, and that's better, because for this project, I'd like to ask you to take a picture and put it up.
My wish is -- (imitating a drumroll) (Laughter) If you have any thoughts, please stand up for a solution. Join the Global Art Project, and together we can turn the world upside down.
starts here
everyone here
Everyone gathered will start
I want you to start here right now.
Tell me about a subject you're passionate about, or someone you want to tell, or even a picture of yourself.
Take a portrait, upload it -- I'll show you how -- and we'll send you a poster back.
All the data is on the website "insideoutproject.net" starting today
what you see changes you
When we act together, the whole is greater than the simple addition.
I want to create something that will go down in world history together.
This is the start, and we care about you.
thank you
(Applause) Thank you.
(applause)
This is Revolution 2.0
no one is a hero
because everyone was a hero
everyone did something
we all use wikipedia
Wikipedia's concept is about everyone collaborating on content, and ultimately creating the world's largest encyclopedia.
The idea of ​​building the world's largest encyclopedia would have been considered insane.
And in Revolution 2.0, the Egyptian Revolution, everyone contributed something, small or big, and it will go down as one of the most moving stories in the history of human revolution.
It was really inspiring to see how all these Egyptians actually changed.
If you look around, Egypt has been in decline for 30 years.
everything was going bad
everything was going wrong
All we've been looking at is poverty, corruption, the lack of free speech, and the suppression of political activism.
These are the things that powerful governments have accomplished.
Still nothing changed
It's not because people were happy with this situation, it's not because they weren't unhappy about it.
In fact, people were very dissatisfied
And yet, people kept silent because of the psychological barrier of fear.
everyone was scared
But there were some brave Egyptians who protested by the hundreds, who were beaten and arrested, and I can't thank them enough for their bravery.
Still many people were afraid
I didn't want anyone to get in trouble.
A dictator cannot survive a regime without power
they wanted people to live in fear
And as the psychological barrier of fear worked so well for so many years, technologies like the Internet and Blackberry SMS began to spread.
Thanks to these we are connected to each other
Platforms like YouTube, Twitter, and Facebook have helped me a lot to say, "I'm not alone, there's a lot of people who are frustrated."
because it teaches you what to say
There are many people who are dissatisfied
There are many people who have the same dream
There will be many people who care about their freedom
they probably have the best life in the world
Some people live happy lives and live in villas.
they're happy and they don't want anything
Yet they continue to feel the pain of the Egyptians.
Many of us were very uncomfortable watching videos of Egyptian men eating garbage while other people swindled billions of Egyptian pounds out of state finances.
The Internet has played an important role in encouraging these people to spread their voices, collaborate with each other, and start thinking.
it was an educational campaign
Khalid Said was murdered in June of 2010.
i still remember that picture
I still remember the details of that photo
The contents of the photo were so terrible
He was brutally tortured and died.
So what is the government's answer?
"He swallowed a bag of drugs and choked to death." That was their answer, "This guy is a criminal.
I was trying to escape from my sin."
But people didn't listen to this
people didn't believe
The Internet revealed the truth, and everyone knew the truth.
And everyone started thinking, 'Maybe my brother did the same thing.
he was from the middle class
His photo was remembered by all of us.
and a Facebook page was created
An anonymous admin was asking people to join this page, nothing was planned.
"What should I do?" "I don't know."
A few days later, tens of thousands of angry Egyptians gathered there, claiming to the Interior Ministry, "Enough is enough.
catch the people who killed this man
Bring it to court."
But of course the administration will not listen.
It was really amazing, everyone started to feel a sense of ownership.
everyone was the admin of this page
People gradually started posting ideas
In fact, one of the most outrageous ideas out there was doing a silent demo.
People are asked to go out on the road, facing the sea, facing the road, wearing all black clothes, standing quietly for an hour, doing nothing, and then leaving and going home.
Some people say, "Wow, that's a silent demo.
From now on, you're going to shake your body too."
made fun of
But when people actually took to the streets, the first time there were thousands of people in Alexandria, it was amazing, it was amazing, because the connections that people made in the virtual world were reflected in the real world. Because people who share the same dreams, the same frustration, the same anger, and the same thirst for freedom
I did something like this
The administration still did not try to learn anything
in fact they attacked people
In fact, they oppressed the people, even though the people were peaceful and didn't even protest.
And it stayed that way until the Tunisian Revolution.
This page started being run by people again.
As an anonymous curator, my job is to collect ideas, help people vote for them, and tell people what they're doing.
People started taking pictures, they were reporting human rights abuses in Egypt, they were coming up with ideas, they were voting on those ideas, they were putting them into action.
All of this is done by people for the people around them, and this is the power of the internet.
there was no leader
Everyone was a leader on that page
Amir's Tunisian experiment inspired us and proved that there is a way.
yes we can do it
We had the same problem and we just gotta hit the road
And when I saw the sights outside on the 25th, I went back and said, "Egypt after the 25th will never return to Egypt before the 25th.
revolution is happening
This isn't the end, it's the beginning of the end
I was detained on the night of the 27th
It would have been nice to have been informed of the location in advance.
yet they restrained me
I won't discuss my own experience here because it's not the subject.
I was blindfolded and handcuffed and detained for 12 days.
During that time, I didn't hear anything, I didn't know anything
I was not allowed to speak to anyone
and was released
The next day I was in Tahir Square
When I saw the changes that were happening in this square, I seriously thought it had been about 12 years.
I never imagined that I would see an Egyptian like this, this amazing Egyptian.
fear is no longer fear
it actually turned into power
people got a lot of power
It was amazing how everyone was empowered and now claiming their rights.
It's like the opposite
extremism turned into patience
Before the 25th, I could not have imagined the astonishing situation of thousands of Christians praying, thousands of Muslims protecting them, thousands of Muslims praying, and thousands of Christians protecting them. would have been
All the stereotypes that the administration tried to make us believe, through so-called propaganda and the mainstream media, were proven wrong.
This whole revolution has shown us how ugly the regime is, how wonderful and amazing people these Egyptian men and women are, and how simple and amazing they are, every time they dream.
When I saw it, I went home and posted it on Facebook.
That's a personal belief, what's going on, details aside.
said, "We will win
we win because we don't understand politics
we win because we don't fall for their dirty tricks
we win because we don't have a policy
We win because the tears that flow from our eyes come from our hearts
we win because we have a dream
We will win because we are willing to stand up for this dream."
And it did, we won.
It's because we believed in our dreams
Victory here is separate from the details of what's to come in the political landscape going forward.
A victory here is a victory for the dignity of all Egyptians.
In fact, one taxi driver said to me, "Listen, I'm breathing the air of freedom right now.
I feel like I've regained the dignity I've lost over the years."
For me, details aside, that's the victory.
Finally, I want to share with you a belief that I believe, as the Egyptians proved true, that the power of the people is far greater than the power of those in power.
thank you
(applause)
This is the state budget
I think it's probably the most boring topic in my morning talk.
But what I want to say to you is that this is an important issue that we should be concerned about.
The state budget is huge, I'll show you the numbers later, and it's almost never audited.
little understood
What many of us are thinking is not thinking about the implications of such trends for specific purposes or short-term gains.
But these budgets are key to our future, they matter to our children.
Most of the funding for education -- whether it's kindergarten through sixth grade, whether it's a prestigious university or a local junior college -- most of this money comes from state budgets.
but there is a problem
Here is the overall diagram
America's economy is huge, $14.7 trillion.
36% of this total is government spending
This is the largest federal level spending combined with state and local government spending.
It's only when you add up like this that you can see what's going on in total, because complex funding, like Medicaid and research funding, bounces between these levels.
But spending is 36% anyway
What about your income?
It is a basic question in management.
The answer is 26%
So that's a 10% deficit, a shocking number.
Certainly some of these were due to the economic recession.
We're going to see some programs with lower incomes and higher spending, but for the most part it's not because of the economic downturn.
Mostly because of the rising debt and the overall trend, which is a big problem.
In fact, here's a chart of the outlook.
There's a lot of things that you could say, like what if we had more income, or maybe we'd spend more on medical innovation.
It's going to be harder, even assuming the economy is better than it actually is.
This is the picture when viewed as a whole.
So how did this happen?
How did this problem arise?
That said, at least in theory, the state budget is supposed to be balanced.
Only one state doesn't have to balance the budget.
But what this really means is that there is a pretence.
There's no real balancing, you could say that what the government is doing to hide this is actually making the situation obscure, making what is really a simple problem less visible to people. increase
When Jerry Brown became governor, this was his problem.
In other words, due to all sorts of tricks and gimmicks, we were short of $25 billion out of the $76 billion in budget spending that was supposed to be a balanced budget.
So he figured that half of that could be cut, and the other half could be paid for by taxes, which might be a complicated process.
But even so, in the years to come, the costs of various pensions and health insurance plans will reach their limits, and income growth won't be enough.
result in great inconvenience
How come this didn't happen?
It is deception by skillful behind-the-scenes operation
some have come to light
Newspapers 'not really in balance'
"There is a hole"
``The deficit will continue''
I pointed out that it was full of behind-the-scenes operations
Come to think of it, none of the Enron executives would have done this.
It's so transparent and extreme
Doesn't anyone pay attention to these things that politicians are doing?
I should have found a way
take a loan
Take extra tax deductions just to manage cash flow
sell off assets
postpone payment
sell off income from tobacco
not just california
There are actually five states worse than this, and only four, in fact, don't have this big of a problem.
So it's a national problem.
Fundamentally, this stems from certain long-term debt, where trying to innovate is made more difficult by the costly health care system, by the age structure, by early retirement and pensions, by simply accounting manipulation like this for many years. It's the tolerance of growth that causes problems.
This is a health insurance subsidy for retirees
$62 billion in debt against $3 million in funding, much worse than the car companies.
everybody saw this and knew this was going to be a big problem
Estimates put health care alone at 26% to 42% of the budget.
What will be reduced?
To meet this, we have to cut the cost of education in half.
In a way, you could say "young" versus "old."
If this income situation doesn't change, if we don't fix what we're doing in the health system, we're going to stop investing in young people.
The great University of California system and the great things that have been going on are gone.
It used to be dismissing teachers and increasing class sizes.
There was a debate in the educational community about whether we should just fire the younger teachers, or should we fire the less-skilled teachers?
There is also a debate about where to increase the number of people in the class and how much impact will it have?
The trouble is, this confuses people and makes them think, "Maybe that's okay."
On the contrary, the cost of education should not be reduced.
There are ways to minimize the impact, even temporarily, but it's still a problem.
It is also a big problem for the future direction.
technology has a role to play
We need funding to conduct experiments and make such tools available.
There are proposals to increase the salaries of qualified teachers, to measure and provide feedback, and to record classrooms.
i think this is very important
So we have to allocate budgets to such mechanisms, and also incentives for effectiveness.
New investments in areas where we see growth.
Sometimes we invest even if there is no growth
But with the budget cuts being discussed, it's going to be much more difficult to reward the best teachers and take advantage of new forms of technology.
what's going on?
You're thinking wrong, where's the council?
In fact, there is no such thing as an advisory board.
(Laughter) It's really up to us, the voters, to have a say.
just look at this spending
California spends over $100 billion Microsoft spends $38 billion Google spends $19 billion
At both Google and Microsoft, we exchanged opinions with analysts and various people and asked, "Was that budget spent well?"
There's a thorough numerical analysis inside and outside the company, and the amount of IQ involved is absolutely staggering.
everyone has an opinion
you will get a good evaluation
And decisions are made based on the numbers.
If you look at education and health care spending, you'll find that the long-term trend is that there's not much of this involvement, even though it's a much more important number in terms of capital and learning.
So what do we have to do?
I need a better tool
there are some on the internet
I'm also going to put some information on my website to give you a basic idea of ​​what's going on.
this is not enough
There are also a few books that I can refer to, one on school spending and funding, how things have changed over time, and what the challenges are.
We need better accounting
We need to consider the fact that current salaries and future employment liabilities should be financed from the current budget.
We need to understand why pension accounting is done this way.
should be like private company accounting
it's the highest standard
Finally, we need to reward politicians properly.
Whenever politicians point out that there are long-term problems,
It's no good to say things like "I can't support you."
That's actually what's happening, and Erskhan Boles, Alan Simpson, and others have taken a look at this whole federal health care spending problem at the state level and made some suggestions.
But in fact, these proposals were hushed up.
In fact, tax cuts came in the following week, making the situation even worse than had been estimated.
So something like this is needed
i think this is a solvable problem
America is a wonderful country with many people
But we have to get people involved, because this is a matter of educating people.
Just look at what happened to the cost of tuition at the University of California, and if you keep going like this for three years, four years, five years, you won't be able to afford it.
Things like this -- investing in young people makes it possible to create and contribute to a great society.
You can do art, you can do biotechnology, you can do software, you can do all the cool stuff.
So in the end, what we need to do is take an interest in the state budget, because it's going to affect our children and our future.
thank you
(applause)
We have a huge medical problem right now, organ shortage.
we are living longer
Medicine does a very good job of keeping us alive, but the problem is that as we get older, our organs are more likely to fail, which is why we have a shortage of organs today.
In fact, the number of people in need of organs has doubled in the last decade, but the number of transplants has barely increased in the same period.
It's a social crisis in medicine.
Therefore, a field called regenerative medicine is attracting attention.
There are actually many areas involved.
For example, we use biomaterials as scaffolding, which look like scraps of a shirt, but are special materials that can be implanted in patients to help the body regenerate.
Sometimes we just use cells, the person's own cells, or stem cells from another person.
use these cells for both
You can also use both biomaterials and cells.
That's the current state of the field
This isn't really a new field.
Interestingly, this is a book published in 1938.
The title is "organ culture"
The first author is Nobel laureate Alexis Carrell.
He's devised a method similar to the one that is used today to suture blood vessels, and the vascular grafts that are used today were also invented by Carrell.
But I'd like to draw your attention to my co-author, Charles Lindbergh.
That's Charles Lindbergh, and he spent the rest of his life working with Carrell at the Rockefeller Institute in New York on organ culture.
If this field is so old, why isn't it clinically successful?
This is because there are various problems involved.
If I have to pick just three, the first is the development of materials that can be successfully used in the body for a long period of time.
Now it's very developed and we're able to do it very well.
The second problem is cells
We didn't get enough cells to grow in vitro.
For the last 20 years we've been working on this problem.
Now we can grow different types of cells,
And then there are stem cells.
Liver cells, nerve cells, pancreatic cells, these cells still can't grow.
And the third conundrum is the vasculature, the problem of supplying blood to the regenerated organs and tissues to keep them alive.
Now we have biomaterials
Although this is so
Weaving and knitting, you can make things like this
like a cotton candy machine
I'm spraying
It's kind of like cotton candy fibers, and it's made into tubular structures, and you can use this biomaterial to help your body regenerate itself with its own cells.
that's what i did in this example
This is a patient with a problem with an organ, and we've made these high-tech biomaterials to replace the patient's tissue and repair it.
What we've done is create a biomaterial bridge and bridge the gap so that the cells in the organ can cross that bridge and regenerate the tissue.
Now, six months later, we can see the regenerated tissue on X-rays, and under the microscope, we can see that it's completely regenerated.
You can also do it with just cells
This is the cell that we prepared
It's stem cells that are obtained from a specific cell source, differentiated into cardiomyocytes, and then start beating in culture.
It knows what to do. Cells genetically know what to do and start beating together. Cells genetically know what to do and start beating together.
Today, many clinical trials are using different types of stem cells for heart disease.
This is actually being used on patients.
If you need a large structure to replace a large structure, use the patient's own cells or some other cell and a biomaterial at the same time as a scaffold.
This method first removes a very small piece of tissue, less than half a stamp, from a diseased or damaged organ.
dissociate the cells and culture them outside the body
Then you prepare a framework of biomaterials, like the strips of the shirt I mentioned earlier.
You put it in an oven-like device, create the structure you want, and take it out.
This is the heart valve that we built. It has the structure of a heart valve, and we plant cells on it and make it move.
You can see the leaflets opening and closing. This heart valve is still in the experimental stage and is being studied further.
Another technology that we've actually applied to patients is the bladder.
Take a tiny piece of tissue, about half a stamp, from a patient's bladder
The cells are cultured outside the body and then the cells are used to coat the prepared scaffold, using two types of the patient's own cells.
put it in a device like an oven
Same conditions as in the human body, 37 degrees and 95 percent oxygen.
In a few weeks, the patient will have an organ that can be transplanted.
I sew materials together for my patients.
We're doing three-dimensional image analysis, but we're actually making these biomaterials by hand.
But now we have better ways to make these structures out of cells.
We're using a certain kind of technology to work on solid organs like the liver, using discarded livers.
There are many organs that are not used and are disposed of.
You take these discarded organs and put them in a device like a washing machine to wash off the cells.
After two weeks, you get something that looks like a liver.
It looks like a liver, but it's just a skeletal liver with no cells.
The liver is reperfused with cells while preserving the vascular tree.
First, the vascular tree is perfused with the patient's own vascular cells, and then the stroma is invaded with hepatocytes.
The generation of human liver tissue using this technology was shown just last month.
Another technology we've used is printing.
This is a regular inkjet printer, but instead of ink, it uses cells.
The printheads are going back and forth printing structures, and printing this structure takes about 40 minutes.
It's a three-dimensional elevator that descends one step each time the print head passes by.
Finally we have this structure
Take the resulting structure and transplant it
The bones in the slide you see here were printed and then transplanted.
Using this technique, they created and transplanted completely new bone.
Next is more advanced technology, our next generation technology, a more sophisticated printer.
This printer is designed to print directly onto the patient's body.
I know it sounds crazy, but it's actually happening.
What you want to do is put the injured patient on the bed and scan it with a flatbed scanner.
That's what the picture on the right is
The scanner first scans the patient's wound, then the printhead prints the desired layer directly onto the patient.
this is how it actually works
The scanner scans the wound
Once it's scanned, it's printed according to the information about which cells are needed where.
Here's an actual print for a typical scratch.
It's gel-like and you can pick it up.
So when these cells attach themselves to the patient's body, they're made to stay where they need to be.
It's a new technology that's still in development.
We're also working on more sophisticated printers.
In fact, our biggest challenge is solid organs.
I don't know if you know, but 90 percent of the people on the transplant waiting list are waiting for a kidney.
Patients die every day because they don't have enough organs.
Kidneys are a more difficult problem.
The strategy here -- which is a CT scan, or X-ray image -- is layer-by-layer computerized morphometry and image analysis to reconstruct a three-dimensional image of the patient's own kidney.
And then you can display the image, rotate it 360 degrees, and you can analyze the volumetric properties of the kidney in detail and get the information, and you can get the information, and you can scan it into digital information that you can print.
And then we look at the organ slices, analyze each layer, and feed that information through a computer to design the organ for the patient.
this is the printer
This is where the actual printing is being done.
I brought that printer to this venue.
So during this talk, you can actually see the printer behind the stage.
A real printer is printing the structure of the kidney as you can see.
It takes about seven hours to print the kidneys, and we're just about three hours away.
I'm going to ask Dr. Kang to come over today, and I'm going to show you the kidneys I printed out earlier.
should i put on my gloves
thank you
wait a minute
This glove seems too small for me
Here's a kidney that I printed out today.
(Applause) It's a little streak.
Dr. Kang is part of the team working on this project.
Thank you very much, Dr. Kang.
(Applause) This is a new generation of technology.
You can see the real thing on the stage
It's a new technology we're working on right now.
Actually, we've been doing this kind of thing for a long time.
Here's a video showing the technology we're already using with our patients.
It's a very short video clip, about 30 seconds, of an organ transplant patient.
(Video) I'm so sick that I can't even get out of bed.
I couldn't even go to school, and it was really miserable.
If I go out and play basketball during break time, I'm going to pass out by the time I come back.
I was in a terrible state
I didn't even want to think about what my life was going to be like, basically because I might be on dialysis for the rest of my life.
After this surgery, my life got a lot better.
become able to do many things
I wrestled in high school
It was great to be captain of the team
I was able to play with my friends as a normal child
It's my own cells that were used to make the bladder, so they're very familiar with my body.
I'm ready to live my life
(Applause) (Enriquez) Sometimes these experiments work, and when they work, they're really good.
Luke here
(Applause) Luke, when did you see Anthony before last night?
(Luke) Ten years ago, when I had the surgery, I'm so glad I met him.
(Laughter) (Applause) (Enriquez) Can you tell me what you're doing now?
(Luke) I'm attending the University of Connecticut right now.
I'm a sophomore in Communications, majoring in television and media. Basically, I'm trying to live like a normal kid.
It was difficult for someone with spina bifida, who had no functioning kidneys or bladder.
I had 16 surgeries that seemed impossible, and I had kidney failure when I was 10.
And I had this surgery, and it made me who I am today and saved my life.
(Applause) (Enriquez) Anthony has done this hundreds of times, right?
CA: What I do know is that he's been working really hard in the lab, and he's been making amazing things.
I was one of the first 10 people who underwent this operation.
When I was 10 years old, I didn't realize how amazing it was.
I was a little kid and all I thought was, "Oh, I'm going to do surgery." (Laughter)
(Laughter) All I wanted was to get better. I didn't know
ENRIQUEZ: And then all of a sudden you got this call, Anthony was really shy, and it was hard to get someone as modest as he was to approve of pulling Luke out.
So I went to my communications professors and asked for permission to go to TED, and I think TED has a little bit to do with communications.
What was the teacher's reaction? (Luke) Most of the teachers were very supportive, saying, "Could you please take a picture of me?" or "Show me the video later."
Some people were a little bit stubborn, but I talked to them.
No problem
(Enriquez) I was very happy to meet you. Thank you very much.
(Luke) Thank you (Enriquez) Thank you Anthony
(applause)
I was born on New Year's Eve in the last year of the 70's.
I grew up on the toddler show Free to be you and me and (cheers) hip-hop. Are there few hip-hop fans today?
thank you. Hip hop and Anita Hill.
(cheers) My parents were radicals, (laughter) grown up into adulthood.
My father used to joke that we were going to save the world and found out we were just getting rich.
Actually, we were a middle-class family in Colorado Springs, but you get the idea.
I grew up with a strong, unfinished legacy of the past.
Now that I have reached the age of thirty, I have been thinking about this for a long time. What does it mean to “grow up” in this frightening yet wonderful time? And I was convinced. It's a long road and a paradox.
The first paradox is that "growing up" means rejecting the past and wanting to quickly regain it.
Feminism was the garden I grew up in.
My mother started when I was little. The world's longest-running women's film festival.
While other kids were watching comedies and cartoons, I was watching esoteric documentaries. A documentary about women by women.
You can see how much this affected a child.
Moreover, my mother was not the only feminist in our family.
My father actually quit a local men's business club. Because I don't want to be involved in an organization that might welcome a son in the future but reject a daughter.
(Applause) Actually, my father is here today.
(Applause) Actually, my brother ended up being an avant-garde poet instead of a businessman, but hey, he's got the spirit.
(Laughter) Anyway, at the time I didn't want to be called a feminist. Despite being surrounded by feminism. Because I associated feminism with my mom's women's group and my mom's skirts and shoulder pads, and it didn't sit well with me at Palmer High School, where I wanted to be cool.
However, I felt that feminism was actually very important, so I secretly went to my mother's bookshelf and took out a book to read. Of course, I would never admit that.
I didn't actually call myself a feminist. Until I got into Barnard College and heard the first story of Emmy Richard and Jennifer Baumgardner.
Both are authors of the book "Manifesta".
Maybe you all want to ask. What got me into feminism?
It all started with fishnet tights.
Worn by Jennifer Baumgardner
i think i'm cool
I thought, OK, I'm going to be a feminist too.
I am ashamed to tell you this because this is what I think. Acknowledging that beauty and having fun are important is also part of feminism.
Many modern political movements have been sparked by cultural coolness.
For example, do you know these people?
So, feminism for me is very much influenced by my mother, but it looks very different.
For example, if my mother says "patriarchy"
I call it "cross-reactivity".
Gender, class, race, ability, all these things are part of what it means to be a woman.
Equal pay for men and women? Of course, it's a question that feminism deals with.
For me, the same applies to immigration. thank you.
Mother said "demonstration march",
I call it "online organization".
I run a site called Feministing.com with some very bright and wonderful women.
The site is the most widely read feminist publication. I tell you this because I think this is important. It is knowing that it continues.
A feminist blog is a 21st century version of consciousness raising.
But we also have direct political influence.
The feminist movement can remove products from Walmart shelves.
We even had a misogynistic board member fired from our school for sending us harassing emails.
And one of our greatest successes was getting an email from a teenage girl in central Iowa. "I came across your site while doing a google search for Jessica Simpson.
Feminism isn't just about man haters and Birkenstocks. "
We were able to attract the next generation. Feminism in a whole new way.
If my mother says "Gloria Steinem"
I continue, "Samita Mukopadai, Miriam Perez, Anne Friedman, Jessica Valenti, Vanessa Valenti and then and then."
we have only one hero
We do not seek a single symbol.
We don't need one face (representing feminism).
Thousands of men and women across the country are posting articles online, building communities, and transforming organizations from the inside out—all these incredible achievements continue. Our mother and what she started.
thank you.
(Applause) That brings us to the second paradox. To "grow" is to be aware of your own smallness and at the same time continue to believe in your own greatness.
Much of our generation has been persuaded by good parenting and an education that fosters self-esteem. We are special little snowflakes (laughter) and when we grow up we will save the world.
I was brought up with the phrase "save the world."
Eventually, with overinflated expectations, I graduated and realized that I had no idea how to actually "save the world."
The mass media often refer to our generation as “indifferent.” I think it should be more accurately said that we are overwhelmed.
And the truth is, there are many problems that can be overwhelming. The environmental crisis, the gap between the rich and the poor within the country, this is unlike anything we've seen since 1928. And the gap between rich and poor is widening, which is unethical even from a global perspective.
There is also the problem of xenophobia, and the problem of buying and selling women and girls.
These things are enough to make you feel overwhelmed.
I have experienced this myself. 2002, the year I graduated from Barnard College.
I was hopeful and ready to succeed.
I left home, worked for a NPO, attended graduate school, did call service, protested, volunteered, but my efforts seemed utterly meaningless.
And one very dark night in December 2004, as I sat with my family, I was so disappointed in myself,
On a whim, I confessed to having dark delusions. It's thinking of writing a letter, a letter with all the troubles of the world, and setting itself on fire on the steps of the White House.
My mother put her mouth on her special Sea Breeze, looked me straight in the eyes with tears in her eyes and said, I disagree with despair.
You should be smarter, more creative, and more patient.
This made me aware of the third paradox.
"Growth" is accomplished by boldly aiming for success, but also by failing firmly.
(Laughter) (Applause) Parker Palmer, a writer who has been a huge influence on me, wrote that many of us vacillate between extremes. An arrogant overestimation of myself and a servile underestimation of myself.
As you may have already noticed, I did not self-immolate in protest.
I desperately did what I knew I could do: writing.
I wrote a book that I should read.
I wrote a book about eight amazing people, people across this country who are doing the work to fix society.
I wrote about Nia Martin-Robinson. She has civil rights activist parents in Detroit and is totally dedicated to environmental justice.
I wrote about Emily Abt. She first became a caseworker for the social welfare system. Because I thought it was the most honorable job I could do. However, she soon realized that she not only didn't like the job, but was not suited for it at all.
Instead, she decided to do what she really wanted to do: make movies.
She made a movie about the social welfare system and had a big impact on society.
I wrote about Maricella Guzman. The daughter of Mexican immigrants, she joined the military to pay for college.
After being sexually assaulted at a boot camp, she co-founded a group called the Women's Military Action Network.
What I have learned from them and many others is that you cannot judge. From the failures that led them to achieve that lofty goal.
Many of them work in very difficult systems to solve. The military, the parliamentary education system, and so on.
But within that system, they are trying to give that system a more human influence.
And what could be more important after all?
Cornell West said. "Of course it failed.
But what a spectacular failure! "
This is not to say that we should give up on our wildest and biggest dreams.
It means to proceed with things from two sides.
The first is to pursue this broken system. the system of which we are a part.
But the other is to believe in your potential and act to make your day a little better. By trying every day to be kinder, more righteous, and so on.
When I was little, I had some strange habits.
One of them was lying in the kitchen of my childhood home, sucking my left thumb and holding my mother's cold toes with my right hand.
(Laughter) I used to listen to my mother talking on the phone in that outfit.
My mother was talking about starting boards and peace organizations. He was caring, caring, creative, coordinating carpools, comforting friends.
I was only three or four years old, so all I could hear at that time was my mother's soothing voice. But at the same time, I was taking my first lesson in the activist movement.
The activists I interviewed literally had nothing in common. Except that they all say that the person who influenced them the most was their mother, which is their roots as an activist.
So, from time to time, especially at an early age, we looked far ahead. A model for our meaningful lives. Sometimes mothers were in the kitchen, making phone calls, cooking our meals, and continuing to do what was necessary to keep the world going.
My mother and women like her taught me. Life is not about glory, certainty, and stability.
Life is about accepting paradoxes.
Life is about acting in the face of overwhelming events.
Life is about truly loving people.
And this is the challenge and the reward of life.
thank you very much.
(applause)
Khan Academy is known for its great videos, so let's take a look at some of them first in our introductory video.
so the length of the hypotenuse is 5
Fossils of this animal are found only in this region of South America, in a belt-like region, and in this region of Africa.
We can integrate over this surface, but the symbol is usually a capital letter Σ.
The National Convention created the Public Safety Commission. Public safety sounds good.
Look, this is the aldehyde and this is the alcohol.
begin to differentiate into effector and memory cells
It's a galaxy Look, there's a galaxy here too
Oh, there's a galaxy over there, too, with their $30 million plus $20 million from an American manufacturer.
If this doesn't take your heart away, then you probably don't have feelings.
(Laughter) (Applause) There are now 2,200 videos on the site, ranging from the basics of math to vector analysis, and more like you've seen.
1 million students a month, 100,000 to 200,000 video views per day.
Today I'm going to talk about the next steps that we're working on.
But before that, let me tell you how I started doing this.
As some of you may know, five years ago I was a hedge fund analyst, living in Boston, tutoring my cousin remotely in New Orleans.
And then I started uploading videos to YouTube in hopes that it would be of some help, as a sort of bonus that my cousin could use as a refresher.
As soon as I uploaded a YouTube video, something interesting happened
there was a lot
My cousin asked me what he thought
A YouTube video is better than learning directly from me.
(Laughter) It sounds like a compliment, but it's very fundamental.
They appreciated me regenerated more than me alive.
At first glance, it seems counterintuitive, but when you put yourself in their shoes, it makes sense.
Give me time, I can pause the lesson and play it over and over without any guilt.
When you need to review something you should have learned weeks or years ago, don't be afraid to ask.
You can just watch the video and skip the boring parts.
View at your own pace whenever you like
Another great advantage of videos is that when you're trying to get your head around a new subject for the first time, the worst thing you can do is have someone ask you, "Did you understand?"
I used to listen to them a lot when I was teaching them in person, and now they can study in the comfort of their own room.
And then there was this: when I put it on YouTube, there was no reason why it should be private, so I made it available for everyone to see. now receiving responses
Let's introduce some
This is for the first calculus video
Here's someone's comment on YouTube: "This is the first time I've ever smiled while doing differentiation."
(Laughter) Think about it.
This guy was doing differentiation and he was smiling.
In response to this comment, in the same thread, someone else wrote, "Me too.
I got a natural high and felt good for the day. I remembered all the Matrix textbooks that I had seen in class, and it felt like I had mastered kung fu."
It certainly helped people.
As more and more people watched it, and I started getting letters, I realized that the video was more than just "something extra."
Here's one of those letters: "My 12-year-old son has autism and was having a really hard time with math.
Seeing, buying and trying everything
I came across your video and that's where I first understood decimals.
I also understood the next tough fraction.
I can't believe it
My son is already hooked."
Think about it, I used to be a hedge fund analyst.
(Laughter) (Applause) I was so happy that I kept going.
And then I realized that my videos were not only useful to my cousins ​​and people who sent letters to me right now, but they might also be useful to their children and grandchildren because what I'm teaching doesn't get old. is
If Isaac Newton had left a YouTube video of calculus, I wouldn't have had to.
(Laughter) Well, if he's good.
(Laughter) At this point, I'm still thinking, "I think it's going to be a good remedial resource for motivated students and parents.
I thought it would help
I didn't expect this to enter a school classroom.
I didn't expect it, but I got a letter from a teacher at school, and the teacher said, "We're using your video.
I turned my classroom upside down..." This could be happening in classrooms across America in the future. Students are now doing it in the classroom."
I want you to pause for a second... (Applause) ...I want you to stop and think about this, because there's something very interesting about this.
When teachers do this, there's a clear advantage: students can enjoy the video just as much as my cousin did: pause, repeat, and go at their own pace.
But what's even more interesting is, perhaps counterintuitively when it comes to the use of technology in the classroom, it's the idea of ​​removing the uniform lecture from the classroom, and having students take the lecture at home, at their own pace, and then have them do their homework in the classroom with the teacher. By enabling interaction with teachers and other students, teachers are making the classroom more human with technology.
Classrooms have traditionally been impersonal places where 30 children can't shut their mouths and talk to each other.
No matter how good the teacher is, he's going to lead a one-size-fits-all class to 30 blank, slightly rebellious students, and it's now turned into a human experience where they can communicate with each other.
So Khan Academy -- I quit my job and started a proper organization and turned it into a non-profit organization, and the question is, how do we take this to the next level?
How can I do what those teachers are doing
Is it a natural consequence? What you're seeing here is an exercise I started making for my cousin.
the first one was more naive
this is much improved
You can generate as many questions as you want until you understand the task and get 10 correct answers in a row.
There's also the Khan Academy video.
If you don't know how to solve it, you can see the hint
It's very simple, if you solve 10 questions in a row, you move on.
This is fundamentally different from what is happening in the classroom today.
In a traditional classroom, you have homework, homework class, homework class, and quizzes.
Whether you understand 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, the lesson moves on.
Even if the students understand 95%, what happens to the 5% they don't understand?
Even if you don't know what the 0th power is
Based on that, we learn the following concepts
What if you could learn how to ride a bike that way?
First, I'd show them how to ride, and then they'd let them practice on the bike for about two weeks, and after those two weeks, they'd say, "I'll check it out, there's a problem with the left turn.
You can't seem to stop properly, you're an 80 for a cyclist."
And when you put a big "okay" stamp on your forehead, you say, "Well, next is a unicycle."
It sounds silly, but that's exactly what's going on in our classrooms.
As you move forward, even the best students suddenly don't understand algebra, and suddenly they don't understand calculus, even if the students and teachers are doing the right thing. is
The way we do it, we learn math the same way we learn a bicycle.
riding a bicycle and falling
keep going as long as you need to until you can handle it
In the traditional model, you experiment and you're punished for failing, but that's not the way to get better.
we encourage experimentation and failure
and expect to master
this is another material
this is the trigonometric function
This is the translation and symmetry of the function
it's a group
There are about 90 such groups.
You can watch it for free. I'm not trying to sell you anything.
Everything fits into this knowledge map.
At the top is literally adding single digits, learning things like 1 plus 1 is 2.
And when you can do 10 problems in a row, you move on to more and more difficult subjects.
As you move down this knowledge map, you'll find advanced mathematics.
And if you go even further, there's elementary and middle school algebra.
Algebra I, Algebra II, and then an introduction to analysis.
I'm going to teach you everything from here.
What we're trying to do is use this knowledge map to help you learn logic, programming, grammar, genetics from the ground up, and know that once you know this and this, you can learn this next.
This is great for individual learners. Try it with your kids. Try it yourself.
It's sure to change the conversation at the dinner table.
So what we're trying to do is turn the classroom upside-down that the teacher just emailed us into a matter of course.
This is data that we're piloting in the Los Altos School District, where we've refreshed the math curriculum in two fifth-grade classes and two seventh-grade classes.
Children don't use textbooks, and there are no one-size-fits-all lessons.
Half of my math classes use Khan Academy software.
I don't think this is a complete math education.
What this is actually doing is creating time by stumbling and ramming so you can get a good grip on the system of equations, while you play simulations and games and learn mechanics and robotics, and the length of the shadows gives you the height of the hills. We can create time to measure
Basically, the teacher comes in every day, and the kids do it at their own pace, and this is what they're actually seeing on the dashboard of the Los Altos School District.
Students are lined up vertically
Learning tasks are lined up on the side
Green is what students already understand
Blue means you're learning and you're fine
red means stuck
What the teacher does is, "Let's look at one red child."
Or better yet, say, "Let's have a green child teach a classmate who already understands this subject."
(Applause) I've lived in a data-driven world, and I don't want teachers to force kids to ask embarrassing questions like, "What don't you know?" or "How much do you know?"
We give teachers an arsenal of information wherever possible. Education, like fields like finance, marketing and manufacturing, needs data. can do
It tells you what each student is doing, how long they've been studying each day, what videos they're watching, when they stopped, what they stopped doing, what exercises they're doing, where they're concentrating.
The outer circle shows the range of exercises you're doing.
The inner ring shows the extent of the video you're looking at.
The data is so granular that you can see exactly what problems students can and can't do.
red is wrong blue is correct
The one on the far left is the first problem I did
I'm watching a video there
And in the end, I solved 10 questions in a row.
It's as if you were actually watching your students solve the 10 problems.
It's getting faster and faster, and the height represents the time it took.
Self-paced learning is something that works for everyone. In education terms, we call it "personalized learning."
And every time we do this, what you see in every classroom, after five days, is a split between the kids who are racing up and the kids who are slower.
In the past, at some point, we'd evaluate and say, "This kid can do it, this kid can't do it."
"Maybe we should treat them differently
Maybe we should split the class."
But when you let them go at their own pace, and I've seen this time and time again, the kids who took the time to learn the first few tasks, and then they figured it out, and then suddenly they started to climb. is
The kid who thought he couldn't do it six weeks ago is now the kid who can.
It happens many times
I wonder how much of the titles we've been blessed with are actually accidental.
And just as importantly, in places like Los Altos, our goal is to humanize the world of education on a global scale.
this brings an interesting perspective
Efforts to make classrooms more human are focused solely on "teacher per student"
From our point of view, the key metric is "valuable, human teacher time per student."
It should be. Traditionally, most of a teacher's time is spent lecturing and grading.
I would sit next to the students and spend maybe 5% of the time working with them.
Now I can spend 100% of my time there.
Using technology, we can not only turn the classroom upside down, but we can also humanize the classroom by a factor of five to ten.
This worked for me in Los Altos, but it's also useful for adults who are confused about how to re-learn what they already know in order to get back into college.
It will also help the street kid in Calcutta, who has to work for his family during the day and therefore can't go to school.
Now they can spend two hours a day catching up and not being embarrassed by their ignorance.
Imagine your classmates teaching each other in the classroom
this is the same system
There's no reason why this teaching should be confined to one classroom.
Imagine a student in Calcutta suddenly starting to teach your child, and your child teaching a child in Calcutta.
What's emerging now is that the whole world will become one classroom.
that's what we're trying to make
thank you very much
(standing ovation)
What you're doing in this system, all about motivation, feedback, points, badges, things like that.
Can you tell me what you're thinking?
yeah there's a great team working on it
I'm not alone anymore
I still make all the videos, but I have a great team that makes the software.
It incorporates elements from different games, and it has a leaderboard for each region, and you get badges, you get points.
it's actually very funny
Tens of thousands of 5th and 6th graders are heading this way and that way, according to the name of the badge and how many points they can get by doing what they do.
(Laughter) How did your collaboration in Los Altos get started?
Los Altos is amazing
I never thought it would end up being used in a classroom.
One day, the committee members came and asked, "What would you do if I told you to delegate the classroom to me?"
I said, "I'd just let the students go at their own pace and have a dashboard."
And he said, "That's radical. Let me think about it."
I and the rest of the team thought, "You wouldn't say let's do it."
The next day, he said, "Can you start in two weeks?"
(Laughter) What you're doing now is fifth grade math, right?
Two 5th grade classes and two 7th grade classes.
We are doing this at the district level.
Teachers love the fact that they can keep track of their children, not just in school, but there are children studying at Christmas.
You can track everything, you can track kids across the district.
Even if the teacher changes at the end of the academic year, you can see the data at the district level without interruption.
The screens you've just seen are for kids to somehow have their teacher chase after them.
So you can get feedback from the teachers who saw this, right?
Yes, much of this was made at the request of teachers.
We've created some so that children can see their own data, but we're working closely with the teachers.
They'll say, "This is good, but here..." For example, the teachers say, "Well, everyone seems to be jumping around and not concentrating," so I made that focus diagram.
That's why I'm doing it under the leadership of the teacher. It's really amazing.
Think it's ready to be used in a big way?
Do you think more classes should try this next year?
yeah i'm ready
We already have a million users. A little bit more doesn't matter.
(Laughter) There's no reason why classrooms across America shouldn't be using them tomorrow.
It's a vision of teaching each other
The idea, if I'm not mistaken, is that somewhere in the user interface, I can find volunteers, look at their reputation, and schedule appointments and get in touch with them?
That's right, and that's what I want to recommend to everyone in this room.
Now you can log in and see the dashboard for teachers, and you can become a coach for your child, your nephew, your cousin, or the kids in your club.
You can quickly become a counselor or teacher
We have it all
amazing
I feel like I got a glimpse of the future of education.
(Gates) Thank you very much. (Khan) Thank you.
(applause)
Mark Zuckerberg was being questioned about news delivery.
"Why is it so important?" asked the journalist
Zuckerberg replied, "You may be more concerned with the squirrels dying in your garden than with the people dying in Africa."
I want to talk about what the web is based on this notion of relevance.
Growing up in rural Maine, the Internet meant something completely different to me.
is the door to the world
it connected people
I thought it would be of great benefit to democracy and our society.
But behind the scenes, there was a change in the flow of information on the Internet.
If you're not careful, it can become a big problem.
The first time I noticed this was on my regular Facebook page.
As you can see, I'm politically progressive, but I'm willing to mingle with conservatives.
I want to hear what conservatives think, see what they link to, and learn something.
So one day, I was surprised to see conservatives disappear from my Facebook feed.
What happened was that I realized that Facebook was watching what links I clicked on, and I actually clicked more on the links of my liberal friends than my conservatives.
They deleted the conservatives without any consultation with me.
Conservatives are gone
Facebook isn't the only company doing this behind-the-scenes algorithmic editing of the web.
Google also does
When you search for something, me and you, even if you search at the same time, the results can be quite different.
According to one engineer, even if you're not logged on, Google checks for 57 signals, adjusting its search results based on what kind of computer you're using, what browser you're using, where you're located, and so on.
Think about it, there's no standard Google search anymore.
And strangely enough, this is a phenomenon that is difficult to recognize.
I don't know how my search results differ from others'
But a few weeks ago, I asked a bunch of my friends to send me screenshots of a Google search for "Egypt."
Here's a screenshot from my friend Scott
Here is a screenshot from Daniel
When you look at them side by side, you don't even have to read the links to notice the difference between the two pages.
But when I actually read the link, I was really surprised.
The first page of Daniel's Google search results doesn't have any articles about the Egyptian protests.
That's all for Scott
It was a big topic at the time.
Search results are so different
More than just Google and Facebook
this is happening all over the web
Many companies do this type of customization
Yahoo! News, the largest news site on the internet, now offers a different, customized experience.
The Huffington Post, the Washington Post, and the New York Times are also experimenting with customization in various ways.
As a result, it's rapidly changing to a situation where the Internet predicts and shows us what we want to see, but it's not necessarily what we need to see.
As Eric Schmidt puts it, "It's going to be very difficult for people to see and use things that haven't been customized in any way."
so i think this is the problem
I think the collection of all these filters and algorithms is what we call a filtered world.
And this "enclosed world" becomes your own unique information world on the Internet.
What's more, what your world contains depends on who you are and what you do.
But the problem is that it's not up to you what you take in.
More importantly, you can't see what gets deleted.
One of the problems with filters was discovered by Netflix data analysts.
There was a strange thing going on in the shipping process, and I'm sure many of you have noticed that some movies have DVDs shipped right to your door.
Ships as soon as an order is placed
So "Iron Man" can be delivered quickly, but the waiting time for "Waiting for Superman" can be very long.
What the data analysts saw while waiting for the DVD to ship was a sharp conflict between the user's intentional aspirations and the more impulsive desires of today.
I want to be someone who has seen "Rashomon," but now I want to see "Ace Ventura" for the fourth time.
(Laughter) The best edits are those that show both sides.
A little bit of Justin Bieber, a little bit of Afghanistan
It also provides healthy information and dessert information.
The problem with algorithmically customized filters is that they're largely based on what the user clicked on first, which throws that balance off.
Instead of having a balanced intake of information, it's possible to be surrounded by junk information.
So maybe our view of the Internet is actually wrong.
The founding myth of the broadcasting society goes something like this: "In the broadcasting society, the flow of information was controlled by the gatekeeper, the editor.
But the internet came along and got rid of the gatekeepers, and the wonderful thing is that we can connect."
But now it's not really
What we're seeing is more of a human gatekeeper passing the baton to an algorithmic gatekeeper.
And the problem is that algorithms don't yet have the ethics that editors had.
So if algorithms are going to oversee information in the world to decide what we see and what we don't see, then we have to make sure that algorithms use more than just relevance.
You have to try to present things that you don't want to see, things that are difficult, things that are important, just like TED shows a different point of view.
In the past we have faced the same problem
In 1915, newspapers didn't think much about civic duty.
But people realized that newspapers played an important role.
So the point is that democracy doesn't work if citizens don't have the right information, so newspapers that filter information are important.
It wasn't perfect, but we've been doing it this way for a century.
So right now we're kind of facing 1915 on the web.
We need a new gatekeeper who builds these responsibilities into the way we write programs.
We've got a lot of attendees from Facebook and Google on the floor, and we're grateful to people like Larry and Sergey who helped build the web as it is today.
But we want them to make sure that these algorithms are built into our lives and our civic obligations.
I want the algorithms to be transparent and the rules of the filter to determine what goes in.
I would also like to see more control options so that I can decide what gets deleted and what doesn't.
Again, because I think we need the Internet to become what we envisioned it to be.
it connects everyone
It should present new ideas, people and different perspectives.
To achieve this, we should not be isolated on the web.
thank you
(applause)
What if you could record your life, every word you said, every act you did, in a storage device close at hand, so you could go back in time and replay your haunting memories, or scan the passage of time to find patterns in your life you've overlooked? can
That's exactly the journey our family started five and a half years ago.
This is my wife and collaborator Rupal.
On this day, at this time, I welcomed my first child. He's a cute boy.
I've installed some pretty special home video equipment in my house.
"Then let's take a picture"
And I've shot plenty of other great moments in our home. Every room has a camera and a microphone when you look up, and when you look down, you can see the entire room.
living room baby's bedroom kitchen dining rest of the room
I sent it all to a disk recorder and recorded it continuously.
You can see the flow of the day, from the dawn when the sun shines, to the fiery evening, when the lights are turned off, the day ends.
Eight to 10 hours every day for three years, totaling about 250,000 hours of multi-track audio and video recording.
It's the first ever epic collection of home videos.
(Laughter) Our family finds it to be a meaningful record.
A huge amount of time has been recorded, unconsciously, naturally, and without preparation, so I've just begun to consider how to investigate it.
There's also a scientific reason for this effort. I want to use this raw time-series data to understand the language acquisition process of children, my son.
We set up a privacy policy to protect the privacy of the subjects, and then made the data partially visible and open to trusted research teams at MIT, so that we could extract patterns from this huge data set and the process of language acquisition. Exploring the influence of the social environment in
What you're seeing is the first analysis I've ever done.
My wife and I are making breakfast in the kitchen, and when you look spatially and temporally, you can see the patterns of daily life in the kitchen.
In order to make these elusive 90,000 hours of video comprehensible, we used motion analysis techniques to capture it on the spatial and temporal axes, creating a space-time bug.
With this tool, you can see the data locations where the activity occurred, especially the movement patterns of the child, which allowed me to focus on transcribing the context of my son's conversations. word is all
With this technology, with the data, with the device, and with the ability to transcribe conversations, I've been able to transcribe more than seven million words from my family.
We will use the results to guide you on your data journey for the first time.
I'm sure you've had experience with time-lapse footage, it's fast-forwarded to show the blossoms.
This time, you will witness the flowering of words.
As soon as my son turned one, he called water gaga.
Over the next six months, I slowly approached water as accurately as an adult.
Now experience six months in 40 seconds.
No footage available Listen to the first sound trajectory from gaga to water
(Baby) "Gagagagagaga" "Gaga gaga gaga" "guga guga guga" "wada gaga gaga guga gaga" "wader guga guga" "water water water" "water water water" "water water" "water."
great success
(Applause) It's not just water.
I've narrowed it down to 24 months, or the first two years, and put them in chronological order.
I transcribed it word for word and found all 503 words he had spoken before he was 2 years old.
son is early
I also started the analysis
Why do some words come before others?
This is one of the early results from a little over a year ago, and it's a surprising result.
It's deceptively simple, but to explain it, the vertical axis is the complexity of the conversations people are having around them, and the measure is the length of the conversations.
The horizontal axis is time
All of the data was derived in this way: for each language learned, we identified all previous conversations that used that language.
They plotted the relative lengths of the dialogues.
And then, interestingly enough, adults invariably cut back on the word count, making it as short as possible, and then slowly back to more complex language.
Surprisingly, the turning point almost coincides with when the word was uttered.
So all three of the adults--my wife, my grandmother, and all of them--were always casually adjusting their phrasing so that when my son said that word, he would gently guide him to more complicated words.
It's a very suggestive result, but I want to say one thing: it's a beautiful feedback loop.
While my son is learning from the linguistic environment around him, he is also learning the linguistic environment from him.
It's the language environment, the person, that's joining a tight loop that's building a foothold that no one has ever noticed.
That's the environment we're talking about.
What about the visual environment?
Like a model, I look into my house
We took an image taken with a fisheye lens and optically corrected it to create a three-dimensional world.
Welcome to my home
This is a cross-sectional image captured by multiple cameras at a certain moment.
I wanted to create the ultimate storage device that would allow you to go back in time and fly around freely.
Fast forward 30 minutes from now, it's the living room.
me and my son on the floor
Tracking their movements with video analysis
my son is red i am green
I moved to the sofa, watching the cars go by from the window.
I finally got on the walker by myself.
If you put together 30 minutes of movement and take a vertical time axis, you can see the trajectory of contact.
A surprising shape emerges, where the two colors are intertwined, where the touch is strong.
The spiral is the locus of solitary action.
that this affects the language learning process
It's possible. By exploring the relationship between this pattern and the words my son hears, we want to see if we can predict the impact of the timing of hearing a language on the timing of acquisition: the relationship between the words and the reality they represent.
Let me show you how
I'm chasing my son in this video too.
it's a red line
grandma is at the door
"Do you want water?" "Aaaa."
So I associated the word "water" with this moment.
Using the power of data, we focused on when and where we heard water, and extracted all the trajectories of water-related behavior from the entire video.
What remains after data processing – the landscape
wordscape
In the case of water, it revolves around the kitchen.
It is the place of the high peak in the back left
You can also compare it with other words.
How about bye in good bye
I'll take a look at the door this time.
The landscape appears as expected. Bye's trajectory has a more recognizable shape.
Using these shapes as a guide, I decided to predict the order in which words were learned, which is currently in progress.
This is my lab right now, inside the MIT Media Lab.
I shoot like this everywhere
Key members of the project are Philippe de Camp, Ronnie Kubert, Brandon Roy.
Philip helped me with that visualization.
Michael Fleischmann, a Ph.D. student who helps with video analysis, Michael made the following prediction: "This approach of analyzing how words relate to common ground events can be applied not only in the home, but also in the public. It can also be applied to media
Research took an unexpected turn
It's the mass media that provides a common ground, and it knows how to take old ideas and apply them to new frontiers.
We used the same principle to analyze the content of a television program, the elements that are sent in the television signal, the story of the drama, the commercials, all the elements that make up the structure of the event.
Most programs available in America can be picked up by antennas.
Conversations don't have to be recorded in your living room microphone, they're just picked up from social media for everyone to see.
We're getting 3 billion comments a month, and we've got some strange results.
We took the event structure, the common ground of verbal involvement, from TV broadcasts and extracted conversations relevant to that topic, and then through semantic analysis -- this is the actual processed data. The yellow line connects the raw comments and the raw comments. is the event structure sent in the TV signal
Expanding on that idea,
I made a wordscape, the word doesn't come from the living room
The program content becomes the environment, the common ground, that drives the conversation.
What makes these skyscrapers are the comments about the content of the show.
It's the same concept, but we're seeing a completely different realm of communication dynamics.
Basically, for example, we don't use audience numbers to rate program content, we use baseline data that focuses on the level of interest in program content.
It's kind of like the feedback cycles and dynamics that happen at home, and now we can take those same concepts and expand them to a much larger population.
This is part of a database -- a social graph that connects data from 50,000 people out of millions based on public sources.
Put it on the first plane and put the program content on the second plane
Programs, for example sports competitions, commercials, the link structure that connects everything is the content graph.
It's the third dimension that matters
Each link that pops up connects someone's statement to the content of the show.
Tens of millions of links form the connective tissue of the social graph, leading to show content.
We can explore this structure in interesting ways.
If you want to follow the path from the program content that elicits the comments, you can follow the flow of comments, look at the activity across the social graph, and reaffirm the relationship between the social graph and the program content.
A co-viewing group appears. You could call it a pseudo-living room.
An interesting dynamic emerges there
not unidirectional
Conversations are born from program content, that is, events
spread to another person
And we tune in to the mass media, and there's a cycle that triggers collective action.
There are other examples, but there are hundreds, if not thousands, of people of a certain kind in our database.
that name as well
I'm a pro-amateur (pro-amateur) media critic because of my broad influence.
When you hear criticism, a lot of people talk about the show.
These are the people who bridge the gap between mass media and social media.
Here's a final example. Some program content is special.
Take, for example, President Obama's State of the Union address just a few weeks ago.
Conversations are spreading in real time in response to broadcasts.
Through all these lines, miscellaneous stories fly.
You can see the pulse of the world in real time, and you can see the social reactions of various groups induced by program content in real time within the social graph.
In summary, as the world has become more instrumental, and as we have begun to understand the connections between what people are saying and the context of what they are saying, we have come to see new social structures and dynamics that have never existed before.
It's like building a microscope or a telescope to find new structures for communication behavior.
I think there's a deep meaning here -- scientifically, commercially, politically, and especially personally.
Now, back to my son, as I was preparing my talk, he was looking over my shoulder, and I showed him a series of videos and asked for his permission.
And then I thought, "Isn't this amazing? I'm leaving this database and records for you and your sister." I mean my sister, who is two years younger than me. I can remember
my son won't open his mouth
"I was only five years old
I don't understand."
As I was thinking about this, my son said, "When I grow up, I'll show it to my children."
i thought this was amazing
And so, finally, let's take a look at a scene that's memorable for our family.
This video captures the moment my son took two or more steps for the first time.
Please pay attention, this is a mess-
It's like everyday life
While my mother was cooking in the kitchen, I was in the hallway and I realized I was about to walk.
I cheer for my son, anticipate what's to come, and have emotional moments.
listen carefully
There are three stages: when you see a great moment, the greatest feedback loop begins, and then you pause and say, "I did it," and you subconsciously repeat it over and over again.
Let's fly away to that memorable moment
"Okay"
"come"
"Is it possible?"
"good kid"
"Is it possible?"
(Baby) "Ya~"
"Hey, I'm walking~"
(Laughter) (Applause) Thank you.
(applause)
this is a river
this is a stream
this is also a river
This situation can be seen all over the country.
There are many rivers in the United States that have dried up for thousands of miles.
Colored areas on this map have water problems.
A similar problem is occurring in the East
The causes vary from state to state, but they're mostly small things.
About 6,400 kilometers of rivers have dried up in Montana alone.
would normally benefit fish and other wildlife
Rivers are the veins of ecosystems, but they're often empty today.
I'd like to tell one of these stories about the stream, because it's the archetype of the big story.
This is Prickly Pair River
It flows from East Helena through densely populated areas to Lake Helena.
Cutthroat trout – home to brown and rainbow trout
For over 100 years, almost every summer,
I end up in this state
How did this happen?
Now, it was originally in the late 1800s when people migrated to places like Montana.
So there was a lot of water, but not a lot of people.
But with the increase in population and demand for water resources, local residents were a little worried. And in 1865 Montana passed its first water law.
Basically, people living around the creek can share the creek water.
However, as more people showed up and wanted to share the water resources, the original locals were confused and needed to consult a lawyer.
There were precedent cases in 1870 and 1872, both involving the Prickly Pear River.
And in 1921, the Supreme Court of Montana ruled in the Prickly Pair River case that the original inhabitants had the primary or superior water rights.
This high level water right becomes important
The problem all over the West today looks like this
Some of these streams have demands that are 50 to 100 times higher than their actual flow.
And senior water rights holders risk losing their water rights, along with the economic value attached to them, if they don't use them.
Therefore, they have no incentive to save water.
In other words, it's not just a matter of population, but the system itself is a hindrance to saving water, because if you don't use it, you lose your right to water.
After 140 years of reality and decades of litigation, this is still the case.
This system has flaws
There are obstacles to water resource conservation, because if you don't exercise your water rights, you lose your water rights.
And, as you know, it created a major conflict between the environmental community and the agricultural industry.
ok let's change gears here
You'll be happy to know that the rest of the presentation is free.
Some people will be happy if beer appears
(Laughter) Another thing that's happening across the country is that companies are becoming more concerned about their water footprint.
We are interested in how companies' water use impacts their brands, while striving to ensure a sufficient supply of water resources and striving for truly efficient use of water resources.
Well, this is a one-country problem, but let's talk about Montana.
this is about beer
It takes 2.5 liters of water to produce about 500ml of beer. Did you know that?
Including waste water, it takes more than 47 liters of water to make about 500 ml of beer.
Montana beer brewers are already taking steps to reduce their water consumption, but they're still using a lot of water.
Of course beer is made with water.
So what can manufacturers do about the remaining water footprint, which has a significant impact on ecosystems?
Ecosystems are very important to Montana's merchants and consumers alike.
After all, there's a strong correlation between water and fishing, and depending on how you look at it, fishing and beer.
(Laughter) So worried Montana merchants and consumers are looking for a way to solve the problem.
Now, how do we deal with the remaining water footprints?
Remember the Prickly Pear River
Until now, business water management has been limited to measurement and reduction, so we are proposing that the next step is restoration.
Remember the Prickly Pear River
it's a flawed system
A right that expires if not exercised has created an obstacle to nature conservation.
So I decided to bridge the two worlds, the world of corporations with water footprints and the world of farmers with senior water rights.
In some states, senior water rights holders can legally retain their rights and their waters and still let water flow into streams.
The water rights are theirs, and if they want to use the water rights to help the fish in the stream, they have the right to do so.
But there is no incentive to do this
So we worked with local water treatment companies to create an incentive to do so.
I paid them to drain the water
That's what's happening here, this person made a choice and diverted water.
By shutting it off, we are keeping the water in the stream.
He doesn't lose his right to water, and he chooses to exercise all or part of his right to streams instead of land.
He's a senior water right holder, so he can protect the water from other users of the stream.
May I?
Rewards for leaving river water unattended
This man is measuring the water left in the creek.
Then it's measured and you pump the water, and you divide the increase into thousandths of a gallon.
Each increment comes with a serial number and certificate that brewers and other users purchase to restore water to degraded ecosystems.
Brewers pay to restore water to streams.
It provides an inexpensive, easy and measurable way to restore water to depleted ecosystems, while giving farmers an economic choice and providing a simple solution for businesses concerned about their water footprint.
After 140 years of conflict, 100 years of stream dryness, and a situation where lawsuits and regulations failed to resolve, we bring together conscious buyers and sellers through the marketplace to achieve solutions that do not require litigation.
It is about providing those who care about their water footprint in rural areas with a genuine opportunity to restore water to degraded ecosystems, areas in critical water need, while at the same time educating farmers on how to consume water resources. It's giving them a meaningful economic choice.
This deal creates allies, not enmities
It brings people together, not divides them.
and provide much-needed economic assistance to rural areas
The most important thing is that it works
We have restored approximately 15,000m3 of water to the devastated ecosystem so far.
We've brought together senior water rights holders and brewers in Montana, hotels, tea shops in Oregon, and the high-tech companies that consume the most water in the Southwest.
And by building these relationships, we can turn this dried up river back into this watered river.
Thank you for your attention
(applause)
A long time ago, I had the opportunity to talk to politicians every day, and I learned a lot.
That experience made me feel emotionally weird.
I have talkative syndrome. I talk too much and I'm going crazy.
(Laughter) But they're really good at socializing.
As soon as I see you, I catch you, look you in the eye and talk to you, rub the back of my head, and enter the cracks in your heart.
I had the opportunity to have dinner with a member of parliament, and throughout the meal, he put his hand on my inner thigh and squeezed me tight.
A long time ago, I saw a member of parliament.
They hug and laugh and talk so close
Rub each other's arms up and down
"Do something else!"
Anyway, I'm good at social skills
Other than that, during the last election, I covered Mitt Romney, campaigned with his five sons, Vip, Chip, Rip and many more.
(Laughter) Into the diner
I introduced myself to a family and asked, "Where are you from?"
"I have a home there!"
I walked out of the diner like that all over the place, calling people I met for the first time by their first names.
"This is social art"
What's strange is that when it comes to policy making, the human touch suddenly fades and you're like an accountant.
I've covered many failures throughout my career.
The U.S. sent economists to privatize the Soviet Union, failed, and what was needed was trust.
U.S. military intervention in Iraq, ignoring cultural and spiritual realities
Traders had regulations on the premise that they wouldn't be stupid.
I've been covering education reform for 30 years. Reform is all about bureaucracy: permitting, private schools, certificates, etc. Over the years with mixed results.
we learn from people we like
If you don't touch on the teacher-student connection, you're not talking realistically.
These realities disappear at the policy-making stage.
One question is, why do humane people become impersonal when they enter the policy-making stage?
My conclusion was a sign of a bigger problem.
For many years, human nature has been viewed as two realms, rational and emotional, that are separate, and that society has evolved by suppressing emotions.
I believe that humans are, by nature, rational and goal-oriented, and that when we measure human behavior, we make assumptions similar to those of the physics world.
So the basic premise of human nature became very shallow.
I can talk a lot about material things, but I can't talk about feelings at all.
I can talk about skills and safety and health, but I can't talk about people's personalities.
Alasdair McIntyre said, "We know the ancient ethics and virtues, the honors and the virtues, but we no longer have the means to associate ourselves with them."
They started to adopt shallow policies, and even the whole of human activity became shallow.
It is clear even in parenting
When I go to elementary school at 3:00 p.m., children with heavy-looking backpacks rush out, and when the wind blows, it's like
Like a beetle stomping on the ground
The car that picks you up is a Saab, an Audi, or a Volvo. In some areas, it's okay to drive luxury cars around.
We're picking up supermoms, people who have had successful careers and are trying to send their kids to Harvard.
Super moms are self-explanatory 'cause they're lighter than children
(Laughter) Right after I got pregnant, I did some hip exercises.
As soon as my baby was born, I started studying Chinese.
To enlighten kids after school to their own foreign policy Ben & Jerry ice cream
This popsicle shop is sure to be a hit with its non-violent toothpaste Doesn't kill germs
I just want you to go somewhere
(Laughter) I shop for baby formula at Whole Foods.
(Laughter) I buy seaweed treats. "Veggie booties with kale." Kids say, "Mom, I want to eat those treats that are good for colon cancer."
(Laughter) That's the way kids are raised, and they're going to have measurable successes, test prep, oboe, soccer practice.
Get into a top university, get a job at a top company, and some have superficial success and make a ton of money.
I sometimes see them at resort areas
Elegant and slender No thighs Just calves on top of calves
(Laughter) I'm a parent, I'm married to a beautiful woman, and I'm doing a miracle of genetics. Grandma is Gertrude Stein.
In the meantime, it's fashionable to keep a big dog
I have a 70kg dinosaur-like dog named after a character from Jane Austen.
Even though I'm old, I don't have a philosophy of life "I've succeeded in so many things, so I can't just die like this"
Hire a personal trainer and guzzle energy pills
I'll see you in the snowy mountains
With a stern look on their faces, they climbed the mountain, they put Dick Cheney to shame.
(Laughter) When they pass by, they look like iron raisins.
(Laughter) I told you about one life, but life is much more than this.
More deeply over the past few years Human nature Who are we? got a hint about
Research not from theology or philosophy, but from the study of the mind, neuroscience, cognitive science, behavioral economics, psychology, sociology, research in many fields has revolutionized consciousness.
When these are integrated, a new human nature emerges.
Humanized, brand new and attractive, new humanism
Three insights are key when integrating research
The first insight is that most human behavior is guided by the unconscious.
You could also put it this way: the mind can absorb a huge amount of information in an instant, but it can only be conscious of a small amount of it.
funny things happen
For some reason, people named Dennis tend to be dentists, and Lawrence is subconsciously drawn to sounds that resemble Lawyer, so my daughter is "President of the United States Brooks."
(Laughter) Another finding is that the unconscious isn't stupid and instinctive, it's actually pretty smart.
Buying furniture is really a decision
Choosing the right sofa for your home can be difficult.
It's a good idea to do this: look at the furniture, keep it in mind, take a break, and after a few days, you'll let your intuition decide.
The second insight is that emotion is at the center of thought.
People with disabilities in the parts of the brain that control emotions are rarely geniuses, and sometimes they can't help themselves.
Antonio D'Amaggio, a mogul in this field, is here.
What he's suggesting is that emotions are not separate from reasoning, they're the basis of reasoning. Emotions determine what's important.
Reading and nurturing one's own emotions is at the core of knowledge activity.
I'm middle aged and about emotions
not very good
A group of middle-aged men in a favorite story
There's a story that's put through a brain scanning device, and I don't know if it's true or not, but first you're shown a horror movie, and then you're forced to talk about your feelings for your wife.
Both scans had the same result
both really scary
I talk about emotions the same way Gandhi talks about gluttony.
decide what to engrave
The brain is the memory of emotions.
A third insight is that humans are not inherently self-contained beings.
social animals and not rational
Our existence is embossed by our relationships and deeply connected to each other.
When you look at another person, you're recreating that person's mind in your mind.
When I see the car chase scene, I feel like I'm doing a car chase
Watching porn makes me feel like I'm having sex
Likewise, when you look at lovers, when you look at the mobs of Egypt, emotions are contagious, these human qualities.
A groundbreaking perspective on narrative that gives us a different way of looking at politics and, more importantly, human qualities.
We are children of the French Enlightenment
It can also be said to be the supremacy of reason
But this research suggests that the British Enlightenment of David Hume and Adam Smith gives us a better idea of ​​who we are.
This research corrects the biases in our culture,
It gives you the important things to succeed in life.
When we're talking about human qualities, we tend to use something that's easy to measure, like the SAT, a degree, years of study, etc.
But what it takes to live a meaningful life is much deeper, and it seems that there are no words to describe it.
So let's take a look at some of our research findings.
The first is mind-reading, the ability to read people's minds and absorb what's out there.
I am born with
Mertsov's discovery at the University of Washington was in newborn babies
Baby
It's called talking back
You are born with the ability to read your mother's mind and take in how you understand the world.
55% of babies in America are said to be able to talk to their mothers and learn how to relate to other people.
People who have learned this lesson have a very head start in life.
A University of Minnesota study found that at 18 months of age, you can predict which child will graduate from high school 77% of the time, based on the mother-child bond.
The 20% who didn't have a bond of attachment
have avoidant relationships with others
have relationship problems
I live my life like a yacht zigzagging I want intimacy but I don't know what to do
This is the skill of absorbing knowledge from others.
Next comes balance, the ability to recognize biases and imperfections in your mind, and to maintain your composure.
we are overconfident
95% of college professors think they are better than average
96% of college students consider themselves to be highly social
Time Survey: “Are You the Top 1% Earner?”
19% answered yes
(Laughter) This trait is gender-specific.
Men are more likely to drown than women because they tend to overestimate their abilities.
Others, on the other hand, are capable of recognizing their own biases and overconfidence.
humble
Be flexible in the face of uncertainty
Able to draw conclusions according to the degree of evidence
Curiosity is strong
This usually has nothing to do with IQ
The next ability is Medes Street Smart.
Sensitivity to the physical environment, the ability to find important points in an environment.
Articles about soldiers serving in Iraq say that they can look down the street and see for some reason that there are explosives and mines.
I don't even know why, I get a certain kind of chill, and it's often right
Next is collaboration, the ability to work in groups.
Groups are smarter than individuals, so it's a very useful ability.
And groups are more effective face-to-face than remotely, because most of the communication is non-verbal.
Efficiency isn't determined by a group's IQ, it's a function of how they communicate and how well they take turns in a conversation.
Next is about the ability to fuse.
A child can say "I'm a tiger"
I'm childish
It's very complicated to connect the concepts of "self" and "tiger."
This leads to innovation
What Picasso has done is to fuse Western art with African masks on a conceptual level, not just a matter of physical placement, but of spirit.
These skills also cannot be measured
The last thing I want to touch on is what we call togetherness.
It's not about ability, it's about motivation and drive.
At a conscious level, we seek wealth and fame,
At the unconscious level, we seek a sensation that transcends the body, a state in which the body is desensitized and immersed in things. A craftsman is immersed in his work, a naturalist is one with nature, a devotee is one with God. feel
That's what the unconscious wants
We feel this togetherness when we are in love
One of the greatest stories I've come across in this research about psychic unity is from Douglas Hostatter of Indiana University.
He married Carol and had a wonderful marriage.
But when her children were five and two, she had a stroke and died suddenly.
In Hosstatter's book "The Strange Loop I"
I'm talking about a moment, months after she passed away, when I happened to see a picture of her in my bedroom...
Quote from the text: "As I gazed into her face, I felt myself inside her.
With tears in my eyes, I realized Carol was me Many of the thoughts we shared during her lifetime Our souls united on a high level Our souls held hopes and dreams for our children's futures. What we shared, these hopes weren't separate and different, but the one thing that showed us that we were each other, the one thing that brought us together in ways we couldn't have imagined until we got married and had kids.
Carol has passed away, but her spirit has never died, and it still lives in me."
It is said that at the end of suffering, wisdom is given.
It took him a lot of pain to understand how deeply connected we are.
Years of policy failure have made us realize just how shallow our view of human nature was.
Now, we are facing problems caused by this shallowness and misunderstanding of human nature. This leads to a revolution in consciousness. Many people in various fields are exploring human nature and pursuing a wonderful new humanism.
When Freud discovered the concept of the unconscious, it had a huge impact on thinking at the time.
Now I'm trying to get more precise about the unconscious and the subconscious, which will have a wonderful, profound and human impact on our culture.
thank you
(applause)
Looking back, to this day, much of what we know about the universe has been confirmed by observing light from space.
If you look up at the night sky, you can see many stars with the naked eye.
Looking at the sun during the day will hurt your eyes
The moon is visible because of the reflected light.
Ever since Galileo turned his rudimentary telescope on celestial bodies, the universe in our minds has been shaped by the light that has taken eons of time to reach the earth.
Now, with modern telescopes, we've collected breathtakingly beautiful "silent images" of the universe, an album of images that trace the history of the universe back to the Big Bang.
But there is actually sound in space, not a "silent picture."
From now on, I want you to know that the universe has a soundtrack. The music of the universe is played by space itself. Space vibrates like a drum.
It creates a sound recording of dramatic events happening around the universe.
So I'd like to add this cosmic sound to the magnificent cosmic images we've been collecting.
For those of us who haven't heard the sounds played by the space until now, I think we should raise the volume of the space more in the next few years.
Here, in our attempt to listen to the sounds of the universe, we focused on black holes and their properties, because black holes strike space-time like hammers on drums, and they make very interesting sounds. We're going to reproduce the sound that we predicted.
A black hole is a dark object in a dark universe.
cannot be seen directly
At least you can't directly observe it with light.
We only make indirect observations. Black holes destroy stars.
scatter debris
They mess up their surroundings, so they know they exist.
But you can't directly observe it with light.
Maybe one day we'll be able to see the black hole's shadow against a bright, glowing background, but not yet.
That said, it might be possible to listen to invisible black holes, because they're beating through space like drums.
We owe the idea of ​​space playing like a drum in the first place to Albert Einstein.
Einstein thought that if space was empty, if the universe was empty, the structure would look like this -- gridlines, of course, don't really exist.
But if we were free-falling through space, even if this grid wasn't drawn, we could easily draw it ourselves, because the motion of falling follows a straight line without distortion through space. that's why
Here's the gist of it. Einstein also thought that space-time can be bent when energy or mass is put into space. will move along the curve
This is Einstein's great theory of general relativity.
Even light can be bent by this distortion
And the motion of the earth is bent by the sun until it is caught around the sun, or the moon is caught around the earth.
This is also the curvature of space
But what Einstein didn't realize was that if you squashed the sun down to 6 kilometers in diameter, which is to say, if you squashed a million times the mass of the Earth down to 6 kilometers, you would create a black hole, so dense that even light could come close. It's a dark shadow in the universe that you'll never be able to escape if it's too long
It wasn't Einstein who realized this, but Karl Schwarzschild, a Jewish German who had served in the German army during World War I and was active on the front lines against Russia, and was already a recognized scientist. bottom
I often imagine a picture of Schwarzschild in a trench calculating the ballistic trajectory of a cannon while in between calculating Einstein's equations.
Having had a quick look at Einstein's theory of general relativity, Schwarzschild was thrilled by it.
I soon found an insane solution to that equation, and what it showed was extraordinary: space itself was cascading down into the depths of the deep hole, and not even light could escape.
is the curvature of space
Light, like everything else, gets dragged down the hole, leaving only shadows behind.
To Einstein, he said, "As you can see, the war has done us so well, except for the shootouts.
It has given me time to escape from the cares of everyday life and to ponder your ideas," wrote Einstein.
I was impressed with the accuracy of his calculations, and I'm sure he was impressed with his dedication as a scientist.
Einstein next week
I took Schwarzschild's ideas to the Prussian Academy of Sciences.
But Einstein said that black holes are nothing more than mathematical singularities.
I thought it didn't really exist in nature
he believed that nature would protect us
It took decades after the term black hole was coined before we knew it was a real object. A black hole is a very massive star that collapsed and died at the end of its life. it is a state
the sun does not become a black hole
not enough mass
But we can do a thought experiment, just like Einstein liked to do. Let's say the sun collapses to a diameter of 6 kilometers, and the tiny Earth is orbiting around it. Uka
This earth emits its own light, and since the sun no longer emits light and we need another source of light, let's assume that the earth is a star that emits light.
So the Earth will continue to orbit in orbit only 30 kilometers away from this squashed black hole.
This collapsed black hole is big enough to fit in Manhattan.
When it swallows the earth, it may spill over into the Hudson River.
anyway such
It's a thought experiment about an object that fits half the size of Manhattan.
So let's bring the Earth up here, up to 30 kilometers, and the Earth is revolving around the black hole without any anomalies.
There's a myth that a black hole sucks up everything in the universe, but you have to get really close to get sucked in.
What's interesting about this is that an observer in space will always see the Earth.
Earth cannot hide behind a black hole
Some of the light is sucked in, but some is refracted and circulated.
You can't hide behind a black hole
If it was a scene in "Battlestar Galactica" where you are fighting Cylons, "Don't hide in a black hole!
They'll find you! "What a place, such as
Again, the sun can't be a black hole, it just doesn't have enough mass, but there are tens of thousands of black holes in this galaxy.
If one of them spanned the Milky Way, it would look like this.
You can see the shadow of a black hole among the hundreds of billions of stars in the Milky Way and the glowing river of dust.
If you walk up to that black hole, you can see all the light bending behind it, but once you're in the shadowy realm, you can't see anything anymore.
From there, no matter how hard you try to escape, your resistance will be futile. Not even light can escape.
But even though a black hole looks dark from the outside, it's not dark inside, because all the light from the galaxy is sucked into the black hole.
And while a time delay known as the effect of relativity slows down our clocks as we are sucked into the black hole, the evolution of the galaxy seems to jump in fast-forward to our eyes, and it's the observer. until the moment the is destroyed
It's like a near-death experience, seeing the light when you walk through a tunnel like this, but it's a complete death experience.
(Laughter) And no one can tell you what the light looks like at the end of this tunnel.
We've never seen the shadow of a black hole, but even if we can't see it, we should be able to hear it.
Imagine two black holes staying together for a long time, which is physically possible.
And that one is a former star that has become a black hole.
So now it's been crushed to a diameter of 60 kilometers.
they circle each other hundreds of times a second
Eventually, they'll spin around each other at almost the speed of light.
So in a fraction of a second, it's moving thousands of kilometers, while not only distorting the space around it, but also making the space it travels through resonate, literally waves of space-time.
As space diffuses from the black hole, it expands and contracts at the same time, pounding the universe.
And that wave travels at the speed of light.
This simulation is from a group at NASA's Goddard Space Institute.
The group that solved this problem over 30 years
one is this group
What you're seeing are black holes orbiting each other, and what you're seeing is a distortion of space.
And if you can see it, it's pretty faint, but if you can see the red wave emanating, it's a gravitational wave.
It's literally a spatial reverberation that emanates from the black hole at the speed of light, echoes, and eventually merges with the spinning black hole.
If you can get close, your ears should also resonate with the expansion and contraction of space.
well of course then
Your heads are also expanding and contracting, so I don't think you know what's going on.
So what does that sound look like, and our guess is something like this.
This is from our group, although it's a less luxurious model.
A relatively light black hole sucked into a very heavy black hole.
This is the sound of the lighter black hole thumping through space as it approaches the heavier one.
when you're far away
It's very quiet.
the sound can be predicted
It will get faster and louder as it gets sucked in.
And finally, you hear the sound of the smaller being swallowed by the larger.
(sound) this is the last
It's the first time I've listened to it at such a loud volume and I was moved.
When I listen to it at home, it's like a disappointment
Like ding, ding, ding
This is also our group's predicted sound
Oh, I don't have a picture, because black holes don't leave visible marks.
But if you're floating around there on a space holiday, you'll hear sounds like these, and it'll make you want to run far away.
(Laughter) I want to get away from all this noise.
black hole keeps moving
Two black holes move closer together
I'm trembling
and finally merge
(sound) It's over
These tiny vibrations are the characteristic sound of merging black holes.
This is the sound we predicted from the cosmic images.
Luckily we are far away in Long Beach, California
I'm at peace, but while I'm doing this, two black holes are forming in this universe.
It must have been fused, and that "sound" will travel a distance of a million light years, and after a million years, it will reach the space right next to us.
But the sound is so faint that no one has heard it yet.
So humans built instruments on the surface of the Earth, one of which is called LIGO, and it can detect the expansion and contraction of space over a four-kilometer radius with an accuracy no greater than the size of an atomic nucleus.
It's a very ambitious experiment, and it's accuracy will get even better in the next few years.
A mission has been proposed, and it's expected to launch within the next decade.
It is believed that we can also observe black holes with billions of times more mass.
You can see two galaxies in this Hubble Telescope image.
These two galaxies seem to be standing still, hugging each other.
And at the center of both of them is thought to be a very massive black hole.
But this galaxy isn't standing still, it's trying to merge.
Two black holes are colliding and merging on a time scale of billions of years.
This is far beyond the human sense of time when we listen to sound.
But LISA is able to calculate and predict the final sound of these two black holes ahead of their history, by predicting the last 15 minutes of the black holes coming together.
What's more, this instrument can observe large spatial distortions, not just black holes, but the biggest of these is the Big Bang.
The term "big bang" originally came about as a joke.
But this description may be accurate, and it actually makes a bang.
it may have rang
This animation, made by our friends at Proton Studios, shows what the Big Bang looks like from the outside.
Actually, this observation is impossible, because we are in space, and there is no way to "see it from outside the universe."
Now imagine you are inside the big bang
Everywhere, everywhere, everything around is a big bang Space is shaking in a mess
Fourteen billion years have passed since that time, but the sound of the big bang still lingers around us.
A galaxy was born, and a mass of stars were born in the galaxy, and one star, at least one star, could be habitable for humans.
On that planet, we're obsessed with making these observations, doing calculations, and writing computer code.
Imagine two black holes colliding 10 years ago.
The sound still shakes the space to this day
It's a sound you can't hear
Time passed, 40,000 years ago, and we were painting in caves.
"Hurry up and make an observation device!"
More time will pass, and in the next 20 years or so
Observational instruments created by mankind will have higher performance. When such instruments are made, when we can observe the sounds of the universe, when we can observe the first sounds of the universe.
If we could really observe the big bang, the sound would be something like this.
it's an unpleasant sound
This is literally the definition of "noise"
Random vibrations, also known as white noise
It's speculated that this sound is all around us, and that it's not drowned out by other processes in the universe.
If you think about it, if you can pick up this sound, you'll probably hear it as music, because this noise is the echo of the creation of the entire universe.
In the next few years, it will be possible to increase the "volume" of the universe, and if the primordial cosmic sounds
When we can detect it, we should be able to understand more about the big bang where it all began, and it may help us answer some of the most elusive and difficult questions that have haunted humanity.
If you play the history of the universe backwards, you'll find that the Big Bang happened in the distant past, and I'm sure you'll hear that cacophony one day. But was it just one Big Bang?
Don't stop thinking here Did it happen before?
Will it ever happen again?
In the spirit of TED's quest for wonder, let's keep chasing questions that may never be answered, at least in this final moment of the talk.
We have to ask, is this universe just a small part of a great history?
Is this universe just one of many universes? Each universe had its own big bang, and in some universes black holes roared, and in some universes sentient beings were born, not in the past, not in the future, but in the present, sharing something with us. Huh?
We have to think, if there are so many universes, will there be life somewhere in those many universes?
We have life here on Earth
Is there life anywhere in the many universes? Are they thinking of us, are they thinking of their own origins?
If so, I'm sure they're doing the same calculations, writing computer code, building observatories to listen to the faint sounds of the universe, thinking about their origins and other life in the universe. increase
thank you
(applause)
I'm director of organizational development at the Robin Hood Foundation in New York.
I'm fighting poverty there, but the rest of the time I'm fighting fires as a deputy leader of a volunteer fire brigade.
In the town where I live, the professional firefighters are highly skilled, so if you want to participate in volunteer firefighting activities, it's important to get to the scene quickly.
It was the time of the first fire
I was the second of the volunteers to arrive, so I had plenty of opportunities to work.
Still, it was a fierce race with the other volunteers to find the leader and assign him a task.
When I found the ringleader, he was having an intimate conversation with the homeowner who was facing one of the worst days of his life.
It was the middle of the night, and the landlady was standing barefoot in pajamas with an umbrella in front of her house, which was engulfed in flames, in the beating rain.
The volunteer who arrived just before me - let's call him Lex Luthor (Superman's villain) - (Laughter) was the first to go to the Ringmaster and he told me to go inside the house and rescue the landlord's dog.
It's a dog! I couldn't help but envy you
Was he a lawyer or a money manager? He'll keep telling me later that he went inside a burning building and saved a living thing, even though he got there five seconds before I did.
it was my turn next
The captain summoned me and said
"Bezos, come inside the house.
Go upstairs and get the landlord's shoes from the other side of the fire."
(Laughter) It's true.
Not what I expected, but I walked inside the house, up the stairs, through the hall, past the 'real' firefighters - who had nearly put out the fire - from the bedroom. i got my shoes
I know what you're thinking, but I'm not a hero.
(Laughter) I grabbed my shoes and went downstairs and met my nemesis and my dog ​​at the front door.
We took our treasures outside and handed them over to the landlord, and unsurprisingly, the dog got a lot more attention than the shoes.
A few weeks later, the fire brigade received a letter from the landlord thanking them for their bravery during the fire.
The first act of kindness that was recorded was that someone had even brought a pair of shoes.
(Laughter) I've seen acts of generosity and kindness on a huge scale, both in my work at Robinhood and as a volunteer firefighter, but I've also seen acts of kindness and courage on an individual basis.
what i learned
both are important
I'm sure some of you in this room have already achieved great success, and some of you are on your way to success, but remember this: Don't just wait.
Don't wait until you make a million dollars first to change someone's life.
If you have something to give, give it now
Distribute food at soup kitchens, clean up nearby parks
I will be your counselor
You don't get the chance to save someone's life every day, but every day you have the chance to make an impact.
Don't miss the opportunity to save your shoes
thank you
(Applause) Bruno Giussani: Mark on stage again.
(Applause) Mark Bezos: Thank you.
A few winter mornings, I was driving to work in Johannesburg, South Africa, when I noticed a light fog hanging over the city.
I've been driving every day, so it's strange that I didn't notice it until now.
Johannesburg is famous for having a clear view of the city, but that day I could hardly see it.
It didn't take me long to realize that the thin fog was actually a giant cloud of air pollution.
I was disturbed by the contrast between the beautiful scenery I knew and this smog-covered city.
I was appalled to see this city, with its brilliant sunsets, being encroached upon by a grimy fog.
In that moment, I felt compelled to do something, but I didn't know what to do.
It was clear that I couldn't help but do anything
The biggest challenge was that I didn't know much about environmental science, air quality management, atmospheric chemistry.
I'm a computer engineer, and I knew it was impossible to programmatically solve air pollution.
(Laughter) What connection does this issue have to me?
I'm just a citizen
The next year, I learned something very important, something that everyone should keep in mind if they are to act for a better future.
Even if you're new to the problem-solving field, your expertise in other fields may be the key to solving big problems.
Your unique perspective can lead to unconventional thinking that can make big strides in problem solving, but it takes boldness.
that's the only solution
At the time, I knew that if I wanted to make a difference, I had to learn about air pollution first, so I became a student again.
After doing a little research, I found that air pollution is the most significant environmental health risk in the world.
According to World Health Organization data, nearly 14 percent of deaths worldwide in 2012 were attributed to indoor air pollution and air pollution, especially in low- and middle-income countries.
Air pollution alone kills more people than malaria and HIV/AIDS combined.
In Africa, air pollution kills far more young people than unsanitary conditions and childhood malnutrition, and air pollution is associated with enormous economic costs, according to a study by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. and $400 billion in 2013
Now, my research explores new frontiers in the field of artificial intelligence, where human-machine symbiosis provides a useful foothold to enable better decision-making.
As I was thinking about the problem of air pollution, it became clear to me that we needed to find a way to make good decisions about how to control air pollution, and given the scale of the problem, we needed someone to work with.
So I decided to find someone who was knowledgeable in this area.
I started talking to city officials in Johannesburg and surrounding cities, I joined the local scientific community, and I made a few solicitation calls.
Through this exchange that I started, I was able to deepen my understanding of the problem of air pollution.
It also helped me avoid a common trap that artificial intelligence professionals like myself fall into when trying to build something new: trying to use technology without fully understanding the problem.
I started thinking of ideas to improve this situation.
My first thought was how to combine my skills in software engineering and artificial intelligence with the knowledge of the experts I turned to for help in a meaningful way.
I wanted to build an online system to manage air quality, a system that would track air pollution over time and use that to predict the future and the possible impacts.
I was determined to turn this idea into a practical solution, but I was hampered by uncertainty and no guarantee of success.
All I had was a narrow set of engineering skills that I acquired here at IBM -- (Laughter) that was new to people who had been working on air pollution for years.
And I've come to realize that sometimes just one fresh perspective or one new skill can set the conditions for great things to happen.
Your will and imagination are your guiding lights, drawing new paths on the map and helping you avoid obstacles.
With better knowledge of the air pollution problem and more than a decade of hard-won data on air pollutant levels and weather conditions in and around Johannesburg, I, along with my colleagues in South Africa and China, air quality We created a decision support system for
This software system analyzes historical and real-time data to reveal how contamination changes spatially and temporally.
And we're also using the latest machine learning techniques to predict the degree of pollution for a few pollutants over the next few days.
This system allows citizens to make better choices about what they do on a day-to-day basis and where their families should live.
We can anticipate worsening air pollution in advance, identify the sources of particularly bad pollution, and get orders from the authorities to curtail operations.
Through assisted scenario planning, city planners can also make better decisions about expanding infrastructure such as residential areas and industrial zones.
We've just completed 120 days of testing this technology, covering all of South Africa.
The prediction system's correctness was confirmed by finding a strong correlation between the predicted values ​​and the data observed on the ground.
We've taken the lead in installing some of the most advanced, world's best instruments that can help this city because it can predict atmospheric conditions with unprecedented resolution and accuracy, just a few winter mornings ago. It's the city where I was driving and thinking, "Something's wrong, I have to do something."
In short, what would have happened if I hadn't investigated the problem of air pollution further?
What if I don't express my concern for the environment and just wait for someone else to solve it?
What I've learned is that if you're going to spread a claim that you firmly believe is worth challenging, it's important to keep your mind focused on the likelihood of success and the consequences of inaction.
Instead of being distracted by resistance and opposition, we should use it as an additional motivation.
Wherever you are in the world, next time you have a natural curiosity within you, and it's something that's on your mind, and you've got a wilder, more daring idea, even if it's outside your area of ​​expertise. Ask yourself why not?
Shouldn't we go one step further and approach the problem in our own way with our best efforts?
You may get surprising and pleasing results
thank you
(applause)
Look at the screen "Lighting creates atmosphere. Lighting creates a sense of space. Lighting is also an expression of structure."
not my words of course
It belongs to the famous architect Le Corbusier.
What he's saying is reflected in one of his beautiful architectural works, the Notre-Dame-du-Haut-Longchamp Cathedral, where he used the darkness to create this light.
And that's the essence of my 18-minute talk today, and that's the healthy good for us -- lighting is nothing without the right amount of darkness.
This is the lighting that is common in offices.
There are standards that define the brightness and uniformity of lighting.
So we're aligning the light sources in order to get even lighting from wall to wall.
This lighting is completely different from the Le Corbusier one I showed you earlier.
If these standards and rules were applied to the Roman Pantheon, it wouldn't be like this, because it's the darkness inside that allows this beautiful light formation to move naturally inside the dome.
This is reflected in the words of Santiago Calatrava, "Lighting is made for comfort."
The comfort he meant came from the quality of a building that was truly designed for people, as opposed to a full-course meal.
In other words, an environment where you can see the sky and feel the sun.
And so that he could live comfortably in the environment inside the building, he designed a gorgeous building where you can see the sky and feel the sun.
The destination is of course the sun
This image of the sun may seem somewhat aggressive and malevolent, but we must remember that all the energy on earth comes from the sun, and light is simply the visible part of this energy.
The sun controls brightness and color changes
We bring beauty to the environment in which we live, and this building is a great example of that. The lighting for the High Museum in Atlanta is a collaboration between Renzo Piano, an Italian artist, and Arup Lighting, an amazing collective of lighting designers. A subtle change in light that corresponds to the amount of sunlight produced A subtle change in light thanks to this beautiful skylight
you can indirectly see the sun
They designed architectural elements that made the space surrounding the museum's visitors more comfortable.
And that's the cover for this skylight, so the cover is open to block out the sun, but still let in just the right amount of light from the sky.
And as you can see, we've gone through a wonderful design process of building models and analyzing the quality and quantity of light to create a design that truly blends with the building and holistically coheses.
Of course, there were mistakes in this process.
As you can see, there's direct sunlight, but it's easy to see where it's coming in, and it's giving people inside the building the best part of the sun.
It's designed for you to really enjoy the sun, of course.
You can enjoy it in various ways
For example, like this, or this is a bit weird, but it's actually 1963, and people are watching a solar eclipse in the United States.
It's a little bright when you look up, so they came up with an interesting way to deal with it.
And I think that's a pretty good representation of what I think is the beautiful transformation of the sun, and by incorporating it into buildings, we can create environments within buildings that really enrich our lives.
Lightness is obviously relevant here, but darkness is also very important, because light and dark come together to create this change.
In contrast to the first office I showed you, this is the well-known White Group office.
I'm doing green energy consulting or something.
And I'm really practicing what I teach, and there's no electric lighting in this office at all.
On one side of the office, there's this giant glass window that serves to bring sunlight into the interior space, creating zones of beauty and varying brightness.
It's like working in a very dark place or working in a very bright place.
But the truth is that the human eye is incredibly adaptable to different levels of light, and these create environments that aren't boring and monotonous, which in turn enriches our lives.
I can't forget this person
He's Richard Kelly, and he was born exactly 100 years ago, so I thought it would be appropriate to introduce him to him, like in the anniversary year.
In the 1930s, Richard Kelly first formulated a methodology for modern lighting design.
He coined three terms: "focal glow," "ambient lighting," and "brilliant role." Together, these very different ideas of lighting in architecture create this beautiful feeling.
First is "focal glow"
What he meant by this is that light gives direction to a space and helps guide people.
This is what he designed for the General Motors showroom, and you can feel it when you walk into this space.
"Wow! This is shocking." This is the focal point, the giant light source in the center.
Theater comes to mind, but more on that later.
A spotlight that draws attention to the artist,
Sunlight penetrating clouds also falls into this category, illuminating a part of the earth to accentuate it and contrast it with the dim part.
It's also being used in today's retail environment to light up and accent merchandise and attract consumers.
"Ambient lighting" is something completely different
Richard Kelly saw this as something infinite, with no focal point and details that melt into an infinite background.
I think it's a very soothing light that helps with relaxation and meditation.
It's the National Science Museum in London, and this blue is like one big hand that wraps around the exhibits and galleries.
And finally, Kelley's "The Role of the Brilliant." The skyline of Hong Kong, the chandeliers of the Opera House, are of this category, or, like the decoration of this theater, something that makes something more complete, something playful -- an addition to an architectural space. but let me say
Together, these three elements create a lighting environment that we find comfortable.
Darkness is necessary to create this
I will explain in more detail
Kelly, pictured on the left, must have explained this to Mies van der Rohe.
In the background you can see the Seagram Building, which has become an icon of modern lighting design over time.
At the time, there were also early-stage attempts at phototherapy.
Here's a picture I found in the US National Library of Medicine, being exposed to sunlight to improve health.
The health side of this ray is a little different than what I'm talking about today.
Modern medicine today has a correct understanding of light from a biochemical point of view.
And there's this idea that what helps us most when looking at something is yellow light, to which we're most sensitive.
But it's the blue light that triggers what's called the circadian rhythm, which encourages waking up and sleeping -- attention and relaxation.
By adjusting the amount of blue light in your environment, you can promote relaxation, tension, sleep, and sleep prevention.
It is believed that these methods could be used in the near future to control lighting in hospitals and promote patient recovery.
You can overcome jet lag in the same way on an airplane.
Schools can help children learn, they can improve their concentration on tasks.
I can think of many other applications.
But I want to say a little more about how the combination of light and dark is the quality of our lives.
Light, of course, is what builds relationships and relationships with the forms around us.
It's where we come together when we have something to say to each other.
very important to the earth
But this is what the Earth looks like at night, and this picture is from today's talk.
The most shocking piece
Because all the light you see here has escaped into the sky.
It never reaches the ground that should have been its destination.
not in the interests of the people
This will only spoil the darkness
If you look at it on a global scale, it looks like this
Isn't it amazing how much light escapes into the sky like this and never reaches the ground?
When you think about what the Earth should be like, you get this wonderful image: Darkness supports imagination, meditation, and helps us make sense of things.
But the world is changing rapidly, and urbanization is a big factor in that. This photo was taken in Guangzhou two weeks ago.
I realized that 10 years ago there was no building like this here.
It used to be a smaller city, and the pace of urbanization was tremendous.
Now we need to understand the question: How do people move through this urban space?
How do we share our culture?
What to do about mobility issues? What can lighting do?
What is new technology
It may help solve these urbanization problems and improve the environment.
Not so long ago, lighting was lamps like this, of course.
Although there were differences such as metal halide lamps and fluorescent lamps,
Now we have LEDs, and this is the latest one, and it's surprisingly small.
So many things are possible with this, and because of this minimalism, we can put light wherever we need it.
It's possible to preserve the darkness even when it's not needed, which is intriguing.
It's a new way of lighting that creates a better built environment for us.
I'd love to show you how it actually works, but you can't really see it because it's so small that you can fit four on one finger.
I asked the lab, and they said, "Well, let's try something."
Made the world's largest LED
That's here
It's the same thing as that one, but about 200 times bigger.
I'll explain
All modern LEDs are blue
Let the light shine This color is not very pleasant
For this reason we refer to LEDs as phosphors.
It's covered with a cover. When illuminated with blue light, the phosphor produces a soft, warm white glow.
And then if you put a lens on this, you can converge the light and send it to the sky or whatever without leaking it.
This way we can keep the darkness and create the light.
The reason I wanted to show you was because I wanted you to understand how it works.
thank you
let's look further
First, we need to rethink urban lighting.
We need to rethink the lighting we take for granted.
Why are high-speed lights always on? Do you really need it?
think more carefully
Can't you create an environment where you can also benefit from the darkness?
Couldn't there be more gentle lighting? As you can see, this lighting is pretty weak.
Can we get more participation and interest in our lighting projects?
Or can you create work that affects people simply by being there?
And can you protect the darkness?
It's really hard to find a place like this on Earth today.
This starry sky is even more so
We have a lot of lights on the ocean, and we could probably ban them to improve the lives of animals.
Migratory birds, for example, are said to be very confused by these types of platforms.
But if you turn those lights green, they say, the birds will be on the right track, no more confusion.
The importance of spectral susceptibility resurfaced here.
In all of these examples, I think we should make light out of darkness and use darkness as a canvas, as visual artists like Edward Hopper do.
I feel suspense in this painting
When I look at it, the question comes to mind, "Who are these people?"
"Where are you from and where are you going?"
"What happened and what will happen in five minutes?"
The cause of this story and suspense is
It's nothing but light and darkness Edward Hopper
He was a true master of storytelling with the use of darkness.
You can learn from him and build environments that are more engaging and inspiring.
It can also be applied to such commercial facilities
If you go outside, you can still enjoy the spectacle of the universe, and of course the universe itself.
I'm going to show you some thought-provoking images of the sky. From the city sky, where you can only see one or two stars, you can enjoy this wonderful, gorgeous, beautiful constellation and star performance. increase
It's the same thing with architecture.
By valuing darkness, lighting design can create more interesting environments that enrich our lives.
This is the best known example of Tadao Ando's Church of the Light.
I also think of Peter Zumthor's spa in Wals, where light and dark enhance each other in a soft blend to create a space.
By Richard McCormack At a London Underground station, you can actually see the sky while you're underground.
The last thing I want to point out is that theater is a treasure trove of inspiration.
I think it's great that TEDx is being held in a theater for the first time.
Without theater, this exciting scenography wouldn't have happened.
I believe that the theater is a place where you can use lighting to really enrich your life.
Thank you for your attention
(applause)
Good morning.
And to all of you wonderful people, and I'm so honored to be the one to wrap up the series of TED talks.
There was a story that I could relate to in many ways.
I came straight here from the depths of the Ecuadorian rainforest, where you can only get to by plane, where you've got paint on your face and feathers on your head. I'm trying hard to keep
They are fighting to develop their livelihoods in clean, unpolluted forests.
What surprised me, and felt like a perfect fit, is that in the middle of the rainforest, there are the first solar panels in the area, which are used to pump water so the women don't have to go out to fetch water. increase
I'm storing electricity because I can get more electricity than I get for purified water.
In this small village of eight households, I think it was about 30 minutes each night, but every household had electricity.
The ornate chief holds a laptop
(Laughter) This chief is someone who's been outside, and he says, ``We've suddenly entered a new era. There are several things I want to learn from the modern world.
I want to know about health management
I'm also interested in other people's lifestyles.
I want to learn foreign languages
English, French, and preferably Chinese, I'm confident in my language skills."
So this is how the chief is holding a computer, fighting pressure from the World Bank, the IMF, and those who want to extract oil from the rainforest because of Ecuador's debt.
That's why I came straight from there
But my area of ​​expertise is in a different civilization, perhaps not quite the right term to call it a civilization.
different ways of living and being
Earlier, Wade Davis gave a wonderful story about different human cultures around the world, but the world isn't just made up of humans, it's also animals.
As I do all over the world, why don't you listen to animals here too?
We see a lot in photographs and movies, but animal voices also have meaning.
So I'm sending you greetings from a chimpanzee in the forests of Tanzania (voice of a chimpanzee).
(Applause) I've been working with chimpanzees in Tanzania since 1960.
Since then, modern technology has changed the way field biologists work.
For the first time, a few years ago, we were able to take a chimpanzee's poop and then DNA analyze it to identify an individual.
This is because they mate with an unspecified number of females.
This is a completely new research tool
And we're using geographic information systems to track the chimpanzee's range.
This sort of thing isn't my area of ​​expertise, but through satellites, I'm observing deforestation in the region.
Infrared has also become more convenient, allowing us to observe animals at night, better video quality, lighter equipment and better quality.
So many things that we couldn't do when we started in 1960 are now possible.
Modern technology is especially helpful when it comes to breeding and studying higher cognitive functions in chimpanzees and other large-brained animals.
Their abilities, now recognized, were considered absolutely impossible by science in the '60s.
I think the smartest chimpanzee in the lab is Ai from Japan, which means love. Ai has a sensitive partner.
Ai loves computers, more than her friends, water and trees.
Sitting in front of a computer is like a child playing a game
By the way, at the age of 28, I can navigate a touch panel faster than most people.
I don't have time to tell you all the details, but I do very complex tasks and I hate making mistakes.
If you don't get a high score in the game, you tap the glass in the room where the experimenter is, and ask you to try again.
I've been immersed in it for about 20 minutes already, and I want to start over for the satisfaction of doing a little better.
The reward for a correct answer is a raisin, but that's not important to Ai.
A chimpanzee using a computer!
Chimpanzees, gorillas and orangutans also learn sign language
The first time I went to Gombe was in 1960, and I remember it as vividly as it was yesterday. I saw a dark shadow covering the
It was David, the male chimpanzee. As an aside, back then it was customary to give numbers instead of names.
By the way, David, he was pulling up grass and using it to catch ants in the nest.
And David was picking up twigs and removing leaves.
At the time, the reason it was such an exciting leap forward was because it was thought that only humans could make and use tools.
When I was a student, the definition of a human being was making tools.
My teacher, Louis Leakey, said, ``You have to redefine humans and tools.
(Laughter) Now, in Gombe alone, we know that chimpanzees use tools in nine different ways for different purposes.
And then chimpanzees are being studied -- in other parts of Africa as well -- they're finding very different tool-using habits.
These patterns seem to be inherited from generation to generation through observation, imitation and practice, which is the definition of human culture.
Over the past 40-plus years, researchers including myself have studied chimpanzees and other apes and other mammals with complex brains and social systems, and what we've learned is that, after all, there's a clear line separating humans from the rest of the animal kingdom. it means there is no
It's a very vague line.
The lines blur further each time we discover that there is a difference between what is only human ability and what is arrogantly thought of.
I can't tell you all because of time constraints, but chimpanzees sleep with their mothers -- they have five years of infancy, and then another three to five years of emotional dependence on their mother, even after the next child is born.
Learning during a flexible period is important, and their society has a lot to learn
Nurtured through a long childhood, the loving bonds with mothers and siblings last a lifetime, and can live up to 60 years.
If you're in captivity, it's over 60 years. We've been doing research for 40 years.
Chimpanzees are compassionate and altruistic
Their rich nonverbal communication includes a wide range of sounds, touches, postures, and even gestures.
kiss hug holding hands
Slap your back, swing your fist around, do things that humans would do, and it's all in the same vein.
High level of cooperation among peers
They hunt occasionally, but teamwork is great, and they share what they catch.
Like humans, they have emotions such as joy, sorrow, fear, and despair, as well as mental and physical suffering.
I already know
Due to time constraints, I can't go into detail, but at top universities, students study animal emotions and personalities.
Chimpanzees and some animals can recognize themselves in mirrors.
They have a sense of humor, and it's no longer the prerogative of humans alone.
It's not just chimpanzees, we're taught respect for other animals that co-exist on Earth.
When I admit that humans aren't the only ones with personalities, hearts and emotions, I begin to realize that humans are using and misusing sentient, intelligent creatures, and I feel very pathetic.
The disappointing thing is that chimpanzees, who taught me humility more than any other animal, are rapidly disappearing from the wild.
There's a reason for that, and it's a well-known fact
Land development due to deforestation and population growth
Chimpanzees are disappearing due to clearcutting of the timber industry.
Chimpanzees are disappearing from the heart of their African habitats as big multinational corporations build roads for oil and timber, and they are trying to do the same in Ecuador and other native forests.
It also triggered the bushmeat trade in the Congo Basin and elsewhere.
People who have lived in harmony with the forest for hundreds or thousands of years are killing animals for their own livelihood.
Anything larger than a mouse that moves can be killed and dried in the sun or smoked.
They're taking lumber trucks and mining trucks to towns and selling them.
Because bushmeat is preferred over farmed meat, it sells for a higher price.
It's unsustainable. The rise of meat-eaters has destroyed hundreds of years of livelihood for the Pygmies of the Congo Basin.
Hunt on behalf of a trader and receive compensation
Along with the animals that support their livelihood, their culture is being destroyed.
nothing is left at the end
I've already talked about the loss of human cultural diversity, and I've seen it.
Africa, which I love so much, is a tragic sight.
Deforestation Desert expansion Hunger Disease epidemic Population growth Too poor to feed where the population has grown more than the land can support.
I heard yesterday that the last tree was cut down - Are Easter Islanders Fools?
Didn't you understand the situation?
When you experience the devastating poverty that exists in the world, you can't say leave trees for tomorrow.
I have nothing to eat today
If I sell this last tree and turn it into money, I should be able to survive even just a little bit Now all I have to do is pray and wait for something To stay away from death...
I'm so cruel
It's this advanced spoken language that we're able to combine, and that distinguishes us from chimpanzees and other living creatures, because it allows us to communicate things that are not familiar to children.
From the distant past to the distant future, we can exchange ideas with each other and raise awareness from the wisdom of the masses.
It takes a conversation, it could be a video or even a written word.
Yet we are destroying the world without properly using this great power.
Even worse, in the developed world, we have too much knowledge to commit stupid actions.
There are many places in the world where there is no clean water even after a baby is born.
You're contaminating your baby with food from the air and contaminated soil.
This is not just about developing countries
Did you know that there are about 50 chemicals in our bodies that didn't exist 50 years ago?
Diseases like asthma and cancer are increasing around hazardous waste dumps.
All over the world, we hurt animals, nature, and ourselves. Mother Nature, the trees, flowers, birds that help us develop spiritually, spend time in nature.
Yet too many children in the developed world have never been exposed to nature, grown up on concrete, know only a virtual world, never had the chance to enjoy the sunshine, never had the opportunity to bathe in the woods under the sunlight filtering through the trees.
I left my beloved forest behind to go around the world
I had to leave my beloved chimpanzees behind so that students and field staff could continue their research.With the chimpanzee population dropping from 2 million a century ago to 150,000, we need to clear forests to raise awareness around the world. I had no choice but to do it later
The more I learned about the plight of chimpanzees, the more I realized that everything is interconnected. The problems in the developing world are caused by the arrogance of the developed world.
It's funny, isn't it?
i heard it yesterday
I've seen hopeless young people all over the world
Young people drowning in despair say, "No matter what you do, it's the same. You have to enjoy the present.
'Cause tomorrow you're gonna die
I know people who are filled with anger can become violent, and it's not uncommon.
I have three little grandchildren, and one time a student said to me, "It's pissing me off."
I look into my grandchildren's eyes and think, I've done a lot of damage to the planet over the years.
With that in mind, I started an activity called Roots & Shoots in Tanzania in 1991.
We have a booklet outside the venue, so if you care about the children's future, please take a look.
Roots & Shoots is an activity of hope
roots are the foundation
Shoots are small, but they can pierce bricks to the sun.
Bricks are on Earth - if you look at them as all problems
there's a meaning in having hope
Thousands of young people around the world are breaking through bricks and building a better world.
And the most important message is that everyone makes a difference
everyone has a role
Every day, we all make an impact. For example, even if we sleep all day, we breathe in oxygen, we breathe out carbon dioxide, we go to the bathroom. We are all changing the world.
At Roots & Shoots, we have three activities with young people.
It is an activity to improve at the local level.
First, take care of your immediate community
The second is caring for animals, including domestic animals. In my case, long before I started my research, all the important things about animal behavior were done by my dog, Rusty.
The third is about the local environment.
You can't live without your environment From kindergarten to college
in the city or in the countryside
It doesn't matter if you're rich or poor
Problems vary from place to place
The problems in Florida are different than in New York.
There are 5,000 groups that vary from country to country, working in more than 60 countries, everywhere, and participating children are spreading the word.
I wonder why?
They are the protagonists, they are the ones who decide what they do.
It's not something your parents or teachers tell you to do.
“I want to clean up the river and return the fish to the river.”
I want to create an organic farm by removing harmful substances
I want to talk to the elderly and record history
Volunteer at a dog shelter
I want to study animals.” There are endless ideas, and I feel hope.
I travel the world 300 days a year and meet different Roots & Shoots volunteers everywhere.
All over the world, children with shining eyes say, "Look at this result."
Technology also plays a role, because the Internet allows us to communicate, so children all over the world can interact.
Ideas abound, but we need help creating the right networks for young people to share their passions.
And don't forget, there are problems, too.
Children in America, Israel, and other parts of the world are telling each other, "This is going to work."
belief is simple
do not tolerate violence
Violence, bombs, guns shouldn't be
does not solve the problem
Violence breeds violence, in my opinion
Then what should I do?
Use knowledge and understanding to solve problems
It is to see the relationship between the truth and
Diligence and perseverance Never give up Respect all life Love and compassion
How many minutes left?
1 to 2 points
I'll give you two minutes
(Laughs) Pulling you off the stage?
(Laughter) Anyway, Roots & Shoots is making a difference in the lives of young people.
I'm pouring my heart and soul into
I believe that organizations like TED are more influential, not because they can share technology, but because many of them have children.
If everyone does it, it will be passed on to the children, and the children will follow in our footsteps.
It's clear the power of caring to improve our world.
great encouragement
Children ask me, I'll finish it soon, "Do you have any hope for the future?
You've seen the cruelest truths in the world, haven't you?"
I don't comment on the human brain
Let the human brain take responsibility for the problems of the world that surface.
I already talked about
Next is the resilience of nature
We have the power to destroy and we have the power to repair
Even a desolate land can be rejuvenated with time and help.
Somebody just spoke to me about fortitude.
We are surrounded by great people who make the impossible possible.
This is a stone from the prison where Mandela was held for 27 years, but he used no violence after his release to free people from the horrors of apartheid.
When I was in New York after 9/11, I was terrified, but there was still courage, love and compassion among the people there.
After that, when I traveled around the United States, I felt a sense of fear among people that the environment was far from perfect. For the sake of my beloved country, I wanted to encourage him. came”
A woman told me to "ring it when we talk about hope and peace"-
Ring this bell to finish
It's made out of mines removed from the execution grounds where the massacre took place under the rule of one of history's greatest tyrants, Pol Pot, where people are starting to rebuild their lives after the fall of the regime.
Where is hope?
Do politicians hold onto it?
in our hands
In your hands, in my hands, and in my children.
it's up to us
We are the ones who make a difference
If you don't do as much damage to the environment as possible, if you are conscious of your lifestyle and don't buy things that are morally right, you can change the world overnight.
thank you
In this song, Kiteflyer's Hill in London, where I used to spend my time, thinking, "When will he come back?"
So this is also a song dedicated to him...
I got over it
This "Kite Flyer's Hill" is a beautiful song
Martin Evan wrote it for me
Boo Huwadine and Thomas Dolby. Thank you for inviting me. It's an honor to sing here.
thank you so much
Do you remember when you used to go On Kiteflyer's Hill That summer night was so quiet The city we see below goes on and on Our life too Until cold, stupid words are said Cold and stupid Sometimes I think of you at night That's how I climb On Kiteflyer's Hill Chilling in the winter cold Somewhere in the city below You're sleeping in your bed If only for a moment I wonder if I'll appear in your dreams hey where are you Intense summer love Hey, where are you? Is it the same all the time? Did you remember me sometimes? At Kiteflyer's Hill I'm praying that one day you'll do that We'll probably be silent 'cause we don't need words Sometimes silence is best Standing still in the dusk Saying goodbye to loneliness Hey, where are you? Intense summer love Hey, where are you? Did you remember me sometimes? And did you climb that hill? hey where are you Intense summer love Hey, where are you? Is it the same all the time? Have you climbed that hill? At Kiteflyers Hill? Kite Flyers... where are you? hey where are you Where are you? hey where are you Where are you? hey where are you hey where are you Kite Flyers… (Applause) Gracias, thank you very much.
If I had a daughter, she'd call me "Point B" instead of Mama, so remember that no matter what happens, at least she'll get to me.
I'll paint the solar system on the back of her hand, and then she'll have to learn the whole universe before she can say, "I know it like the back of my hand."
You'll learn how life hits you hard in the face And waits for you to recover and kicks you in the stomach
But choking is the only way to remind your lungs how much you love the taste of air.
There are wounds that neither band-aids nor poetry can heal
When you first realize that Wonder Woman won't come, I want her to know that she doesn't have to wear the cloak all by herself No matter how wide my palms are, It's always too small to hold all the pain I want to heal. too much
It's true, I tried
"And then," I say, "Don't turn your nose up so high.
I know that hand, I've done it a million times
It just smells like smoke so you can follow the burning house to find the boy who lost everything in the fire and see if you can save him.
Or we can find the boy who started the fire in the first place and see if we can change it."
But I'm sure she'll do it anyway, so let's put some extra chocolate and rain boots in instead There's no heartbreak that can't be healed by chocolate
Well, I can't heal, but
That's what rain boots are for The rain will wash it all away if you want it
I want him to see the world through the bottom of a glass-bottomed boat I want him to look through the microscope at galaxies in the tiniest part of our hearts 'Cause that's what Mama taught me
There are days like this
Mama said there will be days like this
Even if I spread my palms out to catch them, the blisters and bruises I try to get out of the phone booth and fly as much as possible Those people I tried to save are stepping on their cloaks When my boots are filled with rain, I'll collapse in despair
That's when you have extra reason to say thank you
There's nothing more beautiful than how the sea won't stop kissing the shore no matter how many times it's pushed back.
Wake up the wind and get something and lose something
Add a star Repeat Repeat
No matter how many mines explode in a minute, let your heart reach the beauty of this strange place called life.
I'm so gullible with scales from one to overbelief
But I want you to know that this world is made of sugar
It's so fragile, but don't be afraid to stick your tongue out and taste it
"So," I say to her, "Mommy's a worrier, but Dad's a warrior. You're a girl with small hands and big eyes and never stop wanting more."
Remember three good things come together, so does the bad
Always apologize when you've done something wrong But never apologize Refusing to lose the sparkle in your eye
Your voice is small but don't stop singing
And if they try to break your heart, push fights and hatred through the door, pass pamphlets of cynicism and defeat on the street corner, they say you should see my mother."
thank you
(Standing ovation) Thank you (Standing ovation)
thank you
(Standing ovation) Thank you (Standing ovation)
Now, take a minute and think about three things that you know to be true.
Anything Technology Entertainment Design Family Things What I had for breakfast
The rule is not to think too hard
Are you ready? beginning!
yes ok
3 things I know to be true
Jean-Luc Godard was right when he said, "A good story has a beginning, a middle and an end, but not necessarily in that order."
I'm here and I'm so nervous and excited that it shows my ability to do it in style
(Laughter) I've been waiting all week to tell you this joke.
(Laughter) Why was the Scarecrow invited to TED?
Because in his field one head is slipping out
(laughs) I'm sorry.
Here are three things I know to be true
I have a lot of trouble understanding
So I write poetry to try to understand
There are times when writing poetry is the only way for me to overcome something.
You go to the end of a poem, and you look back and you're like, "Oh, that's what happened." And sometimes, you get to the end of a poem and it doesn't solve anything, but at least you get a new poem out of it.
spoken word is poetry as performance
It's about making poetry that doesn't sit still on paper, and that something wants to be directly experienced to be heard as a voice.
When I was in the first year of junior high school, I was like a lump of nervous hormones.
I was under-mature and over-excited.
Despite my fear of being stared at for too long, I was fascinated by the idea of ​​the spoken word.
I secretly admired poetry and theater, and if they came together to have a child, I needed to know that child.
So I decided to give it a try.
My first spoken word was full of 14-year-old wisdom about the injustice of being seen as unfeminine.
The poem was full of righteous indignation, and it was exaggerated, but since all the poems I had seen up until then had been righteous indignation, I thought that was what was expected of me.
When I performed for the first time, the audience of teens jeered and sympathized with me, and when I walked off the stage, I was shaking.
Someone tapped me on the shoulder and I turned around to see a tall girl in a hooded sweatshirt.
She was two meters tall, and she could have knocked me down with one hand, but she nodded and said, "Hey, I feel the same way, thank you." It was like being struck by lightning.
Then I got hooked
When I found out that there was a poetry open mic every week at a bar on Manhattan's Lower East Side, my bewildered but understanding parents took me there, and I was totally immersed in the world of the spoken word.
I was the youngest there for at least 10 years, but the poets at the Bowery Poetry Society didn't mind the 14-year-olds hanging around.
rather welcomed
So I heard the poets speak, and I learned that the spoken word doesn't have to be righteous, it can be fun, it can be painful, it can be serious, it can be silly.
The Bowery Poetry Society became my classroom and my home, and the poets who attended encouraged me to speak.
It doesn't matter that I'm 14
He said, "You can write about what it's like to be 14."
So I decided to do it, and I was amazed that these wonderful adult poets would listen to me every week and laugh, groan with empathy, cheer, and say, "Hey, I used to feel the same way."
My spoken word journey can be divided into three phases.
Step 1 is the moment when you think, "I can do this."
It's all thanks to that hooded girl.
Step two is, "I keep going because I like spoken words.
That's when I thought, 'I'll be back here every week.
Step three began when I realized that if my feelings weren't righteous, I didn't have to write a righteous poem.
There was something about me that was unique to me, and the more I focused on it, the stranger my poetry became, but the more it felt like it belonged to me.
In addition to the usual saying, "Write what you understand,"
All the knowledge and experience you've gathered so far is put together and used as fuel to dive into the unknown.
I overcome the unknown with poetry I find new poetry with a backpack full of everywhere I've been
In college, I met a fellow poet with whom I could share my thoughts on this spoken word magic.
His name is Phil Kay, and he just happens to have the same last name as me.
When I was in high school, I created Project V.O.I.C.E.
I was inviting my friends to do the spoken word with me.
Phil and I relaunched Project V.O.I.C.E. with the mission to create fun, education and inspiration through the spoken word.
We were students, but in our spare time, we traveled, performed, and taught everyone, from nine-year-olds to graduate art students, from California and Indiana to India, from public schools and street corners to colleges.
And time and again, I've seen the spoken word open the door.
But writing poetry can be very scary at times.
It turns out that getting a teenager to write poetry requires a trick.
So I started using lists. Everyone can write lists.
The first list I'm asked to write is "10 things I know to be true."
And when we all share that list with each other, we have something to discover.
At some point, you realize that someone else has something that's exactly the same as, or pretty close to, what's on your list.
And then sometimes I notice people who have the exact opposite.
Some have things you've never heard before
And then there's the fact that you know something, but you have a new way of looking at it.
I teach them that this is where great stories begin, where the things that you're passionate about and the things that other people have contributed are the intersection of these four points.
Many people respond very well to this challenge.
But one of my students, a freshman named Charlotte, was different.
Charlotte could write lists very well, but she refused to write poetry.
"Teacher, I'm not funny.
There's nothing like writing a poem,' he says.
So I asked them to write a number of lists, and one day I asked them to write down, "10 things I should have learned."
Third on Charlotte's list was, "I shouldn't have fallen in love with someone three times my age."
I asked her what she meant, and she said, "Doctor, this is going to be a long story."
I said, "Charlotte, I'm very interested."
So she wrote her first poem, a love poem like no other I've ever heard.
The poem begins, "There's a brilliant man named Anderson Cooper."
(Laughter) "Did you see him compete in the pool with Michael Phelps in 60 Minutes? He jumped into the water in his swimming trunks and tried to beat the king of the water.
After I crossed the finish line I brushed my wet hair white like a cloud and said "You're amazing" But you're the one who's amazing Anderson Cooper
(Laughter) (Applause) The number one rule of being cool is to stay calm, to look like you're not afraid of anything, you're not impressed, you're not excited.
Somebody said, then, that's how life seems to go.
We are always trying to protect ourselves from unexpected grief and heartbreak.
But this is how I try to live my life
By doing so, you'll take all the grief and heartbreak, but at the same time be ready to catch when something beautiful and wonderful falls from the sky.
I'm helping my students rediscover their curiosity through spoken words. They go against their instincts to stay cool and unmoved, actively engage with what's going on around them, and reinterpret it from there. to make something
Spoken word isn't always the ideal form
I always look for the best way to fit the story
I write musicals and I make short films.
I teach spoken word because anyone can do it.
Even if you can't read music or don't have a camera, we all have stories that we can communicate with in some way and that everyone else can learn from.
Plus, spoken words create instant connections.
Many of us feel alone or that no one understands us, but spoken word teaches us that if we have the courage to express ourselves and share our stories and opinions, we can reach out to a roomful of peers. It means being rewarded by a community that listens.
Maybe we can connect with a big hooded girl through your story.
It's an amazing realization, especially at age 14.
Now there's even YouTube, and the connection doesn't stop there.
I'm very lucky to have a repository of performances that I can share with my students.
It gives students more opportunities to discover poets and poems they can connect with.
Once you know how to do it, it's easy to find yourself writing the same poems and telling the same stories over and over again, and once you know you're getting applause for it.
It's not enough to know that you can express yourself
You have to grow, explore, take risks and challenge yourself.
That's step three. Infuse your work with what makes you who you are, even if it's constantly changing.
Step 3 never ends
But to get to step three, you have to get past step one, "I can do it."
When I teach, I travel a lot. I don't always get to see my students reach step three. But I was lucky with Charlotte, and I got to see her journey unfold.
I watched her realize that by putting into her work what she knew to be true, she could create a poem that only she could write: "The Eye", "Elevator", "Dora's Big Adventure."
I try to tell things that only I can tell, like this story.
I've been wondering what the best way to tell this story is: in PowerPoint, in a short film, where exactly is the beginning, the middle, and the end?
If I go all the way to the end of this lecture, will I be able to understand everything or not?
I thought it started at the Bowery Poetry Society, but it may have been earlier.
I was getting ready for TED, and I found a page from an old diary.
I think the 54th of December is the 24th, but [Dear Diary, there was a rainbow in the dark on Christmas night]
When I was a child, I had already lived this kind of life.
i think we all do
I want to help others rediscover their curiosity, get involved and learn, share what they've learned, what they've found to be true, what they're looking for.
I would like to conclude with a poem
When the bomb was dropped on Hiroshima, the explosion turned into a tiny supernova, instantly turning to ashes animals, people, plants, anything that came in direct contact with the sun's light.
What was left of this city soon became so
Long-lasting radiation damage turned entire cities and their inhabitants to dust.
When I was born Mama said My eyes looking around the hospital room said, "This? Huh, I've done it before."
I had the eyes of an adult
When Grandpa Genji passed away, I was only five years old, but I took my mother's hand and said, "It's okay, you'll be a baby and come back."
It looks like someone is already doing this, but I still don't understand anything.
Even now, when I go on stage, my knees shake
My confidence measured in a teaspoon and mixed with poetry always has a strange taste in my mouth
But in Hiroshima, the people were wiped clean, leaving only the wristwatch and the pages of the diary.
So no matter how many restraints I have to fill my pockets, I'll keep trying, and I'll one day write a poem I'll be proud of, to be displayed in a museum and be the only proof that I ever existed.
My parents named me Sarah, a biblical name, and in the story, God called me Sarah.
When I said, "You can do the impossible," she laughed, because the first Sarah didn't know how to do the impossible.
I? i don't know
But if it's impossible, I see it every day
Impossible is trying to connect in this world Trying to hold on to other people when things are blowing up around them While I'm talking, they're not just waiting their turn, they're listening. to know that
they feel what you feel at the same time you feel
What I try to do every time I open my mouth is this impossible connection
There's a wall in Hiroshima that's been scorched black by radiation.
There was a person sitting on the first step of the stairs, blocking the rays from hitting the stone.
Now all that's left is an eternal shadow of positive light
After the atomic bomb, experts said it would take 75 years for the radioactively damaged soil of Hiroshima to grow again.
But the next spring new shoots sprang up from the ground.
The moment I meet you I am no longer in your future
I will quickly become your past
But in this moment I'm sharing your present
and you share my present
This is the greatest gift of all
So if you tell me I can do the impossible, I'd probably laugh
I still don't know if I can change the world I don't know much I don't know much about reincarnation But sometimes I forget even the century I'm in when I'm made to laugh so hard
This isn't the first time I'm here This isn't the last time I'm here
this is not my last word
But just in case, I'm trying my best to do it right this time.
thank you
(standing ovation)
thank you
(Standing ovation) Thank you.
(standing ovation)
You know how I feel, waking up to mountains of unread smartphone notifications
My calendar is already full of meetings, sometimes double or even triple—
Time is running out and I feel busy
I think it's actually fulfilling
But in the end, I feel like something is missing.
I'm trying to find out what's missing
While doing so, the next day begins again
I was thinking like that two years ago
feel stressed and anxious
was a little overwhelmed
The world around us was moving very fast.
i didn't know what to do
I began to ask myself, How are we going to keep up?
How do you find fulfillment in a world that is literally changing at or faster than you can think of?
i started looking for answers
I talked to many people and friends, I also talked to my family
I've even read a lot of self-help books
no satisfactory answer found
In fact, the more self-help books I read, the more stress and anxiety I had.
(Laughter) It felt like I was stuffing my mind full of junk food, and I was becoming mentally obese.
(Laughter) I almost gave up, until one day I found this --
It's "moral scripture"
This is an ancient Chinese classical philosophical book written over 2,600 years ago.
It was a very thin and small book that stood out even on the bookshelf.
only 81 pages
Each page contains a short Chinese poem.
I remember turning the page and there was one particular Chinese poem.
That's here
Isn't it great?
(Laughter) I'll read it.
"The highest good is like water
Water benefits all things and does not fight
Stay down to earth when you live
When it's water, it flows toward the depths
be sincere in expression
Remain kind even in conflict
do not dominate in governing
Timely in action
Be content with your nature, so you can't go wrong."
ah! I remember the first time I read this
I got chills down my spine
I feel that way even now, when I'm reading it to you.
Anxiety and stress just disappeared all of a sudden.
Since that day, I have tried to apply the concepts in this Chinese poem to my daily life.
And today, I'm going to share with you three lessons I've learned from this "philosophy of water." These three lessons have helped me find great fulfillment in most of what I do.
The first lesson is about humility.
If you think about the water that flows in a river, it always flows low,
Helps all plants grow, keeps animals alive
It does not draw attention to itself and does not require any reward or approval.
water is humble
But without this humble contribution of water, life as we know it might not exist.
The humility of water teaches us important things
Instead of acting like you've got to leave everything to me or say you know all the answers, it's perfectly fine to say, "I don't know.
I want to learn more. I need your help."
He also taught me that it's much more rewarding to spread the glory and success of others than your own.
He also taught me that it's more fulfilling and meaningful to help others overcome their challenges so that they can be successful, instead of doing what I can be successful at.
A humble outlook has allowed me to develop richer relationships with the people around me.
I became genuinely interested in the stories and experiences that made them unique and mystical.
Life just got a whole lot more interesting because every day I discover interesting things that happen by chance, new ideas, new solutions to new problems, and it's all thanks to the ideas and help of others.
All streams end up in the ocean, because water runs low.
Humility gives power to water
But I think water gives us the ability to stay on the ground, to exist, to change shape according to the circumstances of those around us, and to learn from it.
The second lesson I learned is about harmony.
If you think about water running toward a rock, it just flows around the rock.
No embarrassment, no anger, no emotional agitation
In fact, water has no emotions at all.
Even if we get in the way, we do not resort to violence, we do not confront each other, we find a solution in some way.
Thinking about this, I began to understand why I was stressed in the first place.
I didn't work in harmony with those around me, and I was rebelling against it.
I felt like I had to succeed and prove myself, and I was trying to force things to change.
But in the end nothing changed
I got frustrated
So I shifted my focus from trying to be more successful to trying to find more harmony, and instantly I felt calmer and more focused again.
And it made me think, would this action bring me more harmony in myself, and would it bring harmony around me?
Does this fit my nature?
I've come to feel more comfortable simply being who I am rather than who I should be.
My job actually became easier because I stopped focusing on the things I couldn't control and started focusing only on the things I could.
I learned to stop fighting with myself and work with others to solve problems.
nature is in no hurry
nevertheless everything succeeds
This is the expression of the power of harmony in the Tao Ching.
Just as water can find solutions without violence and conflict, so we can find more success in our endeavors than more success in striving for greater harmony. can make it, right
The third lesson I learned from The Philosophy of Water is about tolerance.
water changes freely
Depending on the temperature, water can be a liquid, a solid, or a gas.
Transforms into a teapot, cup, vase, etc., depending on what it accepts
In fact, it's the ability to adapt, morph, and remain flexible that allows water to persist for so long in the face of all environmental changes.
We too live in a world that is constantly changing.
We no longer work according to a fixed job description or follow a single career path.
They are expected to constantly update and rejuvenate their skills to match the times.
Our organization often hosts hackathons, where small groups or individuals work together to solve business problems in short time frames.
Interestingly, the teams that consistently win are not the teams with the most experienced members, but the ones whose members are willing to learn and willing to let go of what they've learned, helping each other and navigating successfully in a changing environment. It is
Life is like a hackathon in some ways.
It's a call to progress and liberation for all of us, and it creates a ripple effect.
Now we can lock ourselves in our rooms and stay still because of these self-limiting beliefs: "You'll never be able to talk about Chinese philosophy in front of a crowd."
(Laughter) On the other hand, you can stop being obsessed and just enjoy what's going on.
life can be a wonderful experience
humility, harmony, openness
These are the three lessons I've learned so far from "The Philosophy of Water."
You can shorten it to H-H-O or H2O.
(Laughter) This became the guiding principle of my life.
So these days, every time I feel stressed, frustrated, anxious, or unsure of what to do, I ask myself, "What would I do with water?"
(Laughter) Bitcoin, fintech, inspired by a book written long before digital technology, this simple and powerful question changed my life for the better.
Please try this and let me know how it worked for you
We look forward to hearing from you
Thank you
(applause)
I was only four years old when I saw my mother use the washing machine for the first time.
it was the best day for my mother
My parents saved up money for years to finally buy the washing machine, and the first day I used it, even my grandmother was called to come see the washing machine.
My grandmother was more excited than my mother
My grandmother boiled water with firewood and hand-washed seven children's laundry.
But the day has come to see electricity do its job.
My mother gently opened the lid and put the laundry in the washing machine, and it looked like this.
And when my mother closed the lid, my grandmother said, "Wait, the switch
let me push
And my grandmother flips the switch, "This is amazing, we'll have to see what happens
Get a chair, I want to see you." And he took a seat in front of the washing machine and watched the "laundry show" from start to finish.
was admiring
For my grandmother, the washing machine was incredible.
Now in Sweden and other wealthy countries, people are using all kinds of machines.
Homes are full of machines
I can't even list them all.
And when people want to go somewhere, they can use flying machines to go far.
But still, millions of people around the world make fires to heat water and cook food.
sometimes there is not enough food
Living below the "poverty line"
2 billion people live on less than $2 a day
We have a billion wealthy people here, and with consumer spending of over $80 a day per person, I would say that these people live better than the airlines, but that's only 1 billion 2 billion 3 billion people.
The world's population is 7 billion, so there should still be 1 billion 2 billion 3 billion 4 billion people, and these people are between the "poverty line" and the "airline."
It's a life with electricity, but I'm wondering, "How many people have a washing machine?"
A closer look at the market data reveals that washing machines are indeed prevalent below airlines, and one billion more people live in the world today than drying lines.
(Laughter) These people spend over $40 a day.
Two billion people use washing machines.
How do the other 5 billion people do their laundry?
More precisely, how do most women in the world wash their clothes?
Because laundry is still hard work for women
I wash my hands like this
It's a hard job that takes time, and you have to do it for hours every week.
You may have to fetch water from afar to do your laundry at home, or you'll have to carry your laundry to a distant river.
i would like a washing machine
I don't want to spend most of my day doing heavy lifting that is less efficient than others.
These women's aspirations are the same as my grandmother's aspirations, like this in Sweden two generations ago.
They used to draw water from the river and heat the water with fire to wash clothes.
These women want a washing machine in exactly the same situation.
But when I say this to an environmentally conscious student, they say, "It's impossible for everyone in the world to own a car or a washing machine."
How can you tell this woman no washing machine?
For the last two years, I've been asking my students, "Who doesn't drive?"
Some proudly raise their hands and say, "I'm not in the car."
And then I'll ask you the big question: "Who hands wash their jeans and their sheets?"
Not a single student raised their hand.
Even strict environmentalists use washing machines.
(Laughter) So what's so great about washing machines that everyone has and will continue to use?
I had to analyze the world's energy consumption.
This one
If you look at this, you can see that there are 7 billion people.
People in the “air layer” and “clothes layer” People in the “bulb layer” and “bonfire layer”
Let's say this is one unit of energy for fossil fuels: oil, coal, gas.
source of most of the world's electricity and energy
The world consumes 12, and the richest billion people consume 6.
One-seventh of the world's population uses half the energy
And although they have washing machines, they don't have a lot of appliances in their homes, and these people use two.
This group has 1 of each, 3 in total. These people also have electricity.
But here we don't use one of each.
That's 12 total
But the main concern of students who are interested in the environment is, understandably, the future.
What are the trends? the trend line
Without any specific analysis, there are two factors that will increase energy consumption through 2050: population growth and economic development.
Population growth will occur mainly among the poorest, because of high infant mortality and high birth rates, which is an increase of two.
Energy use doesn't change much. It's economic development that changes energy use.
People who can be called the “New East”, the most advanced in emerging economies, will surpass “airlines”
"Oh my!"
And they'll start consuming like they do today in the "Old West."
People here want a washing machine
you're right
their energy consumption doubles
And I hope that the poor have access to electricity.
The population will continue to grow and each family will have two children, but the energy consumption will be
total increases to 22
Even after 22, the richest people continue to spend most of it.
what should i do?
In fact, the probability of climate change is high and the risk is
because it is unmistakable
must save energy
you need to change your habits
We also need to start supplying renewable energy, there's a lot more.
But we shouldn't be telling other people what to do until we're equal in energy consumption per person.
(Applause) We can also increase renewable energy here.
I hope it will be like this.It is an important issue in the future.
But I'm pretty sure this woman in the slums of Rio wants a washing machine, the Minister of Energy who supplied electricity to the entire population.
I voted for this energy minister with great appreciation.
And that Dilma Rousseff went from energy minister to president in one of the world's most democracies.
In a democracy, people vote for the washing machine.
a washing machine is desired
So what is magic?
my mom told me that the first time she used the washing machine
"Hans, I put the laundry in the washing machine.
The washing machine will do the rest
You can go to the library while you're at it." That's the magic.
Put the laundry in. What do you get out of the washing machine?
It's a book It's a children's book
And it's time to read a book to the child
My mother was overjoyed. I learned the ABCs.
This is where my teaching career started, when my mother had time to read to me.
my mother borrowed a book for herself too
I made time to study English as a foreign language.
I also read a lot of various novels
me and my mother really liked the washing machine
And if you ask us, it was like, "Thank you, industrialization.
steel mill thank you
power plant thank you
Chemical processing industry, thank you for giving me time to read."
thank you
(applause)
I just got back from a community that holds the secrets of human survival.
It's where women run things, where sex is done to say hello, and play takes center stage in the day - it's all about having fun.
I'm not talking about the Burning Man Festival or San Francisco.
(Laughter) Ladies and gentlemen, it's they who live like that.
This is the Congo jungle where wild bonobos live.
Bonobos, along with chimpanzees, are the closest relatives of humans.
So we have a common ancestor, and we were the same race about 6 million years ago.
Chimpanzees are known to be highly aggressive.
(Laughter) Unfortunately, there's been too much emphasis on this aspect of human evolution.
But bonobos tell us the opposite.
Chimpanzee colonies are dominated by big, fearsome males, while bonobo colonies are led by empowered females.
Bonobos have solved something very cleverly, and this mechanism has created a very tolerant society, where no fatal violence has ever been observed.
But unfortunately, bonobos are the least understood of all the great apes.
They live deep in the Congo forest and are very difficult to study.
The Congo is a place that is paradoxical: it's incredibly biodiverse and beautiful, but it's also utterly dark - a decades-long civil war that claimed as many victims as World War I.
Of course, this destruction also puts the bonobos at risk.
I'm not sure that even collecting all the bonobos left behind from the meat trade and the disappearance of forests would fill even a small arena.
But in this land of violence and chaos, you can hear the soft laughter that shakes the trees.
Who is doing that?
Bonobos are "love, not fight" monkeys who frequently have sex with anyone, regardless of their gender, to settle conflicts or solve social problems.
I'm not saying this is the solution to all human problems. There is more to bonobo life than the Kama Sutra.
Bonobos, like humans, love to play throughout their lives.
Play is not just children's games
For both humans and bonobos, play is fundamental to strengthening relationships and fostering tolerance.
Through play, we learn to believe and the rules of the game.
Play enhances creativity and resilience, and play is also associated with diversity - multiple interactions, multiple behaviors, multiple connections.
Bonobos at play show us the evolutionary roots of human laughter, dance and ritual.
play is the bond that binds us together
I don't know what you're going to play with, but I'm going to show you this funny video that I just shot in the woods.
First of all, it's a bonobo ball game, not soccer.
Here, a young female and male are chasing each other.
see what she's doing
This may be the etymology of the phrase "hold the vital points".
(Laughter) He's having fun, too.
yes
(Laughter) Sexual play is common in both bonobos and humans.
This video is really funny because - it's really funny - you see the ingenuity of incorporating unusual elements - like balls - into play, and play is incredibly fun, but it also requires and builds trust. I also know that there is
Anything can be played
(Laughter) Play can be anything, it can take many forms: quiet, imaginative, inquisitive - and that's where new surprises can be found.
This young female, named Fuku, is quietly playing in the water.
Humans, like her, sometimes play alone, and in doing so, we explore the boundaries between our inner and outer selves.
That playful curiosity drives exploration and interaction, and the unexpected connections that emerge are the very source of creativity.
These are just a few of the insights we can learn from bonobos about our past and present.
Bonobos also hold the secret to the future of humans, which must adapt to the world with greater creativity and cooperation.
And that means play is important in order to do them well.
In other words, play is a wild card that can be anything.
Play is necessary to successfully adapt to a changing world.
So are we making the most of our playfulness?
play is not trivial
is indispensable
For bonobos and humans, life isn't just about living desperately.
The times when it seems least appropriate to play may be the times when you should play the most.
So, my fellow primates, let's embrace this gift of evolution, let's play together, and rediscover creativity, togetherness, and wonder.
thank you
(applause)
I'd like to talk to you today about design, but it's not the way we usually think of design.
I'd like to talk to you about something that's happening in science and biotechnology right now. For the first time in history, we have the power to design animal bodies and human bodies.
Our planet has experienced three major evolutionary waves in the past.
The first wave of evolution is Darwinian evolution.
As you know, a particular ecological niche, a particular environment, and the pressures within that environment choose what changes are preserved through random variation in species.
Then humans stepped out of the Darwinian evolutionary stream and created the second great wave of evolution, changing the environment in which we evolved ourselves.
We changed ecological niches by creating civilizations.
This is the second big wave of our evolution, about 150,000 years ago.
By changing our environment, we put new pressure on our own bodies to evolve.
Through agricultural culture and modern medicine, we have changed our evolution.
And now we're about to enter the third big wave, and it's called many different things: deliberate evolution, evolution by design, not intelligent design. We intentionally design and transform physiological morphology.
I'd like to give you kind of a quick tour of this third evolution, and then I'd like to conclude by telling you what this change will mean for us, for humanity as a species, and for our culture.
Biological design has been around for a long time.
We started selectively breeding animals thousands of years ago.
Think of dogs, for example. Dogs are deliberately designed creatures.
There are no natural dogs on earth
Dogs are the result of selective breeding of traits that we like.
In the old days, you had to take the harder route of selecting offspring with specific appearances and breeding them.
no more
this is beefalo
A buffalo and a cow
They're in development right now, and in the not too distant future, beefalo patties will be available in your local supermarket.
This is Geep, a cross between a goat and a sheep.
The scientist who created this adorable creature was then forced to slaughter and eat it.
He said it tasted like chicken.
this is cama
A cross between a camel and a llama, it was created with the strength of the camel and some of the attributes of the llama.
Some cultures currently use cama
this is liger
The world's largest cat family, a brother of a lion and a tiger.
Bigger than a tiger
As for ligers, their existence in the wild has also been confirmed.
The liger you see here was created through selective breeding and genetic engineering.
Lastly, everyone's favorite Zose.
It's not photoshopped, it's real.
One of the things that we've been doing is using genetic enhancement, or genetic engineering, to take normal selective breeding and use genetics to take it a little further.
It would have been interesting if this was the end
But there's something bigger going on right now.
Here's a normal mammalian cell, and I've put in a bioluminescence gene taken from a deep-sea jellyfish.
We all know that there are deep-sea creatures that emit light.
Now, take that bioluminescent gene and put it into a mammalian cell.
this is a normal cell
You can see these cells glowing in the dark under certain wavelengths of light.
If it can be done in cells, it can also be done in organisms.
So scientists are baby mice,
I did it with kittens, and by the way, kittens are orange and mice are green because one bioluminescent gene is from coral and the other is from jellyfish.
even a pig
even a puppy
and even monkeys did it
If monkeys can do it, the big genetic engineering gap between monkeys and apes is that maybe apes will be able to do it, which means humans will be able to do it.
In other words, in the not-too-distant future, it will be theoretically and technically possible for us to create glow-in-the-dark humans.
Easy to find even at night
And in fact, in many states, you can now buy bioluminescent pets.
The colors of this zebrafish are usually black and silver.
But it's genetically engineered to be yellow-green-red, and in some states you can actually buy it.
Banned in other states
No one knows how to treat a creature like this.
The EPA, FDA, or any other government agency doesn't deal with genetically modified pets.
And some states allow it, some state prohibit it.
Some of you may have read that the FDA is reviewing genetically engineered salmon.
The salmon above is genetically engineered king salmon, which incorporates genes from king salmon and other fish we eat, so it eats much less and grows much faster.
Now the FDA is making the final decision on whether to put this salmon on the market.
I wouldn't worry too much about it, here in America, most of the food in the supermarket already contains GMOs.
So while we're concerned, unlike in Europe, it's already widely adopted, no regulation, no labeling on the packaging.
These are all the first clones of each species.
Bottom right is Dolly, the first cloned sheep, now happily displayed in the Edinburgh Museum. The first cloned mouse, Ralph, the first cloned cat, CC, the first cloned dog, Snappy, a puppy at Seoul National University (SNU). Snappy, as some of you may remember, was created by the same man in South Korea who was forced to resign after hoaxing research into cloning human embryos.
He's also the first to successfully clone a dog, which is extremely difficult due to his high degree of genomic plasticity.
The first cloned horse, Promethea.
It's the Haflinger, cloned in Italy, and it's a true representation of the advancement of cloning technology, because many of the horses that win important races are geldings.
In other words, the things necessary for a stallion have been removed.
But if you can clone that horse, you can put the gelding into a race, and you can put a genetically identical stallion into the farm.
This is the first cloned calf, the cloned gray wolf, and finally the first cloned piglets: Alexis Christa Karel Millie Dotcom.
(Laughter) And we've also used cloning technology to help protect endangered species.
This is how we use animals today, to create in them the drugs and things that we want to use.
That genetically modified goat has antithrombin in its body, and the molecule in its milk contains the antithrombin molecule that Genetics Technology wants.
In addition, genetically modified and knockout pigs at the National Institute of Animal Science in South Korea are trying to make various drugs and industrial chemicals in their own blood and milk instead of industrially producing them.
These two species were created to save endangered species.
The guar is an endangered ungulate of Southeast Asia.
Somatic cells were taken from the body and introduced into cow eggs to give birth to guar.
The same thing was done with the endangered bighorn sheep.
We gestated them in normal sheep, which raised an interesting biological question.
we have two types of DNA
What we usually call DNA is nuclear DNA, and there's also DNA in the mitochondria, the energy packs of the cell.
This DNA is inherited from the maternal line.
So to be precise, these aren't guar or bighorn sheep, but they're guar with bovine mitochondrial DNA and bighorn sheep with sheep mitochondrial DNA.
Actually, these are love cats, not pure animals.
This presents a problem of how to define species in the age of biotechnology, a problem that we still don't know how to solve.
This adorable creature is the Okinawa German Cockroach
What this is is, I've got electrodes stuck in my ganglia and my brain, I've attached a transmitter, and I'm sitting on top of a big trackball.
It can be moved around the lab with a joystick, and you can control it to move left, right, forward, or backward.
I created something called an insectbot or bugbot.
Even Worse -- There Are Greater Things
This is DARPA -- the Defense Research Institute -- one of the key projects there.
This Goliath stag beetle has a computer chip on its back.
It's attached so you can fly it around the lab.
You can issue instructions to move left or right or take off.
You can't just land it, drop it down about an inch, shut down all the equipment, and drop it down.
This is the closest way to landing
This technology is pretty advanced, and this creature is a moth, a moth in its pupal stage, and at this point, it's a wire that incorporates computer technology, so when it emerges from its pupa as a moth, it's already installed.
Now that the wire is already inside, all that's left to do is connect it to a computer and you have a bugbot that you can send out for reconnaissance.
With a little camera, and maybe one day we'll be sending munitions and stuff to war zones.
It's not just insects. This is Ratbot or Roborat by Sanjiv Tolwar of Sunny Downs State Medical Center.
A similar technology is used, with electrodes in both hemispheres of the brain and a camera on top of the head.
Scientists can move this creature right and left.
I controlled the maze and made it run through
They've now created organic robots.
A graduate student in Sanjiv Thalwar's lab said, "How is this ethical?
We deprived this animal of its autonomy."
I will talk about this later
A similar study was done in monkeys
This is Miguel Nicolelis from Duke University.
He attached wires to the monkey so that the computer could see his brain in motion, especially the movement of his right arm.
Computers have figured out what the monkey's brain is doing as it moves its arm around.
Then I installed the prosthesis you see in this picture, and placed the arm in another room.
Shortly after that, a computer was able to read the monkey's brain waves and make the prosthesis and the monkey's arm move in the same way.
Then he put a monitor in the monkey's kennel, and it showed a prosthetic limb in another room, and the monkey stared at it.
The monkey understood that his arm and its prosthetic limb had the same movement.
The monkey kept moving its arm, but eventually it stopped, stared at a monitor, and controlled a prosthetic arm in another room using only brain waves. It became something with an independent arm.
Technology isn't the only thing we're putting into animals.
This is Thomas DeMars from the University of Florida.
He put 20,000 and 60,000 isolated rat neurons, just lots of independent neurons, on a chip.
They self-assembled into networks and integrated circuits.
He used it as an IT piece to run a flight simulator.
We created an organic computer chip made from living, self-assembled neurons.
Finally, Mussa Ivaldi of Northwestern University used the brain of an independent, perfect lamprey.
This is the brain of the lamprey
It's perfectly alive in the culture, with the electrodes out on the side, and the brain with a light sensor, and we put it in a cart. And this is the cart, and the brain is in the center. If you hit it, the cart will move towards the light.If you turn off the light, it will move away.
Photophilic
We now have a fully viable lamprey brain.
Could the brain of a lamprey immersed in this broth be thinking?
I don't know, just the fact is, this is a fully alive brain that takes our orders.
Now, we're in the stage of creating purpose-built organisms.
This mouse was created by Charles Vacanti at the University of Massachusetts.
He genetically engineered these mice to have skin that was immune to human skin and a polymeric ear scaffold under the skin that could later be cut off and transplanted into humans. bottom
It's a combination of genetic engineering, macromolecular physiotechnology, and xenotransplantation.
we're getting to the point where
Finally, not too long ago, Craig Venter created the first artificial cell. He took a cell and a DNA synthesizer to create an artificial genome. And that cell self-reproduced as another cell.
So this is the first organism ever to have a computer as its parent, or not have a biological parent.
So The Economist asks, "What is the first man-made creature and what does it bring?"
You might have thought that the creation of life would look something like this.
(Laughter) But the truth is, Frankenstein's lab isn't like this.
It looks like this
This is a DNA synthesizer, and underneath is a bottle of A T C G, the four chemicals that make up our DNA strands.
we have to ask ourselves
For the first time ever on this planet, we can directly design life.
We can manipulate the protoplasm of life with unprecedented power, and that power puts us in charge.
Is everything allowed?
Are we allowed to manipulate and create life as we please?
Do we have unlimited power to design animals?
Will pet stores one day start saying things like this?
"I want a dog with a dachshund head, a retriever body and pink fur that glows in the dark."
Could industry go to creating living organisms with desirable drug and industrial molecules in their milk, blood, saliva, and other bodily fluids, and store them as organic manufacturing machines?
Should we start making organic robots that take away the autonomy of animals and become just toys for us?
Once we've mastered this technology in animals as the final step, and we're going to use it on humans, what will be the ethical guidelines we follow?
This is already real, not science fiction.
Not only are we using this technology in animals, but some of it is already starting to be used in our own bodies.
we are now in control of our own evolution
We're directly designing the future of this planet's species.
It leaves us with a great deal of responsibility, and not just the responsibility of the scientists and ethicists who think and comment on it.
It's everyone's responsibility, because it determines what kind of body and what kind of planet we're going to live in in the future.
thank you
(applause)
Imagine, folks, that a robot could put on a robot and have superhuman strength, or that someone in a wheelchair could put it on and be able to stand up and walk.
We at Berkeley Bionics call this robot an exoskeleton.
All you have to do is wake up in the morning and put it on, and you'll have superhuman strength, you'll be able to move faster, you'll have better balance.
An exoskeleton is a true integration of man and machine.
Not only that, exoskeletons also connect and integrate people with the world and devices around them.
this is not a pipe dream
So what we're doing right now, let me start by giving you an example of a soldier in the US military, who carries an average of 100 pounds (45 kilograms) of stuff on his back, and he's also equipped with other equipment.
This, of course, causes all sorts of problems for the soldier's body, especially back pain, and 30 percent of soldiers suffer from chronic back pain.
We've tackled this problem and created an exoskeleton that will eliminate back pain in soldiers.
So let's take a look at HULC, a device that turns anyone into a weightlifter.
Soldier: Wearing an exoskeleton HULC, you can carry 200 pounds (90 kg) and walk for hours on any terrain.
It's designed to be flexible, so you can crouch, crawl, and move quickly.
It senses what you're trying to do and where you're going, increasing your strength and endurance.
Eiso Vendor: With the help of our manufacturing partners, we are ready to launch this exoskeleton into the world by the end of the year.
it's really true
Now, I'd like to move on to wheelchairs, which I'm particularly obsessed with.
An estimated 68 million people worldwide use wheelchairs.
That's about 1 percent of the world's population
to say the least
I think it's particularly problematic for people who have spinal cord injuries when they're young and who hit a wall in their 20s, 30s, 40s and are in the prime of their lives and end up in wheelchairs.
But there's also the problem of a growing elderly population.
As a result of stroke or paralysis, the only option is almost always a wheelchair.
And wheelchairs have basically remained the same for 500 years.
So we want to add a new chapter to the history of how humans travel.
I'd like to introduce you to eLEGS. Amanda Boxtel is wearing it. She injured her spinal cord 19 years ago and has been unable to walk for 19 years to this day.
(Applause) Amanda Boxtel: Thank you, everyone.
(Applause) Eiso Bender: Amanda is wearing the eLEGS I mentioned earlier.
there is a sensor...
It's completely non-invasive, the sensors are on the crutch and they send signals to a computer on your back.
There's also a battery here that drives the motors in the hip and knee joints to move the leg forward and the gait is so smooth and natural like this.
Amanda Boxtel: At the age of 24, at the very time I was enjoying life, I took a nasty fall during a downhill skiing event that left me paralyzed.
In a fraction of a second, I lost feeling in my lower body and was unable to move.
Shortly after I was admitted, the doctor came into the room and said to me, "I'm sorry, Amanda, you can't walk anymore."
19 years ago
That doctor's words took away even a sliver of hope from me.
In the past, assistive devices have allowed me to ski downhill again, rock climb, and even ride a rowing bike.
But nothing made me walk, until now, until this very moment.
(Applause) Thank you.
(Applause) Eiso Bender: As you can see, we have the technology, we have the foundation, and we're open to ideas on how to apply it.
We have all the possibilities at our fingertips, and the lives of the next generation will be forever changed, not just for soldiers or people in wheelchairs like Amanda, but for everyone.
Amanda Boxtel: Thank you
(standing ovation)
(Applause) (Singing) (Applause) Ladies and gentlemen, this is Claron McFadden.
A world-class soprano, studied in Rochester, NY
As an opera singer, she has had many successes on stage.
In August 2007, Claron was awarded the Amsterdam Art Prize in recognition of her talent, and her impressive and extensive repertoire makes her stand out on stage.
Please give me a round of applause. I'm Claron McFadden.
(Applause) The human voice is mysterious, spontaneous and primal.
To me, the human voice is a ship in a world of emotions, except maybe jealousy.
And breathing breathing is the captain of the ship
A child is born and takes its first breath-- (breath)
And we marvel at its astonishing beauty in its resounding vocal expression -- mysterious, spontaneous, primitive.
A few years ago, I did a meditation retreat in Thailand.
I wanted complete silence and complete solitude
I spent two weeks in my own little cabin, no music, just the sounds of nature - trying to figure out the nature of concentration in the moment.
On the last day of my recuperation, the lady who took care of me came over and we talked a little bit, and she said to me, "Can you sing me something?"
But I'm in this completely silent place
I thought you couldn't make noise
she said sing
I closed my eyes, took a breath, and the first thing that came to my mind was Porgy and Beth's "Summertime."
♫ Summertime and the living is easy ♫
♫ Fish are jumping and the cotton is high ♫
♫ Oh, your daddy's rich and your ma is good looking ♫
♫ So hush little baby ♫ ♫ Don't you cry ♫
I opened my eyes and saw her with her eyes closed
After a pause, she opened her eyes and looked at me and said, "It's like meditation."
That's when I realized that the places I've been in Thailand, the things I've seen, the things I've been looking for have already appeared in my song.
When you get to that point, I'll get there too, the launch of expression.
Feelings travel freely From me to you to me
very deep experience
This is an American composer named John Cage.
The song is called "Aria"
Written for a great singer Kathy Berberian
The peculiarity of this song is that there is no sheet music as you can see in the background.
No notation, no flats, no sharps
But this is like a skeleton
The singer is completely free in this framework to create as he feels.
For example, there are different colors, and each color can be sung differently: pop, country, western, opera, jazz -- and just focus on how you sing it.
there is a different line
Pick a tempo your way, and sing the verse more or less that way.
And these little dots represent the type of sound, not the voice or the lyrics, but the expression of the voice.
With your whole body -- like a sneeze or a cough, like an animal -- (audience cough) yes, yes -- clap your hands, whatever.
The lyrics are various in Armenian, Russian,
French, English, Italian, etc.
There is a framework, and the rest is free
For me, this song is a vocal anthem Mysterious--like this--
very spontaneous
Primitive
Listen, it's "Aria" by John Cage.
(singing voice)
(singing) (singing) (singing)
(singing) (singing)
(applause)
I know what you're thinking.
You think I'm lost Someone will come to the stage and gently guide you to your seat.
(laughter & applause) Always treated like an old man in Dubai.
"Are you here on vacation?"
(laughter) "Are you visiting your child?"
"How long are you planning to stay?"
Well, I wonder if it will be a long-term stay.
In fact, I have lived and taught English in the Persian Gulf for over 30 years.
(Applause) We've seen a lot of change in that time.
Isn't this number you see surprising?
Today I want to talk about language extinction and the internationalization of English.
Let me tell you the story of a friend of mine who used to teach English in Abu Dhabi.
One fine day, she took her students to the garden to teach them some nature words.
But instead, she learned - the Arabic names of the local plants - their medicinal properties and how they are used for beauty and culinary purposes.
Where does the student's knowledge come from?
Of course, you inherited it from your grandparents or - great-grandparents.
I'm not here to talk about - how important intergenerational exchange is.
Today, however, languages ​​are disappearing at an alarming rate.
The pace is one language per 14 days.
At the same time, on the one hand, English is a universally accepted international language.
Could it be related?
Not sure, but
It is true that I have witnessed many changes.
When I first came to the Persian Gulf region, I visited Kuwait, which was still under special assignment at the time.
It wasn't that long ago.
This photo is a little too old.
Apart from that, I was employed by the British Council, along with 25 teachers.
We were the first non-Muslim teachers to be employed in Kuwaiti schools.
The purpose was to teach English, and the government's policy was to modernize the country and revitalize the people through education.
Britain, of course, got rich in oil – not a little.
Now,
The most notable change in recent years has been the shift of English teaching from a mutually beneficial practice to a large international business. English as a foreign language-
As well as being part of the educational curriculum, it no longer represents Britain's sole influence. It has become a dominant force in the English-speaking countries of the world.
That's right?
The best educational institutions are those located in the UK or the USA, according to world university rankings.
So it's only natural that everyone wants to learn English.
But if you are not a native speaker, you have to take the test.
Is it right to deny admission to students based on their language ability?
Let's say you have a very good computer scientist.
Does he really need the language of a lawyer?
I don't think so.
English teachers always reject such people.
They tend to block the road in the middle by putting up a "stop" sign.
“Until they learn English, their dreams will never come true,” he said.
Let's think for a minute here. Suppose I meet a person who speaks only Dutch and who knows a cure for cancer. Should I deny him admission to a British university?
No, I don't think so.
But this is the reality.
English teachers are gatekeepers.
Students must first demonstrate to their teachers that their English proficiency is satisfactory.
However, it is also dangerous that only a handful of people in society have that kind of power.
A universal barrier will be created.
Now,
“But,” some might say. "What about research?
Aren't they all in English?"
Yes, all my writings are in English. All publications are in English. That in itself determines the outlook for the future.
It accelerates the need for English.
It goes on and on.
So what happened to the translation?
Looking back at the Golden Age of Islam, there were many translations in those days.
People translated Latin and Greek writings into Arabic, Persian, and into European - Germanic and Romance languages ​​- during the European Dark Ages.
I turned on the light.
Let me emphasize here that I am in no way against English education or English educators.
I think a universal language is a wonderful thing.
Now is the time when we need a common language.
I'm just against using it as a wall.
A world where there are only 600 languages, and English or Chinese is the main language - do we really want it?
We need more languages. So where do we draw the line?
The current system is dogmatic, equating English proficiency with intelligence.
(Applause.) Let me tell you here that English was not essential to the great men that today's geniuses look up to. An English test was not compulsory either.
A good example is Einstein.
He was actually dyslexic and was being re-educated.
But luckily for the world, he didn't have to take an English test.
The US English test, TOEFL, started in 1964.
It is now spreading all over the world.
There are countless English tests,
Millions of students take - every year.
For those of us here, exam fees may not be very expensive, but for millions of poor people - they are expensive and out of reach.
At this point, we are rejecting them.
(Applause) Now here's a headline I've seen recently. "Education: The Great Gap"
That's it. Now I understand why everyone concentrates on English.
We want all children to have the best possible opportunities.
To do that, we need a Western education.
Because, of course, the only ones who can get top-notch jobs are, as I said earlier, graduates of Western universities.
It's kind of a cycle.
Now here,
Let's talk about two scientists. Two British scientists.
They were doing experiments on animal genes, forelimbs and hindlimbs.
But I didn't get the desired result.
I was helpless, but then a German scientist came along and noticed that they were using two words - forelimbs and hindlimbs. Genetics makes no distinction between the two, nor does German.
Well done! Problem solved.
If you can't come up with anything, you're stuck there, but if in another language -
If we can think things through, we can learn and achieve more by working together.
My daughter came to England from Kuwait.
She studied science and mathematics at an Arabic-focused school,
I learned in Arabic.
In college, I had to translate it into English.
But she did very well in that subject.
Thus, I think we - when our students come from abroad - do not fully appreciate the knowledge they already acquire in their native language.
We do not know what we will lose when languages ​​die out.
As some of you may have seen in a recent CNN report, a Kenyan shepherd boy will be awarded the Heroes Award. Like other boys in the village, he could not study at night. Because the smoke from kerosene lamps was not good for my eyes.
Besides, there was not enough kerosene. You can't buy almost anything on a dollar a day.
So he invented. Inexpensive solar lamp.
Now the children in his village are doing as well in school as those who live with electricity.
(Applause.) He left a wonderful statement when he received the award. "The children of Africa will lead this land still shrouded in darkness to a continent of light."
A simple idea, but one that will have a huge impact.
Those who do not have the light cannot pass the test, be it physical or figurative, and we will never know their knowledge.
This is no time to keep them or us in the dark.
Let us respect diversity.
respect your language
Expand your knowledge.
(Thank you for applause.
(applause)
The idea behind the Stuxnet computer worm is actually fairly simple.
We don't want Iran to get the bomb.
Iran's key asset for developing nuclear weapons is the Natanz uranium enrichment facility.
The gray boxes you see, these are real-time control systems.
If you somehow compromise these systems, the systems that control drive speeds and valves, you can actually cause a lot of problems in your centrifuge.
This gray box doesn't run Windows software; it's a completely different technology.
But if you somehow put a clever Windows virus into a notebook, into a notebook used by a maintenance engineer, and configure this gray box, it works.
This is the plot behind Stuxnet.
So let's start with the Windows dropper.
Payload goes to gray box, damages centrifuge, delays Iran's nuclear program -- mission accomplished.
Easy, right?
Let me tell you how we figured it out.
When I started researching Stuxnet six months ago, I had no idea what its purpose was.
The only thing we knew was multiple zero-day vulnerabilities used on the Windows side, the dropper side, which were extremely complex.
It seemed like they wanted to do something about these gray boxes, these real-time control systems.
So it came to our attention, and we started a lab project where we infected our environment with Stuxnet and tested this thing.
Then something really funny happened.
Stuxnet acted like a lab rat, didn't like our cheese, smelled it, but didn't want to eat it.
It didn't make sense to me.
After experimenting with different flavored cheeses, I knew this was a directed attack.
I was completely instructed.
The dropper was a gray box that roamed briskly, finding a unique configuration configuration, even if the actual program it intended to infect was actually running on its target.
Otherwise Stuxnet does nothing.
So that's exactly what caught my attention. We started working on this, almost round the clock. Because we don't know what the target is,
Possibilities include, for example, power plants in the United States and chemical plants in Germany.
So it's better to quickly figure out what your target is.
So I extracted the exploit code, decompiled it, and discovered it consisted of two digital bombs -- a smaller one and a larger one.
It also turned out to be very technically savvy. By people who obviously have inside information.
They knew all the little things. about attack targets.
Maybe even know the operator's shoe size.
they know everything
If you've heard that Stuxnet droppers are complex and high-tech, let me tell you, this payload is extremely sophisticated.
It surpasses anything we have ever seen.
Here is a sample of the actual attack code.
What we're talking about here--about 15,000 lines of code.
It looks almost like old-fashioned assembly language.
Let me tell you how we were able to make sense of this code.
The first thing we looked for was system function calls. Because we know what these do.
Then I looked for timers and data structures and tried to relate them to the real world, to potential real world targets.
So we need a target theory, we need a theory that can be proven or disproved.
To get a theory of the target, keep in mind that it must be absolutely full-blown sabotage, a high-value target, most likely located in Iran. because that's where the most infections were reported.
Then there are no thousands of targets in that area.
Mostly it comes down to the Bushehr nuclear power plant and the Natanz fuel enrichment plant.
So I said to my assistant, "Give me a list of all the centrifuge and power plant specialists among our customers."
I called them and asked for their wisdom. To match their expertise with what they find in code and data.
This worked out pretty well.
So we were able to connect this little digital warhead with rotor control.
The rotor is the moving part inside the centrifuge, the black object you see here.
By manipulating the speed of this rotor, you can actually penetrate the rotor and eventually even detonate the centrifuge.
What we've also seen is that the purpose of the attack is to do it very slowly and eerily--obviously to confuse the maintenance engineers so that they don't immediately understand the problem.
The Big Digital Warhead -- We set our sights on this and looked very closely at the data and data structures.
For example, the number 164 really stands out in this code; it cannot be overlooked.
I started looking into the scientific literature on how these centrifuges were actually built at Natanz. And I discovered that these are organized in what we call cascades, and each cascade holds 164 centrifuges.
So I got it, it was a match.
It was even better.
These centrifuges in Iran are subdivided into 15 so-called stages.
Do you know what you found in the exploit code?
almost identical structure.
Again, this is a great match.
It gave us a very solid confirmation of what we were looking for.
Don't get me wrong here, it didn't go this way.
These are the results of weeks of really hard work.
I often went into complete dead ends and had to come back.
Anyway, I get it, the two digital warheads were actually aiming at the same target from different angles.
The small warhead is taking one cascade, turning the rotor and slowing it down, and the big warhead is manipulating the valves to six cascades.
All in all, we are very confident that we have indeed identified what the target is.
Natanz, only Natanz.
So don't worry about other targets being attacked by Stuxnet.
There are some pretty cool things we've seen -- really amazing.
Below is a gray box with a centrifuge above it.
What it does is it steals input from sensors -- say, pressure sensors or vibration sensors -- and feeds it to legitimate code, and this code runs during an attack, Use fake input data.
In fact, this bogus data has been pre-recorded by Stuxnet.
Just like in a Hollywood movie, during a robbery you feed pre-recorded video into a security camera.
Great, right?
The idea, obviously, not only deceives the control room operator,
In fact, it is much more dangerous and aggressive.
The idea is to bypass the digital safeguards.
We need digital safeguards, when human operators can't react quickly enough.
For example, in a power plant, a safety valve must open within milliseconds when a large steam turbine speeds up too much.
Clearly, this cannot be done with a human operator.
This is where digital safeguards become necessary.
So when compromised, really bad things can happen.
A power plant may explode.
Neither the operator nor the safety equipment will notice.
I'm horrified.
But it's worse.
What I say next is very important.
please think about it. This attack is generic.
It has nothing to do with the dedicated ones. Both centrifuges and uranium enrichment.
So it works in anything, for example in a power plant or even in a car factory.
It's versatile.
--As an attacker--there is no need to carry this payload on a USB stick, as we saw with Stuxnet.
Traditional worm techniques could also be used for spreading.
Just spread it out as widely as possible.
Doing so will ultimately result in a cyberweapon of mass destruction.
Here are the consequences, the consequences we have to face.
So, unfortunately, the largest number of targets for such attacks are not the Middle East, but
in America, Europe and Japan.
All of this green space, these are target rich environments.
We must face these consequences. Better start preparing now.
thank you.
(Applause) Chris Andersen: I have a question.
Ralph, it's been pretty widely reported that everyone speculates that the Mossad is the main entity behind it.
is this your view?
Ralph Langner: Okay, do you really want to hear it?
Yeah ok.
My view is that the Mossad is involved, but the initiative is not Israel.
The driving force behind it is the cyber superpower.
there is only one. It's America -- fortunately, fortunately.
For otherwise our problems would be even greater.
CA: Thank you for scaring us. Ralph, thank you.
(applause)
Adrian Kohler: We would like to share with you today how we created the horse doll.
Basil Jones: But I'd like to start with a hyena.
It is the prototype of the horse doll.
let's give it a try
(laughter) (crying)
The hyena, the prototype of the horse puppet, had to play a game of checkers with Helen of Troy in 1995, part of Handspring's production of Faust in Africa.
The production was directed by South African artist and stage director William Kentridge.
It required complex joint movements in the hyena's front legs.
As with all dolls, there are other characteristics.
One of them is breathing, and I breathe like this
ha ha ha
breathing is very important
There's a certain kind of peculiar body movement that's common to all the puppets we use on stage.
dolls with actors oops
that distinguishes
the doll must always be alive
The puppet's thirst for life on stage is the archetype of the story.
As you can see, it's lifeless, but you can only bring it to life by manipulating it.
Actors have a hard time playing death on stage, but puppets have a hard time playing life.
You could say it's a metaphor for life.
Puppets are always trying to survive on stage.
That's why we call it a work of emotional engineering, using ultra-modern 17th-century technology (Laughter) to transform stillness into motion.
What I'm trying to say is that by adding movement to objects made of wood and fabric, I'm going to make you believe they're alive.
Then
When you move your head, your ears move with it.
And this framework, which is made of plywood and covered with fabric, is actually very similar to the plywood canoe that Adrian's dad used to build, which he had in his home workshop when he was a kid.
A village on the outskirts of Port Elizabeth, South Africa
his mother was a puppeteer
When we met in art school and hit it off in 1971, I hated dolls.
I thought from the bottom of my heart that dolls were silly.
I wanted to be an avant-garde artist, so the Punch and Judy puppet show wasn't the path I wanted to take.
It wasn't until about ten years later that I finally encountered Bambara or Bamana puppetry in Mali, West Africa, a country with a wonderful tradition of puppetry. became
So in 1981, I persuaded Basil and a few friends to start a puppet theater company.
Twenty years later, by chance, I had the opportunity to collaborate with the Sogolon Marionette Troupe in Bamako, Mali, and I did a piece about a tall giraffe.
A full-sized giraffe was simply called a "tall horse."
You can see the same structure here
The structure is exactly the same except that the frame is made of wisteria wood.
Two puppeteers wearing high legs enter inside, and the puppeteer in front moves his head with something like a steering wheel of a car.
A puppeteer on its hind legs moves its tail, which is a bit like this hyena, just a little bit bigger, but with the same structure.
In addition, we are also manipulating the movement of the ears
This work was seen by Tom Morris at the British National Theater in London.
Around that time, Tom's mother said, "Do you know a book called War Horse by Michael Morpurgo?"
A story about a boy and his horse
The boy's horse was sold and sent to World War I, and the boy went to war to find the horse.
Tom contacted me and said, "Can you make me a horse for a show at the National Theatre?"
seemed like a nice idea
But people had to be able to ride horses
The horse needed a rider and had to participate in cavalry attacks.
(Laughter) It was about plow technology and cavalry sorties in the early 20th century, so there was a bit of a budget problem for the National Theatre.
Anyway, we decided to give it a try.
So we started testing
This is Adrian and Theis Stander, who invented the rattan system for making horses, and our next-door neighbor Katherine is sitting on the ladder.
It's very troublesome when the weight is on your head.
I put Catherine on it, and when I saw how difficult it was, I thought maybe I could make a horse that people could ride.
I made a model there.
This is a cardboard model, a little smaller than a hyena.
You can see that the legs are plywood and the structure of the canoe is still there.
Two puppeteers enter
We didn't realize it at the time, but we actually needed another puppeteer, because you couldn't pull the horse while walking, and you couldn't control the neck from the inside at the same time.
After confirming with the model, I started working on the prototype model, but the prototype model took more time than I had planned.
I removed the plywood legs and made new rattan ones.
I had to ship it to London
I also made a box for packing the model.
I was supposed to do a test drive on the road in front of my house in Cape Town, but I didn't get there until midnight.
So we pulled out our cameras and put the horses in different gallop positions.
And then I sent the picture to the National Theater and hoped they would believe that we had built something that could be used.
(Laughter) A month later, we were at the National Theater in London in front of this big box and the people working with it.
I think there were about 40 people
we were freaking out
I opened the lid and took out the horse. It worked. The horse could walk and carry people.
Here's an 18-second video of the prototype walking for the first time.
This is the National Theatre's studio, where new ideas are developed.
We weren't in a position to give the go-ahead.
Choreographer Toby Sedwick has beautifully choreographed a baby horse made of sticks and twigs growing into a big horse.
The director of the National Theater, Nick Starr, was watching the scene, and his eyes were watering next to me.
That's how I got the go-ahead for this show.
We went back to Cape Town and completely redesigned the horse.
Here is the blueprint
(Laughter) This is where we build horses in our workshop in Cape Town.
you'll see a lot of skeletons in the back
These horses are handmade from start to finish
Horses use very little 20th century technology.
I used a little laser cutter to cut the plywood and the aluminum pieces.
Horses need to be light and supple, and each horse is different, so unfortunately they can't be mass-produced.
These are half-finished horses, ready to be finished in London.
So let me introduce you to Joey.
Is Joey here?
Joey
(Applause) (Applause) Joey
Joey come here
i don't have anything
in his pocket
Joey
Joey Joey Joey Joey...
Come on, stand here so everyone can see
Go around and see
I'd like to explain--I won't say it out loud because it might irritate him.
Craig here is manipulating the head.
A bicycle brake cable attached to his head runs to his hand.
Use each cable to move the ears separately and move the head up and down.
You can also use your hands to move your head directly.
A horse's ears are very important for expressing emotions.
When the ears are pointing straight back, it means the horse is scared or angry, depending on what's going on around them.
When you're relaxing, put your head down and listen to the sounds around you.
A horse's hearing is very important
more important than vision
Here Tommy is in what we call the heart position.
he is manipulating his feet
A tendon similar to that of a hyena's forelegs, which automatically raises the hooves.
(Laughter) You never know what a horse might do.
(Laughter) This hoof lift instantly gives the viewer the impression of being a horse.
Do the same with the hind legs
Mikey can move his tail left and right with his fingers and up and down with his other hand.
Combining both allows for some pretty complex tail representations.
Can you explain about breathing?
Breathing was a big problem
Adrian thought he needed to split the doll's chest in half, and he tried to make it breathe like this, because that's how horses breathe with their chests puffed up.
But I realized that when you let it breathe like that, the audience can't see it.
So he made a groove here and made the chest rise and fall along the groove.
This up-and-down motion isn't natural, but it looks like you're breathing.
And the puppeteers can use their knees to express breathing, so it's very easy.
There are other emotional expressions
For example, if you touch this part of the horse's skin, the puppeteer in the heart position can sway inside and make the horse's skin vibrate.
As you can see, the doll is made of wisteria framework.
And I'd like you to think that this is the result of our pursuit of beauty in creating a three-dimensional horse that moves through space.
Of course, wisteria is light, flexible, durable, and shape-shifting.
I used wisteria for a very practical reason.
The skin itself is made of transparent nylon, and when the lighting designer wants to hide the horse, lighting the background makes the horse ghostly.
you can only see the skeleton of the horse
Also, when lit from above, the horse is more clearly visible.
This was also a practical consideration.
The man inside the horse must look out.
They need to act alongside other actors in the production.
They act by reacting to the moment
Three people playing one role
Now let's have Joey walk a little bit.
stop
(Nigh) Thank you
Now, (Applause) We have Them Joaquin all the way from sunny California, and he's going to show us on his horse.
(Applause) (Applause) (Music) What I want to emphasize here is that inside the horse, there are three people acting who have thoroughly observed and studied the movement of the horse.
On stage, they wear microphones, so they can't talk to each other.
All the whining, squealing, and other sounds that come out of the horse's huge thorax start with one performer, carry over to the second, and most likely end with the third.
I'm Mikey Brett from Leicestershire, England.
(Applause) Mikey Brett, Craig, Leo, Them Joaquin, Basil, and me.
(Applause) Thank you, thank you.
(applause)
October 13, 2012 I will never forget this day
It was like riding my bike up an endless barren hill.
It wasn't just any hill, it was a 24-kilometer climb to the town of Hawi on the Big Island of Hawaii.
And it wasn't just cycling, it was the Ironman World Championships.
I still remember the burning sensation in my muscles.
As I struggled, exhausted and dehydrated, I felt the heat radiating from the asphalt at 37 degrees Celsius.
It was the world's most prestigious, longest, one-day endurance race, near the halfway point of the bike section.
When I was a kid, I used to watch this race every year on my living room TV.
I remember sitting side by side with my dad on a 1970s orange and brown couch and being in total awe as the players pushed themselves to the limit in this extremely grueling competition.
To be clear, my family didn't just watch.
My family is incredibly athletic, and I used to attend local races from the roadside, cheering on and handing out water to three brothers as they competed.
I remember how eager I was to compete in the race, but I just couldn't do it.
I couldn't play sports, but I decided to work within my community.
When I was in high school, I volunteered at a nearby hospital.
In college, I interned at the White House, studied abroad in Spain, and backpacked all over Europe on my own with brace legs and crutches.
After graduating, I moved to New York City for a job as a management consultant, got an MBA, got married, and now have a daughter.
(Applause) When I was 28, I was introduced to rowing, then triathlon, and I was lucky enough to meet Ironman World Champion Jason Fowler at a disability camp.
Like me, they competed in wheelchairs
At the age of 34, with his encouragement, I decided to go to Kona.
Kona, or the Hawaii Ironman, is the oldest of the Ironman distance races, and for those unfamiliar with it, it's the Super Bowl of triathlon.
For competitors like me in a wheelchair, an Ironman race is a 3.8-kilometer swim across the Pacific Ocean and a 180-kilometer handcycle across a lava field -- it sounds exotic, but it's not as scenic as it sounds, it's very inhabited. In the middle of nowhere, and then we end up with a marathon, running 42.195 kilometers in a racing wheelchair in a temperature of 30 degrees Celsius.
That's right, you can run a total of 226 kilometers in less than 17 hours with just arm strength.
Until then, female wheelchair athletes had been unable to complete the race due to strict and seemingly impossible time limits.
But I risked everything and entered.
When I finally finished the 24km climb, I was disappointed.
No matter how hard I tried, it was impossible to finish the swim within the time limit of ten and a half hours.I was about two hours late.
I had to make a difficult decision.
I removed the timing chip and gave it to the race management staff.
my race is over
My best friend, Shannon, and my husband, Shaun, were waiting at the top of Hawi to drive me home.
On my way back to town, tears began to flow
I failed
My dream of finishing the Ironman World Championships came crashing down.
I felt so sorry
I felt like I failed
I worried about what my friends, family, and coworkers would think of me.
What should I write on Facebook?
(Laughter) How am I going to explain to everyone that things didn't go as expected and planned?
A few weeks later, I told Shannon about Kona's "debacle," and she said, "Minda, big dreams and goals are only achieved when you're ready to fail."
I knew that in order to move forward, I would have to forget about this failure, and it wasn't the first time I had faced insurmountable adversity.
I was born in Bombay, India, and shortly before my first birthday, I contracted polio and was paralyzed from the waist down.
My birth parents who couldn't care for me left me in an orphanage.
Fortunately, I was adopted by an American family and moved to Spokane, Washington, just after my third birthday.
Over the next few years, I underwent a series of surgeries on my hips, legs, and back until I was able to walk with a brace and crutches.
I struggled with my disability as a child.
I felt out of place
People were staring at me all the time, and I was embarrassed to wear a torso or leg brace, and I always wore pants to hide my skinny chicken legs.
When I was little, I didn't think heavy leg braces were cute or girly.
In the United States, very few people of my generation are living with polio paralysis.
Many people with polio in developing countries will not have the same level of health care, education and opportunities that I have had in the United States.
many do not survive to adulthood
If I hadn't been adopted, I wouldn't have been able to stand in front of you like this today.
may not even have lived
All of us, at times in our lives, face goals that we can't seem to reach.
I want to share with you what I learned when I tried again.
A year after my first attempt, on a sunny Saturday morning, my husband, Shawn, threw me off the Kona Pier into the ocean, and along with 2,500 of my closest friends and rivals, we started swimming at the gunfire at 7:00. It was
I concentrated on each stroke, counting strokes between the side swimmers on either side.
When I finally reached the shore, Shaun picked me up and carried me out of the water.
The moment I was moved and shivered was when Shaun told me that the swim time was 1 hour and 43 minutes.
enter the bike zone
I had 8 hours and 45 minutes to complete the 180km by bike.
I mentally divided the course into sections from 11km to 15km to soften the bulk of the scale.
The first 64km was faster than planned thanks to the tailwind.
By 4:00 p.m., I had made it 150 kilometers, and when I did the math, I realized I was seriously short on time, with 90 minutes to go and 25 kilometers, which included a pretty steep climb.
I was exhausted from the stress and feared that I would not be able to complete the race within the time limit.
At this time, I pushed away the voice in my heart that said, "Don't stop because it's hard."
I said to myself, "Minda, stay focused.
Focus on what you can control, it's your racing attitude and effort."
To ease the pain, I said to myself, "Paddle hard, forget about the pain and just focus."
I pedaled for the next 90 minutes like my life was at stake.
And as we walked into town, a loud speaker said, "The last competitor to make it within the bike time limit is Minda Dentler."
I made it in time!
(Applause) Only three minutes ago.
(Laughter) It was 5:27 p.m., and I had been racing for 10 hours and 30 minutes.
The first 16 kilometers of the marathon went by in a flash, passing runners on two legs in three-wheeled racing wheelchairs.
The sun soon set and I found myself at the foot of the Palani Hills, an 800m hill that looked like Mount Everest to me after 200km.
Friends and family were trying to cheer them up from their respective locations.
I was struggling and exhausted, trying to hold on to the rim of my wheelchair so I wouldn't tip over backwards.
I finally made it to the top of the hill, turned left onto the bleak Queen K Highway for 24 kilometers, and I was exhausted.
I focused on one push at a time and kept moving forward.
By 9:30 p.m. I made the final right turn onto Ally Drive.
I could hear the crowd cheering and my emotions were overflowing
crossed that finish line
(Applause) (Applause) The final record was 14 hours and 39 minutes.
For the first time in 35 years, a female wheelchair athlete has completed the Ironman World Championships.
(Applause) (Applause) That female athlete is none other than
it's me
(Laughter) A paralyzed orphan from India.
Overcoming adversity, I made my dreams come true. Through this vow I made to myself, I gradually learned that completing an Ironman race wasn't just about winning Kona.
Overcome polio and other disabling but preventable diseases, not just for myself, but for the millions of children who suffer or may suffer from vaccine-preventable diseases. I think
Today, everywhere in the world, we are closer than ever to eradicating one such disease.
By the mid-1980s, polio paralyzed more than 350,000 children a year in more than 125 countries.
It is a calculation that 40 cases develop in one hour
By contrast, so far this year, only 12 cases have been reported in endemic countries.
Since 1988, 2.5 billion children have been vaccinated against polio, and an estimated 16 million children who might otherwise be like me are walking.
Despite tremendous progress, until it's eradicated, polio remains a real threat, especially to the world's poorest children.
It can respawn in the most remote or dangerous places and spread infection from there.
So this became my new Ironman race to eradicate polio.
I am reminded daily of my daughter Maya, who is two and a half years old.
She can climb a ladder in the park, ride a scooter, kick a ball across the lawn.
Everything she's doing at her age reminds me of what I wasn't able to do at her age.
I gave her her first polio vaccine when she was two months old.
When the doctor came in to give me the injection, I asked if I could take a picture to document the moment.
As I left the room, I felt my eyes fill with tears.
I kept crying until I got home
For the first time, I realized that my daughter's life was going to be very different from mine.
I have the vaccine, and I've decided to vaccinate my daughter, so she won't be crippled by polio.
I can do whatever I want, just like you
(Laughter) I would like to leave you with one question: What is Ironman racing for you?
thank you
(applause)
In 1996, I completed a large painting called Uses of Evidence for the Guggenheim Museum.
It was a cube -- a very big cube.
There are windows on each of the four sides, allowing visitors to look inside.
On the outside of the cube, I created a collage of photographs of Africa and Africans that are often depicted in Western media and literature.
When you look inside through the window, it's a stark contrast. Inside the cube is a calm, civilized domestic image of the people of Africa: family, friends, Nigerian professionals -- writers, poets, fashion designers, and so on.
The problem is that both the outer and inner images of this work are true.
The picture of Africans captured by the Western media is, at best, overwhelmingly primitive and indistinguishable from African wildlife.
Unfortunately, things haven't changed much since 1996, when I made this piece.
I started my career as a professional photographer in 1994, but my passion and enthusiasm for photography dates back to my childhood, when my parents had their children photographed by a professional photographer almost every month.
The photo shoot also gave us the chance to dress up in the latest outfits from the tailors.
Later, when I started going to boarding school, my friends and I bought a Polaroid camera, and then I started experimenting with self-portraits, the original selfie, if you will.
(Laughter) "Cover Girl 1994" was my first major work, and it was well received in the United States and Europe, and was quickly placed in college art books.
With the "Cover Girl" series, what I wanted to do was to recreate an image that was totally unexpected, but deeply convincing, on the cover of a magazine.
The "Cover Girl" series offered a new way of portraying Africans in a more complex way.
Like Cover Girl, the Sartorial Anarchy series consists of self-portraits.
It started in 2010 and is still ongoing.
In each picture, I combined completely disparate costumes from different traditions, countries and eras.
By mixing eras and cultures, we were able to create harmony among the irreconcilable and disparate costumes.
This heterogeneity has become the source of a magnificent artistic celebration.
For example, in "Sartorial Anarchy #4," I paired boaters from traditional Eton and Oxford boat races with traditional green coats from Afghanistan and Boy Scout shirts from America -- a clash of cultures that worked well.
In "Sartorial Anarchy #5," she wears a macaroni-style wig from 18th-century England.
He paired it with a British Norfolk jacket and Nigerian Yoruba trousers, and, more improbably, he even held a South African Zulu combat stick.
Everything you wear coexists in harmony
"Sartorial Anarchy" made me focus more on photographic composition.
I also began to explore the vast potential of color - its power to evoke emotions, its impact on the viewer's psyche, its poetic charm, its limitless capacity to transcend the realms of meaning and logic.
Now it's Nollywood (Nigerian Hollywood).
October 2014 After a 30-odd year hiatus, I returned to Lagos, Nigeria, and photographed 64 people in the Nigerian film industry.
People who represent the industry and rising stars who will lead the next generation
Nollywood is the first time that African filmmakers have truly told the story of Africa.
From romance, horror, gangsters to action — there's a complex depth to the Nigerians depicted in their various films.
Also known as the "Nijah," the archetype of all Nigerians - eccentrics, show-offs, flirts, gangsters, riches, corrupt politicians, prostitutes, pimps - everyone roams.
Of course, there are thugs and social losers, but everyone is represented.
Nollywood is an excellent mirror for Africa
As always, I give instructions to every portrait, from the orientation of the subject's face, to the angle of the head, to the expression of the fingers, to the gestures of the hands, to the gaze, to the overall demeanor and expression.
let me explain some pictures
Genevieve Nagy
nollywood top actress
In this photograph, I've tapped into the African cultures of the Nile Valley civilizations of the ancient Egyptian dynasties: Egypt, Sudan, Ethiopia.
Taiwo Ajay-Lycett is a Nollywood actress.
Her mere presence draws a lot of attention.
That's why I turned my back on you
Turning around and directing a majestic look at me
Someone who doesn't need our approval.
everyone already admits
I'm Sadik Dhabar
When I met him, he had an air of majesty that oozed out even when he was silent.
In this portrait, he's seated quite normally, but you can tell who he is by the special Nigerian caftan he's wearing.
I am a very successful person
Belinda Efa
In her portrait, I've gone all out in color, and I've asked her to sit on a green velvet banquette in a long, form-fitting blue dress that emphasizes the curves of her body.
A multi-colored carpet was intentionally laid out to evoke the splendor of the gold-billed bird with vivid colors.
I calculated everything in the screen to be in harmony with the person.
Could the Mona Lisa Chinda represent a glamorous lifestyle in its very existence?
If you look at her portrait, it goes without saying
Alex Ekbo's portrait emphasizes simple grace and majesty and the harmonies of blue and white.
Einna Wigwe is a hot Nollywood actor
He has a vaguely playful vibe that makes him dangerously attractive.
That's how I felt when I was composing and finishing portraits.
Nollywood is a new development in Africa.
It's modern, it's postmodern, it's metamodern, it's bold, it's sexy, it's savvy, it's a trend that deserves attention.
For the finale of the project, I gathered the Nollywood stars and took a group portrait of 64 people, called The School of Nollywood, inspired by Raphael's School of Athens, circa 1509. rice field
Adorned in the Vatican
This group portrait is exactly the same size as Raphael's School of Athens.
It's a little over 8 meters wide and a little under 2 meters long.
Nollywood also embodies a kind of modernity never before seen in Africa.
Think about it, there hasn't been anything from Africa as ubiquitous as the stars of Nollywood since the Nile civilizations of Egypt, Sudan, and Ethiopia.
Outside of Nollywood, the image of Africa is still told in an old National Geographic-style safari perspective.
But Africans continue to move on, and knowing that Nollywood films portray them in spectacular diversity, they will eventually try to pass on a positive image of themselves to posterity.
In the West, Hollywood was and continues to play this role.
You might be surprised to hear me say this, but portraying Africans in a contemporary setting is almost taboo in the art world -- wearing fancy, neat clothes, manicures and pedicures, doing hair. you must not
(Applause) Part of my job is to continue to beautify Africa for the world, one portrait at a time.
thank you
(applause)
I loved cars like all boys do
I lost my best friend in a car accident when I was 18.
abruptly
Since then, my mission has been to see if we can save a million people a year from accidents.
It's still incomplete, so it's an interim report, but I'd like to talk a little bit about self-driving cars.
The first time I touched on this concept was at the DARPA Grand Challenge, when the US government decided to give out cash prizes to self-driving cars that made it through the desert.
None of the teams reached the finish line despite the participation of over 100 teams.
At Stanford, we decided to build a new self-driving car.
Developed both hardware and software
learned from humans and released into the desert
And it did the unbelievable thing: it was the first car to come back in the DARPA Grand Challenge, and Stanford won a prize of two million dollars.
But I haven't saved anyone's life yet.
Since then, we've been working on self-driving cars that can go anywhere on their own, down every street in California.
I ran 220,000 km
It has sensors that magically understand its surroundings and make all kinds of driving decisions.
Has a complete driving mechanism
As you can see, it's running through the streets of San Francisco.
I drove State Route 1 from San Francisco to Los Angeles.
I've met joggers, and cars drive themselves through busy highways and toll booths, without human intervention.
I ran 220,000 kilometers and no one noticed.
Over the mountain roads, never mind the winding Lombard streets of San Francisco, day and night
(Laughter) Sometimes I even pull off little stunts.
wow
Are you serious?
the car is doing
I can't bring my friend Harold back to life, but there are things I can do for everyone who died.
Did you know that car accidents are the number one cause of death among young people?
That most of it is due to human error, not car problems? This is something that can be prevented by the power of machines.
If we stop using human precision to drive the roads, we can double or even triple the number of cars on the highway, if we can adjust the position of the cars to make them a little bit closer together and narrower lanes. Eliminate highway congestion
On average, you waste 52 minutes on the road on your daily commute.
this is the time to get it back
4 billion hours wasted in America alone.
9.1 billion liters of gasoline is wasted
There's a vision here, there's a new technology here, and I hope that later generations will look back and think it's absolutely ridiculous that a human was driving a car.
thank you very much
(applause)
i wanted to be a rock star
it was all i dreamed of
A pop star, to be more precise.
in the late 80's
I wanted to be the fifth member of Depeche Mode or Duran Duran.
I won't let you in
I couldn't read sheet music, but I played synths and drum machines.
I grew up in a small farm in northern Nevada, and it was—
I believed it was the way my life would go
When I entered the University of Nevada in Las Vegas at the age of 18, I was surprised to find that there was no "Beginning Pop Star" class and no pop star degree.
A choir conductor who knew me to sing invited me to join the choir.
I replied, "Yeah, I'm glad you're happy."
After that, I decided to run away saying "This is useless"
The members of my high school choir were all otaku, and I didn't feel like I could get along with them.
But a week later my friend said, "You should join the choir.
You can travel to Mexico for free at the end of the semester, and best of all,
There are a lot of cute girls in Soprano."
I thought I would do anything for Mexico and girls.
On my first day in the choir, I walked into the bus part and looked over my shoulder to see what the others were doing.
Open the sheet music, and when the conductor strikes the beat, bang! Kyrie of Mozart's "Requiem" has begun
I felt the shock of seeing the world, which I had been seeing in black and white for so long, suddenly change to color.
For me, it was the most transformative experience that could happen in an instant.
For the first time in my life, I felt part of something bigger than myself.
And it's true that there are a lot of pretty girls in Soprano.
Years later, I wrote a chorus to thank the conductor for changing my life.
By that time, I was gradually becoming able to read sheet music.
The song was published and another song was written and that was also published
And then I started conducting, and I got my master's degree from the Juilliard School.
And now I'm doing a job I never thought I'd be doing as a classical composer and conductor.
About two years ago, a friend of mine emailed me a YouTube link and said, "This is amazing."
A young woman made a fan video for me, and she sang the soprano part of a song I wrote called "Sleep."
Hello Eric Whittaker
I'm Britlin Lucy, and I thought I'd make a video for you.
Sing "Sleep"
I'm a little nervous sorry
It felt like I was struck by lightning on a noisy night.
Britlin was so innocent and sweet that her voice was crystal clear.
It was also interesting to see the teddy bear on the piano behind her.
It was a very relaxing scene.
And it dawned on me that maybe 50 people could do the same thing and sing their soprano alto and tenor bass parts and post them on YouTube and put them all together into a virtual choir.
So I wrote "It's okay" on my blog
I literally wrote that.
(Laughter) And call out to the singers
I've also made the sheet music for my song freely available for download, a song I wrote in 2000 called "Lux Almuque," which means "light and gold."
And then people started uploading videos
Before that, I also posted the conductor part that I'm conducting.
When I shot it, it was completely silent. I was listening to the music in my head and imagining what the chorus would be like someday.
Later, I added piano accompaniment for the singers to hear.
and lots of videos
(singing) This is Sheryl Ann from Singapore
(singing) This is Evangelina Etien (singing) from Massachusetts.
(singing) Stephen Hanson of Sweden
(singing) Jamal Walker of Dallas, Texas
(Singing) There was a short soprano solo in the song, and I auditioned for it.
there were a lot of applications
I later learned that many of the people who participated had taken 50 or 60 retakes to get the perfect shot.
Who won the soprano solo
I'm Melanie Myers from Tennessee.
(Singing) I like the little smile you show on the highest note Something that says "It's okay, don't worry"
(Laughter) And then a young man named Scott Haynes came along.
"This is exactly the project I've been looking for all along for video editing.
Please let me do it."
I said, "Thank you Scott, I'm glad you found me."
Scott put all the videos together
take out the audio
made everything fit
And a year and a half ago I posted it on YouTube
"Lux Almque" by virtual choir
(Singing) Time is limited, so I'll stop here.
(Applause) Thank you.
(Standing ovation) Thank you.
more to come
thank you very much
my reaction was the same as everyone else
I cried when I first saw it
The poetry that this produced was unbelievable, like electronic messages in jars sent back and forth from each isolated island of our minds.
This video went viral
It got a million views in the first month and got a lot of attention.
So a lot of the singers said, "Okay, so when are you going to do the second one?"
So I decided to do a "virtual choir 2.0," and I chose the song "Sleep," which Britlin sang, which I also wrote in 2000, with lyrics by my good friend Charles Silvestri.
Once again, I posted a video of the conductor and started accepting submissions.
This time, the older members and
(singing) Some members are much younger
On my pillow, comfortably in my bed, Georgie from England, nine years old.
Have you ever seen such a lovely thing?
One person sang from bass to soprano and made eight videos by himself.
I'm Beau Autin
It's comfortable in bed, and what we were aiming for was a self-imposed decision, and there was an MTV video where people all over the world would sing the song "Lollipop."
We had 900 participants
I said, "Let's aim for this
Let's get rid of this number of people," he said.
We closed the submissions on January 10th, and we ended up with 2,051 videos from 58 countries.
(applause)
Thank you Malta Madagascar Thailand Vietnam Jordan Egypt Israel From Alaska in the north to New Zealand in the south
We created a page on Facebook where the singers could write their impressions of how they were participating.
Let's introduce some
"I used to sing with my sister a lot.
Now I'm an Air Force pilot and I'm always going somewhere
So it was great to sing together again! "
It's nice that you sang with your sister
"Not only is it beautiful music, but it's also great to be part of a global community that we've never met but are connected to."
This is one of my personal favorites. "When I told my husband I was going to be on this, he said I couldn't do it with your voice."
many people would say that
Me too
"I was so hurt that I cried, but inside of me, I really wanted to do it.
The dream of joining the chorus, which has never been realized, will come true.
I put a marker in Google Earth and it was 600 kilometers from where I live to the nearest town.
In the wilderness of Alaska, the satellite is my link to the world."
two things struck me
One is that people are willing to make an effort to connect with each other.
It's not the technology that matters
The other is that people have real connections.
it wasn't virtual
We're all friends even though we've never met
So do I. I feel a solidarity with everyone.
I feel close to the choir, almost like family.
Today, I'd like to conclude by showing you "Sleep" with Virtual Choir 2.0.
First published today
the video is not finished yet
Imagine compositing 2,000 YouTube videos, which takes a ridiculous amount of time to render.
But the first three minutes are done
I am very honored to be able to present it here.
you are the first to see this
"Sleep" by virtual choir
Dusk hangs under the moon Silvery light shines on the dark dunes Close your eyes and rest your head Know sleep is near On pillows Comfortably in bed Thousands of pictures fill your head Worried hearts that can't sleep Hands and feet Thank you very much for the leaden yet noisy night
(Standing ovation) Thank you very much.
(standing ovation)
I believe in the power of experiential education.
you need the right tools
If I'm going to teach my daughter about electronics, I'm not giving her a soldering iron.
My daughter would have a hard time with her tiny hands if she held a test board.
So, together with my good student, Sam, we figured out what would be easiest to work with, and we decided to use flour clay.
Over the summer, I thought about how to make various flour clays.
If you've ever made flour clay at home, you'll be familiar with all of them.
We have two favorites - one is made with water, flour, salt, vegetable oil and cream of tartar, and the other uses sugar instead of salt.
Flour clay is amazing. It can be made into various shapes.
But what's really interesting is when you put the clay together.
Flour clay with lots of salt
conducts electricity well
nothing new
Store-bought flour clays also conduct electricity, and they've been used in high school physics classes for ages.
But the flour clay we made conducts twice as much electricity as the commercial stuff.
What about clay with sugar?
It's 150 times less conductive than salt clay.
so together
You can make electrical circuits, circuits that creative little kids can build themselves.
(Applause) Let's see what happens.
So I'm going to put some salted flour clay - like you made it when you were a kid - and plug it in - it's just a normal battery pack with two leads - you can get it from any electronics store, RadioShack or whatever - You can use this to actually turn on the light.
If you've studied electrical engineering, you know the short circuit.
The light goes out when the clay sticks together
Because the current flows through the flour clay, not the LED
When you let go, the light will turn on again.
Try using sugar clay Sugar clay does not conduct electricity
is like a wall
If you have a piece of sugar clay in between, even if the clay sticks together, you can plug in a light bulb and the light will come on.
You can also add movement to this clay
If you want a twirling tail, put some flour clay on the motor, plug it in, and it spins.
(Applause) Once you know the basics, you can build a little more complicated circuit.
This is a sushi circuit that children love.
when connected to the battery
We can talk about parallel and series circuits
connect some light bulbs
We can talk about electrical loads, etc.
What if we hooked up a bunch of light bulbs and added a motor?
the lights dim
You can also hook up a microprocessor to read the electrical resistance of the clay and make a squishy sound.
You can build parallel and series circuits with your child.
Everything you need is in the kitchen
We turned the kitchen into an electrical engineering lab.
We have it all on our website. You can make it at home.
There is also a video so you can try it yourself
I am really looking forward to hearing that it is being used in various places.
A mom in Utah who kind of made it with her kids, and it's used by scientific researchers in England and curriculum developers in Hawaii.
Grab some flour clay, salt, and sugar and play with it.
We don't usually think of kitchens as electrical engineering labs or children as circuit designers, but maybe we should change our minds.
enjoy thank you
(applause)
Ten years ago one Tuesday morning, I was doing parachute training at Fort Bragg, North Carolina.
It's a descent training that I've been doing over and over again for 27 years since I became a member of the Airborne Forces.
I'll go to the airfield early in the morning, because the army always moves early.
After reviewing the training as usual, with the help of my friends
Wear a T10 parachute
I'm very careful with the straps I put on, especially the leg straps that sit between my legs.
And carrying a spare parachute and carrying a heavy rucksack
Here comes the drop commander, a non-commissioned officer who specializes in parachute operations.
Once we've checked our gear, we grab the adjustment straps and squeeze everything together, so my chest hurts and my shoulders get really tight.
After that, sit down and wait for a while, because that's the army.
And then we load up the plane, and we board too. We slammed into the plane, side by side like this, and sat down on the canvas seats on either side.
I'll wait for a while again. The Air Force is telling the Army to wait. (Laughter)
and take off
At that point, the squeezing is already painful enough - I think it's done this way on purpose, but it's painful and makes me want to jump off (laughs).
I really don't want to jump off, but I want to end it quickly
So we get in the plane and fly for a while, 20 minutes to the landing point, the drop commander
Warn "20 minutes ago"
We sat and said, "Is that so?"
Then it says "10 minutes ago" again.
use this time
Elevate your mood and overcome your fears
And after being instructed to "prepare"
At the command "Outside members stand up"
The soldiers on the outside stand up
Then the men inside stand up.
And hook the cord that deploys the parachute.
At that point, what crossed my mind was
"Well, what should I do now? I'm going to jump off.
I can't escape anymore"
After a few more checks, the door will open.
It's a Tuesday morning in September and it's sunny outside
Pleasant air flows in
The drop commander checked the door.
When it's time to jump off, the green light will turn on and give you the go-ahead.
The first one jumps out, and I'm lining up, thumping closer to the door.
It's more like falling than jumping
You fall out the door and into the air vortex behind the plane.
There, you have to brace yourself, pull your chin back, and stretch your arms out in front of you to hold the backup parachute.
This is a method that was taught to me by a paratrooper sergeant 27 years ago.
I don't know if it makes any sense, but the pose seemed to make sense, and I'm not going to test the hypothesis that he might be wrong. (Laughter)
and wait for the impact as the parachute opens.
If it hadn't been for the impact, the parachute wouldn't have opened, and that's a whole new problem.
But usually there is an impact and the parachute opens.
And if the leg straps aren't set correctly, that's another thrill.
Damn!
Then I look around and mutter "OK" to myself under the open parachute
I'm finally getting ready for something I can't avoid
ready to fall to the ground
there is little grace
You don't really get to choose where you land, because even though it looks like you're in control, you're actually just drifting down.
So I look around where I'm going to land and prepare.
And when you're close to the ground, you move the rucksack under your body so it doesn't get crushed by the load, and you prepare to land.
The Army teaches that there are five things to watch out for here: your toes, your calves, your thighs, your buttocks, and your pecs.
A graceful landing while twisting and rotating the body
then there will be no pain
I haven't been able to do it well even once in 30-odd years
(Laughter) It always landed like a watermelon dropped from the third floor.
(Laughter) And as soon as I landed, all I did was make sure I wasn't hurting anything in my body.
And then you shake your head left and right and ask yourself the eternal question, "Why didn't you go into banking?"
(Laughter) And I look around and see other paratroopers, young men and women, pulling out M4 carbines and picking up fallen equipment.
they will do whatever we tell them
That's when I realized that when it came to combat, they'd follow our instructions and obey their commanders.
If they returned safely from the battle, then our instructions were appropriate.
So I reaffirmed the importance of my role.
Well, that Tuesday morning wasn't like any previous descent training, it was September 11, 2001.
When America took off from the airfield, it was peaceful
By the time we got to the drop zone, everything had changed.
And what I realized was that the battlefield, which until then was just virtual, had become very real for those soldiers, and that's where I realized the importance of leadership.
But a lot of things had changed, and I was a 46-year-old brigadier general at the time.
I had been doing well up until that point, but I didn't realize in the morning that so many things had changed that I had to make a big change myself.
I've had what you would call a traditional leadership education, and I've heard stories about General Lee and John Buford at the Battle of Gettysburg.
On the other hand, I also grew up seeing examples of leadership around me.
This is a photo of my father in the Vietnam War.
I've been taught that soldiers are strong, smart, brave and loyal. They don't lie, they don't cheat, they don't steal, they don't abandon their comrades.
I still believe that true leaders are like that.
But over the course of my 25-year career, I've had many experiences that defy that belief.
I worked under one of the first battalion commanders for 18 months, and the only conversation I had with the battalion commander, who was a lieutenant at the time, was about 40 seconds of yelling at the 29th point on a 40 km march. and
I don't know if I should call this a conversation.
A few years later, when I was a company commander, I went to the National Training Center.
We had a military drill, an early morning attack drill, well, what you would call a typical early morning attack, where you prepare all night and move to the attack line.
my troops were armed
As soon as we moved forward, we were annihilated.
The enemy army is not sweating
And after the battle, they use a mobile theater to do what they call a "post-exercise review," where they point out where they went wrong.
Leadership through humiliation, so to speak.
While reviewing the entire exercise on the big screen, "So you didn't do this, and you didn't do this, etc."
By the time I got out, I was -- I couldn't be more depressed.
And I'm going to see the battalion commander who let me down.
I went over to apologize to him, and he said, "I think you did a good job, Stanley."
With just one word, he lifted my spirits and motivated me. He showed me the kind of leader who would allow his subordinates to make mistakes, but not treat them as failures themselves.
When 9/11 happened, the world was a whole new place for me, a 46-year-old brigadier general.
The things we took for granted and the things we were accustomed to have changed. The environment has changed, and the speed, precision, and sensitivity of everything has changed.
But everything we do is put in a different situation.
More importantly, the armed forces I led were spread over more than 20 countries at the time.
In this situation, we can't have key leaders in one room, face-to-face, making decisions together, looking each one in the eye to build morale and build trust. I had to lead the army with a different technique.
Whether it's video calls, chats, emails, phone calls, whatever you can get your hands on, it's not just about communication, it's about leadership.
A 22-year-old individual on a solo mission thousands of miles away from me must have the confidence to coordinate with me.
i have to believe them and vice versa
We also need to nurture their beliefs.
It's a new type of leadership for me.
One time, on a certain military operation, I had to coordinate with soldiers from different parts of the country.
We have a new chance. We don't have time to gather everyone.
It was necessary to collect complex information, so the ability to execute was tested.
It's not easy. We had to go to the top of the military and convince them that we were doing the right thing, and we had to do it all electronically.
result is failure
the mission did not go well
At this point, what we need to do is work with the unit to rebuild trust and restore confidence in the men. From me to each man. From each man to me. It's about coming together. We're not all close enough to touch each other's shoulders.
this was an unprecedented challenge
Also, the soldiers were different from what they used to be.
You probably imagine the men in my unit as cold-eyed soldiers with big fists and heavy weapons.
In fact, I led people just like you.
People of all ages, men and women, not just the military, but people from various organizations who started with a handshake.
So instead of giving directions unilaterally, we do it by reaching consensus and recognizing a common purpose.
Perhaps the biggest change was recognizing the generational differences, because the age groups in the force were changing so much.
I was working with a Ranger unit on an operation in Afghanistan, and during that operation, a platoon sergeant lost about half of his arm, due to a hand grenade dropped by a Taliban soldier right in front of his unit. I was about to throw it back at an enemy soldier.
We were discussing the strategy, and at the end of the day, I asked a question that I always ask a unit like this.
"Where were you guys on the day of 9.11?"
A young soldier in the rear responded, "I was in the sixth grade at the time."
And so it's a reminder that the military we're leading needs to have a shared purpose and a shared mindset, but his experience and mine are so different, and in many cases, the language we use is different, and how we deal with digital media is different from mine and many others. It's that he has a completely different kind of skill than the older commanders in
But we still need to share our feelings.
This also creates an effect, what I call a reversal of expertise, because at the end of the day, technology, tactics, and so on, there have been so many changes over the years that we've come to realize that we've never been. Things that we used to be accustomed to are no longer done in today's military.
So how do leaders maintain their credibility and legitimacy? How do they lead people who are doing things they've never done?
This is the new challenge in leadership
It made me more open-minded than ever, more willing to listen, and more to learn from my people than ever before.
And you have to do it without being in the same place.
then one more
It affects you and the leaders below you.
It's shocking and it's accumulating.
It cannot be reset or charged each time
One night in Iraq, I was standing in front of a screen with a high-ranking official watching a shootout by a unit.
That's when I remembered that I had his son in my unit.
"Where is John's son, what is he doing?" I asked.
"Thank you. My son is fine."
When asked "Where are you now?"
He pointed to the screen and said, "I'm in that shootout."
Imagine watching your brothers, fathers, daughters, sons, and wives shoot out right now, and you can't do anything about it.
Imagine being in that situation
This is a new burden that is piling up for leaders.
we have to look out for each other and help each other
What I've learned the most is probably relationships.
I learned that relationships are the pillars that hold a unit together.
I spent most of my career in the Ranger Corps.
Every morning, over 2,000 members of the Ranger Corps chant the six-verse Ranger Creed.
As you may know, one of them is, "I will never abandon my fallen comrades; I will not let them fall into the hands of the enemy."
It's not just chanting sutras or poetry.
it's a vow
Every Ranger swears to the others that no matter what happens, no matter what the cost, if you need me, I'll come to you.
And all Rangers take the same vows from other Rangers.
Think about it, this is very powerful.
perhaps stronger than marriage vows
Everyone actually lives out their vows, and that gives them special powers.
The organizational relationships that bring people together in the military are truly amazing.
And I've learned that individual relationships are more important than ever.
In 2007, when I was on a difficult mission in Afghanistan, I have an old friend of mine, who I spent many years with at various points in my career, and one of his children I named. He sent me a note, just in an envelope, with a quote from "Letters from Sherman to Grant," saying, "When I'm in trouble, if you're alive, you'll help me." I was sure that you would come to
For me, having these relationships has been key at various points in my career.
And I've learned that in these environments, that kind of trust is essential, because it's a difficult situation.
this is my life journey
I hope this journey continues
Now, I've come to believe that great leaders aren't great because they're right, but because they're willing to learn and trust.
this is not an easy thing
It's not like an electric ab machine that gives you ripped abs in 15 minutes a month.
(Laughter) And it's not necessarily fair.
There will be times when you will be overwhelmed.It's painful at times like that.There are times when scars remain in your heart.
But if you're a leader, the people you rely on will help you.
And if you're a leader, you have to stand up for those who need you.
thank you
(applause)
What would the happiest man in the world look like?
never feel like me
the man looks like this
My name is Mathieu Ricard
So how do you become the happiest man in the world?
There's a way to measure happiness in your brain.
In this method, FMRI measures the relative activation of the left prefrontal cortex relative to the right prefrontal cortex.
Mathieu's measure of happiness is staggering.
He's by far the happiest man ever measured by science.
Here's the question. What was he thinking when he took the measurements?
Could be something vulgar, right?
(Laughter) Actually, he was meditating on compassion.
In Matthew's own experience, compassion is the happiest state he's ever been in.
Reading a book about Matthew was an important moment in my life.
My dream is to create a state of world peace in my lifetime, and to create a state of inner peace and compassion on a global scale to make that happen.
Knowing Mathieu changed the way I thought about work.
Mathieu's brain scan shows that compassion is not trivial.
Compassion brings happiness
caring is fun
And those interesting insights change the whole game.
Because if compassion was boring, no one would do it, except maybe the Dalai Lama.
But if caring is fun, everyone is willing to do it.
So what we need to do to create a global climate of compassion is to rethink compassion as something fun.
But having fun is not enough
What if compassion was also profitable?
What if kindness helped you at work?
Then all the bosses and managers in the world want this kind of compassion.
It creates a situation of world peace
So I started looking at compassion in business.
Luckily I didn't have to think ahead
Because at my company, Google, I had what I was looking for right in front of me.
I know there are other caring companies in the world, but I've worked at Google for 10 years and it's a place I'm familiar with, so I'll use Google as a case study.
Google is a company based on idealism
A company that thrives on idealism
Maybe that's why compassion is such a fundamental ingredient, pervasive throughout the company.
At Google, expressions of corporate compassion almost always follow the same pattern.
It's a funny pattern
It starts with a small group of employees who take the initiative to do something.
Usually they don't ask for permission, they just do what they want, and then other people join in and it just keeps getting bigger and bigger.
And sometimes it gets so big that it's officially recognized.
So most of the time it starts at the bottom.
Here are some examples
The first example is the largest annual community event, where Google employees from around the world bring their labor to the community. then officially recognized
Another example is three Google employees, a chef, an engineer, and, strangely enough, a massage therapist.They learned about a region in India, where there are no medical facilities at all, and 200,000 people. was living
So what did they do?
They started a fundraising event
And we've raised enough money to build this hospital, there's never been a hospital like this for 200,000 people.
During the Haiti earthquake, a bunch of engineers and product managers volunteered to come together and stay overnight to create a tool for earthquake victims to find their families.
Expressions of compassion can also be found in our international offices.
For example, in China, a mid-career employee launched China's largest social action contest, involving more than 1,000 Chinese schools to tackle issues such as education, poverty, and the medical environment.
There are so many radical social actions all over Google that the company decided to form a social responsibility team to help with the actions.
And this idea came from a grassroots level, with two Google employees who wrote their own job descriptions and took the jobs themselves.
I found it interesting that the social responsibility team wasn't formed as part of a major corporate strategy.
It's like when two people say, "Let's do this," the company says, "Go ahead."
So Google is a caring company because people at Google have found caring to be fun.
But having fun is not enough
There are also real business benefits
what are their benefits
The first benefit of compassion is to produce highly effective business leaders.
what does that mean?
Compassion has three elements
First, there's the emotional component, which is "guessing".
Then there's the cognitive component, which is "understanding."
And finally, there's the motivational component, which is the desire to help others.
What does that have to do with business leadership?
A very comprehensive study led by Jim Collins and reported in his book "Good to Great" shows that it takes a very special kind of leader to move a company from excellence to greatness.
he calls them "level 5 leaders"
In addition to being extremely effective, these leaders possess two key qualities: humility and ambition.
These leaders are ambitious for the greater good.
Ambitious for the greater good, they don't feel the need to exaggerate their self-esteem.
And according to research, they make the best business leaders.
When we think of these qualities in relation to compassion, the cognitive and emotional components of compassion, understanding and empathy, are designed to curb and subdue the excesses of self-delusion within us and to promote humility. I know you can create a situation
The motivational component of compassion creates ambition for the greater good.
So compassion is the way to develop level 5 leaders.
And this is the first compelling business benefit
The second compelling benefit of compassion is to create inspiring employees.
Employees inspire each other for the greater good
Create a vibrant and energetic community where people admire and respect each other
So you go to work in the morning and work with three guys who want to build a hospital in India.
If your co-workers were like that, how could you stay uninspired?
So this mutual inspiration fosters cooperation, spontaneity and creativity.
This makes for a highly efficient company.
So what's the secret formula for mixing compassion in a corporate environment?
In our experience, there are three components
The first component is creating a culture of passionate interest in the greater good.
So always ask yourself, how does your company and your work contribute to the greater good?
Or how can I contribute more?
This awareness of contributing to the greater good is highly self-inspiring and creates an environment in which compassion can thrive.
this is the first component
The second component is autonomy.
Google is full of autonomy
Our most popular manager joked, "Google is where prisoners run shelters."
he considers himself one of the prisoners
If your company already has a culture of compassion and idealism, and everyone is free to roam, your employees will do their jobs in the most compassionate way.
The third component is a focus on inner development and personal growth.
For example, leadership training at Google puts a lot of weight on inner qualities like self-awareness, self-discipline, empathy and compassion, because we believe that leadership starts with character.
Our company also created a seven-week curriculum on emotional intelligence, which we jokingly call "introspection."
It's more serious than you can imagine
I'm an engineer, and I'm one of the creators and instructors of this course.
what a company
(Laughter) Now, what is "introspection" like?
This works in 3 steps
The first step is consideration training
Consideration is the foundation of advanced cognitive and emotional abilities.
That's why any curriculum for emotional intelligence training must begin with caring training.
The goal here is to train mindfulness and at the same time build a calm and pure quality of mind.
And this creates the foundation for emotional intelligence.
Now comes the second step
The second step is the development of self-awareness and self-control.
Imbue your cognitive and emotional processes with high-resolution perceptual power, using the fully charged attention from step one.
what does that mean?
This means that we can observe our thought streams and emotional processes from a third-person perspective with a high degree of transparency and objectivity.
When you can do that, you develop self-awareness that allows you to exercise self-control.
Now comes the third step, which is to create a new mental habit.
what does that mean?
Imagine that every time you meet someone, the first thing you do is habitually and instinctively, "I want them to be happy."
I think
imagine that you can
This habit, this mental habit, will change all your work.
Because this goodwill is subconsciously transferred to others, which creates trust, and trust creates good working relationships.
It also creates compassionate situations in the workplace.
One day, we'd like to make Finding Yourself available for free, so that everyone in the business world can use it as a reference.
And finally, I'd like to conclude with the same story of happiness that I started with.
I'm going to tell you about this robed man, the Dalai Lama, who said, "If you want to make others happy, practice compassion."
"If you want to be happy" "Practice compassion"
I thought this was true on an individual level as well as on a corporate level.
And I hope that kindness is both fun and profitable for you.
thank you
(applause)
I've been in a very difficult and somewhat dangerous situation over the last few years.
Prison - hard
Coal Mining – Dangerous
Shooting on the Battlefield - Difficult and Dangerous
And when I ate all this for 30 days, it started out as fun, then became difficult, and ended up being very dangerous.
In fact, for most of my career, I've immersed myself in seemingly awful situations, all in an attempt to look at social issues in a way that's engaging and interesting, and I hope it's easy to understand and that audiences can easily absorb and enjoy it.
So when it came time to talk about brands and sponsorships at TED, I wanted to do something a little different.
As some of you may know, I put up an ad on Ebay a few weeks ago.
I put out a Facebook message, tweeted on Twitter, and auctioned off the naming rights to this 2011 TED Talk.
(Laughter) Yes, individuals, businesses, commercial, non-commercial, someone lucky enough to take a once-in-a-lifetime chance -- and I don't think Chris will ever let that happen again -- (Laughter) buy the naming rights to the talk you're watching right now. At that point, it's a talk that has no title, very little content, and you don't really know what you're talking about.
So what you're buying is (your name) courtesy of: My TED talk that you have no idea what the subject is and you might get yourself embarrassed by the content, especially if you endorse it.
A great promotional opportunity
(Laughter) How many people do you think watch TED talks?
quite a person
By the way, this is just a temporary title.
(Laughter) So even though I had concerns, I knew someone was going to buy the rights.
If you had asked me the same thing a year ago, I wouldn't have been confident.
But the film I'm working on is examining the marketing and advertising industry.
Like I said, the last few years have put me in a miserable position, but none of my experience has helped me in the difficult and dangerous negotiations with these people.
(Laughter) (Logo for an advertising/PR agency, etc.) I had an idea for a movie.
(Video) M. Spurlock: I want to make a movie about marketing and product placement and advertising, funded solely by marketing and product placement and advertising.
The title of the movie is "The Greatest Movie Ever Sold"
This "ultimate movie project" is branded from top to bottom, and offers avant-movie titles under some brand.
For example, the Qualcomm Stadium and Staples Center brands
It will remain in the movies forever.
Examine this concept in a movie - (M. Kassan: Duplicate) What? (MK: Duplicate) "Forever and ever"?
I'm a persistent person (MK: I just said that) I meant to emphasize that
It was "forever, forever"
We don't just put an offer on the title, we sell everything in the movie.
For example, you can add an offer to your shoes to make them the “ultimate shoes”
"Ultimate Car" that appears in "Ultimate Movie" "Ultimate Drink" provided by "Ultimate Movie"
X Coacher: So you're saying that the brand not only tells us that it's part of our lives, but it also offers the movies themselves? (MS: I'll make you provide the movie as well) MS: I'll show you how it actually works
The theme of this film is transparency
You see the whole process in the movie.
That's the idea of ​​the whole movie from start to finish.
I would like CEG to realize this.
R. Friedman: The funny thing is, at first glance, this is the highest form of respect for the audience.
Man: I don't know if the public will accept it.
XK: What's your take on this - although "cut" sounds bad - do you have an idea of ​​how it's going to play out? (MS: Not at all) D. Cohn: How much will it cost?
MS: $1.5 million (DC: OK) J. Kamen: It's hard to get people to meet you, but I think it's worth trying out a few prominent brands.
XK: I might be the one to see the idiots when the movie comes out
MS: What kind of response do you expect to get?
S. Rudaffer: Mostly "No"
MS: Is it because the movie sucks? Or is it wrong to say it's me?
JK: Both
MS: …does that mean you're not optimistic?
Can you help me?
MK: I can help.
MS: Okay (MK: Good) Excellent
MK: Consider which brand is good
MS: Yeah.
MK: I have a few ideas (MS: Okay) Turn off the camera
MS: You said "stop the camera" means "talk off the record"
I thought, but it was actually, "I don't want anything to do with your movie."
MS: By the time I realized this, one by one, all of these companies had disappeared.
I didn't want anyone involved
it was a surprise
I didn't want to participate at all.
I was surprised because I had always thought that advertising was about putting out products as many times as possible and having as many people see them as possible.
Especially these days, we're at a crossroads between the old and the new, and the medium is a mess.
no i thought so
The problem was, my idea had one fatal flaw like this.
no this is not a flaw at all
this is not a problem at all
this was good
The problem was what this image meant
If you do a Google image search for "transparency," this comes up -- (Laughter) (Applause) at the top.
Do it, Sergey Brin, no it's not
(Laughter) The problem was this. Transparency is -- it's not pretentious or deceptive. It's easy to see through and see through. It's easy to understand. is probably the biggest problem
We hear a lot about transparency these days.
Politicians, presidents say it, even CEOs say it.
But when you put it into practice, something suddenly changes.
why? First, the transparency is terrifying— (barks) Like this picture of this weird howling bear.
(Laughter) Unpredictable -- (music) (Laughter) Like this weird country road.
and very risky
(Laughter) What other risks do you have?
Eating all the fresh cream in the container
(Laughter) This is very risky.
When I started negotiating with a company and said I wanted to tell this story,
Of course it's fine, but tell the story from this side."
When I was a kid, when my father would tell me a lie - he used to look at me like this - he would say, "There are three sides to any story.
Your words, your father's words, and the truth."
I wanted to tell a true story in this movie.
But in supporting just one company -- and just because I've known John and Richard for so long -- I realized that I had to do it myself, without a middleman, and I'd have to go directly to the company with myself and my staff.
And all of a sudden, what I realized was that when I talk to these companies, they have a common problem of understanding their brand.
(Video) MS: I have a friend who makes Hollywood movies and a friend who makes small independent films like me.
A friend of mine who makes Hollywood movies says that the success of the movies is due to the brand partners.
A friend of mine who makes small independent films says, "How are you going to compete with Hollywood blockbusters?"
And the title of this movie is "The Greatest Movie Ever Sold."
So how exactly does Ban appear in the movie?
Before I go out and every time I open the medicine cabinet, Ban deodorant comes out.
Every time I interview someone, I'm like, 'Are you feeling refreshed before the interview?
Are you ready? are you nervous?
How to calm down Before an interview
You should wear this."
I recommend one nice scent
Whether it's "Floral Bouquet" or "Paradise Wind"
For both men and women Solid, roll-on or stick
Here is an overview
So if you have any questions, I'll answer them and I'll go into a little more detail.
K. Frank: Our brand is not big
It's the same little movie you talked about We are the challengers.
No budget like our competitors
That's why we're interested in impressing Ban in this way -
MS: What is the word for ban?
"Ban is"
KF: Good question.
(Laughter) Woman: Excellent technology.
MS: I don't think there's any "technology" to what you wear under your armpits.
Man: "Firmly refreshing"
"Refreshing" is different from "reducing odors and perspiration" and makes this kind of product look attractive.
always refreshing
Long-Lasting Refreshing Great Refreshing More Refreshing Triple Refreshing
I feel like I'm showing more of this kind of positive side.
MS: This is a multi-million dollar company
But what about me? normal people?
Ask an ordinary person like me
I have to learn about my brand
(Video) MS: How would you describe your brand?
M: Hmmm, your brand?
i don't know
I like well-tailored clothes
Woman: 80's style plus skateboard punk, but not on laundry day
MS: What's Jerry's brand?
Jerry: Unique (MS: Unique) Male: In terms of style genre, it feels like “bewitched by the shadows”
Lots of black, lots of gray, I like that kind of feeling
But I wear accessories too, but I also like sunglasses and crystals.
Woman: If Dan is a brand, it's a classic Benz convertible.
Man 2: I think my brand is "stylish casual".
Woman 2: Brooklyn girl mixed hippie and yoga - I don't know
Male 3: Pet trader
Selling pet toys all over the world
so this is my brand
My brand in my biased little industry
Man 4: FedEx is my brand, it doesn't disappoint
Man 5: A bad alcoholic writer
Isn't that amazing?
Lawyer: My Brand is Lawyer
Tom: I'm Tom
MS: I can't be Tom's brand, but I tend to be somewhere between 'shady glamour' and 'smart casual'.
(Laughter) And then I realized I needed an expert.
Someone who understands me and helps me understand my brand personality.
I went to Olson Zaltman in Pittsburgh
It has defined the brand personality of companies like Nestlé, Febreze and Hallmark.
If you can help these companies, I should be fine
(Video) Abigail: Do you have a picture?
MS: I brought the first one is a picture of my family.
A: How does it relate to your thoughts and feelings about yourself?
MS: Influenced my view of the world
A: What is that "world"?
MS: This world? In the world I live in, I have people around me, friends and family, a way of life and a job
They all come from one place Mine comes from my family in West Virginia
A: What would you like to talk about next?
MS: Next is "The best day"
A: How does it relate to your thoughts and feelings about yourself?
MS: Feeling like I want to be
i like weird things
Weird things I like weird things
A: Explain the "why" stage - what is the significance?
What is that "machete"? What stage are you at now?
Why is rework important? What does red symbolize?
talk about that part
… What is it that you don't like about yourself?
Any other changes in yourself?
…and not just fear What changes are you facing?
MS: Wow! (A: Thank you) Nice to meet you.
A: Thank you until the end (MS: Thank you for your hard work) A: Yes (MS: Thank you) Okay
MS: What are the results?
It was full of incomprehensible things
L. Zaltmann: The first thing I noticed was that there are two separate but complementary aspects to your brand personality. The Morgan Spurlock brand is "thoughtful and playful."
the two live together very well
There are some contradictions
I think some companies just focus on one side rather than trying to leverage the strengths of both.
Most companies -- as human beings are by nature -- try to avoid things that they're not sure about, they try to avoid fears and all that, but you're really embracing it.
What other brands are similar?
First, the well-established Apple
So does Target and Wii, and Mini Cooper's Mini and JetBlue
There are brands that are playful and brands that are thoughtful, but they don't last long, but brands that are playful and thoughtful are strong.
MS: A playful and thoughtful brand Who are you?
If someone asked you to describe your brand personality, what would your brand be?
an extrovert? Exciting person?
Or are you an introvert?
Are you rather calm, reserved and conservative?
The extrovert is playful, free-spirited like the Fresh Prince, modern and adventurous, novel and bold like Errol Flynn, dexterous, agile, worldly, overbearing, mysterious and paranormal like Gandalf.
Or are you an introvert?
Thoughtful and sophisticated like 007?
Proven and conventional Maternal and protective Someone as empathetic as Oprah?
Trustworthy, steadfast and friendly Safe, sure and devoted Like the Dalai Lama and Yoda Thoughtful and wise?
Over 500 extroverted and introverted companies said no and refused to participate in the making of this film.
The main reason was that we didn't have control and we didn't know what the movie would be like in the end.
But 17 companies agreed. They said they wanted to give up control and work with someone as thoughtful and playful as I was. Normally, this is a story that an advertising company would never allow.
Thanks to that, in showing the story of the movie, I was able to show that there are commercials and movie promotions these days that use neuromarketing, an MRI, to work on the desire center of the brain.
I also went to São Paulo, which has banned outdoor advertising
There have been no billboards, posters, or advertisements anywhere in town for five years.
(Applause) We even went to school districts, and businesses are popping up in financially-strapped schools across America.
What surprises me is that most of the projects I've worked on so far have had a lot of positive reactions or have been successful, but I've personally interacted with them.
So are these brands doing
We cut ties with middlemen and distributors because we thought we weren't putting our best interests first.
directly with the artist
I wanted to create something that would make people think differently and make them question the way they see the world.
What was the result? at this point?
We'll see after it opens at the Sundance Film Festival
According to Burrelles, the film has had nine billion media impressions since it premiered in January -- although that number hasn't been fully included.
in just two and a half weeks
Internet only, no print or TV
The movie hasn't even been distributed yet
not even streamed on the net
Not released overseas
As a result, the film is already gaining popularity.
Most of the advertising companies we negotiated advised clients not to participate.
I've always believed that when you take a risk and take an opportunity, the opportunity will come from there.
I believe that what pulls people away from risk brings them closer to failure.
I think that educating employees to avoid risks makes the entire company a bad place to work.
I think we need to encourage people to take risks in the future.
Even in dangerous conditions, we should support each other without fear.
After all, from now on, we have to accept fear.
Put that bear in a cage
(Laughter) Accept the fear Accept the risk
You have to take risks little by little
And finally, we have to address transparency.
Now more than ever, a little sincerity makes a big difference.
So, in the spirit of honesty and transparency, my talk, Embracing Transparency, is brought to you by the wonderful folks at EMC who paid $7,100 for the naming rights on Ebay.
(APPLAUSE) EMC: TURNING TONS OF INFORMATION IN ORGANIZATIONS WORLDWIDE INTO BIG OPPORTUNITY
Courtesy of EMC: “Embrace Transparency”
thank you everyone
(Applause) J. Cohen: Morgan So, on the transparency side, what happened to that $7,100?
MS: Great question
I have a check in my pocket, a check for $7,100 to the Sapling Foundation, the parent organization of TED, to pay for my attendance at TED next year.
(Laughter) (Applause)
I have been very fortunate to have been involved in many amazing projects.
But the best part was about this person.
This person is called TEMPT
80's graffiti artist
But one day, I came home after work and said, "My legs are numb."
This was the onset of ALS
I'm paralyzed now
I can only move my eyes
i heard about him
I work in a design and animation company, so naturally graffiti was one of the things I admired and respected in the art world.
So I decided to help Tony, TEMPT, and his dream.
I met my brother and my father and said, "I'll give you some money.
what do you use it for? ' asked
Then my brother said, "If only I could talk to Tony."
"If only I could communicate with him, that's all."
I said, "Can a paralyzed person like Stephen Hawking use a device to communicate?"
"Unless you have money or great insurance, that's practically impossible. It's out of reach for the average person."
They said
then what are you doing
Have you seen the movie "The Diving Suit Dreams of Butterflies"?
We communicate like that.
I thought, "I can't believe you're doing such a primitive thing."
I went there with the intention of just writing a check, but what I actually gave was a check that even I didn't know how to cash.
I promised them on the spot, "Let's do this, we'll get a device so that Tony can speak, and we'll figure out a way to make art again.
It's wrong that someone with such talent can't communicate."
at a conference in a few months
I met the Graffiti Research Lab, aka GRL, and they have a technology that allows you to project light onto any surface and paint with a laser pointer.
I show art like this here and there
It seems that the things drawn on the wall have a life cycle
It starts with the genitals, then the curse words, then the Bush slurs, and then we get to the actual art.
Expressions always have a life cycle.
When I got home, my wife and I were having dinner and we were talking about this, and it hit me, "We know there's technology that allows us to manipulate our eyes, so why don't we figure out a way for TEMPT to manipulate lasers so that he can do graffiti." It's amazing, isn't it?"
So I started trying
And after about a year or so, after a lot of tweaking and a lot of trial and error, we achieved some things.
One was to convince the insurance company to actually get the Stephen Hawking device so that TEMPT could communicate.
(Applause) It was great.
Tony is a very funny guy, I call him Yoda because when I talk to him or text him, I think he's a great guy.
And the other thing we did was bring seven programmers from literally every corner of the world to my house.
My wife and kids moved into the back garage and these hackers and programmers and conspiracy theorists and anarchists took over the house.
A lot of my friends told me I was being stupid, and when I got home, there weren't any pictures on the wall, and instead there was graffiti.
But in the space of two weeks, I wrote the program, and I went to the boardwalk in Venice, and my kids were on board, and my dog ​​was on board, and I built this.
It's called EyeWriter
Cheap sunglasses and copper wire from the boardwalk in Venice Beach and parts you can buy at Home Depot or Radio Shack.
I dismantled a PS3 camera and attached it to an LED light, and now I have a device that costs nothing. Build it yourself. Code is free. Software is free.
So we created a device that had no limits at all.
Insurance companies cannot oppose
I can't say no to hospitals either.
Anyone with paralysis can draw and communicate with just their eyes.
(Applause) Thank you.
thank you guys it's great
So two weeks later, I was back in the TEMPT room.
Here's a picture I like, in his room compared to the room next door.
A lot of people are doing this and that for the unveiling
And after more than a year of planning, two weeks of programming, more eating and working all night, Tony drew for the first time in seven years.
This is a moving picture, because Tony is looking over the life support machine.
Raise your bed so you can see outside
We set up a projector facing a wall in the parking lot outside the hospital.
And then Tony doodled in front of his family and friends for the first time since being sick.
And the funny thing is, I had to break into a parking lot, and it was all full-fledged graffiti.
(Laughter) After this, Tony sent us an email, and he said, "It's been seven years since I've drawn something like this.
I was trapped in the water, but it seems that I was finally rescued and was able to come out to the surface and breathe."
Isn't it great?
(Applause) These things inspire us
We will continue to develop
still have a lot to do
This is an amazing device, but it's on the level of a drawing toy.
Not enough people with this kind of art talent
So now we're trying to improve this and make it faster and more robust.
After that, it was recognized everywhere.
won many awards
Free offer with no income
All funds are self-funded
The award was like, "It's amazing."
Armstrong tweeted about it, and in December, Time magazine named it one of the 50 greatest inventions of 2010, which was awesome.
(Applause) The thing that makes me the happiest -- and that's the end of the story -- is that in April of this year, the Museum of Contemporary Art in downtown Los Angeles opened its "Street Art" exhibition.
All the street art freaks out there, like Banksy, Shepard Fairey, and the CAWs.
It means that TEMPT will also come out It's already the best
(Applause) Basically what I'm saying is, if something is impossible, make it possible.
Everything in this room was impossible, this stage, this computer, this microphone, this EyeWriter, it was once impossible.
please make the impossible possible
I wasn't a programmer, I had no experience with eye-tracking technology.
I want you to ask yourself this question every day when you feel like you should do something: "If not now, when? If not me, who will do it?"
Thanks guys
(applause)
Remember what you wanted to be when you were 17?
what i wanted to be
bike riding girl
(audience laughter) I admired car racers, cowgirls, and Mowgli, the boy from The Jungle Book.
What they all have in common is freedom, with their hair blowing in the wind
On my 17th birthday, my parents thought of me as a speed lover and taught me how to drive a car just once.
I couldn't afford it, but he made my dream of driving come true.
On my 17th birthday, ever since I was little, I've never been suspicious, so I followed my sister, who is blind, to see an eye doctor.
An older sister is something that supports a younger sister.
My little sister's dream is to be a pilot.
I used to get eye exams for fun
The day I turned 17, after a fake eye exam, my eye doctor realized it was my birthday.
I asked you what you would do to celebrate.
So I answered, "I'm going to learn to drive."
A silence passed, that awkward silence you feel when something's wrong
The ophthalmologist said to my mother, "Didn't you tell me yet?"
On my 17th birthday, like a Janis Ian song, I knew the truth.
Ever since I was born, I've been legally blind.
You'll wonder why I didn't realize it until I was 17.
For those of you who haven't felt the power of country music, let me tell you that I didn't realize I was blind because my dad was a huge fan of Johnny Cash and loved his song "A Boy Named Sue."
I am the eldest of three sisters and was born in 1971.
Shortly after I was born, my parents found out I had albinism.
what do you mean
To explain
I can't see this clock or the timing, so I might run out of time because of that.
But let me tell you something more important, don't worry if I come near you
you know what
Can you see this hand?
I can only see the other side of my hand vaguely
every man in the room is george clooney
(Audience: Laughter) All women are beautiful
If I'm 90 cm away from the mirror, I'm like a beautiful woman.
What's so strange is that when I was three and a half years old, before I started school, my parents made an unconventional and courageous decision.
do not enroll in special schools
do not label
no limits
Believing is power and possibility
In addition, my parents decided to tell me that I could see.
The idea is that as you grow up, you learn to live strong through experience, even though you don't have parents to protect you, like the boy named Sue in Johnny Cash's song.
But more importantly, my parents gave me the power to believe that I could do it.
People seem to think I'm overwhelmed by all the negative things they hear from eye doctors.
When I first heard about it, I thought it was the ophthalmologist who was the stranger, but it was a heartbreaking shock.
But I quickly got back on my feet
The first thing that came to my mind was my mother crying next to me.
When I leave the doctor's office, I'm definitely driving
I kept repeating in my mind that I was determined to be able to drive
Since I was a child, I have had the determination that my father instilled in me. He taught me how to sail a yacht.
But my father told me to trust myself and feel the wind on my face.
Because of that experience, I didn't accept an eye doctor and believed I could drive.
After 11 years, I can assure you that people didn't notice my visual impairment, probably because I didn't want to be left out or vulnerable.
believe in your abilities
I took the plunge in a way that only the Caseys could do.
When I became an archaeologist, I broke things.
At work at a restaurant, I slipped on something and fell.
A masseuse and a gardener
Enter business school
Disabled people are well educated
After that, I became a consultant for a global company.
they didn't even notice the obstacle
Amazing things happen when you have faith
In 1999, I had been a consultant for two and a half years, strangely enough.
my eyes decided it was enough
Temporarily, but quite unexpectedly, I became blind.
The workplace is filled with people who hate to lose.
After two years, I could hardly see my eyes.
I was in front of my hedge fund boss in 1999, and he said something I had never thought of before.
when i was 28
Until then, I had built my personality on the basis of my abilities.
I just said "I'm sorry
I am blind and need help.”
It's really hard to ask for help
Even without obstacles, you will understand
You know how hard it is to admit your weaknesses and inadequacies.
accompanied by fear
But I had a long-held belief
It's very difficult for blind people to live in a world designed for non-disabled people.
at all
airports are terrible
If the designer was at the venue
I can't see you, but please raise your hand
I always end up in the men's restroom
I don't have a bad sense of smell
The small sign that distinguishes between men's and women's is just a different orientation of the triangle.
Have you ever tried to see that difference with a blurry vision?
it's too small
Do you know how exhausting it is to try to be perfect and to act like someone else?
After I disclosed my visual impairment to HR, I was sent to an ophthalmologist.
I had no idea that the eye doctor would change my life.
Before I met my teacher, I already knew who I was
I was in a state of not knowing
the teacher didn't even try to test
it was like therapy
I was asked a lot of questions asking "why?"
Why are you so stubbornly defying yourself?
Do you enjoy your work?
When I work as a consultant in a global company, I love this company and this job.
Leaving a job means losing
asked if i like my job
I'm at a loss for words
I didn't even know how to answer
The teacher asked me what my dream job was when I was a child.
We didn't talk about racing cars or motorcycles
out of place already enough
would have been considered reckless
As I was leaving the doctor's office, the doctor stopped me and said, "Stop resisting.
Maybe it's time to do something else."
and the door closed
There was the stillness you feel when you walk out of the doctor's office.
my chest hurt
I don't know which direction to go
I felt that it was over
I came home with a lot of chest pain and decided to run.
It was a bad decision
decided to run
It's a course that I understand
usually runs fine
Try to count the obstacles that blind people encounter - like stairs and streetlights.
There was a stone that I always avoided
I never stumbled
I cried when I hit the stone
Heartbroken, I fell over a stone One Wednesday in mid-March 2000, the overcast Irish weather left me with a runny nose and tears, and I felt sorry for myself.
I was on the ground, devastated and angry.
i don't know what to do
I sat there for a while and had no energy to get up.
Feeling pessimistic about the future
was circling in my heart
I remembered my father and realized I wasn't Sue.
I kept asking myself why I didn't notice
Surprisingly I can't find the answer
I lost my faith
The beliefs I've always relied on have disappeared
I was blind
I'm broken
And I was thinking about the question the eye doctor asked me, "What do you want to be?
What did you want to be in the past?
try something different
what do you want to be ”
Then little by little something happened
This is how things happen
The moment I knew what I wanted to do, I felt a shock in my head and heart, and something I had never tried before came to mind.
“Like the boy Mowgli from The Jungle Book
Nothing special”
And the moment I had this idea, I was thrilled that I had found something I really believed in.
Don't let anyone tell you it's impossible
Archaeologists were unreasonable
Don't tell me I can't be a boy Mowgli
that no one has ever tried
I feel like I'm going to try
Get up from the stone you stumbled over
I ran home at full speed
I ran upstairs and picked up my all-time favorite book, India with Elephants by Mark Shand.
I sat on the couch and thought, "I know what you want to do
There is a way to become a boy moogle
Ride an elephant and travel India
I'm going to be a mahout."
I had no idea how to become a mahout.
From management consultant to mahout
I don't even know how to get an elephant
I didn't speak Hindi and had never traveled to India.
was determined
When the time and circumstances are right for you to make a decision, the universe will grant your wishes.
Nine months after the snot-covered stone incident, I had my first blind date, Kanchi, a 2.3m tall elephant.
Traveled 1000km to Kanchi and India
(Applause) And I want to emphasize that it's not that we haven't done anything.
what i believed was wrong
I didn't believe in myself I guess I didn't believe in myself or anyone else
There are a lot of people trying to be someone else.
But when you believe in yourself, amazing things happen.
On my 1000km trip with Kanchi, I raised enough money to operate on 6,000 cataract patients.
6,000 people were able to regain their sight
What surprised me the most when I finished my trip with Kanchi was
quit my job as a consultant
Becoming a social entrepreneur, co-founding the Elephant Family, an Asian elephant conservation group, with Mark Shand.
I also founded Kanchi, and decided to take the name of the group after my elephant in order to speak out.
I want you to look at this in a positive way, no charity, no sympathy.
I wanted to use the leadership of business and the media to enjoy the work of reframing disability.
this was unthinkable
Because it was something I held in my heart
I never once thought I had enough
I felt it was possible
I know it sounds weird, but on the way to this TED, I was intimidated.
It's a dream come true to give a talk like this, to have such an amazing audience, and to be here.
But I used a white cane for the blind to get to this venue, so I can skip the line at the airport.
I came here feeling happy that I was blind.
And my best friend, who thought of me, sent me an e-mail on my way here.
Even though I looked like this, I was still terrified.
he told me to "just be yourself"
here is
I'm good looking
(Applause) I've learned that neither cars nor motorcycles nor elephants are about freedom.
Freedom is being honest with yourself
Never before have I needed eyes to see things.
All I needed was a vision and a belief.
Change is possible if you really believe in it with all your heart.
We have to make a difference because every woman, every man, gay, non-gay, disabled, perfect, normal, no matter what, everyone has to be the best version of themselves.
No one should be invisible
everyone deserves attention
to put a label
Let's stop limiting people, we're not the vials you can put a tag on.
you are all wonderful individuals
thank you
(applause)
(Applause) Thank you.
(music) Between two worlds Sliding into glittering waters Stay in the center of time unwinding Cut through the veil of illusions Let's move beyond the consequences of the past Doubts and confusions Wondering if they'll ever clear up You can go anywhere So if I could go anywhere right now If I could go anywhere I want to be here Looking for a future in the things we throw away I want to see the world through the garbage we produce every day Nothing lasts forever I tell you all the plastic that's been made is still here You can close your eyes and it won't go away If you can go anywhere If you can go anywhere If you can go anywhere in history I want to be here Roman empire Spain And the British Empire, the Netherlands, and the exceptionalist America, they don't understand at all The foolishness of the empire is repeated In any age, we have forced our will and ruled by force But the world can't tolerate it anymore We have to become stronger and smarter The world can't go on Will shake off human greed someday If you can go anywhere If you can take time anywhere All the plastic is still here No matter how much I close my eyes, it won't go away The world can't take it anymore I've got to get stronger and smarter I can't go on The world will shake off human greed one day The world can't take it anymore If the ocean can't do it, even humans can't do it The world will one day be completely free If you can go anywhere If you can change the time anywhere If you can go anywhere and change the outcome It's here and now (Applause) Thank you.
(applause)
watch the video first
yes scrambled eggs
But when you look at this, don't you all feel a little uncomfortable?
As you may have noticed, this is actually the egg spinning backwards.
The yolk and white were separated
I'm back in the egg now
We all know in our hearts that this is not how the universe works...
scrambled eggs are mush
Eggs are beautiful, sophisticated things, and you can create even more sophisticated things, like chickens.
We all know in our hearts that the universe will never go from muddy to complex...
This intuition is actually reflected in one of the most fundamental laws of physics: the second law of thermodynamics, the law of entropy.
What it's basically saying is that the general tendency of the universe is to move from order and structure to disorder and no structure... I mean, it's muddy.
I felt a little strange
Still looking around
there's a surprising amount of complexity around
Eric Beinhocker estimates that 10 billion different commodities are traded in New York City alone.
That's 100 times more than the species living on Earth.
And it's all in one species, seven billion individuals linked by trade, travel and the Internet into a global system of immense complexity.
So here's the big mystery: how in a universe governed by the second law of thermodynamics, can we create the kind of complexity I just described... the kind of complexity represented by you, me, and this room.
The answer is something like this: the universe can create complexity, but it's very difficult.
It looks like you have what my colleague Fred Speer calls "Goldilocks conditions" in your pocket: not too hot, not too cold, just the right conditions for creating complexity...
That's where things get a little more complicated.
Where you get a little more complexity, you get a little more complexity.
This is how complexity is built up step by step.
Each step is like magic, because it seems like something completely new is being created out of nothing in the universe.
Big History calls these moments threshold moments.
At each threshold, things get tougher
Complexity becomes more fragile, more fragile, Goldilocks conditions become more stringent, complexity becomes more difficult to create.
As extremely complex organisms, we desperately need to know the story of how the universe creates complexity in defiance of the second law, and why complexity means vulnerability and frailty. ...
That's the story told in Big History
But in order to do that, we have to do the seemingly impossible.
to examine the entire history of the universe
let's do it
(Laughter) First, let's go back in time, 13.7 billion years ago, to the beginning of time.
there is nothing around
Neither time nor space exists
Imagine the darkest, empty thing you can think of and cram it into a cube a billion trillion times, and that's where you came.
And suddenly, bang! The universe is born, the whole universe.
First Threshold Exceeded
The universe is small, smaller than an atom.
unimaginably hot
It's packed with everything that exists in today's universe. Imagine bursting.
It's spreading at an incredible speed.
It's blurry at first, but then something very clear emerges from it.
In the first second, the energy itself disintegrates into distinct forces, such as electromagnetic forces and gravitational forces.
Energy also does something very strange: it congeals to form matter, the quarks that make up the particles of light, and the leptons that contain the electrons.
it all happens in the first second
Let's move forward 380,000 years.
That's twice as long as the human race
So simple atoms are born: hydrogen and helium.
Let's pause here for a moment, 380,000 years after the birth of the universe, because we know a lot about the universe at this stage.
Most importantly, it was in a very simple form.
It consisted of a large cloud of hydrogen and helium atoms, unstructured.
It's really like cosmic mush
but that's not quite right
Recent studies, such as those from the WMAP satellite, show that there is actually a very slight difference in the background.
The blue area you see here is only one thousandth cooler than the red area, and these are small differences.
It was enough for the universe to move on to the next level of complexity.
it looks like this
Gravity is stronger the more things there are
At slightly denser areas, gravity begins to compress the clouds of hydrogen and helium atoms.
And that's how the early universe split into billions of clouds.
Each cloud is compressed, and as it becomes denser and gravitational, the temperature at the center of the cloud begins to rise, and in the center of the cloud, the temperature exceeds a threshold. of energy is released and bang! the birth of the first star
About 200 million years after the big bang, stars will start popping up all over the universe, numbering in the billions.
And the universe just got a lot more interesting and complicated.
Stars create Goldilocks conditions that cross two new thresholds
When a giant star reaches the end of its life, it creates a temperature so high that the protons melt into all sorts of strange combinations to form all the elements in the periodic table.
If you're wearing a gold ring like I am, it was made by a supernova explosion.
The universe will become chemically more complex
And in a chemically more complex universe, it also allows us to build more things.
And what's new is that these elements start to combine and swirl around the young sun, the young star, and they're churned by the energy of the star. and eventually planets and moons are formed
That's how our solar system formed, 4.5 billion years ago.
Rocky planets like Earth are much more complex than stars because they contain a much wider variety of materials.
We crossed the fourth complexity threshold here.
And the road gets tougher
The next stage introduces things that are much more fragile, much more fragile, but also more creative and capable of creating more complexity.
Of course it's biological
organisms were created by chemistry
we are a huge package of chemicals
and chemistry dominated the electromagnetic force
It works on a scale smaller than gravity, which is why we're smaller than stars and planets.
What are the ideal conditions for chemistry?
What is the Goldilocks condition?
You need energy first, but not too much.
There's so much energy in the center of the star that all the bonded atoms just split apart again.
not too little
There's too little energy in intergalactic space for atoms to bond together.
You need just the right amount. As it turned out, the planet was just right. It wasn't too close to the star, so...
We need a diversity of chemical elements, we need liquids like water.
I wonder why?
In gases, the atoms pass through each other so quickly that they can't bond.
In a solid, the atoms stick together and cannot move.
In liquids, they move around, nestle together, and bond together to form molecules.
So where do we find those Goldilocks conditions?
Planets are wonderful, our early Earth was almost perfect.
There was a huge ocean of water, just the right distance from the sun.
And deep down in that ocean, there were cracks in the crust that allowed us to get the heat that was gushing out from the earth's interior, and we got the diverse elements.
And in those cracks in the ocean floor, amazing chemical reactions began, and atoms began to bond together in all sorts of strange ways.
Of course, life is much more than just strange chemical reactions.
How can we stabilize this large, seemingly viable molecule?
Here life creates a whole new trick.
Instead of stabilizing the individual pieces, you stabilize the templates that carry the information, and then the templates themselves are copied -- the DNA, of course.
It's a beautiful molecule that stores information.
You know the double helix structure of DNA, right?
Each rung of the ladder stores information
DNA stores the information about how to create life.
DNA copies itself Make a copy
Spread the template across the ocean
That's how information spreads. Information has become part of our story.
But the real beauty of DNA is in its imperfections.
In the process of copying, one error occurs on one ladder in billions.
What that means is that the DNA is learning.
We're accumulating new ways to create life. Some of the errors work. DNA learns.
It creates more diversity and complexity.
It's been happening for the last 4 billion years
Life on Earth has, for most of its time, been relatively simple: single-celled.
But it was diverse and complex inside.
And 600 to 800 million years ago, multicellular organisms appeared.
Fungi were born, fish were born, plants were born, amphibians were born, reptiles were born and, of course, dinosaurs were born.
and sometimes catastrophes
6,500 years ago, an asteroid hit Earth near the Yucatan peninsula, creating conditions equivalent to a nuclear war and wiping out the dinosaurs.
It's a nightmare for dinosaurs, but it was good news for our mammalian ancestors, who thrived in the crevices they left behind.
And we humans were part of that creative revolutionary impulse that began 6,500 years ago with that asteroid impact.
Humans originated 200,000 years ago
That's one threshold of this great story.
I'll explain why
I learned that DNA learns, stores information.
it takes a lot of time
DNA stores information through random errors, some of which just happen to work.
But DNA has created a way to learn faster, creating organisms with brains that can learn in real time.
accumulate information and learn
The sad thing is that when you die, your information dies with you.
It's the language that makes humans special.
We were given a system of communication, language, that was so powerful and precise that we could share exactly what we learned with others, so that we could store it in our collective memory.
That is, it outlives the individual who receives the information and accumulates across generations.
And that's why we're so creative and powerful as a species, and that's why we have history.
Only in 4 billion years of history do we have that talent, I have that ability.
We call it group learning.
that makes us special
An example of this can be found in the early stages of human history.
We evolved as a species in the savannahs of Africa, but then migrated to new environments -- deserts, jungles, glacial tundras in Siberia -- harsh and hostile environments -- America, Australasia -- each migration. I needed to learn
It's learning new ways to take advantage of the environment, new ways to deal with your surroundings.
And 10,000 years ago, they took advantage of the rapid changes in the global environment, the end of the last ice age, to learn to farm.
Agriculture was a big mine of energy
Using that energy, the population multiplied many times over.
Human societies will become larger, denser and more connected.
And 500 years ago, we began to connect globally, through ships and trains, through telegraphs and the Internet, and now, it seems, the brains of seven billion people around the world are connected as one, and brains that learn at warp speed. I'm listening
And 200 years ago another thing happened
We found another energy mine, oil, through oil and group learning.
brought about the amazing complexity that surrounds us today.
And now here we are back in the conference hall
We've traveled the past 13.7 billion years back.
I think it felt like a powerful story.
It's human beings playing an amazing and creative role.
But there are also warnings
Collective learning is a very powerful force, but I don't know if we humans can harness it.
I vividly remember the Cuban Missile Crisis as a child growing up in England.
For several days, the entire biosphere was on the brink of destruction.
That same weapon still exists and is still equipped.
Even if we avoid that trap, other countries are waiting for us.
We seem to be using too much oil, undermining the Goldilocks conditions that have allowed human civilization to develop over the last 10,000 years.
What Big History can do is not only show us the nature of our complexity, our vulnerabilities and the dangers we face, but also show us the power of collective learning.
And finally this is my wish
I want my grandson Daniel, and his friends and contemporaries around the world, to know the story of big history, and to know it well enough to understand the challenges and opportunities that we face.
That's why our group is creating free online courses on big history for high school students around the world.
We believe that Big History will become an indispensable intellectual tool as Daniel and his generation faced enormous challenges and enormous opportunities... at this threshold moment in the history of this beautiful planet...
thank you for listening
(applause)
"It doesn't matter" How many times have you heard
"The world will never change because everyone is selfish, stupid, and lazy." How many times have you heard that line?
What I'm trying to say is that so-called indifference doesn't really exist, it's just that while we are interested, there are many obstacles that prevent us from participating.
Here are some examples
First of all, from the city hall Have you seen this?
Newspaper news
Residents can also participate in the process of changing the use of a building, as you can see, it's hard to read.
finally on the way
It's going to come out somewhere, go further, in small print, finally there's a way to participate.
If a private company does the same thing, for example, a Nike ad might look like this.
(Applause) No way. You'll never see it.
Nike wants to sell shoes, and the city of Toronto, on the other hand, clearly doesn't want the public to participate, or they'd have to put the information out there in a way that's easy to understand, so long as the government is putting out ads like this.
Citizens don't want to get involved in city government, it's not indifference.
intentional exclusion
public space
(Applause) One of the big obstacles to big political change is the way we think about the public space, which puts a price tag on freedom of expression.
People with money can do more publicity, both visually and ideologically.
The problem is, even if you have an important message, if it doesn't make money
that it will never see the light of day
The media keeps us out of politics with all the celebrities and scandals, and it doesn't encourage engagement, even when it comes to important political stories.
For example, last week's "Now" magazine
Toronto's weekly magazine
Here's an article about one-sided theater
For those of you who really want to see it, here's some basic info about the show where, when and website.
movie reviews as well
art review
Information on book reviews and reading clubs
For those who are not satisfied with just reading restaurant information
Includes phone number etc.
What about the political side?
An article about an important election in progress
It's a pretty good article about the candidate, but there's no sidebars, no website, no debates, no election office information.
Similarly, there's an article about the anti-privatization campaign for transportation, but there's no contact information.
If you look at it this way, it seems that readers are interested in food and reading, but not in the community.
Think it's a small thing? I don't think so, because they make the dangerous premise that politics is something to watch from the sidelines.
What do you think of hero leadership?
What do these movies have in common?
understand?
The hero is the chosen one."You are the chosen one."
"Save the world," said the prophet, as he and his companions said
save the world why so many people
It's clear you don't think you're a leader Sending the wrong message about leadership
Heroism is something we all do It's one thing And even if it's all cool
It's not something that ends in a flash, it's something that lasts a lifetime
The most important thing is yourself
is to start
good behavior for children
As long as we teach people to do what others tell them to do, we can't teach them the essence that leadership is self-initiated, even if they reject it.
Pursue your dreams with friends
political parties
It should be the point of contact for participation.
The reality is that political parties have been reduced to boring, entrenched institutions, reliant on street polls and focus groups, with mediocre results, no creative ideas, and opinions that go against the real public opinion.
People who feel it fall into political distrust
(Applause) Charities.
Charities are not allowed to advocate for policy in Canada
It's a big problem and a big obstacle to fix, because the most passionate voices go unheard, especially during elections.
And finally about the election
Canadian elections are a joke Old fashioned voting system
unfair and funny results
Most Canadians don't support Canada's ruling party.
You can't encourage people to vote if your votes aren't reflected correctly.
Of course you will be indifferent.
It's like running into a wall
I'm not pessimistic about some of the obstacles, but people are very smart.
I believe in compassion, but it's also true that we live with these obstacles.
If people are selfish, stupid and lazy, there is no hope
But change happens, open the bureaucracy
change the electoral system
We can democratize public spaces
What I'm trying to say is that indifference isn't a mental illness, it's a system of barriers that prevent us from participating. If we can identify these barriers and collectively remove them, we can do anything. Thank you.
(applause)
I am Vicar General of the Church of England
I have been a priest for 20 years
Most of the time I've been struggling with questioning the nature of God, what is God?
I am very aware that many people turn away immediately when they hear the word "God."
Most people, both inside and outside the church, still think of themselves as the controllers, the rulemakers, the police officers in the sky who give orders in the sky. God makes everything possible.
God protects his people and responds to sincere believers
"Almighty" is the most frequently used adjective when worshiping God in my church.
but i have a problem with this
As time went on, I became more and more uncomfortable with this perception of God.
Do we really believe that God is the masculine boss that we've portrayed over the years in worship and worship?
Of course, some have expressed a different view of God.
Focusing on the feminine and nurturing aspect of God
The view that God expresses himself through powerlessness rather than power,
Recognition that God is by definition unknown and unknowable
Searching for the meaning of life in deep resonance with other religions and philosophies.
This kind of thinking is well known in liberal academic circles, but it's something that a clergyman like me is reluctant to introduce. I'm worried that I might upset the believers
I chose to avoid trouble.
On December 26th of last year, exactly two months ago, an undersea earthquake triggered a tsunami.
Two weeks later, on Sunday morning, January 9th, I said Mass to my congregation, intelligent, well-meaning, thoughtful Christians, and we had to speak on behalf of all of us, our feelings and our questions.
Rather than my own answer, I had to say something from a public servant's standpoint.
i said
Right after the tsunami, I read in the newspaper about the South Asian tragedy written by the Archbishop of Canterbury.
The gist of the article is this: People in areas of devastating damage and loss of life don't want an explanation for why God allowed this to happen.
He went on to say, "If a religious genius could come up with an accurate account of all the lost human life, would we feel happier, safer, and more confident in God?"
If the man in the newspaper picture holding the hand of the corpse of a child was standing in front of us, I don't know what to say to him.
any words would be inappropriate
The only response would be a silence of sympathy and some practical help.
Now is not the time for explanations and sermons and theology, it's time to cry together.
It's true that what happened is that the people of Oxford are far from the site of the tragedy, but their faith is broken.
we want an explanation from god
we want an explanation from God
Some say we only believe in God who shares our pain
Somehow, God must be able to understand our anger, our sorrow, our physical pain.
The Eternal God must be able to enter the human soul and experience our suffering within it.
Similarly, we must be able to know the joy and admiration of the human soul.
We want a God with whom we can share our sorrows and joys.
I think, to put the Christian faith in God in a moving and persuasive way, it goes like this.
For hundreds of years, the orthodox thought, the accepted truth, was that God the Creator is immutable and therefore incapable of feeling pain or sorrow.
I think the immutable God is a little cold and indifferent.
After the devastating events of the 20th century, people questioned a cold God.
Seeing the genocide in the trenches and camps, people asked, "Where is God?"
"Who the hell is God?"
The answer was, "God is with us, or God is no longer worthy of our loyalty."
If God is a spectator, if he stands by and doesn't get involved, even if he exists, we don't need him.
Many Jews and Christians feel that way.
I am also one of them
We all have a suffering God, a God who has an intimate relationship with this world and with all living things.
I strongly sympathize with such a God
But it's still not enough and we need to ask more questions, and I'm sure you all want to ask the same questions.
Over the past few weeks, at times, I've felt uncomfortable and dangerous with the language used in worship.
Tuesday morning, we have a service for kindergarteners and mothers.
Last week, my children and I sang one of our favorite songs, "A Wise Man Built a House on a Rock."
Some of you may know, the lyrics say, "A foolish man built a house on the sand, and the flood came, and the house on the sand collapsed."
Then, the same week, at the funeral, we sang the familiar hymn "Hitoha Taga Yashi", a very British song.
The second verse of the song goes like this: "Both the wind and the waves obey God."
is that so? After that tsunami, I feel that I can no longer sing this song in church.
The first big question is leadership.
Is God in control of our destiny? Do you have it all under control?
Is God ordering things? Are the wind and waves obedient to God?
Sometimes I hear Christians talk about how God arranged things and everything worked out. There are difficulties that can be overcome. There are diseases that can be cured. There are troubles that can be avoided.
I remember someone telling me this story, with a twinkle of enthusiasm and a confirmation of faith and God's goodness.
But if God was able to intervene in the course of events, then of course he would have stopped the tsunami.
Are we saying that our gods are locals, that we can manage parking lots, but are powerless against 800km/h waves?
I must admit that this is unacceptable to any sensible Christian.
Either God is the mastermind behind the tsunami or God has no initiative.
After this tragedy, the story of survival came up.
I'm sure you've all heard about the man who surfed the waves, the teenage girl who sensed danger because she was studying tsunamis in school.
The congregation escaped danger by changing the church, which is usually held on the beach, to a church on a hill.
A preacher who gave a longer sermon than usual to protect his congregation from the danger of a wave.
Someone said God must be protecting them
So the next question is unfairness
Can we obtain God's favor through worship and faith?
Does God demand loyalty like a medieval dictator?
Does God allow other people to die so long as he saves the Christians?
Is the cosmic us vs. them God the biggest racist?
I would be surprised if it were true, and I would abandon the school.
This idea is morally inferior to the highest ideals of humanity.
If not a puppeteer or a tribal guardian, who is God?
Maybe God allows tragedy, so that bravery and mercy can be shown.
God may be testing our charity and faith.
Or maybe there's a cosmic plan to tolerate bad things so that all is well if it ends well.
These are just variations on the idea that God has the initiative Commander-in-Chief playing with a troop of discarded pawns in an important operation.
There is no difference between a god who misses a tsunami or Auschwitz
In his great novel, The Brothers Karamazov, Dostoevsky tells Ivan of his naive and pious brother Alyosha, "If you say that the suffering of children is the price you need to buy the truth, then I'll say it first. The truth isn't worth that price
I can't pay such a price for the entrance ticket of God's protection
It's not that I don't recognize God
Just be respectful and give the ticket back to God."
Or perhaps God created the whole universe, but later abandoned the initiative forever, so that natural providence arose and evolution took its course.
This is more acceptable, but it leaves God with the ultimate moral responsibility.
Is God a cold, heartless bystander?
Or is it a helpless mistress with infinite mercy on the uncontrollable?
Does God intimately participate in our suffering to feel it for himself?
If you believe this, you should gracefully abandon this puppeteer and abandon the traditional notion of an all-knowing and all-powerful ruler.
We Should Rethink God
maybe god doesn't do anything
God is not an apostle like we are
Early religions believed that gods were superhumans who were involved in all things.
Chastise the Egyptians and drown them in the Red Sea, ruin the cities and rage
The God they knew was the God who did those things
But what if God doesn't act? What if nothing?
What if God resides in something?
love soul of the whole universe
A merciful being that supports and maintains all things from within.
What if God resides within?
Within the complex and intricate organization that constitutes life
In the natural cycle of life and death, where creation and destruction repeat continuously
in the process of evolution
in the incredible complexity and splendor of the natural world
Collective unconscious within the soul of the race
in you, in me, in mind and body
Inside the tsunami Inside the victims Inside the depths of things
In existence In absence In simple and complex
change development growth
How does this inner thing, the God within, work?
It's a hard question, and it raises more questions.
Is God just another name for the universe, and does God itself not exist?
don't understand
How can we attribute personality to God?
don't understand
In the end, I have no choice but to say I don't know.
If you knew the answer, God would no longer be God.
Faith in God is, if you will, a belief in the intrinsic benevolence of the universe, as opposed to belief in rational theory.
Isn't it ironic that God, whom Christians perceive as infinite and unknowable, is bound in a closed system and rigid doctrine?
How can you have such faith?
Gently push away the overflowing emotions and thoughts
The self that remains there Silence Meditation Internality Searching for the God hidden in the consciousness of internal dialogue
let's grow
How do you live with such faith? how should i live
Like what you see when you talk to each other in the depths of your heart
explore the intimate relationship within
If God dwells in everyone, when you and I meet, the third person will also meet on the spot.
There's an Indian greeting, which some of you may know, is a respectful bow and "Namaste," which roughly translates to "The God in me is greeting the God in you."
Namaste
How can such faith be developed?
Searching for the inside that dwells in all things
In music and poetry, in the beauty of the natural world and in the trivial details of life, there's something deeply rooted.
Finding out requires attentiveness and patience, and requires openness, tolerance, and thoughtfulness to those who are different.
When I preached to people about God and the tsunami, I had no answer.
There is no convincing faith backed by the Bible
Doubts, doubts, only uncertainties
But I did offer some suggestions about new ways of thinking about God.
There is a possibility that it will guide you to the road without a road
But in the end, the only thing I could say with certainty was, "I don't know." That might be the most profound religious statement.
thank you
My father is a counterfeiter
lots of gold
Counterfeiting of money and paintings will come to mind
Father's forgery is not like that
For 30 years, I've been making forged documents, not for myself, but to help people who are being persecuted and oppressed.
let me introduce you to my father
19 year old father
It all started with World War II, when my father, who was 17 years old at the time, was put in a forgery gang.
You've become an expert in document forgery for the Resistance.
What's different from the usual story is that even after the liberation of the country, my father continued to make forged documents until the '70s.
When I was young, of course, I didn't know about this at all.
I'm the one in the middle with a funny face
I grew up in the suburbs of Paris, the youngest of three children.
Like everyone else, he had a "normal" dad -- but he was 30 years older than his classmate's parents.
I was old enough to pass by my grandfather
My father, a photographer and street educator, was very strict about law enforcement.
And he never told me about his past as a forger.
But something happened that made me suspicious of my father.
I got bad grades in high school, and it's a rare occurrence, so I decided to hide it from my parents.
To do that, he had to forge his parent's signature.
I started forging my mother's signature because my father's signature was unforgeable.
I took a few sheets of paper and practiced over and over again to make it look like it, and when I finally got it to work consistently and well, I did it.
Later, my mother found homework in my school bag and quickly discovered that the signature had been forged.
my mother yelled at me like never before
I locked myself in my room, curled up in my futon, waiting for my father to come home from work, and I was just filled with anxiety.
I heard my father come home
I was still in my futon. When my father came into the room, he sat on the edge of the bed and was silent.
My father had my homework in his hand and couldn't stop laughing.
And then I said, "I could have done better, this is too small."
it was definitely a little small
i was born in algeria
My father was called "Mujahid" there, which means "warrior."
Later, when I moved to France, I loved to eavesdrop on grown-up stories, and I listened to all sorts of stories about my father's life up until that point, especially what he "did" in World War II -- "did" in the Algerian War. about the thing
I used to think that "waging" war meant fighting as a soldier.
I knew my father was a pacifist and a non-violent man, so it was hard to imagine him with a helmet and a gun.
In fact, the prediction was wrong.
One day, while my father was sorting through his files for his French citizenship, I stumbled across some documents.
It's real!
It's mine It says I was born in Argentina
I stumbled across this document, which was given to me by the military as a thank you for the work my father had done on a top secret mission to help me with my government application.
suddenly i was surprised
Is your father a spy?
looks like james bond
I had a lot of questions I wanted to ask my father, but he didn't answer.
Then I told myself that someday I'd have to ask my father
Then I became a mother and had a son, and I thought it was finally time to ask my father.
As I became a mother, my father was celebrating his 77th birthday, and suddenly I was overwhelmed with anxiety.
What if my father died and passed away with all the secrets and things he didn't tell me?
I managed to convince him how important it was for us, and for others, to know his story.
Father, make up your mind to tell me. I wrote a book, and I'll read some of it later
Now, the story of my father, who was born in Argentina.
my father's parents were of russian descent
The family moved to France in the 1930's.
Because my father's parents were Jewish, Russian, and above all, very poor.
my father had to start working at 14
The only thing my dad has is an elementary school diploma, and he found a job as a dry cleaner.
That's where I found the magic, and my dad told me about it, it's so fascinating, it's the magic of chemical dyeing.
During World War II, my father lost his mother when he was 15.
It was this incident that inspired my father to immerse himself in chemistry, which was the only way to heal his grief.
I spent the whole day asking lots of questions and learning from my master, accumulating more and more knowledge, and at night, when no one was looking, I practiced and gained experience.
What my father was most interested in was ink bleaching.
In fact, it was kind of a coincidence that my father became a forger.
Because my father's family was Jewish, he was persecuted.
Eventually, they were all caught and taken to Drancy concentration camp, but they barely escaped thanks to their Argentinian credentials.
Even though he did get out, it was always in danger. He was widely documented as "Jewish."
It was my grandfather who decided that the document needed to be forged.
My father had been trained to obey the law, and even though he was persecuted, he never thought of forging documents.
But it was my father who went to see a man from the resistance.
Back then, certificates had hard covers and handwritten occupations.
I needed a job to survive, and my father asked the man to write "dyeing."
The man suddenly became very interested
I asked if the "dyeing industry" knew how to bleach the ink.
Of course my father knows
And all of a sudden, the man started talking about a serious problem with the Resistance. Even the best experts say that Waterman's blue ink is "indelible ink," and that it has never been bleached.
My father immediately replied, "I know the bleaching method."
And the man was so impressed with this young 17-year-old that he would immediately teach him this technique, so he hired him.
And unbeknownst to me, my father invented a number of inventions, including the correction pens that go into the pencil cases of school children.
(Applause) That was just the beginning.
this is my father
When given a lab, my father, despite being the youngest, quickly understood that there was a problem with document forgery.
All activity stops there.
While demand was growing, we found it difficult to falsify existing documents.
My father decided to create a document from scratch.
presses and photoengraving—
I started making rubber stamps.
Among all my father's inventions, there's a centrifuge out of a bicycle wheel.
My father was obsessed with creating, and he had to do everything.
My dad did a simple math, 30 forged documents in an hour.
If you sleep for an hour, you could kill 30 people.
At 17, I felt responsible for other people's lives, and I lived with the survivor's guilt that I had escaped from a camp where my friends hadn't escaped.
And that's probably why we've been faking certificates at all costs for probably 30 years.
It came with many sacrifices
I didn't get paid, so it was a financial sacrifice.
It was a shameful thing for my father to get paid.
If you start getting paid, you won't be able to choose to do it or not depending on whether it's justifiable to counterfeit it.
For 30 years my father was a photographer by day and a forger by night.
my father was always short of money
And then there was the emotional toll.
How am I supposed to explain why I'm stuck in my lab every night?
There were other family sacrifices, which I learned much later.
One day my father introduced me to my sister
And he also explained that he had a brother, and when I first met him and my sister, I was three or four years old, and they were 30 years older than me.
Both are in their 60's now.
In order to write a book, I asked my sister what kind of father she knew.
My sister's known father said, "I'm coming to pick you up on Sunday, so let's go for a walk together."
It seems that he was the kind of person who would hardly come if his family waited dressed up.
Even if I say "I'll call you," there's no phone
I never showed my face
And then one day he finally disappeared
They thought that time had passed and they must have been forgotten.
And as time went on, by the end of my second year, I was thinking, "He's probably dead."
And I realized that by asking questions about my father's past, I was probably stirring up a past that was too painful for him to talk about.
When my half-brother felt abandoned and orphaned, when my half-brother felt abandoned and orphaned, my father was making forged documents.
The reason my father didn't tell his family was to protect them.
Even after his liberation, my father continued to create forged documents that would allow survivors of the concentration camps to travel to pre-Israel Palestine.
My father was a staunch anti-colonialist, so during the Algerian War he created forged documents for Algerians.
After the Algerian War, his name became known in the spread of the international resistance movement, and people from all over the world came to visit him.
In Africa, countries were fighting for independence: Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Angola.
My father was associated with Nelson Mandela's anti-apartheid party.
Created forged documents for persecuted South Africans.
in Latin America
Helped people against dictatorships in the Dominican Republic, Haiti, Brazil, Argentina, Venezuela, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Colombia, Peru, Uruguay, Chile, Mexico.
Then there was the Vietnam War
Created forged documents for American deserters who refuse to take up arms against the Vietnamese.
Europe is no exception
My father produced forged documents for activists against the Franco regime in Spain, the Salazar regime in Portugal, and the Greek dictatorship.
In France, there was only one, in May 1968.
My father watched the May Revolution favorably, but his heart was elsewhere because he worked for more than 15 countries.
Once upon a time, I decided to create a forged document for someone you may know.
(Laughter) He was younger at the time, and my father agreed to create a forgery so that he could go home and speak at a conference.
He said that most of the forgeries at that time were media related and the most useless stuff he'd ever made in his life.
Still, my father agreed, so Daniel Cohn-Bendit's life wasn't in danger, but he tricked the authorities into saying that nothing is more porous than borders, and that borders don't exist for ideas. It was the perfect opportunity to show
When I was a kid, my friends used to read Grimm's fairy tales to me, but my dad told me stories of humble heroes, people with unwavering ideals who did miracles.
Such heroes don't need military backing.
In any case, my companions were only a handful of people with faith and courage.
It wasn't until much later that I realized that the story he told me before I went to sleep was actually about him.
Thinking of the sacrifices he had to make, I asked my father if he had any regrets
Father replied "No"
He told me that he could not have overlooked or submitted to injustice without doing anything.
My father believed in the existence of another world, and still believes, that a world where no one needs counterfeiters is possible.
I still dream of it
my father is here today
I'm Adolfo Kaminski, come here.
(Thank you for applause
these are my words but not my voice
This is Alex, my favorite synthesized voice, and it comes standard on every Mac.
I never thought before that the mundane thing of "talking" would become impossible.
it was like breathing
Back then, it was easy without knowing anything
After undergoing cancer surgery and losing the ability to speak, eat, and swallow, I was forced into a virtual world where a computer was my life.
Over the past few days, at TED events, we've had a number of great speakers.
I used to be able to talk like that
Aside from being smart, I don't think I could have beaten him when it came to speaking.
Today, I would like to talk about the act of "speaking," and how the act of "speaking" or "not speaking" is inseparable from who you are, and when you can't do that, you have no choice but to be reborn as a new human being.
But synthetic speech is monotonous over long listening. Monotonous over long listening.
So today, I'm going to have a friend at TED read my words.
I'll start with my wife Chaz
It was Chaz who helped me through three jaw reconstruction surgeries to restore my ability to speak.
In 2006, when I had surgery for salivary gland cancer that recurred. In anticipation of
Doctors transplanted leg fibula and shoulder tissue to regenerate the jaw.
My tongue, larynx and vocal cords were still intact.
(Laughter) (Laughter) I was an optimistic person, and everything was going well.
the first surgery was a success
Seeing myself in the mirror, I was pretty happy
Ready to leave the hospital in 2 weeks
Listening to Leonard Cohen's I'm Your Man on my iPad with the doctors and nurses on the way home
I suddenly started bleeding profusely
carotid artery rupture
I'm so glad I'm still in the hospital room and the doctor is right by my side.
Chaz said that if the song had been shorter, he might not have survived the bleeding in the car on the way home.
Thank you Leonard Cohen for saving my life.
(Applause) My second surgery lasted five or six days, but it also ruptured.
The third attempt was again unsuccessful, even though it was firmly stitched together.
A doctor from Brazil said he doesn't know of a patient who survived a ruptured carotid artery.
After that, during the year I was hospitalized until I was discharged, my carotid artery ruptured seven times.
It was clear to everyone that I had lost the ability to speak, especially without being told.
Our ability to speak is the manipulation of our respiratory system and the breath we exhale within the cavities of our mouths.
To make voice, you have to hold your breath and manipulate it.
So these series of organs have to be sealed so that no air leaks out.
But the loss of the jaw made it impossible to seal, rendering the tongue and other vocal parts useless.
In the beginning, I wrote down what I wanted to say in a notebook for a while.
Then I started typing on my laptop and switched to synthesized speech.
It's faster, and it saves me having to have my handwriting deciphered.
There was a time when I tried different synthetic voices available on the internet and spoke with a British accent, which Chaz called Lord Lawrence.
(Laughter) This voice was the clearest.
And then Apple released Alex, better than any voice at the time.
It even recognizes things like the difference between an exclamation mark and a question mark.
A period ends a sentence properly and doesn't leave the end of the sentence hanging in the air.
You can control timing and intonation with HTML code.
The problem is that it's really slow
In a conversational situation, you have to type more and more to keep up.
I can't make you wait to tinker with the code to adjust the words and phrases I can't make you wait
By the way, how much is your voice worth?
How Much Does Being Me Affect
Do you feel a connection with me when you hear me speak Alex?
Or do you feel a gap or distance?
What I felt when I couldn't speak
What I still feel is a great sense of distance from the world.
I began to feel insecure when my laptop was not at hand.
I also know that dealing with my speech impediment is hard.
Chaz suggested that I try to find a company that would customize my voice using voices from TV shows from the last 30 years.
I was against it at first
I thought it was disgusting to hear a computer speak in my voice
There was something comforting about not being in my own voice.
But I decided to give it a try anyway.
When I contacted a company in Scotland that customizes synthetic voices,
No attempt to create synthesized speech from existing recordings
It is said that the words that the person himself read are recorded and made in the recording room The words that the person himself reads are recorded and made
But you said let's try
I gave him many hours of recordings of my voice, as well as several audio tracks of movie reviews that I recorded for DVD.
this is my voice
Of course, because this voice is me
But things didn't go that easy
Recording TV shows didn't help me much. There was too much non-speech noise, like movie soundtracks, or my buddy Gene Siskel's arguments. It doesn't fit naturally inside
let me hear this voice
These are the comments I recorded for television when I appeared with Chaz on Oprah Winfrey's show.
This voice we call Roger Jr.
We call it Roger 2.0
Oprah, I'm so happy to be with you on this show again.
We've talked about many things before, but it's nice to meet you again.
This is my freshly synthesized voice.
It still needs improvement, but it certainly sounds like me, and it's not the voice of HAL 9000 in 2001: A Space Odyssey.
When I first heard this, I got chills down my back.
Type something and this voice will say what you type
Even if you read something, it will read aloud with my voice.
It wouldn't be very interesting to sit here and watch me type, so I typed out what I wanted to say beforehand.
This synthesized speech was made by a company in Scotland called Cereprok.
The good news is that most of the words you're hearing are actually from the reviews of "Casablanca" and "Citizen Kane."
This is the first audio produced by this company for an individual.
There are some computer synthesized voices that are pretty good, but they all sound like someone else is speaking, and this one sounds like me speaking.
I'm going to use this for television and radio internet.
For those of you who need a voice, I want you to know that most computers come with a voice system.
Blind people use these synthesized voices to read websites.
When I was in first grade, I was told I talked too much, and I still do.
(Laughter) It sounds like I'm talking, but it's like the words are flying all over the place.
Flow is not natural
He's still working hard in Scotland to improve my voice, so I'm sure he'll get even better in the future.
But for now, Apple's Alex sounds the most natural.
I wrote it on my blog, but I asked the actor who voiced Alex,
He said he spent hours recording different intonations for this synthetic voice.
I need a lot of samples
I was the type who couldn't stop talking
I can't quite remember what my last words were.I can't quite remember.
I feel like I'm the main character in Harlan Ellison's "I Have No Mouth, But I Scream."
In his talk on Wednesday, David Christian talked about how, in the history of the universe, humans exist for only a fraction of a second.
For most of the millions, billions of years, there was no life on Earth.
Even if you look at the history of life on Earth, the history of intelligent life is short.
Civilization became possible only when we learned to pass knowledge from generation to generation.
From a cosmic perspective, that was only 10 minutes ago.
And then came man's most advanced and mysterious tool: the computer.
This progress has happened since I was born.
Some of the famous early computers were built in the city of Urbana, where I was born and raised, which is also believed to be the birthplace of HAL9000.
On Wednesday, I heard Salman Khan give a wonderful lecture on the Khan Academy website about how he teaches many subjects to people all over the world.
I think it was around 1960
I was in high school, but I was a reporter for the local newspaper, and I was asked to go into the computer lab at the University of Illinois and interview the creators of something called PLATO.
PLATO stands for Programmed Logic for Automated Teaching Operations
It was a computer-based education system that was running on a computer called ILLIAC at the time.
Programmers said this would help them learn in the future.
I don't think even they would have thought that what Salman Khan did back then 50 years ago would be possible.
it doesn't matter
What I meant to say is that PLATO was only 50 years old, very recent.
PLATO has evolved, and it's been used in many different ways in more advanced computers, as I learned five years ago.
According to Wikipedia, PLATO started humblely but enabled forums and message boards, online testing, email and chat, emoticons and instant messages, remote screen sharing and multiplayer gaming.
The first web browser was also developed in Urbana, so this city in southern Illinois, where I grew up, was the birthplace of the virtual internet world we live in today.
(Laughter)
(Laughter) I'm speaking as a person who wants to communicate.
all happened in my lifetime
I started writing with computers in the 1970s, when a very early Atech system was installed at the Chicago Sun-Times.
I once stood in line to buy a Radio Shack Model 100 right after it went on sale.
I once told the press room attendant at the Academy Awards that I should have a few phone lines for internet access, but at the time, they didn't understand.
The first desktop I bought was a DEC Rainbow.
Anyone remember?
(Applause) The portable computer I took to the Cannes Film Festival for The Sun Times was the size of a suitcase, and it was called the Porterum Telebubble.
When I joined CompuServe, the total number of members was less than my Twitter followers.
(Laughter) All of this happened in the blink of an eye.
I can't imagine what will happen next
I feel very lucky to be living in this time in history.
We are lucky to be living in history, because without knowledge and memory, there is no history.
For billions of years, the universe has evolved without warning.
We live in the age of the Internet, and it seems to be shaping our global consciousness.
Because of that, I can still communicate like I used to.
We are born in a box framed by time and space.
We use language and communication to get out of that box and connect with other people.
I started using the Internet as a convenient tool The Internet has become an indispensable part of my everyday life.
I can't speak, I can't type on a keyboard that fast.
Synthetic speech isn't all that great, but with computers, we're able to have a much wider range of communication than we've ever had before.
Somehow, my blog, email, Twitter, and Facebook feel like surrogates for our daily conversations.
It's not better than being able to speak normally, but it's the best I can do.
These tools enabled me to speak
Not everyone is as patient as my wife, Chaz.
But on the internet, everyone speaks at the same speed.
I've learned a lot through this life adventure.
Every time a surgery fails, you lose flesh and bone.
I have no chin left
After a series of surgeries to transplant tissue from both shoulders, I developed lower back pain that made it difficult for me to walk.
Ironically, my legs are fine, my shoulder is slowing me down.
Now I'm like "Phantom of the Opera"
it's not like that
(Laughter) (Applause) It's natural to assume that people like me have lost their luster.
People -- (Applause) Loud -- I'm sorry.
Excuse me
(Applause) People talk to me loud and slow
It is sometimes misunderstood that you are deaf
Some people look away so that their eyes don't meet
It wasn't supposed to be like this. Anyway, let me continue.
(Laughter) You shouldn't let your wife read this.
(Laughter) Humans are meant to look away from disease.
I hate anything that reminds me of the fragility of life.
So I was saved by being able to write things using the Internet.
The ability to think and write remains the same.
You can express what you want to say very well on the internet.
I've met many other people with disabilities who use this form of communication.
I have a twitter friend who hits the keyboard with his toes
I have a friend who writes a very interesting blog, and his pseudonym is "Sneaky Disabled."
(Laughter) Google it, I think you'll find it funny.
In different ways, these people all agree that looks aren't everything.
I didn't come here to whine
I am blessed with things that make my life happy and secure.
For the time being, it seems that the cancer is cured For the time being, it seems that the cancer is also cured
Writing progresses, more than ever
writing good stuff
If I had been put in this situation just moments ago in cosmic time, I would have withdrawn and isolated myself from the world.
I should have been trapped in my own world
Human knowledge has leapt forward, and thanks to the digital revolution, I can speak my mind and not have to shout.
I would like to add one more thing
a man went to a psychiatrist
I was told by a psychiatrist that I was 'wrong'
When a man says "I want a second opinion"
The psychiatrist said, "If I may add, your face is ugly."
(Laughter) We all know the Turing test for artificial intelligence.
Have a human judge converse with a human and a machine partner
If the judge cannot distinguish between humans and machines, the machine passes the test.
How about the Ebert test for testing synthetic speech?
If a synthetic voice could tell a well-timed gag like Henny Youngman, that's the voice I want.
(applause)
Hello, my name is Martin. I'm a farmer and an engineer.
I was born in Poland and now live in America.
I'm starting a group called Open Source Ecology
We've picked 50 machines that we believe are the most important in sustaining modern life, like tractors and bread ovens and circuit makers.
Then we open-sourced these machines so that they could be built by anyone with a do-it-yourself job and maintained at a fraction of the cost.
We call this the Global Village Crafting Set.
let's talk in a little more detail
When I was in my 20s, I got my PhD in the field of fusion energy and found myself useless.
I didn't have a particular skill
From the remaining options, I arrived at a certain path
Should we call it consumer lifestyle?
I started a farm in Missouri and learned about the economics of farming.
One day, when I bought a tractor, it broke down.
I paid for the repair and it broke again
And soon my money ran out
I realized that there were no low-cost machines anywhere that really needed to start self-sustaining farms and settlements.
We needed a machine that was rugged, modular, highly efficient, optimized, low-cost, made from readily available recycled materials, and not obsolete.
And I knew there was no other way but to make my own
I actually made it there
and test them
I knew that industrial productivity could be achieved on a small scale.
And then I put this 3D design, schematics, instructional videos and budget on the wiki.
And then collaborators from all over the world began to prototype new machines during the project.
So far, we've prototyped eight of the 50 machines.
And this project is now starting to take off on its own.
Just as open source thrives on tools that deal with knowledge and imagination.
The same thing is starting to happen with hardware.
We're looking at hardware, because it's hardware that can change people's lives in material ways.
If we can lower the barriers to entry in agriculture, construction and manufacturing, I believe we can unlock a vast amount of human potential.
Not just for developing countries
Our machines are built by American farmers, builders, entrepreneurs and manufacturers.
There's been a lot of excitement for these people, starting with building businesses, starting parts manufacturing, starting community-based organic farming, and selling electricity to power companies.
Our goal is to archive a detailed and complete public design, effectively turning a single DVD into a civilization starter kit.
planted hundreds of trees in a day
Compressed 5,000 bricks a day out of the dirt under my feet, built a tractor in 6 days.
I see this is just the beginning
If this idea is really correct, the results would be significant.
We should be able to produce more and more things through more infiltration of manufacturing methods, greener supply chains, and entirely new do-it-yourself manufacturing cultures.
We continue to explore possibilities with open hardware technology to make the world a better place.
thank you
(applause)
I was fortunate enough to be trained in transplantation by two pioneering surgeons: Thomas Staelz, who in 1967 performed the world's first successful liver transplant, and Roy Kahn, in England the following year. first
I am a doctor who performed a liver transplant.
Back in Singapore, in 1990, I performed the first successful cadaveric liver transplant in Asia, despite great challenges.
In retrospect, the transplant was the easiest part.
It was more difficult to cover the cost of the surgery.
But I think the hardest part was persuading the government, because there was debate in the Diet about whether or not we should give young female surgeons the chance to become pioneers in this country.
It's been 20 years since then, and Slinder, who I worked with, is now the longest-lived cadaveric liver transplant recipient in Asia.
(Applause) More than that, I am proud to be the guardian of her 14-year-old son.
(Applause) But not everyone waiting for a transplant is so lucky.
The reality is that there simply aren't enough donor organs.
Demand for donor organs continues to rise, especially in relation to an aging population, but supply remains roughly flat.
In the United States alone, there are 100,000 men, women and children awaiting transplants, and more than a dozen patients die every day because of a shortage of donor organs.
People involved in transplants have been very active in pushing forward.
The gift of life is transplanted from a brain-dead donor or from a living relative donor. Whole organ or part of an organ, like a split liver transplant, is donated to a relative or loved one.
But because there was such a shortage of donated organs, not just living, related donors, but now living, unrelated donors.
This led to an unprecedented ethical question that no one expected to be discussed.
How can we distinguish between voluntary and altruistic giving and coerced giving? People who are at the mercy of their spouses and in-laws, people like servants, slaves, and hired workers. is
how can we distinguish
Too many people in Asia live below the poverty line.
In some areas, the organ trade in exchange for unrelated donors is thriving.
Not long after I had my first liver transplant, I was given another task: to go to prison and harvest an organ from an executed prisoner.
I was pregnant then
Pregnancy should be a happiest time in any woman's life.
But during my happy period, I was haunted by a heavy, melancholy feeling as I walked through the high-security death row, where I had to pass through to the temporary operating room.
Each time, I felt a frightened stare from the convicted prisoner.
For two years, I was tormented by a dilemma: I woke up at 4:30 on Friday morning, drove to the prison, washed my hands, put on gloves, prepared to receive the body of an executed prisoner, took out the organs, and then removed the organs. They take it to the receiving hospital, and in the afternoon of the same day, they implant the gift of life into the patient.
I was informed that consent had been obtained
But the only skill I had in my life that made me feel worthwhile was causing me conflict.In the early morning I felt sorrow and doubt like never before.In the evening I felt joy in implanting the gift of life. I feel
I had a colleague or two on my medical team who was psychologically depressed.
There may have been colleagues who worked with restraint, but no one was unaffected.
I was troubled by the feeling that harvesting organs from executed prisoners was at least as ethical as harvesting stem cells from human embryos.
Also, as a pioneering surgeon in a position of influence, I realized that it was my purpose to speak up for those who weren't.
I wondered if there was a better way, a way to avoid death but still bring the gift of life to millions of patients around the world and have a huge impact.
Around that time, surgical techniques advanced, and what used to be a wide incision was replaced by a keyhole-like incision.
Also, the concept of organ transplantation shifted from whole organs to cells.
In 1988, I participated in a series of total pancreatic transplant surgeries at the University of Minnesota.
in the face of technical difficulties
I was motivated by the idea of ​​shifting from whole organ transplantation to cell transplantation.
I wondered if we could take individual cells from the pancreas and transplant them, which are insulin-secreting cells that are used to treat diabetes. is
At that time, stem cell research was gaining momentum with the world's first isolation of human embryonic stem cells in the 1990s.
The idea that stem cells, also called mast cells, can generate many different cell types, such as heart cells, liver cells, and pancreatic islet cells, has received media attention and aroused public expectations.
This new and disruptive cell technology intrigued me and changed the way I thought about the transition from whole organ transplantation to cell transplantation.
I focused my research on stem cells with potential for cell transplantation.
We know there are many different types of stem cells.
Embryonic stem cells occupy a major place because of their pluripotency, which means they can differentiate into a large number of cells.
But ethical concerns, since embryonic stem cells are harvested from five-day-old human morulae, have spurred research into other stem cells.
I was ridiculed by my colleagues, but I told the lab staff that I didn't find it controversial to focus on the source of stem cells, which is adipose tissue, the fat that we now store more than we need. Getting rid of it would be a wish or come true for many.
Stem cells harvested from fat are adult stem cells.
Adult stem cells can be harvested from our blood, bone marrow, fat, skin and organs.
Fat was the best source of adult stem cells.
But because adult stem cells are not embryonic stem cells,
There are limits. Adult stem cells are mature cells, just like adult humans. Because these cells are limited in their potential, they are limited in their properties, and like embryonic stem cells, they are specialized cells. can't create
But in 2007, two wonderful people, Shinya Yamanaka in Japan and Jamie Thompson in the United States, made a remarkable discovery.
We found that adult stem cells taken from adults can be reprogrammed to look like embryonic stem cells, called iPS cells or induced pluripotent stem cells.
Researchers around the world are now in a race to reprogram aging adult cells in our bodies into more useful iPS cells.
In our lab, we focused on reprogramming young cells with large amounts of fat harvested, so that in the future, we might be able to transform young cells into other specialized cells that could then be used for cell transplantation.
If this research is successful, it will reduce the need for human embryo research and human embryo sacrifice.
We hear a lot of speculation about the potential of stem cells to provide cures for a wide variety of diseases.
Heart disease, stroke, diabetes, bone marrow damage, muscular dystrophy, retinal disease.
In May of 2006 I had a horrible experience.
As I stepped out of the elevator into the brightly lit operating room to perform robotic surgery, my vision in my left eye suddenly went black.
That week I went skiing in the spring and when I fell I got a pretty big impact and saw
I could see floating objects and stars, and the intensity of the sunlight at high altitudes can also be a factor, so I don't usually worry about it.
What was happening here was that without the proper surgical intervention, the consequences could have been disastrous.
I regained my sight, but it took me a long time to recover, and I was lying on my stomach for three months.
This experience made me realize how hard it is for my patients, especially those with retinal diseases.
There are 37 million people in the world who are blind, and an additional 127 million people who are visually impaired.
Research into retinal stem cell transplants is currently underway, and could one day restore vision to millions of people with retinal diseases around the world.
We are living in an era where our abilities are being tested, an exciting era.
As the world's population ages, scientists are racing to find ways to strengthen the body with stem cell-based therapies.
When a human organ or tissue is damaged, the bone marrow releases stem cells into the blood.
The stem cells drift through the bloodstream to the damaged organ and release growth factors that repair the damaged tissue.
Stem cells may be the building blocks for repairing damaged tissues in the body, or they may be able to create new liver cells to repair damaged livers.
There are currently about 117 clinical trials investigating stem cells for liver disease.
what happens next
Heart disease is the leading cause of death worldwide
1.1 million Americans have a heart attack each year.
4.8 million people have heart failure
Stem cells may be used to deliver growth factors to repair damaged heart muscle, or they may be differentiated into heart muscle cells to restore heart function.
170 clinical trials are underway to investigate the role of stem cells in heart disease
Research is underway, and stem cells may represent a breakthrough in cardiology.
Stem cells offer us the hope of connecting to new beginnings, and even though progress is gradual, there is hope that we can transplant cells instead of organs and restore rather than replace.
Stem cell therapy may reduce the need for organ donation in the future.
Any new technology that brings about big changes always comes with challenges.
Currently, the world's first attempt to use human embryonic stem cells for bone marrow injury is underway with approval from the US Food and Drug Administration.
And in the UK, there's a clinical trial in the first phase investigating neural stem cells for stroke treatment.
The research successes that are playing a major role today are only possible because of the curiosity, contribution and dedication of scientists and medical pioneers.
each has its own story
My story, from organ to cell, is an experience experienced through controversy, and there is hope in it, including the possibility that as we grow older and live longer, we may rejoice in a better quality of life.
thank you
Students often ask me, "What is sociology?"
My answer is, "It's the study of the invisible things that make up the human being."
Then, "Learning what you can't see?
How on earth? is asked
My answer is "to self-populate"
It's about empathizing with the person you want to understand.
I will tell you that everything starts from there
It's about stepping out of your position and perspective and putting yourself in someone else's shoes.
Let's take an example
Let's say, 100 years ago, China was the world's greatest power, and I was living in that world.
and find a lot of coal
They're going to be hauling coal very soon, tons and tons, not just in China, but all over the world, on ships and in cars.
and make a huge profit out of it
With that wealth he built a fine city, a city supported by coal.
On the other hand, here in America, people are living in poverty, and that's the situation.
In America people can barely survive
I don't even know why we are poor
And so I wonder, how could America, with so much coal, be so impoverished? Isn't coal profitable?
And then I realize that China has managed to infiltrate a tiny ruling class in America and monopolize its wealth with them.
On the other hand, most people in America live in poverty.
China is giving this handful of ruling classes military power and advanced technology so that people like me in the ruling classes won't complain.
Sounds familiar, doesn't it?
They're training Americans to protect coal.
There are Chinese symbols everywhere, showing off their presence.
But what does China's homeland think of the United States?
America isn't even talked about, coal isn't even talked about.
If you ask people, they'll just say, "We need coal."
And "It's impossible to turn off the heating
That's an unreasonable consultation," he said.
That attitude made me very angry, and so did many Americans.
Far from improving even if you revolt
China hits back in a sneaky way
Before you know it, they'll send in tanks and dispatch troops.
many people will die
It's very painful
How would you feel if you were in that situation? Can you imagine? For example this building
If you take one step forward, there will be tanks and soldiers all around you.
Imagine how you feel You know why there's an army You must be angry and scared
That is what it means to “sympathize”.
It is to feel and think in another person's position or situation.
how is it? Did you do it? But this is not the real thing
still warm-up
Now, here comes the real "extreme attempt."
The next thing I want you to do is to imagine that if you were a Muslim -- a normal Muslim living in Iraq in the Middle East.
Let's be a little more specific. You're a typical middle-class family in Baghdad.
looking forward to your child's growth
i wish you a good life
watching TV or newspaper
With friends and coffee in hand, I'm keeping up with the world's news, even on satellite.
I even watch CNN in America
So I know how Americans live and how they think.
trying to live a good life
normal people everywhere
Imagine you're a normal Muslim living in Iraq.
Now to ordinary Iraqi Muslims,
What I want you to think about when you become
there are some
First of all, oil is the reason for the invasion of Iraq over the last 20 years, and why foreign countries, especially the United States, are interested in Iraq.
everyone knows
Americans know oil is important too.
Because everybody wants Iraqi oil.
But it's Iraqi oil
your country's resources
someone owns the oil
How is that possible?
Why did they turn to oil?
It's because their societies depend on oil, and on foreign oil, on oil they can't find at home.
What do you think of those Americans?
they are rich
Live in a big house and have a nice car
Blue eyes, blond hair, and a happy life, of course, not all Americans.
But that's the impression I get from the media.
benefit from oil
building a big city
On the other hand, in your home country of Iraq
Poverty, despair, hardship, life in Iraq is not easy.
because the country is poor
what you see
It's the hard life of people in my home country
Many people are living in poverty What do you think?
The difference between the lives of people who have taken their resources and what's going on around you, and Americans don't talk about it.
Non-Americans talk about armaments. America is the military center of the world, the world's military spender.
America uses about half
It's only four percent of the world's population, and you've seen it in Iraq.
Everyday life shows it
talk to a friend about it
I also read
When Saddam Hussein was in power, America didn't say a word about it.
When Hussein attacked the Kurds and Iran, America did nothing.
But as soon as oil got involved, they started talking.
And that's exactly what happened today, when the United States claims to be the center of democracy in the world, but realizes that it doesn't matter if the countries they help are actually democracies.
Many oil-producing countries aren't democracies, but they're aided by the United States.
it's funny
And in those two wars of aggression, the decade of sanctions against Iraq, and the eight years of U.S. occupation and rule, and Iraqi riots against it, thousands and hundreds of thousands of civilians died.
it's all about oil
I can't get it out of my head
having a discussion
always thinking about it
"Why?"
We all feel the same way, your grandfather, your uncle, your father, your son, your teacher, your students, your neighbors.
The once happy days are gone and suddenly pain and sorrow overtake us.
All over the country, everyone is exposed to violence, slaughter, torment, and fear.
All Iraqis, without exception, are in dire straits.
But I suddenly realize that some people don't.
are the americans
You think why What's the difference between you and them?
they were christians
christian with cross and bible
There's a little symbol in the bible that says "U.S. Army."
American leaders, before they send their children into battle, before they send soldiers into this country, they go to church and pray to God.
what do you do?
In other words, they want the people who die in war to be enemy people, not Americans.
That's why I pray for the safety of American soldiers.
But sometimes I get caught, strangely enough
Americans do good things too
you know that too
they build schools and help people
But I also do terrible things
You don't understand the difference, like this guy, William Boykin.
He believes Christ is the only true God
Other gods claim to be wrong
He argued that the solution to the Middle East problem would be for everyone to convert to Christianity.
Boykin isn't well known among Americans, but you know him.
I will tell others about him, this is serious
Boykin holds a high position in US forces in Iraq
You think, "Oh my God, the whole US military must be like him," and you hear yet another story.
George Bush called this war a holy war.
I'm sure Americans will say, "Holy War? I don't know what it is, but it doesn't matter."
But you know what holy war means
A holy war is a war against Islam
they invade and conquer and take their resources
If you resist, you will be killed.
You think, "What the hell
Christians are coming to kill us." It's terrible. I'm terrified.
This man burned the Quran, the holy book of Islam, by Terry Jones.
Americans say, "He's crazy, he only has 40 supporters."
It's laughable nonsense
But you can't laugh it off because all the information
Because it fits perfectly, and I understand that this is the American way.
So not just Iraqis, but the whole Middle East
I find myself at war with America Who burned the Holy Quran?
am a christian
"Christians are evil and mean
None other than that."
As an Iraqi, as a Muslim, you'll come to think that, and it's no wonder you think that.
My cousin told me, "Look at this website."
It says "Christian Soldier Training Center"
what are christians doing
they are training little kids to be soldiers
They're training young children to be soldiers, brainwashing them, and teaching them how to handle weapons and weaponry, and their website says, "US Army."
you resent "they're crazy
I can't even let such a small child fight! "and
Ordinary American Christians
You know, "Oh, it's just a few people," but you in Iraq don't know that.
All Christians look the same to you
the internet is everything
"Christian Soldier Training Center"
It shows children doing the same training as the Marines in the U.S. Army.
"What the hell is that?"
you get scared and tremble with fear
men in this photo
familiar to Americans
They are your students and your friends, but not Iraqis.
when Iraqis see them
as seen by Americans
looks like a completely different entity
Have you seen things you can't see in America?
This is how Americans see it
You <Iraqis> are wrong
talking too much
don't understand americans
This is not an invasion of Christianity
It's not just because of oil, it's for many reasons.
You [Iraqis] are mistaken, and you don't support the riot.
I don't want to kill Americans, and I don't want to defend terrorists.
most Iraqis are different
But some people think so
that's what the whole thing looks like
now what to do next
Please stop imagining it now and go back to where you were in America.
To myself in this room. Now here's the important part.
we are in america
look at the woman in this photo
"I can relate to her," you would think.
she may be your sister
wife, relatives or acquaintances
can be anyone
You can easily empathize with anyone in this photo.
Now here's what I want you to try
to go back to the first Chinese example
It's a world ruled by China 100 years ago.
China and America are at odds over coal
Imagine the woman in this picture, a Chinese woman, receiving a national flag because her lover died in the coal riots in America.
The people around me are Chinese soldiers or ordinary Chinese.
What do you think of this photo as a hostile American?
What do you feel from this scene?
Let's go back and look at the picture again
This time with American soldiers
See me as an American woman who lost a loved one in the Middle East. Now here I am in Iraq again.
Put yourself in the shoes of a Muslim
About this photo What do you think about this woman?
May I? Please follow me next time is very difficult
That's why I want you to do it together.
they are rebel soldiers
I was caught by the American army because I tried to kill an American.
I actually killed
First, try to be the American who caught them.
Do you feel resentment?
Don't you want these men to be hanged?
Do you think so?
It shouldn't be hard to empathize
can make it, right
Become a rebel soldier next time
Are they brutal killers? Or are you an avid patriot? Where would you like to go?
Can you feel their anger and fear of what is happening in their country? Please try to imagine
Maybe they picked up their kids in the morning and said, "Good boy, I'll be right back with you.
to protect life and freedom
I'm going for the future of this country." What do you think?
Could you imagine the situation?
Is it difficult?
Do you know how they feel?
That's empathy, and it's also understanding.
You're probably thinking, I see, but why are you doing this?
Why did you bring up this example? The reason is the enemy
because it is the hardest to imagine
Because it's the most difficult person to "sympathize" with
If you could empathize even just a little bit of how they felt, if you could understand just a little bit, and if you could see society as a whole with that feeling,
Empathy in other situations is easy, like a driver sluggish in the fast lane, or your adolescent son, or your nasty neighbor mowing the lawn early on Sunday morning, and you'll learn to empathize and understand it.
Become able to empathize and understand any situation
I often tell my students, leave your little world
Enter someone else's small world
repeat it over and over
Then, suddenly, those small worlds became intricately intertwined—
create a big complex world
And before you know it, you'll start to see the world differently.
everything changes
everything in my life changes
that's the point
Empathize with others and think from their point of view
Educate yourself by listening to different opinions.
I'm not endorsing Iraqi terrorists.
But I'm saying that as a sociologist, I can understand them.
I hope you understand
thank you
(applause)
I'm happy to stand here
really lucky
thank you for the warm welcome
I called my wife, Leslie, and said, "There are so many great people here trying to do really good things.
It's like landing in the land of angels."
I really feel that way
No time, let's get to the point
I am a public school teacher. First, let me tell you about my superintendent.
Her name is Pam Moran and she lives in the foothills of the Blue Ridge Mountains in Albemarle County, Virginia.
she's super high tech
From smartphones, blogs, Twitter and Facebook, we have adopted all kinds of cutting-edge things.
A good leader both technically and educationally
But in her lab there's an old, weather-worn dining table made of wood, the green paint peeling off and it's rickety.
I visited “You must be on the cutting edge.
Are you using this old table? "and
She said, "I grew up in a small town in southeastern Virginia, surrounded by coal mines and farms. This table was in my grandfather's kitchen.
When we came home from playing, my grandfather would come home from working in the fields, and we would all sit around this table every night.
As I grew up, I learned a lot of knowledge, wisdom, and teaching from this table, so I decided to call it the Learning Table.
And when my grandfather passed away, I took this table for my lab, and it still reminds me of him.
It reminds me that something can be born out of nothing.”
The project I'm about to talk about is called the "World Peace Game," and it's also done in an empty space.
I'm seriously considering making this game a learning table for the 21st century.
It all started in 1977
I'm young and I've been in and out of college. parents
They were very patient with me, but I went to India for a short period of time to study mysticism.
When I came back from India, I wore a long white robe, a long beard and John Lennon glasses, and said to my father, "Father, I am enlightened."
My father said, "I wonder if there's one more thing I should find."
"What is that?"
.My parents just wanted me to get a degree.
So I got my degree, and it was a degree in education.
It's a "experimental" educational program
I could have studied dentistry, but the word "experimental" was there, so I decided to pursue a degree in education.
And so I went to the Richmond State School recruiting grounds in the capital, Virginia, and I wore the three-piece suit by convention, the long beard, the afro, and the platform shoes, because it was the '70s, and I sat down. was interviewed
That's when I realized they were in need of a teacher, because my boss, named Ana Arro, said he would give me a job in gifted education.
I was shocked and appalled and came to my senses and said, "Oh, thank you. But what should I do?"
At that time, gifted education was not so well known.
So I didn't have any textbooks or materials.
I asked again, "What should I do?"
I was surprised by her answer to that
It has been the guiding principle for all my teaching career since then. she said
"What do you want?"
Those words set everything free
There were no instructions, no reference books, not even standards for gifted education programs.
And she's cleared a place like that. She's cleared an empty place for my students that I've been trying to clear. is also a place
And in 1978, shortly after I became a teacher, a friend of mine hired a young film director named Chris Farina.
He introduced me.
He is coming at his own expense today.
Chris, can you stand so we can all see you? A promising young director who made a movie.
(Applause) The movie is called "Fourth Graders' Struggle for World Peace."
Chris made this wonderfully titled movie
suggested to me. At the time, I said, "Well, maybe I could go on local TV and say hello to my friends."
But really the movie was made
Although it is still in the red today, Chris managed to bring the movie to the world while making sacrifices.
So we made a movie about me, more than a story about a teacher.
This is the story of education and teacher proof
think beautiful
Seeing myself in that movie, strangely enough, gave me an eerie thump. it in my body,
The figures of my former teachers were there.
The distinctive wry smile beneath the handle-like beard of Roussel, a high school Chilean teacher
that's what i use now
Not the wrath of Mr. Jean Polo,
There was that affectionate gaze that thought of the students
Sometimes there are angry glints in your eyes
Every day, Ethel J. Bank walks into an elementary school classroom wearing a pearl necklace and high heels.
I used to look up like an old-fashioned teacher
just like this
(Laughter) It's like, "I'm telling you guys behind me, I have eyes behind me."
(Laughter) I'm sure there was a teacher like that.
I don't use that kind of gaze myself, but she's a teacher I admire.
is in the repertoire
The other thing I saw was my parents, who were also my first teachers.
Inventive and idiosyncratic father
On the right is my brother Malcolm
And my mother who inspired me when I was in fourth grade. She taught me in 4th grade at an African American school in Virginia.
I realized that in the movie I was making the gestures that she did, I felt like I was following her actions.
I was one of her successors.
It's beautiful, I'm going to teach Madeline, my daughter in elementary school.
So my mother's teachings are passed down through the generations.
I think it's really wonderful to have that lineage.
I am standing here with the support of many people.
i am not alone
A lot of people are standing on this stage right now
Well, this is what I wanted to talk to you about today.
"World Peace Game". Schematically, there is a small city school in 1978 inside a simple 4 foot by 5 foot plywood board.
I made this for an African student class.
We wanted to solve all the problems happening in the world together with them.
I didn't want to go to lectures or read books.
I wanted you to immerse yourself in the feeling of learning on your own will and learn that feeling.
and kids love games
I wouldn't say reciprocal -- a concept that didn't exist in 1978, but I wanted to create something reciprocal.
Now improved, it is a four-foot, three-dimensional acrylic structure, divided into four layers.
To elaborate,
The top layer is the space layer, and it deals with black holes, satellites, observation satellites, space exploration, etc.
The second layer, which resembles a cotton cloud, deals with airspace and air forces.
Here the children themselves
I named the country - some rich, some poor.
The countries have different assets, industries, and armies.
Each country has a parliament
We have the prime minister, the chief cabinet secretary, the secretary of defense, the secretary of finance, the mastermind.
Based on my relationship with them, I decide the Prime Minister together with the children.
I give my children jobs, but they can refuse them, and they have their own parliament.
There are also arms traffickers, the United Nations, the World Bank, etc.
Then there will be the Don who controls the stock market, which naturally fluctuates.
(Laughter) Not only that,
I created a 13-page crisis document on 50 convoluted issues.
So when one thing changes, everything changes.
They trust me because when I put them into this complex conception, it creates a deeper and better relationship.
These issues include ethnic and minority feuds, chemical and nuclear material leaks, nuclear proliferation, oil spills, environmental disasters,
Water disputes, national independence, famine, endangered species, space crises and global warming.
If Al Gore is here, I would like him to meet the students of this school, because these students solved the global warming problem in a week.
(Laughter) (Applause) And we solved it many times.
(Laughter) Sometimes I use the role of saboteur. Some kids are troublemakers. because
But they also try to undermine the whole game
And they covertly circulate lies, obscure and irrelevant information to get people to think more deeply.
They, saboteurs, are like those in Sun Tzu's book of warfare.
They're reading thoughts, they're in fourth grade, they're nine, and they're understanding how it works and what it's all about. At first they follow a path of power and destruction, and then they go to war.
Then they learn to ignore their short-sighted reactions and impulsive thoughts, and start thinking about long-term, better outcomes.
Stuart Brand, one of the ideas for this game came from him in an article about the power of peace in a quarterly magazine called the Coevolution Quarterly.
In this game, students form a force that keeps the peace at times
i just watch the time pass
i just make the game easier
the students run the game
So once the game starts, you can't interfere.
I have something to share-
(Video) Boy: The World Peace Game is in full swing
It teaches you how to deal with the world
Well, Mr. Hunter did it because you had a big problem in your time, and you're trying to tell me how to fix that problem.
Hunter: I gave them— (Applause) Actually, I can't say anything because I don't know the answer.
I honestly admit that fact and say: I don't know.
Because I don't know, my students try to look deeper for answers on their own.
So I apologize at the same time
I said, "I'm sorry guys To tell you the truth we've put this world in a really sad and terrible state I hope you guys change this I might learn
Apologize sincerely so that they will take you seriously.
It may seem complicated
Please take a look at this. When the game starts
(Video) Alright, we're going to start negotiating now. beginning!
(chattering) Hunter: I have a question, who is the representative of this class?
Serious problem. who is the representative?
I am now able to cede control to my classes.
There is "trust", "understanding", and striving for ideals. That effort also meant that I didn't have to do what I thought I had to do as a new teacher.In the classroom control all conversations and reactions of
It is impossible. Because their wisdom is so much greater than mine, and I openly admit it to them.
I'm going to share a few short stories.
There was a girl in the game who was the defense minister of a poor country with powers like tank army and air force.
She owned tanks, air force, etc.
to wealthy, oil-rich neighbors,
Without warning, they began attacking the neighboring oil-producing country, despite her prime minister's objections.
Without entering the oil fields and using weapons, they were sure to besiege and hold them.
Neighboring nations have closed their fuel supply and demand, so they can't move their armies.
We were shaken by her move and were like, 'Why did you do that?
This is a world peace game, what are you talking about? I heard
(Laughter) This girl was a little girl, she was nine years old.
I said to my friend
this is a violation
And here's what I learned: don't make fun of a nine-year-old girl with a tank.
(Laughter) They are stubborn opponents,
we were very upset
I thought of myself as a bad teacher. why is she doing this?
A few days later, I saw a guideline. It's because there's an order of negotiation within the team -- every team has a period of time to negotiate. Teams take turns negotiating, and they're negotiating with different opponents, all teams in one day. will be negotiating
A few days later, we learned that this major power was planning a military strike to conquer the entire world.
if they have a fuel supply
This kid saw the course, the situation, the intentions of each country much earlier than we did, he knew what was going to happen, and he made the philosophical decision to strike in the peace game.
Now she made a small war to prevent a big war So we stopped and had a very philosophical discussion about whether this was right, whether this situation was good or bad.
This is what I want my children to think about in this situation.
I couldn't have planned and taught this thing in advance.
It's something that happened spontaneously through the wisdom of children.
(Applause) Another beautiful thing happened.
You can use letters in the game
If I were a military commander, I would carry out the military. It's a little plastic toy -- if I lose it, I'll use the letter.
Now I have to write a letter to his parents - I'm talking about imaginary parents and the military - and have him write a letter of condolence.
And then you think a little bit before you go on the offensive.
And then one day, actually last summer, at Haguenauhart School in Albemarle County, one of the military commanders stood up to read the obituary when one of the students said, "Mr. Hunter, ask your parent in the back. Let's try it."
On that day, I was visiting a class, and there was a parent behind the classroom.
"Let's ask that mother
I can feel the reality.”
So I asked the mother. she happily took the letter
"Of course," she said, and began to read
she read two lines
In the third line she started crying
i was in tears too
I realized that if everyone there lost someone, even if they were the winners, they wouldn't be happy.
But all losers
it was a product of great understanding
I'll show you what my friend David said about this.
he went to war many times
(Video) David: I've seen too many attacks on people.
I think we've always been lucky
But at the same time, I feel really strange because I live in Sun Tzu's words.
One week, Sun Tzu said, "Winners who go to war return to fight, and losers return to fight and try to win."
I've won all my life so I've been on the battlefield again and again
I think it might be strange to say that I am living in Sun Tzu's words.
Hunter: I always get chills when I see this
I wanted my child to be so immersed in it
You can't plan, you can't design, you can't even test
But this is a fair assessment
I know this is a pure learning assessment.
we have a lot of data. But sometimes knowing what's really going on can lead to unexpected things happening.
let's talk about the third
it's about my friend brennan
Over the course of about seven weeks, playing games in an hour after school, I tackled this challenge, solving 50 complex crises.
The game doesn't end until 50 problems are solved and the asset value of each country rises above the starting point.
There are rich countries and poor countries. Billions
At that time, the president of the World Bank was in third grade.
He said, "How many zeros are in a trillion? I have to do the math right now."
At the time, he was working with a high school student who was playing this game with him on fiscal policy.
So the poorest country's teams got even poorer
It was impossible for them to win this game
It was nearing four o'clock, the closing time, and there was only about a minute left - despair was spreading in the classroom.
I thought I was disqualified as a teacher
I should have let them win
they shouldn't have failed like this
this failure is my fault
I was very sad and felt like I had been thrown out.
All of a sudden, Brennan came up to my chair, took the bell that signaled the resumption of Congress, went back to his seat, and rang the bell.
People were yelling and yelling and waving papers around his chair.
This document was confidential
At the end of the day, there was even a child running around.
I didn't know what they were doing and I couldn't control them
The principal came into the classroom and I couldn't do anything
But parents just look at the window
Then Brennan went back to his seat and everyone went back to their seats.
He rang the bell again and said, "We - and we have 12 seconds left."
raised $600 billion
I will donate this to poor countries
If they accept, their property value will increase and the game is over.
do you accept me?"
3 seconds left
All eyes were on the poorest country's prime minister, he said yes
the game is over
Their spontaneous passions came from unexpected places and in unexpected ways.
all games are completely different
social problems, economic problems,
There is also a game about war
I will not deny the reality of being human
By letting the kids go and experience it, they learn in a bloodless way how not to do what they think is wrong.
Children figure out what's right in their own way.
I learned so much from this game, too, but I think that if children can take their analytical and creative powers on their own and use them for a better world, they might be able to save us. do not have
i hope it happens
Thanks to those who have been involved with me so far, I am deeply grateful for being able to stand here now. thank you very much.
(applause)
I'm going to tell you about one of the greatest adventures humanity has embarked on, the quest to understand the universe and our place in it.
It was by chance that I was drawn to this subject and became passionate about it.
I once bought a second-hand paperback titled "How the Theory of Relativity Was Made" at a second-hand bookstore in Seattle.
Years later, in Bangalore, one night, I couldn't sleep, and I picked up this book, thinking it would put me to sleep in 10 minutes.
But I actually read it all in one go from midnight to 5 in the morning.
What struck me from that was a sense of awe and exhilaration at the universe and the human capacity to understand it as best we could.
I still have that thought
That's what drove me to change careers - from being a software engineer to being a science writer - because I wanted to be involved in the joy of science and the joy of sharing it with people.
That thought has also led me on pilgrimages to the farthest reaches of the earth, to the telescopes and detectors that have been built or are under construction to look at the universe in greater detail.
I've been to the Atacama Desert in Chile, the Siberian Alps, the Japanese Alps, underground mines in North America, Antarctica, and even the South Pole.
Today I want to share with you some photos and stories from that trip.
Over the last few years, I've documented the challenges of some incredibly brave people, sometimes literally putting their lives on the line, trying to gather the faintest signals from space while working in remote and dangerous locations to make sense of the universe. it's about people
First, take a look at this pie chart. It's the only chart I'm going to talk about. It shows how much we understand our universe.
Current theories of physics do a good job of explaining ordinary matter, of which we are a part, but that's only 4% of the universe.
Astronomers, cosmologists, and physicists believe that there is something called dark matter in the universe, which makes up 23 percent of the universe, and dark energy, which fills space-time and makes up the remaining 73 percent.
To put it in a pie chart, 96% of the universe is completely or very little understood by us today.
Many of the experiments and telescopes that I've seen are, in one way or another, tackling the two mysteries of dark matter and dark energy.
Let's start with an underground mine in northern Minnesota, where researchers are searching for dark matter.
Here, we're trying to find traces of dark matter particles hitting our detectors.
There's a reason we go underground. If you do the same experiment above ground, the same experiment will be jammed by cosmic rays, radio waves, etc. Believe it or not, even the human body is radioactive enough to ruin the experiment. I am
So we go deep into mines, looking for quiet environments where we can detect dark matter particles hitting our detectors.
I went to see one of those experiments, and in reality you can hardly see it because it's completely dark, but this cave is a mine that closed in 1960.
It's been used by physicists since the 1980s.
Early 20th century miners worked by candlelight.
Now you can see inside the mine, 800 meters underground.
This is the world's largest underground laboratory.
The primary goal is to find dark matter
There's another way to search for dark matter, which is indirect detection.
If there is dark matter in our universe, then those particles should collide to create other particles that we all know, one of which is the neutrino.
Neutrinos can detect the trail of collisions with water molecules.
When a neutrino hits a water molecule, it emits a blue light, and it glows blue for a moment. And by looking for that blue light, we can learn about the neutrino, and indirectly, the dark matter that may have created it. increase
But to do that, you need a very large amount of water.
To detect neutrinos like this, you'd need tens of millions, maybe even billions, of tons of water.
Where in the world can you find such water?
Russians have tanks in their country
It's Lake Baikal
in the world's largest reservoir of water
It's [600] kilometers long, roughly 40 to 50 kilometers wide, and 1 to 2 kilometers deep.
The Russians are building detectors here, submerging them about a kilometer below the surface, and trying to detect blue light.
This is a picture of when I visited
A midwinter scene of Lake Baikal in Siberia.
the lake is completely frozen
The line of black dots in the background is the ice camp where the physicists work.
We do research in the winter because we don't have the money to do it in the spring or summer, and when it's not winter, we need boats and submersibles.
So in the winter, when the lake freezes completely, we use a meter-thick layer of ice to build the foundations of the ice camps where we do our research.
Russians are working on the ice in the middle of winter in Siberia.
They must burrow through the ice, dive through the cold water, salvage the device, perform any necessary repairs and maintenance, and then evacuate it back into the water before the ice melts.
The ice has only been stable for two months, and there are cracks here and there.
Imagine a huge lake, like an ocean, moving beneath you.
I couldn't believe it, and there was a Russian man working with his chest bare, so it must be hard work.
A few people have been working for 20 years looking for particles that may or may not exist.
I am dedicating my life
By the way, they spent about 1.8 billion yen in 20 years.
it's a very tough situation
working on a tight budget
The toilet is a hole in the ground covered by a wooden hut.
Every year we do research in this situation.
After Siberia, let's talk about the Very Large Telescope in Chile's Atacama Desert.
This telescope has an unimaginative name that is typical of the work of astronomers.
I'll tell you the truth, the next thing we're planning is called the "Maximum Telescope."
(Laughter) And then, believe it or not, the next one is the Amazing Giant Telescope.
Anyway, this telescope is an engineering feat.
There are four telescopes with a diameter of 8.2m.
The main purpose of this telescope is to study how the expansion of the universe changes over time.
And the better we understand that, the better we'll understand the dark energy that makes up the universe.
The engineering feature I want to tell you about this telescope is its mirrors.
Each of the four mirrors is made out of a single piece of glass. It's a giant, highly engineered piece of ceramic glass that's been ground to a very high degree of precision. But if Paris were polished to the same precision, only a 1mm-high projection would remain.
The mirrors of the Colossal Telescope are so precisely polished
amazing telescope
Change your perspective
The reason we had to build this telescope in a place like the Atacama Desert is because the Atacama Desert is so high up.
The dry air is good for observation, and clouds form below the top of the mountain, so this place is blessed with good weather about 300 days a year.
And finally, let's take you to Antarctica.
I want to spend a lot of time on Antarctica.
Antarctica is the final frontier of cosmology
Some of the most amazing experiments, some of the most amazing experiments, are being conducted in Antarctica.
I went to see an experiment called long-term balloon flight, and I took the telescope and instruments to the upper stratosphere, about 40 kilometers above the ground.
So we'll run an experiment and recover the balloon and the observation equipment.
Landing on the Ross Ice Shelf
An American C-17 transport plane brought it from New Zealand to McMurdo, Antarctica.
take a bus from there
I don't know if you can read the letters, but it says "Ivan the Terrible Bus"
and go to mcmurdo base
A view of the entrance to the base
You probably don't know what this hut is
This is the hut built by Scott on his first expedition to the South Pole, when he first came to the South Pole.
It's so cold inside the hut that Scott's party left it there, even the leftovers from the last meal.
amazing place
McMurdo Station employs about 1,000 people in the summer and about 200 in the winter, when the night lasts six months.
I came here to see the launch of this special equipment.
It's a cosmic ray experiment launched into the upper stratosphere at an altitude of 40 kilometers.
Now imagine this piece of equipment weighing two tons.
We're using a balloon to lift a two-ton machine up to a height of 40 kilometers.
Engineers and engineers and physicists work on the Ross Ice Shelf, and for reasons I won't say, it's the best place to launch a balloon, except for the weather.
As you can see, the season is summer, on ice 60 meters high.
There's a volcano in the background with a glacier at the top.
The job here is to assemble the entire balloon - the fabric, the parachute, everything - on ice and fill it with helium.
it takes about 2 hours
The weather can change while you are building
Here we're trying to lay the fabric of the balloon on the ground and fill it with helium.
Two trucks in the back are loaded with 12 tanks of compressed helium.
If the weather changes before launch, we have to put everything back in the box and take it back to McMurdo Station.
This particular balloon carries two tons of equipment, so it's huge.
There are 2 tons of cloth alone
To keep it as light as possible, the fabric is as thin as sandwich wrap.
To put the fabric back in, you have to put it back in the box and step on it so it fits inside.
In Antarctica, you can't step on them if you're wearing cold-weather shoes.
The people who work in Antarctica are so dedicated
The balloon is inflated with helium. It's a beautiful sight.
In this scene, you can see the balloon and the cargo on the other side.
The balloon on the left is infused with helium, and the fabric continues down the middle, where electronics and explosives are tethered to parachutes, and parachutes are tied to lab equipment.
These connections are made by hand in the freezing cold.
I wear clothes that weigh about 15 kilograms, but I take off my gloves when I work.
Let's see what the launch looks like
(Video) Radio: Okay release the balloon release the balloon
Anil: I'll show you two photos at the end.
It is an observatory in the Himalayan mountains in Ladakh, India.
look to the right, there's a telescope
And on the far left is a 400-year-old Buddhist monastery.
Here is a photo taken near the monastery.
I was struck by the fact that two huge realms of human existence existed side by side.
One explores the outer world, the universe, and the other explores the inner self.
both require some kind of stillness
What struck me was that in the journeys of the giant telescopes, astronomers and cosmologists were always looking for some kind of silence, whether it was the silence from radio waves or the silence from light.
If we destroy these quiet places, we won't be able to understand the signals coming from space, and we won't be able to see the outside world.
thank you
(applause)
That wonderful piece of music at the beginning, "Aida's Triumphal March," is the song I've decided to play at my funeral.
(Laughter) You know, it's a very triumphant song.
Then I won't be able to feel anything anymore, but if I could, I'd be immersed in the joy of having lived this life to the fullest. About having the opportunity to understand before this life is gone
Can you hear my archaic pronunciation?
Like all of you, I'm yesterday's Robert Full and Frans Landing.
I was totally mesmerized by the beauty of what other people showed in their animal sessions.
The only thing that bothered me a little bit was that Jeffrey Katzenberg said wild horses were "the most wonderful creatures that God ever sent to earth."
You all know, of course, that he didn't mean it literally, but in this country right now, you can't be too cautious.
(Laughter) I'm a biologist, and the central theorem of our subject is the theory of design, Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection.
It's universally accepted among professionals everywhere, of course.
Outside of the United States, the theory of evolution is largely ignored by non-experts.
But in America, evolution causes a great deal of conflict among non-professionals. (Laughter) It's fair to say that American biologists are at war.
This war is in such a mess right now, with court cases all over the place, that I thought I should say something about it.
If you want to know what I have to say about Darwinism itself, I think you'll need to look at my book, which you probably won't find in any bookstore outside.
(Laughter) In court cases these days, it's often argued that there's a new kind of creationism called "intelligent design," or ID.
Don't be fooled there is nothing new in ID
It's just a new name for creationism, and I would dare say it's been rebaptized. (Laughter) For tactical and political purposes.
The argument of the so-called ID theorists is the same old one that has been refuted over and over again, from Darwin's time to today.
There's also a competent evolutionary lobby that's responding to this battle on behalf of science, and I'm trying to help in any way I can, but when someone like me makes such a bold statement, they're horrified. It's disconcerting -- we're not only evolutionists, we're atheists --
They see you as someone who makes a lot of trouble, and you know why.
Creationists, who are incapable of a coherent scientific argument, base their arguments on a common fear of atheism. It's going to lead to guilt and perversion.
(Laughter) In fact, educated theologians, led by the Pope, are very strong proponents of evolution.
Kenneth Miller's book, "Finding Darwin's God," is one of the most effective attacks against intelligent design that I know of, but it's even more effective if it's written by a devout Christian. because
People like Kenneth Miller deserve to be called a godsend by the evolutionary lobby -- (Laughter) -- because they're debunking the allegation that evolution is effectively equivalent to atheism.
People like me, on the other hand, dare to make waves.
But here I want to say something good about creationists.
Please listen carefully because it rarely happens
(Laughter) I think they're absolutely right about one thing.
Evolution, as they say, is fundamentally antithetical to religion.
As I said, many evolutionists are also religious, like the Pope, but I think they're fooling themselves.
I believe that a true understanding of Darwinism undermines faith in religion.
Now, you might think I'm about to start an atheist preaching, but don't worry, that's not what I'm about to start.
In front of such an educated audience, that would be like preaching to Buddha.
That's not what I want to preach to you. (Laughter) What I want to appeal to you is militant atheism.
(Laughter) (Applause) That's too negative.
If I had been willing to defend my religious beliefs, I would have been very concerned about the positive power of evolutionary science, especially with science in general, but with evolution in particular, precisely because it is atheistic. It inspires and inspires
The challenge for all theories of biological design today is how to explain biological phenomena that seem statistically implausible.
The statistically low odds of going to good design, you could also call it "complexity."
The standard creationist rationale, which all boils down to this one point, stems from this statistically low probability.
Living things are too complicated to happen by chance, so someone must have designed them.
Of course, this argument is like shooting yourself in the leg.
A designer who can design something this complicated must be more complicated than that, and the discussion goes back to square one. And the designer still has a lot of work to do: forgive sins, bless marriages, answer prayers, and in times of war, we are. (Laughter) We don't approve of our sex life, and so on.
(Laughter) Complexity is the problem that all biological theories must solve, but you can't solve it by assuming more complex existence.
What makes Darwin's theory of natural selection so amazingly elegant is that it solves the problem of explaining complexity with only simplicity.
Essentially, it's solved by giving it a smooth slope that gradually increases in height step by step.
But the point I'm making here is that the elegance of Darwinism is that it undermines religion precisely because it's elegant, it's lean, it's powerful in the light of the laws of bioprocess economics.
It has the powerful simplicity of a beautiful suspension bridge
God's Theory Isn't Just A Bad Theory
In the end, we cannot meet the challenges that are required in principle.
Now, going back to the tactical theory of the evolutionary lobby, I would like to argue that daring to make waves may be the right thing to do.
The evolutionist lobby and I have different ways of attacking creationists. My approach is to attack religion itself.
At this point, I have to admit that it's a grave taboo to vilify religion. I think you should have invited me.
(Richard Saul Wurman: I'm on it.) That's good. I thought it must be.
He began this speech, recorded in Cambridge, shortly before his death, by saying that science advances by testing hypotheses, a framework that is always falsifiable.
Quote: "Religions don't work like that
Religion has, at its core, an idea called 'sacred' or 'holy,' and that's what it means: this idea right here is an idea that you can't say anything bad about.
It's not allowed Why is it not allowed? It is not allowed because it is not allowed
(Laughter) How can you say that, whether you're Republican or Democrat, whether you're talking about the economic model or using the Macintosh instead of Windows, it's perfectly valid to have an opinion -- the beginning of the universe. about who created the universe is not allowed because it is sacred.
So we're used to not challenging religious ideas, and it's interesting to see how much frenzy Richard causes when he does." This Richard is me, not him.
"Everybody gets upset about it because they're not allowed to say it, but if you think about it rationally,
There's no reason why it shouldn't be discussed as widely as anything else, unless it's already been agreed in some way that it shouldn't be discussed." So that's the end of Douglas's quote.
To me, just as science undermines religion, religion undermines science.
Religion teaches people to believe in banal, supernatural things without explanation, and they mask the wonderful real explanations that we finally have.
Religion teaches them to accept authority, revelation, and faith instead of always sticking to evidence.
This magnificent photograph appears in Douglas Adams' book The Last Sight.
Now, there's a classic scientific journal called the Quarterly Review of Biology.
As a guest editor, I'm putting together a special issue called "Dinosaurs wiped out by meteorites?"
The first paper is a standard scientific paper that presents a variety of evidence: "Iridium layers at the KT boundary and potassium-argon dating craters in the Yucatán Peninsula show that dinosaurs were wiped out by meteorites."
A very good scientific paper
Now let's take a look at the following paper: "The President of the Royal Society
It gave me a strong inner conviction." (Laughter) "Dinosaurs died because of meteorites."
(Laughter) "Professor Huxteane informally revealed that the dinosaurs were wiped out by a meteorite."
(Laughter) "Professor Hoadley has come to the complete conviction that there is no doubt about it."
"According to the official doctrine published by Professor Hawkins, which binds all loyal Hawkins followers, the dinosaurs died because of a meteorite."
(Laughter) Of course, a paper like this would never actually be published.
But if (applause) in 1987, a reporter turns to George Bush (father)
I asked American atheists whether they would recognize equal citizenship and patriotism.
Mr. Bush's infamous answer was
"No, I don't know if atheists should be considered citizens, I don't know if they should be considered patriots.
It's one country under God."
Bush's prejudice wasn't just a mistake, it wasn't an inadvertent slip and later retraction.
He stood firm in the face of repeated demands for clarification and retraction.
He said it with all his heart, and more importantly, he knew that far from undermining the election, it was going to do the opposite.
Not only the Republicans, but even the Democrats are appealing for their faith.
What would Thomas Jefferson say if he knew this?
By the way, I'm not particularly proud of being a regular British citizen, but I can't help but compare on this one.
(Applause.) What is an atheist, really?
An atheist is simply someone who feels about Yahweh the way Christians feel about Thor and Baal and the golden calf.
As I said before, we are all atheists to many of the gods that have so far attracted human worship.
Some people are just atheists about yet another god.
(Laughter) (Applause) No matter how we define atheism, it should be a permissible academic belief, not a non-patriot, a non-national who is promised to lose an election.
Nonetheless, it's an undeniable fact that being an atheist can make you feel like you're either Hitler or Bierzebab.
All of this stems from the perception that atheists are a strange, eccentric minority.
In an article for the New Yorker, Natalie Angele describes the loneliness she experienced as an atheist.
She clearly felt that she was an isolated minority.
But how many atheists do we actually have in America?
New research reveals surprisingly encouraging results
Of course, Christianity makes up the vast majority, about 160 million people.
But what do you think is the second largest group? 2.8 million Jews, 1.1 million Muslims, more than Hindus, Buddhists, and all other religions combined.
The second largest group, numbering about 30 million people, is called the non-religious or secular.
I can't help but wonder why politicians who want more votes are so famously intimidated by forces like the Jewish Lobby that the Israeli situation is exactly the American Jewish vote. It seems to exist, but on the other hand, the non-denominational have been politically forgotten.
The secular, non-denominational vote, if properly mobilized, is nine times the Jewish vote.
Why doesn't this substantial minority mobilize to exercise its political power?
Now that we've talked about numbers, what about quality?
Is there a positive or negative correlation between being intelligent and being religious?
(Laughter) The study I'm citing is the ARIS study, which wasn't analyzed separately for education, socioeconomic class, educational IQ, etc.
But a recent article by Paul G. Bell in Mensa magazine seems to point the way.
Mensa, as you know, is an international organization for people with very high IQs.
And from a meta-analysis of the literature, Bell concludes, citing "43 studies of the relationship between religious beliefs and a person's level of intelligence or education, conducted since 1927. shows inverse correlations except for only four
The higher the person's intelligence or education level, the lower the percentage of that person's faith."
I didn't read the 42 studies, so I can't comment on the meta-analysis, but I hope this extension will lead to more studies.
If I could give you a little more publicity, I'm sure there are people in the audience today who have the financial resources to pay for the massive research studies that will try to put an end to this question. It's a worthwhile investigation.
So let me show you some data that has been properly analyzed and published, and that it's aimed at a very specific group of scientists: leading scientists.
In 1998, Larson and Witham conducted a survey of America's brightest scientists elected to the National Academy of Sciences and found that only 7% of this select group believed in a personal God. was
About 20% are agnostic, and the rest can be safely called atheists.
It was a number similar to those who believed in immortality.
Among biologists, the figure is even smaller, with only 5.5% of them believing in God, compared to 7.5% of physicists.
I haven't seen the corresponding numbers for leading scholars in other fields like history or philosophy, but I would be surprised if the values ​​were significantly different.
So our situation is really remarkable, and it's the grotesque disagreement between American intellectuals and American voters.
The philosophical view of the nature of the universe, which the majority of American scientists believe, and perhaps the majority of intellectuals as well, is anathema to the American electorate, and it is believed that this view will be held in public in popular elections. not a single candidate dares to affirm
If I'm right, it means that the key positions in this greatest power in the world are closed to the most deserving people to fill them, the intellectuals, who are not prepared to lie about their beliefs. As long as
To put it bluntly, America's political opportunity is heavily burdened against intelligent and honest people.
(Applause.) I'm not a citizen of this country, and I hope it doesn't come across as rude when I suggest that something should be done.
(Laughter) I think I've already hinted at what that is.
After watching TED, I think this is the ideal place to present.
Again, this will cost money.
What we need is an American atheist coming out movement to raise awareness.
(Laughter) You might say that this is similar to the movement organized by gay men a few years ago, except that we shouldn't be foolish enough to expose our beliefs against people's will.
Most of the time, people who come out will destroy the myth that there's something wrong with atheists.
On the contrary, it means that atheists are people who are role models for children, people who can be used by advertising agencies to commercialize their products, people who are sitting in this room. you will be able to show that you are people
This is like a snowball effect. It should generate positive feedback. The more friends you have, the more you'll get.
This may also show non-linear threshold effects
When the critical mass is reached, the number of allies increases at a stretch.
Again, this requires funding.
I'm concerned that the word "atheist" itself will remain a barrier to participation that is so far removed from what the word actually means, that it would otherwise be a barrier to participation for those who are willing to come out. is
So what other words could smooth the way, lubricate the wheels, sugar coat the pills? Darwin himself preferred the word "agnostic."
And not just out of loyalty to his friend Huxley, who coined the term.
He said, "I have never been an atheist in the sense that I deny the existence of God.
I think the term 'agnosticism' is generally the most appropriate to describe my state of mind."
He even uncharacteristically gave Edward Aveling his nerves.
Aveling was a militant atheist. He tried to dedicate a book on atheism to Darwin, but failed to persuade him to accept it. Incidentally, this is where Karl Marx tried to dedicate "Capital" to Darwin. A popular myth was born, and in fact it was Edward Aveling, not Marx, who tried to do so.
As for the truth, Aveling's mistress at the time was Marx's daughter, and after Darwin's and Marx's death Marx's papers were mixed up with Aveling's and said, "Dear Sir, I am very grateful to you for dedicating your book to me. I don't want you to." Darwin's letter was mistakenly thought to be addressed to Marx, and that's what triggered this myth that you all know.
It's kind of an urban legend that Marx tried to dedicate "Capital" to Darwin.
Anyway, it was Aveling, and Darwin challenged Aveling when they met.
"Why do you call yourself an atheist?"
"'Agnosticism,'" Aveling retorted, "is simply a polite restatement of 'atheism,' and 'atheism' is merely an offensive restatement of 'agnosticism.'"
"But why should we be so aggressive?" Darwin complained.
Darwin thought it was okay for the intellectuals to advocate for atheism, but the general public didn't think it was, to quote him, "It's not the time."
Of course, this is the familiar "Don't make waves" argument.
Whether or not Aveling told Darwin to stop being snobbish is not recorded.
(Laughter) Anyway, that happened over 100 years ago.
From then on it would seem that you should be growing up
Now about an intellectual renounced Jewish friend who happens to celebrate the Sabbath because he wants to preserve cultural cohesion, and describes himself as a "tooth fairy agnostic." I am
I wouldn't call myself an atheist, because it's impossible in principle to prove that it doesn't exist, but the term agnostic refers to the possibility that God exists and the possibility that God doesn't exist. There is a risk of being interpreted as assuming the same degree
So he clearly states that he's an agnostic about the Tooth Fairy, which sounds very unlikely, doesn't it?
like god
Hence the term "tooth fairy agnostic".
Bertrand Russell made a similar opinion, using the hypothesis of a teapot orbiting Mars.
Whether or not a teapot is in orbit on Mars, strictly speaking, would be agnostic, but that would mean assuming that the probability that it exists is exactly the same as the probability that it doesn't exist. It does not mean
It's not just the Tooth Fairy and the teapot that make us technically agnostic, but the list goes on and on.
If you want to believe in one particular one, whether it's a unicorn or a tooth fairy or a teapot or Yahweh, it's up to you to prove its existence.
Others are under no obligation to give reasons for not believing it.
We atheists are both no-faeries and no-teapotists.
(Laughter) But we're not going to list them one by one.
This is why a friend of mine uses the term "tooth fairy agnostic" as a label to refer to so-called atheists.
But if we want people who are deep down to be an atheist to come out in public, we need something better on our banner than "tooth fairy" or "teapot agnostic." and
What about "Humanist"?
This has the advantage that there is already a well-organized global network already in place, magazines and so on.
I think the only problem is the apparent anthropocentrism.
One of the things we learned from Darwin is that humans are but one of millions of species, some close and some distant.
There are other candidates, such as "naturalist," but the problem is that it's easy to get confused. Yes, but at times Darwin may have been confused with a different kind of "naturalist," perhaps some people confused it with "nudism."
(Laughter) Those people might have been part of the crowd that wrongly lynched a pediatrician for a pedophile in the UK last year.
(Laughter) I think the best alternative to "atheist" is simply "non-theist."
There's no strong connotation that there is absolutely no God in that statement, which teapot and tooth fairy agnostics will accept.
This can also be fully compatible with the physicist god
When atheists like Stephen Hawking and Albert Einstein use the word "God," they are, of course, metaphorically using it as a convenient abbreviation for the depths and mysteries of physics we still don't understand. pointing to a specific area
"Non-theism," unlike "atheism," won't provoke hysterical fear, and everything will work.
But I actually think the other option would be to use the word "atheism" and hold on to that nettle, precisely because it's a taboo word, and it causes hysterical shudders of horror.
If you choose the word "atheism," you're going to have a much harder time reaching critical mass than if you chose "non-theism," or any other non-confrontational word.
But if you can do it with the scary word "atheist," the political repercussions will be much greater.
Now, if I were a religious person, I said I would be very afraid of evolution. Let me take it a step further, if I got it right, I would be afraid of science in general.
Because the worldview of science is exciting, poetic, and above all, full of pure wonder, and the religious imagination is so meager in comparison.
Another recently deceased hero, Carl Sagan, said, "When any of the major religions saw science, they said, 'This is so much better than we thought!
Isn't the universe much bigger, more magnificent, more delicate, more graceful than our prophets said?'
"No, no, no! My God is a little God, but I want him to stay that way.' Religions, old and new, that emphasize the magnificence of the universe as revealed by modern science, are a storehouse of awe and reverence untapped by traditional beliefs. I wonder if we can bring out the
Now, you're an elite audience here, and I'm guessing about 10% of them are religious.
Many of you probably agree with the polite cultural belief that religion should be respected.
But I suspect that many of them, deep down, despise religion as much as I do.
(Laughter) If you're one of them, I'm sure a lot of people aren't, but if you're one of them, I'd like to ask you to stop being polite and speak your mind clearly. if you happen to be rich
I want you to think about the possibilities that might change the world.
Religious lobbies in this country are heavily funded by foundations like the Templeton Foundation and the Discovery Society, not to mention the tax benefits.
We need anti-Templeton to move forward.
If my book sold as much as Stephen Hawking's instead of Richard Dawkins', I'd do it myself.
“How did 9/11 change you?” is still a popular question
ok this is how it turned out for me
Let's all stop paying ridiculous respect
thank you
(applause)
Imagine a big explosion while climbing over 900 meters
Aircraft is shrouded in smoke
The sound of the engine clink clink clink clink clink clink clink
Anxiety attacks me
I was just sitting in "1D" that day.
It's the only seat where you can talk to the flight attendants
I gave him a quick glance and said, "It's fine. It looks like you got hit by a bird."
But the plane is turning around right after it takes off.
i see manhattan
Two minutes later, three things happened at the same time.
The aircraft was directed parallel to the Hudson River
Not my usual route. (Laughter)
turn off the engine
Silence envelops the cabin
The captain's voice is heard.It's the first time I've heard it.It's a very calm word.
"Prepare for impact"
No more asking the flight attendants
(Laughter) When I looked into the flight attendants' eyes, I could read the fear, and I thought I was going to die.
I'll tell you three things I learned that day.
First, everything can change in an instant.
We all have so many things we need to do and things we want to do.
Later, I looked back and thought, "I'm going to collect cheap wine."
Because that wine can be opened when people come.
I don't want to postpone anything in my life anymore
That sense of urgency and determination changed my life.
And the second thing, as we passed so close to the George Washington Bridge, what I felt was just a sense of regret.
live properly
I've always aimed higher, caring for others, stumbled,
There was also an ego in the compassion
I felt regret that I wasted my time with my loved ones on trivial things.
I also thought about relationships: wives, friends, etc.
Later, if you think about it and decide to eliminate negative energy from your life,
It's been a lot easier
No quarrels for 2 years It's the best
My priority now is
I'm happier than being right
And the third one - as the countdown begins, "15... 14... 13..."
As the water approaches
I thought, "Explode!"
I don't want it to blow apart like you see in documentaries.
As I went down and down, what I felt was, "I'm not afraid to die."
It's as if there was an intention from the beginning
but it's very sad
i don't wanna die i love my life
That sorrow led to a certain thought, a single wish
“I just want to see my child grow up.”
A month later, I went to my daughter's recital.
I cried and cried like a little child
I clearly noticed
That's when the two dots connected and I realized that there's one thing in life that's important, and that's being a good father is more important than anything else.
My only goal in life is to be a good father.
I survived that day and received a miracle
And the miracle of being able to witness the future, and the miracle of being able to come back and live differently than before.
If you're flying today, imagine the same thing happening. I hope it doesn't happen -- what would that change?
Life is long, what do you plan to do sooner or later?
How would you change your relationship? How do you change negative energy?
Above all, are you doing your best as a parent?
thank you
(applause)
how do you want to be better
For example, you can improve your memory by making small changes to your genes, and you'll be able to recall more accurately, quickly, and with certainty.
Or do you want to be in great shape and strong and have stamina?
Do you want to become more attractive and confident?
how to live a long and healthy life
Or perhaps you've always wanted more creativity.
which one did you like the most
If you could only choose one, which would you choose?
(audience: Creativity) Creativity
How many people choose to be creative?
please raise your hand
A little bit, about the same as the number of creative people here.
(laughs) Good.
How many people choose memory
It has increased considerably
how is your health
decreased a little
how is longevity
It's the majority. As a doctor, I'm very happy.
It would be a very different world if we got one of these.
is it just a fantasy
Or is it possible
Evolution is a recurring subject here at TED, but today I want to share with you my perspective as a doctor.
The great 20th-century geneticist T.G. Dobzhansky was also a communist in the Russian Orthodox Church. do not have"
Now, if you're someone who doesn't accept the evidence of biological evolution, this would be a great time to turn off your hearing aids. Take out your communication devices. You may need to read it again, because what I'm about to tell you is completely irrelevant to you.
(Laughter) But if you're going to accept biological evolution, think about this: Is it just the past, or is it the future?
Is it what's happening around us, or is it about us?
This is another way of looking at the tree of life
In this diagram, I've drawn the bushes from the center out in all directions, because if you look at the edge of the tree of life, all the surviving species at the ends of the branches are successes, in evolutionary terms. So it's alive, which shows adaptability to the environment.
One of the branches, the human part, is, of course, where we're most interested.
We diverged from a common ancestor with modern chimpanzees about six to eight million years ago.
There are probably 20 or 25 different hominids in the process.
new species come and go
We have been in this world for about 130,000 years.
It's as if we're very different from other species, but in fact, for the most part, our cells are very similar in how they work.
Did you know that we can take advantage of the intracellular machinery of common bacteria to create the human insulin protein for the treatment of diabetes?
This is not human insulin, but it is the same protein, chemically indistinguishable from the protein produced by the human pancreas.
Speaking of bacteria, have you noticed that we have more bacteria in our gut than there are cells in our bodies?
about 10 times more
So think about it, when Antonio Damasio asks you about your self-image, do you think about bacteria?
Our gut is a wonderful and hospitable environment for bacteria.
It's warm, dark, humid, and very livable.
You give the bacteria all the nutrients they need, no effort required.
It's an easy life for bacteria, with occasional interruptions that flow unexpectedly to the exit.
Other than that, you're a wonderful environment for bacteria, just as we need them in our lives.
Bacteria help digest essential nutrients and protect you from several diseases.
but what about the future
Are we at a point of equilibrium in the evolution of our species?
Or are we destined to change into something else, perhaps even more adapted to our environment than ever before?
So let's go back in time a little bit to the Big Bang, 14 billion years ago, the formation of the Earth and the solar system, about 4.5 billion years ago, about 3 to 4 billion years ago, when the first protists appeared on Earth, about 800 million years ago to 10 years ago. Multicellular organisms emerged 100 million years ago, and humans finally emerged 130,000 years ago.
In this unfinished cosmic symphony, life on Earth is like a short bar, the animal kingdom is like a bar, and human life is just another ornament.
it's us
That's also the fun part of the story, so I hope you enjoy it.
(Laughter) Now, when I was a freshman in college, I took my first biology class.
The grace and beauty of biology fascinated me.
I became obsessed with the power of evolution and realized something very fundamental: in most real life, in single-celled organisms, each cell divides and all of that cell's genetic energy goes to both daughter cells. inherited
But when multicellular organisms appeared in the world, things started to change.
sexual reproduction is coming
And very importantly, sexual reproduction takes place, which means that sexual reproduction transfers the genome, and the rest of the body is discarded.
In fact, it might be said that the inevitability of death in our bodies appears simultaneously with sexual reproduction in the course of evolutionary time.
Now I have to confess that when I was in college, I thought it was sex and death, sex or death, death for sex. I became more suspicious
Gradually, I began to understand how George Burns felt, he was well past 90 and active in Las Vegas.
One night there was a knock in his hotel room.
he opens the door
Standing there was a gorgeous, scantily-dressed actress.
And she looks at him and says, "I'm here to have some rough sex."
"Never mind, I'll have the soup," he replied.
(Laughter) As a doctor, I realized that I was working towards a goal, but it was different from the evolutionary goal. Not a contradiction, just different.
I was trying to protect myself
wish to be healthy
hope to recover from illness
and wished for a long and healthy life
Evolution is about passing the genome on to the next generation, adapting, and surviving through generations.
Evolutionarily, we're like booster rockets, designed to send genetic payloads to the next orbit and then drop them into the ocean.
I think we all understand the sentiment expressed by Woody Allen, who said, "I'm not trying to achieve immortality through this research.
I want to complete this research by not dying."
(Laughter) Longevity isn't necessarily an evolutionary advantage.
And it's not necessarily the biggest or the strongest or the fastest or even the smartest.
Evolution favors the most adapted organisms.
It's the only test of survival and success.
On the ocean floor, bacteria that are thermophilic and can tolerate the heat of steam have successfully adapted to the environment, the kind of heat that would cook fish if they were there.
What does this mean? When we look back at what happened in the course of evolution, and rethink our place in evolution, and especially when we foresee the next stage, I think there are several possibilities. exists
The first is that we don't evolve.
we have reached a kind of equilibrium
The reason behind this is that, through medicine, we have succeeded in protecting many genes that would otherwise be eliminated and removed.
Moreover, as a species, we adapt to our environment, but we can change the environment itself to adapt to us.
By the way, because we move and cycle and interact so often, it's no longer possible to be in isolation, a prerequisite for evolution.
The second possibility is normal species evolution driven by natural forces.
The point here is that evolution is gradual, but it doesn't stop.
As for "isolation," if we, as a species, migrate to different planets, we'll have "isolation," and environmental changes can cause evolution in a natural way.
But there's still a third possibility, and it's an intriguing and terrifying possibility.
Neo-Evolution, I call it New Evolution, but it's not something that happens naturally, it's an evolution that we personally decide to cause.
how does this happen
how can we do that
First let's face it, some cultures today allow you to choose your offspring.
Some cultures choose to have more men than women.
It's not necessarily good for society, but that's what individuals and their families are choosing to do.
Think about where choice is possible, and when I say choice, it's not just choosing the sex of your child, it's a choice that can prevent or cure disease by modulating the genes in your body.
How about genetic alterations that can eliminate diabetes and Alzheimer's, reduce the risk of cancer, and stop strokes?
Wouldn't you like to change your genes that way?
Looking ahead, these changes are increasingly likely
The Human Genome Project started in 1990 and took 13 years.
cost $2.7 billion
It was completed in 2004, and the year after that, you were able to do the same thing for $20 million in three to four months.
Today, you can have a complete sequence of 3 billion base pairs of the human genome in a week at a cost of about $20,000.
It won't be long before the human genome hits $1,000 and is ready for everyone.
Just a week ago, the National Academy of Engineering presented the Draper Prize to Francis Arnold and Willem Stemmer, two scientists who independently developed a technology that hastened the natural processes of evolution to produce favorable proteins. bring it about in an efficient way, which Francis calls "directed evolution."
Two years ago, Shinya Yamanaka was awarded the Lasker Prize for his work, where he took fibroblasts, adult skin cells, and manipulated four genes to induce them to become pluripotent stem cells. A pluripotent stem cell can become any cell in the body.
change is coming
The exact same technology that makes human insulin in bacteria can make a virus that not only protects you from that virus, but also makes antibodies against other viruses.
Amazingly, trials of influenza vaccines grown in tobacco leaf cells are now underway.
Can you imagine that good things can be produced from cigarettes?
These are the realities.There are more possibilities in the future.
Imagine two other small changes
You can change the cells in your body, but what if you could change the cells of your descendants?
What if we could change the sperm and the egg, or what if we could change the fertilized egg to give our offspring a chance at a healthier life, we could rid ourselves of diabetes and hemophilia, we could even reduce the risk of cancer?
Who wouldn't want a healthy child?
And with this very same analytical technique, but the same kind of scientific power that can make changes that prevent disease, we can also get hyper-traits like increased capacity to improve memory.
Get ready for some quick Ken Jennings banter, especially when you're taking on the next-gen Watson Machine in a quiz showdown.
Equip yourself with contractile muscles that allow you to run faster and longer
Why don't you live long
these are so attractive
When we get to the point where we can give it to the next generation and have the traits we want, the old evolution will turn into the new evolution.
We can compress a process that would normally take 100,000 years into 1,000 years, maybe even 100 years.
These are the choices your grandchildren and their grandchildren will have.
Are we allowed to use these choices to make society better, to prosper, to make it more convenient?
Or should we each choose the traits we want for ourselves and not let the others get involved?
Will we create a boring and homogenous society or a vibrant and diverse society?
These are the questions we will face in the future.
And most importantly, can we acquire the wisdom that we need to make these choices wisely, and can we pass on that wisdom?
For better or worse, these choices will come sooner than you think.
thank you
(applause)
There are two sides to security: emotion and reality, and they're different things.
not really safe
can feel safe
Even if you don't feel safe, sometimes it's safe.
Two separate concepts are associated with one word, safety.
What I want to talk to you about today is how to separate emotions from reality, when to separate concepts, and how to converge.
Words matter here
There aren't many good words for the concepts I'm going to talk about.
The economics term for safety is a trade-off, whenever you get safety.
you are trading off something
When you make a personal decision to put a burglar alarm in your home, when you make a national decision to invade a foreign country, you're making a trade-off, whether it's money, time, convenience, functionality, or radical freedom.
When you think about safety, the question is not whether it makes you safer, but whether it's worth the trade-off.
You've probably heard over the last few years that the world is safer because Saddam Hussein isn't in power.
The question is, was it worth it?
It's up to the individual to decide whether it was worth the invasion or not.
That's the way to think about safety, using the perspective of trade-offs.
There is no one right answer to this decision
Some people have burglar alarms in their homes, some don't.
It all depends on where you live, whether you live alone or with your family, what cool things you own, and how much you're willing to take the risk of theft.
There are also different views on politics.
In many cases, the trade-offs aren't just about safety, and this is important.
Humans have an intuition for these trade-offs,
i use it daily
Last night in your hotel room, when you decided to double lock the door, when you drove here, when you went to lunch, when you decided the food wasn't poisoned, and you ate it.
We make these trade-offs many times a day, and we probably don't really think about them.
It's just part of survival, something we all do, something every species does.
Imagine a rabbit eating grass in a field
the rabbit finds the fox
So the rabbit will make a security trade-off, "Should I stay or should I run?"
Rabbits that are good at making trade-off decisions will survive and reproduce, and rabbits that aren't will be eaten or starved to death.
Now, you might think that all of you, all of us, the successful species on Earth, are good at making trade-off decisions.
Yet we seem hopelessly lame
I think this is a very interesting question
give a definitive answer
We are responding to a sense of safety, not a reality of safety.
In many cases this works
Feeling and reality are often the same
In prehistoric times it was very true
It's evolutionarily correct that we have developed the ability to respond sensoryly, and one explanation is that
It was very well suited to the risk judgments required to live in small groups, and this was in the highlands of East Africa in 100,000 BC.
New York in 2010 is another.
Perception of risk is subject to a number of biases.
there is a lot of research on it
Certain biases are recurring
I'd like to highlight four of them: we exaggerate dramatic and unusual risks.
It's easy to underestimate common risks, like comparing air travel to car travel.
Unknown risk is seen as bigger than known risk
For example, people fear being kidnapped by strangers, but the data show that kidnappings by acquaintances are much more common.
this is for children
Third, the risks of being named are perceived as greater than the risks of anonymity.
Bin Laden is more feared because he has a name
Fourth, people underestimate risk in situations they can control and overestimate risk in situations they don't.
People who skydive or smoke underestimate the risk.
Terrorism is a good example, and when you're exposed to that kind of risk, you overestimate it because you feel like you have no control over it.
There are many other cognitive biases that influence our risk judgments.
There's something called the availability heuristic, which is basically guessing the availability of something based on how easy it is to imagine.
let's talk about
If you hear a lot about tiger attacks, there must be plenty of tigers around.
If you haven't heard of lion attacks, you probably don't have many lions around, until the newspapers get around to thinking that.
Because newspapers are about rare risks, over and over again.
Because news, by definition, is an event that rarely happens.
(Laughter) If an event is common, it's no longer news.
These are the risks you're worried about in car accidents and domestic violence.
And we are the storytelling species
More Sensitive to Story than Data
It also lacks an underlying sense of quantity.
"One, two, three, many" is correct in a sense.
we are very strong in small numbers
1 mango 2 mangoes 3 mangoes 10,000 mangoes 100,000 mangoes.
1/2 1/4 1/5 I'm also good at this kind of thing
One in a million, one in a billion, both are "almost impossible."
As you can see, we're not very good at unusual risks.
And this cognitive bias acts as a filter between us and reality.
As a result, the sense and the reality become insane, they become different things.
Sometimes you feel safer than you really are, a false feeling, or
There is also false anxiety
I've written a lot about "security theater," something that makes people feel safe but doesn't do anything.
There are no words to describe something that provides us with security but does not make us feel safe.
Let's get back to economics
If the economy, if the market promotes security, and if people make trade-offs based on comfort, then the best thing companies can do to stimulate the economy is to make people feel secure.
there are two ways to do that
Do you actually provide safety and expect people to notice?
Or you can provide reassurance and expect them not to notice the reality.
What does it take to notice
There are several things: understanding safety, risks, threats, countermeasures, understanding them and knowing how they work.
If you knew, sensation and reality would match.
Knowledge of many examples will also help.
We all know the crime rate in our neighbourhood, because we live there, and it's basically what it feels like.
You notice security theater when they don't mesh well.
Then why don't you notice the reality?
lack of understanding
If you don't understand the risks and costs, you're going to make the wrong trade-off decisions.
inexperienced
It has an inherent problem of low incidence.
If terrorism were rare, it would be very difficult to judge the effectiveness of counter-terrorism measures.
This is why the practice of ritual sacrifices persists and the outrageous blame-shifting.
Not enough examples of failure
Emotions also cloud the problem, because the cognitive biases, fears, superstitions, etc. that I mentioned earlier are basically inadequate models of reality.
make this even more complicated
there is a feeling and a reality
I would like to add a third element here, the model
You have sensations and models in your head, and you have reality out there, and reality doesn't change, it's reality.
Senses are based on our intuition Models are based on reason This is the basic difference
In a primitive, simple world, there's no reason to have a model at all, because the sensations are so close to reality.
you don't need a model
But in today's complex world, we need models to understand the many risks we face.
I have no feeling about germs
you need a model to understand
So a model is an intellectual understanding of reality, a different representation.
Models are, of course, limited by science and technology.
Before we developed a microscope that allowed us to observe germs, there was no such thing as a bacteria theory of disease.
There are also limitations due to cognitive biases
But this has the power to overturn the senses.
where do you get the models? you get it from others
Religion and Culture Obtained from Teachers and Elders
A few years ago, I was on a hunting trip to South Africa.
The trucker who accompanied me grew up in Kruger National Park
he had some complicated models for survival
It depends on what's attacking Lion, Leopard, Rhino, Elephant If you have to flee again If you have to climb a tree Sometimes you can't climb a tree I probably won't live a day
he was born there and he knew how to survive
I was born in New York. If you bring him to New York, he might not last a day.
(Laughter) because we have different models based on our own experiences.
Models can also come from the media or officials.
Think of the model of terrorism, or the model of child abduction, or aviation safety, or road safety.
Models can also emerge from industry
The two things that I'm interested in are surveillance cameras and ID cards, and a lot of computer security models have come out of these.
There are also many models coming from science.
The health model is a great example
Think cancer, bird flu, swine flu, SARS
All this sense of safety about these diseases comes from models, from science filtered through the media.
model can vary
not immutable
As we become familiar with the environment, the model becomes closer to our senses.
As an example, let's go back 100 years, when electricity was just coming out, and there were a lot of concerns, and people were afraid to ring the bell.
Because we were using electricity, which was dangerous at the time.
Replacing light bulbs
you can do it without even thinking about it
The electrical safety model is common sense to us.
I haven't changed much since I was born.
I have completely mastered how to use it
So let's take a look at the risks associated with the Internet from generation to generation: your parents' attitudes about Internet safety, your attitudes, and what will happen to your children.
The model eventually blends into the background
Intuition is just another word for "habituation"
So the closer the model is to reality, and the more it becomes one with the senses, the less aware it is.
A good example of this would be last year's swine flu.
When the swine flu first appeared, the initial information caused a lot of overreaction.
Because it has a name, it's less deadly than the common flu, and yet it looks terrifying.
people wanted doctors to do something
I felt like I couldn't control myself
The name and the feeling of being out of control made the risk seem more than it really was.
The novelty faded, time passed, the sense of crisis faded to some extent, and people got used to it.
Even without new data, the fear subsided.
By the fall, people started to think that the doctor should have already figured it out.
There's been a kind of bifurcation, where people seem to be choosing between fear and acceptance -- actually, fear or indifference -- and they're beginning to question the risk itself.
When the vaccine came out in the winter, a surprising number of people refused to get it.
This is a good example of how people's perceptions and models of safety can change at will and without new information.
these things happen often
I have one more problem
There is a sensory model reality
I think safety is very relative
I think it's up to the observer
And most safety decisions involve a wide variety of people.
Those who benefit from certain trade-offs
They try to be involved in the decisions, I call it their agenda.
The agenda, in other words, marketing and politics, is trying to get people to choose a model that's convenient for them, or to ignore the model and act on their instincts, and to get rid of people who don't have a model they like.
this is not uncommon
A good example is the risk of smoking
Over the past 50 years, the risk of smoking shows how the model is changing, and how the industry is fighting against the model it doesn't want.
Compare that to the second-hand smoke argument, which came out about 20 years late.
what about seat belts
When I was a kid, no one wore a seatbelt.
Now no one will let you drive unless you fasten your seatbelt.
What about airbags, a debate that came about 30 years late.
All examples of model changes
What that tells us is that it's hard to change the model.
It's hard to change a stable model, if the model and the feeling are equal.
I don't even know you have a model
There's also another cognitive bias, the confirmation bias, where we tend to accept data that aligns with our beliefs and reject information that doesn't.
We tend to ignore the evidence against the model, even if we think it's true.
It has to be very persuasive to get attention.
New models covering long periods are difficult, global warming is a good example.
we are 80 years old
Not suitable for models with long spans
I can wait until the next harvest
I'll be fine until my child grows up
But in 80 years, you can't do it well.
So the model of global warming is very difficult to accept.
We can have two models in our minds at the same time, when we have cognitive dissonance in those cases where we both believe in two concepts, and ultimately.
New model replaces old model
Strong emotions can make models
9/11 created a safety model in the minds of many.
You'll also model your personal experiences of being in a crime, your own experience of being in poor health, or the health damage you learn about in the news.
This is what psychiatrists call a flashbulb memory.
They build models in the blink of an eye, because they have a very high emotional value.
When it comes to science and technology, we don't have the experience to evaluate models.
Delegate decision-making to others
This only works if you entrust it to someone you trust
We rely on government agencies to determine the safety of our medicines.
I came here yesterday by plane
I didn't check the plane
He entrusted other organizations to determine the safety of his plane.
We here aren't worried about falling ceilings, not because we've looked them up, but because we believe the building codes here are good.
This is a model that we believe in and accept without question, and that's okay.
What we want here is to get people familiar with a better model, and then they can feel it and make safety trade-off decisions.
When this doesn't work, you have two options.
One is to use direct emotional appeal to heal the senses.
Manipulating people, but sometimes it goes well
A more honest way is to actually fix the model.
change comes slowly
The smoking debate took 40 years, this one was the easy one.
These things are hard, after all
Information seems our best hope
I lied earlier
Sensory Models Remember when I mentioned reality? I said reality won't change, but it does.
we live in a world of science and technology
Reality is always changing
It may be the first time in the history of the human species that we're in such an environment. The senses follow the model, the model follows the reality, and the reality keeps changing, and neither of these things will ever catch up.
I don't know what's ahead
But in the long run, both sensation and reality matter.
I would like to end with two short stories that illustrate this.
In 1982, I don't know if you remember, but there was a brief Tylenol poisoning epidemic in the United States.
They poisoned it, closed the lid, put it back on the shelf, and someone bought it and died.
Some copycats have emerged
There was no real danger, but people were frightened.
And that's how the anti-tamper pharmaceutical industry was born.
That's where those anti-tamper caps come from
It's completely security theater
Come up with ten workarounds as homework
I'll tell you one thing, it's a syringe.
But it gave people a sense of security.
It made people's sense of safety more realistic.
Lastly, a few years ago, a friend of mine had a baby.
i visited her in the hospital
Today, it's like putting an RFID bracelet on the newborn and a matching bracelet on the mother, so that if anyone other than the mother tries to take the baby out of the maternity ward, an alarm will go off.
I wonder how many cases of abduction of newborns occur in hospitals.”
I went home and checked
seems to rarely occur
But think about it, if you're in a hospital and you need to get your mother out of the room for some tests, and without good security theater, your mother will grab your arm.
(Laughter) So for us safety thinkers, and for security policy and even public policy, this is important in terms of security implications.
We have to think not only of reality, but of feeling and reality.
What's important is that they're pretty much the same thing, and if the feeling is real, it's about safety.
It's important to be able to make better trade-off decisions. Thank you.
(applause)
I'm sure all of you have probably wondered how great people could achieve great things.
The more outstanding the results, the more likely we are to call that person a genius, or perhaps say they must be an alien from another planet, or something completely different from ourselves.
But is it?
Let's start with an example
You know the story of Newton's apple, right?
Really? maybe not
Still, it's hard to imagine that there weren't any "apples".
What that means is that there was some kind of foothold, some particular situation, that made it possible to conceive of universal gravitation.
And it certainly wasn't impossible for Newton.
It was possible, and for some reason, at some point, it was as easy to pick as an apple.
that's the apple
What about Einstein?
Was the theory of relativity another giant leap in the history of ideas that no one but him could have conceived?
Or rather, was it within reach and possible - for Einstein, of course - was it a small step on his own scientific path?
Of course, we can't find such a path, but that doesn't mean it doesn't exist.
This is very suggestive, but it's still hard to say for sure, if you want to know where great ideas come from, or how new things come in general.
As a physicist, as a scientist, I've learned that half the answer lies in asking the right questions.
I think we're starting to have a great conceptual framework for finding and working with the right questions.
So I'm going to take you to the boundaries of the known - well, the boundaries that I know of - and show you how the known is a powerful and wonderful starting point that can lead to a deeper grasp of words like novelty, innovation, creativity. will do
We're going to discuss the "new", but of course we'll touch on the science behind it.
There are many ways that new things enter our lives, and they can be very personal, like meeting new people, reading a new book, listening to a new song.
On the other hand, there's also something global, called innovation.
It could be a new theory, a new technology, a writer could be a new book, a composer could be a new piece of music.
Globally, it's something new for everyone. Experiencing new things can be scary. New things make us scared.
To experience something new is to explore a very strange space, a space of what could have been, a space of what could have been, a space of possibility.
It's a very strange space, but I'll take you there.
it may be physical space
For example, my experience in 2016, like climbing Machu Picchu for the first time.
Or it could be a conceptual space, like acquiring and understanding new information -- that is, learning.
Or it could be a biological space.
Think of the never-ending battle between new viruses and bacteria and the immune system.
I have some bad news here
It's that we're incredibly bad at grasping this space.
To find out, let's do an experiment.
Think of all the things you can do in the next 24 hours
The key word here is "everything"
Of course, I'm sure you can think of a few options: have a drink, write a letter, or take a nap during this boring lecture.
but that's not enough
An alien invasion here in Milan, or I'll be silent for fifteen minutes.
It's very difficult to imagine a space of possibilities like this, but it's actually an excuse.
It's hard to imagine a space of possibilities because you're trying to imagine something completely new, something that's never happened before and you don't have a clue.
A common solution is to look to the future with eyes cultivated by the past, relying on everything that happened in the past, and hoping that that's enough to predict the future.
I know this won't work
For example, the first weather forecast attempt failed.
The reason for the failure is the incredible complexity of the phenomena behind weather.
We now know that predictions have to be model-based, and you build a model of the system, you run a simulation on that model, and you use that model to predict what the future will be like.
Techniques like this work with a lot of data, but they can be used in many different use cases.
Even machines can be misguided when they try to see the future based on past data.
just imagine
For a moment, imagine yourself in the Australian wilderness.
standing in the sunlight
strange things happen
Cars come to a sudden stop, and far beyond them, a kangaroo crosses the road.
If you look closely, the car has no driver.
Even after the kangaroo is gone, the car won't move.
For some reason, the self-driving program got lost in a strange beast flying around the road.
I have hardened
this is a true story
A few months ago, this happened to a self-driving Volvo car in the middle of the Australian wilderness.
(Laughter) This is a common problem, and one that will increasingly affect artificial intelligence and machine learning in the near future.
It's an old problem from the 17th century, but I think we now have new tools and new clues to solve it.
Let's go back in time five years ago—
It was winter in Rome, Italy.
The winter of 2012 in Rome was special.
Experienced snowfall unprecedented in history
That winter was special for me and my colleagues, too, because it inspired me about the possible mathematical method, the possibility again, but the mathematical method for understanding the emergence of new things.
I remember that day very well, because it was snowing. We were stuck on campus because of the snow, so we couldn't go home.
At some point, though it may not have been exactly that day, I found a connection between this new problem and Stewart Kaufman's brilliant notion of adjoinable regions long ago. rice field
Neighborable regions encompassed everything
Whether it's an idea, a molecule, or a technology product, it's something that's a step ahead of what's already there, something that can be obtained by incremental improvements or by recombining existing materials.
For example, if I think about my friend's space, my neighbourhoods are the friends of friends who aren't friends yet.
I hope this makes sense
If I meet someone new -- let's say Ms. Briar, then all of her friends will join my adjacency space, and the space will expand.
If you want to look at this situation from a mathematical perspective -- you want to see it, right? look at this picture
think this is your world
I know it's impossible
This is my world, the red dot is me
The green dot is in the adjacency region, and it's something we've never touched before.
living a normal life
come into this space
drinking wine meeting friends reading books
And at some point, we reach the green dot and meet Mr. Briar for the first time.
What happens then?
A whole new part of this space becomes a realm of possibility at that moment, even if you didn't even imagine that realm before you got to that point.
And behind that lies many more points that may one day become a realm of possibility.
The feasibility space is so strange because it's not predefined.
rather than something that can be predefined
It is continually shaped by our actions and choices.
We were very fascinated by this connection we found, that's how scientists do it.
Based on this, I came up with a mathematical formula for adjactable regions, but that was 20 years after Kaufman proposed the concept.
Our theory, and this is important, is based on a complex interplay between two things: the expanding and restructuring of the realm of possibility, and what we explore within it. is the interaction between
After the epiphany in 2012, I went back to work and worked on this theory and came up with some predictions to test in the real world.
Of course, for innovation research, we need a testable framework.
Here are some of the predictions we made
The first is about the speed of innovation, the frequency with which new things are observed in a variety of different systems.
Our theory was that the frequency of innovation should follow a universal curve, something like this.
This is the frequency of innovation versus time in a very different context.
We predicted that the frequency of innovation would decline over time.
We expected that innovation would become harder over time.
It was beautiful and interesting and we were happy
Is it really correct?
Of course you should check it in the real world.
Back in the real world, we collected terabytes of data, tracking innovations, looking at Wikipedia, Twitter, open source software development, and even listening to music.
I can't put into words how we were astonished and delighted and moved, but what we predicted theoretically was what we saw in a variety of different real-world systems.
I was so excited
It became clear that our research was going in the right direction, and we couldn't and didn't stop there.
We did some research, and at some point we made another discovery, what we call "correlative novelty."
very simple
you may have experienced
I heard Leonard Cohen's "Suzanne," and that sparked my Cohen craze, and I started listening to any Cohen song with a passion.
Like finding out that Fabrizio De André had recorded "Suzanne" in Italian.
Somehow, as a general idea that one thing leads to another, the concept of adjacency can be found in many different systems.
But what excites us is that we're the first to give this idea scientific substance and start making predictions about how we experience new things.
So novelty is correlated.
It doesn't happen by chance
This is good news, because missions that seemed impossible may not be so impossible, and if you follow your intuition, there will be a positive chain reaction.
A third consequence of the existence of adjoinable regions is what we call the "wave of novelty."
To put it simply, without the wave of novelty in music, we'd be listening to Mozart and Beethoven all the time, and that's fine, but we don't always do that.
Some people listen to Pet Shop Boys and Justin Bieber.
(Laughter) We were able to see these patterns very clearly in the vast amount of data that we collected and analyzed.
For example, hits in music are constantly being reborn and disappearing, but there is still room for classics.
So while waves of novelty come and go, the tide always holds onto the classics.
Standards and new hits coexist.
Our theory didn't just find a wave of novelty.
it is a matter of course
Not only that, but I'll also explain why it's there, and it's there for a reason, and it's because people have different strategies in the space of possibilities.
some people always follow the already known path
so to speak, the user
Some people always embark on new adventures
I am a seeker
What we've found is that all of the systems we've studied fall somewhere in between these two strategies, so they're kind of like a blade runner of innovation: 80 percent utilization and 20 percent exploration.
A sensible balance, or a conservative balance, maybe I should say, a balance between the past and the future, a balance between exploitation and exploration that already exists and may be what the system needs.
Now, the other good news is that we now have the scientific tools to examine this equilibrium and push it further in the future.
As you can imagine, I was fascinated by these things.
Our mathematical methods are already giving us clues and hints for exploring, creating and exploring within the space of possibilities.
that's not all
This will be the starting point for the wonderful journey of scientifically investigating the new, and also for the personal investigation of the new.
And this will have many consequences, affecting many important activities -- learning, teaching, research, business.
For example, if we think about artificial intelligence, I am convinced that in the near future we will be relying more and more on the mechanics of adjacency to rebuild and change, to deal with an unknown future.
At the same time, we have many new tools that allow us to examine the workings of creativity and the catalysts for innovation.
The purpose of all of this is to develop human resources who can come up with new ideas for the challenges we face.
needless to say
I think we still have a long way to go, but we have the questions and the tools, and the adjacencies are possible.
thank you
(applause)
How are matter created in nature?
I brought you an abalone shell, this is a bio-made material.
98% of mass is calcium carbonate 2% of mass is protein
3,000 times stronger than other materials in its habitat
Abalone shell-like structures are widely used, for example chalk.
The craftsmanship of the natural world is fascinating, and we can learn a lot from its virtuosity.
For example, this is a macroscopic structure, but at the nanoscale,
It's assembled. Genetically encoded proteins can be used to assemble intricate structures.
So I'm really curious what would happen if we could give life to all kinds of non-living cells, like solar cells, for example.
What if an inanimate object could have the same ability as an abalone shell, the ability to build elaborate structures at room temperature and atmospheric pressure using harmless chemicals, but not releasing harmful substances into the environment?
I've been imagining that
What if you could grow a battery in a Petri dish?
What if we could put genetic information into batteries and let them evolve over time? And can't it be more environmentally friendly? Back to the abalone shell
Nanostructures, but another thing that's fascinating is that the male and female abalones work together to pass on genetic information.
"Do this at room temperature and atmospheric pressure" "Do this with harmless materials"
It's the same with diatoms, which have a glass-like structure, and when they split apart.
Transmitting genetic information "This is how we build perfect nanostructured glass in the ocean."
"The same can be repeated"
What if we could do the same with solar cells and other batteries?
My favorite biomaterial is my 4 year old.
As anyone who has ever raised a child, or who knows you well, knows that four-year-olds are complicated creatures.
It's very hard to force someone to do something, so it's time to think about future technologies.
Consider the use of primitive organisms such as bacteria and viruses.
Is it possible that we can use our new toolbox to create structures that are meaningful to us?
When we think about future technology, we start thinking about the birth of the earth, until life emerges on the earth.
it took a billion years
It rapidly became multicellular, capable of replication, and capable of photosynthesis as a means of providing energy.
But it wasn't until about 500 million years ago, during the Cambrian period, that life in the sea began to build hard matter.
Until then, it was soft and fluffy.
Calcium and iron and silicon were increasing, and organisms had learned how to make hard substances.
What I want to do is to make the rest of the periodic table available to living organisms.
If you look closely at living organisms, there are many nanostructured substances such as DNA, antibodies, proteins, and ribosomes.The natural world has prepared elaborate nanoscale structures.
Using a mechanism similar to HIV, it prevents nanoscale living tissue from producing antibodies.
How about making solar cells?
this is a natural shell
biomaterials in nature
If you break the abalone shell
find nanostructures
Diatoms made of silicon dioxide, called magnetotactic bacteria, create tiny single magnetic domains to determine direction.
What they have in common is that they're assembled at the nanoscale, and the DNA sequences that encode the protein sequences are the blueprints for building amazing structures.
Abalone shells use these proteins to make their shells.
proteins carry a negative charge
It takes in calcium from the environment, creates a layer of calcium, and carbonates it repeatedly.
The chemical sequence of amino acids gives us the instructions, "How to make this", "This is how to do-
DNA sequence Protein sequence I have an interesting idea.
By finding the DNA sequences to assemble, and then encoding the protein sequences to create the structures you want, not the abalone shells, you're tapping into an untapped force of nature.
This is my favorite periodic table
In the periodic table handed out to freshmen at MIT every year,
It says, "Welcome to MIT. Learn your specialty."
On the back, the amino acids are listed, and the isoelectric point is also shown.
Distributing to thousands of people
It says MIT, but it's also available at this university when President Obama visits MIT.
I asked my husband late at night because he wanted to give me the periodic table because he was going to invite him to my lab.
"How can I give you the periodic table?
What if he says he has it or remembers it?" When the President visits the lab and finishes a wonderful tour.
I cut it out, "I'll give you the periodic table, just in case you need to calculate the molecular weight in an emergency."
I think it's more geeky to say molecular weight than molar mass...
The president looked at the periodic table and said, "Thank you, I look at it periodically."
(Laughter) (Applause) Later in his talk on clean energy, the president brought out the periodic table and said, "At MIT, you get the periodic table."
I haven't told you yet, 500 million years ago, primitive life began to make matter, but it took 50 million years to master it. It took 50 million years to master how to make an abalone shell.
It's impossible to ask a graduate student "It's a great project, but it will take 50 million years."
We have to find a way to do it faster.
So we use the M13 bacteriophage, a non-toxic virus that infects bacteria, because it has a simple DNA structure.
It's easy to cut and paste DNA sequences, and this is how viruses can be used to express random protein sequences.
For genetic engineering, it's simple and can be repeated countless times.
We can create an infinite number of viruses with the same gene except for one sequence that makes one type of protein.
Put those millions of viruses into a drop of liquid, let them interact with any element, and then go through selection and evolution.
You can pick out one virus that performs the desired function, such as growing a solar cell.Since viruses cannot replicate themselves, they need a host.
Once you've found one out of the vast array, you can infect a bacterium to replicate that particular sequence indefinitely.
The beauty of living organisms is that they build precise, intricate structures, like this long, thin virus.
You can give it the ability to express and nurture materials for semiconductors and batteries.
This is a high-power battery that I'm growing in my lab.
modify the virus to make carbon nanotubes in part
It's grabbed, and another part incorporates an array that grows the battery's electrode material, and then connects the electrode material to the current collector.
Through selection and evolution, a virus that made bad batteries turned into a virus that made good batteries with record high power, all on the lab bench at room temperature.
Here's the battery I took with me to the White House press conference.
If I can make it bigger, I can actually run a Prius, and my dream is to drive a virus-powered car.
You can pick one virus out of a huge number and replicate it massively.
Replication can be done in the lab, so you can have it self-assemble to make things like batteries.
Catalysis is also available
This is an example of water separation by photocatalysis.
What we've been able to do so far is modify the virus so that it has dye-binding molecules lined up on its surface that act as antennas and transmit energy through the virus.
Another gene grows an inorganic material that splits water into oxygen and hydrogen, so we can make clean fuels.
I brought you a sample
the student said to move
Nanowires made by viruses
It's inside and when you hit it with light, it foams up.
Oxygen bubbles are generated from this sample
By manipulating genes, we can control a wide variety of materials that enhance device performance.
The last example is a solar cell, you can also do it with a solar cell.
We modified the virus to grow titanium dioxide around the carbon nanotubes to transport the electrons.
Through genetic engineering, the efficiency of this solar cell has reached the highest recorded efficiency ever achieved by a dye-sensitized cell of this kind.
I brought one so you can go out and try it later.
It's a solar cell made of viruses, through selection and evolution.
We were able to go from eight percent to eleven percent efficiency.
I hope that you will find it very important and interesting to know how nature makes things, and then as a next step, see if you can nurture them yourself, see if you can use nature's methods to make things that don't exist in nature.
thank you
I grew up in a family of social science professionals, but I was the only weird kid who drew.
(Laughter) I did sketches of models in my mom's Sears department store catalog --
My bedroom, full of my crafts, was like my own private gallery, living in creation.
No one was surprised that I became an architect.
But let's be honest, my true foundation as an architect today didn't start in my bedroom art gallery, but in the conversations I had around the table at dinner with my family.
We talked about how people lived and formed relationships, from the impact urban migration had on a village in Zambia, to the complex medical needs of the homeless on the streets of San Francisco.
No wonder you look at the person next to you and wonder, "What does this have to do with architecture?"
In fact, every topic was about "space" and whether that space accepted us.
In fact, we share our deepest human connections in physical space.
Our life experience unfolds in physical space, even in this crazy era of texts and tweets.
Unfortunately, architecture hasn't told all of our stories equally.
Even monumental buildings known as Gherkins and buildings like Trump Tower—
(Laughter) I always tell the story of the haves, not the have-nots.
Throughout my career, I've largely resisted designing buildings around the stories of specific characters, who are mostly white, male, rich, living in low-income communities, mostly people of color, and so on. People who bulldoze other people's stories.
I tried to create an activity based on elevating the stories of people who were always silenced.
That work was a mission of "spatial fairness"
(Applause) By "spatial justice," I mean understanding that to achieve justice, we need space, and that equal distribution of assets and services and their use is a fundamental human right.
So what exactly is "spatial fairness"?
Let me give you an example
For many years, I've been redeveloping a former power station in a historically African-American neighborhood called Bayview Hunter's Point in San Francisco.
In the '90s, a community group led by mothers who lived in public housing on the hill overlooking the plant fought to close it down.
the group won
The power company finally dismantled the power plant, decontaminated the land, and put asphalt over most of the site to keep the clean soil from scattering.
Sounds like a success story, right?
but wait
Due to several issues, such as land title and lease agreements, the land has actually been rendered undevelopable for at least five to 10 years.
This means that the backyards of residents who have lived near the power plant for decades now have 120,000 square meters of asphalt cleared.
To put it simply, 120,000 square meters is the size of 30 football fields.
As a power company, we didn't want to be the bad guy here.
Recognizing that we owe it to the residents, we solicited design proposals for the temporary use of the site, in the hope that doing so would turn the site into a boon rather than a wasteland.
For the past four years, I've been part of the diverse design team that responded to the call, working with the mothers who initiated it, other residents, local organizations, and the power company.
We've explored and tried to address the problem of spatial fairness by organizing various events.
We've built vocational workshops, an annual circus, and even a beautiful sidewalk along the coastline.
Over 12,000 people have attended events here in the four years that we've been here, and we hope that this has inspired a change in the relationship between people and the land.
But more recently, I've realized that simply having an event isn't enough.
A few months ago there was a community meeting in the area.
Electric utilities are finally ready to discuss concrete long-term redevelopment plans.
the meeting was the worst
Much yelling and wrath were exchanged
People asked the question, "If I sell the land to a developer, won't they just build luxury condominiums like everywhere else?"
"What was the city administration doing?"
"Why can't we create more jobs and more money in this area?"
Our events have not failed to bring joy.
Despite the joy, the pain remained
The pain caused by a history of inequitable environmental maintenance left a trail of industrialization in the area, forcing residents to live near toxic waste and excrement.
This zip code still suffers from the lowest per capita incomes and the highest unemployment and incarceration rates, even though it's in a city that's home to big tech companies like Twitter, Airbnb, and Uber.
And these high-tech companies are -- uhm -- actually triggering gentrification, which is rapidly transforming the identity and demographic composition of the region.
I want to take a breather and talk about gentrification.
It seems that it has become a word that we can not speak
It has become synonymous with the displacement of the region's poorest residents by the new rich.
Anyone who's ever been displaced knows the pain of losing the place that held your life.
If you haven't actually experienced it, imagine right here and now.
If your favorite local places or places you used to go and spend time with old acquaintances disappear—
When I got home, my landlord sent me a notice telling me that the rent had doubled.
I can't decide whether to stay there or not.
your house already has no place for you
This feeling you're feeling right now has nothing to do with whether or not someone intentionally hurt you.
A developer, Majora Carter, once told me, "Poor people don't hate gentrification.
What I hate is that you don't stay here until you've benefited from gentrification."
Why is erasure of culture and loss of economic means inevitable?
Acknowledge past injustices and proceed with development—maybe we can find value not only in new stories, but also in past histories.
And we might be able to do our best to keep people living in this area -- where they feel like they are, their home, their community.
This rethinking requires recognizing the injustices of the past and the pain and grief woven into them.
As I began to reflect on my work, I realized that pain and grief were recurring themes.
Early in the development of Bayview Hunter's Point, I heard a man named Daryl say, "We were always treated like an island nation -- a deserted island."
I heard it in Houston, I heard it when I worked on a project with a day laborer.
Juan told me that he used to stand on the street corner every day to earn a living for his family, and that he was robbed many times. and
You must have seen this kind of pain
From the protests in Charlottesville and New Orleans over the removal of statues,
To cities like Lorraine, Ohio and Bolton, England, industrially dying and dying.
We often rush to rebuild the place, hoping that it will ease the pain of the local people.
However, despite our endless desire to do good, to right wrongs, or to create a field of possibility, we often face situations filled with broken promises and crushed dreams. I will continue to pretend that I don't know is Buddha
we're building on top of what's been destroyed
No wonder there is no foundation to support
As an architect, I was under no obligation to create a place of pain and grief.
But that there's space for pain
It can be a catalyst for change
Back to our story, when we first started working in the area, one of the first things we did was interview the activists who led to the shutdown of the power plant.
A sense of impending loss ran through their stories.
The area was already beginning to change at that time.
People slowly moved away, or died of old age, and each time the inhabitants left, the story was lost.
What the activists felt was that no one would know about the wonderful things that happened in the area, because from the outside it was just a slum.
At worst, it's a hotbed of crime. At best, it's just a blank slate.
Of course, in reality, it was neither.
So my friends and I asked an NPO called StoryCorps
With their help, and with the help of the power company, we set up a recording booth on the premises.
We invited the residents there to record their stories for posterity.
A few days after we recorded the residents' stories, we had an audition party where they listened to the recordings, which appeared to be a Friday morning program on NPR.
That party was the most amazing community meeting I've ever attended.
The reason is that they talked about pain as well as joy.
The two stories I remember most vividly are AJ's stories of growing up in the area.
I always had a child to play with
The first time I was stopped and questioned by a police officer was when I was 11 years old when I sadly recounted.
GL spoke of his peers, the turbulence of life he'd experienced living in this area, and the things he proudly told us about the organizations that sprung up here and there to help and empower everyone.
he expected more of such activities
By creating a space to express pain and grief at the outset, we were able to work together on ideas for what this site needed, and it's a great idea that has been the foundation of our work for the next four years.
Why do we need a different gathering now?
That's
Because the pain and grief that has become a part of this region didn't happen in a day.
It takes time to heal
No one here who goes to therapy for a day and gets cured right away, right?
(Laughs) Are there such people?
i don't think so
Now that I think about it, I should have created more opportunities for auditions, not just fun events.
In my work, I've traveled all over the world, but I've never been to a place where pain doesn't exist, and I've never been devoid of healing potential.
I've worked to improve my skills as an architect, but I now see that my role is also to heal people.
Now, as a point of talk, I could tell you five steps to healing, but I don't have the answers -- at least not yet.
The only thing I know is the line
Aside from that, I also learned something from this experience.
First of all, if you don't have the willingness to listen to everyone, you can't build a city that everyone is happy with.
Hearing all that is lost and unfulfilled, not just visions of future architecture
Second, it's not just "them" who receive healing.
In a privileged environment, we must examine our guilt, our displeasure, our sense of complicity.
Ann Marks, a nonprofit leader, once said, "Wounded people hurt people, healed people heal."
Third, healing is not about making the pain go away.
We tend to cover our pain with a blank slate, like we covered the land of Bayview Hunter's Point with asphalt.
But that doesn't fix it
Healing is acknowledging the existence of pain and making peace with it.
One of my favorite quotes is this: In the process of growth, healing creates new trust.
Now I stand before you as a healer through architecture, ready to embrace the potential for growth in this community, in the people I work with, in this country, in this world. increase
I didn't mean to go on that growth journey alone.
I think many of you are unsatisfied with the current situation.
But believe in the possibility of change
I believe that you are more capable of overcoming hardships than you think you are.
Taking the first step requires courage
Have the courage to see the pain of others and the will to coexist with that pain, even if it makes you uncomfortable.
Imagine the change we can all make together, if we all work hard to make it happen.
thank you
(applause)
For the past year and a half, our company, Push Pop Press, has been working with Charlie Melcher's MelcherMedia on our first full-length interactive book.
It's titled "Our Choice," and the author is Al Gore.
It's a sequel to "An Inconvenient Truth," which explores different ways to solve the climate crisis.
It starts like this This is the cover
I know where I am on the spinning earth I open the book I can swipe to browse chapters
You can also scroll down to see each page.
If you want to enlarge the page, just expand it.
Anything in this book can be opened by pinching and pulling with two fingers.
To go back and continue reading, just fold back to the page
This is also the same Pinch open
(Narration) "Many people, myself included, feel that windmills add beauty to the landscape."
Al Gore will guide you through the book and explain the photos.
Photos can be viewed on an interactive map
Zoom in to see where it was taken
This book contains over an hour of documentary footage and interactive animations.
Expanding this
(Narration) "Many modern wind turbines have three large blades..."
Playback starts immediately
You can return to the page while playing
And when I go back to the table of contents, the video keeps playing.
What's really cool about this book is the interactive infographics.
This shows the potential for wind power across America.
It's not just a graphical representation of the information, but if you follow it with your finger, you'll get exact figures for the amount of electricity that wind can generate, state by state.
We're seeing geothermal power as well, and solar power.
this is my favorite one
Please watch...
(When you blow on it, the windmill in the picture spins.) (Applause) When the wind blows, the excess electricity from the windmill is stored in a battery.
When the wind stops, the stored electricity is sent back to the house, so the lights never go out.
This book is not only for the iPad
You can also run it on your iPhone
You can start reading on your iPad in your living room and continue reading outside on your iPhone.
works exactly the same
pinch the page
can be expanded to see
This is Push Pop Press' first work, Al Gore's "Our Choice."
thank you
(Applause) I think it's brilliant.
Are you trying to do a publishing business or a technology licensing business?
What is your business plan?
Can other people make them too?
Yeah, we're building tools to make it easier for publishers to create content like this.
Melcher Media is on the East Coast, and our team that builds the software is on the West Coast, using our tools to capture photos and images every day.
So they're going to license this software to publishers so they can make these great books, right? Yes / I see Thank you Mike
Thank you / Good luck. (Applause)
I'm Irvin Gupera and I make toys.
I have been making toys for the last 30 years.
In the early '70s, I was in college.
It was a very revolutionary time.
It was a time of political upheaval, so to speak, with students rallying in the streets of Paris against the government.
It was a turbulent time in America, with the anti-Vietnam War and the civil rights movement.
In India, there was a land liberation struggle called the Naxalite Movement.
But times of social upheaval can release enormous amounts of energy.
This Indian national movement was living proof of that.
Many quit their well-paying jobs and joined the movement.
Now, in India in the early '70s, a wonderful initiative was about to bring back science classes in village schools.
Anil Sadgopal, a PhD at Caltech, came back to India as a molecular biologist at a cutting-edge laboratory called TIFR.
At age 31, he was unable to relate the scientific research he was pursuing to the lives of ordinary people.
So we started a village science program.
many people were moved
In the early '70s, the slogan was 'Go to the people'
love and live together
Let's start with what people know and make use of what we have."
this was the signature slogan
I participated for 1 year
Manufacture Tata trucks near Pune
After working for Telco for two years, I realized I wasn't cut out for building trucks.
People often don't realize what they want to do, but they seem to know what they don't want to do.
I left my job for a year and joined this program in my village.
this was the turning point
The village is very small, and the market is once a week, and this is the time when all the goods are displayed.
I said, "I will spend a year here."
I bought everything on the street as a sample.
One thing that bothered me was this black rubber.
Bicycle valve tube
Used for inflating the bicycle
Now, here are some models. If you put two matches in a short one, you can create flexible joints.
It's a tube joint. You can teach the angle. Acute angle Right angle Obtuse angle Flat angle
Completion of the connecting device
Combining these three, you get a triangle.
If you have four or more, you can create various polygons such as quadrilaterals, pentagons, and hexagons.
It has great features
This hexagon, for example, is constantly changing contours like an amoeba.
If you pull here, it becomes a rectangle
Press to form a parallelogram
but this is unstable
What about this pentagon, if you pull it out, it's a boat-shaped trapezoid.
Click here for a detached house
It becomes an isosceles triangle. This is also unstable.
Does this look like a nice square?
If you press it a little, it will become a diamond shape.
in the shape of a kite
Children can't transform this triangle in different ways.
Why use triangles?
because this is the only rigid structure
Squares can't make a bridge that can withstand the vibrations produced by trains.
We all know this: in rural India, no one builds a roof like this, even if you've never been to an engineering school.
Because if you put a tile on top, it will crumble.
The roof must be triangular
This is the science of living
Now, drill a hole here, insert a match, and you've got a tee joint.
If you insert the three legs of the joint into the vertices of this triangle, you get a tetrahedron.
3D modeling is possible
A tetrahedron looks like this
If you can do these things, you can make a small house
Put this on top and you're done
We can make 4 or 6 joints.
Only the number is quite necessary
Look, you can make this icosahedron using six joints.
with a little tweaking
It can also be shaped like an igloo
Here's a story from 1978
I was a young engineer, 24 years old,
I thought this was much better than making tracks
(Applause) In fact, if you put in four marbles, you can recreate the molecular structure of CH4 methane.
Four hydrogens, four vertices of a tetrahedron, and between them is a carbon atom.
Since then, I have been very honored to have been able to visit more than 2,000 schools in India, including village schools, public schools, private schools, and prestigious schools.
Every time I go to school, I see the shining eyes of children
Hope and happiness ooze from the face
Children love to make things
Now let's build a lot of pumps
This inflates the balloon - it's a little pump.
It's real. You can actually inflate a balloon.
I have one slogan: "A child's job is to break toys."
I'm going to be a little provocative, and I'm going to look for this used bicycle tube and what's in it, and the film case just fits right into the tube.
This is how the valve was made
If you put a little tape on this
It becomes a check valve
I make a lot of pumps.
This is something else, but we're going to put a stick through the straw and make a cut on each side.
Then fold the legs on each side to form a triangle and wrap a little bit of tape around it.
The pump is now complete
Well, this pump is a nice sprinkler.
looks like a centrifuge
If you turn something, it will try to fly
(Applause) If I lived in Andhra Pradesh, I would have made this out of palm leaves.
Many toys use the laws of science.
Rotation produces a force on the outside
If you turn it with both hands, it becomes a cheerful flying taro
you see
This toy is made of paper, it's funny
I can see four images
You can see the insects. This time, frog, snake, eagle, butterfly, frog, snake, eagle.
This inverting toy, which appears repeatedly in Martin Gardner's books, was invented by Harvard mathematician Arthur Stone in 1928.
kids will love this
This is how you learn about the food chain
The bug-eating frog is eaten by the snake, and the hawk eats the snake.
If you apply this to A4 size paper, you don't need glue or scissors as long as you have paper, pencils and a ruler in both local and national schools.
Can be assembled in 3 minutes
Use it for anything you can think of
A small piece of paper can make a small flexagon
Large paper can be made large
Now this pencil has a groove in it
Comes with a small fan
A toy that has been popular for over 100 years
There are as many as six major studies on this.
The jaggedness you see here
When you rub with this reed, something very interesting happens.
Six studies have been done
Feynman was fascinated by this as a child.
he compiled a research report
We don't even need the $3 billion Large Hadron Collider, which the program provides for every child to play with.
When you attach a colored disk and rotate it, all seven colors merge.
This is the seven-color white light that Newton was talking about 400 years ago.
there is a straw
We fasten both ends with tape and cut the right end on the top and the left end on the bottom.
this is some kind of blown straw
insert this
I'll close the hole here
It costs almost nothing to make, but kids can have a lot of fun with it.
I have a very simple electric motor here.
the simplest motor in the world
The most expensive thing is the battery inside
With batteries it costs 5 cents
It uses a bicycle tube as a rubber band and also uses a safety pin.
This is a permanent magnet and the current
When it flows through a coil, it becomes an electromagnet.
The interaction of the two magnets rotates the motor.
I made 30,000 of these
An experienced science teacher jumped at the textbook,
If the teacher makes it, I will make a child
look at the sparkle in your eyes
I feel the excitement of science
This is not a rich man's indulgence
In democracies, science needs to reach children in socially constrained rural areas.
The program, which started in 16 schools, has spread to 1,500 national schools.
Over 100,000 children learned science this way
In addition we are looking for possibilities
This is Tetra Pak, which is terrible material from an environmental point of view.
3 layers of plastic and 6 layers of aluminum are glued together
cannot be disassembled
If you fold these connected packs and stick them together, you get an icosahedron.
We can recycle what used to be garbage that suffocates seabirds and make this interesting, scientific Platonic polyhedron.
I have a little straw, and I'm going to pinch the ends, and this is the part that looks like a baby alligator's mouth.
I'll put it in my mouth and blow
(Boo) Kids have fun, teachers get jealous.
You don't know why the sound is coming out, because the vibrations are happening in your mouth.
blow it out and inhale it
(Beep) You don't have to make a fuss when you vibrate a string to study sounds.
Let's blow this all the way and cut it while making a sound.
then something interesting happens
(Do re mi fa so la si do) (Applause) It's very small.
Before we proceed, I would like to introduce this
This is a drawing teacher for blind children
This Velcro velcro will be your canvas This is your drawing pen This is your film box
Think of this as basically a fishing reel.
I have wool here
If you turn the handle, the wool is wound up.
Even if you can't see, you can still draw with it.
Because the wool sticks to the Velcro.
There are 12 million blind children in the country. (Applause) For those who live in darkness.
It has been a great benefit
A factory accident left children blind, and they weren't given food or vitamin A.
I helped those victims
There is no patent, so please make your own
it's very easy
This is a generator. It's a hand-cranked one.
It has two magnets
A pulley made by sandwiching rubber between two CDs.
Strong magnets for small pulleys
And this fiber turns a pulley attached to the LED
When you turn this one, the smaller one rotates at high speed.
produces a rotating magnetic field
The magnetic field lines are interrupted, and of course power is generated.
And as you can see the LED lights up
It's a hand-cranked generator
This is, you see, an iron ring with a nut.
What it does is, when you play it, it spins.
Imagine a group of children in a circle waiting for this circle to spin around.
It will be a great plaything for children
And finally, you can make hats out of used newspaper.
It looks like Sachin Tendulkar
It's a nice cricket hat. When you see Nehru or Gandhi, he's wearing a Nehru hat like this.
We make a lot of toys like this out of newspaper.
This is a flapping bird, as you can see.
Cut the newspaper into small squares.
This bird has long been a favorite of Japanese children.
Look at it, it's a small flycatcher
Now let's talk about one last thing
"Captain's Hat Story"
The captain's ship sails through the sea
I'm sailing slowly
The many guests got bored, so the captain invited them to the deck.
Let's sing and dance in clean clothes We will prepare delicious food and drinks
The captain wore a hat and attended the party every day.
On the first day, I wore a big hat, like a captain's hat
That night, while the passengers were asleep, I folded the hat. Day two, it was a firefighter's hard hat with a fancy brim on the back to protect the head and neck.
On the second night, I picked up the same hat and folded it back.
So on the third day, I put on my safari cap, the kind that explorers wear.
On the night of the third day, I added two more fold-ins.
It's become a very famous hat.
It has also received international attention.
Don't forget that you were the captain
this is a ship
In this way everyone was enjoying the voyage
were singing and dancing
I suddenly encountered a storm and huge waves.
The ship just rocks with the waves
A huge wave hit the bow and took it off.
The stern was also hit by another wave and was taken away.
The third wave also hits
Swallow the bridge and take it away
And so the ship sinks, and the captain loses everything, except his life jacket.
thank you
(applause)
The reason we're here today is because we're building friendships that most people think are rare.
It's certainly rare
It feels natural to us now
It was the morning of September 11th, 2001 when I found out my son was at the World Trade Center.
I didn't know if my son was safe until 36 hours after the incident.
I knew at that point that this was a political affair.
We were worried about what the US government would do for our family.
But the loss of my son, the incredible shock, the literal blow up of our lives, and the lack of revenge.
A few weeks later, Zacharias Moussaoui was indicted on six counts of alleged involvement in terrorism. said to
This also led us, through human rights organizations, to meet with other victims' families.
When Aisha's son was indicted, I saw her on TV and said, 'What a brave woman.
I want to meet her when I become stronger.”
At that time, I was still deeply saddened and didn't have the energy to do so.
But I thought I would meet her someday
Because when people around me learned that my son had died, I immediately felt sympathy.
But when it was reported that her son was indicted, she felt no sympathy.
but we suffer as much
We met in November of 2002, and I'd like to hear from Ayesha about that time.
Hello everyone
Mother of Zacharias Moussaoui
I asked a human rights organization to help me get in touch with the victims' families.
A human rights organization referred us to a total of five families.
Phyllis, who was in it, caught my eye.
She was the only mother in the group.
Others were brothers and sisters
I could see in her eyes that she was a mother like I was
I've been through a lot of hard times as a mother.
I got married when I was 14
I lost my first child when I was 15 and my second child when I was 16.
So I couldn't stand Zacharias.
My pain hasn't gone away because it's like my son was buried alive.
I know she cried over the loss of her son.
But I know where your son is.
I don't know where my child is
alive or tortured
i don't know anything
So I decided to tell my own story, and I want other women to get something out of my suffering.
To all women, to mothers who give birth to life, I want to tell all of you that as human beings, we both give back to society and make a difference.
It's up to us women, because we are women and we love our children.
we have to hold hands and do something together
Women are not disadvantaged For us For women For children
I am against violence and terrorism
I go to school and talk to Muslim girls so that they don't get married young against their will.
I hope that I can save at least one young girl from an unwanted marriage and avoid the suffering that I went through.
I came to tell you that
Along with the rest of the family, I learned a lot from Ayesha from the first time we met. We were horrified by the patriotism in America.
But we are completely restless
I was wondering why she wanted to see us
she was worried too
why we want to see her
I wondered what they wanted from each other
We hugged and cried before we even said each other's names.
And then we all sat in a circle, and people who had gone through this kind of reconciliation were there to help.
First, Aisha spoke up and said, "I don't know if my son is guilty or innocent, but I think of all of you and my family, and it makes my heart hurt.
I know what suffering is, and I believe that those who commit crimes should be justly judged and punished.”
She's been treating me like this, and it's made me feel less nervous.
We talked about what happened to our families, and we all connected as humans.
We had lunch for about three hours, and by the end of the afternoon, it felt like we were old friends.
What I've learned from her is not just that she's a woman who can be generous in this situation, but also what happened before this, what happened to her son, but the life she led.
I've never met anyone who has had such a hard time in a life so different from the culture and environment that I know.
I also feel that we have a special connection, and I am very honored.
I think, in the end, even if you're afraid of others, if you act like Ayesha did, "It's not that hard."
You realize, "Who else can I be friends with who's in a different position than I am?"
Hey Aisha, do you have anything you want to say in closing?
i don't have time
(Laughter) What I meant to say is that you have to make an effort to get to know others.
Be considerate. You must have a generous heart and mind.
please be patient
Violence should not be tolerated
I hope the day will come when everyone can live in peace and respect each other.
this is my message
(applause)
Hello everyone
I brought you something today
(Laughter) Think of this as a flying pixel.
This is what we call sensible design in our lab.
I will talk about this first
If you look at this picture, I'm Italian by nature, and Italian kids grow up with this painting in their bedrooms. is
Not so long ago, if you wanted to win an F1 race, you had to take operating costs and spend them on great drivers and cars.
We could have won the race if the car and driver were good enough
If you want to win races today, you'll need something like this to monitor your car in real time, with over a thousand sensors to gather information from your car and send that information to your system for processing in parallel with the information gathering. It sends the evaluation back to the car and makes changes in real time.
This is what the engineering term is called a real-time control system.
It's basically two pieces: a sensor and an actuator.
What's interesting about what I'm going to talk to you about today is that real-time control systems are beginning to make their way into our lives.
Over the last few years, our cities have become covered with networks and electronics.
It's like a computer in the air
And this computer starts to work differently than it did before, like being sensed and actuated.
It's a big deal to put an entire city in order
By the way, cities make up only 2% of the planet, but they also make up 50% of the world's population.
It accounts for 75% of our energy consumption and contributes up to 80% of our CO2 emissions.
So you can see that transforming a city is hard work.
Sensing and actuating are entering our daily lives in every city.
This was announced at MoMA run by Paola Antonelli in the summer.
This is called "Talk to Me"
Things and environments are beginning to speak back to us.
In a way, it's as if all the atoms in there are turning into sensors and actuators.
It's fundamentally changing the way we humans interact with our environment.
In a way, it's like Michelangelo's old dream.
When Michelangelo carved Moses, he threw the hammer at Moses, which is still there today, and threw it at him and cried out, "Why don't you tell me?"
And today, for the first time, the environment is starting to speak back to us.
The example I'm going to show you is also the idea of ​​sensing and actuating the environment.
Let's talk about sensing first.
The first project I'm going to show you is actually the first project in our lab.
Four and a half years ago in Italy
So what we did was take advantage of a new type of network at the time, the mobile phone network that was deployed all over the world, from which anonymous statistical data was collected by the operator and used to understand how the city worked.
The summer of 2006 was lucky
The year Italy won the soccer world cup
For those of you who remember, Gitane headbutted Italy against France.
Anyway Italy won in the end
(Laughter) So let's see what happened that day, just from the monitor logs, and see what the network was doing.
here is the city
In the middle is the Coliseum and the Tiber River.
This is the data from the morning before the game.
A timeline is displayed at the top
It's past noon, and people are calling here and there, moving around.
The game begins -- it's quiet
France scores a goal Italy scores a goal
At halftime everyone makes a short phone call or goes to the bathroom
second half and the end of the second half
First half and second half of overtime
It's Zidane's headbutt moment
And italian win yay
(Laughter) (Applause) Everyone went out to celebrate in the middle that night.
It can be seen that there is a large peak
The next day, everyone went to the center to see the winning team, including the then prime minister.
Then everyone will calm down.
There's a place called the Circus Maximus, and since Roman times, people have had big parties here, and there's a peak at the end of the day.
So that's an example of urban sensing today, something that wasn't possible just a few years ago.
Here's another example of sensing, this time sensing not about people, but about our consumption.
Today we all know where things come from
This map shows the path where all the parts that go into a Mac computer come together.
We don't know much about where things go.
So in our project, we developed a little tag to record the movement of garbage through the system.
We started a project in Seattle with a few volunteers who helped us just a year ago, and we tagged what people throw away. I have
We put a little chip tag on the trash and started tracking it.
Here is the result
(♫ Music ♫) From Seattle...
a week later
From this information, we realized there was a lot of waste in the system.
You can do the same thing with less energy.
This is data that has never been seen before
There's a lot of wasted transportation, and it's complicated.
Apart from that, we believe that if you look at it every day, even if you throw away, say, a cup, it's still there somewhere on this planet.
And the plastic bottles we throw away every day remain there.
If you present this to people, you can encourage them to change their behavior.
This is the reason why I started the project
My colleague at MIT, Assaf Biderman, can talk about the details of sensing and the amazing things you can do with it, but I'm going to move on and talk about the first thing I talked about, actuating the environment.
Our first project was in Zaragoza, Spain, a few years ago.
The project was triggered by the mayor's question, when he came to us and told us that Spain and Southern Europe have a great tradition of using water in public buildings.
The question then was, how can we add new technology to that tradition?
One of the ideas that was developed in the MIT workshop is imagine a pipe like this and a valve that opens and closes with a solenoid valve with a knob.
I made a water curtain using pixels made of water
You can rain pixels and put patterns, emojis, etc. on them.
You can get close to it, and then it opens up like this picture so you can jump through it.
I showed this to Mayor Bejoch
very well liked
We have received an order to design the building at the entrance of the Zaragoza International Exposition.
We named it Digital Water Pavilion
the whole building is made of water
It has no doors or windows, but when you approach it, it opens to let you in.
(♫ Music ♫) Even the ceiling is covered with water.
It is also possible to lower the ceiling to reduce the spray when there is wind.
Or you can put the building away, and like this, the whole building disappears.
As you know, recently, when the roof of the building is lowered as an image to have in winter, people who come here always say, "The building has been demolished."
It's not. When the roof goes down, the building just disappears.
This is how the building moves
Some people are wondering what's going on
This is where I'm testing a sensor that opens water so I don't get wet.
Now let me tell you what happened one night, all the sensors went off.
But that night was more fun than usual.
Children all over Zaragoza have come together because their relationship to this building has changed.
The water curtain won't open even if you get close, but it does create cuts and holes in the water, so the only way to get in without getting wet is to jump in.
(Video) (Voice of the People) That was very interesting to us, because as architects, engineers, designers, we're always thinking about how our users will interact with us.
reality is always unpredictable
And this is the real pleasure of making things that involve people.
Here's an image of what a building looks like and how it's projected onto a physical pixel made out of water.
And that's what got me thinking about the next project that I'm going to show you.
Imagine this pixel actually flying
Imagine moving a small helicopter through the air and moving like a cloud with each small pixel changing color.
here is the video
(♫ music ♫) Imagine a helicopter like the one you just saw moving and synchronizing with other pixels.
Then you get a cloud like this
It's also possible to make flexible displays like this, which have a two-dimensional regular structure.
We change the normal structure in three-dimensional space and change the light, keeping the pixel positions the same.
Various expressions are possible
Imagine a screen popping up and changing at will to different ratios, sizes and resolutions.
You can also approach and enter the whole thing as a collection of 3D pixels from different directions.
Here's the real Flyfire, lowered to create the normal grid from earlier.
When lighting is turned on, it actually looks like this
Imagine this being controlled by people
Each pixel receives input from people, human actions, and so on.
I have something I want to show you here for the first time.
So we worked with Roberto Bolle, the famous ballet dancer of our time, the star of the New York Metropolitan and Milan La Scala, and we used 3D capture to capture his movements and use that as input for our fly fire.
Here is Roberto dancing
If you look at the pixels on the left, you can see that we're capturing at different resolutions.
It uses both real-time 3D scanning and motion capture.
so you can reconfigure all the movements
Even these things are possible
Once you create a pixel, you can use it however you want, you can change its color, you can change its movement, you can use gravity, you can rotate it.
As one possible input we want to use this for Flyfire
I would like to show you my latest project
This is for the London Olympics.
We call it The Cloud
This idea is also imaginative, and it incorporates people's participation and the resulting changes in the environment.
Imagine everyone making a small donation for every pixel
I think what I think is so wonderful is the transition that has happened in the last few decades, the transition from the analog world to the physical world that has happened in the last few decades.
This has made knowledge and everything digitized and accessible through the internet.
Today, for the first time in history, as demonstrated by the Obama campaign, we can go from the digital world to the physical world through the self-organizing power of networks.
This is what we want to use in our case for designing and using symbols.
as a meaning embedded in the city
But tomorrow, by tackling the challenges looming today, by thinking about climate change and carbon emissions, for example, how we can transition from the digital world to the physical world.
Bringing everyone together collectively with ideas that engage our people.
The Cloud is a cloud, it's made of pixels, and like a real cloud, it's made of particles.
Cloud particles are water, but our clouds are pixel clouds.
This is a material world architecture in London, but covered in pixels
You can move inside and have various experiences.
You can also look up from the bottom, and you'll be able to share important moments at the 2012 Olympics and beyond, and you'll be able to connect with your community.
So in addition to the physical clouds in the sky, it's like a new peak in London that you can climb to the top.
can go inside
You could describe it as a new digital lighthouse, but the most important thing is to give every climber a new experience.
thank you
(applause)
As a fashion designer, I've seen things like this, and things like this, and things like this as materials.
But after meeting a biologist, I started working with these materials: green tea, sugar, a few microbes, and a little bit of time.
I'm using a recipe for kombucha, which is a symbiotic mixture of bacteria, yeast, and microbes that during the fermentation process turns the cellulose into filaments.
Over time, the microscopic threads layer in the liquid and form a carpet on the surface.
How to make
I make about 30 liters of tea at a time and add a few kilos of sugar while it's still hot.
Stir until completely dissolved and pour into a special tank
Make sure the tea has cooled to below 30 degrees Celsius
Then organic organisms and
add acetic acid
As this process progresses, the previously used fermented liquid can be reused.
Optimum temperature must be maintained for culturing
We use a heat mat under the container, and we also use a constant temperature device to control the temperature.
Can be grown outside on hot days
material mini farm
After three days, bubbles will form on the surface of the liquid.
This is a sign that fermentation is going smoothly.
Bacteria are multiplying by feeding on the sugar in the liquid.
This is where the cellulose nanofibers are being spun.
They stick to each other, form layers, and form a sheet on the surface.
After a few weeks, it will be a few centimeters thick.
The tank on the left is from day 5, the tank on the right is from day 10.
This is for static culture
You don't need to take care of it, it grows on its own
no light needed
When ready to collect, remove from container and wash with cold, soapy water.
it's getting pretty heavy
It's 90% water, so it has to evaporate.
spread out on a sheet of wood
This can also be worked outside, so let it dry naturally.
As it dries, it is compressed, and depending on the recipe, it can be very light, like a transparent paper, or like a supple vegetable leather.
It can be cut and sewn in the traditional way, or it can be shaped by gluing the wet material into a three-dimensional shape.
When the water evaporates, it naturally sticks together, like a seam.
The color of this jacket is the color of green tea itself.
It's similar to human skin, and it's intriguing.
Because it's organic, we try to use as little chemicals as possible.
Using iron oxidation, you can change colors without using dyes.
Use fruit and vegetable dyes to create natural patterns
If you use indigo dye, it doesn't look microbial.
To make cotton this dark, you have to dip it in indigo dye 18 times.
But this kind of cellulose absorbs so well that it stains after just one coat.
Because waterproofing is not yet possible
If you wear this dress and get hit by rain like today, it will absorb a lot of moisture in no time.
The dress will become heavy and come apart from the seams, revealing your skin.
Good for performance but definitely not everyday wear
I'm going through trial and error so that the material will be of satisfactory quality.
To future microbes, I want to say, "Spin the thread
Making fibers in one direction
Make it a material that does not dissolve in water
Please shape it according to the three-dimensional model.”
Microbial cellulose is already being used to heal wounds, and in the future it could be used as a biocompatible vascular or even bone cell replacement material.
But with the power of synthetic biology, it's possible that by manipulating this bacterium, we might be able to do something that produces the quality and quantity and shape that we want.
As a designer, I'm intrigued, because if you can do that, you might even start thinking about creating consumables.
The fun of working with microbes is in their efficiency.
Since you can generate as many as you need
no waste
We can also consider using waste, such as sugar waste from food processing plants.
In the final stage, it naturally biodegrades along with the vegetable waste.
I'm not saying that microbial cellulose will replace cotton or leather or other textiles.
But in a time when natural resources are becoming more and more precious, I think it could be a smart and sustainable option.
Maybe in the end it's not about fashion
I can envision creating a lamp, a chair, a car, or even a house.
What would you like to grow in the future?
Thank you very much
(Applause) Suzanne, you're wearing that outfit too. Is it part of your work?
that's right
This project is still in progress because it's actually still biodegrading.
(Audience: laughter) Microbes are growing because they're absorbing sweat.
so far let's
Thank you. (Applause)
the universe is really vast
We are in one of the galaxies, the Milky Way galaxy.
The Milky Way galaxy has about 100 billion stars
If you just point your camera somewhere in the sky and leave the shutter open, and the camera is hooked up to the Hubble Space Telescope, you'll see something like this.
Each of these blobs is a galaxy the size of our own galaxy, with 100 billion stars per blob.
There are roughly 100 billion galaxies in the observable universe.
The only number I can remember is "100 billion"
The age of the universe from the big bang to the present is 100 billion years in dog age.
(Laughter) I know where humans stand in space.
such a beautiful photo
It doesn't matter if you just admire
I often wonder what the evolutionary factors were that allowed our ancestors in the grasslands of southern Africa to adapt and evolve until we could really enjoy this before we had pictures of the galaxy.
But I also want to understand
As a cosmologist, I want to ask, "Why is the universe like this?"
One of the big clues is that the universe is changing over time.
If we take one of the galaxies and measure its velocity, it's moving away from us.
If you look at more distant galaxies, they're moving away faster.
that the universe is expanding
That means galaxies in the past were much closer to each other.
The universe used to be denser and warmer than it is today.
Compressing an object increases its temperature
this is quite understandable
What we don't really understand is that the universe was very homogeneous in the early days, near the Big Bang.
you might not be surprised
The air in this venue is very uniform
You might say, "Things naturally homogenize."
But the conditions in the days of the Big Bang were very different from the air conditions in this venue.
In particular, the density of objects is much higher
Gravity's pull on objects was much stronger just before the big bang.
Think about it, there are 100 billion galaxies in the universe, each with 100 billion stars.
And those 100 billion galaxies were compressed to this size in the early days, and they were actually this size in the early days.
When you think about how you do that compression, it has to be perfect, and there shouldn't be even the slightest uneven distribution of atoms.
Because if it had, it would have been pulled into gravity and turned into a giant black hole.
It's not easy to keep the early universe firmly even, and requires delicate adjustments.
This suggests that the early universe was not randomly selected.
something made it
i want to know what it is
Part of our understanding of this was put forward in the 19th century by the Austrian physicist Ludwig Boltzmann.
And it deepened my understanding of entropy.
Have you ever heard of entropy?
It's the uncertainty, the disorder, the chaos in a system.
Boltzmann created an equation, which is engraved on his tombstone, that successfully quantified entropy.
At its core, entropy is how many ways you can rearrange the constituents of a system while still looking the same macroscopically.
There's air in this hall, but we can't distinguish individual atoms.
Structures with low entropy are less likely to be arranged in a way that looks like it.
High-entropy structures tend to be arranged in a way that they look like they do.
This is a very important insight, because it helps explain the second law of thermodynamics, which increases the entropy of the universe, and so does the isolated corner of the universe.
The reason for the increase is simply that there are more states with high entropy than low entropy.
This is great insight, but it's missing something.
The insight of increasing entropy is what's behind the so-called "arrow of time," the difference between the past and the future.
All the difference between the past and the future is due to the increase in entropy, the fact that we can remember the past but not the future.
The fact that people are born, live and die, that it's always in that order, is because entropy is increasing.
Boltzmann explained that it's perfectly natural for low entropy to be high, because there are more high entropy forms.
But what wasn't explained was why the entropy was low in the first place.
The low entropy of the universe reflects the fact that the early universe was very homogeneous.
i want to understand this
That's the cosmologist's mission
Unfortunately, this issue hasn't really been fully explored.
If you ask any modern cosmologist, "What are your challenges?" they aren't the first to come up.
One person who saw this as a challenge was Richard Feynman.
Taught various courses 50 years ago
I also taught a popular lecture that was later published as "Properties of the Laws of Physics."
Caltech's undergraduate lecture became "Feynman Physics."
Caltech's lecture for graduate students is now "Feynman Gravity"
In all these books and lectures he emphasized the following questions: Why was the entropy of the early universe so small?
I don't want to copy you, but I said, "For some reason, the entropy of the universe was very low for its amount of energy for a period of time, but then it went up.
Until the mysteries of the beginning of the universe's history are further solved, from speculation to understanding, we will never fully understand this direction of time."
so this is our mission
This was 50 years ago, so you'd think, "Well, I guess I figured it out by now."
but not clarified
Instead of getting closer to solving this problem, it got farther away, because in 1998 it became clear that there was something important we didn't know about the universe.
the universe was accelerating
It wasn't just swelling
When I look at the galaxy, it's receding
But if you look at it again in a billion years, it's going away even faster.
Individual galaxies are accelerating away from us, and the universe is accelerating.
Unlike the low entropy of the early universe, even if we don't understand it, at least we have a good theory, and if that theory is correct, we can explain it, which is the theory of dark energy.
It is a theory that there is energy in the empty space itself
Every corner of space, whether or not there is matter, whether or not there are particles, matter, radiation, etc., has energy in the space itself.
According to Einstein, this energy is pushing the universe.
It's the endless impulse that pushes the galaxy apart.
This is because unlike matter and radiation, dark energy does not become less dense as the universe expands.
Even if the universe gets bigger and bigger, the amount of energy per cubic centimeter of space stays the same.
This has important implications for what the future holds for the universe.
First, the universe expands forever.
When I was your age, I didn't know what the universe was going to be like.
Some thought it would re-shrink in the future
Einstein liked this idea
But if there's an endless supply of dark energy, the universe just keeps expanding forever.
The past is 14 billion years Even if the dog is 100 billion years old, the number of years in the future is infinite
On the other hand, from our point of view, the universe inevitably seems finite.
It may be finite or infinite, but the universe is accelerating, and there are parts of it that we have never seen and never will.
Because in space you can only reach a limited area bounded by the horizon.
So even though time is eternal, our universe is finite.
Finally, even an empty space has a temperature.
In the '70s, Stephen Hawking said that even though black holes look dark, they emit radiation when quantum mechanics are taken into account.
Space-time distortions around the black hole create quantum mechanical fluctuations that emit radiation.
Hawking and Gerry Gibbons' very similar calculations show that when dark energy is in empty space, the entire universe emits radiation.
The energy of empty space causes quantum fluctuations.
So even if the universe goes on forever and the density of mundane matter and radiation diminishes, constant radiation and thermal fluctuations will continue to exist even in empty space.
So the universe is like a box of gas that never goes away.
What if so?
Boltzmann studied this in the 19th century.
He said, "The entropy of the universe increases because there are more variations of high entropy than low entropy."
But this is probabilistic
It will probably increase, and the probability of that is very high.
It's nothing to worry about.
First of all, it is impossible
It's just that if the door is closed and you can't get out forever, it's going to happen.
Anything that can happen, anything that's possible with the structure of the molecules in the room, will eventually happen.
And so Boltzmann said, "We can also say that the universe started in thermal equilibrium."
He didn't know about the Big Bang or the expansion of the universe
I thought space and time were immutable and eternal, just as Newton described it.
So he thought that in nature, air molecules are evenly distributed everywhere.
But in Boltzmann's view, we know that if we wait, eventually the random oscillations of these molecules will occasionally create low-entropy states.
Of course, after that, naturally, the entropy spreads out again.
It doesn't have to increase all the time, and fluctuations can lead to a more ordered state with lower entropy.
What if that were true, Boltzmann came up with two very modern ideas: the multiverse and the anthropic principle.
The problem with thermal equilibrium is that humans cannot live in this state.
Because life itself depends on the arrow of time.
You can't process information, you can't metabolize, you can't walk, you can't talk, you can't be in thermal equilibrium.
If you have a very large universe, and that infinite universe has particles colliding randomly, small swings and restorations to low-entropy states will occasionally occur.
But there are also big fluctuations.
It makes rare planets, it makes stars, it makes galaxies, it makes a hundred billion galaxies.
So Boltzmann said that we live in a part of the multiverse, a part where life can exist in a very large region of oscillating particles.
It is a region with low entropy
Our universe may be one of those occasional phenomena.
Now my homework for you is to ponder what this means.
Carl Sagan famously said, "To make an apple pie, you first have to create the universe."
but that's not
According to Boltzmann, if you want to make an apple pie, all you have to do is wait for the random movement of atoms to make an apple pie.
The probability of this happening is higher than the random movement of atoms to create an apple orchard and sugar and an oven to create an apple pie.
So from this perspective, we can predict
The prediction is that we were created by the smallest of fluctuations.
Even if you think that this venue really exists and that you do, and you have memories and impressions of Caltech and the United States and the Milky Way galaxy out there, these images are randomly generated for you. It's easier for them to happen in the brain than for atoms to randomly wobble to form Caltech or the United States or the galaxy.
So, thankfully, this theory is funny, it's not true.
According to this theory we have to be the least shaken
Even if our own galaxy is an exception, there cannot be 100 billion other galaxies.
Feynman also understood this
He said, "If you hypothesize that the world is wobbled, you can predict that if you look at the unknown part of the world, there should be a high-entropy chaos that is different from what you see there. ”
"If our order is due to fluctuations, we cannot assume any order other than what we have already seen.
Therefore, we can conclude that the universe is not due to oscillation.”
Okay, so what's the correct answer?
If the universe is not oscillating, why was the early universe low entropy?
I would like to answer, but I do not have time
(Laughter) As opposed to the universe being described, this is the universe that actually exists.
I showed you this picture.
For 10 billion years the universe has been expanding
cooling down
But as we learn more about the future of the universe, we can explain more.
If dark energy persists, the star will run out of nuclear energy and stop burning.
swallowed by a black hole
You'll live in a universe that's nothing but a black hole.
This universe lasts for 10 to the 100th power years, much longer than our history.
the future is longer than the past
But black holes aren't forever either
it evaporates leaving nothing but empty space
This empty space basically lasts forever
But as you've noticed, empty space emits radiation, and there are actually thermal fluctuations, and it cycles through all possible combinations within the degrees of freedom of empty space.
So even if it's eternity, there's a finite number of things that can happen in the universe.
Everything happens in 10 to the 10th power of 120 years.
There are two problems
Question 1: If the universe lasts 10 10 120 years, why were we born in a warm, comfortable environment with the afterglow of the Big Bang for the first 14 billion years?
Why aren't you in an empty space?
You might say, "Because there can be no life," but that's not true.
Even though it could be a sway born from nothing
Why aren't you?
this is also homework
so i don't know the answer
I'll give you my favorite hypothesis
"It's just like this, I can't explain it
This is just the truth of the universe, so don't just accept it and question it."
Or "The Big Bang may not have been the beginning of the universe."
An unbroken egg is a low-entropy structure.
This is because the egg is not a closed system, because chickens lay eggs.
The universe may also be born from a space version of the chicken
Maybe there's something natural about the laws of physics that gives birth to our universe in a low-entropy form.
If so, it must have happened many times, and we are part of a much larger multiverse.
this is my favorite theory
I was asked by the organizers to conclude with a bold speculation,
My wild guess is, "History will fully support my hypothesis."
And 50 years from now, my current crazy ideas will be recognized as facts in science and in other fields.
People will admit that our little universe is just one part of a larger multiverse.
Furthermore, we will be able to understand theoretically what happened in the Big Bang and compare it with observations.
this may be wrong in the prediction
But as humans, we've spent a long time wondering what the universe is like and how it came to be.
I'm excited to think that one day I might know the answer
thank you
(applause)
I am honored to be at TED.
There may be some lectures that I don't understand at all, but I think the most amazing thing is that they are actually commonplace.
We tend to take small things in our lives that we don't pay attention to, like pollination, for granted.
When we talk about pollinators -- bees, bats, hummingbirds, butterflies -- we cannot separate how flowers came into being and how they have co-evolved over the last 50 million years.
For the past 35 years, I've been taking time-lapse photographs of flowers, day and night.
The movement of flowers is like a dance, and I never get tired of watching them.
It fills you with a sense of surprise and expands your heart.
I think beauty and glamour are survival tools that nature uses, because we all try to protect what we love.
The relationship between pollen and vector is a love story that feeds the planet.
Humans are part of the natural world, not unrelated.
When I heard about colony collapse syndrome, the disappearance of bees, I was driven.
Over a third of the vegetables and fruits we eat come from intermediaries.
Many scientists say it's the most serious problem facing humanity.
like a canary in a coal mine
If there are no pollinators, there will be no humans.
Humans are part of the natural world, so we need to protect nature.
The idea of ​​photographing pollinators was inspired by the question of an expert, "What motivates pollinator behavior?"
The answer I got from them was, "I think it's risk and reward."
Like an inquisitive child, I asked back, "Why?"
“To survive”
"why?"
“To leave offspring”
"But why?"
If you think you might say "that's what sex is all about"
Chip Taylor, the authority on Emperor Butterfly, said, "Nothing lasts forever, whatever is in the universe.
It will weaken.”
I was impressed by this
Because we realized that nature created reproduction as a mechanism to propel life forward, the force of life that runs through all living things, turning it into a link in the evolution of life.
Rarely seen with the naked eye, it's an amazing moment when the animal world meets the plant world.
In this mystical moment, over and over again, life is reanimating itself.
Now taste the honey from the movies
And tweet or sow seeds to pollinate a lush garden.
And don't forget to take the time to enjoy the scent of flowers, fill yourself with beauty and rediscover the mystery.
Now look at the footage from the movie
(music) (applause) Thank you.
Thank you very much
(Applause) Thank you.
(applause)
My long road to becoming a polar photographer began when I was four years old when my family moved from southern Canada to northern Baffin Island, near Greenland.
I lived there with the Inuit, and in a community of about 200 Inuit people, there were only three families that weren't Inuit.
There was no TV in that village, and of course no computers.
There weren't even radios or telephones
All I do is play outside with the Inuit.
Snow and ice were my sandboxes and the Inuit were my teachers.
That's how I became genuinely fascinated by this polar world.
I decided that one day I would tell people about this place and do a job to protect this place.
I'd like to show you some of my work, set to a beautiful song by Brandi Carlyle.
I don't know why National Geographic was okay with letting you publish a photo you just took that hasn't been published in a magazine yet.
It's never happened before. I'm so happy to show you.
At the beginning of the slide, there are some pictures of little bears that live in the Great Bear Rainforest.
It's pure white, but it's not a polar bear.
It's called Spirit Bear or Kermode Bear
Only about 200 left
A bear that is rarer than a panda.
I waited for you by the river for two months, but you never showed up.
I thought it was useless
Bring this nonsense to National Geographic
I wondered what on earth you were thinking
So for those two months, I was thinking, what am I going to do when I stop being a photographer?
Because they've made it very clear that it's the photos in the magazines, not the excuses.
(Laughter) After two months of sticking around, one day, I thought it was over, and then this huge white male bear came out, and he walked past me about a meter, and he went to catch some fish, and he went back to the woods and ate it. is
My childhood dream came true, and I spent the whole day walking in the forest with a bear.
Bears walk through native bush and sleep beside 400-year-old native trees.
I also slept with the bear in that forest, less than a meter away, and took a picture.
I'm thrilled to be able to show you the photos from that time and the work I've done in the polar regions.
Please enjoy yourself
(♪ “Have You Ever”) Have you ever wandered into the forest alone? Where everything feels like it should be? I feel like I've become part of the life there, part of the wonderful things If you've ever wandered into the woods alone Ooh ooh ooh ooh If you've ever wandered into the woods alone Have you ever looked up at the stars? Lying on my back wondering why What is it for? who am i? If you've ever stared at the starry sky Ooh ooh ooh ooh Aah ah aah Ah oh oh ah ah oh oh Have you ever stared at the starry sky? Have you ever walked in the snow? Trying to get back to where I was, I always end up not knowing where to go If you've ever walked in the snow Ooh ooh ooh ooh Aah ah aah ah aah Ah ah oh ah ah ah ah ah ah ah ah ah ah oh ah ah oh oh if you've ever walked in the outside world you'll know (applause) thank you we're not done yet
We're running out of time so let's move on
thank you very much
There's been a lot of news that the sea ice is disappearing, and that it's at its lowest point.
Scientists originally said the oceans would be ice-free within 100 years.
It's been 50 years, and now they say that in four to 10 years, the Arctic will be ice-free over the summer.
What happens then?
When I see it all the time, it becomes common news
I become less conscious
What I'm trying to do is take the consequences of
I want people to understand that if we lose ice, we lose whole ecosystems.
Polar bears are also expected to become extinct within 50 to 100 years.
There's no other big animal that's sexier, more beautiful, more charismatic, to get my message across.
Polar bears are excellent hunters
This is the polar bear that was with me for a while on the beach.
There's a seal on the ice that fell into the sea
I was a little far
The polar bear swam there, caught a bearded seal that weighed 400 kilos, swam back and ate it.
The polar bear was full and in a good mood.
He also ate a lot of seals, and I think he ate about 100 kilograms, but he would eat from one side of his mouth and put it back from the other side.
So polar bears will survive if they have some ice, but they're running out of that ice.
We're seeing more and more carcasses of polar bears in the Arctic.
Twenty years ago, when I was doing my research as a biologist, I never saw it.
And that's what we've seen everywhere in the last four or five years.
I saw him floating in the ice-melting waters of the Beaufort Sea.
I saw two in Norway last year, and I see them on the ice.
These bears are a vivid example of the effects of fading ice.
A mother bear and her two-year-old cub are floating hundreds of miles from land in an ice boat, on the ice of a large glacier, and luckily they're okay so far.
You can't die from hypothermia
It will probably drift to some land
The problem is that 95 percent of the Arctic's glaciers are retreating, so much more on land than pushing ice into marine ecosystems.
This is a ringed seal, an Arctic "snack."
It's a small, plump 70-kilogram chunk of fat that sustains a polar bear's life.
It's different from the harbor seals around here.
Ringed seals also spend their entire lives associated with sea ice.
They give birth in the ice and eat the Arctic cod under the ice.
It's a picture of thin ice
It's part of a 12-year-old multi-year ice.
What scientists didn't expect was that as this ice melted, it would form large, black puddles that would absorb the heat of the sun and melt more ice.
We're diving in the Beaufort Sea.
We have 200 meters of visibility.
I would like to talk about how I almost lost my life in this dive for about an hour.
What's really important in this picture is the big chunk of perennial ice that you can see at the edge.
This block of ice has 300 species of microbes.
When the sun comes out in the spring, phytoplankton grow under the ice, and then seaweed grows, and then zooplankton emerges to eat them.
So the ice acts like a fertile garden.
It's like the dirt in a garden, it's an upside-down garden.
Losing ice is like losing soil from a garden.
this is me at work
You will appreciate your workplace
After being under the ice for about an hour.
My face is frozen and my limbs are numb.
When I came up from the bottom, I just wanted to get out of the water
Because you're in such a harsh state for an hour, you're almost always throwing up in your regulator every time you dive, because your body can't handle the stress.
Relieved after diving
I'm going to say, "Please take the camera," to my assistant.
I'm saying "Woooooooooo"
"Take a picture of me, please."
I experienced a communication breakdown.
(Laughter) But it's worth the effort.
I'm going to show you pictures of beluga whales, bowhead whales, narwhals, polar bears, and leopard seals, but this one is particularly meaningful.
I went through the hole you saw and entered the sea of ​​ice, and when I looked up at the ice from below, I felt dizzy.
Without a lifeline, I felt very uneasy. The world around me was moving.
But what I saw there was a myriad of amphipods and copepods roaming around, foraging, giving birth and spending their entire lives under the ice.
This underpins the entire food chain in the Arctic.
When the sea ice disappears, so does the number of marine copepods.
It's a bowhead whale
It is believed to have lived the longest of any animal on Earth today.
This whale may be over 250 years old.
150 years of whaling, born at the beginning of the Industrial Revolution
may have survived
And the biggest threat right now is the loss of ice in the north, caused by our lifestyles in the south.
Narwhals, majestic creatures with two-and-a-half-meter ivory tusks, but they can live in the open ocean, and here they are.
I'm sticking my head out of a small hole in the ice to catch my breath, because there's a mountain of cod under the ice.
And the cod is there because of the amphipods and copepods that feed on it.
finally my favorite part
There's an episode I'll remember more than anything else at the end of the day
My time with the spirit bear was intense, but I don't think I'll ever have another experience like meeting that leopard seal.
Leopard seals have had a bad reputation since the days of explorer Shackleton.
a wry smile on one's mouth
It has evil black eyes and its body is covered in spots.
It looks really old-fashioned and a little scary.
In 2004, in a tragic incident, a scientist was dragged into the ocean and eaten.
So everyone thought, "Well, it's a dangerous animal."
everyone thinks their own way
That's when the idea for the article came to me. I wanted to go to Antarctica and dive into the waters where leopard seals abound, and give them an unbiased look to see if they really are a dangerous animal.
that was the idea
By the way, leopard seals also eat "happy feet."
(Laughter) We humans arbitrarily assume that a leopard seal eating a cute penguin is an ugly villain.
but that's not
Penguins don't know they're cute Leopard seals don't know they're monsters
it's just part of the food chain
Leopard seals are very big
Not like a small harbor seal
It's four meters long and weighs 500 kilograms.
curious and proactive
A raft with 12 tourists is drifting across icy waters when a leopard seal comes and bites the raft.
The boat begins to sink, and the passengers rush back on board, telling stories about how they went home and were attacked.
But the leopard seal just chewed the balloon.
I found a big balloon in the ocean, and I had no hands, so I took a bite, the boat popped, and they fled, and that's it.
(Laughter) Five days past the Drake Passage— isn't this amazing? Five days after crossing the Drake Passage, we finally reached Antarctica.
I had a Swedish assistant and guide with me.
I knew a lot about leopard seals by the name of Goran Elme.
i hadn't seen it yet
In a little raft, we went into the cove, and there were giant leopard seals, if you ask him.
"It's a fucking seal," he said.
(Laughter) The seal was biting the penguin's head and swinging it around.
I was about to pull out the insides and eat the meat on the bone, and then go get another one.
When I caught a new one, it came under the boat and started ramming the hull.
we were holding on not to fall into the water
Golan humbled himself and said, "He's a good seal.
I'd rather get in the water."
(Laughter) I looked at Goran and said, "Don't be kidding."
Actually, I think I said something a little more vulgar.
but he was right
I was told what I came for
If you want to put that stupid article in a magazine
i have to do
I don't think you'll find excuses in magazines.
I had a very dry mouth, maybe not as badly as it is now -- (Laughter)
It was so dry, my legs were shaking all the time and I lost feeling.
When I put on my flippers and barely opened my mouth
With a snorkel in my mouth, I entered the water from the side of the rubber boat.
This is what the leopard seal did first.
It came in really fast, it had a camera in its mouth, it had teeth all over the top and bottom.
"If you're scared, just close your eyes and I'll go somewhere else."
(Laughter) That was the only strategy.
But I started taking pictures anyway.
The leopard seal was menacing for a while, but to his surprise, he suddenly calmed down.
And catch a penguin from somewhere
When it came about 3 meters from me, I let go of the penguin.
The penguin swam towards me and escaped.
Then it catches another one and comes back.
I realized you were telling me to eat.
What other reason do you have for coming to me and letting the penguin go?
After repeating that four or five times, he brought his disappointed face closer to me.
I don't want to anthropomorphize it too much, but she really said, "This poor girl is going to starve to death in my sea."
(Laughter) I realized I couldn't catch a swimming penguin, so I slowly approached it while still holding it in my mouth, and then let it go.
it still doesn't work
I laughed so hard, and then I cried so emotionally that my mask overflowed, and it was such an amazing experience.
I know it still won't work
He held a penguin in his mouth and showed off his sexy ballet-like moves while sliding down an iceberg, and then brought it to me and recommended it.
It went on like that for four days.
It's not just once or twice
And then, when I couldn't get live penguins, I started bringing dead penguins.
(Laughter) So I ended up with four or five penguins floating around me, but I just kept taking pictures.
Every now and then he stops and gives me a disappointed look, "Why?"
I can't believe you don't eat penguins.
Because in her world, it's either parenting or eating, and I wasn't parenting.
(Laughter) And if that didn't work, she started putting a penguin on my head.
I'm trying to force you to eat
Pushing me around, trying to feed my camera, it's a photographer's dream.
When she got irritated, she blew air bubbles in my face.
It was as if he was telling me that if I didn't eat, I would starve to death.
Still she didn't give up
I kept trying to feed the penguin
On my last day there, I was worried that I might have pissed her off, because as she approached me, she lay on her back and let out a thunderous thud like a jackhammer.
I thought you might bite me
I'm sure you're very angry
But instead, she threatened another seal that was approaching from behind.
I chased it away, and then I caught another penguin and brought it back.
(Laughter) She's not the only seal I've met.
I've been in the water with 30 leopard seals, and I've never been horrified.
Of all the animals I've chased, it stands out, no less than a polar bear.
And leopard seals also need icy environments.
— sorry i'm getting a little emotional
This is an episode that goes deep in my heart, and it's an honor to share it with you all.
this is what i'm passionate about
If anyone wants to go to the North Pole or the South Pole with me, I'll take them. Let's go.
We have to tell the world this story
(applause)
Thank you (standing ovation)
Thank you (standing ovation) Thank you very much
(Standing ovation) Thank you.
(standing ovation)
thank you
i'm glad to be here
I'm going to talk about materials, old and new, that continue to amaze us, and that may change the way we think about materials science and advanced technology, and perhaps even contribute to medicine, global health, and reforestation in the future.
That's a bit of a bold statement.
let's talk a little more
This material actually has incredible properties
The material is sustainable, all processing is done in room temperature water, it can be biodegradable in a timed manner, it can dissolve instantly in a glass of water, or it can remain unchanged for years.
It can be eaten, it can be implanted in the human body without causing an immune response.
In fact, you become one with your body.
It also has technical properties, so it could be used for microelectronics, and it could also be used for photonics.
The material is like this
As you can see, this material is transparent.
Consists only of water and protein
This material is made of silk
A little different from the familiar silk
So how do you recreate something that has 5,000 years of history?
The discovery process is generally inspired by nature.
So I turn my attention to the silkworm, and this silkworm is spinning the fiber.
Silkworms do an amazing thing, they use two ingredients, proteins from their glands and water, to create a very durable protective material, comparable to industrial fibers like Kevlar.
When you look at the textile industry with the reverse engineering that we know and are familiar with, the textile industry is uncocooning and creating gorgeous things.
What I want to know is, how do you turn water and protein into a solution of Kevlar, this natural Kevlar?
So how do we actually reverse-engineer this, from the cocoon back through the glands to the starting material, water and protein?
This was explained about 20 years ago by a man I had the honor of working with, David Kaplan.
and the starting material is obtained
This brings us back to the basic building blocks
And we use this to make all sorts of things, like films.
take advantage of the very simple
The way the films are made takes advantage of the advanced properties of proteins.
being able to self-organize
The recipe is simple: pour in the silk solution and wait for the proteins to self-assemble.
And when the water evaporates and the proteins assemble, we remove the protein film.
I said that film is also technical.
what does that mean?
It means that it can be coupled with some of the typical technologies, such as microelectronics and nanoscale technologies.
The images in this DVD are meant to illustrate that silk follows very small undulations on its surface, and that is why we can replicate the undulations at the nanoscale.
This means that the information recorded on the DVD can be duplicated.
We can record information on a film of water and protein.
As a test, I wrote a message on a piece of silk.This is it.The message is here.
Information can be read optically like a DVD
I can't do it if my hands shake, so can I do it in front of many people on stage?
let's do it
It's a transparent film, but if you do this-
(Applause) The most amazing feat here is that my hands didn't shake while I was doing it.
And once you have these properties of a material, you can do a lot of things.
not really limited to film
This material can be in various forms
We can get a little fancy and create different optical elements and microprisms, like the reflective strips on running shoes.
You can also make beautiful things Can you take a picture with a camera?
Adding 3D effect to film
If you look at it at just the right angle, a hologram appears on the silk film.
You can also do other things with
I thought I might be able to guide light with pure proteins, so I made an optical fiber.
But silk is versatile and can do more than optics
Various forms are possible
For example, if you're afraid to go to the doctor and get an injection, you can make a very fine needle.
What you see here is human hair superimposed with silk needles, and you can see how thin it is.
We can make bigger ones
gears and screws and bolts you can buy at Whole Foods
Gear can be used underwater
Considering the alternative parts of the machine
A solution of Kevlar, for example, could be used as a durable replacement for a peripheral vein or a whole bone.
As a little example, I have a miniature skull that I call Mini Yorick.
(Laughter) But you can also make things like cups, for example.
We can make electronic devices that can be folded and wrapped.
Silk LED tattoos for fashion conscious people
As you can see, silk has versatility in material form.
There are still other unique properties
How does this actually work?
As I mentioned a little bit at the beginning, proteins are biodegradable and biocompatible.
This is a picture of a tissue section
What do you mean by biodegradable and biocompatible?
It means you don't have to remove it after it's implanted in your body.
What that means is that all the devices and forms that I've shown you, in theory, disappear after being implanted in the body.
What you see in this tissue section is actually reflective tape.
The idea is that if you shine a light so that the car can see you, you'll be able to see deep into the tissue, because there's reflective tape made of silk.
Moreover, it integrates with the organization
It's important not only to integrate with the human body, but also to integrate with the environment.
When you time your protein, you get a silk cup like this that you can throw away without guilt.
It's edible, so we can make smart packaging for food that can be cooked right away.
It doesn't taste good, so I need help
But the best part is that it's back
Silk acts as a cocoon of biological material in the process of self-assembly.
So if you change the recipe and add something when you pour it in -- add something to the silk solution, whether it's an enzyme, an antibody, or a vaccine -- the self-assembly process protects the biological function of these dopants.
So materials can be made active or not active in the environment.
The screw I showed you earlier can actually be used as a screw to hold broken bones together, and you can administer a drug at the same time as the bone heals.
You can also keep medicines that need to be refrigerated in your wallet.
So I made a silk card with penicillin in it.
We stored this for two months at 60 degrees Celsius, or 140 degrees Fahrenheit, and the penicillin didn't lose its potency.
So this is -- (Applause) This might be a better idea than a camel with a solar refrigerator.
It has another unique material property - you can set the decomposition of the material.
That's the difference you see here.
The top is a film set to not decompose, and the bottom is a film set to decompose in water.
As you can see, the film below is releasing its contents.
You can use the saved like this
It also allows time-controlled drug administration and return to the environment, in any of the forms you've seen.
It's really the thread that connects these discoveries.
Replacing veins and bones, doing more sustainable microelectronics, throwing away the cup after a cup of coffee without feeling guilty, carrying medicine in my pocket and drinking it straight, delivering it straight across the desert. Whatever the case, I'm impressed that the answer may lie in the silk thread.
thank you
(applause)
When I was a kid, I was obsessed with superheroes
I wanted to save the world and make everyone happy.
But it was a dream that wouldn't come true without superpowers.
I fantasized about going on a journey to find objects on Krypton, and it was fun, but nothing special.
When I grew up and realized that science fiction wasn't going to give me superpowers, I decided to embark on a real science journey in search of a more useful truth.
The journey started in California, where a 30-year study at UC Berkeley looked at yearbook photos and measured the success and happiness of their graduates in life.
By measuring their smiles, researchers were able to predict subjects' marital satisfaction and length of marriage, as well as subjects' fulfillment and their drive towards others.
I found Mr. Obama's graduation album by chance.
When I first saw this photo, I thought that superpower was due to that magnificent collar.
everything was hidden in his smile
Another surprising result came from a 2010 study from Wayne State University that looked at pre-1950s Major League Baseball cards.
We found that we could predict the lifespan of an athlete based on how long they smiled.
Players who weren't smiling had an average life expectancy of just 72.9 years, while those with a bright smile had an average life expectancy of about 80.
(audience laughter) The good news is that humans are born to smile.
Using 3D ultrasound technology, you can see a developing fetus smiling inside the womb, even though the baby is born.
I keep smiling, mostly in my sleep
Even blind babies smile when they hear human voices.
A smile is the most basic, biologically uniform facial expression that humans have.
Paul Ekman, a leading figure in the study of facial expressions, conducted a study in Papua New Guinea where the Fore people, a tribe that had no connection with Western culture and were known for their peculiar cannibalistic practices, The situation that made you smile was the same as us
So, from Papua New Guinea to Hollywood to contemporary art in Beijing, we smile a lot and smile when we're happy or satisfied.
If you smile more than 20 times a day, please raise your hand.
you're here a lot
People who smile more than 20 times a day
In general, more than a third of people do, but less than 14% of people smile less than five times.
Children are the most powerful superpowers, and they smile 400 times a day.
Have you ever wondered why having a child who never stops smiling makes you smile more often?
A study at Uppsala University in Sweden found that it's hard to frown when you see someone smiling.
Why you ask?
That's because smiling is evolutionarily contagious, and it inhibits facial muscle control.
Mimicking a smile, or actually smiling, gives us clues as to whether the smile is real or fake, so we can understand the emotion of the person smiling.
A recent study at the University of Clermont-Ferrand in France focused on mimicry, where participants were asked to guess whether a smile was real or not, and they held a pencil in their mouths to restrain the muscles they use when smiling.
Without a pencil, my judgment is high, but as soon as I put the pencil in my mouth, I can't imitate a smile, and my judgment is dull.
(audience laughter) In addition to theorizing evolution in "The Origin of Species," Darwin also wrote the facial feedback hypothesis.
The theory states that smiling is not only the result of feeling good, but that the very act of smiling is an uplifting feeling.
Darwin also mentions the French neurologist Guillaume Duchenne, who used electric shocks to create smiles.
don't imitate at home
(Audience: Laughter) A related German study used fMRI scans to measure brain activity before and after injections of Botox, which suppresses the muscles of the smile, and Darwin's theory.
The results are supportive: we know that smiling makes us feel better because facial feedback modifies the neural processing that governs our emotions.
Laughter stimulates the brain's reward mechanisms in a way that even chocolate, which is considered a joy inducer, can't compete.
According to British researchers, a single smile can stimulate the brain to the equivalent of 2,000 chocolate bars.
(audience: laughter) And that's not all we found out: a smile is just as stimulating as receiving £16,000 in cash.
$25,000 for one smile
It is quite
A child smiles 400 times, so multiply 25,000 by 400, and you're feeling like Mark Zuckerberg every day.
Unlike bingeing on chocolate, smiling more often makes you healthier.
Smiling reduces stress hormones like cortisol, adrenaline and dopamine, releases happy hormones like endorphins, and lowers blood pressure.
In addition, smiling people make a better impression on others.
A study from Pennsylvania State University found that smiling not only makes you look more likeable and kinder to others, it also makes you appear more competent.
I want to make a good impression and be seen as competent I want to reduce stress I want to improve my marriage I want to feel like I am eating high quality chocolate without eating calories (Applause)
my name is amit
A year and a half ago, while I was doing another job at Google, I pitched an idea about museums and art to my boss, and he's right there, and he said I could do it.
I've been here for a year and a half
There are many interesting stories in the negotiations with 17 museums in nine countries.
I'm just going to show you a demo today.
There are many reasons why I decided to do this.
My personal reason is access issues, as you can see on this slide ("Closed - Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu").
i grew up in india
I had a great education, and I have no complaints, but I had very little access to museums and works of art.
So when I started traveling the world and going to museums, I learned a lot.
And while working at Google, in order to realize the wish of making museums more accessible with the power of technology,
So we put together a team of good people and started working on this.
I'm going to show you a demo, and I'm going to show you some of the coolest things we've been doing since the site's inception.
It's very easy to use Go to GoogleArtProject.com
You can tour the many museums here.
Uffizi MoMA Hermitage Amsterdam National Beauty Van Gogh Museum
I'll choose my favorite New York Metropolitan Museum of Art.
there are two entrances
Click on it and you're in the museum.
It doesn't matter where you are, whether it's Bombay or Mexico
Enjoy from anywhere
Want to see different rooms?
Just open the floor map and click to jump
Want to go to the other end of the corridor?
just go ahead
Explore as you like
(Applause) The fun is yet to come.
(Laughter) This brings me to one of my favorite paintings: Pieter Brueghel the Elder's Grain Harvest.
there is a plus mark
If the museum provides images
click to enlarge
There are various kinds of metadata about paintings.
If you're interested in art, you might want to take a closer look, but I'll close it for now.
We use gigapixel technology to capture the images.
In the case of this image, it's also 10 gigapixels.
People ask me, "What can you do with 10 gigapixels?"
Let me show you what 10 gigapixels looks like
Effortlessly zoom
It's supposed to be fun here
This person is nice, I can't say anything about his expression
I want to see more
So when I started looking around, I realized there was something going on here.
I thought, "Hey, that sounds interesting."
If you look closer, it looks like the children are throwing things at something.
I wanted to find out, so I asked an acquaintance at the museum, and he told me that it's a game called "Squeal," where you throw sticks at geese on Shrove Tuesday.
seems to be a popular game
I don't know why you would do that, but I learned a little bit.
If you zoom in as much as possible, you can see even the fine cracks on the surface.
Let's zoom out to see the big picture
I was here... and here's the whole picture.
(Applause) Now the fun begins.
Now let's fly to MoMA, also in New York.
Another favorite of mine is Starry Night.
You've seen how detailed you can see
How is your writing?
Wouldn't it be nice to see how Van Gogh painted this masterpiece?
I will keep zooming
And that's my favorite part of this picture, you can see the details, even the cracks.
This is "The Starry Night" I'm sure you've never seen it like this
I'll show you one more feature that I like
There are many more, but I don't have time.
It's so cool. Call it a collection.
It doesn't matter who you are, whether you're rich or poor, whether you own a fancy house or not.
You can create your own museum online, and you can collect images like this and build your own collection.
I made a collection called "The Power of Zoom" in the National Gallery.
Zoom in on Holbein's "Ambassadors"
You can comment on it and send it to your friends, so you can share your thoughts on how you feel about these masterpieces.
So in conclusion, the point is, it wasn't Google that brought us this great thing.
not even a museum
maybe i shouldn't say that
The real source of value is in the painters.
That's the little realization I've learned through this.
It is my hope that this digital medium will give artists' work justice and give it the right expression online.
I've been asked a lot lately, "Are you trying to replicate the experience of going to a museum?"
the answer is no
This supplements the actual experience
Thank you very much
(Applause) Thank you.
(applause)
When I was asked to give this talk, one of the people I really wanted to mention was my friend Richard Feynman.
I'm one of the few people who got to know him and enjoyed his existence.
I'm going to tell you about the Richard Feynman I know.
Of course, there are people in this room who can tell a different story about him than I do. Richard Feynman was a tricky man.
there were many faces
Needless to say, he was a scientist who stood out by an order of magnitude.
I was also an actor.
I was lucky enough to attend his class on the balcony there.
it was a great class
he is a philosopher
is a drum player
He was also an exceptionally good teacher.
Richard Feynman was a master of directing, and a brazen and arrogant man.
It was full of masculinity.
i love intellectual debate
I was like a lump of ego
Apparently, he was a man with a fairly large ego area at the end, actually.
I can't speak for people either. I have a strong ego too.
Not as much as Feynman, but pretty selfish.
It's always nice to be with him
can have a good time
I feel like I've gotten smarter
Is there anyone who makes you think so? he could
both me and him
He seemed smart and made me feel like we could solve any problem together.
We actually studied physics together.
I didn't publish a co-authored paper, but I had a lot of fun.
He liked to win, although he sometimes played games of strength.
He fought not only with me, but with various people.
usually won
Even if I didn't win and lost, I smiled as if I had won
I once heard a joke made by a student.
On his birthday, I believe, the students invited me to lunch at a sandwich shop in Pasadena.
probably still there
at a store that sells celebrity sandwiches
marilyn monroe sandwich
I had the Humphrey Bogart sandwich
The students had all decided to order Feynman sandwiches ahead of time.
Come on, come on, I ordered a Feynman sandwich.
he loves this story
He was smiling happily while talking to me
After we finished talking, I asked him, "What's the difference between a Feynman sandwich and a Susskind sandwich with my name on it?"
He calmly replied, "It's almost the same.
But there's a lot of ham in the Susskind sandwich."
Ham is a radish actor. (Laughter)
I happened to be clear that day, so I retorted, "But there are few bolognese sausages."
(Laughter) In fact, the Feynman sandwich has a ton of ham and no bologna sausage.
Most of all, Feynman hated intellectual deception: cheating, sophistry, gibberish.
In the mid-'80s, Feynman, myself, and Sidney Coleman would meet up on a few occasions for dinner at a very rich man's house in San Francisco.
Last time I was invited, some philosophers were also invited.
those who study the philosophy of mind
In the specialized department of consciousness, it's full of meaningless terms
was using
I remember - it's crazy to have so many classifications like "monism" and "dualism"
It was incomprehensible to me, to Feynman, to Sidney.
what do you think we talked about
What would you say about the heart?
One thing to be sure of - do machines have minds?
Can we build a machine that thinks and has consciousness like a human?
We debated, but of course there was no answer.
But the trouble is that philosophers think philosophically when they should think scientifically.
This question is purely scientific.
It's very dangerous to talk like that around Feynman.
We were both drunk and Feynman
I had a strong opinion.It was rough but it was fun.
but so violently
I beat it
But there was a surprise, because Feynman was sick and came home early.
It's me, Sidney, and the two philosophers left.
Surprisingly, the two philosophers were excited
It seemed very fun
I couldn't have been happier to have met a great man, to have been mentored by a great man, and to have been so powerfully refuted.
it was a special experience
Despite all that action, there was something extraordinary about Feynman.
I called my friend Feynman Dick, and we trusted each other.
I think it was a special relationship of trust.
We liked each other and liked the same things
I also liked intelligent, masculine games, although sometimes I won.
He won most of it, but we had fun together.
At some point, Dick became convinced that his personality and mine were somewhat similar.
I don't think so.
I just like to talk about myself
but he was sure
he's incredibly curious
I wanted to know what this weird relationship was about and why.
one day french
I was walking around La Zouche
It was 1976, on a mountain, Feynman said,
"Hey Leonardo"
He pronounces him Leonardo because it's Europe and he's practicing his French.
"Leonardo," he asks, "When you were a child, who were you closest to, your mother or your father?"
"My real hero is my father.
Dad was a laborer with an education up to the fifth grade.
Because he was a skilled worker, he taught me how to use the tools.
You taught me anything about machines
He also taught me the Pythagorean theorem.
You said 'shortcut' instead of 'hypotenuse'."
Then Feynman's eyes opened
It suddenly became bright and I was with my father
He said he had a similar relationship.
He says that there was a time when he believed that having that kind of relationship with his father was very important in order to become a good physicist.
A real conversation
Apparently, he never doubted that it was necessary to train young physicists.
Of course I'm talking about Dick, so I want to make sure.
I wanted to do an experiment, and I really did.
I tried
I asked around fellow physicists who I thought were brilliant.
"Who influenced you, your mother or your father?"
I asked only the men, and without exception, they all answered, "Mother."
(Laughter) This theory has gone into the trash as a thing of the past.
But he was so excited to finally meet me, who had gone through the same thing with his father as he had with his father.
So I was convinced for a while that you would get along with me.
i'm not sure
So let me tell you a little bit about Feynman as a physicist.
Feynman's style is -- there's no such thing as style.
But it's a deeper story, because you might imagine yourself in a bow tie or a suit.
I can't think of good words
Feynman's style as a scientist was always to find the simplest, most basic solution possible to a problem.
Otherwise, you would have struggled with complex solutions.
But, no doubt, he enjoyed and took pleasure in showing that he could be simpler than anyone else.
He also believed that if he couldn't explain things simply, he didn't understand them yet.
In the 1950s, people were trying to figure out how superfluid helium behaved, and there was a theory.
Russian physics mathematician put up
It's a complicated theory, which I'll show you shortly.
It was a very complicated theory, full of very difficult integrals and formulas and calculations.
It worked somewhat, but it wasn't perfect.
That theory did a good job of explaining when the helium atoms are very far apart.
Unfortunately, the atoms in liquid helium are very close to each other.
Feynman was a physicist who didn't know much about helium, but he decided to try to solve it.
he had a clear idea
I wanted to figure out what the quantum wavefunction of this huge number of atoms looked like.
He tried to make it clearer by considering a few simple cases of the principle.
A simple few atoms in principle makes it very easy.
First, when helium atoms touch each other, they repel each other.
We can expect that the wavefunction at this point should be zero, which is zero when the helium atoms touch.
The other is that the ground state, the lowest energy state, has the smoothest wavefunction with the fewest undulations.
He sat down with just a piece of paper and a pencil and wrote out the simplest wavefunction that satisfies the boundary conditions that the wavefunction vanishes at the collision and the intermediate wavefunction is smooth.
It was so simple that I thought a good high school student could understand it without having learned calculus.
Everything he knew about liquid helium and more was expressed in his concise wave function.
I've always wondered if the helium experts were a little embarrassed by this result.
They had very powerful methods, but they couldn't do the same.
By the way, what is a very powerful method?
It's a Feynman diagram
(Laughter) I did it again in 1968.
I wasn't there at the time, but in 1968, my university was working on the structure of the proton.
Protons, of course, are made up of many tiny elementary particles, and you probably already know that.
The means of analysis, of course, was the Feynman diagram.
Feynman diagrams were invented by him to understand elementary particles.
The experiment was simple: take a proton and hit it sharply with an electron.
Feynman diagrams are for the analysis of such phenomena
The only problem was that the diagram was complicated.
It was a difficult integral, and if we could calculate it all, we could come up with a very precise theory.
If you can't, you're just too esoteric.
People have tried it, one loop diagram can be calculated, no worries
One loop, two loops, three loops are possible, but no more. Feynman said, "Forget it all.
Think of the proton as a collection of microparticles, or a swarm of microparticles."
Feynman named the particle a parton.
"Let's just think of it as a swarm of partons moving at super-fast speeds."
Parton moves so fast that according to relativity, it's going to be very slow inside.
Electrons collide there. It's like taking a picture of a proton for a moment. What do you see?
I see a lot of static partons
Parton doesn't move during the course of the experiment, so you don't have to worry about how it moves, and you don't have to worry about the forces in between.
stationary
just think of it as a set of partons
This is important when analyzing these experiments.
it's very effective
I wouldn't call it revolution because some people don't like the word revolution.
I have no doubt that this has greatly improved our understanding of protons and, by extension, our understanding of elementary particles.
I still have 30 seconds left to talk about my relationship with Feynman and who I was.
Let me just say that I don't think Feynman liked the event.
He would have said, "I don't need it."
How can Feynman be honored?
How should I praise you?
I think Feynman should be honored by removing as many ridiculous ingredients from our sandwiches as possible. Thank you.
(applause)
think about your daily life
You'll wake up, go outside, feel the fresh air, have a good discussion with your new colleague, and be thrilled with your new discovery.
But there's probably something that you didn't even notice.
It means that sensations, emotions, decisions, actions, etc., are all in your head, controlled by a computer called your brain.
Outwardly, the brain doesn't look like much, it's a pinkish-gray, amorphous organ weighing about 1.3 kg.
Over the last hundred years, advances in neuroscience have allowed us to look closely at the brain and study its complexity.
What they found was that the brain is made up of hundreds of billions of cells called neurons, intricate circuits.
Human-designed computers have fewer parts, but we designed this one, so we know how it works, but the brain is made up of thousands of different types of cells, maybe tens of thousands.
They're different shapes, they're made up of different molecules, and they're all connected to different parts of the brain.
It also varies with different diseases.
Let's be specific
There are relatively small cells called suppressor cells that inactivate neighboring cells.
These are the cells that you see atrophy in things like schizophrenia.
called basket cells
It's one of thousands of cell types that we study.
New cell types are being discovered every day
As another example, these large pyramidal cells are present in many brain regions, and they're excitatory cells.
It's one of the cells that seems to be overactive in things like epilepsy.
Each of these cells is an amazing electrical device.
It takes input from thousands of upstream cells, calculates its own electrical output, and if it exceeds a certain threshold, it outputs to thousands of downstream cells.
This process, which takes about a millisecond, is repeated thousands of times per minute in all 100 billion cells.
How can we figure out how this circuit works?
The ideal would be to turn all the cells that make up the circuit on and off, and investigate which types of cells contribute to which functions, and in which pathologies they go wrong.
If we can activate a cell, we can see what it causes and what it sustains.
If you can inactivate it, you know what it's needed for.
That's what I'm going to talk to you about today.
For the last 11 years, we've been trying to figure out how to turn brain circuits, cells, parts of the brain, neural pathways on and off, in order to understand science and to face the many problems we face as human beings.
Before I get into the technical stuff, one word. Unfortunately, as we live longer, a significant percentage of us will develop brain disease.
Already a billion people suffer from disabling brain diseases.
The numbers alone aren't enough to tell the story.
Disorders like schizophrenia, Alzheimer's, depression, and addiction not only reduce our lifespans, they transform us.
It robs us of our identity, changes our emotions, changes us as human beings.
In the 20th century, there was a lot of hope for drugs to treat brain disorders.
While many drugs have been developed to alleviate the symptoms of brain damage, there has been virtually no cure.
One of the reasons is that the brain is drenched in chemicals, and the brain's intricate circuitry, made up of thousands of different types of cells, is drenched in chemicals.
That's probably why most, if not all, drugs on the market cause serious side effects.
As for Parkinson's disease and cochlear implants, electrical stimulators implanted in the brain have helped some people to some extent.
This electrostimulator has helped with certain types of disability.
But current flows in all directions, down the path of least resistance -- that term is also used to mean "the path of least resistance." So electrical stimulation affects both the abnormal and normal circuits you want to fix.
So again we go back to the idea of ​​ultra-precision control: can we control the signal the way we want?
When I started neuroscience 11 years ago, my background was in electrical engineering and physics, so my first thought was that if neurons are electrical devices, why not find a way to remotely manipulate their electrical changes?
If we can fire just one cell without firing neighboring cells, then we have the tools to activate and suppress different cells, what they do and their role in the network.
At the same time, ultra-precise control is possible to restore circuits that have become unable to perform normal calculations.
How can we do that?
There are many molecules in nature that can convert light into electricity.
Think of it as a little protein that works like a solar cell.
If we can somehow get this molecule into a neuron, that neuron will be activated by light stimulation, and neighboring cells that don't have this molecule won't respond.
To make this possible, we also need to find ways to deliver light stimulation to the brain.
For that reason, a painless brain
We insert optical fibers, which are the result of the Internet and communication technologies, and connect lasers to the optical fibers to activate neurons, and observe the behavior of neurons in preclinical experiments using animals.
how do i do this?
Around 2004, in collaboration with Georg Nagel and Karl Deisseroth, this idea came to fruition.
Some algae in the wild migrate toward light to optimize photosynthesis.
It senses light with a tiny eye spot that doesn't look much different than our eyes.
Its cell membrane contains several small proteins that can convert light into electricity.
These are called channelrhodopsins
These proteins behave like the solar cells I mentioned earlier.
When stimulated by blue light, it opens tiny holes in the cell membrane and allows charged particles to enter the eye spot, which in turn emits an electrical signal in the same way that a solar cell charges up.
All we had to do was get this molecule into the neuron.
Because it's a protein, it's encoded within the algae's DNA.
Now all that's left to do is take that DNA and put it into a virus-like gene therapy vector and put it into a neuron.
This was a time when gene therapy was very advanced, and there were so many viruses available that it was easy to do.
We did it one morning in the summer of 2004, and the first attempt was successful.
You introduce this DNA into neurons.
The neuron's own protein-synthesizing machinery assembles light-sensitive proteins and installs them in the cell like a solar panel.
And the result is a neuron that can be activated by light stimulation.
this is very powerful
The trick here is how to introduce this gene only into the cells of interest, not the neighboring cells.
You can do this by first modifying the virus so that it only sticks to specific cells.
There are still genetic tricks to making light-activated cells.
This field has come to be known as optogenetics.
Let's take a complex network as an example, where a virus can be used to introduce a gene into only one type of cell in a dense network.
And when you shine light on the whole network, only that type of cell will activate.
For example, let's take the basket cells I mentioned earlier, the inhibitory cells that atrophy in schizophrenia.
Even if you introduce and express the previous gene, the phenotype of this cell doesn't change, and you can shine blue light across the entire brain network and activate just this cell.
When the radiation is stopped, the cells return to their normal state, and there appears to be no ill effects.
So you can use this technology to not only activate the function of cells and their role in the brain as a whole, but also, for example, the function of basket cells, and you can actually see the effects of the cage cells atrophying.
So I'd like to talk to you about how we're using this technology in the scientific, clinical, and preclinical stages.
One of the questions we've addressed is what are the signals that mediate the sensation of reward in the brain.
Because if we can find this, it can be a signal that drives learning: the brain does more of what it's rewarded for.
And that signal is distorted by disorders such as addiction.
Therefore, if we can elucidate which cells are, it may lead to the discovery of new drug discovery targets that are effective in drug design and screening, and the identification of appropriate electrode stimulation sites for critically ill patients.
So, in collaboration with the Fiorillo Group, we created a simple paradigm where one side of this little box was illuminated by a pulse of light as the animal moved.
made different cells sensitive to light
If that cell mediates reward, the animal should go to the direction of the light more frequently.
and got the same result
And every time the animal poked its nose into the hole on the right side, it would emit a blue light, and he would repeat this hundreds of times.
These are caused by dopamine neurons, which some of you may know as pleasure chemicals.
We found that we only needed to activate this for short periods of time to promote learning.
Then extend this idea
We will prepare a device that can illuminate not only one point of the brain but also the entire brain in three dimensions.We will use a parallel optical fiber connected to an independent small light source.
This allows us to do things in vivo that we could only do in culture dishes, for example, to search for signals that trigger a particular phenomenon or therapeutic targets for brain disorders, and we can screen whole brains at high speed.
I want to talk a little bit about how we find treatment targets for PTSD, which is a manifestation of uncontrollable anxiety and fear.
One of the things we tried was to take the classic model of fear.
It dates back to Pavlov's time
This was called Pavlovian fear conditioning, which involved the presentation of a sound followed by an electric shock.
It wasn't painful, but it was a little uncomfortable.
In repeated experiments with mice, which are commonly used in these experiments, they were conditioned to be afraid of sounds, and the animals stiffened reflexively, just like deer do when they are hit by headlights.
Now the question is, where in the brain can we find something to overcome this fear?
What it does is it emits fear and conditioned sounds.
But then we're going to use the fiber optic I showed you earlier to activate different brain regions to see which brain regions work to overcome fear memories.
Here's a quick video showing one of the targets we're working on.
It's a region in the prefrontal cortex that's active when you're trying to cognitively overcome negative emotions.
Animals hear sounds and are exposed to light there.
There's no audio, but you can see that the animal is stiff, and the sound is used as bad news.
If you look at the clock in the lower left corner, you can see that two minutes have passed since the experiment started.
The next scene is eight minutes later.
The same sound stimulus is given and the light is illuminated.
Shining now
As you can see, in a 10-minute experiment, we were able to activate this area with light and overcome the fear memory.
We've spent the last few years looking back at the tree of life, looking for ways to turn off circuits in our brains.
If realized, it will be an extremely effective means
If we can shut down a cell for milliseconds or even seconds, we can figure out its role in the circuit.
We looked at organisms across the tree of life, and found that the non-animal kingdoms were slightly different.
We also found a molecule called halorhodopsin, or archaeal rhodopsin, that responds to green and yellow light.
They do the opposite of the channelrhodopsins I mentioned earlier, which respond to blue light.
Here are some examples of how these can be used successfully
Let's take the example of epilepsy, an overactive brain.
If drugs have not been effective in treating epilepsy, there is the option of removing parts of the brain, but that is irreversible and can have side effects.
What if we could temporarily shut down the brain until the seizures stopped, resetting the brain back to its initial state, much like a dynamic system transitions to a steady state in dynamics?
Here's an animation that illustrates the concept, and what we're hoping to do is create cells that can be turned off by light stimulation, and turn them on with light and make them inactive for the amount of time it takes to calm a seizure.
We don't have any data to show you about this latest study, and we're working hard on it.
Another perspective I'd like to focus on is that if we can use these molecules in the brain itself with ultra-precise control, we'll be able to create new types of prosthetics, optical prostheses.
I've already told you that electrostimulators are not uncommon.
75,000 people with Parkinson's disease have electrostimulators implanted in their brains, and perhaps 100,000 more people have cochlear implants as hearing aids.
The other is that the gene needs to be introduced into the cell.
A new hope in gene therapy is the development of the adenovirus -- a virus that everyone here probably carries, but that doesn't cause any symptoms -- that's going to over 100 patients to transfer genes into their brains and bodies. has been used in
No adverse effects from this virus have been reported so far.
The big problem that no one has touched on yet is proteins from algae, bacteria, fungi, all over the tree.
We don't normally have fungi or algae in our brains, but what would happen to our brains if we introduced them?
would you allow it? Will the immune system respond?
It hasn't been tested in humans yet, but we're undertaking a number of studies to test this.
We have not yet observed any adverse effects on these molecules or on light stimulation of the brain.
Honestly, it's still early days, but we're excited.
I'd like to close with a story that I believe has potential clinical applications.
Blindness comes in many forms: the photoreceptors in the back of our eyes disappear.
The retina has a complex structure
Zoom in to see more details
photoreceptor cells are on top
The signals we receive are transformed through various computations all the way down to the ganglion cells at the bottom of the layer of cells, where they transmit information to the brain, where we perceive images.
During blindness, such as retinitis pigmentosa and macular degeneration, photoreceptor cells are atrophied or destroyed.
How can I fix it?
We don't even know if it's possible to treat it with a drug, because there's no target for the drug to bind to.
Meanwhile, the light is still coming into the eye.
The eyes are transparent and the light is still passing through.
So what if we could introduce molecules like channelrhodopsin into alternative cells and use them as cameras (photoreceptor cells)?
Because the eye has so many cells, it should be a very high-resolution camera.
This is what we're doing, which is being commercialized with the launch of Eos Neuroscience under NIH funding led by one of our collaborators, Alan Horseager at USC.
Here's a mouse trying to solve a maze problem.
It's a six-way radial maze with a little water to keep the mice active.
The purpose of this maze is to get out of the water and onto a small platform.
Mice are smart, so they eventually solve the maze, but they do it in a brute-force manner.
Swim all the aisles until you reach the platform
So you're not using your sense of sight.
These mice are mutant mice that are genetically modified to model human blindness.
We carefully look at each model and look for solutions that can be generalized.
What should I do?
As shown in the previous slide
We're going to introduce a blue light sensor into the central cell layer of the retina at the back of the eye to act as a camera, similar to what we did when we introduced a solar cell to make the neurons light sensitive.
There the light is converted into electricity
This mouse was blinded several weeks before the experiment and injected with a virus containing a gene for a light-sensitive molecule.
And as you can see, the mouse avoids the wall and ends up on a small platform, where the eye's perception is restored.
And what's also amazing about this mouse is that it reaches the platform at the same level of performance as a mouse that hasn't experienced blindness.
I think this preclinical study shows hope for what we want to achieve in the future.
We're also exploring new business models in the area of ​​neurotechnology.
We developed these things, and we're sharing them for free with hundreds of groups around the world so that everyone can research cures for a wide variety of disorders.
Our hope is to unravel the circuits of the brain to the extent that they can be repaired and engineered, so that the incurable diseases I talked about earlier will be a thing of the past in the 21st century.
thank you
(Applause) Juan Enriquez: It was a little intense.
(Laughter) The first step is to be able to use light instead of drugs to control seizures and epilepsy and to identify therapeutic targets.
Second, I think you said that you could now control your brain with two colors, like an on/off switch.
Ed Boyden: That's right
JE: If you could replace all the signals in your brain with binary numbers.
EB: Right
Blue light conveys information is like 1
The off switch is like zero.
We want to eventually create a co-processor that works with the brain to enhance the functioning of people with disabilities.
JE: So theoretically we can model what a mouse feels and smells and hears and touches with a string of 1's and 0's?
EB: Yes, we'd like to use this technology to assess which neural signals lead to specific actions, thoughts, emotions, and help us understand the brain.
JE: So one day we'll be able to download and upload memories?
EB: Yeah, we're starting to work hard on that as well.
Now, we're also working on lining the brain with recording elements so that information can be recorded externally and then retrieved.
JE: It might make a difference.
EB: Thank you
(applause)
Hello, my name is Thomas Heatherwick.
He has an atelier in London and designs buildings in his own way.
When I was a child, I was familiar with small-scale manufacturing, crafts, tools, and inventions.
When I saw a huge building, or the buildings around me, or the buildings that were introduced in books, I had the cold impression that those buildings had no soul.
On the other hand, small things like earrings, pottery, and musical instruments felt precious and warm.
From there I was influenced by
The first building was built 20 years ago.
Since then, for 20 years, we have had a design studio in London.
It's a picture of my mother, who ran a bead shop in London.
I used to count beads
To showcase my work, I'd like to show you some of the projects I've worked on.
hospital building
bag company store
artist's atelier
This is a three-dimensional work of art with millions of meters of wire and 150,000 beads the size of a golf ball.
window display
Substation chiller, this is next to St. Paul's Cathedral in London.
It's a temple for monks in Japan.
This is a cafe by the sea in England.
Here's a quick rundown of a recent project: I was commissioned by the Mayor of London to design a new bus that would allow passengers to hop on and off as they please.
Originally, Routemaster buses didn't have doors at the rear entrance, because now all Routemaster buses are in California.
not in london
on the bus
If you get stuck, you won't be able to move even if the stop is only three meters away.
But at the request of the Mayor of London, the idea of ​​adopting doorless entrances again was raised.
It's being developed with Transport for London, because Transport for London hasn't built a new bus for 50 years.
I am happy to have this opportunity
I was instructed to cut energy usage by 40%.
I switched to hybrid drive
We're trying to improve everything, from the framework to the overall shape, structure and aesthetics.
We also present four major projects.
It's about building bridges.
I was asked to design a movable bridge
The bridge that opens is popular, but it's a very basic design.
when the bridge opens and closes
I think a lot of people stop and look at it. I once saw a picture that made me feel sick, when a soccer player jumped for the ball.
Another athlete stepped on my knee hard and broke it like this
So when I saw a bridge like this, I couldn't help but feel like something that was in great shape had been destroyed.
This is the bridge in Paddington, London.
As you can see, the design is plain
Made only of steel and timber
But we didn't just end up with a mediocre bridge, we figured out how it works.
(Applause) I like the idea that both ends end up kissing.
(Applause) At first, people were worried, so we halved the speed.
here is the shortened version
Our most recent project is the design of a biomass power plant powered by organic waste.
The news is constantly talking about the future of water resources and electricity supply.
The time when I was proud of how to generate electricity is now a thing of the past.
Nowadays, the annual reports of electric power companies no longer include photographs of power plants.
There are children running in the fields
(audience: laughter) When the engineers approached us about building a power plant, the condition we presented was that, no matter what, we should not just embellish a normal power plant.
to capture information instead
I traveled around with my engineers, learned about different factors, and found that there were a lot of inefficiencies and unnecessary things.
Building more and more on a piece of land isn't always the most effective.
So instead of having a cluttered arrangement, we looked at how we could incorporate all the elements.
This area is one of the poorest areas in England.
#1 place I don't want to live
There are 2,000 new buildings being built next to this power plant.
Felt the social side of this place
It has symbolic importance.
Our electricity should not necessarily be a place of shame, but a place of pride.
So instead of being a fenced-in, inhospitable place, we looked at how we could make it an inviting place.
The power plant is uh, 60 meters high, so
What we could do was create a power park to give it some cohesiveness, and we could have used the extra dirt that was there to turn it into a quiet power plant.
Because the soil alone is sound deadening.
And we found that we could be more structurally and cost efficient to do this.
The completed blueprint is more than just a power plant
There's also room for a bar mitzvah at the top.
(audience: laughter) Because it's a power park
It's designed to be immersive, and you can also take advantage of the height that's there for its original function, so you can look around from the observatory.
At the Shanghai World Expo, I was invited for the architecture, I was wrong, not the invitation.
I won the competition. It was hard to go to Shanghai.
(audience: laughter) We won the right to build the British Pavilion.
The expo was really going to drive me crazy.
There are 250 pavilions
It was the largest expo in the history of the world.
Approximately 100,000 people visit each day
250 countries were competing
asked by the British government to be in the top five
Being in the top five became a government-mandated goal, and in the midst of all this chaos, I wondered how I could stand out.
I felt it was wiser to focus on one thing instead of trying to incorporate everything.
Also, what I wanted to avoid was a very British emphasis.
(audience laughter) But the Expo is about the future of the city, and the Victorians in particular were pioneers of bringing nature into the city.
And the world's first modern public park was in London.
The world's first full-fledged botanical garden is also in London, where a project to collect 25 percent of the world's plants is underway.
I suddenly became aware of this element of Britain.
And trees look beautiful on everyone, and I've never met anyone who doesn't like trees.
Same with flowers
I've never met anyone who doesn't like flowers
The full-scale botanical themed projects are being held in large botanical gardens, but the seeds are not on display.
It's just sold in bags at garden supply stores.
But as this amazing project was underway,
I realized that a seed-themed project would be good.
But since it's so small, I was worried about how to display it.
At that time, Jurassic Park was a reference
I was inspired by the fact that dinosaur DNA is trapped in amber, and I realized that I could keep the species trapped and make it look like it was more important.
The challenge was how to bring the light and shine the light on the seeds.
I wanted to avoid building too many buildings.
I thought about how to make the light radiate from the whole building.
budget compared to other western countries
The fact that it was only half was as frustrating as the size of the venue.
At that time, I got a hint from a certain toy
(Video) Play-Doh's Barber Shop New Release
♫ Clay Barber Spin the chair ♫ ♫ Let's grow clay hair ♫ ♫ Clay Barber ♫ Got the idea?
The idea was to take 66,000 seeds that were kindly provided and put them in each of these elongated acrylic poles, and they would pop out of the box.
Everything moves slowly when the wind blows
During the daytime, light enters the interior from one by one toward the center.
At night, the artificial light that enters each tube shines outward.
Also, in terms of cost, a building the size of a soccer field
I was particular about this one element instead of making
The government agreed to focus on this idea alone.
We turned the rest of the building into a public space.
We had a million visitors a day, so we thought it would be nice to have a public space.
We worked with an artificial turf manufacturer to create a miniature model of the Temple of the Seed.
For pet surgery, we shave only a portion of the hair to remove the hair, and similarly shave a portion so that we can enter the seed sanctuary.
It's empty inside, no celebrity narration, no projections, no TV, no color changing mechanism.
Just being in a quiet space makes me feel cool
As the cloud passes by, you can see the cloud at the tip that allows light to pass through.
This is the only project I've worked on where the actual finished product turned out to be more like a rendering than I expected.
(Audience: Laughter) The key was how we could interact with each other.
That was the most important thing at the Expo.
I have something to show you
Whether it's the British government or any government, there's nothing worse than having a government as a client.
I had a lot of fear
also received support
The video shows the head of the UK Trade and Investment Department.
They were our clients, playing with the Chinese children on the ramp.
1 2 3 Go!
(audience: laughter) My stupid voice is redundant.
(Audience: laughter) Last but not least, texture is also important.
In our ongoing project, we're working on sophisticated buildings that have a sleek look, but are the same thing.
We have an ongoing project in Malaysia, where a residential building is being built for a real estate developer.
It's being built on this site.
The mayor of Kuala Lumpur said that if the developers were to give anything back to the city, it would be the total area they could build.
It motivated the developers to think about what they could do better for the city.
A feature of residential buildings in this area is that if you're a skyscraper, you'll have a few trees in the corner and a car parked there.
Most people actually visit the 2nd or 3rd floor, and the higher floors are for viewing.
Because the lower floors of a building like this are the least valuable,
If you cut that part out, make the bottom part smaller, and move it up, the developer can increase their profit.
If you connect these places together, you can go from 10 percent of the place with shabby trees and roads around buildings to 90 percent of the space in the rainforest.
(Applause) We're building a building like this.
It's all in the same building, so it's cost effective.
cut at different heights
The important thing is not to swallow the landscape, but to restore the beautiful landscape.
I'm done with this slide.
thank you
(Applause) Thank you.
(Thank you for applause
If you have time, would you mind telling me a little bit about this species, was it removed from that building?
This is what we tested during the construction of that building.
66,000 pieces of the same shape are used
This acrylic pole is 6.7 meters long
When the sun comes in during the day, light comes in from the outside and illuminates each seed.
It was hard work to waterproof the building
It's already difficult to waterproof a building, but it took a lot of time because we had to drill 66,000 holes.
A certain contractor had just the right physique, and he was able to get into the gap in the final stage of waterproofing.
thank you
(applause)
I'm a pediatrician and an anesthesiologist, so it's my job to put kids to bed.
(Laughter) And because I'm also a scholar, I put the audience to sleep for free through my talks.
(Laughter) But my actual job is the director of the pain management department at Stanford's Packard Children's Hospital in Palo Alto.
What I want to share with you today is the understanding that I've gained over the last 20 to 25 years in this profession that pain is a disease.
Most of the time, you would think that pain is a symptom of some disease, and most of the time, it is.
signs of illness, such as tumors, infections, inflammation, or post-surgery.
But even after recovering from such illnesses, about 10 percent of patients remain in pain.
It can last for months, sometimes years, and when that happens, the pain itself becomes a disease.
Before I tell you how it happens and what you can do about it, I'd like to show you how pain can wreak havoc on my patients.
Imagine what would happen if I stroked your arm with these feathers like I stroked my own.
Imagine the next time you're toasted with this burner.
okay don't do that
(Laughter) It's got to be a very different feeling.
How does this relate to chronic pain?
Consider these two things
What would your life look like if you were actually being stroked by these feathers, but your brain decided that it was being stroked by a burner and told you what it felt like? patients experience this
think of a worse situation
What if I stroked the arms of your children with this feather, but decided that their brains were being toasted by this hot burner?
This is what my patient, Chandler, pictured here, actually experienced.
As you can see she's a beautiful young woman
When I met her last year, she was 16 and wanted to be a professional dancer.
During dance practice, she fell on her arm and sprained her wrist.
Like she did, you should think that a sprained wrist is a small thing in life.
Tape it up, take painkillers for a week or two, and that's the end of this story.
But for Chandler, this is where it all started.
Here's what her arm looked like when she visited my clinic three months after the sprain.
You can see that the arm has changed color and turned purple.
When I touched it, it felt like a dead man's arm.
My muscles were stiff and paralyzed, this is called dystonia.
The pain radiated from her wrist to her hand, fingertips, elbow and up, almost reaching her shoulder.
But to make matters worse, the pain wasn't temporary, it lasted 24 hours a day.
Worst of all, she was suffering from allodynia, the medical phenomenon I just described with this feather and burner.
For her arm, even the slightest irritation, like being touched with a hand, or even being touched by the clothes or sleeves she's wearing, can cause an excruciating, burning pain.
How did you get your nervous system so messed up?
How does the nervous system misinterpret a harmless sensation, such as the touch of an arm, and mistake it for a harmful sensation, such as the touch of a burner?
You might think that the nervous system in our bodies is like the wiring in our house.
The wiring runs through the wall from the light bulb switch to the junction box in the ceiling, and from the junction box to the light bulb.
When you turn on the switch, the light comes on
When you turn off the switch, the light goes out too.
So you would think that the nervous system is like this.
When you tap your thumb with a hammer, the information is sent to the wiring in the arm, the nerves, of course, to the junction box in the spinal cord, where new wires, new nerves, transmit that information to the brain, where it recognizes that the thumb has been injured. To do
But, of course, the human body is much more complicated than a house.
Normally, the junction box in the spinal cord would just connect one nerve to the next in a one-to-one fashion by emitting chemical information called neurotransmitters, but what actually happened? And neurotransmitters spill out in all directions, all over the spinal cord, interacting with other cells around them.
These cells, called glial cells, were once thought to be non-essential structures in the spinal cord that simply held together vital cells like nerves.
However, it turns out that glial cells are essential in regulating, amplifying, and even distorting the sensation of pain.
When these glial cells are activated
The cell's DNA begins to synthesize new proteins that interact with neighboring nerves.Stimulated nerve cells release neurotransmitters that flood in, activating glial cells, and the process repeats itself. It becomes what we call positive feedback.”
It's kind of like someone coming into your house and tweaking a wire in your wall so that when you turn on a light switch, the toilet flushes somewhere else, or the dishwasher starts, or the computer screen turns off.
This can't be, it shouldn't be, but this is what actually happens with chronic pain.
And that's why pain is itself a disease.
The nervous system has plasticity
It changes and transforms with stimulation
So if we're like Chandler,
what can i do
In this state, we treat those patients in a very crude way.
And frankly, we use palliative drugs and pain relievers that don't do much for this kind of pain.
It captures the cells that cause pain and puts them to sleep with local anesthesia.
Most importantly, we use demanding and sometimes uncomfortable physical and occupational therapy to retrain the nerves within our nervous system to respond normally to the activities and sensations that are part of our daily lives. use
And all along the way, we use an intensive psychotherapeutic program to deal with the feelings of despondency, hopelessness, and depression that accompany chronic pain.
As you can see from this Chandler, who was able to do a backflip within two months of treatment, the therapy was a success.
Yesterday, I had lunch with her, who is studying dance at college here in Long Beach, and now she's an amazing dancer.
But the future of this therapy is even brighter.
In the future, instead of the drugs that are in use today that simply obfuscate the problem and alleviate the symptoms, they will work directly at the root of the problem, and glial cells, or the glial cells that they produce, will spill out and strain the central nervous system. I believe that we can develop therapeutics that attack harmful proteins, that can distort and magnify what we call pain, plasticity.
So I hope that in the near future, George Carlin's saying, "No pain, no pain, is enough."
Thank you for your attention. (Applause)
I would like to guide you to an unknown world.
It's not light-years away, but it's a world revealed by light.
What most people don't know is that most marine life emits light.
I've been studying this phenomenon called bioluminescence for many years.
Most bioluminescence occurs in the ocean, so understanding this phenomenon is very important to understanding marine life.
I also use this phenomenon to visualize and track marine pollution.
The point is, I'm obsessed with this phenomenon.
I've been a bioluminescence junkie ever since I went on my first deep-sea submersible and dived deep and saw the lights dance like fireworks.
After returning from the dive, I tried to put into words what I had seen, but I couldn't finish it.
I needed a way to share my experiences directly
I first had the idea of ​​how to do this while working on a one-person submersible called the Deep Rover.
In the next video, I'm going to show you how we induced the luminescence.
The first thing you can see is the net that sticks out on the left and right. It's about 1m wide.
Ahead of the submersible, the net makes contact with deep-sea mollusks.
If you turn off the lights on the boat, you can see the luminescence, the light that organisms emit when they hit the net.
This is the first recorded footage of bioluminescence.
This was recorded by a high-sensitivity video camera, which is as sensitive as the human eye, which is well adapted to darkness.
So this is what it looks like when a person enters a submersible and observes it.
So that you can experience this for yourself, I've brought in bioluminescent plankton, which is probably too bold for a live talk.
(Laughter) Dim the lights down and make it as dark as possible. This flask contains bioluminescent plankton.
Now it's not glowing. Is it dead?
(screaming) oops excuse me
(Laughter) I work in the dark, so I do it a lot.
fine
That light is from the bioluminescence of dinoflagellates, which are single-celled diatoms.
Why do single-celled diatoms need to emit light?
First of all, you can think of protecting yourself from predators
Flashing lights are like cries for help
It's known as a bioluminescence alarm, and it's similar to the alarms in your car or your home, and it warns intruders to stay away.
There are many creatures that use this method, let's take this dragonfish as an example.
There are light emitters under the eyes
also has a beard
There are many light-emitting organs, let me show you.
We had to chase it in a submersible for a long time, because the top speed of this fish was one knot, which was the same as the top speed of the submersible.
As a result, we were able to capture it with a special trap and bring it back to the ship's laboratory, where every part of the fish was glowing.
it's hard to believe
Organs under the eyes emit light
The beard is also shiny.
The luminous organs on the abdomen are also glowing, and the fins are also glowing.
It's a cry for help, I want your attention.
it's amazing
You don't usually see this phenomenon, because it's exhausted by the time you pull it up in the net.
There are other ways to protect yourself with light
For example, this shrimp releases a chemical that emits light into the water, much like a squid or an octopus vomits ink.
and blind or distract predators
This little squid has the same ability, so it's called a fire shooter.
It might look like a delicious bite-sized treat or a winged pig's head.
We turned off the lights in time, so you can see the glowing mucus hit the web and glow.
It's an amazing phenomenon
There are many creatures in the open ocean, many of which emit light.
I know the reason why it glows
They emit light to find food, to attract mates, and to protect themselves from predators.
But when you go to the bottom of the ocean, it's a real wonder.
Some of these may have inspired the creatures in the movie "Avatar," but you don't have to go all the way to Pandora.
you can see creatures like this
This is a colony of golden coral
grow slowly
Some individuals are believed to live over 3,000 years, which is one reason why trolling should be banned.
Moreover, this amazing gregarious creature emits light.
This coral emits a shimmering blue-green light wherever you touch it, and it's breathtakingly beautiful.
I also come across something like this
It looks like it came right out of a Dr. Seuss book, and it's got all sorts of creatures attached to it.
These are Venus anemones
If you poke it, it will retract its tentacles.
If you poke it further, it starts to shine
It will eventually look like a galaxy
It seems that the band of light is for defense.
Some starfish also emit light
Some brittle stars emit bands of light along their legs.
This looks like a plant, but it's actually an animal.
Inflate the end of the stem-like body like a balloon and fix the body in the sand
As you can see, it can withstand strong currents.
Gently pick it up, bring it into the lab, and when you press the base of its slender body, it emits light, from its stem-like body to its feather-like tip, which glows in alternating colors from green to blue.
I tried to make it fun for everyone by adding color and sound effects
(Laughter) But I don't know why it glows.
One more thing, this is also a kind of sea turtle.
A brittle star is riding
becomes a green lightsaber
Similar to the previous one, it emits a strip of light.
When you press the base, a band of light runs from the base to the tip.
If you press the tip, it will run from the base to the root.
what happens when you press the center
(Wails) I'd love to hear your thoughts on this phenomenon.
(Laughter) There is a language of light at the bottom of the deep sea, and we're finally starting to realize that.
This is the pseudo luminous device I used
I call it an electronic jellyfish
It's just 16 blue LEDs, but you can program different light patterns.
It's observed with a camera that I developed called "Undersea Eyes," which uses far-red light, invisible to most organisms, so it doesn't interfere with their activity.
What I'm going to show you now is the response of deep-sea creatures that I've induced using this device.
the camera is monochrome
not even high resolution
So what you see here is the bait box, and it's surrounded by creatures that look like sea roaches, all isopods.
In front of you is an electronic jellyfish.
This will start blinking, blink one of the LEDs at a fast rate.
When you take a picture with a camera, the light looks big. As soon as it starts blinking, I want you to take a closer look here.
something small reacts
we are talking to someone
It looks like a string of pearls. It looks like there are three.
The same thing happens over and over again
The location is about 600m deep in the Bahamas.
It's like a chat room. Once the conversation starts, everyone joins in.
Maybe it's a shrimp that's releasing chemicals into the water that make it glow.
I'm having a conversation with a shrimp. Isn't that amazing?
I don't know what you're talking about
maybe something sexy
(Laughter) And finally, I'd like to show you the biological reactions that we recorded using the world's first deep-sea webcam, which we installed last year in the Monterey Trench.
just started analyzing the data
First, we set up a light source, think of it as a luminous bacterium.
It uses light to make it look like there are dead bodies on the ocean floor.
A carrion scavenging creature has arrived, a giant shark.
I don't know if they were attracted to the light, because they also had food.
But if the scent had brought you here, it would have approached you from the opposite direction.
It looks like the shark is trying to eat the electronic jellyfish.
It is a 3.6m long shark
Now here's another video from the webcam, and it's going to light up like a spinning firework.
Think of it like an alarm
A Humboldt squid is approaching. It's a young squid, about 90 centimeters long.
Location: Monterey Trench, 900m deep
If you see it as an alarm, you won't attack directly.
Should attack creatures attacking equipment
Various reactions were observed.
This squid is a little thoughtful
"Oops wait
Something's wrong."
thinking about what is different
relentlessly approach
come back again and again
Step away for a few seconds, think about it, think more, "What if we approached from the other direction?"
(laughs) no
Our research is just getting started, and we're just starting to get a feel for what's going on.
Need more observers
If you have a chance to ride a submarine, please get on board and try diving.
We live on an ocean star, so please add a submarine ride to your "to do in a lifetime" list.
Ninety percent, or more than 99 percent, of the space on Earth that can sustain life is the ocean.
The ocean is a magical place, filled with breathtaking light shows and amazing and strange creatures.
But don't forget to turn off the lights when you dive.
I warn you, you'll be addicted
thank you
(applause)
THOMAS DOLBY: FOR PURE FUN, PLEASE WELCOME RACHEL GAGNIE, A BEAUTIFUL, LOVED, BILALITE.
(Applause) (Bell) (Trumpet) ♫ Wrapped in his arms ♫ ♫ Talking to me ♫ ♫ A rosy life ♫ ♫ He whispers words of love ♫ ♫ Usual lyrics ♫ ♫ That's what matters ♫ ♫ He's Inside my heart ♫ ♫ Happy moments ♫ ♫ I know ♫ ♫ He's for me, I'm for him As soon as I see him ♫ ♫ I can feel it ♫ ♫ My heart beats ♫ (Applause)
I think you, the audience at TED, are incredibly intelligent, experienced, international, creative people.
I really think so
However, some of you are not tying your shoelaces correctly.
(Laughter) It's ridiculous.
you think
In fact, until a few years ago, I was one of those people who led such a sad life.
One day I bought a pair of shoes that were very expensive to me.
The laces are round nylon laces that untie easily.
I told the clerk, "The shoes are good, but I don't like the laces."
Then he said, "You're tying it wrong."
Until I turned 50, I thought I knew how to tie my shoelaces.
Please look
this is the normal way to tie
thx
but it's not over
I was told that there are two ways to tie a knot. Most people tie it with the weak side.
When you pull it like this, the loops on the laces are oriented in the same direction as the shoe.
this is the weak knot
Don't worry about it
Again, just twist it in the opposite direction, and you'll have a tight knot.
When I pull it, as you can see, the direction of the loop doesn't change.
This is a tight knot, hard to untie
Less hassle
And it looks good too
once again
(Applause) At first, it's the same, turn it in the opposite direction.
It might be difficult for children, but everyone should be fine, right?
tie
Here we go. It's a tight knot.
In line with today's theme, I would like to point out that in life, the little things can make a big difference.
longevity and prosperity
(applause)
Data makes humans look more human.
We continue to collect and create data about all things life, and the data tells amazing stories.
A media theorist recently tweeted that "19th century culture will be defined by novels, 20th century culture will be defined by movies, and 21st century culture will be defined by interfaces."
i agree with him
We're driven by data, and when we show that data, it's a great opportunity to create interfaces that tell great stories.
I'd like to introduce you to a project that I've been working on for several years -- a project that reflects human life and systems.
I call it a "flight pattern"
What you're looking at is air traffic, planes flying around North America 24 hours a day.
It's getting darker and darker, indicating that people are beginning to sleep.
Now look at the West Coast, planes crossing, night flights heading to the West Coast.
People on the east coast are waking up, followed by flights from Europe arriving in the upper right.
people began to move from the east coast to the west coast
You can see San Francisco and Los Angeles Moving towards Hawaii on the bottom left
140,000 aircraft are constantly monitored by the federal government, and this data shows fluctuations in system load.
I've overlaid the exact same data, and I've colored it by aircraft type, and there's a lot of different planes flying in the sky.
I've put this data on Google Maps, and you can zoom in on each airport and see the flight patterns of the planes.
Low altitudes are shown in white - High altitudes are shown in blue
You can zoom in further. This is Atlanta.
Atlanta has a large shipping airport that serves a variety of functions.
It is also possible to switch and display the altitude for each aircraft model and manufacturer.
Diversity comes to the fore
Scroll down to see other airports and flight patterns.
On the east coast at the top of the screen
You can see the chaos at New York's airports, where air traffic controllers come to terms with major nearby airports.
Zoom out just a little bit and you can see America, and in the lower right corner is Florida.
Let's move on to the West Coast, San Francisco and Los Angeles, Nevada and Arizona, areas of low traffic.
Below is Ross and Long Beach
Let's look at different parameters. What you extract from the data is up to you.
This is an ascent flight and a descent flight.
The airport is slowly changing
You can see the planes waiting to land at the bottom of the screen.
Finally you can see it changing direction
This is another project I worked on in collaboration with a lab at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Visualized international communications
It shows how New York communicates with other international cities.
It's live on the globe at the Museum of Modern Art in New York. It's an exhibition called "Flexible Design."
We send out 24-hour-ahead information at any time. You can see changes in the relationship with demographic data distributed by telecommunications companies.
This time it's a project we did in collaboration with a lab at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Institute of Technology in Amsterdam.
Visualization of the number of short messages sent in Amsterdam
We're seeing daily fluctuations in the number of text messages being sent in various parts of the city, saying "Happy New Year!" on New Year's Eve.
(Laughter) It's an interactive tool that you can move around and look at in different places.
Let's make it a national holiday, "Queen's Day"
You can see the daily fluctuations in the number of short messages sent by people from all over the city.
People are flocking to the city center, it's the eve of a holiday, and it's happening right here.
We are celebrating Queen's Day tomorrow.
If you pause and move it, you can see it from different phases.
I'll show you something completely different
Some of you may know
Mechanical chess machine of Baron Wolfgang von Kempelen
A robot that is very good at chess, but it wasn't actually a robot.
Inside the box, a man who had lost both legs manipulated a Turkish doll to make it look like he was playing chess.
Amazon's web service name "Mechanical Turk" comes from this Turkish doll.
This web service is based on one premise: things that are easy for humans are difficult for computers.
The creator of this web service said, "Any programmer can create software that can get inside thousands of people's heads."
The geek inside me thought
“This guy is so amazing that he can get into people’s heads!”
The other nerd, I thought, "This sucks. It's completely ridiculous.
What impact will it have on the future of mankind by connecting it to machine lifeforms? “
may be extreme
What happens when we simply do the work without knowing what we're working on?
So I created a drawing tool and
I had a left-facing sheep drawn
"I'll pay you two cents for your help," he added.
sheep began to flock
many different kinds of sheep
so many sheep gathered
We have listed the first 10,000 of our sheep on a site called TheSheepMarket.com where you can buy a flock of 20 sheep.
You can't select individual sheep, but they are sold as stamp sheets.
At first glance, it's just a grid, but when you move your cursor over it, you can see each individual sheep, and you get a glimpse of the humanity behind this highly mechanical process.
And what's really interesting is that the people who do this humble work are all connected in the creative process of making something out of nothing.
I was deeply intrigued by the contrast between our humanity and this vast grid.
It also included some great drawings
Here are the project stats
Approximately 11 sheep were collected in an hour at an hourly rate of 69 cents.
662 sheep were rejected. Those who didn't meet the criteria were kicked out of the flock.
(Laughter) The drawing time ranged from four seconds to 46 minutes.
You can see that there was a gap between willingness and contribution
7,599 people participated in the project, and we actually counted the number of IP addresses -- the number of participants.
Only one person said
(Laughter) "Why? Why are you doing this?"
I expected people to say, "Why do you draw sheep?"
that's a good question
There were many reasons for choosing sheep.
Sheep were the first animals in the world to be bred for the mechanical processing of by-products, selectively bred for production traits, and the first animals to be cloned.
Needless to say, the sheep is considered a symbol of followers.
In "The Little Prince," the narrator asks the prince to draw a sheep.
The prince draws the sheep again and again
When the prince paints the box, the narrator is finally satisfied.
He says, "It's not about drawing sheep well.
It’s important to interpret things in your own way and do something different.”
is my favorite word
This is a scene from Charlie Chaplin's movie "Modern Times."
Chaplin is trying to adapt to the big changes of the Industrial Revolution.
The shoemaker becomes a waste box, and there is a worker who attaches the soles of the shoes.
It suggests a major change in the way we approach work.
It was an interesting scene, so I split it into 16 frames and poured it into the "Mechanical Turk" with drawing tools.
The left side is the original panel, and the right side is the panel drawn by 16 people who don't know anything about it.
And it inspired a project I worked on with my friend Takashi Kawashima.
We decided to use the Clockwork Turk for its original purpose: to make money.
A hundred-dollar bill was split into 10,000 pieces and poured into a "machine Turk."
I told the participants to draw what they saw.
No sheep standards this time
I included the stick figure and the smiley face as is.
See for yourself how well your participants did their homework
We've aggregated the $100 bills into pieces on TenThousandsCents.com so you can see them individually.
Drawings on $100 bills will sell for $100 and proceeds will be donated to the famous $100 Laptop Project "Laptops for Every Kid"
Showing individual works
And there were some beautiful pointillist drawings, like the one above, that took a lot of time to make it look realistic.
Some drew stick figures, some drew smiley faces.
In the middle on the right side, there's someone writing, "1 cent!!! Seriously?"
Can't you just pay me one cent? Tone
(Laughter) The last project with the Mechanical Turk was the 2,000-passenger bicycle.
In collaboration with my friend Daniel Massey
Some of you may know these two people.
Max Matthews and John Kerry at Bell Labs in the '60s. They were the first people to make a computer sing a song. The song was "Daisy Bell."
At the end of the movie 2001: A Space Odyssey
It's a song that Hull, a computer, sang when he was disabled, and it was used as a symbol of the transition from computer to human.
we resynthesized this song
It's a song like this
I've broken down all the phonemes and notes of Daisy Bell.
♫ Daisy Daisy ♫ I took out all the individual elements and poured the request into the "Mechanical Turk"
When you go to the site, the screen will appear
I'm going to enter the code
audio clip will play
(Voice) imitate the voice and sing in your own voice
After watching and confirming, I will submit it to "The Mechanical Turk" as it is.
Here is what I completed with my initial submission
♫Daisy Daisy♫ ♫Answer me♫ ♫I can't handle it♫ ♫I'm crazy about you♫ ♫I can't give you a fancy wedding♫ ♫I can't get you a carriage♫ ♫ But that would be nice ♫ ♫ Seeing you on a two-seater bike ♫ James Slowicki said, "The wisdom of a group is better than the wisdom of an individual."
We found this in collaborative distributed music production, where none of the participants knew what they were doing.
Visit BicycleBuiltforTwoThousand.com to hear the collective work
Excuse me
(noise) (chorus) ♫ Daisy Daisy ♫ ♫ Answer me ♫ ♫ I can't help it ♫ ♫ I'm crazy about you But that's cool, isn't it ♫ ♫ Seeing you on a two-seater bike ♫ A little while ago, when I was a graduate student at the University of California, Los Angeles, I worked at a lab called the Center for Embedded Network Sensing.
for 3D laser scanners
was writing software
Director James Forrest, who lives in Los Angeles, saw this and said,
“Can you make a music video without filming?”
we decided to try
I'm making a music video for my favorite band, Radiohead.
What I love most about this project is that it's not just about making videos with lasers, but also open sourcing it, releasing it on the Google Code Project, where anyone can download tons of data and source code to do whatever they want. made it possible to create videos
great work was born
These are my two favorites - a pinboard version and a Lego version of the band's frontman Thom Yorke.
YouTube has a lot of interesting content
A recent 3D version of Thom Yorke's head.
A lot of people do great work, and they know what they're doing, and I've always been fascinated by collaborative projects where people work together to create something.
Meet music video director Chris Milk
We started talking about a music video co-production project.
He recognized the importance of finding the right people who could band together to create the work.
After this idea was put on hold for several months
It came down to Rick Rubin. Rick had just finished working on Johnny Cash's last album, called "Ain't No Grave."
The first lyric of the album is "There's no grave that can hold me".
I thought it was perfect, and with this project, we're going to bring Johnny Cash back to life in a virtual world, in tribute.
I teamed up with my friend Ricardo Capello, also known as "The Creator of Mystery," who was a much better programmer than I was, and he created a flash creation tool.
As you know, anime is a sequence of images.
We collected and cut a lot of Johnny Cash's past film footage.We divided one second into 8 frames and woven in the illustrations drawn one frame at a time to complete a dynamically changing music video.
I don't have time to show you everything, so here are two short clips.
The first is the first scene of the music video
The second short clip contains comments from people who have already participated in the project.
(music) ♫ You can lock me up ♫ ♫ There's no grave ♫ ♫ You can lock me up ♫ ♫ There's no grave ♫ ♫ When you hear the trumpet ♫ (Applause) What better way to pay tribute to a singer than by using their music?
i was so sad when he died
I thought it would be great to contribute to his memory.
This project made his last recording a living memory.
Each panel drawn by fans has a powerful power.
Many people participated Japan Venezuela USA To Knoxville, Tennessee
Each piece has a personal feeling
I watched the video in my room, and I didn't understand it at first.
I didn't give up, and I took small strides over and over again to work on the painting, and when I finally knew what I was doing.
Everything was resolved and lots of light and darkness appeared
Strangely enough, that's exactly why I'm drawn to Johnny Cash's music.
His songs are summaries of his life, everything that happened, both the bad and the good.
his songs are life itself
You can watch this video at JohnnyCashProject.com
Below are the individual frames that have been submitted to this project so far.
It's a project that's still in the process of being completed, and it's an ongoing project that we can all contribute to.
If you select one of the thumbnails and place the cursor over it, the name and location of the creator of the panel will be displayed.
If you click on a piece that interests you, an information panel will open.You can also rate the piece to make it more popular.
You can view the process in which the frames were drawn
You can see the drawing process and individual contributions.
In addition, you can view the artist's name, location, and time spent drawing from the list.
Style selection is also possible This is an abstract version
There are various styles
You can choose any number of videos
You can also choose a pointillist version, a sketchy one, or a realistic one.
This is an abstract version, but it's a little weird.
The last thing I want to share with you is another collaboration with Chris Milk.
The song "The Wilderness Downtown" by Arcade Fire
online music video
Chris and I have been blown away by the possibilities of modern web browsers, how fast HTML5 audio and video and JavaScript can work.
I wanted to put music videos out there for the web through my computer screen, so I could play and direct music videos through my screen.
And importantly, I wanted it to be different from projects like the Johnny Cash Project, where a few people spend a lot of time working for everyone.
What if the contributions of project participants were very small, but each of them offered something unique and special?
For this project, the first thing you do is enter your address, the city where you grew up.
Enter your address and we'll create a music video just for you Create a music video with street view imagery from Google Maps
Go ahead and try it at home, I'll show you a little bit of what it's like
♫ Our life keeps changing ♫ ♫ Our life keeps changing ♫ ♫ Keep your innocence please ♫ ♫ Keep your purity still ♫ ♫ You used to wait ♫ ♫ You used to wait ♫ ♫ I used to wait ♫ ♫ Sometimes I waited ♫ ♫ Sometimes I waited ♫ ♫ But I move on through the pain ♫ ♫ I used to wait ♫ ♫ In the past I've been waiting for ♫ ♫ I've been waiting in the past ♫ What we learned from today's talk is that interfaces are a powerful tool for creating stories.
By collecting and exploring more personal and socially relevant data, and by collaborating with each other, we can come up with great, human stories.
thank you
(applause)
In the next 18 minutes, I would like to share with you an incredible vision.
It's actually a pretty big idea.
But first, everyone, close your eyes and think for two seconds about how technology and science have changed the world.
Now, you're probably thinking of some cool technology I've never heard of. I'm sure it is.
But I don't think anyone would have thought of this.
This is a polio vaccine.
It's actually amazing that no one came up with this today. This is because it is prevalent.
Although this is great technology,
We all take it for granted now.
But it wasn't always like that.
Even here in California, just a few years ago, things were very different.
People were very afraid of this disease.
People were so afraid of polio that it could lead to mass panic.
It's because of this scene.
In the scene you see, people are living in ventilators made of steel.
People who were perfectly healthy just a few days ago can no longer breathe today. Because the polio virus paralyzed not only the limbs, but also the respiratory muscles.
And patients usually had to spend the rest of their lives in this iron breathing apparatus.
It was a terrible disease.
There was no cure, no vaccine.
The threat has prompted the President of the United States to go all out in trying to find a way to stop the disease.
Twenty years later, America successfully developed a polio vaccine.
In the late 1950s, it was enthusiastically hailed as a scientific miracle.
There is finally a vaccine to stop this terrible disease. This vaccine has worked wonders here in America.
As you can see, the virus has been eradicated. And at a tremendous speed.
But the same thing did not happen all over the world.
Yet eradication in the United States has been so rapid that just last month, John Stewart made these remarks. (Video) John Stewart, Where the hell is polio still?
What's happening? I thought polio was eradicated, like smallpox. "
Bruce Aylward: "Oh, John, polio is almost eradicated."
But the reality is that polio is still happening today.
I made a map so that John can see exactly where polio is occurring.
Here is the map.
There are not many areas left.
Behind the scenes, however, lies an unremarkable but remarkable effort by public-private partnerships. Most of you here probably don't know.
Efforts to eradicate the disease have been ongoing for the last 20 years. And as shown in this figure, we have reached the stage where only these two or three places remain.
However, just last year, we were shocked to discover a fact. For a virus like polio, “almost eradicated” is not enough.
So there was a sudden outbreak of polio in two countries on the other side of the world that hadn't had the disease in perhaps a decade.
Hundreds of patients remain paralyzed.
Hundreds of people have died, including adults as well as children.
In either case, analysis of the poliovirus gene sequence suggests that the origin of the virus is not domestic,
It turned out to be thousands of miles away.
Some viruses originated from other continents.
What's more, the transmission route of the virus was most likely via jet airliners, which may have carried the virus to Russia and much more. In these areas, limb paralysis, which has not been seen in 10 years, was seen last year among children. It's because of an illness that hasn't happened in many years.
Now, in all the cases I just introduced, the epidemic is now under control, and it seems that the epidemic will end in no time.
But the obvious lesson is that
Polio remains an explosive, devastating disease.
It's still happening somewhere in the world.
Our grand vision is to ensure the complete eradication of polio through the scientific miracle of the last decade.
So I would like to give you a brief introduction to the work of the Polio Partnership.
We are trying to control polio.
We are not just trying to limit the origins to 2-3 countries. Because this disease is like a spark. If it is not completely extinguished, it may explode again.
So what we are looking for is a permanent solution.
We want every child on the planet to enjoy a polio-free world, just like you.
That's why we're looking for permanent solutions. It's lucky that,
Polio is one of the few viruses with major deficiencies in its defense mechanisms that allow it to use tricks that would otherwise not work.
This virus can only live inside the human body.
Moreover, they cannot live in the body for a long time.
Most of them cannot survive in the body environment.
In addition, as I showed you earlier, we have a great vaccine.
Thus, we are trying to completely eradicate this virus.
The aim of this polio eradication program is to completely eradicate the virus that causes polio from the face of the earth.
By the way, prior to this kind of activity, there have not been many examples of great success in eradicating disease.
There have been six attempts in the 20th century, but only one has been successful.
Because eradicating disease is still high-risk, high-reward medicine.
The risks are huge, but the rewards - the economic and humanitarian rewards and the ramifications - are undoubtedly enormous.
A U.S. congressman estimates that the amount of money the U.S. invested in eradicating smallpox pays for itself on the 27th day, and changes on the 28th day, as treatment and vaccination costs are no longer incurred. It seems that it continues to appear.
Eradicating polio could save the poorest countries more than $50 billion over the next 25 years alone.
We are after these kinds of interests.
However, eradication of smallpox was difficult. It was extremely difficult.
But polio eradication is more difficult in many ways. There are several reasons.
First, when we started to eradicate polio about 20 years ago, more than twice as many countries were infected as when we started to eradicate smallpox.
And the number of citizens was more than 10 times.
This required a lot of effort.
The second conundrum was that the smallpox vaccine is extremely stable and, once taken, protects against lifelong infection, whereas the polio vaccine is extremely perishable.
Because it deteriorates quickly in the tropics, I put a special vaccine monitor, shown here, on each vial. The monitor shows rapid changes at high temperatures, so you can see at a glance if the vaccine is unsuitable for use in children, meaning it is no longer effective and no longer protective.
Even then, the child will have to take multiple doses of the vaccine.
But the third conundrum is probably the bigger, even the biggest conundrum, and it's this: In the case of smallpox, the enemy is always visible, which means that the infected almost always get a noticeable rash.
Because of this, the presence of disease can be known. Vaccines can be given to people around infected people to break the chain of infection.
Polio is completely different.
Most people infected with the poliovirus show no signs of illness.
Most of the time the enemy is invisible. Therefore, its eradication required a completely different approach to that of smallpox.
We had to launch one of the biggest social movements in history.
Between 10 million and perhaps 20 million people, mostly volunteers, have been involved in what is now called the largest peacetime international cooperation activity in the last 20 years.
At the peak of their activity, more than 500 million children were vaccinated multiple times each year by their 20 million hands.
Well, getting the polio vaccine is easy.
Just two drops. Like this.
On the other hand, reaching 500 million people is extremely difficult.
Vaccine volunteers must scramble into the slums of one of the world's most crowded and harsh cities.
In the sweltering heat, you have to travel to the most remote parts of the world on foot.
They also have to dodge bullets to get their children vaccinated during ceasefires and truces, even in conflict zones, where fighting could resume at any moment.
About five years ago, a journalist was covering our business in Somalia. The land has been polio eradicated not once, but twice. Because the infection happened again.
As an observer, he observed the polio eradication campaign as it unfolded, and a few months later, he published the following article. "This is the most heroic form of foreign aid," he said.
These heroes come from many different hierarchies and backgrounds.
Among them, Rotary International is doing a great job.
This group of millions of volunteers has been working to eradicate polio for more than 20 years.
It is this organization that is at the center of all our activities.
It took years to build the foundations for polio eradication. It took more than 15 years, much longer than planned. But once the foundation was in place, the results were astonishing.
Within the next two to three years, all three polioviruses were rapidly eradicated in all countries where polio eradication campaigns were launched. All that was left was the four countries shown here.
Only some areas.
And by 1999, one of the three polioviruses we were trying to eradicate had been completely eradicated from the planet. The concept has been proven.
And today, 99%, no, more than 99% fewer children remain paralyzed from this terrible disease.
When we started over 20 years ago, the virus was causing 1,000 new cases of paralysis in children every day.
But last year the total number was 1,000.
At the same time, we are supporting many other areas in polio eradication.
For example, we are providing assistance to control influenza pandemics such as SARS.
We also provide other forms of child relief, such as administering vitamin A tablets, administering measles vaccinations, and even distributing mosquito nets to prevent malaria.
But the most exciting part of polio eradication is, beyond geography, poverty, culture, and the presence or absence of conflict, of helping every child, every community – the most vulnerable people in the world. It is our call to the international community to deliver the most basic medical services to the world.
So, it seemed like everything was going well, but about five years ago, this ancient virus started to fight back.
The first problem we faced was the lack of prospects for eradicating the virus in the remaining four countries, the last bastions of the virus.
To make matters worse, the virus began to spread from these four countries, mainly in northern India and northern Nigeria, to much of Africa and Asia, and even to Europe, where they remained free of the disease for decades. A terrible epidemic broke out in the region.
Second, we found that vaccine efficacy was halved in the most critical, but persistently infected and difficult to eradicate poliovirus reservoirs in the world.
In this situation, the vaccine cannot work as intended in the child's body and does not provide the expected protection.
Now, at that time, of course, there was a great deal of disappointment, a so-called disappointment, that spread very quickly.
In such a way, a heavyweight in the public health field suddenly said. "Wait a minute, we should abandon the idea of ​​eradication.
Let's play with control.
That's enough. "and.
The idea of ​​control certainly sounds appealing, but the premise is wrong.
The cruel truth is, if we don't have the will, the skills, or the money to bring even a simple oral polio vaccine to the world's most vulnerable children, the disease will paralyze them in no time. However, it means that we will again have a situation of over 200,000 people every year.
There is absolutely no doubt.
There will be many children like Uma.
Umar is a 7-year-old child from Nigeria.
I have 8 brothers and sisters.
Umar also contracted polio,
I was left with the aftereffects of paralysis.
In 2004, Umar's right leg became paralyzed.
And now, to catch up with his friends and brothers, walking on crutches is too slow, so Umar is half crawling on the ground, and his right leg is so ragged.
But Umar is an exceptional student.
You can't see the details, but this is his report card. As you can see, full marks.
I got perfect marks in all major subjects, including the music you're looking at right now.
But unfortunately, not all polio-infected children today are like Umar.
Umar is a special child in a special environment.
The reality of polio today is a far cry from this.
Polio infects people in the world's poorest communities.
And the families of children who remain paralyzed will suffer further poverty. This is because parents spend what little money they have in vain out of the desire to cure their children.
But children should be valued more.
So when the polio eradication program hit a dead end about two years ago and everyone was talking about canceling it, the Polio Partnership has rallied to persistently review the innovative solutions it's been missing. It was.
In northern India, satellite images like the one you see have been used to create a map of the epidemic. I used this to decide where to invest, and also looked for a place to stay for vaccination staff. This is how we reach millions of children on the banks of the Kosi River who have no medical facilities.
In northern Nigeria, political leaders and Muslim elders soon joined the effort by providing logistical support and by persuading locals.
Now, as you can see, we are using state-of-the-art equipment. We attached this little GIS tracking device to a vaccine case that our staff had.
We were able to track the staff and eventually confirmed that they had roamed the streets and homes.
This is what we are doing now to reach out to all the children who have been overlooked.
In Afghanistan, we are about to start a new initiative by appointing people to negotiate in advance to enter the country.
We are working with the International Committee of the Red Cross to ensure that every child is reached.
However, this is not a trivial matter, but because of the vaccine problem, we decided to rethink our tactics and review the vaccines that have been used for 50 years. Because we should be able to make better vaccines. Then when you reach out to your children, you'll get more out of your money than you invested.
Thus began a wonderful cooperation with the private sector. Six months later, so two years from now, we started trials of a new polio vaccine that targets the two remaining polioviruses.
On June 9, 2009, the results of this trial were summarized. It was a game-changer.
The new vaccine had twice the antiviral activity of the existing one. We introduced this vaccine immediately.
Well, to be exact, then it took 2-3 months to manufacture.
Once shipments began, dosing began in children around the world.
I first started dosing
The situation was severe in southern Afghanistan. This is because such technologies are most effective in such regions.
All of the talks that followed at TED over the past couple of days were about making the impossible possible.
Around 7am this morning I re-downloaded all the data from India and infuriated Chris and the show staff by showing the very latest progress in our work today to make the impossible possible. Because I wanted to show everyone what I can do.
What you are seeing is what, just two years ago, was said to be impossible.
Now keep in mind that northern India is the worst affected area for polio.
Of these, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar continue to experience polio cases. More than 500,000 children are born here every month.
Sanitation is very poor. As I said earlier, conventional vaccines have been cut in half here.
Even here, the impossible is about to become possible.
Today is exactly 6 months, and for the first time in history, neither Uttar Pradesh nor Bihar has had a new paralysis child.
(Applause) It's not just India.
In Nigeria, the country of Umar, the number of children with new-onset paralysis fell by 95% last year.
And in the last six months, the resurgence of polio infections has hit a record low.
Ladies and Gentlemen, with the combination of the best people, technology and investment, polio eradication is possible in any badlands.
Of course, there are major challenges to making this activity a success. But as you can see, it is possible. You'll also get great side effects. And eradicating polio is a great investment.
As long as there are children out there paralyzed by this virus, we are reminded that our society cannot afford to provide even the most basic services to children.
This makes polio eradication the ultimate equality, the ultimate social justice.
This huge social movement to eradicate polio is doing more for children.
We are trying to deliver supplies, including mosquito nets.
But the best way to harness the passion and energy that drives this movement is to succeed in what we started 20 years ago.
Eradicating polio is the smart and right thing to do.
We are currently in a difficult financial situation.
But about a month ago, David Cameron of the United Kingdom said about polio, "You can always start doing the right thing."
Eradicating polio is the right thing to do.
And our great efforts over the last 20 years are now at a crossroads.
We have developed a new vaccine and redesigned our tactics with renewed determination.
The time has come to begin a whole new chapter in polio-free history.
But if we turn a blind eye now, we will miss the chance to eradicate an ancient disease forever.
Please spread the word, let's eradicate polio now.
let us talk
Please support our activities. Now, in every corner of the globe, every parent and child can live polio-free forever and rightfully.
thank you very much.
(Applause.) Bill Gates: By the way, Mr. Bruce, the most difficult time ahead,
Where exactly is the area that needs everyone's wisdom?
BA: As I indicated earlier, the greatest difficulties are projected in four areas of continuous transmission: northern Nigeria, northern India, the southern tip of Afghanistan, and the Pakistan border.
But what's interesting is, as I just showed you the data, things are much better in India than in other regions.
Afghanistan has also been polio eradicated many times in the past.
Despite this, infections have re-emerged.
All that remains is to eradicate it all the way to the top of Nigeria.
Pakistan will be difficult.
BG: So what's the situation with funding?
Please tell me roughly how much this activity costs per year.
And is the money easy to raise?
Furthermore, what developments can be expected in the next 2-3 years?
BA: Good question.
Current annual spending is $750-$800 million.
That's all it takes to reach 500 million children.
It looks like a lot of money, but
Considering that we have visited 500 million children more than once - 20-30 cents per child - not a lot of money.
But now we are short of funds.
We're saving money because the bottom line is just out of balance. And every time we save, we are slowing down our efforts by infecting areas where they shouldn't be.
With that big purchase, the cost has increased again.
BG: I'm sure this story will spread and governments will continue to provide generous support.
I wish you all the best. I'm rooting for you all.
thank you very much. (BA: Hi there.) (Applause)
Today I want to talk about my challenges as an Iranian painter and as an Iranian woman painter in exile.
Well there are pros and cons to this
On the downside, politics doesn't seem to leave people like me alone.
Most Iranian artists are politically active.
Politics determine our lives
If you live in Iran, you will be subject to censorship, harassment, arrest, torture, and even execution.
If you live abroad like I do, life as an outcast awaits you, leaving your loved ones, your friends and your hometown, and breaking your heart.
In other words, we're homeless, morally, emotionally, spiritually, and politically constrained from the reality of social responsibility.
And in a very strange way, artists like myself seem to feel that they are also in a position to speak on behalf of their own people, even though they have virtually no access to their own country.
Moreover, people like me are fighting on two different battlefields.
Women and politics in Iran: We are critical and fighting against Western misconceptions about religion.
We have pride and respect for all of these
I have another opponent to fight
It's the Iranian political system -- the government -- a brutal government that has done everything it can to stay in power.
Iranian artists in peril
side by side with risk
We artists are a threat to the political system.
We artists are perceived as voices of Iran's culture, politics and society, and ironically this is what inspires us.
We arouse, inspire, mobilize and bring happiness to our people.
We are the nation's spokespersons and messengers to the outside world.
art is our weapon
Culture is a form of rebellion
Sometimes I envy Western artists who have freedom of expression.
they can operate without being bound by politics.
Basically, we're engaged in a single audience: Western culture.
But at the same time, I worry about the West, because in our Iranian vision of the West, culture is a form of entertainment.
Iran depends on artists, culture is more than communication.
My journey as an artist is not a social commentary back home
It started from a more personal starting point.
The picture you're seeing was actually taken when I went back home for the first time after 12 years.
It was after the Islamic Revolution of 1979.
During my time away from Iran, the Islamic revolution had spread to Iran, and Iran's Persian culture had been completely transformed into Islam.
My main goal was to reunite with my family, but I also wanted to find a place to stay in Iran.
But what I saw was a complete ideological state, no home I knew.
And the more I faced my own dilemmas and questions, the more I became deeply involved in the doctrines of the Islamic revolution that actually transformed the lives of Iranian women.
I found the subject of Iranian women to be quite interesting, because historically women have played a role in political change in Iran.
So through women's studies, in a sense, we can decipher the structure and ideology of this country.
So I turned to a life question I once faced, and my work turned to an even bigger problem: martyrdom. It's a matter of people who carry
became my main theme
But I kept taking a slightly different stance
As an outsider, I had come to Iran to find my place, but I was not in a position to criticize the government or the ideology of the Islamic Revolution.
Things slowly changed as I found my opinion and found things I thought I couldn't find.
Thus my art became a little critical.
my knife is a little sharper
And I fell into the life of an outcast
i am a wandering artist
Active in Morocco, Turkey and Mexico
I tell myself that the destination is Iran
I am currently making a film
Last year, a movie called "Women Without Men" was completed.
"Women Without Men" depicts a certain history of Iran
It's the story of 1953, when the CIA staged a coup d'état to overthrow Prime Minister Mossadegh after his dramatic victory in the presidential election.
It's the work of an Iranian woman named Shahnash Parsipar.
A surreal novel
The book was banned and she spent five years in solitary confinement.
My obsession with this book and the reason I decided to make it into a movie is that it not only immediately addressed the traditional and historical issues of being an Iranian woman, but also the issues of freedom from foreign intervention, independence and democracy. Because it also mentions four women who advocated for change, liberty and democracy during Iran's struggle for a concept.
I decided to make the film because of the importance of conveying the history of the country of Iran to the West.
You seem to know a lot about Iran since the Islamic Revolution.
Iran was once a peaceful democracy, but it was the United States and Britain that took this democracy away from us.
This film also speaks to the Iranian people with the question of re-examining the past by looking back at the Iranian people and music in the old days, before the Islamization, and the intellectual life.
Among them, fighting for democracy cannot be omitted.
this is part of the actual work
This is the scene depicting the coup d'etat.
We redid all the shots and finished them in Casablanca.
The challenge of this film was to strike a balance between the story of politics and the story of women's issues.
As a visual artist, what I really want to express most is a work of art that transcends issues of feminism, religion and politics, and is arrogant, timeless, and universal.
Conveying politics with fables and inviting emotions
appealing
The challenge was to find a way to express
Here's a snippet of the movie's characters and their images.
The green movement is happening, it was the summer of 2009, and when my film was released, there were riots on the streets of Tehran.
It's incredibly ironic, but the cry for democracy, the social justice that we tried to portray in the film, came to life in Tehran.
The green movement has changed the world
It caught the attention of Iranians who stood up for basic human rights and fought for democracy.
The presence of women meant a lot to me here as well.
They are the source of inspiration
The image of women during the Islamic Revolution was one of voiceless submissiveness, but on the streets of Tehran I caught a glimpse of a new idea of ​​feminism: educated, looking to the future, not the past, sexually open and fearless. no serious feminists
These women and young men united Iranians at home and abroad and around the world.
I found the reason why I find Iranian women so inspiring.
Under every circumstance, they've pushed the limits.
they face authority
I've used all kinds of means to break all the rules.
and again they proved
An Iranian woman found a voice, and that voice gave me a voice, and I want to tell you that.
Now, even though I have to work in the West, I'm proud to be an Iranian woman and an Iranian artist.
thank you
(applause)
A few weeks ago, I had the opportunity to go to Saudi Arabia.
As a Muslim, my first priority was to go to Mecca and visit the Kaaba, the holiest of Islamic temples.
And I actually visited. We put on our ceremonial clothes, went to sacred temples, worshiped, and witnessed all the ceremonies.
During that time, one of the customs of the Kaaba, besides its mystique, was of great interest. There was no gender segregation.
In other words, men and women were all worshiping together.
During the turf prayer that circles the Kaaba,
A man and a woman were together.
You might wonder why that's so interesting, but everywhere else in Saudi Arabia, men and women are strictly segregated by the government.
I mean, if you're a man, it's unthinkable to have a woman in the same place. This was made me realize in a very interesting way.
After leaving the Kaaba, he went to Mecca for dinner.
at the nearest Burger King
When we got there, there was a male section, carefully separated from the female section.
I had to order, pay and eat in the men's division
``That's funny,'' I thought. “In Kaaba, it is possible to overcome gender differences and be together, but not in Burger King.”
How ironic I think it's ironic and symbolic.
Because the Kaaba and its ceremonies are vestiges of the earliest period of Islam, the time of the Prophet Muhammad.
If the distinction between men and women had been emphasized at that time, the ceremonies handed down in the Kaaba should have been created in that way.
But, obviously, no such issue existed at the time.
The ritual has been handed down as the one I mentioned earlier.
I can prove one more thing. The segregation of women created by society is not written in the Quran. The core of Islam, the divine core of Islam, is not written in the Koran, which I and all Muslims believe.
It is no coincidence that in the origins of Islam we find no distinction between men and women. Because many scholars, many Muslim and Western scholars who study the history of Islam, believe that gender separation is actually a later practice. Muslims have adopted the culture and traditions of the indigenous peoples of the Middle East.
Segregation of women was actually a Byzantine and Persian custom. Muslims have taken it and made it part of their religion.
But that's just one example of a bigger problem.
Today, within what we generally call Islamic law, and especially Islamic culture, there are actually many different cultures, for example in Saudi Arabia, which is very different from where I am from, Istanbul, Turkey. .
But even so, if we are to talk about Islamic culture, the very core and sacred message that gave rise to the religion of Islam was the first.
From various traditions and interpretations many customs have been added to its appearance.
They are the customs of the Middle East, the customs of the Middle Ages.
There are two important stories to grasp the truth, two lessons.
First of all, Muslims - devout, conservative, religiously loyal Muslims - should not lump all of their culture with religion and think that it is governed by God.
Perhaps some of the traditions are bad habits and should be changed.
On the other hand, Westerners who see Islamic culture and know its problematic aspects should not simply conclude that it is ordained by Islam.
It is perhaps the "Middle Eastern" culture that is confused with Islam.
There is a custom called female circumcision.
it's cruel and tragic,
Essentially, it's meant to take sexual pleasure away from women.
When Westerners, Europeans and Americans, who were unaware of the customs, witnessed the customs of Muslim communities coming from North Africa,
You may think, "What a terrible religion to make rules for such behavior."
But in reality, female circumcision is a North African practice, not a Muslim one. it in north africa
It is a custom that has been around for thousands of years.
In fact, some Muslims also practice the custom. It's only North African Muslims, nowhere else.
However, in North Africa, animists as well as Muslims are known to have some Christian and Jewish practices of female circumcision.
Issues that appear to threaten the credibility of Islam can also be described as man-made "traditions."
The same goes for “honor killings”. It's a tragic tradition, and of course it gets a lot of attention in the Western media.
It is a tradition actually found in some Muslim communities,
However, it is a tradition not only in the Muslim community in the Middle East, but also in the Christian and Oriental communities. just a few months ago,
There have been tragic honor killings among Armenian communities within Turkey.
Yes, it's not a religious thing, it's a general cultural thing. I am also interested in politics. I have a strong interest in whether freedom and democracy are valued or whether authoritarian politics oppress citizens.
Within the Middle East, many Islamic movements are prone to authoritarianism, and some so-called Islamic regimes, like Saudi Arabia, Iran, and even worse, the Taliban regime in Afghanistan, are authoritarian regimes. there is no doubt about it.
For example, in Saudi Arabia, we have a religious police.
Religious police force all citizens to follow the Islamic way of life, such as women being forced to cover their heads with the hijab, a head-covering veil. it's so dictatorial
I am very critical. However, non-Muslims living in the same land and
When I realized that people with non-Islamic views sometimes behaved the same way, I realized that the problem was not just Islam, it was politics.
To take Turkey, where I'm from, for example, Turkey is a very real republic, but until really recently it had what I call the Educational Religious Separatist Police and a veil on their heads. I was protecting the university from the students.
I mean, they were forcing students not to wear veils.
Forcing people not to wear the veil is as tyrannical as forcing them to wear the veil.
Those are things that people should decide for themselves.
But when I saw it, I thought, ``Maybe the problem is the dictatorship in this land, and Muslims are affected by it.''
However, educational segregationists are affected by it.
I think the problem is political culture. We have to think about how we can change that.
A few years ago, when I was writing a book, something crossed my mind.
“We have to do some research on how Islam got to where it is today, what paths it took, and what other paths could have been.”
The title of the book is "Islam without Extremism: Freedom for Muslims".
As the subtitle suggests, I have focused on Islamic tradition and the history of Islamic thought from the perspective of individual freedom, and have explored what respect for individual freedom is.
That is the power of Islamic tradition.
Islam is actually a monotheistic religion that defines humans as accountable, and has created the idea of ​​the individual in the Middle East. It was a departure from tribal communism and collectivism.
You can draw a lot of ideas from there.
I also focused on the problems in Islamic tradition.
One interesting thing is that most of the problems surfaced later. It is not from the Koran, which is the sacred core of Islam, but, to some extent, due to differences in tradition, intellect, and interpretation of the Koran in the Middle Ages.
The Quran, for example, does not allow stoning.
I do not condemn apostasy.
We do not incriminate personal pleasures such as drinking.
These things that make up Islamic law, the problematic parts of Islamic law, were born out of later interpretations.
That is to say, Muslims look at them today and say, "The center of our religion is with us. It is our faith,
We will be loyal to it. ” you can say.
If it was interpreted by the sense of time and environment of the Middle Ages, we should change it. Today, we live in a world of values ​​and political systems that differ from those of the Middle Ages.
We live in a world different from the past. Such an interpretation is entirely possible and feasible.
If I'm the only one thinking that way, that's a problem.
But that is never the case.
In fact, there have been revisionists and reformists since the 19th century. - You can call it whatever you want - a tradition or a trend in Islamic thought.
They are the intellectuals and politicians who studied European science and technology in the 19th century and later in the 20th century with much admiration.
Not just science and technology, but democracy and parliamentary lectures and advocacy and equal citizenship.
Those nineteenth-century Muslim thinkers, intellectuals, and politicians watched Europe and learned these things. They thought, "Why don't we have things like that?" And I did something to look back on the Islamic tradition.
They also found problematic aspects. However, I thought that they were not the center of religion and could be reinterpreted, and I thought that the Qur'an could be reread from a modern perspective.
Such a trend is called Islamic modernization. It was advanced by intellectuals and politicians, not just as an intellectual idea, but as a political project.
In the 19th century, very important reforms were carried out by the Ottoman Turks, who ruled in fact the entire Middle East at that time. It gave Christians and Jews equal citizenship, recognized a national polity, recognized a representative parliament, and promoted religious freedom.
Therefore, the last decades of Ottoman Turkey transitioned to a model of democracy, a constitutional monarchy. At that time, freedom was of great political importance.
Similarly, in the Arab world, there was a period of freedom, as defined by the great Arab historian Albert Khawlani.
He wrote a book called "Arab Thought in the Age of Freedom". In it, he defined the 19th and early 20th centuries as the Free Age.
Clearly, in the early twentieth century, it was the predominant idea among Islamic thinkers, politicians, and theologians.
But for the rest of the 20th century, things get crazy. Draw a sharp gradient in the modern history of Islam.
Instead, Islam has, over the years, become an authoritarian ideology, one that shapes society with a very offensive, anti-Western, visionary perspective.
In other words, Islam today is a form that contains many problems made in the Islamic world of the 20th century.
And Islam in its extreme form invites terrorism in the name of Islam. It is actually contrary to Islam. But clearly some extremists don't think so.
I have a question. If Islamic modernization was so popular in the 19th and early 20th centuries, why is today's form of Islam so prevalent during the rest of the 20th century?
This question needs careful discussion.
In my book, I also challenged this question.
You don't have to have the highest level of brains to really understand this problem.
Just look at the political history of the 20th century. You will find many variations there. Its history has been distorted.
In the 19th century, when Muslims were referring to the West, Muslims were independent and more confident in themselves than they are now.
In the early 20th century, with the demise of the Ottoman Turks, the entire Middle East was colonized.
What do people think about colonialism?
anti-colonial policy.
The West was no longer a reference to follow. The West resisted and became an adversary.
Here the spirit of freedom in the Islamic world has fallen. And self-defensive, inflexible, reactionary tensions against colonization shaped Arab socialism, Arab nationalism, and today's Islam.
When it was liberated from the colonies, what was left in its place were secular dictators who called themselves nations. They didn't bring democracy. Instead, they built their own dictatorships.
The West, at least some powers within the West, especially the United States, have made the mistake of supporting such narrow-minded dictators. They thought it would be beneficial to them.
But the fact is that dictators have suppressed democracy, suppressed Muslim groups, and turned Islam into something very unimportant. In the 20th century, dictatorship
It became a negative chain that oppressed the people including Muslim religious people and dominated the Arab world.
However, there are countries that have been able to get out of such negative chains.
It's my hometown, Turkey.
Because Turkey was never colonized. That is why even after the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, the independent people remained. It should be noted that
It did not share the anti-colonial ideas of neighboring countries.
Second, and this is the most important part, Turkey became a democracy faster than any of its neighbors.
In 1950, it had its first free and equal elections. With that, the dictatorial and vulgar political system came to an end. It was the beginning of Turkey.
Devout Muslims in Turkey learned that voting can change politics.
And I realized that democracy coexists without contradiction with Islam and its values. And the Turks have come to support democracy.
It is an experience that Muslims in other countries in the Middle East did not know until recently.
Secondly, in the last 20 years we have to give thanks to globalism, the market economy, and the rise of middle-class households. The Turks are thereby in the midst of a resurgence of Islamic modernization.
And now there are more urban, middle-class, and devout Muslims who respect their traditions and see their problems. They know they need to change, ask questions, and improve. And, again, referring to Europe,
I have become a role model.
At least that's what inspires me creatively.
That is why Turkey's efforts to join the E.U. have been supported by Muslims within Turkey, while other Arab nations oppose it.
So far the path to E.U. membership remains uncertain, partly because not all Europeans welcome it. That's another issue.
Support for E.U. membership within Turkey in the last decade has become an Islamic issue, supported by Islamic liberals as well as by liberals who are not.
Happily, Turkey succeeded in embracing democracy while maintaining a devout understanding of Islam and Islam. And Islam rather contributed to the advancement of Turkey's democracy and economy.
This is now a creative example and inspiration for Islamic innovation and the rest of the Arab world.
As you all know, the Arab Spring that started in Tunisia and Egypt has happened.
The Arab populace rebelled against the dictators.
They wanted democracy, they wanted freedom.
We will not do the stupid thing of using Islam in the way that dictators used to justify their political system.
they just said: , “I want freedom. I want democracy.
we are Muslims. But I want to live as a free citizen in a free society. ”
Of course, it's a long road. Democracy is not something that happens overnight.
It is a continuous progress.
It's just that it's a promising time in the Islamic world right now.
I believe that the modernization of Islam, which began in the 19th century and stalled in the 20th century due to the political situation, will once again sprout. I understand that some people in the Western world are skeptical,
Islam has the potential to be democratic, liberal and free in its own way.
They just need to be allowed to work.
Thank you.
(applause)
(play) ･･･ (clap)
Many people think that only sighted people can drive a car.
It was previously thought impossible for a blind person to drive a car safely on their own.
My name is Dennis Hong, and I want to bring freedom to the blind by developing cars for the blind.
Before I get into this, let me tell you a little bit about another project I did, the DARPA Urban Challenge.
This is an attempt to build a self-driving robot car.
With the push of a button, the car autonomously reaches its destination without human intervention.
In 2007, our team came third in this competition and won half a million dollars.
Around the same time, the National Federation of the Blind (NFB) posed the question to the research community, "Can blind people drive safely? Can we build cars?"
We took on this challenge because we thought it would be easy.
Self-driving cars are already made
All that's left is to carry the visually impaired, right?
(Laughter) It was a big mistake.
What the NFB wanted was not a car that could transport blind people, but a car that blind people could make decisions for and drive.
So we had to throw everything away and start over.
Is that really possible? We made a prototype in a buggy for testing.
In the summer of 2009, we recruited blind young people from all over the country to try driving a car.
It was an absolutely wonderful experience
However, the prototype was designed to operate in a well-controlled environment, operating in a closed, flat parking lot with road cone lanes.
The prototype worked well, so we took the next step and started building a real car that could drive on real roads.
How does it work?
It's a pretty complicated system, but let me simplify it and explain it to you.
there are 3 steps
Recognition, computation, and— a non-visual interface.
Drivers are blind, so the system needs to understand the environment and collect information on behalf of the driver.
For that we use the initial measurement unit
Just like the human inner ear, it senses acceleration and angular acceleration.
This information is combined with GPS information to determine the location of the vehicle.
Then we detect lanes with two cameras,
with 3 laser range finders
It scans the environment for obstacles, such as cars approaching from the front and back, things popping into the road, and obstacles around the car.
We take all that information into a computer and do two things.
One is to process that information and make sense of the environment around you, knowing that there's a lane here and there's an obstacle there, and that's what you tell the driver.
The system is smart enough to determine the safest way to drive.
Generates operating instructions for driving
The problem is how to convey such information and instructions to people who can't see quickly and accurately.
To do that, we've developed a wide variety of non-visual interface technologies.
From 3D audible alert systems, to vibrating vests, click wheels with voice commands, to leg strips, to shoes that cue with foot pressure.
Today I would like to introduce only three of them.
The first is DriveGrip
It's a glove, but it has a vibrator on the joint that tells it how and how much to turn the handle.
Another is SpeedStrip
This seat was originally a massage chair
We've taken it out and made it vibrate in different patterns, and we're using it to tell us what speed we're at and what we're doing to accelerate and brake.
Here's how the computer understands the environment. You can't see the vibrations, so I put in LEDs so you can see what's going on.
Sensor data is communicated to the driver through a computer
Both DriveGrip and SpeedStrip are very effective
The problem with these devices is just to give you instructions on how to operate them.
It means that the driver has no freedom
The computer tells you what to do. Turn left. Turn right. Speed ​​up. Stop.
Backseat driver problem
So we started to focus more on devices that convey information than on driving instructions.
AirPix is ​​a good example of a non-visual interface that conveys information.
Think of it as a monitor for the visually impaired
It's a little tablet with lots of holes, and the compressed air that comes out of those holes creates images.
Even if you're blind, you can wave your hand over it to see lanes and obstacles.
You might want to change the frequency of the airflow or the temperature.
It's a multidimensional user interface.
Here's what the left and right cameras see and how the computer interprets that and what information it sends to the AirPix.
Here's a simulator with a blind person driving an AirPix.
Simulators are great for practicing blind drivers, but they can also be used to quickly experiment with non-visual user interfaces.
The above is an explanation of the basic mechanism
Just a month ago, on January 29th, we unveiled this car at the Rolex 24 race at the famous Daytona International Speedway.
I'm sure you'll be surprised Please take a look
(music) Ladies and gentlemen, today is a historic day.
Everyone at NFB, we're about to enter the grandstands
(Cheers) (Maximum speed 43 km/h) We're in front of the grandstand now.
In front of the gate. I'm running behind the van that came out ahead.
the first box comes
Let's see if the mark can be dodged
I did it I dodged it to the right
A third box was thrown. A fourth box.
I passed perfectly between the two boxes
I'm approaching to overtake the van
This is what driving is all about, showing great audacity and skill.
We're approaching the final gate Passing through rows of barrels
(Success!!) (Applause) I'm so happy.
Should I ask Mark to drop me off at the hotel on the way back?
sure thing
(Applause) Since I started this project, I've received hundreds of letters and emails and phone calls from people all over the world.
There are many thank you messages, but some of them are unusual: "I finally understand why car-only ATMs have Braille."
(Laughter) But sometimes... (Laughter) But sometimes, there are letters that express, if not protest, strong concern, saying, "You're crazy to let a blind person drive on the road.
You're insane."
This car is a prototype, and it won't be put on the road until it's as safe as, if not better than, the cars we have today.
and I firmly believe it can be done
But will society accept these radical ideas?
What about insurance?
What about your driver's license?
There are a lot of different kinds of problems besides technical challenges to make it happen.
The main purpose of this project, of course, is to develop a car for the visually impaired.
Perhaps more importantly, there are a variety of valuable technologies that will emerge from this project.
Sensors can also be used to run in darkness, fog and rain.
Combined with the new interface, it could also make cars safer for sighted people.
Or it can be applied to everyday items that blind people use in schools and offices.
Imagine a classroom in which the teacher writes on the blackboard, and through a non-visual interface, a visually impaired student can read it.
it's very worth it
What I've shown you today is just the beginning.
thank you very much
(applause)
One of my biggest efforts over the last year has been to make a documentary about my own well-being, where I wanted to see if we could train our minds in special ways, much like we train our bodies, and that would increase our overall well-being. can finish feeling
And then in January of this year, my mother passed away, and pursuing that film was my only interest.
After years of meaningful work in typical stupid designer fashion, all that's left is pretty much the title of the movie.
(music) at their company in indonesia the title was over while i was on vacation
As you can see, the first part of this is a pig.
It was a little too funky, so we decided to bring in a little more feminine side, so we went with a duck, which made it more appropriate.
Our studio in Bali was just 10 minutes from a forest where monkeys live, and of course monkeys are supposed to be the happiest of all animals.
We trained the monkeys to correctly place the three words.
As you can see, it's still a little confusing.
The place of the dialogue is not good
Of course, if you don't do it yourself, you can't really say it's done.
So this is how we climb trees and put the decorations on top of the Saiyan Valley in Indonesia.
What I used to do that year was look at all kinds of research and see a lot of data on this subject.
And as a result, men and women reported very similar levels of happiness.
This is a quick overview of all the studies I've seen.
First of all, the climate is irrelevant.
Whether you live in the nicest weather in San Diego, USA or the worst in Buffalo, New York, you'll be equally happy either way.
If you make more than $50,000 a year in America, any raise will have a tiny effect on your overall well-being.
black people are just as happy as white people
Age difference doesn't matter too much
Whether you're ugly or you're really, really good looking, it doesn't matter in the slightest
you get used to that face
It doesn't really matter whether you have a manageable health problem or not.
now this is relevant
So the women on the right are actually much happier than the men on the left, because whether or not you have a large number of friends and meaningful friendships has a huge impact.
Plus, being married seems to make you happier than being single.
My fellow TED speaker Jonathan Haidt came up with this beautiful little analogy between the conscious and the unconscious.
Consciousness, he says, is this little rider, and the giant statue below is the unconscious.
And the rider thinks he can tell the statue what to do, but the statue has no idea.
I look at my own life. I was born in Austria in 1962.
If I had been born over 100 years earlier, I would have made a big decision in my life, and that would have been to stay where I was born. I would probably have the same job as my father. would have been married to
I, of course, we are all responsible for making these life decisions.
We live where we want, not least in the West
we become what we are interested in
choose your profession and choose your partner
It's very surprising, but for most of us, we make those decisions of unconscious influence, almost without realizing it.
If you look at the stats, you see a guy named George, and if he were to decide where he would live, would it be Florida or North Dakota? He would live in Georgia.
Now let's look at a guy named Dennis. If he were to decide what he would be, would he be a lawyer, a doctor or a teacher? The best opportunity was a dentist.
And when Paula decides to marry Joe or Jack, why is she most interested in Paul?
I mean, even though you're making some really big decisions for stupid reasons, it's statistically true that more Paula's marrying Dennis Paul, a George Dentist in Georgia, than you can statistically comprehend. is the
(Laughter) Of course I thought, this is American data, stupid Americans.
they are influenced by things they are unaware of
this is just completely stupid
And then, of course, I saw my mother and my father (Laughter), Carolina and Karl, my grandmother and my grandfather, Josephina and Joseph.
So I'm looking for Stephanie now
somehow find
If I make all of these things a little more personal and see what makes me happy as a designer, the simplest answer, of course, is to do more of the things I like to do and less of the things I don't like to do. It will help you know what you really want to do there.
I'm a big list lover, so I brought a list with me.
One is to think without pressure
This is a project we're working on right now with a tight deadline.
It's a book about culture, and as you can see, culture is slipping rapidly.
Things like what I'm doing now, going to Cannes
To give you an example, there's the chair that originated in Bali that year. It's completely influenced by local manufacturing methods and culture.
A consciously designed project that requires a lot of different technologies fundamentally fights to adapt.
Familiarity with the content, that's the content that's very close to my heart.
This is a bus or vehicle for an NGO's charity, but they want to double America's education budget. It's carefully designed, up to two inches.
To have a finish (something that comes out of the press well) like this little business card from video production company Sideshow, made of lenticular foil.
Working on a project that has a tangible effect, like a book by a late German artist, whose widow comes and asks her to make her late husband famous.
It just came out six months ago and is currently gaining incredible traction in Germany.
And I think his widow will succeed in that pursuit.
These days, projects are 50% technical and 50% new.
In this case, it's a giant screen like Times Square in the exterior plan for Singapore.
Of course, as a designer, I have a knack for finishing, although I didn't have much success with those animal projects.
But I don't know everything about video.
And from that point of view we turned it into a lovely project
Another reason is that the content was very close to me.
In this case, journaling helps me grow personally. I've been journaling since I was 12 years old.
And I realized that it affected my life and my work in interesting ways.
And in this case, it's just one part of the many emotions we have, so all the emotions originated from the diary.
thank you
(applause)
How many creationists are there in this group?
Probably no one, we're all Darwin loyalists.
Yet many Darwinists are a little apprehensive and want to know the limits of how far Darwinism can go.
it is understandable
You know spider webs? yes these are the products of evolution
world wide web? what do you think
beaver dam yes no hoover dam
What do they think that the product of human wisdom refuses to be a mere product of itself, and thus obeys the laws of evolution?
Interestingly, people are resistant to the idea of ​​applying evolutionary thinking to the way we think.
I have a lot to talk about today, but first let's talk a little bit about it.
You are in the forest or in the meadow where you see an ant crawling on a blade of grass.
Crawl up and fall Crawl up and fall Crawl up again trying to stay on the top of the leaf
What the hell is this ant doing? What is your role?
What purpose is the ant trying to achieve by climbing the leaf?
What can I do for Ali?
The answer is: there's nothing to do for ants.
Then why the hell are you doing this?
Fluke (fluke)?
yes it's a fluke lancet fluke
it's a small brain worm
It's a parasitic brain worm that lives in the stomachs of sheep and cows to continue its life cycle.
Salmon swim upstream to reach their spawning grounds, and lancet flukes hijack passing ants, burrow into their brains, and drive across leaves like off-road vehicles.
So it means nothing to Ali.
The ant's brain was hijacked by a brain-infecting parasite that induced suicidal behavior.
it's horrible
Now, could something like this happen to humans?
This excludes, of course, the person's own genetic compatibility factor.
Has it ever crossed your mind that Islam is "surrender" or "sacrifice self-interest to the will of Allah"?
Yes, it's ideas, not bugs, that hijack our brains.
Now, am I saying that parasitic thoughts have taken over the brains of a significant minority of the world's population?
no it's worse
most people
(Laughter) There are tons of ideas worth dying for.
Freedom If you're from New Hampshire...
(Laughter) Justice Truth Communism
Many risk their lives for communism Many risk their lives for capitalism
Many for Catholicism and many for Islam
These are just a few examples of ideas worth dying for.
these are contagious
Yesterday, Amory Rabins spoke about "contagious repetition."
That's effectively an abuse of words.
It's thoughtless engineering
Now, most of the cultures that continue to spread aren't spectacular, new, fresh ideas.
It's a contagious recurrence, and we'll try to rationalize what's going on when it happens, to understand the conditions of contagion.
The host works hard to spread these ideas to others.
I'm a philosopher, and one of the occupational diseases is people asking what the meaning of life is.
You want your message, you want your opinion
here's my opinion
The secret to happiness is to find something more important than you and give your life to it
Most of us are making the "age of egocentrism" a thing of the past, and we're doing it.
Some idea or other has taken the place of our biological duty in life.
what is our highest good
It's not about increasing the number of grandchildren.
This has a large biological impact
Genetic interests subordinated to other interests.
This has never been done before in any other species.
Now what should we think about this?
On the one hand, it has a very large biological impact.
no doubt
So what theory are we using to look at this?
There are many theories, but what ties them all together?
The idea of ​​replicating thoughts The idea of ​​replicating from brain to brain
Richard Dawkins, you can hear his story later, invented the word "meme," and first introduced this idea in his book, "The Selfish Gene," in a very clear and vivid way.
now i'm talking about his idea here
You see, the ideas he started are now not just his own.
now it's everyone's idea
And it's not his fault that I talk about memes.
I'm responsible for how I say my memes.
In fact, we are all responsible for not only the intended effect of an idea, but also the potential for misuse.
So it's important to Richard and me that these ideas aren't abused or misused.
It's easy to misuse, which is why it's dangerous.
It's a tough job trying to keep people who are intimidated by the idea from caricaturizing it and going into even more sinister ends and whatnot.
And we must continue to work hard to correct misconceptions so that only harmless and useful variants of ideas continue to spread.
but there is a problem
I don't have a lot of time, so I'll just scratch the surface, because I have a lot more to say.
The bottom line is that memes are like viruses.
Richard said this in 93
You're thinking, "What the hell is that?
That's what a virus is! Can you make a meme out of something like that? "
Yesterday Nicholas Negroponte talked about virus telecommunications, so what is a virus?
A virus is a misbehaving string of nucleic acids.
(Laughter) But there's something more than that: they tend to be easier to replicate than their competitors.
And that's the nature of memes: bad-mannered information packets.
What are memes made of? What are the bits made of, Mom?
not silicone
They are made of information and can be carried on any physical medium.
what are the words made of?
When asked, "Do memes exist?"
You say, "So does the word exist? Does it exist in your ontology?"
if there is a word is a pronounced meme
And there are many unpronounced memes.
there are different species of memes
Remember Shakers? A simple gift?
Simple and beautiful furniture?
And of course they're basically dead now.
One of the reasons for this is the Shaker Kingdom's credo: "Man should be ascetic."
It's not just the clergy, it's everyone.
So it's no surprise that they disappeared (Laughter), but that's not really why they disappeared.
Without the social safety net, they would have survived.
There were many widows and orphans who needed a home to live in.
converts are endless
was able to survive
So even if the host is completely ascetic, in principle it can last forever.
Ideas transmitted through missionary activities, not genetic lines
This is how ideas can live on despite the fact that they're not genetically transmitted.
Memes can thrive despite their negative impact on genetic compatibility
After all, the Shaker Kingdom meme was basically a sterilizing parasite.
There are other parasites like this -- that make the host infertile.
it's part of their plan
Memes don't require brains to plan
From the perspective of memetics, there are many possible effects, but I would like to highlight one that I would like to draw your attention to.
I don't have time for more
In Jared Diamond's wonderful book, "Guns, Germs, and Steel," he states that it was germs, rather than guns and steel, that conquered the new hemisphere, the Western Hemisphere, and the rest of the world.
When European explorers and travelers spread, they brought with them germs that they were immune to, and they were immune for hundreds and thousands of years by living with livestock, the source of pathogens. I have been feeding
And they wiped out the local population, who had no immunity to these pathogens.
we are doing the same
This time with toxic thoughts
Yesterday, a lot of people, including Nicolas Negroponte, talked about all the wonderful things that happen when our ideas spread thanks to all these new technologies around the world.
I agree, that's great
But among all these ideas that inevitably go global because of that technology, there are also toxic ideas.
I am now aware of this
Sayyid Qutb was one of the fanatical founders of Islam and one of the dreamers who inspired Osama bin Laden.
"People just glance at news footage, fashion shows, beauty pageants, ballrooms, wine bars and radio stations." Memes
These memes are spreading all over the world and they're wiping out entire cultures.
wipe out the language
It also wipes out traditions and customs.
And when that germ ravages the unimmunized population, it becomes irreversible.
We're immune to all the junk that's on the fringes of this culture.
It's a free society, so let's lift the ban on porn and everything -- we'll kick them out.
they are like mild colds
it's not a big deal for us
But what we have to realize is that for many people around the world, it's a big deal.
In spreading education and technology, we
We have to be very vigilant because, as so many other meme hosts have rightly foreseen, we are carriers of toxic memes that threaten the memes they hold dear to their lives.
So how do you tell good memes from bad memes?
That's not the job of memetics
memetics should be morally neutral
not subject to hatred and anger
If you had a friend who died of AIDS, you would hate HIV.
But the way to deal with it is to do it scientifically, to understand why and how it spreads from a morally neutral point of view.
get the facts
Understanding the issues involved
Once you get the facts, there's a lot of room for moral passion, and you can think about how best to do it.
And the trick is not to try to exterminate them like bacteria.
Bacteria never go extinct
What you can do is encourage the evolution of nonpathogenicity by fostering public health tools.
It's about encouraging the most virulent species to spread the relatively benign mutant species.
Your time is up. Thank you for your attention.
This represents the brain, which is divided into two parts.
The left half is responsible for logic, the right half is responsible for intuition.
If we had a standard for left and right brain hemisphere capabilities, we could map the brain.
For example, in this case, it represents a perfectly logical person.
In this case, you'd be a perfectly intuitive person.
where is your brain
This pattern may be extreme for some people, but I think most of your brain is like this, with high capacity in both hemispheres at the same time.
It's not that the two sides are incompatible
be logical and intuitive
I think I fall into this category, as do many other experimental quantum physicists, who need logic to organize the complex ideas of quantum physics.
It takes a great deal of intuition to make the experiment successful.
How can we develop intuition? I'll try it first
We'll try it out and see what happens, and then we'll develop our intuition from there.
you are doing the same
One of the intuitions that you've developed over the years is that one thing doesn't exist in two places at once.
It seems strange that one thing can exist in two different places at the same time.
I remember seeing children playing on the bollard
I was a toddler and I used to fall
But by playing with the bollard, I think he learned a valuable lesson: large objects don't pass through him, they stay in one place.
This is a good model of the world as a concept, but from a particle physicist's point of view.
It's a terrible model, because what they're doing is not the bollard, it's the weird thing, the elementary particles.
When I started working with subatomic particles, I found that they did some really weird things, like they could walk through walls, they could exist in two different places at the same time.
These observations were grouped together and named the theory of quantum mechanics.
That was the physics of a few years ago, and we need quantum mechanics to explain the tiny particles.
But we don't need it to explain the normal-sized objects around us.
This didn't strike my intuition, but maybe it's because I don't usually deal with elementary particles.
Sometimes I handle it, but rarely
I haven't seen it
No one has ever seen elementary particles
It didn't even make sense to me logically.
If all matter is composed of elementary particles, and elementary particles obey quantum mechanics, then wouldn't all matter obey quantum mechanics?
I can't find any reason why it wouldn't
I thought that if I could somehow prove that even ordinary objects obeyed quantum mechanics, then everything would make sense.
And a few years ago we started working on that
and tried to make one
This is the first physical object visible to the naked eye that has been mechanically put into a state of quantum superposition.
What you're looking at right now is a tiny computer chip.
You can see the green dot in the middle
This is a piece of metal that will be explained later.
Here is a picture of the object
I'm going to zoom in a little here, looking at that center.
Here's what you see when you zoom in on a small piece of metal.
What you're looking at now is a little hunk of metal with a bulge that looks like a diving board.
I made this the same way a computer chip is made.
Together with new silicon wafers, they are manufactured in a clean room for about 100 hours using various huge machines.
In the final step, I had to build a machine to create a swimming pool-shaped hole under the device.
This device is capable of entering a state of quantum superposition, but it needs a little help.
I'll give you an example here
Imagine the discomfort in a crowded elevator
If I was alone in the elevator, I would do some strange things, but when other passengers came in, I would stop doing that.
Quantum mechanics seems to suggest that even inanimate objects think so.
Inanimate objects as passengers aren't just people, they're the light that comes in, the wind that blows in, the heat in the room.
So I knew that I would have to drop all the passengers to see this piece of metal behave quantum mechanically.
I did
We turned off the lights, removed all the air with a vacuum, and cooled it to a temperature near absolute zero.
This little piece of metal left in the elevator can now move freely.
Then, if we measure the behavior
was acting very strange
Instead of being completely still, it was vibrating, and the vibration was like breathing, like the lungs were expanding and contracting.
And with a gentle push, I was able to make the piece vibrate and vibrate at the same time, a motion only possible in quantum mechanics.
what you're talking about here is really great
What does it mean for an object to be vibrating and non-vibrating at the same time?
think about the atom
I'll give you an example: the countless atoms that make up that piece of metal are at rest, but they're also moving up and down at the same time.
Standing in line for just a moment
the rest of the time i'm away
What this means is that all the atoms are in two different places at the same time, and the whole chunk of metal is in two different places.
i think this is really cool
(Laughter) It's true.
(Applause) It's been worth the years of being locked up in a clean room, because listen to me, the difference in scale between an atom and that hunk of metal is the difference in scale between that hunk of metal and you. roughly the same
So if an atom can exist in two different places at the same time, then a piece of metal can also exist in two different places.
This is my logical point of view opinion
Imagine what it would be like if you existed in multiple places.
How does consciousness deal with bodies that are not in one place in space?
There is another continuation to the story
I warmed up the object, turned on the light, and looked inside the box, and the piece of metal was still there.
So I had to form a new intuition, that all the objects in the elevator were in fact pure quantum objects, just in a small space.
We often hear that in quantum mechanics everything is interconnected.
But it's not quite right
It's not just that, it's much deeper.
Your relationship to all the objects around you literally defines you, and that's what's so magical about quantum mechanics.
thank you
(applause)
I'm Jessie and this is my suitcase
Before I show you what's inside, I'd like to make a confession in front of you: I'm obsessed with clothes.
I love looking for clothes and wearing them. Recently, I've been taking pictures and writing a blog where I introduce colorful and crazy outfits that can be used for various occasions.
But I don't buy new clothes
All my clothes were bought at flea markets and thrift stores.
thank you!
By buying used clothes, you can choose clothes that are friendly to both the environment and your wallet.
I get to meet nice people and my money is put to good use.It looks unique and shopping feels like a treasure hunt.
What is today's loot?
Do the sizes fit?
do you like the color
Fits under $20?
If every answer is yes, I feel like I won
Now, back to the suitcase, here's what I brought with me to wear to TED.
Are you interested in what a person dressed like this brings?
Show me what you got
7 underwear, that's all
I put a week's worth of underwear in my suitcase.
Because I thought that when I got to Palm Springs, I would find everything I wanted to wear.
I'm not just walking around the TED room in my underwear.
I would like to show you my outfit for the week.
I wonder?
(Applause) As I introduce clothes, I also want to share a life lesson.
let's start on sunday
Name it Shining Tiger
You don't have to spend a lot of money to dress up
Look great for less than $50
It was $55 for the whole thing, including the jacket, and this was the most expensive style of the week.
monday colors are powerful
Physiologically, it's almost impossible to be in a bad mood if you wear red pants.
(audience laughter) If you look happy, happy people will come to you.
Tuesday, agreeableness is overrated
I've spent a lot of time trying to be myself, trying to be cooperative.
just be yourself
If you surround yourself with the right people, they will not only recognize your individuality, they will appreciate it.
Wednesday don't forget to be childish
Sometimes people say I look like I'm dressing up and having fun, and people say it reminds me of myself when I was seven years old.
smile and say thank you
thursday confidence is the key
If you think a certain outfit suits you, in most cases it suits you
If you think an outfit doesn't suit you, it probably doesn't.
I grew up under a mother who always taught me
But I didn't understand what this meant until I was 30.
I'll break it down and try to explain
If you think you're beautiful inside and out, there's no style you can't wear.
this is for everyone
Clothes that you want to look cool should be able to look cool
thank you
(Applause) Friday, the truth of all things - a message for you Gold sequins go with anything
Finally Saturday, building your own style is a great way to express yourself without using words.
And so, because of my outfit, I've had a lot of people talk to me this week, and we've had very productive conversations.
I can't fit everything in that small suitcase.
I'm going to donate all my clothes before I go back to Brooklyn.
Because the lesson I'm trying to learn this week is that it's okay to let go.
You don't have to be attached There's always crazy, colorful, glittery clothes all around me Waiting for me Always love my heart and my style
Thank you very much
(Applause) Thank you.
(applause)
"Power"
Those words come to mind
we are new engineers
We have a lot of data, a lot of power.
how much power do you have
Remember "Apocalypse Now," it's a great movie.
The main character, Captain Willard, must head to the mouth of the Nan River to track down Colonel Kurtz.
there fly him down
That's the scene, a helicopter army with him spread across the sky.
Thrilling music resounds loud This powerful music
♫ dandara da dan danda da dan da da da ♫ It's a tremendous power
I feel that kind of power here too.
The power that comes from the data we have is this kind of power.
For example
What can you do with one person's personal data?
For example his data?
look at financial records
check for late payments
I know it's okay to lend you money
We'll look at your medical records and find out that if your heart is fine, you can recommend insurance.
You can also check your click habits
I know how you'll behave when you come to my website, because I've seen countless visits to the site.
I'm sorry, but poker players who see through your hands
Even before you do anything, you can see through what you're trying to do
I know what you like and who you are without looking at your email or phone.
With the data we're collecting, we can
But today it's not about what you can do
talk about what to do
What is "right action"?
Some look puzzled, "Why are you asking me what is the right thing to do?
We make something, other people use it."
okay
Let's look back on the past
Think about World War II, the great engineers of the time and the great physicists who worked on nuclear physics, fission and fusion.
What did you create when you gathered at Los Alamos?
I want people making technology to think about how to use technology.
I mean, what should we do with that person's data?
Collect and store data to help us provide a better online life?
do you use it to make money?
Would you use it to protect yourself if he was a problem person?
Or do you respect his privacy and protect his dignity and leave him alone?
which one should i choose
how to decide
yes it's crowdsourced
I'm going to start off with a simple question, this is everybody has their own ideas about iPhones and Androids.
Raise your hand -- iPhone
Hmmm
android
It would be a shame to ask a group of smart people like this just to talk about the phone.
(Laughter) The next question is a little more challenging.
Can I collect all his data to give him a better experience and use it to protect himself if he's a problem?
Or do you want to stop collecting data?
data collector
people who don't collect
don't worry it's okay
(Laughter) So the last question is a more troubling question: Should we follow Kant's deontology or Mill's consequentialism when evaluating what to do in this case?
Kant
mill
I raised my hands less
(Laughter) No, the results are appalling.
And it's scary because there's a clear voice about mobile devices, but not so much about the morality that should guide decision-making.
How can you decide how to use the power you have without having a sense of morality?
You know more about mobile operating systems, but what we really need is a moral operating system.
What is Moral OS?
good or bad everyone knows
When I do good things I feel good and when I do bad things I feel bad
Parents praise good things and scold bad things
So how do you decide what's good and what's bad?
There is a method that is used on a daily basis.
You may decide intuitively
Voting -- may be crowdsourced
Or maybe we'll just get around it and ask the legal department for their opinion.
In other words, it's random. It decides "what to do" in an impromptu way.
If you want to have a solid footing, you need morality to guide you in the first place by telling you what's right and wrong, telling you what to do in a given situation.
Let's acquire morality
Everyone is a number person who lives by numbers
How in the world can we use numbers as a moral standard?
Some people have just thought of this
A lucid man who died 2,500 years ago.
yes it's plato
An old philosopher, do you remember?
Were you sleeping during that class?
Plato had many of the same worries as we do.
Worried about right and wrong
I pursued what is "right"
He was worried that everyone was just exchanging opinions.
He says this is right She says something else is right
I agree with him, I agree with her
I go around in circles and get nowhere
I want knowledge, not opinions
I want to know the truth about justice, just as there is truth in mathematics.
In mathematics there is objective truth
Any number -- like 2
nice number i like it
Here's the truth about 2
If you have 2 of something, add 2 more and you get 4
this is true no matter what
2 form -- an objective truth in an abstract form.
If anything has two -- eyes, ears, nose, even just two projections, everything inherits the form of two
share the truth that accompanies 2
Everything has "2ness"
So it's not a matter of opinion
Plato wondered what if ethics was like mathematics?
What if there is such a thing as pure justice?
If there was a truth about justice, wouldn't we be able to look at the world and discover the forms of justice that things inherit and share?
Then you'll know what's really right and what's not
It will no longer be a matter of opinion or appearance.
very attractive vision
Think about it, it's really big, it's really ambitious.
as ambitious as we are
Plato seeks an ethical answer
Seeking objective truth
If you think this way, you too have a Platonic morality.
Those who don't think this way are the majority in the history of Western philosophy, and this methodical idea has been criticized.
Aristotle in particular didn't like this.
I thought it was impractical
Aristotle said, "Pursue accuracy only to the extent permitted by each subject."
he thought ethics and mathematics were not very similar
His ethics were about making the best decisions here and now and finding the right path.
If you think so, you are not platonic
but don't give up
Perhaps there are other moral values ​​based on quantity.
What if, in a given situation, you could compare the options and make an inference about each to determine which is the better choice and what to do?
have you ever heard
This is the moral view of utilitarianism
John Stewart Mill was a big proponent of utilitarianism - a good guy, and died some 200 years ago.
Utilitarianism is fundamental to many people -- at least
You know the three people who voted for Mill earlier.
This is how it works
What if morality, or what makes something moral, is what maximizes pleasure and minimizes pain?
something inherent in behavior comes into play
as opposed to being related to some abstract form
only care about the result
Consider only the result, and decide whether this is good or bad as a whole
it's simple and i know what to do
Let's take an example
If I say, "I'll take your call."
Not because it just rang, but because I made a quick guess.
Because I thought that person was kind of suspicious
If he was communicating with bin Laden's lair or whoever he was, and if he was like a terrorist in hiding.
This has to be made clear, if it hits, it will prevent serious damage.
Preventing this damage would be of great benefit
Even compared to the slight pain of looking up the phone — finding out you're addicted to FarmVille sucks, but it's a minor issue compared to the value of looking up the phone.
People who think this way are choosing utilitarianism.
But you might think otherwise
It's his phone to pick it up
You might think it's wrong. As a human being, he has rights and dignity that must not be hindered.
he is independent
It doesn't matter what assumptions are made
Some things aren't right in the first place, like it's wrong to lie or torture innocent children.
Kant captures this point better than I do.
He says we should use our reason to identify the rules that guide our actions, and then it's our duty to follow those rules.
It's not a matter of guessing
let's finish this
we are in the middle of this philosophical jungle
This story goes on and on, because it's a hard question, and you only have 15 minutes.
let's get straight to the point
how decisions should be made
Plato or Aristotle Kant or Mil
what should i do what is the answer
What's the formula for deciding what to do in any situation? Can I use that person's data?
what is the formula for determining
there is no formula
there is no simple answer
ethics are hard
Ethics demands thought
it's not comfortable
For a long time, I've been researching artificial intelligence, trying to build a device that can take over thinking like this, a device that can give you answers.
but it can't
You can't take people's thoughts and put them in a machine.
we have to think for ourselves
Fortunately, we are not machines, we can think.
Not only can you, you have to think
Hannah Arendt said, "Alas, most evil in the world is not done by those who are determined to do it.
Evil comes from not thinking."
This she called "the banality of evil"
With this in mind, every sensible person is called upon to practice thinking.
let's do it let's think
So let's start now
Ladies and gentlemen, please do this. Think about the last decision you made that made you wonder if you could do it right, and you were like, "I don't know what to do."
Remember that, and when you remember that, think, "How did you arrive at that decision?
what did i do Did you follow your intuition?
did you get a vote? Have you asked the legal department? "
there are a few more options
“Did you evaluate what would maximize the benefit like Mill did?”
Or, like Kant, did you use reason to find the inherent correctness?
Think about it, remember properly, this is important
It's very important, so let's use this precious 30 seconds of a TED Talk to do nothing and think about this.
ready to start
End Gokuro-sama
What you've done just now is the first step in using our powers responsibly for what needs to be done.
It's the next step Please try this too
Please explain to some friend how you made the decision.
Not now Please wait until the talk is over
do it at lunch
Don't be a techie friend, look for someone who's different from you.
Find an artist, a writer, an unlikely philosopher, and talk to them.
find someone in the humanities
why? Because they think about the problem differently than engineers do.
A few days ago, hundreds of people gathered across the street from here.
Engineers and humanities came together at the Bibliotec conference.
The reason we got together was because engineers wanted to know what happens when we think in terms of the humanities.
Someone from Google talked to a researcher on comparative cultures.
You might be wondering, what does 17th-century French theater have to do with venture capital?
The funny thing is that they think differently.
When you think about it this way, you become more sensitive about caring for people, which is important for ethical decisions.
Now imagine going out and meeting a musician friend
Tell him what you heard, our data revolution and all this, you can even hum the theme music for a few bars.
♫ Dan-da-da-da-da-da-da-dan ♫ A musician friend will stop you and say, "The theme of the data revolution is an opera, it's Wagner."
Based on Norse mythology
It's a story about a battle between a god and a resident of a mythical world over a magic ring."
this is interesting
It was also a beautiful opera, a moving opera.
It's moving because it depicts the battle between good and evil.
I care about good and bad
I wonder what will happen in the opera
I wonder what happened in "Apocalypse in Hell"
Of course, we are also curious about what will happen to our technology.
Now that we have this much power, it's up to us to decide what to do with it, and that's good news.
we write this opera
this is our movie
Let's find out what happens with this technology
Decide how it will end
thank you
(applause)
As a child growing up in Montana, I had two dreams.
Becoming a Dinosaur Paleontologist and Having Dinosaurs as Pets
I've devoted my whole life to it
I was lucky early in my career.
I was lucky enough to dig
reading is not my specialty
I don't really read much
I'm severely dyslexic and reading is painful.
Find things outside instead
I'm picking it up
I usually practice finding money on the street
(Laughter) I've also discovered something while hanging out in the hills.
We were very lucky to find the first dinosaur egg in the Western Hemisphere, a juvenile nesting dinosaur, an embryo, and a large amount of bone fossils all at once.
The opportunity came at a time when the perception of dinosaurs as giant, mindless green reptiles was beginning to change.
It was around the time that the idea that dinosaurs were special creatures was spreading.
And it was also a time when my colleagues and I developed an interesting hypothesis.
Based on the evidence at hand, we hypothesize that dinosaurs built nests, lived together, were good at taking care of their young, feeding them, and moved in huge herds.
was able to announce
The discoveries didn't end here, as it later turned out that dinosaurs were social creatures.
We have a lot of evidence that dinosaurs changed as they grew.
As in social animals, juvenile and adult dragons differ in appearance.
In social animals, juveniles often look different from adults.
So that adults can distinguish juveniles from juveniles, and juveniles from adults.
Here's a diagram of what a dinosaur might look like.
It's not just about chasing jeeps
(Laughter) I think it's this social aspect that appealed to Michael Crichton.
In his book (Jurassic Park), dinosaurs are portrayed as social animals.
Of course, Steven Stillberg also describes dinosaurs as very social creatures.
The theme of this movie is to recreate dinosaurs and bring the audience into a part of Jurassic Park.
Michael Crichton was also the first to advocate bringing dinosaurs back to life.
You know the story
Have you ever seen Jurassic Park?
If we're going to create dinosaurs, we'll look for petrified tree sap, also known as amber, that contains blood-sucking insects. was smoking
And then we bring the blood back to the lab for DNA cloning (replication).
You put the DNA into an ostrich egg or something, and you wait a little bit, and you see, a baby dinosaur is born.
Everyone is happy now
(Laughter) Repeating the same thing over and over again
I will continue
again and again and again and again
And then the social dinosaurs act socially, band together, and start colluding.
In Spielberg's movie, conspiring dinosaurs start attacking people.
So let's say you actually use insect-filled amber to extract what appears to be DNA from this insect, and suppose you keep cloning it over and over again until you end up with a room full of mosquitoes.
(Laughter) (Applause) Or maybe just trees.
If you want to get dinosaur DNA, you should rely on dinosaurs.
this is our method
When this movie came out in 1993, I got a grant from the National Science Foundation to try and extract DNA from a dinosaur, and I chose the one on the left, Tyrannosaurus Rex, which is a very nice specimen.
A student of mine, Dr. Mary Schweitzer, has a background in doing this sort of thing.
We've examined some of the thigh bones of this T-Rex, and we've discovered an interesting structure.
It was a red circular substance, red blood cells that they had searched all over the world.
It was present in what seemed to be blood vessels running through bones.
and she thought oh my god
I've taken some material from it
Although the DNA itself could not be found there,
We discovered heme, the biological component of hemoglobin.
It's also a great thing
an interesting discovery
We got the 65-million-year-old heme.
I tried many times after that, but in the end I couldn't find anything else.
A few years later, I started the Hell Creek Project.
This project was a big project to discover as many dinosaurs as possible, and to find a lot of material from some of them.
In the vast wilderness of sparsely populated eastern Montana, we surveyed
found many things
We found a lot of T-rex, but there was a subspecies among them, this T-rex.
We named it B Rex and it was found under a large rock.
The B-Rex was different from the T-Rex, it wasn't just a giant T-Rex, the B-Rex was very different.
My colleague and I cut the fossils and found that this B-Rex died at the age of 16 by the line of growth arrest.
We haven't found the oldest dinosaur yet, so we don't know how long dinosaurs would live.
But he died at the age of 16.
I gave the sample to Dr. Mary Schweitzer, and she determined from the medulla oblongata that this B-Rex was female.
The medulla oblongata is composed of calcium and acts as a reservoir for calcium during pregnancy in animals and birds.
This is the common trait that connects birds and dinosaurs.
Dr. Mary takes it one step further
I took this bone and put it in acid.
As you know, this bone is a fossil, and if you dip it in acid, there should be nothing left.
but in reality it was different
blood vessels remained
It also has flexible and transparent blood vessels
This is the first soft tissue from a dinosaur.
great achievement
She also found other bone cells that attach to bone tissue.
We tried a lot, but we couldn't find the DNA, but we found evidence of the protein.
It's likely that rapid deterioration occurred after it was excavated from the stratum.
I thought my DNA was destroyed.
So we put the lab in a big trailer so that we could transport the lab to a place where we could get good samples.
It was a hit, cells and blood vessels
in better condition
Successful sample collection
got a good one
it was a really great example
But for dinosaur DNA,
It decomposes quickly and was not found at all.
It's impossible to recreate Jurassic Park.
Restoring dinosaurs from dinosaurs would be unrealistic.
By the way, birds are dinosaurs
birds are living dinosaurs
In fact, we classify birds as dinosaurs.
Dinosaurs can be divided into avian and non-avian types.
The non-avian types are the ugly dinosaurs that are already extinct.
Avian typologies are the ancestors of modern birds
In fact, we don't have to reconstruct the dinosaurs, because they already existed.
(Laughter) You're all in sixth grade.
(Laughter) Sixth graders will say, "No."
(Laughs) "You can call birds dinosaurs, but Velociraptor is cooler."
(Laughs) "Chickens are definitely different."
(Laughter) As you can imagine, this is our problem.
chicken is a dinosaur
this is true
There is no dispute, because we classified it as such.
(Laughter) (Applause) But the sixth graders will demand,
"Well, fix the chicken."
(Laughter) I'm here to tell you how to fix a chicken.
There are many ways to fix a chicken.
Because evolution has progressed, and now we have evolutionary tools.
Let's call these biological improvement tools
One is selection
culling works well
It turns wolf-like animals into maltese.
So it's a genetic improvement.
It will make you a funny looking puppy
The second is genetic recombination.
Genetic modification is also a great tool
It's a way of taking a gene from one animal and introducing it into another.
GloFish® can be made using this method
You can take a glowing gene from a coral or a jellyfish and put it into a zebrafish, and you have GloFish®.
it's so cool
Some people make money with this
Some people try to make everything glow, including rabbits.
You can even make a glowing chicken
(Laughter) But that's not enough for sixth grade.
you won't be satisfied
The third is the activation of the atavism gene.
Activating atavism, first of all, atavism means ancestral traits.
You know, on rare occasions, human babies are born with tails, and that's because of their ancestral traits.
Here are some of the possible atavistic inheritances.
Snakes with legs are sometimes born
Have a look at this
It's a toothy chicken
Matthew Harris, a fellow at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, has figured out how to activate the tooth gene, and he's actually expressed the tooth gene and made chickens with teeth.
that's a good feature
establish the method
by using
you can make a chicken with teeth
One step closer to a dinosaur
better than a glowing chicken
(Laughter) My friend and colleague, Dr. Hans Larsson, at McGill University, studies atavism.
He specializes in avian embryogenesis and how it grows, among other things in atavism. He's interested in the disappearance of tails in birds.
He's also shown interest in the development of limbs to wings.
because he's looking for this kind of gene
I said, "If I can find it, I'll rewind it and make something that sixth graders want to see."
he agrees with this
we are still looking for this
If you look at dinosaur hands, Velociraptor has a nice clawed hand.
Archeopteryx, an ancient bird, has primitive hands,
As you can see, other birds, like pigeons and chickens, have strange hands because they're wings.
But what's amazing is, if you look at the development of the embryo, the hand of the embryonic bird is very similar to that of the Archeopteryx.
have three fingers
Some genes go into action and fuse together.
we are looking for this gene
By shutting down this gene, we want to stop finger fusion, so we can have chickens with three fingers, like Archeopteryx.
the same goes for the tail
Most birds have primitive tails.
During embryonic development, it has a long tail, and a gene is expressed that causes this tail to atrophy.
I know it will fade away
This is the other gene we're looking for.
I want to stop the disappearance of the tail.
What we want to do is modify chickens to produce Chikinosaurus.
(Laughter) It's a cool chicken.
It's very basic
this is what we do
people always ask
"Why are you doing that?"
"What are the benefits?"
very good question
In fact, I think these are good teaching materials for teaching children about evolutionary biology, developmental biology, and so on.
And honestly, if I could phrase Colonel Sanders better, I'd sell an extra chicken.
(Laughter) Anyway, when this dinosaur chicken hatches, I'm pretty sure it's going to be a character on a TED poster, a mascot.
Thank you for your attention
(applause)
I'm going to tell you a story about "Taking Your Imagination Seriously."
Fourteen years ago, I came across this fishing net that has been used in the same way for centuries.
Today, I use it to create durable, sensual, and hard-edged pieces that will last in cities around the world.
Originally I was not interested in such things
I never studied sculpture, engineering, architecture.
After college, I applied to seven art schools, all of which were unsuccessful.
I chose to become an artist on my own terms, and spent 10 years painting until I was awarded a Fulbright Scholarship to study in India.
I arrived at Mahabalipuram with a work in progress with an appointment for a painting exhibition.
The exhibition deadline had passed, but the work was not finished.
I had to do something
This fishing village is famous for its sculptures.
I challenged the bronze statue here
But larger ones are heavier and more expensive.
When I went for a walk on the beach, I saw fishermen hoisting their nets on the sand.
I used to see this kind of scenery every day, but it seemed different at that time, and it seemed like a new approach to sculpture -- a way to create large-scale works without using heavy materials.
For the first time, I was able to create a satisfactory work in collaboration with a fisherman.
This is a self-portrait and the title is "Big Ass."
(Applause) When I wrapped the net around a pole to take a picture,
I realized that this smooth surface reflected the ever-changing flow of the wind.
I continue to be captivated
I researched traditional crafts and worked with artisans to create a piece, this one I made with a Lithuanian lace maker.
I liked the small details that were added to the work, but I wanted to make something bigger, something that you could get lost in rather than look at.
I went back to India to work with the fishermen, and hand-knotted 1.5 million points to make a huge net, which I put up in Madrid.
Thousands of people came to see it, and one of them was Manual Zola Moreras, who is involved in redeveloping the waterfront in Porto, Portugal.
He asked me, "Can we make this part of the city?"
I wasn't sure if my work would be able to live up to his expectations.
Things like durability and permanence stand at the other end of the spectrum from things like idiosyncrasy, sensitivity and ephemerality.
For two years, I searched and searched for a fiber that could withstand UV rays, salty winds and air pollution, but still be soft enough to sway in the wind.
I needed something that wouldn't degrade even in the middle of a roundabout.
I ended up using about 20,000 kilos of steel wheels.
I needed a structure that would sway gracefully in the breeze and not be blown away by a hurricane.
But we didn't have the software to design something like this, full of holes and moving.
I found an amazing aeronautical engineer, Peter Heppel, who designs sails for American yacht racing.
He lent me his wisdom in overcoming the two conflicting challenges of precise modeling and soft movement.
I wouldn't have been able to do it by myself, because mere hand-tying a net wouldn't be enough to fight a hurricane.
So I went to a fishing net factory and learned a lot about their different methods, and I came up with a way to make lace even on steel.
Because there was no language to translate their ancient, quirky manual work into something machines could handle.
we had to make
After three years and two prototypes, we finally created a net of about 4,600 square meters.
I couldn't believe that something I had envisioned was actually designed and completely recreated.
(Applause) This roundabout was a featureless, uninteresting place.
I can feel my full presence now
I was the first to walk under this
As I watched the choreography of the wind, I felt a sense of captivity and a sense of liberation to the infinite sky.
A breath of fresh air into my life
I want to create an oasis of this kind of work in cities all over the world.
Let me introduce you to two new directions in my work.
This is the historic Philadelphia City Hall, and I felt that for this work in the square, I needed a material that was lighter than net.
So, I tried a method of sprinkling a dry mist of extremely small water particles and using the wind to create a model. During the trial production stage, I found out that it is possible to create models using human movements without getting wet with the mist.
We're using this material to project the trajectory of subway trains on the ground in real time, like an x-ray of the city as it unfolds.
My next challenge came from Denver's Biennial of the Americas, an event organization that wanted to represent the flags and unity of the 35 countries of the Western Hemisphere in one piece.
(Laughter) I didn't know where to start, but I said yes.
I came across an article about the recent Chilean earthquake and the tsunami that swept across the Pacific.
The earthquake caused the plates to shift, causing the Earth to spin faster and actually shorten the length of the day.
So we negotiated with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration to get some tsunami data, and this is the result.
The title, 1.26, is the number of microseconds in the day shortened by the earthquake.
It was impossible to make with an iron ring
It's a very complicated structure.
So I replaced the steel framework with a soft mesh that is 15 times more durable than steel.
It made the whole piece softer and lighter, so I could tie it to a building and make it literally part of the city.
There was no software that could model such a complex network structure while taking gravity into account.
we had to make
Then I got a call from New York asking if I could bring this concept to Times Square or High Line Park.
This new flexible structure allowed me to design works on the same scale as skyscrapers.
I don't have a funder yet, but my dream now is to bring my work to places around the world where it's needed most.
14 years ago, I was looking for beauty in traditional crafts.
And by integrating this with high-tech technology and engineering, we're now creating huge, sensual, durable creations.
my art has no limits
Let's finish by saying one last thing
I got a call the other day from a friend who lives in Phoenix.
A lawyer who had never paid any attention to art, never even been to a local museum, took a whole building out and lay down under this work.
Lie down on the grass with strangers in their suits, watching the changing wind patterns, and sharing their wonderful experiences.
thank you
(Applause) Thank you.
thank you
thank you
(applause)
In 2007, I realized that we needed to re-conceptualize economic growth.
Our new purpose is to ensure that when people think about where they want to live and where they want to work, there should be at least a handful of cities competing for residents.
still far from that
There are billions of people in the developing world who don't have a single city to host them.
But the great thing about cities is that they are worth far more than they cost to develop.
So we can easily give the world a dozen or a hundred cities.
This may sound like good news, but when you think about the new city, it makes sense.
Think of a city as an apartment building
Please consider that half of those who want to move into an apartment have already moved in, and the other half have not.
The number of rooms could also be increased by extending an existing condominium.
But we run into a problem: the condominium and its surroundings have rules against noise caused by discomfort or additions.
Therefore, it is extremely difficult to expand
But if the place has rules that encourage, rather than prohibit, construction, you can build a new condominium on that brand new piece of land.
So my proposal is for the government to set up a redevelopment district large enough to build a city, and I call it charter cities.
Later, I learned that Javier and Octavio and others were thinking about a redevelopment attempt in Honduras at the same time.
They know that about 75,000 Hondurans emigrate to the United States each year, and they wonder what can be done to enable these people to do the same within Honduras. i was scratching my head
One day Javier said to Octavio, "Suppose, for example, that we transfer our vacant land to the embassy, ​​to the embassies in the United States and Canada, and if people want to work by the rules over there, we have to move. Why don't you put everything you can't do under the control of the embassy?"
In the summer of 2009, Honduras was hit by a bitter political crisis.
In the next regular election, Pepe Lobo won a landslide victory, promising redevelopment and mediation.
he asked Octavio to become chief of staff
Meanwhile, I was preparing to speak at TEDGlobal.
Through a process of tinkering and trial-and-error user testing, we were trying to boil down the difficult idea of ​​a charter city to its fundamental elements.
The first point is the importance of rules, such as not disturbing existing residents.
We often focus on new technologies, but in order to progress, we need rules in addition to technology, and it's the rules that often get in the way of us.
A friend from Guatemala sent Octavio a TEDTalk link in the fall of 2010.
he showed it to Javier
they contacted me
They said, "Let's show this to our country's leader."
And we met in a hotel conference room in Miami in December.
I explained how much the city was worth, and how much it was worth compared to the cost of building it.
I've shown on this slide how expensive vacant land is in places like New York. Look, some land can cost as much as $1,000 a square meter.
At that time, the discussion was relatively abstract, and in a pause, Octavio said, "Paul, why don't you watch the TEDTalk?"
(Laughter) The TEDTalk was talking about a charter city in very simple terms, and it starts with an uninhabited land, and the articles of incorporation set out the rules that apply to it, and the options you have to live by those rules. to provide people
The Prime Minister of Honduras said that he needed to move forward with this project and that it would be a path for the country to grow, and he asked me to help him.
I was invited to Tegucigalpa to speak on January 4th and 5th.
So I gave a lecture with data like the following slide, and the point is that to build a worthwhile city, you have to have a certain amount of space.
Here's a picture of Denver, bordered by the new airport being built in Denver.
This airport alone occupies 100 square kilometers
I wanted to tell them that if you want to build a new city, you have to start with at least 1,000 square kilometers of land.
Over 250 acres
Everyone respectfully praised
Every face in the audience was serious and focused.
The chairman came up to the stage and said, "Dr. Romer, thank you for your talk, but why don't you watch the TEDTalk?
I brought my laptop
I sat down and they played me a TEDTalk.
It was spot on, which means that new cities can offer people new options.
We all have a choice as to which city we go to, not hundreds of miles to the north, but Honduras.
Present new options to leaders
Because Honduran government leaders may need help from partner countries, and they may benefit from partner countries, helping them develop and enforce the rules so that everyone can trust that the statutes are really enforced. you may need someone to help
Prime Minister Lobo believes that the commitment to enforcement, which I thought was necessary to attract foreign investors and build the city, is equally important to any political party in Honduras, which has long suffered from fear and mistrust. was
we visited the site
This is a photo from that time
Covers well over 1,000 square kilometers
Immediately after that, on January 19th, Congress voted on a constitutional amendment to provide for a provision for special development zones.
The vote on this constitutional change was 124 to 1 in a country that had just gone through a painful crisis.
All parties, all factions supported this.
To be made part of the constitution, it must be passed twice by parliament.
And on February 17th, it also passed with a vote of 114 to 1.
Shortly after this, from February 21st to 24th, 30 representatives from Honduras traveled to the two countries that showed the greatest interest in the urban building business.
one is korea
Here's a picture of the new center of the newly created city in South Korea, bigger than downtown Boston.
Everything in the picture was built in the last four years, four years to get the permits.
Another country was Singapore
Singapore has already built two cities in China and is about to start the third.
Our situation can be summed up like this
We've secured a location, and we're considering a second location.
We're in the process of setting up a legal system to allow us to bring in investment advisors, including an external legal system.
A country has stepped forward as the Supreme Court of our new justice system.
Some designers and builders are very interested.
They also raise funds
One problem we're solving is that we have a lot of tenants.
There are a lot of companies that want to be located in the United States, especially where free trade is possible, and there are a lot of people who want that as well.
There are 700 million people in the world who want to move to another place immediately and live permanently.
Millions of Latin Americans immigrate to the United States each year.
Many of them are fathers who need to leave their families and go to work, and some are single mothers who need money for food and clothing.
Among them, sadly, are children, some of whom migrate to reunite with their parents who have been separated for more than a decade.
So what's the idea of ​​building a whole new city in Honduras?
What does building dozens or even hundreds of similar cities around the world lead to?
What's the idea of ​​giving every family a choice of multiple cities competing for residents?
It's an idea worth spreading to the world.
A friend in Honduras has a message for you. Thank you TED.
(applause)
Suppose two couples had babies on the exact same day, at the same moment, in the middle of 1979.
We both had a baby
Don't think too much about the process of conception.
In a couple, let's say a sperm carrying a Y chromosome meets an egg's X chromosome.
In another couple, a sperm with an X chromosome meets the egg's X chromosome.
let both be viable
More on this later
I am involved in two things
one is the history of anatomy
My specialty is history, so in this case, I'm studying how humans and animals have treated their bodies in the past, how we deal with bodily fluids, how we think about the body, how we think about the body.
The other is that I'm working as an advocate for patients, but sometimes my work for patients ends up being an impatient advocate.
I've worked with people who have unusual body types.
For example, conjoined twins, where two bodies are joined together
And then dwarfism, people who are much shorter than normal.
Many atypical gender characteristics -- people who don't have the standard male or female body types.
Commonly called hermaphroditism
there are various states
Let me give you a few examples of non-standard men and women.
For example, the SRY gene on the Y chromosome of a person with XY chromosomes dictates that the gonadal primordium that we all have as a fetus becomes the testes.
Fetal testes secrete testosterone
In this patient, testosterone receptors are missing, so the body doesn't respond to testosterone.
This is called androgen insensitivity
High testosterone doesn't respond
As a result, the body develops like a woman's.
looks like a girl at birth
raised as a girl
A lot of times, when you hit puberty, grow and have big breasts, you realize something's wrong because you don't have your first period.
On examination, it turns out that instead of ovaries and uterus, it has testes and it has a Y chromosome.
The point here is that you might think this person is really a man, but he's not.
Women, like men, have organs called adrenal glands.
on the back of the body
The adrenal glands produce androgens, or virilizing hormones.
I think my body is typical female, but I don't know my chromosomal make-up.
It reacts by producing androgens.
Women's brains, like ours, are born with testicles, which exposes them to more androgens than women with androgen insensitivity.
Gender is so complicated that hermaphrodites can't be labeled as in-between, they can be anywhere.
Another example: A few years ago, I got a call from a 19-year-old man who was born a boy, was raised as a boy, had a girlfriend, had sex with a girl, lived a life as a man, and found out he had ovaries and a uterus.
It was an extreme case of something called congenital adrenal hyperplasia.
He had the XX chromosome, and while in the womb his adrenal glands were so active that they created an androgen environment.
The brain was affected by the more typical virilizing elements in the hormones, which led to the formation of male genitalia.
He appeared to be a boy at birth, and no one doubted him.
Then, when I turned 19, I started having medical problems. I started menstruating inside my body, and doctors discovered that my internal genitals were female.
So, briefly, let me give you another example of hermaphroditism.
Some people with XX chromosomes have what's called ovotesticles, where the ovarian tissue is lined with testicular tissue.
Although I don't fully understand why
Sexuality can take many forms.
Children with these bodies, whether they're dwarfism, conjoined twins, or hermaphrodites, are often surgically "repaired" because they're not healthier.
they are often very healthy
The reason we do so many surgeries is that they often threaten social classification.
Because it's based on the concept that identity is defined by the anatomical features of the body.
To be female one must have female traits To be black one must have ancestry with African anatomy
we have a terribly simple concept
So when you come across bodies that are very different, you can't sort them out and you're confused.
America is individualistic
built on a romantic concept
You can imagine how confusing it would be to have two children born in one body.
In the latest controversy, South African runner Castor Semenya was questioned about his gender at the World Championships last year.
I was called by a journalist and asked, "What tests do you use to determine Caster Semenya's gender?"
I answered that there is no such test.
Now that we know that gender is complicated, we have to admit that the natural world doesn't distinguish between male and female, male, hermaphrodite, female, and we are the ones who draw the line.
The more science advances, the more we have to admit that what was positioned as a classification of identity was thought to be an unshakeable classification of body structure, but it was more ambiguous than I expected. is the
not only gender
Race is also much more complicated than the terminology implies.
There are many troublesome problems
For example, humans and chimpanzees share at least 95% of their DNA.
What should we make of the fact that little has changed?
The more advanced science gets, the more puzzling it gets and the more we have to admit that the simple classification is too simplistic.
you see this everywhere
For example, in my country, the United States, there is a debate about the beginning and the end of life.
There's a difficult dialogue going on about when humans begin in terms of having separate human rights from fetuses.
And the question of when a person dies is a less pervasive problem than the medical world, but a difficult one.
The question of when people died wasn't so difficult back in the day.
If you twitch when you touch the bottom of your nose with a feather, it won't bury you.
If it didn't move, I would have buried it.
Now we're taking vital organs and transplanting them into other people.
The result is a debate about human death, and this creates a very difficult situation where the simple classifications of the old days don't work.
You might think that breaking down the taxonomy would make people like me happy.
I'm a political progressive who tries to protect people with atypical bodies, and things like this make me nervous.
It's nerve-wracking to discover that these categories are much more unstable than we thought.
I'm nervous from a democratic point of view.
Let me explain this tension: I'm a big fan of the Founding Fathers of the United States.
They were racist and sexist, but they were great people.
They were very brave and daring, and they were very innovative in their actions.
Because of the events of 1776 brought about by the founding fathers.
I think the Founding Fathers were the first body activists, and that's why.
They threw away the concept of body structure and replaced it with an innovation that lasted for the next 200 years.
As you know, the Founding Fathers rejected the monarchy, which was based on a very simple conception of the body.
The monarchs of the Old World didn't have the concept of DNA, but they did have the concept of birthright.
aristocratic lineage
Their idea was that political power should be passed down from ancestors to descendants by lineage.
The Founding Fathers rejected that concept and replaced it with another concept of the body, which was that all humans were created equal.
What they've established is that it's the physical similarities that matter, not the differences, and that's very revolutionary.
The fact that it was the Age of Enlightenment also played a part.
Two sciences were developing at the same time.
If you look at the Founding Fathers, it's clear that many were interested in science, and they were interested in a naturalistic conception of the world.
They moved away from the supernatural interpretation and rejected the concept of supernatural power, power that was transmitted because of the vague notion of birthright.
They moved to the concept of naturalism.
The American Declaration of Independence refers to the laws of nature and the laws of nature's god.
Not God or God Nature
We use the power of nature to explain who we are.
In it they introduced the concept of body commonality.
And in doing so, he brilliantly established his later civil rights activism.
Even if it wasn't the intention, amazingly, it turned out that way.
what happened after that
The women who were trying to get the right to vote used the Founding Fathers' concept that physical commonality was more important than difference, saying, "The difference of having a womb and ovaries is the right to vote, to civil rights, to civil rights. That's not a good enough reason to prevent us from acquiring real estate."
The women's protests produced spectacular results.
Then came civil rights activism, notably Sojourner Truth, who said, "Am I not a woman?"
At a civil rights march, there was a man who said, "I'm human."
There were people of color who achieved success by appealing to commonalities instead of physical differences.
The same thing can be seen in the disability rights movement.
Of course, there's a problem. As we start to look at commonalities, we have to start asking why we keep certain divisions.
There are some things in our culture that require anatomical distinctions.
For example, we don't want fish to have the same rights as humans.
I'm not saying that you should abandon anatomical considerations.
I don't think a five-year-old should be allowed to have sex or consent to marriage.
Convincing anatomical distinctions should be maintained.
But it's hard to sort them out and figure out why and what they mean.
came to life at the same time as before
Let's go back to the story of these two men, who came to life on the same day in mid-1979.
One of them, Mary, was born on March 1, 1980, three months ahead of schedule.
Another Henry was born on June 1, 1980.
Because she was born three months before her due date, Mary gets all the rights three months before Henry does: consent to have sex, the right to vote, the right to drink.
Henry doesn't age biologically, but he has to wait for the time of his birth.
There's another funny thing about rights
Henry, who was presumed to be male, has the XY chromosomes, but to be considered male, he must serve in the military. Mary doesn't have to worry about that.
On the other hand, Mary doesn't get the right to marry that Henry gets in every state, but Henry can marry a woman in any state.
Mary can only marry women in some states.
This continued categorization by body structure causes problems in many ways.
The question is, what do we do when we are forced to admit that as science develops in observing the body, body-based democracy may begin to crumble?
I don't want to give up on science, but it feels like science is slipping out of our control.
now what should i do
There seems to be a pragmatic response in our culture that says, "We're drawing the line because we have to draw it somewhere."
But a lot of people find themselves in funny situations.
At one point in Texas, they decided that marrying a man meant they didn't have a Y chromosome, and marrying a woman meant they had a Y chromosome.
We don't actually look at the chromosomes, but
This is also a very strange story, because, as I mentioned at the beginning, there are examples of things like androgen insensitivity.
Martin Luther King, one of the fathers of modern democracy, offers a solution in his speech.
Instead of judging people by the color of their skin, we should go beyond the framework of their bodies and judge them by their personality.
I'd say it's a good idea
how do you actually do it
How can we make judgments based on personality?
And is that the way humans should be given their rights, because I have to admit that I know some dogs that deserve more social welfare than some humans.
I would also like to say that there is probably a dog that is more knowledgeable, smarter and more discerning when it comes to sexual intercourse than a 40-year-old I know.
Now, how can we make the personality problem viable?
this turned out to be very difficult
I sometimes wonder, what if, in the future, the content of a person's personality could be scanned or MRI'd?
would you want that?
i don't know what to do
I do understand that it would be very important for America to be in the lead when considering this democratic issue.
I believe that America has done well in the democratic effort and will continue to contribute.
We don't have the situation in Iran, where gay men are at risk of being murdered, but accepting a gender change saves their lives.
There is no such situation in America
I'm glad we don't have a situation in America where I had a surgeon I spoke to a few years ago -- a surgeon who brought in conjoined twins to do a separate operation, also to sell himself.
When I spoke with the doctor on the phone, I asked him why he was doing the operation because it was a high-risk operation, and he said that in that country, the child would have a very hard time, so I had to have the operation.
I asked him if he ever considered political asylum instead of amputation.
America has provided tremendous possibilities for people to be themselves.
we have to take the lead
Finally, I would like to make a suggestion, although we've been talking about the founding fathers.
I want to think about the possibilities of what democracy might have looked like if mothers were more involved.
To put it a little radically for feminists, there may be different insights that come from different bodies, especially when thinking in groups.
I've been interested in hermaphrodite for many years, but I'm also interested in studying gender differences.
One of the things that interests me is the difference between the way men and women think and behave in society.
What we know from cross-cultural research is that women, not all women, on average, pay attention to complex social relationships, tending to care for the most vulnerable of them.
With that in mind, we have an interesting situation at hand.
Many years ago, when I was in graduate school, my supervisor, who knew that I was interested in feminism, and I thought I was a feminist then and now, asked me a strange question.
"Can you tell me what is feminine about feminism?"
i thought it was a stupid question
Feminism is about breaking down gender stereotypes, there's nothing feminine about it.
But the more I thought about it, the more I realized that there might be a feminine element.
Maybe there's something about the average female brain that's different from the male brain, something that cares more about complex social relationships and vulnerable people.
Looking at how the Founding Fathers cared about finding ways to protect people from their country, if we had brought more women into this concept, we would have been more considerate of each other, not just how to protect people. maybe
And maybe that's what the future needs. When we think of democracy as something beyond the body, it's not about the individual's body as an identity, but about relationships.
Think about what we, the people, can do for each other so that we can build a more perfect country.
thank you
(applause)
Everywhere you look, everything was fine with John.
He had just signed a deal to sell his New York apartment, which he had owned for only five years, for more than $100,000.
After completing my master's degree, the graduate school offered me a teaching position, which included not only a salary but also benefits.
And yet, even though everything seemed fine for John, he was still struggling with drug addiction and depression.
On the night of June 11, 2003, he climbed to the edge of the Manhattan Bridge fence and threw himself into dangerous water.
Amazingly—no, miraculously—he lived.
After the fall damaged my right arm, all my ribs broken, my lung burst, and my half-consciousness drifted down the East River, drifted under the Brooklyn Bridge to the ferry lanes of Staten Island, Ferry passengers moan in pain. When he heard about it, he reported it to the captain, and the Coast Guard, who was alerted, rescued him from the East River and took him to Bellevue Hospital.
And here the real story begins
Because when John decides to restart his life -- first physically, then emotionally and then mentally -- there is very little support available for people who, like him, have ended their own lives. I noticed that
In one study, 19 out of 20 people who attempt suicide fail.
But people who fail are 37 times more likely to succeed the second time.
This is a really dangerous group with a lack of support systems to support them.
So what happens when those people try to get back to normal? The taboos around suicide keep us from knowing what to say, and most of the time we can't speak up.
That makes people like John more isolated.
I know John well because I am John.
And today, for the first time in any kind of public setting, I'm going to share my journey to this point.
After losing a beloved teacher in 2006, losing a best friend to suicide last year, and attending TEDActive last year, I thought I should break my silence, overcome my own taboos, and talk about ideas worth spreading, and it's back to normal. People who have made this difficult choice need a strong support system and our help.
To put it in the Trevor Project's way, "I'm sure it will get better."
“Much Better”
And I chose to present myself today as a completely different person, to encourage and call out to you, if any of you have ever considered or attempted suicide, or if you know someone who has, just tell me. talk and ask for help
It's worth discussing, and it's an idea worth spreading.
thank you
(applause)
I met Harriet a few years ago when I attended the TED Conference in Long Beach.
We met on the internet a long time ago, not in the way you imagine.
We were introduced through a mutual acquaintance named Linda Avey, founder of the first online personal genetics company.
We gave Linda her genetic information, so she knew that Harriet and I were both distant cousins ​​with the rare mitochondrial DNA type haplotype K1a1b1a.
Actually, I have the same bloodline as Ozzy, the snowman.
Ozzy, Harriet and me
I also created a facebook group
please join us
When I met Harriet at TED the following year, she ordered one of our haplotype t-shirts.
(Laughter) Now what is this story about?
What does this have to do with the future of health?
The way I met Harriet is an example of how rapidly evolving cross-disciplinary technologies will impact our lives in the future, from low-cost genetic analysis to powerful bioinformatics applications and the Internet. and connection with social networks, etc.
What I want to talk to you about today is an introduction to rapidly developing technology.
we often think linearly
But think about it, for example, if you cut a lotus leaf in half every day, 2, 4, 8, 16 -- 32,000 after 15 days.
How old do you think it will be in January?
1 billion
When you think about it exponentially like this, you can see how rapidly the technology around us is changing.
As a doctor and an innovator, I can tell you that by maximizing the use of these technologies, we can have a profound impact on the future of health and medicine, and we can address some of the most important problems in today's healthcare, like high-cost healthcare and aging populations. The underutilized information, the fragmented healthcare supply, and the often difficult acceptance of innovation.
What we can do is move this curve to the left.
We spend most of our money in the last 20% of our lives.
If we could use that money to motivate the doctors in the health system and ourselves, could we shift the curve to the left, improve our own health, and increase our use of technology?
My favorite fast-growing technology is the one in your pocket.
Think about it, this is truly amazing progress.
This is an iPhone 4
What can the iPhone 8 do?
Here's my insight
I'm a track sharer in medicine at Singularity University, which is based in Silicon Valley.
Every summer we gather about 100 highly talented students from all over the world.
We study fast-growing technologies from medicine, biotechnology, artificial intelligence, robotics, nanotechnology, cosmology, etc., and consider whether they can be trained and strengthened across disciplines to solve big problems.
There is also a special program for 7 days.
Coming next month is Future Med, a program for interdisciplinary training and medical applications of new technologies.
I mentioned mobile phones earlier.
There are over 20,000 apps on mobile phones
For example, there's an app out of the UK that connects to your iPhone and puts a tiny chip in your urine that can be used to diagnose venereal diseases.
i'm wondering if i should try
An app that combines a phone and diagnostic equipment
And there are many other things, for example, you can measure your blood sugar with your iPhone and send that data to your doctor, and both you and your doctor will have a good idea of ​​what your diabetics are doing with their blood sugar.
Let's take a look at the relationship between fast-growing technology and medicine
Let's start with speed
It's obvious from Moore's Law that computers are getting faster and faster.
It allows us to do more powerful things.
Computers are approaching and already surpassing human capabilities in many areas.
I think that the processing speed can be best utilized in image processing.
The current processing power to see inside the body in real time at very high resolution is amazing.
We can layer the results of PET scans, CT scans, molecular diagnostics, etc., so that we can look at things from multiple perspectives.
Here's a scan of TEDMED's director, Mark, who had the highest resolution MRI scan to date.
Now, we can see inside the brain with unprecedented methods and precision, and we can basically reconstruct it, and perhaps in the future, we can redesign it and reverse analyze it, so that we can better understand pathologies, diseases, treatments, and so on. will be like
We can look inside the brain with real-time fMRI.
By understanding these processes and connections, we can understand the effects of therapy and meditation, and we can create more individualized, more effective psychotropic drugs.
Scanners for these applications are becoming smaller, cheaper and more portable.
The resulting data growth is becoming a new problem.
Today's scan used 20 gigabytes
1 terabyte per scan in a few years
How do we use this information?
let's get personal
If you're over 50, it's time to get a screening colonoscopy.
How am I supposed to avoid that scope?
Now we have what's called a virtual colonoscopy.
Compare, if you're a radiologist
This is how you can look at a patient's colon, and if you amplify that data with artificial intelligence, you can find lesions like this. Combining radiology with artificial intelligence, you can find lesions that you might have previously missed.
This result may increase the motivation to undergo a colonoscopy.
This is an example of a paradigm shift
We are advancing into an era of digital medicine that integrates biomedical IT, radio, and mobile phones.
My stethoscope is also digital, and of course there's an app for that.
We're clearly moving into the tricorder era.
Handheld ultrasound is superior to and replacing the stethoscope.
These prices were originally in the hundreds of thousands of dollars
Now, for about $5,000, you can get a powerful diagnostic device that fits in the palm of your hand.
And we're going to combine this with digital medical records, which is still less than 20% in the US, but I think it was over 80% in the Netherlands.
We're moving to electronic medical records, and when that becomes available, we'll be able to crowdsource that information.
Also, now is the era of iPad and even iPad2
Just last month, the first FDA-cleared app was approved for radiologists to read images with such a device.
Doctors today, myself included, rely entirely on these devices.
As you may have seen, IBM's Watson defeated two Jeopardy champions last month.
Just imagine, in the next few years, we'll start leveraging cloud-based information, artificially intelligent doctors, connecting our brains to the internet to make decisions and diagnoses like never before.
Already, in many cases, there is no need to see a doctor in person.
Only about 20% of patients need to see a doctor in person.
Now is the era of virtual visits
For example, the American Well system over Skype, or the very complex visitation system developed by Cisco, is changing the way we interact with health care providers.
Virtual visits are expanding to mobile devices
Here's a picture of a head laceration that my friend Jessica sent me, without sending her to the emergency room, so we can diagnose it.
Or we can use gaming technology, for example, Microsoft's Kinect, to modify it to be able to diagnose strokes using a simple motion detector that costs $100.
Now we can visit patients via robots.
This is RP7, and if I'm a hematologist, I can visit other clinics and hospitals.
You'll be able to use household appliances to enhance their functionality.
I already have a wireless scale
You can step on the scale, tweet your results, and have your friends monitor your weight.
There is also a wireless blood pressure monitor.
All technologies combined
You don't have to wear this cumbersome device, just put a patch on it.
On the right is iRhythm, developed by a colleague at Stanford.
A cheaper and more efficient alternative to existing technology
Now it's time to quantify the individual.
Consumers can buy something like this FitBit for about $100
You can count your steps and calculate your calorie consumption
You can get this information every day, and you can share it with friends and doctors.
A wristwatch that can measure your heart rate and is also a sleep monitor for Zeo.
Integrating a variety of information about our health will give us greater insight into our own pathological health.
We also have mirrors today that can measure your heart rate.
The future will have wearable devices in our clothes that monitor us 24/7.
For example, like in-vehicle telematics, it might turn on a red light,
Instead of "check engine," it's going to be "check body," and then see a doctor.
Maybe years from now, when you look in the mirror, it will diagnose you.
(Laughter) For those of you who have kids at home, how about wireless diapers?
Now, there's a lot of new technology, a lot of connectivity.
Some of these technologies will bring us closer to our patients, give us more time, and will allow us to expand the touch that is a key component of therapeutics.
We've been talking about patient side expansion.
What about doctor-side extensions?
Surgeons are now able to enter patients' bodies with transcendent technology assistance, and robotic surgery can do many things that were impossible just five years ago.
And this, too, is enhanced by technologies such as augmented reality.
So the doctor can look inside the patient through the lens and locate tumors and blood vessels.
This can be integrated with decision support
For example, a doctor in New York can help a doctor in Amsterdam.
Also, we're moving into an era of atraumatic surgery called NOTES, where we can use a robotic endoscope to remove the gallbladder through the stomach, without a single injury, and it's done robotically.
The procedure, called NOTES, is essentially atraumatic and robotic.
But what about controlling other elements?
For patients with disabilities such as diplegia, there's something called a brain-computer interface (BCI), where a chip in the frontal lobe motor cortex of a quadriplegic can control a cursor, a wheelchair, and ultimately a robotic prosthesis.
These devices are getting smaller and smaller, and they're going to be introduced to more and more patients.
Imagine bionic prostheses, still in clinical trials.The DEKA arm, created by Dean Kamen and others, has 17 moving parts, providing an unprecedented level of dexterity for amputees. can do
We are entering the era of wearable robots.
Stroke survivors, for example, can take advantage of these extended limbs.
If you're a paraplegic, the people at Berklee Bionics have developed something called eLEGS.
It was taken last week
A paraplegic patient wearing an external skeleton and actually walking.
If you don't wear this, you will be completely in a wheelchair.
We are in the early days of the wearable robot era.
Using technologies like these, we're redefining people with disabilities, sometimes as psychics.
This is Amy Mullins, who lost both legs as a child, and Hugh Herr, an MIT professor who lost both legs in a climbing accident.
They can both climb faster, move faster and swim differently with their prostheses.
other fast growing
Clearly, obesity is booming in the wrong direction, and it's costing us a lot.
The trend in medicine is change to miniaturization
For example, I made the world of the movie "Micro-Desperate Zone" a reality.
There's something called the iPill, if you swallow this integrated device.
It can move through the digestive system and take images to aid in diagnosis and treatment.
We'll also have smaller robots that can move autonomously inside the body, allowing them to do things that surgeons can't do, more non-invasively.
There will also be things that will self-assemble in the digestive system and then function.
In the heart, pacemakers are getting smaller and easier to implant, so training intervention cardiologists isn't necessary.
Also, since these can be remotely monitored by mobile devices, etc., you can remotely monitor them even if you are free to go out.
These are getting smaller as well.
Here's a prototype from Medtronic that's smaller than a dime
A retinal prosthesis puts this array behind the eye to give sight to blind people, and it's still in its infancy, but it's making progress.
would be revolutionary
How about supplemental contact lenses for those with normal vision?
Sends images to your eyes via Bluetooth or WiFi
(Laughter) If you're struggling with your eating habits, maybe we could display the data so that you can see how many calories you're eating.
What if a pathologist could use a mobile phone to make microscopic diagnoses and collect that data in the cloud to improve diagnosis?
In fact, the realm of laboratory medicine is being transformed.
Now, this chip, developed by Steve Quake at Stanford, uses microfluidic technology.
It can replace all the work of a lab technician, put it on a chip, and allow thousands of different tests to be performed anywhere in the world at the point of care.
For remote and developing regions, this chip will be a technology enabler that will allow tests that used to cost $1,000 to be done for one cent at the point of care.
As miniaturization continues, we're entering the age of nanomedicine, where devices can be miniaturized to design red blood cells, build microrobots that can monitor the immune system, or remove blood clots from arteries.
Let's move on to the story of the sharp price drop.
It's not often cited when we think of the medical age, but a 10MB hard drive that used to cost $3,400 is now dramatically cheaper.
In the field of genomes, when it first appeared 10 years ago, it cost a billion dollars to sequence.
maybe next year it will be $1000
It will drop to $100 within two years.
What can you do with the genome for $100?
Enables countless genome analyzes
And when we start crowdsourcing that information, things get interesting. We're entering an era of truly personalized medicine, where we're prescribing the same best-selling drugs that don't work for certain individuals. It allows us to administer different, personalized medicines at the right time.
A lot of companies are trying to use these techniques.
23andMe I'll show you a simpler example
The data show that my risk of developing macular degeneration, a form of blindness, is almost normal.
If you upload this same data to deCODEme, you'll find, for example, that your risk of type 2 diabetes is twice the normal.
You may become more mindful of how much dessert you have for lunch.
Data may change my behavior
Using my knowledge of pharmacogenomics, the impact of my genes on drug metabolism, the effects of drugs, and the doses of drugs, becomes very important. The more information that can be obtained for individuals, the better drug choices and doses. will come to understand
It's not just our genes, it's all about our habits and our environment.
When was the last time a doctor asked about your residence history?
In geophysics, where you live and the environments you've been exposed to can have dramatic effects on your health.
we can get that information
Genomics, proteomics, and environmental data are all flowing in pieces to us, to doctors, and how do we manage them?
We are entering an era of systems medicine, systems biology, where all of this information can be integrated.
For example, a single test looking at patterns in 10,000 blood biomarkers could detect disease at a very early stage.
This was put forward by Lee Hood of the P4 Institute of Medicine, the father of the field.
We will be able to know what diseases we will have in the future.
It becomes preventable and individualized.
More importantly, individuals will become more health conscious.
Active use of your data through websites like Patients Like Me, Microsoft HealthVault and Google Health will become increasingly important.
Finally, I'd like to talk about other things that have improved dramatically.
We all want better care
Oral medications are used to treat high blood pressure
What if we could use a new device to disable the nerves that control blood pressure and cure high blood pressure in one go?
Here is the device that makes it possible
It should hit the market in a year or two
What about targeted cancer therapy?
Yes, I'm an oncologist, and I have to say that most of what we administer is poison.
We learned at Stanford and elsewhere that we could find cancer stem cells that cause cancer to recur.
If you compare cancer to weeds, if you cut the weeds, they'll appear to go away for a while, but they usually go back to normal.
So the therapeutic target was wrong.
If cancer stem cells remain, the tumor will recur in months to years.
We're working to identify cancer stem cells, and we're targeting these cells for long-term cures.
We're entering an era of personalized oncology, where all the data can be aggregated and made available, where tumors can be analyzed to come up with personalized cancer drug combinations.
I would like to finish by talking about regenerative medicine.
I've done a lot of research on stem cells.
Embryonic stem cells are particularly powerful cells
Also, living stem cells are found throughout the body, and we use these for bone marrow transplants.
Just last year, Geron conducted the first trial of using human embryonic stem cells to treat spinal cord injuries.
It's still a phase I trial and it's progressing.
We've actually been doing clinical trials with living stem cells for 15 years, and we've studied a wide range of subjects, especially cardiovascular disease.
We take our own bone marrow cells to treat heart disease patients, and by using their own bone marrow-derived cells, we see significant improvements in post-stroke heart function and survival.
I've developed a device called the MarrowMiner that is much less invasive and allows you to harvest bone marrow.
It's been cleared by the FDA, so it should hit the market next year.
I wish I could tell you how wonderful it is that we're harvesting donor bone marrow with just one puncture using local anesthesia, not 200 punctures like we've done before.
So where is stem cell therapy headed?
If you think about it, every cell in your body has the same DNA as it did in the embryo.
Now we can reprogram skin cells to look like pluripotent embryonic stem cells, and we can use them to treat multiple organs in the same patient, so we can have a personalized stem cell line.
I think the time will come for personal stem cell banks, where you can cryopreserve your own heart muscle cells, muscle cells, nerve cells, and use them in the future when you need them.
We're going to integrate this with cell engineering, a rapidly growing technology that enables 3D printing of organs, using cells instead of ink, essentially reconstructing organs in 3D.
That's the direction we're headed
It's still early days, but it's going to be an example of fast-growing technology integration.
Finally, given the trends in technology and its impact on health and medicine, we are moving toward miniaturization, decentralization, and personalization.
If we start putting them together, understanding them, and thinking about how we can harness them, empower patients, empower doctors, improve health, and we can start the healing process long before we get sick.
As a doctor, I'm excited to see early-stage patients come in, because it's often curable.
But sometimes it's too late, like stage 3 or 4 cancer.
So the integration of these technologies will usher in a new era of stage-zero medicine.
I look forward to the day I lose my job as a cancer specialist.
thank you very much
(Applause) Moderator: Thank you.
(Applause) Bow.
Tom Zimmermann, TZ: I would like to take you on a fantasy journey, visiting creatures we call "the Elders."
The reason we call them the Elders is because 500 million years ago, the Elders tripled the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere, which caused the explosion of life and the birth of all of us.
You know the creatures we call "elders" by the name "plankton."
(Laughter) Now, Simoni is a physicist and I'm an inventor.
A few years ago, I gave a talk about my invention, the 3D microscope.
Simoni was in the audience
He realized that his problem could be solved with my microscope.
The problem is how to measure plankton movement in three dimensions fast enough to make a mathematical model of how plankton feel and behave. something like
Frankly, I needed a way to use the microscope.
(Laughter) It was just a ferry.
(Laughter) We started working together and learning about this amazing creature.
Then I discovered something and felt a sense of danger.
that's why i'm here today
There's something I want to do with you all
Hold your breath for just one second
Yes, I literally hold my breath
This is a world without plankton
Plankton use sunlight to produce two-thirds of the oxygen we breathe.
Now breathe, there's still plankton
for now
Simoni Bianco, SB: As many of you know, since 1950, the average surface temperature has risen by 1 degree Celsius because of the CO2 we emit into the atmosphere.
This increase in temperature doesn't seem like a big deal to us, but it's a big deal to plankton.
Indirect measurements show that the number of phytoplankton on Earth declined by 40 percent between 1950 and 2010, and climate change may be to blame.
This is a problem because the fish that eat the plankton starve to death.
And one billion people around the world rely on seafood as their primary source of animal protein.
So this isn't just about breathing, is it?
No more plankton, no more seafood.
Then you need a lot of alternative food.
there are other interesting things
In fact, long-dead plankton is the bulk of the carbon fuel we use today.
This is ironic, so to speak.
Because the plankton that are alive today are cleaning that carbon out of the atmosphere.
But plankton don't hold onto their roots.
(Laughter) The problem is that plankton can't keep up with the sheer amount of carbon we're putting into the atmosphere.
What does this mean
Our CO2 emissions are so high that they are destroying the very organisms that feed us.
Exactly like Tom said, killing about half of the organisms that help us breathe is really serious.
You're probably asking yourself, why aren't we doing anything?
Our theory is that plankton are so small that it's very difficult to care for organisms that are invisible to the naked eye.
Ladies and gentlemen, I'm going to quote one of my favorite quotes from "The Little Prince."
We believe that if more people could face plankton fimbriae, we'd have a better chance of coming together and trying to save these creatures, because they're so important to life on this planet.
TZ: That's right, Simoni.
To make this happen, let me take you on a scuba diving trip with Plankton.
But to do that, I'd have to shrink you to 1,000 times smaller, which is a world where the diameter of a human hair is the width of my arm.
By chance, I invented a device that can do just this.
SB: Are there any of you who remember the movies “Micro no Kesshinken” and “Inner Space”?
you know
Martin Short is my all-time favorite actor.
this is just like
TZ: Exactly
When I was a child, I watched "The Microscopic Desperate Zone" and was fascinated by the world of being able to move through the bloodstream and observe the workings of living organisms at the cellular level.
I was always inspired by science fiction
As an inventor, I try to turn fantasies into reality.
Some time ago, I invented a glove that allows me to travel and help you explore virtual worlds.
Now, let's explore the world under the microscope with this device we just invented.
this is real, not virtual
it's just very, very small
It's based on the microscope that Simoni focused on.
Let me explain how it works
The image sensor I have is like the stuff behind the lens of your cell phone.
I have a small plate of plankton water, the kind that comes from rivers and my fish tanks, because I don't do water changes in my tanks.
(Laughter) I like plankton.
(Laughter) Underneath, there's an LED light that casts a plankton shadow onto the image sensor.
Now, this silver thing is an XY plotter that drives the image sensor to follow the plankton as they swim.
Now comes the fantasy part
(Laughter) If you put a tilt sensor on top of this helmet, you'll be able to control the microscope with your head.
So let's take a look at the footage captured by this image sensor.
These are all plankton
This is inside the little dish, and when I move my head, I can move the microscope.
Come on, I'm ready to go scuba diving with Plankton.
My head is the navigator and Simoni is the tour guide.
SB: Yes
(Laughter) Ladies and gentlemen, welcome to the wonderful world of life in water droplets.
In fact, as you can see, this tool can take you farther than just a drop of water.
let's find something
The little creature you see in the middle of the screen is called a rotifer.
It collects garbage from our water
can decompose organic matter and return it to the environment
As we all know, nature has a wonderful recycling capacity.
Biological structures are continually built, broken down and recycled, all powered by sunlight.
but think about it
What would happen if the garbage collectors disappeared and stopped coming to us?
something else? look for something else
look at that
You can see this thing in the shape of a big ice cream cone.
This is an amazing creature called a Stentor.
Even though they are large, they are single-celled organisms.
Remember that rotifer you saw earlier?
A rotifer is half a millimeter and has about 1,000 cells. Roughly speaking, there are 15 brain cells, 15 digestive cells, and an equal number of germ cells, the golden ratio, if you will.
(Laughter) But... right?
TZ: I agree
SB: But Stentor is a single-celled organism.
Yet it can sense and react to its surroundings.
You know, when I'm happy, I swim forward, and when I'm trying to get away from something like a toxic chemical, I swim backward.
Together with my colleagues at the Center for Cellular Construction, and with the help of the National Science Foundation, we're using Stentor to detect the presence or absence of contamination in food and water, and I think that's really cool.
Now it's the end
You can see the dots, the one in the background. This is algae.
This is the organism that supplies most of the oxygen to the atmosphere.
It converts sunlight and carbon dioxide into the oxygen that fills your lungs.
We are all breathing the breath of algae.
TZ: (exhales) SB: You did it! (Laughter) Now here's something interesting.
About a billion years ago, ancient plants acquired the ability to carry out photosynthesis by incorporating microscopic plankton into their cells.
This is just like how humans put solar panels on the roofs of their homes.
That's why the world under the microscope is even more amazing than science fiction.
TZ: Exactly
As you can see, plankton is extremely important to our life and very much needed by us.
If we kill plankton, we die, either by suffocation or by starvation.
i know it's sad
(Laughter) In a game against plankton, you win or you die.
(Laughter) Now, what's amazing to me is that we've known about global warming for over a hundred years.
It's been a long time since the Swedish scientist Arrhenius calculated the effect of burning fossil fuels on the temperature of the Earth.
We've known about global warming for a long time, but it's never too late to act now.
Yes, our world is built on fossil fuels, but we can build our society on renewable solar energy for a more sustainable and secure future.
It's good for these little creatures, plankton, and it's good for us, and I'll tell you why.
The three concerns of every person on earth are invariably work, violence and health.
If you get a job, you get food and shelter.
When you see these creatures, they're looking for places to swim around, eat, and reproduce.
If one cell is programmed that way, then of course 30 trillion cells are the same.
violence or
Dependence on fossil fuels weakens nations
The result is all sorts of conflicts over oil resources.
Solar energy, on the other hand, is available everywhere on earth, and no one can block it.
(Laughter) Finally, I'm healthy.
Fossil fuels are like global tobacco.
If you ask me, coal is tobacco without a filter.
If you smoke, when should you stop?
Audience: now
TZ: That's right, before I had lung cancer.
Some people may give up on facing the facts and thinking logically.
Until I got sick. (Laughter) Yes, some people abandon fact and logic.
If you suffer, you will eventually be forced to change.
But instead, let us use our new brain, the neocortex, to save our elders, the oldest creatures on earth.
Let's apply science to harness the energy that has fueled the Elders for millions of years: sunlight.
thank you
(applause)
my mother was a philanthropist
Well, I know what you're looking for, and the answer is, yes, my mother was a bit like Melinda Gates (Laughter), but she had a much smaller forehead.
(Laughter) My mother practiced philanthropy in our community through what we call "Isilica."
We helped a lot of children get an education, and we invited a lot of them into our homes to live with us so they could go to school.
Resources were gathered to build a community clinic and a maternity ward named in honor of my mother.
But most importantly, my mother was well-liked for her organizational skills within the community, because she organized communities, especially those made up of women, and found solutions to everything that was needed. is
She did all of this through "Isilica."
I will repeat it again for all of you, Isilica.
Now it's your turn, come with me
(Audience) Isilica
thank you
This is my native language called Maragoli, which is spoken in western Kenya, and now you can speak my mother tongue.
(Laughter) Isilica is a hands-on way of life that embraces all things charity, service, and philanthropy.
The essence of Isilica is making it clear that you are the guardians of your sisters, and yes, the guardians of your brothers.
Mutual responsibility to care for each other
Literally and simply translated into English, it would mean "equal tolerance," but its deeper philosophical meaning is "common care for one another."
How would Isilica actually happen?
I grew up in rural western Kenya.
I vividly recall the neighbors visiting each other's homes and, if someone was sick, harvesting crops for their family.
I would accompany her to community events, to women's events, and talk about vaccinations in schools, building clinics, and the really big thing, replenishing seeds for the next planting season.
And often, the community would come together and give money to the kids in the neighborhood to go to college, not just in the country, but abroad.
And so the surgeon was born
My country's first surgeon was from that rural village.
(Applause) Yeah...
Isilica accepts everyone
When I was a kid, I used to stand by adults, donate money, and watch my name on the community ledger just like adults do.
And as I grew up, I went to colleges at home and abroad, got a few degrees here and there, became a city citizen, went on to work internationally, in humanitarian and philanthropic work in development.
And in no time, Isilica was getting smaller.
gradually decreased and disappeared
Everywhere I learned new words
Words corresponding to "giver" and "recipient"
A word for "measuring the impact" of social contribution "return on investment"
Words corresponding to "business" and "plan"
Communities like the one I grew up in were referred to as "poor and helpless people."
It lived on less than a dollar a day and was the subject of an anti-poverty program in the communities documented.
By the way, they were Kenya's first United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.
What I'm really interested in right now is finding solutions to poverty and many of the other challenges of the world, because those challenges still exist.
However, I think we can do this better by incorporating Isilica.
let me tell you how
First, Isilica acknowledges that humanity is common.
It starts with the premise that you are the same human being regardless of your profession.
When we start with being the same human being, we start to perceive each other differently.
They won't see being a refugee first, they won't see being a woman first, they won't see being disabled first.
You will look first at being human
This is the essence of first recognizing people as people.
That way, you'll respect other people's ideas, and you'll respect their contributions, no matter how big they are.
and respect each other's opinions
That is the essence of Isilica.
I like to imagine if everyone in this room, whether you're a doctor, a parent, a lawyer, a philanthropist, or whoever you are, if you took Isilica and built on that mindset.
what can we accomplish for each other?
What can we do for humanity?
What can we do for peace?
What can we do for medical science?
Let me give you a few hints, because I want you all to join me in helping me rebuild and own Isilica.
First, we must believe that we are the same human beings, that we live on the same planet, and that we have no other choice.
No wall is high enough to divide humanity.
give up walls
I give up
(Applause) There's no such thing as "Planet B" that you can emigrate.
that's why it's so important
Once we've made that clear, let's move on to the next step.
For the second stage, remember, in Isilica, every idea has value.
There are large piers and small pegs that make up a bridge.
Every idea matters, small or big.
The third stage, Isilica recognizes, is that those who have much truly enjoy the privilege of giving.
It's a privilege to give more
(Applause) It's time for women to give more to women.
It's time to give more to women
Our parents didn't listen to us when they brought other children to live with us.
We had the power to go to school and earn money, and it was clear that we had a responsibility to do so.
Also, my parents made it clear that their wealth is not our child's birthright, and I think that's good wisdom from Isilica.
Today, we can use that wisdom to pass on to future generations what we've achieved together, no matter what culture or where.
I've seen Isilica in many places over the years, but what gives me today the passion to embrace Isilica is through the Global Fund for Women, through women's funds, through women's movements around the world. working with women in
When you work with women, you change every day, because in working with them, you experience a way of life that embodies Isilica.
In my work, I believe in women leaders and their ideas.
And with our financial support, their work can expand, grow, and thrive within their respective communities.
In 1990, a woman came to the Global Fund with a grand idea, and her name was Lucello Gonzalez, from Mexico.
She wanted to start a fund to support rooted activism in the Mexican community.
and got a loan of $7,500
Today, 25 years later, that fund, called Semillas, raised $17.8 million and spent it on the community.
(Applause) It's affecting more than two million people, and we're working with a group of 600,000 women in Mexico.
In the recent earthquake, we were able to work very closely with the community, and we were able to quickly work with people inside and outside the community to explore short-term needs and long-term needs.
I want to tell you that even long after the lights have gone out of Mexico, Semillas will have a long life with its community and its women.
And that's exactly what I'm talking about, supporting ideas rooted in the community there.
Thirty years ago, very little money went directly into the hands of women in the community.
Today, we have created 168 women's funds around the world, 100 of which are in our country.
And (applause) they support women's grassroots organizations, and together with girls and communities organized under the leadership of women, together we were able to provide a billion dollars to organizations led by women and girls. rice field
(Applause) But the challenge only started today.
Women are starting Isilica organizations all over the world, and some of them started Isilica at TED.
Because Isilica is an evergreen wisdom that lives on in the community.
You'll find it in rural indigenous communities as well.
What Isilica instills in people is the power to believe and the power to move forward.
So I'd like to share with you three things that I've learned along the way.
The first is that if you want to solve some of the world's biggest problems, you should invest in women and girls.
(Applause) Not only do they scale up their investments, they care for everyone in their community.
Not only do they care about their own needs, but they care about the needs of children, others in their community, the elderly, and more importantly, they protect themselves -- and that's really important -- and protect their communities. will protect
Women who know how to protect themselves know what it means to make a difference.
The second reason I want to invest in women and girls is because this is the smartest thing you can do in this day and age.
If we're going to have over $350 trillion by 2030, we need to put it in women's hands.
I grew up with Isilica
my mother was isilica
not a project or program
And now I'm telling you this
You can share this with your family, with your friends, with your community, and you can embrace Isilica as a way of life, as a practical way of life.
thank you
(Applause) Thank you.
(Applause) Thank you.
(applause)
I'm a contemporary artist, but my background is a bit odd.
It wasn't until I was in my twenties that I went to an art museum for the first time in my life.
I grew up in rural Arkansas, with nothing around and dirt roads, and the nearest movie theater was an hour away.
But I think it was a good environment for me to grow up as an artist, because I grew up with people who were unique and quirky and good with their hands.
My childhood was inexplicably rustic, and at the same time, much more intelligent than you might think.
For example, when my sister and I were kids, we had a competition to eat squirrel brains.
(Laughter) But on the other hand, my family were readers.
And speaking of TV, it was a documentary
I have never seen an avid reader like my father.
Read 1-2 novels a day
But when I was little I remember my dad killing flies in the house with my BB gun.
What's cool is he shouts from his recliner and says 'give me a BB gun and I get it'
What's surprising is that killing flies in your house with a gun is pretty cool, but what's cool is that you know how to shoot.
You can shoot from two rooms away and it won't hurt what the fly is on because it was strong enough to kill the fly but not hurt what was on it.
But let's talk about art anyway
(Laughter) I can't stop talking about my childhood.
I love contemporary art, but I often feel very frustrated with this world and this environment.
A few years ago, I spent a few months in Europe and saw some of the biggest international art exhibitions, which were supposed to give me an idea of ​​what was going on in the art world.
And then I went back and forth, and I was blown away, and I knew exactly what I was looking for.
I wanted something that wasn't there, something that wasn't there enough
But the two main things were, first of all, I wanted more accessible works that appealed to the general public.
And the other thing I wanted was more finesse and technique.
So I started to list what would be needed for the perfect biennale.
and decided to do my own biennale
I thought I'd plan it, direct it, and start doing it in the world.
So I thought I needed some criteria to select the works.
I have two important criteria.
One is "Granny's test"
It's what I call, and I imagine trying to explain a piece of art to my grandmother in five minutes.
It means that we need to work until we can explain it smoothly.
And the second set of rules - I don't like "rules" because it's an art.
A great work of art has a "head" that expresses an interesting intellectual idea or concept.
It also has a heart, and you can feel the passion, the thoughts, the soul.
and crafted as a "hand"
So I started thinking about how to do this biennale, how to travel the world and find artists.
But one day I came up with an easier way
I wish I could make it all up
(Laughter) So I did.
A biennale needs an artist
I thought that since it is an international biennale, we need artists from all over the world.
So what they did was they faked 100 artists from all over the world.
I figured out their backgrounds, their passions in life, their artistic style, and started creating their work.
(Laughter) (Applause) I thought there was no end to this kind of project.
So make it a real biennale
Two years working in the atelier
I decided to finish it in two years, and I did.
let's talk about these artists
Although diverse
I'm good at technique, so it was fun to try various techniques.
Realist painting, for example, can range from this style of the classic masters, to utterly realistic still lifes, to this kind of single-hair painting.
On the one hand, there's performances, short films, indoor exhibitions like this and this, and outdoor exhibitions like this and this.
By the way, I made them all
not photoshop compositing
I'm in the river with my goldfish
I'd like to introduce you to my imaginary artist.
This is Nell Lemmel
Nell is interested in farming, and his work is rooted in tilling the soil.
This work is called "Inverted Earth." I wanted to use the sky to cleanse a barren land.
And then a giant mirror -- (Applause) And here we're putting a giant mirror in the dirt.
This is 6.7 meters long
What I love about her work is that if you walk around and look down at the sky, and you look down and look at the sky, the sky expands in a different way.
Perhaps the best part of this piece is at dusk and dawn, when the shadow of the earth casts in and it's dark on the ground, but there's still a bright light overhead.
Standing here when it's dark around me makes me want to jump into this window.
Nice work, this is my parents' backyard in Arkansas.
I like digging holes
It was a lot of fun, because we spent two days digging through soft soil.
The next artist is Kay Ovastree, she's interested in ephemerality and transience.
The latest project is called "Weather I Made."
she's creating the weather for her body size
This work is "Frost"
What she did was blow back and forth on the cold, dry night, blowing on the grass to leave a sign of life -- a sign of life -- a sign of her life.
(Applause) This is a 1.5-foot-long, 12-centimeter-wide frost she left behind.
Melt when the sun rises
my mother played
Next is a group of Japanese artists, Japanese (Laughter) artists in Tokyo.
I wanted to create another field of art that hadn't existed before, but I needed funding, so I decided to do an interesting fundraising project.
One of them is a scratch-type masterpiece.
(Laughter) Each artist draws an original picture on a 23-by-18-inch card that sells for 10 dollars.
I don't know if it's genuine or not until I buy it.
And it created a boom in Japan, because everyone wanted a masterpiece.
The most valuable are the ones that are barely scratched
All of my works are, in one way or another, about luck, destiny, chance.
The first two are portraits of jumbo lottery winners years ago and after they won.
This is titled "Pull the short stick (poor lottery)"
(Laughter) I love it because my cousin introduced me to a friend one day in a very nice way, saying, "This is my cousin Shay.
You're really good at drawing sticks."
(Laughter) It was one of the best compliments I've ever received.
This artist is Gus Weinmuller, and he's doing a big project called "People's Art."
I'm also making a small piece in this called "Artist in Residence."
What I do is (Laughter) I spend a week at someone's house.
I'll come to your doorstep or doorstep with your pajamas and your toothbrush, ready to spend the week together.
And then, using only what's there, I create a small live-in atelier to work in.
I spend the week discussing with my family what great art is.
We'll talk things through, sift through all their possessions, and find materials to make a piece of work with.
And create a work of art that your family will love.
I painted a still life for this family
All his work is in some way related to settlement, space and private property.
The next project is from Wakin Parisvega, and what he's interested in is that he believes art can be lurking everywhere and with a little tweaking.
And we're doing it by harnessing the power of nature, for example, in our series of paintings using rain.
This is the "love nest" project.
What he did was get wild birds to make art for him.
I placed the materials where the wild birds would come to retrieve them and asked them to build a nest.
This nest is called "Mr. Lovelock's Head Nest".
This one is titled "Nest of Love Song Mixtape"
(Laughter) This is "The Lovemaking Nest."
(Laughter) Next is Sylvia Slater.
Silvia is interested in art education
a very serious swiss artist
(Laughter) She thought about her friends and family working in places of turmoil and in developing countries, and wondered what she could create that would help them, and something bad would happen and she'd grab the money and cross the border. It's time we had to make a bribe of armed men.
So she came up with the idea of ​​creating a pocket-sized piece of art that resembles a person who carries it around.
Carry it with you at all times, and if the worst happens, give it to me to save your life.
This price of life was made for the head of an irrigation NGO.
I hope I don't use it and pass it on as a family heirloom.
You can take it apart for payment, and I made it so that the leaves are the payment like this.
So it's a valuable item made of precious metals and gemstones.
this is broken up
I had to tear it down just recently to escape Egypt.
This is a duo of Michael Abemathy and Bud Holland
They're both interested in creating cultures, or customs.
So they're moving to another area and trying to establish new habits in a small area.
And this is what they thought in East Tennessee was that we needed a positive death convention.
So they performed the "burial dance"
I invented the burial dance, where you invite your friends and family to dance at your burial place on anniversaries and birthdays.
(Laughter) When we did it, a lot of people came.
I explained it to my family, but they didn't understand
I just said, "I'm going to work, so change into mourning clothes."
And then I went to the cemetery and made this, and it was funny that people looked at me with curiosity.
I dance at the grave site, and after the dance, everyone toasts me and praises me.
You're essentially doing a funeral that you can attend.
this is my father and mother
This is the work of Jason Birdsong
I'm interested in human vision as an animal, mimicry and camouflage.
People look at dark alleys and jungle paths and try to recognize faces and animals.
there is such a natural habit
he uses this concept
In this work, these are not actually leaves.
A butterfly with camouflage
Combine something like this
This is also a pile of leaves
It's actually a specimen of a butterfly.
I also combine these with paintings
This picture of a snake in a box is an example.
Even if you open the box and think "Wow, there's a snake"
it's actually a picture
So it's an interesting way to describe realism and mimicry, and about humans being fooled by this wonderful camouflage.
(Laughter) The next artist is Hazel Clausen.
Hazel, an anthropologist, took a long vacation and thought, "If you create a culture that doesn't exist from scratch, you'll learn a lot about culture."
executed
Created a Swiss ethnic group called the "Uvrights" who sing a unique yodelling style using the throat.
They say how your throat is - the forbidden fruit makes everything you say corrupt.
This is also the symbol of their culture.
This is a picture from a documentary called "Sexuality and Population Control in Uvrights."
This is their distinctive Angora embroidery
This is Gerd Schaefer, one of the founders
(Laughter) It's actually my aunt Eileen.
It was really funny that a random person made a random thing.
I laugh when I see this, because I know it's French Angora, and the ribbons are all German antiques, and the wool was bought at a textile mill in Nebraska about 10 years ago, and I know it's an old Chinese skirt.
Next up is a group of artists called the Silver Dobermans, whose motto is "Let's spread pragmatism one person at a time."
(Laughter) What they're interested in is how spoiled we've become.
This is one of the opinions that we are too spoiled.
They put warning signs on all these barbed wire spikes.
(Laughter) (Applause) It's called "common sense fences."
Next is K.M. Yoon, a very interesting Korean artist.
He's reshaping the love stone tradition of Confucian art.
Maynard Sipes is next
I like Maynard too, but he's so immersed in his own world that he's kind of delusional.
Next up is Roy Peenig, a very interesting Kentucky artist, a very kind hearted person.
I even gave my creations in exchange for ration cheese to people who really wanted them.
Next up is Australian artist Janine Jackson, and this is one of her projects, "What a work of art does when you're not looking."
(Laughter) This is the work of the Lithuanian fortune teller Yogi Petraukas.
This is Ginger Cheshire
It's from a short film called "The Last Man."
This is my cousin and my sister's dog Gabby
The next Sam Sandy
Australian Aboriginal elder and artist.
This is one of his large traveling exhibits.
This is the work of Estelle Willowsby
Healing with color
She's the most prolific artist of the 100, and she'll be 90 next year.
(Laughter) This is by Zhou Z. I'm interested in static conditions.
Now Hilda Singh is doing a series of projects called "Social Collective."
Next is Vera Sokolova
To be honest, Vera is kind of scary
It feels like I can't look directly into your eyes, it's a little eerie
I'm glad it's not a real person because I'll get angry if I say this
(Laughter) She's an optometrist in St. Petersburg, and she works with optics.
Next is by Thomas Sifton
The short film "The Adventures of Garigari-kun"
(Laughter) And this is from Cicely Bennett's short film series.
There are 77 other artists
My biennale includes 77 people not introduced here.
thank you
thank you
(Applause) Thank you.
(applause)
Like the heather on the hillsides that drove us out of the Highlands Like the ice flows from the North Pole that brought us to Newfoundland My sorrows have colors For all this lamentation. Like the sea between us, I'm sinking blue Blue flows Blue engraved in my memory Pure flowing blue water Blue like the earth seen by astronauts My tears flowing blue (fiddle and synthesizer) ) And here I came In this town where dreams burn like a furnace In this dark street I shone Like a diamond in a coal mine Cold winds from the islands Blowing storm clouds across the new moon Rising up to the houses of my hometown Blue flows like gunpowder The blue that is engraved in my memory The blue water that flows purely The blue that the astronaut saw Blue like the earth My tears flow blue My tears flow blue (fiddle and synthesizer) (Standing) ovation)
I'm here today to start a revolution
Before you start to use force, or sing to raise your spirits, or choose a color to symbolize, I want to define what I mean by revolution.
A revolution is a drastic change in the way we think and act, the way we think and act.
Now why do we need a revolution?
because things are not going well
It's a very sad state of affairs.
I'm tired of living a life that doesn't reach my potential
I'm tired of being billed
Yes, Bulgaria ranks last in many areas, such as social factors.
We are last in Europe for innovation
Our culture doesn't value innovation, so we're the last, the lowest, the last.
We are at the bottom of the health care system. Health is important for well-being.
In fact, it's not just the bottom of the EU, it's the bottom of Europe as a whole.
Worst of all, there was an article in The Economist three weeks ago that many of you may have read.
We are the most miserable country on earth with the most miserable GDP per capita on earth.
Next to social factors, look at education
According to another OECD report three weeks ago, where was Bulgaria?
National language, arithmetic, and science are at the bottom.
Business too How much contribution entrepreneurs make to society
Recognized as the lowest in the EU
What are the consequences?
Lowest rate of entrepreneurs starting businesses
Everyone agrees that small businesses are the driving force of the economy.
Small businesses are the biggest employers and tax payers
What would happen if this dynamic collapsed?
GDP per capita is the lowest in Europe
Billy
So it's no surprise that 62% of Bulgarians aren't optimistic about the future.
We are unhappy, our education is poor, our business is terrible.
folks these are facts
It's not a fairy tale, it's not a child's joke
yes it is true
This is not a conspiracy against Bulgaria, these are facts.
I think it's clear that the Bulgarian system is broken.
Our thinking and our actions, our operating systems, are broken.
We need to radically change the way we think and act, transforming Bulgaria for ourselves, for our friends, for our families and for our future.
How did this happen?
Let's be positive Let's think about how this happened
The reason Bulgaria is at the bottom is, surprisingly, they handicapped themselves.
We don't see the value in play, and we stop ourselves because of it.
I said "play"
For those of you who forgot to play, this is just the game
baby play child play adult play
we don't value play
In fact, we take play lightly.
underestimated in three areas
Consider those three areas
Society What have these 45 years been like?
It's communism, where society and the state were put before the individual, and creativity, self-expression, innovation was found to be limited.
What will be respected instead?
Societies and institutions influence how we create, use and apply knowledge. What about communism?
to be "serious"
It is very very "serious"
It's true
(Applause) Be serious.
How many times have I been scolded for letting my child play in the park?
Is it unacceptable to forbid playing in the mud or playing in the water?
My grandmother and grandfather kept telling me that children shouldn't play too much, because life is serious, and children should be prepared for a serious life.
we have inherited a serious meme
Memes are social genes that are passed on
a serious gene
Over the course of 45 years, a social gene that I call the Bubba factor was created.
(Laughter) (Applause) Here's how it works.
Step 1: A woman says, "I want a child."
Step 2: You can have kids Wow!
But what happens in step 3?
I'm going back to work, maybe for more career or just to take a break.
i will leave my baby with my grandmother
But the point is, my grandmother has been seriously meme-infested for 45 years.
What will happen?
Grandmothers transmit viruses to babies Like a sequoia tree, it takes a very, very long time to remove the serious meme from our operating system.
What happens after that?
Serious memes permeate an outdated education system that has remained largely unchanged for 100 years, valuing rote learning, memory and leveling, and despising self-expression, self-exploration, questioning, creativity and play.
It's a hopeless system
It's a true story.
I went to a famous elementary school, and they said they had math classes 10 times a week, science classes 8 times a week, and Japanese classes 5 times a day.
We asked, "What about play and rest time?"
Their answer was, "Huh? There's no such time on the timetable."
(Laughter) We said, "He's five."
what a sin what a sin
Our overly serious education system is nothing but a crime, which only discharges mindless robot workers who simply insert bolts into prepared holes.
Unfortunately, the problems we face today are not the problems of the industrial revolution.
What we need now is adaptability, the ability to learn to be creative and innovative.
No need for mechanized workers
But play-denying memes are rampant
We just create robot workers that we treat like assets, they're leveraged and then thrown away.
What about the Bulgarian work ethic?
Do what the autocratic chef says
Boss knows more about his job than you
Don't trust me, treat me like a criminal and monitor me with security cameras
(Laughter) Dominant You guys are incompetent, so I'm going to set countless rules so you don't screw up.
Workers are restricted No mobile phones No computers No internet searches No instant messengers
It's just unprofessional
At the end of the day all I feel is emptiness Dominated, constrained, unappreciated and no joy
Our society, our education business, doesn't value play.
We are last because we see no value in play.
you all think
"Steve, what a stupid idea.
Playing is not the cause, play?
It's silly." We have a serious meme
i disagree with you
Play is a catalyst and a revolution that we can use to move Bulgaria in the right direction, and I'll prove it to you.
Play Our brains are designed to play Our brains are designed to play
Through a very long evolutionary process, animals and humans adopted play.
do you know?
In the course of evolution, it simply filters out the useless and selects the beneficial in the struggle for existence.
Nature isn't stupid, she chose play.
In the animal kingdom eg ants ants play In the animal kingdom eg ants ants play
you didn't know
As ants play, they learn about social order and power relations.
Mice play, too.
Everyone knows kittens play
What you probably don't know is that kittens with restricted play are less social.
Can hunt but is not social
bears play too
Did you know that bears that play live longer?
Long-lived bears are not good fish-catchers.
It's a bear playing
And finally, this is a very interesting study that shows a relationship between play and brain size.
The more you play, the bigger your brain becomes
Dolphins have big brains and play a lot.
But do you know which animal has the biggest brain and plays the most?
i am ye human
Children play, adults play too. Regardless of nationality, regardless of race, regardless of skin color, regardless of religion.
universally we play
Not only children but also adults
Larval reproduction is a meaningful term, referring to the playfulness and childlike qualities of adults.
What is the most larval reproduction animal?
we are humans we play sports
As leisure time At the Olympics or as a professional athlete
we play instruments
We dance, we kiss, we sing, we joke
We are naturally designed to play from birth to death.
We play constantly, just play a lot, and we're designed not to stop playing.
this is a tremendous benefit
There are benefits to humans as well as there are benefits to animals.
For example, playing stimulates neural activity in the amygdala, the region that regulates emotions.
It also promotes the development of the prefrontal cortex, where many cognitive processes take place.
What are the consequences?
Playing a lot promotes emotional development
Also, by playing a lot, you develop the ability to make decisions.
These are undeniable facts
It's not fiction, it's not a fairy tale, it's not a child's trick, it's objective, coherent science.
These are the benefits of playing
It's an innate, genetic right, like walking and talking and seeing.
When you carry a play handicap, you impose a handicap on yourself and you lose your birthright.
we stop ourselves
Let's do a little exercise. Close your eyes and imagine a world without play.
A world without cinema A world without art A world without singing A world without dancing A world without football A world without football Imagine a world without laughter
what does the world look like?
stark
I'm gloomy
Imagine your workplace
Is it fun? Are you playful?
How's your friend's workplace?
Is it fun? Are you playful?
Autocratic, controlling, restrictive, untrustworthy, dissatisfied?
We generally think that the opposite of play is work.
I even feel guilty for playing during work
"My co-workers see me laughing I must not have enough work" or "Oh my boss is watching me I need to hide
You'll think I'm not working properly."
I'm here to inform you that this idea is outdated.
The opposite of play is not work
The opposite of play is depression, it's depression
play actually improves work
In addition to benefits for humans and animals, play also benefits the workplace.
For example, play stimulates creativity
become more tolerant of change
Improve your ability to learn
Play is the two keys to productivity and motivation: purpose and technical mastery.
Play is not frivolous Play is not frivolous
Let's say you have a professional athlete who loves to ski.
He's immersed in that world with pleasure and pleasure.
Doctors are serious, but laughter is still great medicine.
our thinking is behind
you don't have to feel guilty
we should welcome play
Let me give you a short example from the business world.
FedEx's motto is "People-Service-Profit"
Treating people as people and treating them with respect makes them happy, fulfilled, motivated and purposeful.
What will happen? They will serve better
When a customer orders a service, they see a happy, decision-making, satisfied employee. How does the customer feel? They feel better too.
And what about happy customers?
Customers buy more services, get more word of mouth, and make more money.
"People-Service-Profit"
play increases productivity
You'll say, "FedEx is possible because it's America, you can't do it in Bulgaria.
different from us
It works in Bulgaria, folks, for two reasons.
One is that play is universal.
There's no reason why Bulgarians can't play as long as they ditch the serious memes
Second, with a signature, I tried
None of the customers were initially satisfied
Not even one customer gives me a good reputation
i asked them all
Our profits are at the breaking point
Our profits are at the breaking point Investors are full of dissatisfaction
Through some fundamental changes, we've made transparency, promoted agency, collaborated and encouraged collaboration, made it merit-based rather than dictatorial.
It doesn't matter what time the employee comes to work in the morning or leaves the office.
What I cared about was whether there was an organized response to the satisfaction of our customers and employees.
It doesn't matter if the employee came to work at 9:00.
In short, it increases the fun.
We've been transforming the sign by adding more fun and a better environment. Just three short years, which sounds like a long time, but change takes time. Exceeding the industry average Investors are satisfied
You'll say, "But how do you know they're happy?"
In the ranking of ideal employers for small and medium enterprises, we were at the top every year when we entered.
Anonymous research by an independent institution Anonymous research by an independent institution
It is quite possible in Bulgaria
There is nothing to stop yourself except the consciousness of play.
So in conclusion, here are some steps to implement this revolution in play.
trust me first
If you can't trust me, go home and think more.
Second, when you feel like you're not playful, you need to rediscover play.
It doesn't matter if it's a game you played as a kid or a game you played 6 months ago.I'm not enjoying it because I feel like I have to be serious because of the pay raise.Rediscover it.
Mountain biking Reading or playing games is fine
Rediscover it anyway, because you are the leaders, the innovation leaders, the thought leaders.
You go back to the office or talk to your friends and ignite a revolution in play.
If you don't do it, your colleagues and employees won't do it.
Please tell me when you come back "Hey, I believe in you"
Of course, employers should trust the people they hire, right?
I empower my employees, I empower them, and I delegate authority from the top down to the people on the ground.
encourage constructive criticism
I want my employees to challenge authority
Challenges allow us to break the mold and create innovative solutions to current problems.
Leaders are not always right
Overcome Your Fear
fear is the enemy of play
and we unconstraints and we unconstraints
Yes, let's forgive private calls on our cell phones, isn't that fine?
let me use the internet
Isn't instant messenger good
excuse the long lunch
lunch is a break
Go out into the world, meet friends, recharge your brain, drink beer, eat, chat, and you'll find synergies with ideas you never thought possible.
Let's give people permission, give them freedom, and encourage play and have fun at work.
We spend a lot of time at work, can it be miserable and monotonous?
"This much? This little bit?"
it is unacceptable
(Laughter) In short, we need to take drastic changes in our thinking and behavior, but we don't need a workers' revolution.
We don't need a workers' revolution
What we need is a player's rebellion.
What we need is a rebellion of the people who play
What we need is a rebellion of the people who play
seriously we need to unite
Today is the start of the rebellion
But what you should do is kindle the flames of revolution.
How play has rejuvenated lives, schools and workplaces, we need to share our successes and our own ideas about how play fulfills commitments and satisfactions, how it is innovative and productive and ultimately expands the meaning of play.
We can't do it alone. Together we can spread this idea and move Bulgaria in the right direction.
thank you
(applause)
As an artist, I value connections very much.
Through my work, I want to show that humans are not separated from nature, and that everything is connected.
Nearly 10 years ago, when I visited Antarctica for the first time and saw an iceberg for the first time.
awe struck
My heart was pounding and I was feeling dizzy, trying to understand what was in front of me.
All the icebergs around us were towering nearly 200 feet above the water, and I couldn't help but wonder if flakes of snow had piled up over the years to make this happen.
An iceberg is a block of ice that has detached from a glacier or ice shelf.
Each iceberg has its own personality
They have their own way of dealing with their surroundings and their own experiences.
Some try to hold onto the shape of the iceberg and never give up, while others collapse in dramatic emotional outbursts when they can't stand it.
We tend to compare icebergs to people and think that we are lonely or that we are all alone.
but it's not really
When the iceberg melts, I'm breathing ancient air.
When the iceberg melts, it becomes fresh, mineral-rich water that supports a lot of life.
I take pictures of icebergs with the intention of taking portraits of my ancestors, because I know that icebergs look their own way each time, and they will never look the same again.
Melting an iceberg is not death, it's not the end, it's a link through the chain of life.
Some of the icebergs I photographed were very young, only about 2,000 years old.
But some ice is over 100,000 years old.
I want to show you the last photo I took on the island of Kiertatybeziak in Greenland.
Here's a picture of an iceberg, and it's rare that you get to actually see an iceberg rotate.
let me show you that
You can see a small boat on the left
It's a boat about 4.5 meters long.
Notice the shape of the iceberg and the part that touches the surface of the water.
This is where the rotation starts, the boat goes out to the other side, and people are standing up.
This is a standard size iceberg in Greenland.
It's about 120 feet tall, or about 40 meters.
Let's take a look at the video of the actual speed
(music) This is how the iceberg showed a different face.
thank you
(applause)
(Song) "Beat Jazz"
Characteristics of beat jazz 1. Loop performance 2. Improvisation and 3. Sound produced by body movement
Each hand has an accelerometer to read hand position
The colors of the lights indicate the playing parts as follows
Red = Drum Blue = Bass Green = Chord Orange = Lead Purple = Pad Mouthpiece has one button and
Consists of hot glue (a kind of glue) on two guitar picks
Display parameters on a smartphone as a heads-up display
For what?
This is to extract and research all genres of the past, present, and future in real time through the subdivision of music culture.
And "beat jazz performers" will become universal like DJs.
but the main purpose
It's not about waiting for the future, it's about creating the future
(applause)
There are two places where I feel free, but neither is a place.
It's a "moment"
The first is during the dance
It's a moment between jumping up against gravity and falling in love with the weight of the air beneath you.
When I'm dancing, I feel like the air is supporting me and I'm never going back to the ground.
The second place I feel free is the moment after I score a goal on the soccer pitch.
The chemicals in the EpiPen that bring the dead back to life run through my body, I don't feel the weight of my body, my race disappears.
I'm the curator of a contemporary arts center, and I don't believe in art that doesn't have blood, sweat or tears.
I envision that the most valuable things in my child's life will be drinking water and kindness.
I love beautiful dances and stunning sculptures as much as the next speaker, but that's not enough.
We need practices and tools to lift our spirits with sublime aesthetics and translate that inspiration into understanding and action.
For example, I'm a stage producer who loves sports.
In his latest film, /peh-LO-tah/, he explores how football was a way for my immigrant family to foster a sense of persistence, normalcy, and belonging in the context of the new America. thought of
At a time when xenophobia and attacks on immigrants are on the rise, I wanted to think about how the sport of soccer could be a positive tool for first-generation Americans and children of immigrants, and how patterns of movement on the field are social and political. prompted them to think of it as similar to patterns of migration across national borders.
Whether you like football or not, American immigrants are in a precarious position.
What I wanted to tell them was that you can use the same muscles that you use to score your next goal to take you to the next block.
Freedom for me is what's inside
When it comes to freedom, we talk about it abstractly and confrontationally: "Protect our freedom," "Let's build a wall here," or "We're hated because of our freedom."
We have well-designed systems for imprisoning and deporting, but how do we design freedom?
I wanted children to feel freedom as something inside their bodies that no one can take away. Did
It's akin to the question in /peh-LO-tah/, a sports-based political action for young people.
The name of the project is "Moving and Passing"
It intertwined curriculum development, site-specific performance, and joyful politics, and used football as a metaphor for the pressing need for immigrant youth to attain citizenship.
Imagine you're a 15-year-old kid from Honduras living in Harlem, or you could be a 13-year-old daughter born in Washington, D.C. to Nigerian immigrants.
you will enjoy the game
Run around the field with friends
You're practicing dribbling between the cones for about 15 minutes, and suddenly a marching band comes onto the field.
By combining the joy of sport with the richness of culture, we want to place sport in physical parity with the political meaning of art: theater on the pitch for liberation.
Spend a week thinking about how midfielders represent "black lives matter," or how goalkeepers represent gun control, and the style of the defender is the perfect metaphor for the limits of American exceptionalism. I thought about
As we considered our position on the field, we also named and imagined our freedom.
Indeed, football is the only thing on this planet that we can all agree to play together.
Don't you think so? It's the official sport on the ball of earth.
I want to be able to connect the joy of this sport with football players who never stop moving, and connect them with immigrants who have moved in search of better positions.
I want to connect the family history of these children with the joy of scoring a goal, and the feeling of outsmarting the goalkeeper and getting closer and closer to freedom, to immigrant families.
thank you
(applause)
(Playing) (Applause) Thank you.
When you think of a cello solo, you probably think of Johann Sebastian Bach's unaccompanied cello suites.
As a child studying this timeless masterpiece, Bach's music mingled with the singing voices of Islamic prayers coming from neighboring Arab villages on the kibbutz in northern Israel where I grew up.
I would listen to Janis Joplin or Billie Holiday late at night after a long practice session, but at the same time, tango music was blaring out of the stereo in my parents' room.
all of that became music for me
I've never been conscious of musical boundaries
I still start practicing every day with Bach's music.
Bach's music is always fresh and constantly surprising.
But as I moved away from traditional classical repertoire and explored new avenues of musical expression, I realized that with modern technology, there's no reason why you should be limited to just one stringed instrument at a time.
The power and intimacy of hearing, feeling and playing all the voices alone creates an entirely different experience.
The excitement of a great orchestral performance comes from a group of musicians trying to come up with a unified theme.
As you'll hear in the next song, the excitement of multitracking comes from trying to build and create an entire universe, made up of multiple layers, all from a single sound source.
My cello and my voice overlap to create a large sonic canvas.
When I get a song written, I ask, "Don't get hung up on the cello."
Because I want to step into new territory and discover sounds I've never heard before.
I want to create limitless possibilities with this cello.
I become the medium through which the music flows, and in the process, when everything goes well, the music transforms and I become something else.
(play) (clap)
Because of family circumstances and my choices, I've been involved in the auto industry by nature, and I've worked for Ford for 30 years.
All the while, I've been thinking about how we can sell more trucks and cars.
But lately, I've been thinking, keep selling cars and trucks.
What happens when the number of vehicles on the road doubles, triples, and eventually quadruples?
My life is supported by two thoughts: the first is automobiles.
I literally grew up with Ford
When I was little, I used to be very proud of my dad coming home with the newest Ford and Lincoln.
When I was about 10 years old, I wanted to be a test driver.
after my parents went out to dinner
sneak out of the house
Sitting in the driver's seat and driving around in a new car was really fun
I did that for about two years, until I think I was about 12, and then one day my dad came home in a Lincoln Mark III.
it was a snowy day
My parents went out to dinner, and I thought how fun it would be to get out of the house and do circles in the snow and run at eight.
That night my father finished dinner early.
And as I was smashing the ice, he walked out the front door and ended up running into my father with the car in front of the hallway.
So the test drive fever has cooled down for a while
That's when I started feeling the passion.
My first car was a 1975 green Mustang
The color was the worst, but it was a car that I really loved.
Cars, on the other hand, are more than just my personal hobby; they literally shape my genes.
My great-grandfather was Henry Ford, and my maternal great-grandmother was Harvey Firestone.
So maybe there was a lot of expectations when I was born.
My great-grandfather, Henry Ford, believed that Ford's mission was to improve people's lives and make automobiles accessible to ordinary people.
They believed that freedom of movement would bring freedom and progress.
I have the same belief
Another thought is about the environment.
As a boy, I used to go fishing in the Michigan river where Hemingway fished, and I wrote about it later.
Years passed and I was really disappointed. When I went to the stream that I loved so much, and that field where many fireflies were flying, I saw shopping malls and condominiums lined up.
I was young at the time, but I thought about it, and the basic concept of environmental conservation was deeply ingrained in my mind.
When I was in high school, I started reading Thoreau, Aldo Leopold, and Edward Abbey, and developed an awe for the natural world.
But I didn't realize that my feelings about cars and trucks could be naturally at odds.
I didn't realize it until I went to college
So you can imagine how surprised I was when I took a class in college and heard a bunch of professors say that Ford and my family were bad for the environment.
They thought the auto industry was more interested in profit than progress, and they're throwing soot into the sky, and frankly, we were enemies.
I seriously wondered if it was the right thing to do, but after graduating, I joined Ford.
I wanted to really work on how we could change the company.
Looking back now, 30 years later, it may have been naive, but I wanted to do it anyway.
And I realized that the university professors weren't completely wrong.
In fact, back in Detroit, my environmental learning was not welcomed by the industry or my own company.
I still remember an interesting exchange.
At the time, there was a group at Ford who believed that the ecological nonsense had to go away, and that I needed to stop hanging out with these crazy people who talked about being ecological.
They thought I was an extremist
I remember being called by management to stop associating with environmental terrorists.
(Laughter) Of course, it wasn't my intention, but I kept being very vocal about the environment, which is what we now define as sustainability.
Over time, my opinion went from being controversial to being a public opinion.
In other words, people working in the industry understood the need to interact with the environment.
And what's even more amazing is that, not just Ford, but the whole industry is working on cars and the environment.
Pursuing fuel efficiency like never before
We're using new technologies to reduce our carbon footprint, and hopefully we can get to zero in the future.
It's great that you started selling electric cars.
We are currently developing alternative powertrains that are truly environmentally, economically and socially acceptable.
I have a long way to go and many challenges, but I can see the day when my two passions, automobiles and the environment, will one day come together.
Of course, we're in the middle of solving a huge problem, and we're surrounded by mountains of challenges. problems are emerging
Like the environment, the freedom of movement that my great-grandfather created is under threat.
Simply put, it's a simple math problem.
The world population is currently about 6.8 billion people, and in our lifetimes, it's likely to grow to around 9 billion people.
With that much population, you have to think about the limits of growth.
With growth comes serious problems, including the overwhelmed transportation system.
If we look at population growth in terms of cars, it becomes clearer.
About 800 million cars are running in the world
As the population grows and the world grows more prosperous, the number of cars will grow from 2 billion to 4 billion by the middle of the 21st century.
And it's going to create what you might call a global traffic jam like nothing humanity has ever experienced.
Think about how this affects our daily lives.
Today, the average American spends about a week of the year stuck in traffic, an astounding waste of time and resources.
But in the fast-growing countries, something incomparable is happening.
The average driver in Beijing now spends about five hours commuting.
Last summer, as many of you may have seen, there was a 100-mile traffic jam in China that took 11 days to clear.
In the next two to three decades, 75% of the world's population will live in urban areas, and there will be 50 cities with over a billion people.
I hope you understand the magnitude of this problem.
Given the population problem, it's clear that our current transportation system will not work in the future.
Quite frankly, even with cleaner cars, four billion cars on the road are still four billion cars, and traffic jams are traffic jams, even without emissions.
What will the future look like if we do nothing?
I think you can already imagine
Traffic congestion is only one of the problems, it's very inconvenient and annoying, but that's about it.
The bigger problem is that such global congestion not only stifles economic growth, but also makes it difficult for food and medical services to reach people living in urban areas.
our quality of life is at risk
so how can we solve
the answer will not be the same
My great-grandfather once said, before he developed the Ford Model T, "If you asked people what they wanted, they would have said they wanted a faster horse." The solution to more cars is more roads. is not
In the Wild West, instead of adding stagecoaches, we built railroads.
After World War II, instead of adding two-lane roads to connect the country, we built an interstate highway system.
To envision a more realistic future, we need the same different way of thinking.
We envision smart cars, but we also need to build smart roads, smart parking lots, smart public transportation systems.
We don't want to waste our precious time in traffic jams and looking for toll booths and parking lots.
We need efficient, integrated systems with real-time data that make individual travel stress-free.
In a nutshell, that's what makes individual freedom of movement sustainable into the future.
The amazing thing is that some of these efforts are already underway around the world.
In Abu Dhabi's Masdar City, driverless electric vehicles that exchange information with each other run on dedicated roads.
And people walk on the boardwalk above
New York's 34th Street is trying to solve traffic congestion with dedicated lanes for different vehicles.
Pedestrian areas and vehicle lanes will be set up, reducing the time it takes to cross New York City during rush hours from an hour to 20 minutes.
In Hong Kong, there's an interesting system called Octopus.
It's a system that's going to pay for all transportation assets under one payment system.
Parking lots, fixed-route buses, trains, etc. are all operated under the same system.
Car-sharing is happening all over the world, and it's a great initiative.
Reduces traffic congestion and reduces fuel consumption
I think it's a really positive attempt at a solution.
But I'm particularly impressed with the possibilities when vehicles start communicating with each other.
Very soon, the systems we use to address music, entertainment, GPS information to vehicles will begin to be used to build networks between vehicles.
Every morning I drive 30 miles from my house to my office.
I come home every night, and it's like gambling every day.
To get home, you have to get off the highway and find your way home.
But soon cars will be able to talk to each other.
So the idea is that if the destination is busy, the vehicle will get a warning and tell me the best possible detour.
These systems are in the testing stage and will soon be available.
And the possibilities for integrated vehicle networks are endless.
Think about it in the not-too-distant future, you're about to go downtown, and your car is connected to the parking system.
As soon as you get in the car, it reserves a parking space for you, so you don't have to hunt for parking anymore.
Or let's say you're in New York, and you don't have to wait in the cold to park one, as long as you have a smartphone that can track taxis.
At a TED conference, your car will read your schedule, figure out the best way to get home, and tell you when to get out of your seat so you're on time for your next appointment.
These technologies will integrate millions of vehicles into one system.
So I think we already have a solution to a huge problem.
But on the other hand, we're also aware that there's no silver bullet in grappling with the challenges of carbon dioxide and fossil fuels.
Building new cars and roads is not the solution. I believe that building a global network is the only solution.
I think we can develop the technology to make this possible, but we need to work on it and try to find a solution. The solution might be car-sharing, or public transportation, or it might be out of our minds right now, but it's holistic. transportation systems and infrastructure should be able to secure future growth
We need to start getting smart people to examine this issue.
Companies, entrepreneurs and venture capitalists should understand that this is both a big social problem and a business opportunity.
It's amazing how much brains, money and serious debate has been put into the green energy space over the past three years by these people working on green energy.
We need the same passion and energy for global traffic congestion.
But we also need leadership, like everyone in this room.
how you can help solve this big problem
And we need to think about how everyone, not just inventors and policy makers and government officials, can approach this problem.
It's not something that one person or one group can solve.
Different countries around the world will need different energy policies, how the existing transport systems will be integrated, different income levels, different levels of traffic congestion, and different solutions.
Still we have to work for the future
We must lay the foundations for a more possible future.
Come to think of it, it's been a long road
In the era of the Model T, most people never traveled more than 25 miles in their lifetime.
And cars have given us the freedom to decide where we live, where we work, where we play, and even when we want to go out.
I don't want to lose that freedom and degenerate.
We're trying to solve the problem, and as I said before, it's a long way to go. Environmental issues are one of the big issues we need to tackle, but at the same time, we're going to focus our wisdom on solving global congestion. should strive to
By doing so, we can ensure the freedom of movement and stress-free travel that we now take for granted.
Improving quality of life
If we are to correctly recognize the importance of a zero-emissions future and the freedom of movement that we take for granted today, then we need to take serious action now for the sake of the future.
I believe that because the problem is so big, it should be worth doing.
It's a big problem
Let's start working now
Thank you for your attention.
(applause)
I'm Savant, or more accurately, high-functioning autistic Savant.
is a rare symptom
What's even more unusual is that, in my case, I also have self-awareness and strong language skills.
A lot of the time, when I meet people and they find out about this, it's kind of awkward.
I can tell by looking into someone's eyes
i want to ask you something
And in the end, usually, out of curiosity, I blurt out, "If I tell you my birthday, do you know what day of the week I was born?"
(Laughter) Or bring up the cube root, or tell me to recite a big number or a long sentence.
I'm sorry today, but I won't show you that kind of one-man savant show, so please look forward to it.
Instead, I'd like to talk to you about something more interesting than birthdays or cube roots, something that's more relevant in my head than a little deeper work.
I want to talk briefly about perception.
When Anton Chekhov was writing his later famous plays and short stories, he used notebooks to write down what he noticed about the world around him, the little things that other people overlooked.
Every time I read Chekhov's unique take on human life, it reminds me of why I became a writer.
In my book, I'm looking at how perception works and how different ways of perceiving shape different knowledge and understanding.
Here are three questions from my book
Instead of trying to solve problems, I want you to think for a moment about these intuitions and instinctive sensations that come to your mind and heart when you look at them.
For example, in this math problem, can you guess where on the number line the answer lies?
Also, can you sense what kind of relational meaning is suggested by the words and pronunciation of this foreign language?
And for this poem, why did the author use the word "hare" and not the word "rabbit"?
I ask this because I believe that personal perception is central to how we acquire knowledge.
Aesthetic judgments, not abstract logic, guide us and shape the processes that have led us to our current knowledge.
I'm an extreme example of that.
The letters and numbers in my world are a mix of colors, emotions and personalities.
As Juan introduced me, this is a condition that scientists call synaesthesia, a rare condition of mixed sensations.
Here are the numbers that I see from 1 to 12. Every number has its own shape and characteristics.
1 is a flash of white light
6 is a lonely little black hole
The sketch is black and white, but in my head it's colored
3 is green
4 is blue
5 is yellow
i also draw
this is one of my paintings
represents the multiplication of two prime numbers
The spaces between three-dimensional shapes create new shapes, and this is the answer to multiplication.
What about long numbers?
No number is as long as the mathematical constant pi.
infinite value literally lasts forever
This picture I made is the first 20 decimal places of pi, and it brings together colors, emotions, and textures into a sort of undulating numerical terrain.
But it's not just numbers that have color
When I look at it, even letters seem to have colors, emotions, and textures.
This is the opening part of the novel "Lolita"
Nabokov himself was a synesthete.
As you can see, you can see how my perception of the "L" sound complements the alliteration.
Another example, a bit more mathematical.
It's a sentence from "The Great Gatsby," I don't know if anyone will notice.
The syllables are increasing in order: "wheat" is one syllable "prairies" is two syllables "lost Swede towns" is three syllables 1 2 3
It has a very pleasant sensory effect.
Let's go back to the problem I gave you earlier.
64×75
If you're a chess player, you know that 64 is a square number, so a chess board is 8 by 8 with 64 squares.
Now it's a visual form, something you can perceive.
But what about 75?
If we think of 100 as a square, then 75 looks like this.
So what I do is I put the two diagrams together in my head, and it goes something like this.
64 becomes 6,400
And the right corner doesn't even need to be calculated.
4 vertical squares, 4 horizontal squares, 16
So to get the total, 16 + 16 + 16
It's much easier than the math you learned in school, isn't it?
16 + 16 + 16 = 48 4,800 - 4,800 is the answer
It's easy if you know how
(Laughter) The second problem was an Icelandic word.
I don't think there are many people who speak Icelandic at the venue.
Reduce your options to two
"Hnugginn" Is this a bright word or a dark word?
Which do you think?
I agree
Some people say bright words
most people say it's a dark word
It actually means "lonely"
(Laughter) Why do statistically most people say that some words are dark and other words are light, as in this case?
My theory is that language evolves so that the pronunciation of words matches the subjective, personal, intuitive perceptions of the listener.
Let's look at the third problem
This is part of a poem by John Keats
Words, like numbers, express the fundamental relationships between the objects, events and energies that make up our world.
In this world, it's only natural that we should intuitively feel these relationships in our lives.
Poets, like other artists, sometimes use this intuitive understanding.
In the case of "hare," it's an English word with a homophone.
It can also mean the hair that grows from the head.
So if you think about it, let me show you a picture: Hair represents vulnerability.
succumb to the slightest movement, movement, or emotion
So what you have here is an atmosphere of faint tension.
So is the hare itself. It's not a cat, it's not a dog, it's a hare - why a hare?
Visualize the image, not the word, but the image of the hare.
Long ears and big feet help you get a sense of what it feels like to shuffle and shiver.
So, I hope that in the last few minutes I've been able to show you a little bit of how I see things. Words have colors and emotions, numbers have shapes and personalities.
The world is richer and bigger than it seems
I hope it inspires you to learn to see the world from a new perspective.
thank you
(applause)
As you know, I write for children, and I'm probably the most widely read author of children's literature in America.
I always tell people that I don't want to dress like a scientist and go out in public.
As a farmer, or as long as I'm dressed in all leather, but no one calls me as a farmer.
I want to talk to you today about rings and inspiration.
As you know, an epiphany is usually like finding something you dropped somewhere.
The only way to know if it's an epiphany is with experience.
this is a picture of a circle
Drawn by my friend Richard Bowlingbrock
I'm going to talk about this kind of complex ring.
My circle started in the '60s, when I was in high school in Stowe, Ohio, and I was the weirdo in my class.
I was beaten to the point of bleeding every week in the men's restroom, and then a teacher saved my life.
She saved my life by allowing me to use the restroom in the staff room.
she kept it a secret
lasted for 3 years
after that i left town
Hitchhiking and $85 of my money ended up in San Francisco, California, where I met the love of my life, and in the '80s, I realized I needed to start working for AIDS relief.
Three or four years ago, in the middle of the night, Mr. Posten, the teacher at that time, called me, "I need to see you.
I'm so sorry that we didn't get to know each other as adults.
Can you come to Ohio? And I want to see you as an adult
There's one more thing I want to tell you I have pancreatic cancer Please can you come see me soon? "
The next day we were in Cleveland.
We looked at her, we laughed and we cried, and she knew she needed to go into hospice.
I found a hospice, took her there, took care of her, took care of her family because it was necessary.
because I knew what to do
And when the woman who wanted to see me again as an adult did so, she turned into an ashes box and was placed in the palm of my hand.
What happened is that the circle closed and it became a circle, and then there was that epiphany that I was talking about.
The epiphany is that death is part of life.
She saved my life Me and my partner saved her life
In these situations of life, things that are necessary for the rest of life are demanded.
That's truth and beauty, and I'm happy to share it with you today.
We also need dignity and love and joy, and it's our job to reach out to them.
thank you
(applause)
Universe, everyone knows what it looks like
We are surrounded by images of the universe, our entire lives, from the imagined images of science fiction, to the inspiring visions of artists, to the ever-increasing beauty made possible using intricate technology. video etc.
But even with our dizzyingly clear vision of the universe, we have no idea what the universe sounds like.
And many people really associate space and silence
But how we've come to understand the universe is like talking about hearing and talking about seeing.
Yet most of us have never heard the sounds of space.
Can any of you here explain the sound of a planet or star?
If you're interested, this is the sound of the sun
. . . Jupiter
This is the Cassini planetary explorer Cassini orbiting Saturn's icy rings
This is a highly condensed neutral body spinning in the distant universe.
All I do is listen to the strange and wonderful noises emanating from the wonderful planets that make up the universe.
And maybe you're wondering, how do you know what this sound is?
How can you tell the difference between the sound of the sun and the sound of a pulsar?
The answer lies in radio astronomy.
Radio astronomers study radio waves from space, and they use sophisticated antennas and receivers to get precise information about what objects are and where they are in the night sky.
Using simple technology, we can turn these transmissions into sound, just like the signals we can send and receive here on Earth.
So by listening, we were able to discover the most important secrets: how big it is, what it's made of, and even how old it is.
Today I'm going to tell you a short story about listening to the history of the universe.
It's made up of three anecdotes that tell the story of how we got our most important information about the universe by accidental chance in some strange cosmic noise.
This story doesn't start with giant telescopes or futuristic spacecraft, but rather with a more humble medium -- in fact, it's the medium that sparked the telecommunications revolution that we're all part of today. it's a phone
It was Boston, 1876. This is Alexander Graham Bell, the man who was working with Thomas Edison for the invention of the telephone.
Critical to their technical setup was a wire that was half a mile long, and this wire was draped over the roofs of several homes in Boston.
This line carried the telephone signal that was later named bell in the home.
But for some reason, that wire became an antenna, just like a long wire with electricity running through it.
Thomas Watson spent hours listening to strange crackling, hissing, shrill, whistling sounds that were picked up by his antenna.
The thing to remember here is that this was 10 years before Henrich Hertz proved the existence of radio waves, 15 years before Nikola Tesla's alternating current, which Marconi first broadcast. about 20 years ago
thomas edison didn't hear us
We didn't have the technology to communicate.
So what are these strange sounds?
Watson was actually listening to naturally occurring very low frequency radio waves.
Some of the crackling sounds are light, eerie whistles and interesting shrill sounds come from something more bizarre.
Using the first phone, Watson was actually dialing heaven.
Some of the sounds, as he had correctly guessed, came from activity on the surface of the Sun.
It was the solar wind, interacting with the Earth's ionosphere, and what he was hearing was a phenomenon that we can see at the Earth's north and south poles as the Northern Lights.
While inventing the technology that ushered in the telecommunications revolution, Watson discovered that the star at the center of our solar system emitted intense radio waves.
Watson happened to be the first person to hear radio waves.
Fast forward 50 years, and Bell and Watson's technology has completely changed global communication.
But going from a few wires on the roofs of a few houses in Boston to thousands of miles of cable across the Atlantic Ocean is no easy process.
And not long after that, Bell was looking for new technologies to make the most of this revolution.
Radio can carry sound without wires
But this medium comes with a loss of information - radio waves are subject to a lot of noise and interference.
So Bell hired an engineer to study these noises, and to find out where this noise was coming from, and the view toward the building was a perfect codec that could block out the noise. That's why they were able to think about using radio waves for telephony purposes.
Most of the noise that engineer Karl Jansky searched for came from places that weren't very interesting.
It was a light sourced from electricity.
But there was one continuous noise that Jansky couldn't pinpoint, apparently, it sounded four minutes earlier each day through his headphones.
As any astronomer can tell, this is a clear sign that something is not emanating from Earth.
Jansky made the historic discovery that space objects can emit radio and light waves.
It had been 50 years since Watson accidentally discovered the sound of the sun, and Jansky's careful listening had ushered in a new era of space exploration: the era of radio cosmology.
Over the next few years, astronomers hooked up antennas to large speakers and learned about radio waves in our skies by listening to Jupiter and the Sun.
Let's go a little further
1964 Returning to Bell's Lab
Again, two researchers had noise problems
Arno Penzias and Robert Watson used horn antennas at Bell Labs in Holmdel to study the Milky Way with great precision.
They were really listening to the universe on high fidelity.
There was a technical mistake in their sound source.
A mysterious continuous noise hampered their research.
It was microwaves, and they were apparently coming from multiple directions at the same time.
And this was totally insane. Any engineer or scientist would have probably guessed that the problem must be with the technology itself, it must be with the satellite dish. and
A pigeon was building a nest on a parabolic antenna
So maybe after cleaning up the pigeon droppings, the satellite dish worked again and returned to normal function.
but the noise didn't go away
This strange noise that Penzier and Wilson were hearing was actually the oldest and most important sound that no one had ever heard.
These were the cosmic rays left over when the universe was born.
It's the first study to show that there was a big bang, and the universe was born exactly 14.7 billion years ago.
So our story ends with the beginning - the big bang where everything begins.
This is the noise that Penzias and Wilson heard, the oldest you'll ever hear, the micro-square of the universe against the background of radiation left over from the Big Bang.
. thank you
.
I'm Joshua Walters
i am a performer
(Beatbox) (Laughter) (Applause) I'm a performer, but I'm also diagnosed with bipolar disorder.
I reframe this as a good thing, because the crazier I get on stage, the brighter I shine.
When I was 16, in San Francisco, I went into a manic state where I crossed the line and thought I was Jesus Christ.
It may have seemed terrifying, but to think you're Jesus Christ, no amount of drugs can get you that high.
(Laughter) I was sent to a place, a psychiatric ward, where everyone was doing their own show.
(Laughter) Even though it's a rehearsal, there's no audience like you.
Everyone is just practicing. Maybe one day they will come to this stage.
Now, I left the ward, and I was diagnosed by a psychiatrist, and I was given medicine, and the doctor said,
"Okay Josh the medicine uh...
Zyprexa (an atypical antipsychotic) OK? yeah?
It says so in my pen
(Laughter) It looks like there are experts here too.
I can hear the murmur
For the first half of my high school years, I struggled with mania, and for the second half, I was overdosed on these drugs, and I slept through school.
In other words, the second half of the class was a series of long, long snoozes.
After high school, it's time to make a choice
Do you reject your illness or do you accept the skill of this illness?
(Trumpet imitation) Right now, there's a movement underway to reframe mental illness in a positive way, at least seeing hypomania as an advantage is one of them.
If you don't know what hypomania is, think of it as a Ferrari engine with no brakes and no control.
I'm sure there are a lot of people in this room with this strength that makes people creative, if you know what it is.
Everyone is driven to say it's impossible.
by John Gartner
In the book "The Hypomanic Edge" ("Hypomanic Edge"), entrepreneurs like Christopher Columbus, Ted Turner, and Steve Jobs all have this trait, and it's a competitive advantage. is written
In Kay Redfield Jamison's book "Touched With Fire," written not too long ago in the mid-'90s, Mozart, Beethoven, and Van Gogh all had this manic depression as well. and is thought to be related to their creativity.
Some of them even committed suicide
Not all aspects of mental illness were good.
Recently, these fields have developed
In an article in the New York Times in September 2010, there was a line that said, "Be moderately manic."
It says that investors are looking for entrepreneurs who are moderately manic. Entrepreneurs who are on the bipolar continuum, if not outright bipolar disorder, because on the one hand they may think of themselves as Christ, but on the other hand they may make huge profits.
(laughs) It depends on how you use it.
You're generally somewhere in the middle of the continuum.
Everyone is in the middle
So maybe there's no such thing as "crazy," and being diagnosed with a mental illness doesn't mean you're crazy.
Instead, mental illness means being sensitive to things that most people can't see or feel.
No one is really crazy, is there?
Everyone's a little different
How much depends on where you are on the continuum.
In other words, it's down to luck.
thank you
(applause)
(Sergey Brin) I would like to address a question that has been on your mind for a long time.
We talked a few years ago
I know you're wondering, so today I'm going to clear up that question before I start my talk.
I'm in boxer shorts (Clinton was in briefs)
in a clean place
Anyone know what this is?
(audience) yes
(Sergey) What?
(Audience) Who uses Google in the world
(Sergei) Correct! i didn't understand at first
With this you can easily grasp
Measured in-house and updated in real time
Not much searching in this area
You can see at a glance how people around the world are using Google
Each dot in the sky represents about 20 to 30 search requests.
colors represent languages
There's a red dot sticking out of our America.
Is Monterrey around here?
Japan is busy even at night, right here.
Searched in Japanese in Tokyo
There are many searches in China.
there are many india
There are a few in the Middle East, only in limited areas.
Europe is around noon, so it is actively searched in various languages.
Rotate it a little more, and you'll see -- if you don't shake the Earth too much --
There are also areas that have not been searched much
It's Australia. There aren't many people.
Africa is where we need to do more work, and the areas that shine a little bit are urban areas like South Africa.
Thousands of these search requests are sent out every second, and they can come from anywhere that has power.
If you have electricity and internet, you can search
It's also available in Antarctica, and I see you searching for it from time to time, at least this time of year.
If you draw it more precisely, you should be able to see it searching on the International Space Station.
This shows the problem we're having right now. It's a little hard to see.
It shows how you send data
Huge amounts of data are flying around
It has to travel around the world via various routes, such as fiber optics and satellites.
It's pretty troublesome to get the waiting time as short as you want it to be. I hope you're satisfied.
Some regions have more lines than others Shows the capacity of all of America Connects to Asia, Europe and other places
Now let's see what happens in one second.
I'm going to switch to the slide.
I'm showing you slowly
This is the world of 1 second
We've spent a lot of time trying to keep up with these massive search requests.
Each one of these searches involves an interesting life and story.
So it's something that's important to someone, like your health or your job.
That search is perhaps as important as tomato sauce, let's call it ketchup.
This is the number of searches for a band called Ketchup that is particularly popular in a particular region.
Start on the left
It became popular in the United States and Spain at the same time.
in the United States as much as in Spain
did not catch fire
Spain is next, Italy is next, Germany is going crazy, and England is enjoying it now.
It seems to be getting more and more popular in America.
let's play a song
Please listen for yourself
I also want to increase the number of searches to grow the company.
At the same time, we want more people to be healthy and educated.
If it becomes possible to search, I would like to give that benefit to animals as well.
And I also want to build a better world, and one of the projects that started with that desire is the Google Foundation, which is currently in the process of being established.
Google Grants is already live, supporting 150 charities around the world, some of which I've included on the slide.
I am very happy to play this role.
A lot of the organizations that have come here -- I don't know if they're still active -- the Acumen Fund, the Appro TEC -- and many of the speakers are using Google Grants.
By having Google display advertisements prepared by each organization, the organization will be recognized.
One of the early successes was a businessman from Singapore. Now he's helping a village in Vietnam to get 25 girls educated. That's one of the early successes. We're supporting 100 charities, so there's more to come, and the Google Foundation plans to do even more.
Anyone know who this is?
do you understand?
(Audience) Orchid
(Sergei) Someone answered
I'm Orkut Are you using Orkut?
are you there?
not many
I'll explain a little
Orchid is our engineer
In our opinion, employees work better when covered with leaves.
This is how we create various services.
Orchid had a dream of building a social network.
You may be thinking, "Again?"
That was Orchit's dream.
Here's what Orchid made
We announced a trial version last month, so we'll be launching soon.
This person is the vice president of technology.
Your hair is red. Can you see the nose piercing?
Beside them are all friends of the vice president.
To spread the word about Orkut, we decided to send invitations to each other, and we started by asking employees to be the senders.
It has now grown to over 100,000 members.
It's expanding rapidly, spreading beyond the United States.
If you look at this, the United States is at the top, but in terms of the number of searches, it's only 30 percent of the total.
It's a very interesting project
Let's skip demographics because they're boring.
It means try something interesting and see how it goes.
So - what is this slide?
Larry talk to me
(Larry Page) Thank you Sergey
Both Sergei and I went to Montessori school, and that spirit has, for some reason, been brought to Google.
Sergey mentioned Orkut, and he was going to build Orkut in his free time. It's time set aside by the "20 percent rule," where employees can use 20 percent of their time to do what they love most. is
We've created a lot of services with this system, including Orkut and Google News.
Everything in the world is born in this system
Mendel was a high school teacher whose hobby led him to discover the laws of heredity.
There are many useful things that come out of this system.
Google News was started by a researcher
Interested in news after 9/11
Think "Let's make the news easier to read"
First, I categorized them. As I used them myself, my friends also started using them.
It's an aside that it's cute to write on a baby's buttocks, but that's what Googlette is, a small project run by Google.
Googlette launches the service with about 3 people
There are no guarantees that it will work
In the case of Google News, the number of users increased steadily while only two people were working on it.
Now it's a full-fledged project, and the number of people involved has increased.
This is how we continue to innovate
I often think that as a company gets bigger, it's harder to come up with small, innovative projects.
Google also ran into this problem and said, "We need a new way of thinking."
I started Googlette. It's a small project with no end in sight, but by wishing for success and doing a lot of things, successful projects like Google News will also be born.
But when there are more than 100 projects, there are drawbacks.
I don't know about you, but I can't keep track of 100.
So I made a list of all the projects and prioritized them, because this list is a dummy.
don't worry too much
The media column says "Iceland acquisition"
I would never do that. If you put your priorities in a list, most people will agree with your priorities.
And this was a new discovery, but when you have 100 things to keep track of, a list can help you decide what to do and where to focus your efforts.
Since we started Googlette a few years ago, Google has been able to continue to innovate and the company continues to perform well.
We've also found that people like to work on things that are important, and naturally, they tend to gravitate towards the higher priorities.
From now on, I would like to introduce a new service that you do not know yet.
First is the Deskbar
Are you using Google Toolbar?
please raise your hand
Deskbar users?
ok please try
If you search on Google's site, you should find "Deskbar"
Unlike the toolbar, it stays at the bottom of the screen, making it easier to find.
Improved version of the toolbar
thank you sergei
This is a project that another employee is working very hard on, and it's a really cool, popular service.
Google Answers is a pretty neat service where you can pay anywhere from $5 to $100, type in a question, and have a trusted, registered researcher research it for you and give you the right answer, saving you time.
Froogle lets you search for shopping information Blogger lets you share your thoughts
These are the results of all the innovations we've done, the results of Google's many challenges.
Innovation is also encouraged in the workplace. Turning the projector on and off in a meeting makes you wait and it's annoying, so people turn it off right away.
This sucks, so after two weeks, we put a little cover over the projector, and it's completely silent when it's on.
Thanks to this, I've built a meeting management software where when you walk into a room, you can see all the meetings in progress, take notes easily, and it's automatically emailed to everyone who attends.
As we grow into a global company, using software like this will help us fulfill our desire to work efficiently with absentee workers.
Seemingly small things yield big results
A lot of engineers go to these meetings, and some of them need to do their laundry, but they don't.
We have set up a laundry room, especially for young staff.
We also allow pets such as dogs.
It's our company's "Cult Collective Photo"
I'm just going to show you
I posted it on the web for a while, but after posting it, there weren't any job seekers.
Anyway, every year we take the whole company on a ski trip.
Various projects are born by deepening individual exchanges
I feel that I was able to create a good opportunity for that.
Thanks to you, I had a very enjoyable workplace.
In terms of making a difference, a company's logo also symbolizes corporate culture.
In the beginning, we were told that we couldn't change our logo to establish our brand.
I want to be consistent
But "that's not funny"
It became "change every day"
AdSense is one of the services we're working on right now that I'm very excited about.
AdSense shows ads related to news sites, for example
"New Hampshire primaries," "Howard Dean becomes president."
Advertisements are auto-generated, in this case from the content of an article in the Washington Post.
It picks the one ad that's best suited for an article out of millions of ads from over 150,000 advertisers, just like web search.
It's an idea that makes advertising less annoying and more beneficial.
The advantage of AdSense is that it's self-service. Thousands of websites are registered. Those who register are actually making money. "Even though there was no profit
If you put ads on your site using AdSense, you'll earn $10,000 a month.
thank you
I don't have to do any other work."
It's groundbreaking because it allows us to make better use of the internet.
AdSense enriches your content and improves search accuracy, so you can make a living by creating great content.
The theme of this session is the future, so I have to touch on it a little.
Google is all about perfect search, and it takes a lot of wisdom to make it happen.
You can type anything into Google's search box, and you expect it to give you an answer.
But finding something is difficult and requires wisdom.
The Ultimate Search Engine Must Be Smart
maybe artificial intelligence
And that's exactly what I'm working on right now, and I have a colleague who's doing it with a lot of passion and enthusiasm, and it's going to be the ultimate search engine.
I'm always on the hunt for great Google, and I'm always surprised when people say I'm already great.
I would like to tell you a little funny story about this
This is an Iraqi blog. It's not a blog, it's just an example.
Sergey Can you guess the pointer?
We - that's what we want you to notice - thank you
It's this "Related Search" It might be hard to see. In the future, we plan to apply this "Related Search" to ads using AdSense.
This blog is about Iraq, so it says, "Did you mean: Saddam Hussein?" It's great for advertising, but I have another great idea.
There was this young man's blog, who seemed a little depressed and wrote, "I sleep a lot."
I was just writing about my daily life.
And when Google's algorithm -- of course, it's not the person, but the algorithm -- the computer -- read the blog, and the relevant word it picks is "boring."
I thought to myself, "Someone thought this guy was boring." It's such a shame.
"Why do you hate my blog?"
When Google read this, things got even worse, and the associated word they chose was "stupid."
This young man got hotter and hotter and started swearing.
Then the related word is "lowest guy"
Finally became a "damn bastard"
This young man thought he was fighting a human, but we just tried the program.
Then you can return to the original world
And finally, I'd like to share with you two things that I'm really happy about working with Google. Now we can serve less affluent areas without problems
We don't have to worry about products sold cheaply in poor countries being reimported back into the United States, like the pharmaceutical industry does.
We're lucky to have a business model like this, because Google is available to everyone in the world, and the impact is immense.
And the other is that we have the power and the responsibility to deliver the right information. Google has to deliver objective information, like newspapers and magazines.
So money will never change your search ranking.
We only receive advertising fees, because that's how we operate.
Unlike Amata's Competitors
It is precisely because we are able to make these policies that we can have such a big impact on the world and I am so proud to be at Google.
thank you
I'd like to start with an experiment.
Imagine 4000 years into the future
Civilization today is gone, no books, no electronics, no Facebook, no Twitter.
Assume that all knowledge of English and the alphabet is forgotten.
When such future archaeologists excavate a city that has turned into ruins
What will be unearthed?
Rectangular pieces of plastic with strange symbols written on them,
round pieces of metal
It could be a cylindrical container with symbols painted on it.
An archaeologist might find fame somewhere in North America by discovering a giant symbol buried in a hill.
Now, what can people 4,000 years from now learn from these artifacts?
this is not a hypothetical question
In fact, questions like these are the questions we face today as we attempt to unravel the Indus civilization, which flourished 4,000 years ago.
Around the same time as the Indus civilization, the more famous civilizations of Egypt and Mesopotamia also flourished, but the Indus civilization was much larger.
It covered an area of ​​about one million square kilometers, extending into present-day Pakistan, northwestern India, and parts of Afghanistan and Iran.
In a civilization this vast, there must have been powerful rulers and kings, and you'd find huge ruins in their honor.
But nothing like that has ever been unearthed.
Only small things were found
Here is an example
Although this is a restored replica
Who is this?
king? God?
Shinto priest?
Maybe you're just an ordinary person like us.
it is still unknown
In addition, artifacts with letters have been discovered.
Not plastic fragments, of course, but stone seals, copperplates, pottery, and, surprisingly, one large plaque at the entrance to the city.
I don't know if it says "Hollywood" or maybe "Bollywood"
At this time, its contents are completely unknown, because the Indus script has not been deciphered.
I don't know what the symbols mean
These symbols are often found on seals.
this is the product
A unicorn-like animal is carved in the square.
Really great work of art
How big is it?
Is this place?
Or is it about this?
let me show you
It is a restored replica of the seal.
It's a small one, about 2-3 centimeters square.
How did you use this
It looks like they marked the clay and attached it to the shipment.
Comes in a FedEx box
It's like a bill of lading
What is the content of the seal?
sender name? Information about the goods? it is unknown because
because the letters have not been deciphered
Deciphering characters is not just an intellectual puzzle, it is a problem that has deep implications for the political and cultural history of South Asia.
The Indus script has become, in a way, a "battlefield" where three hypotheses are fighting.
The first faction believes unquestionably that the Indus script does not represent language.
So, according to them, the symbols are no different than traffic signs or symbols engraved on shields.
The second force claims to be a symbol for one of the Indo-European languages.
If you look at today's map of India, the languages ​​spoken in northern India mostly belong to the Indo-European family.
So the Indus script is an ancient Indo-European script, like Sanskrit.
A final group believes that the people of the Indus civilization were the ancestors of today's South Indians.
The Indus script represents the ancient Dravidian language family, the language family spoken by the South Indians.
Proponents of this theory cite the small number of Dravidian speakers in northern India near Afghanistan, and argue that Dravidian languages ​​were probably spoken throughout India at one time, and therefore that the Indus civilization was also of Dravidian origin.
which hypothesis is correct
It's a mystery, but deciphering the letters should give you the answer.
But deciphering the characters is a challenge
Because there is no "Rosetta Stone"
No, it's not the language learning software, it's an ancient artifact containing the same text written in both known and unknown scripts.
The Indus script has no relic equivalent to it.
Also the language spoken is unknown.
Even more troubling is that the strings that exist are very short.
It's written on something small, like the seal I showed you already.
Can we overcome the obstacles that stand in our way? Is the Indus script really decipherable?
The speech for the rest of the time is titled, "How I Stopped Worrying - and Loved the Problem of the Indus Script."
I've been fascinated by the Indus script ever since I encountered it in a middle school textbook.
The charm is the Indus script
is the last major undeciphered ancient language
I'm a computer neuroscientist, so my day job is building computer models of the brain to study things like how the brain makes predictions, how it makes decisions, how it learns, and so on.
But in 2007, I was reunited with the Indus script.
During my visit to India, I had the opportunity to meet an Indian scientist who was trying to decipher characters using computer models.
At that time, I thought it would be a good opportunity to work with them, so I jumped at the opportunity.
I will let you know the results
let's decipher it together
are you ready
For undeciphered strings, first consider the direction of writing
here are two strings
Now, is that direction right to left or left to right?
just think about it
Who thinks it's right to left?
left to right?
It's half and half
To clarify, the left side is full of characters, probably because the author 4,000 years ago would have run out of space if he had written from right to left.
It looks like you packed the characters
Also, since there are overlapping symbols,
The direction of the strings would have been right-to-left.
It turns out that the Indus script has right-to-left properties.
what other characteristics
Language has patterns
For example, what letter comes after the letter Q in English?
That's right U
So what do you think the next letter is?
There are several candidates such as EIA, but BCD is impossible.
Indus script has a similar pattern.
Most of them are strings that start with a diamond-shaped symbol.
And then what comes next is a symbol like a quotation mark.
This is similar to the Q and U examples, isn't it?
And then there are fish symbols and other symbols, but the underlying symbols never appear.
And some symbols prefer to be at the end of a row, like this bottle-like symbol, and this symbol is the most common one.
What I came up with there
It's about getting the computer to learn this pattern, and then getting the string into the computer right away.
We trained a statistical model of which symbols were seen together and which were in context.
Then we did a test to try out the finished computer model.
We removed some of the symbols and tried to see if we could predict them.
Let's see an example
So to speak, this is the world's oldest "Wheel of Fortune" game.
Well, as a result, the computer predicted the correct symbol 75 percent of the time.
For the remaining 25%, the second or third predicted letter was correct.
This procedure is also very practical.
Because there are many corrupted characters
as you can see
Computer models can be used to predict damage.
this is the expected symbol
By replaying the damaged part, we can increase the data that can be useful for deciphering.
You can also use the computer model as
If the monkey typed on the keyboard
The result will probably be
Entropy is very high for chaotic strings like this.
It is a term of physics and information logic.
Imagine a completely chaotic string
Have you ever spilled coffee on your keyboard?
Sometimes a key breaks down and repeats the same letter.
I'd say this string has very low entropy, because it doesn't change.
On the other hand, language has moderate entropy, neither too monotonous nor too chaotic.
What about the Indus script?
I've plotted the entropy of any sequence.
At the top is a completely unordered sequence of random strings, interestingly including the human genome and instrumental music.
Both are very flexible, so they have high entropy.
At the lowest point are monotonous sequences of A's and computer programs, a language called Fortran that follows strict rules.
Strings used in languages ​​are found in the middle range
Where is the Indus script?
It turns out that the Indus script falls within the range of linguistic characters.
At the time, the announcement of these results caused a great deal of controversy.
In particular, it was denounced by those who argued that the Indus script did not represent language.
I also received hate mail
My students told me to think more about my safety.
You wouldn't even think that decoding was a dangerous profession.
So what does this result tell us?
It's that the Indus script has linguistic properties.
So if it looks like a linguistic character and behaves like a linguistic character, then it must be a linguistic character, right?
Is there any other evidence that this letter really represents a language?
Language characters can actually represent multiple languages.
For example, if you want to write this English sentence in Dutch, you still use the alphabet.
If you only know English, there's bound to be an unfamiliar pattern to these words in Dutch.
Because there are parts that are unfamiliar, you can judge that it is not an English word.
The same is true for the Indus script.
After some computer processing, we discovered an unfamiliar pattern in these two strings.
For example, if you look at the top row, there's a series of bottle symbols.
This glyph is the most frequently occurring glyph in the Indus script, but no other example of such a sequence has been found here.
Why?
After another investigation of the location where this string was excavated, it was found far from the Indus Valley.
It turned out to be around present-day Iraq and Iran.
Why was it found there?
The truth is, the people of the Indus civilization were an enterprising people.
I traveled across the sea to Mesopotamia to trade with people far away, in what is now Iraq.
What this means is that the traders and merchants of the Indus civilization used letters to represent foreign languages.
Like the example in English and Dutch
If you think about it that way, there is an explanation for strings with unfamiliar patterns like this.
So the Indus script can be used to represent multiple languages.
From what we've seen so far, it seems likely that the Indus script represents language.
If it's a letter that represents a language, how should the symbol be read?
this is the next big challenge
Many of the symbols look like drawings of people, insects, fish, birds.
Many ancient scripts are based on the principle of "rebuses," that is, pictures of words.
For example here is the word
Can you draw a picture of this?
Please try it
Did you do it?
Then
is my answer
Combining the picture of the bee and the leaf, read as bee leaf, it becomes "belief".
You may have other answers
For Indus, the problem is the opposite.
You have to figure out how to pronounce the pictures so that the whole sequence makes sense.
It's like a crossword puzzle, but it's the hardest crossword puzzle, because there's a big stake in solving it.
My colleagues Iravatham Mahadevan and Asko Perpora are working on this puzzle problem.
Let me show you a little bit of what Perpora's research is about.
here is a short string
There are seven vertical lines, and next to them is a symbol that looks like a fish.
These seals were made on clay that was attached to the package, so part of the clay should have the name of the merchant on it.
In India, according to an ancient tradition, children were given astrological names after the constellation they appeared at the time of their birth.
In the Dravidian language, the word "fish" is "mean," a homophone of the word "star."
The seven stars are pronounced "el-meen" and are the Dravidian word for the Big Dipper.
The same string of six stars is pronounced "al-min" and is the Old Dravidian word for the Pleiades star cluster.
If you look at other combinations, you see fish symbols and things like roofs.
It's pronounced "May Meen," and it's Old Dravidian for Saturn.
This made my blood boil
seems to be getting closer to the point
But that doesn't mean that the seals will include Dravidian names for planets and constellations.
at this stage
We can't decide on a specific cracking method, but if we go further and it looks like we're definitely cracking longer strings, then we're on the right track.
So far, we can write the word TED in Egyptian hieroglyphics and cuneiform, because both scripts were deciphered in the 19th century.
Decoding these characters gives us direct access to the language spoken by ancient civilizations.
The Maya civilization began to speak in the 20th century, but the Indus civilization remained silent.
You may ask, "What happened to that?"
The Indus civilization should be shared by all of us, not just South Indians, North Indians, Pakistanis.
They are the ancestors of all of us, yours and mine.
It's just that the unfortunate accident of history has silenced him.
If we can decipher the letters, they will speak to us again.
what will you tell me
What will be revealed about them and us
can't wait to find out
thank you
(applause)
It's great when we come together like this and talk about patients standing up.
So far, patients have managed their disease well, and they say, "I know the success rate of treatment, but I want to do some research on my own to find out what success means to me."
I heard you talk
I'd also like to tell you about a real-life experience four years ago when I almost died and almost died, and I want to tell you about the e-patient movement that I learned about.
Learn more about e-Patient Movement
When I first learned about this e-patient movement, I was blogging under the handle "Patient Dave," but I quickly changed my name to "E-Patient Dave."
As for the word "patient," as I got involved in medicine and attended a number of meetings as a spectator, I realized that people who don't have patients in this room are like people elsewhere. is to speak to
In many of today's talks, we still take that stance.
But what I want to tell you today is that "patient" is not a third person word.
right
You may find yourself lying in the hospital, or your mother or your child may find themselves in that situation.
As I speak today, the first thing I want you to know is that I'm speaking on behalf of all the patients I've met and have yet to meet.
This is to give patients a more active role, to help improve care, to correct medical errors.
Charlie Safran, a senior doctor at my hospital, and his colleague Warner Slack have argued for decades that the most underutilized resource in health care is the patient.
They've been advocating this idea since the 1970s.
Now, I would like to go back in history.
It was July 1969
I was a freshman in college at the time, the year the first manned moon landing took place.
It was the first time I'd seen the planet we live on now from anywhere else.
At that time, the world was changing rapidly.
Unpredictable changes awaited
A few weeks later, Woodstock was held.
It was three days full of fun and music.
I'll also show you a picture of me as a testament to history.
(Laughter) I like that wavy hair, I like that blue eyes...it was pretty cool.
Fall of 1969 The Whole Earth Catalog is published.
was a hippie magazine for self-sufficiency
It's easy to assume that hippies are simply hedonists, but there's a definite component to that. I was part of that movement, a definite component of taking responsibility for yourself.
The subtitle of this book is "Access to Tools."
How to build your own house How to grow your own food And much more
In the 1980s, this young doctor, Tom Ferguson, was the medical editor of The Whole Earth Catalog.
He realized that most of what you do in medicine is self-care.
He said that 70% to 80% of our health depends on how we manage our health.
When medical care requires advanced medicine for more serious illnesses, it's the lack of access to information that's holding us back.
The advent of the web has changed all that, not only because of the availability of information, but also because of the ability to find peers, gather together, and provide information online.
They coined the term "e-patient," meaning ready, engaged, empowered, enabled.
Of course, by this time he had become a more senior doctor.
Before I knew the term "e-patient," I was a medical patient.
In 2006, when I went for a physical, I complained that my shoulder hurt.
And then I got an x-ray, and the day after -- if you've been through your own medical crisis, you'll understand, and you may have noticed.
Some of the speakers this morning remembered the date they heard their diagnosis.
In my case, it was January 3rd, 2007 at 9:00 am.
I'm in an office with a clean desk
It was a room surrounded by blue upholstered walls.
The phone rang and it was from the doctor.
"I saw Dave Roentgen on my computer at home," he said.
He said, "Your shoulder is fine, but Dave, there's something in your lungs."
The shadow you see inside this red oval isn't there.
In short, I said to him, "Should we go back to the hospital now?"
"Yes, I need a chest CT scan," the doctor replied.
At the end of the day, I asked, "Is there anything I should do?"
I was told this, advice from a doctor, "Go home and have a glass of wine with your wife."
After taking a CAT scan
I found five of these things in both of my lungs.
At this point, I knew I had cancer.
but not lung cancer
It's been transferred from somewhere
Where the hell are you from?
I did an ultrasound to find out.
I applied jelly to my stomach and slid a probe on it, as women often do.
my wife came with me
She's a veterinarian, so she's seen a lot of ultrasounds.
Of course, I fully understood that I'm not a dog.
(Laughter) This is an MRI image.
It's a much clearer picture than an ultrasound.
I found this big lump in my kidney.
And we found two, one popping forward and already ruptured and stuck in the gut.
And the other one was coming out back, and it was contacting a big muscle called the psoas, which I had never heard of before, and suddenly I started to worry about the psoas.
(Laughter) I went home.
I've been on the Internet since 1989 with CompuServe, and now I'm using Google.
I went home.
After filtering through junk sites, I landed on WebMD, a trusted medical website.
Oh yeah, actually my wife also found it on the internet
Before I met her, I was seeing women with suboptimal search results.
(Laughter) When searching, I focused on the quality of the information.
Trustworthiness matters Which sources are trustworthy?
Where does my normal tissue end and where does cancer begin?
Cancer, or a tumor, is something that grows out of your own tissue.
How can we do that?
How far can medical science go?
WebMD search results show poor prognosis for advanced renal cell carcinoma
Most patients are incurable."
If you've been on the Internet for years and don't like your initial search results, search for more information.
``The outlook is bleak'' for other searched websites, even the third page of Google's search page.
It was written that "the prognosis is not good"
I thought, "What happened to that?"
i was fine
By evening I was tired, but I was 56.
I was also losing weight slowly, but I thought it was the result of the diet my doctor told me.
it wasn't just a matter
And this is a diagram of stage 4 kidney cancer after starting the drug.
I happened to have that lump in my lungs.
I had another one on my left femur.
I broke my leg later because of this.
I fainted and broke when I hit the ground.
It's on my skull, and I had other tumors on top of that.
Kidney cancer had metastasized to his tongue
I scraped the information and found that the median survival was 24 weeks.
it was the worst
I was already on my way to the graveyard
I thought, "What does a mother look like when she attends a funeral?"
I told my daughter, "This is how it is."
her boyfriend was there
"Don't rush to get married while I'm still alive," he said.
was very serious
Think about why patients are motivated and motivated to help others.
A doctor introduced me to a patient community called Acor.org, a site where people with cancer and a lot of amazing things happened.
This community quickly told me, "Kidney cancer is an unusual disease.
Better to go to a specialized treatment center
There's no cure, but there's something that sometimes works, and usually ineffective, called high-dose interleukin therapy.
Most hospitals don't do it, and they don't even tell you that this treatment exists.
It is better not to accept other treatments recommended at the beginning
By the way, can you give me four doctors in your area who are doing this treatment and their phone numbers?"
how wonderful
(Applause) And here's the point: four years from now, no site is giving patients this information.
It's not on the American Cancer Society's government-approved site, but it gives patients a sense of what information they want from each other.
This is the power of patient networks
This wonderful substance - again, I asked, how far is my normal body?
Recently, I've been having a lot of conversations with my oncologist, because I want my talk to be medically accurate.
An oncologist said, "The immune system is very good at detecting invaders, like foreign bacteria, but those that come from your own tissue are very different."
I started my own patient support community website, so I prepared myself emotionally. A friend of mine, who is also a relative, said to me, "Dave, what are you doing?
I'm going to be mentally masochistic."
That's what we worked on together
The details of this story are written in the book
That aside, the numbers unfolded like this.
I put together a spreadsheet of my tumor sizes, which I got from the website of the hospital I went to because of my personality.
don't worry about the number
this is my immune system
The two yellow lines are the two interleukin treatments I took two months apart.
As you can see, the medication dramatically reduced the size of the tumor.
I'm really surprised
As interleukins become more widely used, we may find more uses for them.
The punchline of this story is that a year and a half later, I was able to attend the wedding of this beautiful woman, my daughter.
When she came down the stairs, when it was just me and her for a moment, I was so glad I didn't have to tell her mother, "I wish Daddy was here, too."
Improvements in medicine will make this possible.
I also want to talk about other patients who are doing all they can to improve their care.
This is Regina Holliday, a painter in Washington, D.C., who lost her husband to kidney cancer the year after I got sick.
Here's a mural of her last grueling week in her husband's hospital.
One thing she learned was that her husband's medical records were completely disorganized.
"Why isn't there a simple medical record in the medical field where new nurses and doctors can get basic information about their husband's illness, like the nutrition label on a cereal box?" she said. thought
So she charted a medical record like this to mimic the format of a nutrition label.
And last year she drew a picture of this diagram.
she studied medicine like me
I've learned that a lot of people are publishing patient advocacy books that you never hear at medical conferences.
Patients are a completely underutilized resource.
As I said at the beginning, I've argued that patients should have access to their medical data.
And actually, at a conference a few years ago, I said, "Give me my data! You guys can't keep my data organized!"
The data has been blocked.
I'd like to improvise a little here.
There's a medical IT technician who lives outside of Boston, and I met him on Twitter, and he composed "e-patient rap."
This is it
(Laughter) (Beatbox) (Rap) ♫ Give me my data ♫ ♫ Be like e-patient Dave ♫ ♫ Give me my data, save my life ♫ Stop it here (Applause) ) (cheers) Thank you.
(Laughter) Think of the possibilities.
Why is iPhone and iPad technology so much faster than the medical tools we can use to save our families?
This is a site I stumbled across called VisibleBody.com.
I thought, "Where is my psoas muscle?"
Click to remove
While operating it, "Oh, this is the kidney and this is the psoas muscle!"
Rotate it in three dimensions and you'll understand
This site reminded me of Google Earth, where you can fly anywhere.
I had an epiphany, "I wish I could use this tool to take an image of me and have something like a Google Earth of my body!"
What did Google announce this year?
yes google body browser
but still generic
I can't import my data
But once we have access to our own medical data, and we give it to software developers, and they love to develop, I'm sure they'll do great things.
this is the last story
This is Kelly Young, a rheumatoid arthritis patient from Florida.
This story has been unfolding for the past few weeks.
The big problem with rheumatoid arthritis patients who call themselves "RA patients" -- her blog is called "RA Warriors" -- is that 40 percent of them have no obvious symptoms.
It's also difficult to know how the disease is progressing. Some doctors don't believe that there is pain.
Through an internet search, she learned that isotopic bone scans, which are commonly given to cancer patients, can also detect inflammation.
If there is no inflammation, the scan will be a solid gray.
and she got a scan
The radiologist's report was, "No cancer found."
But that diagnosis is not the goal
I asked him to see me again, but the doctor refused.
she picked up the CD
He said, "If you want to go against my orders, get out."
I found a positive spot in the scanned image of the CD she picked up.
Now, through her blog, she's actively seeking help to get better health care.
She has no medical education, but she's an empowered patient.
We know you are the most underutilized resource in healthcare.
She was able to do it because she had access to the raw data.
How important is this?
In fact, at TED2009, the creator of the web, Tim Berners-Lee, said in a talk that the next revolution would be to get the raw data instead of using your browser to find other people's papers on that data.
At the end of his talk, he chanted with the audience, "Raw data now!"
I'm begging you to say three words to improve healthcare so that patients can help other patients!
May patients help other patients!
May patients help other patients!
May patients help other patients!
thank you
(Applause.) God bless the patients around the world watching this webcast -- "May patients help other patients!"
Moderator: God bless you too Thank you
The High Line was an old elevated railroad that ran three kilometers through Manhattan.
Originally, this railroad was a freight line running down 10th Street.
Later, there were many fatal accidents, and it came to be called Death Street, so West Side Cowboys, who lead trains on horseback, were newly established.
In vain with the introduction of vanguards, there was still about one casualty each month.
So it was finally changed to an elevated railway
We installed a railroad line through the center of the city 9m above the ground
But with the rise of inter-state trucking, usage gradually declined.
Finally in 1980 it became the last service
He left the meat processing district with a load of frozen Thanksgiving turkeys.
After that it was discontinued
I used to live near the railroad, and it was there that I first heard about the demolition in the New York Times article.
I thought that if someone took action against the demolition, I would join them as a volunteer, but I realized that there was no such person.
At my first local gathering, I sat down next to a travel writer named Joshua David.
By the time the meeting was over, it turned out that only the two of us were interested in the project, and most wanted it to be demolished.
We exchanged business cards, stayed in touch afterwards, and founded an organization called Friends of the High Line.
My initial goal was to save the railroad from demolition, but I began to wonder if it could be used for something.
The first thing that intrigued me was the view from the ground up of this slightly rusty, industrial remnant of steel architecture.
But what I saw above was the Empire State Building, the Statue of Liberty, the Hudson River, and three kilometers of greenery running through the center of Manhattan.
And that's how it all started, and I came up with the idea that we're going to build a park, and we're going to put this greenery in it.
At that time, there were many who opposed
Mayor Giuliani also called for demolition
Let's not talk about the lawsuits and fights, shall we?
Mayor Blooming, who was later inaugurated, was supportive, but he needed some economic numbers to convince him.
It was right after the 9/11 attacks, and the city was in dire straits.
So we requested an estimate of economic viability for approval.
This numerical error will be revealed later.
what we thought was $100 million
It's already cost $150 million
The final point is to create an economic effect on the city
He reported that over the long term, over 20 years, we could expect more than $260 million in additional land and tax revenue.
This is how I managed to get the city's backing
but this number was wrong
Now, I'm sure you're thinking that we've raised half a billion dollars in tax revenue so far, or that we're about to do so.
We held a design contest to select our design team.
Working with the team on a design that makes the most of greenery
The park is divided into three sections
First section opened in 2009
It's been a huge success, surpassing our dreams
Last year, 2 million people visited, about 10 times more than expected.
This is one of my favorites from the first section
A staircase-style observation deck on 10th Street
And the first section ends here on 20th Street
It also produces a decent economic effect, and I think it has influenced many other buildings.
From here you can see the architecture of Frank Gehry, Jean Nouvel, Shigeru Ban and Neil Denari.
In addition, the Whitney Museum of American Art will move and build a new building right at the foot of the downtown High Line.
Designed by Renzo Piano
Construction is scheduled to begin in May
Construction of the second section has also begun.
This is an overpass built about 2.5 meters above the high line.You can walk through the lush greenery.It's one of my favorites.
The High Line used to be filled with giant billboards, so we got a little playful, and instead of putting the billboards in the frame, we put people into the cityscape.
This frame was just installed last month.
And the final section will be Manhattan's largest development area around the depot.
For better or worse, the city plans to develop 1.14 million km2 around the High Line.
But I think what makes the High Line special is the people there.
I like our design, but I was actually worried that there was something about it that I didn't like, because I was so impressed with it that I thought, 'It's impossible for people to recreate that green.'
It's the way you use this facility that sleeps in people that makes the High Line so special.
I'll give you a simple example, when I saw people holding hands on the High Line shortly after opening, I thought to myself,
"Normally New Yorkers don't hold hands." We don't do that outside.
But the High Line made it so, because public spaces have the power to change the way people perceive cities and how they interact with the people around them.
thank you
(applause)
A few years ago, I felt kind of stuck in a rut, so I decided to follow in the footsteps of the great American thinker, Morgan Spurlock, and try something new for 30 days.
the idea is very simple
Take something you've always wanted to add to your life and try it for 30 days.
What I've found is that 30 days is just the right amount of time to pick up a new habit or break something like watching the news.
I learned a lot from the 30 day challenge
First, instead of the months passing by, they become more memorable.
This is a photo taken in a challenge to take a picture every day for a month.
I clearly remember where I was and what I was doing that day.
Another thing I've noticed is that doing the difficult 30-day challenge has given me more confidence in myself.
From a homeless computer geek to someone who rides his bike to work for fun
has changed
Last year, I even climbed Kilimanjaro, the highest mountain in Africa.
I wasn't the adventurous type at all before I did the 30 day challenge.
I learned that if you really want to do something, you can do anything in 30 days.
Ever wanted to write a novel? in November every year
Tens of thousands of people are trying to write a 50,000-word novel from scratch in 30 days.
All you really have to do is write 1,667 words every day for 30 days.
so i tried
By the way, the trick is not to go to bed until you've written your quota for the day.
I may be sleep deprived, but I can write a novel.
Did that create a masterpiece novel that America can be proud of?
No way! I wrote it in just a month
it's terrible
But for the rest of my life, when I see John Hodgman at a TED party, I don't have to say, "I work with computers."
Because you can say "I'm a novelist"
(Laughter) One last thing I want to say
If you make small, sustainable changes that you can sustain, you learn them.
Not bad for a big, extraordinary challenge
it must be a lot of fun
but i don't get it
When I gave up sugar for 30 days, day 31 looked like this
(Laughter) What I want to ask you is, "What are you waiting for?"
Like it or not, the next 30 days will pass, so why not try something you've always wanted to do?
in the next 30 days
thank you
(applause)
I want to talk a little bit about rethinking food.
I have been interested in food for many years.
I taught myself how to cook with a big book like this.
I went to culinary school in France
In this world, there's a way to learn by writing the way we think about food.
That's what these books say
That is wonderful
But a certain kind has been around since the concept of food was invented.
In the last 20 years, people have realized that science has a lot to do with food.
In fact, to understand how cooking works, you have to know the science of cooking, a certain amount of chemistry and physics.
but it doesn't appear in those books
And there are many techniques that chefs have cultivated, whether it's aesthetics or new approaches to food.
There is a chef in Spain named Ferran Adrià.
he created a very innovative dish
England's Heston Blumenthal also created a novel cuisine.
None of the techniques these guys have developed in the last 20 years are in those books.
Neither was taught in cooking classes.
To learn them, you have to actually work in a restaurant.
After all, the old view of food is outdated.
And so a few years ago, actually four years ago, I started looking for ways to connect science, technique, and the supernatural.
Is there a way to show people food in a way they've never seen it before?
And we worked hard, so let me show you what we've done.
This is a diagram called a section model.
Actually this is the first drawing I put in the book
This idea explains what happens when you steam broccoli.
In this magical view, you can see everything that happens while the broccoli is being steamed.
And each little article around it points to a fact.
I had double expectations
One is that it actually explains what happens when broccoli is steamed.
And the other is maybe to lure people in and drag them into something that's a little more technical, a little more scientific, a little more culinary than it should be.
Because if I had that beautiful picture, maybe I could promote this little article as well, which explains how steaming time and boiling time are actually different.
Steam should come out faster
It turned out that film condensation wasn't the culprit, and this explains it.
The first cross-section worked well, so we said, "Okay, let's do more."
this is the second
We found out why woks are the way they are
This type of wok is not very effective. It caught fire three times.
However, there is a philosophy.In the end, it is enough if the image is good for 1/1,000th of a second.
(Laughter) And here's one of the cross-sections of the can.
Once you cut things in half, you get crazy, so here's not just a frying pan, but half a jar.
And each article explains what's going on.
In this case, the boiling canned food is already acidic.
It doesn't have to be as hot as cooking in a pressure cooker, because cell spores don't grow in acid.
That's why it's so good for salted vegetables.
This is a cross section of a hamburger
One of the philosophies in the book is that no food is inherently better than any other.
So you can be generous with the same care and techniques you would give your burgers, just as you would with a fancy meal.
And if you're trying to use the best possible technique to create the highest quality burger, things get a little more complicated.
After my publication was delayed, the New York Times ran an article with the headline, "30-Hour Wait Time for Burgers Gets Longer."
Because in our ultimate burger recipe, making buns, marinating meat, and all that stuff, it takes about 30 hours.
Of course you don't actually work 30 hours
I just sit there most of the time
What I want to do with this cross-section is to show people a landscape of a hamburger that they've never seen before, and explain the physics and chemistry of the hamburger, because, surprisingly, there's something to do with physics and chemistry. especially on the flames underneath the burger
Most of the deliciousness of a charcoal grill doesn't come from the wood or the charcoal.
Buying mesquite charcoal doesn't really change that much.
Most of it is due to the thermal decomposition and burning of fat
In other words, the fat that drips down and burns brings out the flavor.
Now you may be wondering how we make these cross-sections.
Most people think that using photoshop
The answer is actually no, use a machine shop.
As a result, the best way to cut things in half is to actually cut them.
So we have two halves of the best kitchens in the world.
(Laughter) We cut a $5,000 oven in half.
The maker said, "What do you need to cut it in half?"
I replied, "Get it for free."
And then I got an oven, used it for a bit, and then cut it in half.
Now you know a little bit about how I took these pictures.
We glued pyrex or heat resistant glass to the front.
I used red, very hot silicone.
The wonderful thing is that when you cut something in half, you get another half.
So I can take a photo of the other half in exactly the same position and insert it as a substitute, and then I'll use photoshop for that part, just the edge.
So it's like in a Hollywood movie, where the actor uses wires to fly through the air, but you digitally erase the wires, and they actually fly, right?
But most of the time I don't wear glasses.
When I had hamburgers, I just cut the barbecue set.
So the charcoal that fell off the edge had to be put back up again and again.
But I'll say it again, but it's fine if it's just 1/1000th of a second.
I lit the fire 3 times in the picture of the wok
Something happens when you cut a wok in half, the oil falls into the fire and hisses.
One of the cooks lost an eyebrow because of it
But hey, my eyebrows grow back
In addition to cross-sections, it also describes physics.
This is the Fourier heat conduction equation
is a partial differential equation
We have the world's only cookbook with partial differential equations.
To make them tasteful, I made shapes out of steel plates and put them in front of the fire and took pictures like this.
There is a lot of little information in the book.
We all know that there are watts in various electrical appliances.
But you don't know that much about James Watt.
But it's okay now, because I included his bio.
It's a little paragraph explaining why and why we call the unit of heat the watt.
Watt was working at a distillery in Scotland, trying to figure out why they burned so much peat to distill whiskey.
we also did a lot of calculations
I wrote thousands of lines of code to create this cookbook.
This calculation shows how the heat of a barbecue or other heat source changes as you move away.
So when you move vertically away from the surface of the heat source, the heat goes down.
Even if you move left and right, the heat will go down.
That horn-shaped area we call the sweet spot.
There the heat is less than 10%
That's where you should really cook
And I made this interesting horn shape, and again, as far as I know, this is the first cookbook to explain this.
maybe the last cookbook to explain it
There are actually two ways to make a product.
Do a lot of marketing, have a consumer debate, and either find something that people really want, or just give it a go, write the book the way you like it and hope other people like it.
Here is the processing order of hamburgers
When you want to make an extremely delicious hamburger, I found that evenly arranging the minced meat is effective.
As you can see it's really simple
You put a little tray in the grinder as you push it out, and the minced meat comes out of a little mouth, and you stack it up and cut it vertically.
This is the completed hamburger
Finished product after 30 hours
We have done all the details
Lettuce contains liquid smoke
I tried to put some ideas into how to make a bun
I also mixed mushrooms and ketchup
Look closely, I'll use popcorn here to explain.
Popcorn shows something important in physics.
don't you think it's beautiful
We had a high speed camera and we had a lot of fun making the book.
The key to this law of physics is that when water boils to steam, it expands 1,600 times.
This phenomenon is happening to the moisture in the popcorn.
this is a great example
Finally, let me show you a rare movie.
The book has a chapter about gels
You all watch dramas like CSI, right?
Now, if you have a high-speed camera and you have a block of gelatin, someone will do this.
(Gaps) Ballistic gelatin is amazingly good at replicating the human body when shot, and that's why we shouldn't be shot.
And here's another great thing: by the time this gelatin hits the ground, it's back to its original, beautiful block shape.
Anyway, this is the cookbook
here you go
2,438 pages
Big and nice pages
(Applause) One of my friends complained, "This book is too big and too cute to be in the kitchen."
(applause)
Do you know how many plants have flowers?
At least we know about 250,000 species, 250,000 species of plants that flower.
really big
Making flowers is a big job for plants.
Requires large amounts of energy and resources
why go that far
It's a cliché, but the answer is sex.
This photo reminds me of something
Reproduction is very important - plants have many other ways to reproduce
A cutting, for example, is a kind of self-mating that pollinates itself.
But in order to pollinate other genes and further adapt to the ecosystem, they need to spread their own genes widely.
Evolution happens that way
Plants transmit genetic information through pollen
Some of you may know these pictures
You should have an electron microscope in your home, because you can see these things.
There are as many types of pollen as there are flowering plants.
It's also useful in forensics, etc.
Most of the pollen that causes hay fever comes from plants that use the wind to spread their pollen, which is a very inefficient way of doing it, so much of it ends up in our nostrils.
The pollen-wrapped stamen's reproductive cells somehow, by chance, send out a huge amount of pollen to reach other flowers.
All grains and most trees blow pollen in the wind.
But many other species use insects for pollination, which is in some ways smarter, because it requires less pollen.
Insects and other creatures can wear pollen and carry it directly to their destination.
Of course, we know the relationship between insects and plants.
A common relationship among flies, birds, and bees is that instead of carrying pollen, they get nectar.
And that symbiotic relationship sometimes makes for some really cool adaptations.
The plant gets something and the hawk moth carries the pollen elsewhere.
Plants have evolved to create little landing sites here and there for stray bees.
Many plants have markings that look like insects.
This is the anther of a lily. It's so cleverly crafted. When an unsuspecting insect lands on it, the anther springs up and hits the bug on the back. is
Some orchids look like they have jaws, which in a way are real jaws.
There are at least 20,000 species of orchids, a truly staggering variety.
I have various tricks
must attract pollen carriers to pollinate
This is known as Darwin's orchid, because Darwin saw it, studied it, and made a wonderful prediction.
Here we are in a flower, and insects have to stick their little proboscis in the middle and go all the way down the tube to get to the nectar.
Darwin saw this flower and said, "Something must have evolved with it."
On the street there is this insect
Normally, the proboscis is wrapped around, but if it is stretched straight, it will look like this.
Imagine if nectar was so precious, so hard to make, and so attractive to so many couriers, it might deceive us in this way, just as it does to humans.
"We have a lot of nectar, would you like to come?"
here is a plant
Insects in South Africa love this, and have evolved to elongate their proboscis to get the nectar from the flowers there.
This is an imitation version
imitating the plant
There are flies with long snouts, but they can't get nectar from mimic plants because they don't have nectar.
Not only do the flies not get nectar from the mimic plants, but if you look closely, they have a little bit of pollen on their heads, which they carry to other plants. It's a story
(Laughter) Deception is practiced throughout the plant kingdom.
This flower has black dots, and to us, they look like black dots, but to the males of certain insects, they look like two cute, worthy females.
(Laughter) When the male comes along and perches, he sticks in the pollen and, of course, carries it with him. And when you look at the pictures taken with the "one-in-a-house electron microscope," you see a pattern -- a three-dimensional pattern.
Not only does it look nice, but it also makes insects feel comfortable.
From these electron micrographs -- this orchid mimics an insect -- it seems to us that the plant has different colors and textures in different parts, but the insects have a very different texture. you may be feeling
This plant mimics the glossy, metallic surface of some beetles.
Using a scanning electron microscope, the surface looks like this, which is very different from the surface of a beetle.
Sometimes whole plants look like insects to our eyes.
this looks like a flying animal
It is wonderful
This is a clever plant called oncidium
It's a tricky flower
This flower looks like another ferocious bee to some bees, and they keep banging their heads on it to scare it off, leaving it covered in pollen.
To give another example, this plant mimics another orchid that stores a lot of food that insects like.
they give nothing to insects
It's cheating in two stages.
(Laughter) It's ylang ylang, and it's used in a lot of different perfumes.
Someone just smelled this
Flowers don't have to be so flashy
It emits a wonderful scent to insects.
this flower
It doesn't smell that good. It smells really bad and has evolved into something that looks like carrion.
flies love this
Dive into flowers to pollinate
This twisted aram is also called the "dead horse aram".
I don't know what a dead horse smells like, but I'm sure it smells similar.
it's terrible
Blowflies become irresistible
Jump into this flower, crawl inside
Thinking it's a good carrion, it lays eggs, but there's nothing to eat, so the eggs die, but the plants benefit because the bristles open up and the flies fly to the next flower to pollinate it. - wonderful
This is mamusialum, also known as "load and ready" or "cuckoo pint."
Here's a photo I took in Dorset last week
This plant puts out about 15 degrees hotter than its surroundings, which is amazing.
If you look down, there's something like a dam on the little flower on the flower stalk, and the flies are attracted by the heat.
Then I drink delicious nectar and my body becomes sticky.
At night, a shower of pollen coats its body, and the hairs we saw earlier shrivel up, allowing the pollen-covered bug to get out.
and here are my favorites
This is philodendron sellome
If you're from Brazil, you know this plant.
this is really amazing
This penis-like thing is about 30 centimeters long.
As far as I know, it does something that no other plant does. When it blooms -- the one in the middle -- it has a two-day metabolism, just like a mammal.
Instead of starch, which is the plant's food, the plant takes something like fat and burns it at a rate similar to how a little cat burns and metabolizes fat.
That's twice the energy output of a hummingbird for the same weight, which is absolutely amazing.
doing something very strange
Not only does it heat itself up to about 44 degrees Celsius for two days, but it also keeps that temperature constant.
We have a system that manages heat, so the temperature stays constant.
Why do you do this?
You probably don't know, but some beetles prefer to mate at this temperature.
I'm ready to go inside
(Laughter) And then the plant showers the insects with pollen, and the insects that go outside pollinate another flower.
how wonderful
Insects are the most common pollinators that come to mind, but in the tropics birds and butterflies also pollinate.
Many tropical flowers are red, because butterflies and birds see red just as well as we do.
But in terms of wavelengths of light, birds and humans see red, green, and blue.
Insects can see green, blue, and ultraviolet, different shades of ultraviolet.
we see something we can't see
you want to see what it is
yeah you can see
What do insects see?
Last week in Dorset, I photographed a rockrose, or an angelica.
A small yellow flower that seems to be everywhere is blooming all over
This is how it looks under visible light
This is what happens when you remove the red color
most bees can't see red
And then if you put a UV-transmitting filter on your camera and expose it to a specific UV wavelength for a long time, you get this picture.
The place to set the aim is clear at a glance
You can't know exactly what a bee sees, any more than you can know exactly what you're looking at when I call it red.
I can't read people's minds, so I can't read the minds of insects.
But the color contrast would look something like this, a lot more in the back.
Here's another little flower, and because of the different wavelengths of UV light, it needs a different filter to be seen by the pollinator's eye.
it should look like this
You might think that all yellow flowers have these characteristics - I took the photos so as not to damage the flowers. I just put them on a tripod. Look at this photo
It seems that it can also be used as a sunscreen ingredient, because it can prevent sunburn by absorbing ultraviolet rays.
This flower chemical will help
And finally, this evening primrose, which I got from Björn Rothlett in Norway, has a hidden pattern.
I am fascinated by hidden things
It's poetic. It's a photo taken with an ultraviolet-transmitting filter, which astronauts use to take pictures of Venus, which is actually the clouds on Venus.
that's the main way it's used
As we all know, Venus is the goddess of love and fertility, and the same goes for flowers.
Flowers go to great lengths to attract pollinators, but humans plant vast expanses of land with flowers, and give flowers at birth, at death, and especially at marriage. It's about routing genetic material from one organism to another.
Thank you very much
(applause)
My life used to be smooth sailing
familiar wherever you go
Everyone I met seemed like a longtime friend.
Now let me tell you about how I encountered that scene and what I learned afterwards.
this is the beginning
An existential question arose: if I experienced full association and full consciousness, why am I not in this picture? Where and when was this?
I live in Los Angeles, California
In the police photo, that's actually my car.
The scene is less than a kilometer from Cedars-Sinai, one of Los Angeles' leading hospitals.
The situation was that a car full of paramedics on their way home from work came to the scene of an accident, there were no survivors in the car, and I had just advised the police that I, the driver, had died.
The police are waiting for the fire department to arrive, cut the car off and extract the driver.
You'll soon find me wedged behind the windshield.
My skull was crushed, my collarbone was broken, I had two ribs left, my pelvis and both arms were all broken, but I had a pulse.
I was rushed to the nearby Cedars-Sinai Hospital, and that night I had a 9 liter transfusion -- enough to replace all the blood in my body -- for internal bleeding, and I managed to get my blood flowing.
They put me on life support and caused a severe stroke that put me in a coma.
The degree of coma is classified from 15 to 3
15 is mild coma and 3 is the most severe
As you can see, in the state of 3
No signs of life visible from the outside
I was on the Glasgow Coma Scale 3 for over a month, and in such a deep coma, on the brink of life and death, I experienced perfect relevance and perfect consciousness of the spiritual world.
On the other hand, the family looking in from the outside was faced with a different existential problem: the comatose mind they were supposed to have, and the actual mind, the little bit left in my head. How far is it possible to connect brain functions to each other?
In a broader sense, let's say you're an alien observing the Earth from outer space, and your favorite show on Galaxy Satellite TV is the Human Show on Earth Channel.
The reason I love this show is because consciousness is so interesting.
Consciousness is very unpredictable and fragile.
this is the beginning
The home of mankind is the Awash Valley in Ethiopia
The reason why we start with the special effects is that catastrophic climate change happened, and it's interesting because it's just like today.
The change in the tilt of the earth's axis caused catastrophic climate change, and our ancestors - Lucy, learned to use tools to crack animal bones and eat bone marrow. developed the brain
We've grown consciousness in response to a global crisis.
Consciousness continues to evolve, and part of it is here in Madhya Pradesh, India, where you'll find one of the oldest pieces of rock art in only two places in the world.
This is a stone cup made by striking 40,000 to 50,000 times.It is the oldest work of art on earth.
What does this have to do with consciousness, because the first shape a human child draws today is a circle.
and then put a point in the center of the circle
We make eyes, and eyes have evolved throughout human history.
The Egyptian god Horus, symbol of prosperity, wisdom and health.
To this day, there is an American one-dollar bill with the Eye of Providence on it.
So if you watch this show from outer space, you'll realize that the most precious resource on this blue planet is our consciousness.
It's the first time I've ever painted, and I'm surrounded by it, and it's probably the greatest statue on earth.
no i take consciousness for granted
I didn't even think about it when I was working in LA.
I didn't even think about it until I got stripped
What I've learned during my recovery since that accident is that consciousness is at stake like never before.
Let me give you some examples
It's a great honor to be here in India to speak, but India is known to have the highest number of head injuries in the world.
disgraceful statistics
There is no greater disconnect between the normally functioning mind and the actual damaged mind than a severe head injury.
Rehabilitation takes 10 years at the longest, so in India, unless the situation improves, it will take a total of 1,000 years of rehabilitation.
In the United States, there is an injury every 20 seconds, 1.5 million a year, a stroke every 40 seconds, Alzheimer's disease every 70 seconds.
It creates a disconnect between the mind that should be able to function and the mind that is real.
Here are some other stats on a global scale:
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), depression is the worst disease on earth in terms of years lived with disability.
Depression is the second most common physical disability among people aged 15 to 44.
The number of children with depression is also on an abnormal upward trend.
During my recovery, I learned that suicide was the third leading cause of death among teens.
Looking at yet another statistic - concussions
Half of all adolescents undergoing emergency care are concussions.
When it comes to migraines, 40% of the population suffers from occasional headaches.
15% of people get migraines that leave them unable to do anything for days.
All of them outnumber computers, and by the way, what we do most often is using digital devices.
The average teen is said to send 3,300 emails a month.
It's as if our society is retreating into depression and withdrawal from the catastrophic climate change we'll soon be facing.
As I watch the human show, I wonder: Will humans grow in consciousness to confront and solve catastrophic climate change, or will they continue to retreat?
If you're concerned, I encourage you to reflect on the events of Cedars-Sinai and consider the difference between the possible mind and the actual mind.
This is a high density electrode electroencephalograph MRI collecting 156 channels of data.
This isn't my EEG in the hospital, it's your EEG tonight or last night.
Each night our mind organizes the events of the day and prepares to bridge the sleeping mind of original potential to the mind of reality when we wake up the next morning.
This is me after 4 months in the hospital
The horseshoe scar on my head is where the incision was made during the brain surgery that saved my life.
Conscious eyes are looking down. Let me tell you what I felt at that moment.
There was no emptiness, I felt everything at the same time
Nothing and everything, heat and cold, euphoria and despondency, because the brain is the world's first real quantum computer, it can be in many different states at the same time.
All the internal regulation of my brain was damaged, so I felt it all at once.
Now turn around and look at me from the front
I'm going to fast-forward to when I was removed from the medical system.
eyes can't focus
I can't follow even one line of a book
And yet I was kicked out of the health care system, and my family realized that the health care system doesn't have a long-term view.
Neurological disorders require 10 years of rehabilitation, so we need a long-term view.
Now let's look behind my eyes (brain)
This is a gamma-ray projection map using gamma rays, which allows us to create a three-dimensional functional map of the inside of the brain.
3D rendering requires a laboratory, and 2D is enough to show that the normal mind works beautifully and symmetrically.
this is my brain
You can see the result of more than a third of the right brain being destroyed by a stroke.
Being removed from the health care system, my family tried to find solutions and answers on their own.
During that process, which took years, one doctor said that my recovery and progress since my head injury was miraculous given the extent of the injury.
That inspired me to write a book because I didn't think it was miraculous.
There must have been some miraculous element, but I didn't think we should have to struggle so hard to find the answer to this global epidemic.
So from my experience of recovery, I want to talk about four aspects in particular, which I call the 4Cs of consciousness.
The first is cognitive training.
Unlike the broken windshield in my car, the brain is plastic, and treatments can train it to restore alertness and levels of consciousness.
And plasticity means there's hope, and reason to be hopeful, that it's possible to reconstruct brain function.
The mind has the capacity to redefine, as demonstrated in the 1970s by two experts named Hagen and Silva.
Globally, 30 percent of school children have learning weaknesses that they cannot self-correct, but with proper screening, they can be detected and treated before they drop out.
But finding someone to provide that kind of treatment and care is very difficult.
This is the data that a neuropsychiatrist showed me when I tracked down someone like that.
I'm not a doctor, so I won't talk about specific subtests.
Let's just look at the general IQ
Overall IQ measures the essential brain processes of today's life: how quickly we collect, store and recall information.
As you can see there are 3 columns
Unable to test is when I'm in a coma
It gradually recovered, and eventually scored 79 points, just below average.
In the health care system, once you hit average, the support ends.
At that point, they will be removed from the medical system.
What does average IQ really mean?
What it means is when I can do a test in two and a half hours that a normal person can do in 50 minutes.
It's a very low level to be abandoned by the health care system.
then underwent cognitive training
And the graph on the right shows the numbers I recorded after a period of cognitive training.
It's an impossible number.
IQ stabilizes and stops fluctuating at age eight.
The Journal of the National Medical Association did a clinical review of my memoir, which is unusual.
I'm not a doctor and I have no medical background at all.
Still, they thought the book contained important and valuable information, and they commented on it after careful peer review.
There was a question, "Is this phenomenon reproducible?"
That's a good question, because my memoir was just a process of discovering solutions that worked for me.
The answer is yes.
Here's what one person did when he was 7 and 11 years old when he underwent cognitive training.
Here's another person who was trained while in high school and college.
this person is particularly interesting
I won't go into the details of the subtest, but it was neurologically problematic.
The person may have been diagnosed with a learning disability.
The reception was ready, and they both went to college and had the opportunity to live fulfilling lives.
The second aspect is the placement of the skull and mandible, even though I still had severe migraines at the time.
Two things helped. First, 90 percent of head and neck pain is due to muscle-skeletal imbalance.
The craniomandibular system is extremely important for this.
After treatment, I found that there is a close connection between the temporomandibular joint and the teeth.
Up to a third of the population has some kind of disorder, disease or malfunction in the jaw that affects the whole body.
I was fortunate enough to have one of the special treatment dentists I'm going to describe, who realigned my jaw and almost completely eliminated my headaches, but my teeth weren't in the right position.
So the dentist straightened the teeth and put the jaw in the right position.
So the teeth held the jaw in place.
The result was a positive effect on the whole body.
It might sound daring to say that your jaw affects your entire body, but it's easy to prove. Tomorrow, take a long walk with a grain of sand between your teeth, and sand. See how long you can walk without taking
just a small deviation
Moreover, there are no nerves on the surface of the tooth.
There is absolutely no difference in appearance before and after the test.
Now put a few grains of sand between your teeth and see what the difference is.
i still had a migraine
The next problem solved is that if 90% of head and neck pain is due to an imbalance, the other 10%, excluding aneurysms, brain tumors and hormonal imbalances, is a circulation problem.
At UCLA Medical Center, I was told, think of the blood that flows through your body as a closed system.
There are large pipes through which the blood flows, and there are nerves around the pipes that absorb the nutrients carried by the blood.
that's the basics
If you press one part of the closed pipe, the other part will inflate.
If that bulge is in the brain, where nerves are most concentrated, you get a vascular migraine.
Pain is only understood by those who have experienced vascular migraines.
This technology, shown on the slide, allows for three-dimensional mapping.
MRI MRA MRV volumetric MRI
Experts at the UCLA Medical Center used this technique to identify where the pressure was in the pipe.
A vascular surgeon removed most of my bilateral first ribs.
Thanks to that, my nervous system returned to normal.
Communication is very important.
Consciousness is all about communication
I was very fortunate that my father's business partner's husband worked for the Alfred Mann Foundation for Scientific Research.
Alfred Mann was a brilliant scientist and inventor who was interested in bridging the gaps in consciousness, trying to restore sound to the deaf, light to the blind and restore movement to the paralyzed.
As an example, I'm going to show you how to regain movement in a paralyzed patient.
I brought this FM device from Southern California.
riding in the palm of your hand
not even a gram
Even if you put two in your body, they're lighter than a dime.
Even 5 pieces weigh less than 1 Indian rupee coin
Where on the body should it be applied?
This device has undergone endurance testing and will not deteriorate in the body for over 80 years.
It stays as it is after installation
Here is the embedded location
A proof-of-concept concept places these devices on moving parts of the body.
The main unit is installed in the brain
An FM device implanted in the motor cortex sends signals to the appropriate muscle drive points in real time, so that, for example, someone who can't control their arm can move their arm in real time.
Another FM device implanted in the fingertip sends a signal to the sensory cortex of the brain when it touches a surface, producing the sensation of touch.
Science fiction? No, I'm actually the first to wear this technology.
I can't control my left foot
A radio controls every step, and every time I walk, a sensor relays information from my foot.
Finally, I would like to share with you how personally this experience has meant so much to me and how it has changed my life.
When I was in a coma, I knew someone was watching me.
When I came out of my coma, I could recognize my family, but I couldn't remember my past.
I soon learned that the person watching was my wife.
I whispered the good news with a fixed, motionless mouth to the night shift nurse.
The next morning my mother came and told me that I hadn't been in the hospital bed all this time, that I had worked in the film and television industry, that I had been in a car accident, and that I had been married. died in an accident
And that she was buried in her hometown of Phoenix while I was in a coma.
In the dark years that followed, everything that made this moment so special was lost, and I searched for what remained of me.
Eventually, when I learned about the crisis of consciousness, and it was happening all over the world, and it was taking on more and more people's lives every day, I realized that there was really something left for me.
I believe our crisis of consciousness can be overcome. The human show will go on forever.
we will all rise and shine
thank you very much
(Applause) Can I have a little?
(Applause) When I heard Simon talk -- please sit down. I just want to talk to you for a minute.
I was waiting at a restaurant for a meeting, for someone who was obviously disabled to show up.
i don't know what i was thinking
someone was walking
I didn't recognize the person I met at all
Even if you say hello and start talking, you can't look like someone who overcame a serious accident.
I was also amazed at the role that technology played in your recovery.
his book is in the bookstore outside
What surprised me was that the book was so detailed that it described every hospital I went to, every treatment I received, every near miss I encountered, and how I encountered a new invention.
I would like to know a little more about one thing
Please explain what you are wearing on your feet
During the rehearsal, I thought I didn't have time to touch on this. This is the real thing. This is the controller.
Every action I take has been documented for five or six years now.
can the mic pick up sound
A small dial tone followed by two tones will turn the power on.
Press it again, it will beep three times, and you're ready to go.
It's my friend. I charge it every night.
works well
I didn't have time to talk to you about it.
What do we do? We'll show you
Can you show me this bottom part, it's a small antenna.
There's a sensor under the heel that detects when the foot is off the ground, called heel lift.
It always flashes I leave it on but can you see it?
This device also flashes all the time, and transmits a signal in real time.
If you're going fast, you're detecting a change in spacing -- the heel-lift spacing --
It accelerates the amount and intensity of stimulation.
Another thing that I didn't have time to talk about earlier is that it's already helping many people with hearing disabilities recover.
In fact, it was a technology that was about to be abandoned. Alfred Mann met Dr. Fischer, a doctor who was about to retire. because it wasn't
But there are millions of deaf people around the world, and cochlear implants are now available to many people.
Helps restore hearing
Development of an artificial retina for the visually impaired
This device is implantable
I didn't mention it earlier, but this is an exoskeleton.
that is, the first generation
An exoskeleton device is worn on a disabled limb, wrapped around the leg.
It works amazingly well. We have 100 engineers and scientists working with us. We have other staff.
Alfred Mann set up this foundation to promote research by ventures that weren't interested in the field.
the market is too small
It's tempting to think that there are a lot of paralyzed people in the world, but the market is too small. Given the research investment, the research period, and the regulatory approvals, it's taking too long for ventures to get their money back.
there he got up
really great person
Developed many new technologies
If you have the chance, please meet Simon.
thank you
(applause)
My mother, who was an elementary school teacher, did everything in her power to help me improve my reading comprehension.
Most weekends, while my friends were out playing, I was sitting at the dining table taking reading lessons.
My reading skills improved, but my compulsory reading lessons didn't make me love books.
Things changed in high school
The high school freshman general English class was a short story and a spelling test.
Extremely boring I requested a change to another class
Next semester, I moved to an advanced English class.
(Laughter) I read two novels that semester and wrote that report.
The difference in content and intensity between the two English classes made me angry, and I asked, "Where did this white student come from?"
(Laughter) My high school was over 70 percent black or Latino, but the advanced English classes were all white.
My personal encounter with this institutionalized racism changed my relationship with reading.
I've learned that the things I need to know are not taught by schools, teachers, or curricula.
And as a rebel rather than an intellectual, I decided that no one else would dictate what I read, when.
And then, quite unexpectedly, I stumbled upon a tip to help children read.
is an identity
Rather than focusing on reading skills and moving students from one level to another, or forcing poor readers to memorize unfamiliar words, we should ask ourselves: How can my child? Can we inspire them to become self-aware as readers?
Deshawn was a brilliant freshman I taught in the Bronx, and he helped me understand how identity shapes learning.
One day, during math class, he approached DeShawn and said, "You're a brilliant mathematician, DeShawn."
And he looked at me and said, "I'm not a mathematician, I'm a math genius!"
(laughs) Yeah DeShawn
But how do you read it?
that's a whole different story
"Mr. Arby, I can't read.
I will never be able to read," he said.
I taught him to read, but there are a lot of black kids who can't read.
According to the U.S. Department of Education, more than 85 percent of black boys in fourth grade aren't proficient at reading.
85 percent!
The more difficult a child learns to read, the more culturally sensitive the capacity of educators is needed.
My experience as a part-time comedian over the past eight years has taught me the importance of cultural sensitivity, that of what you want someone else to know and be able to do in a way that's appropriate and interesting. defined as the ability to translate into meaningful communication and experience
Before I go on stage, I look at the audience and judge.
Are they white or Latino?
Older or younger, expert or conservative?
Then pick and fix the jokes that make you laugh the most.
You can use bar jokes when you're making a comedy in church,
you may not be able to laugh
(Laughter) In society, the reading that we expose our children to is the equivalent of bar jokes in church.
So it's strange that so many children don't read.
Educator and philosopher Paulo Freire believed that teaching and learning are two-way.
Students should be seen as co-creators of knowledge, not like empty buckets to be filled with facts.
Mass-produced curricula and school policies force students to sit like silent statues and work in silence, an environment that often excludes children's learning needs, interests and strengths.
especially for black men
A lot of children's books aimed at black boys are full of serious topics like slavery, civil rights, biographies.
Less than 2 percent of black male teachers in America
Many black boys grow up in single-mother households
Black boys have never really seen a black man read.
I've never been encouraged to read by a black man.
What cultural factors and social cues lead us to conclude that black boys should read?
That's why I started "The Barber's Bookstore."
It's a non-profit organization that aims to develop reading comprehension by creating child-friendly reading spaces in barbershops.
Our mission is simple: to help black men become readers.
A lot of black guys go to the barber shop once or twice a month.
Some kids go to barbershops more often than they see their fathers.
"The Barber's Bookstore" connects reading with male-centric spaces, and engages black men in the early reading experience of boys.
This identity-based reading program uses popular lists of children's books recommended by black boys.
These are the books they actually want to read
According to Scholastic's 2016 Kids and Family Report, the number one reason children choose a book is if it makes them laugh.
If we really want to help black boys and other children read without coercion, we need to incorporate the right males as reading role models into early literacy achievement. , silly, disgusting books like Gross Gregg
(Laughter) "You call it a booger, but Greg calls it delicious candy."
(Laughter) That laughter, that positive reaction, and some people just showed me the disgusting reaction.
To end the barbaric inequalities that plague America's education system, we must give all children more opportunities to read and encourage them to say, "I am a reader."
thank you
(applause)
Good morning everybody
What I'm working on is this amazing little creature -- the cell.
Let me talk to you about cell culture in the lab.
Cells removed from the natural environment into the laboratory
Place it in a culture dish, also called a Petri dish.
And then we feed them a sort of food called cell culture, which is sterile, of course, and grow them in an incubator.
why would you do that?
You look at the cells in the culture dish, but they're just at the bottom.
But what I'm really trying to do in the lab is turn cells into tissue.
what does that mean
For example, to build a real heart, or to build a bone that can be transplanted into the human body.
This can also be used as a disease model.
Conventional cell culture techniques were inadequate for that.
Cells can easily get homesick, and they're not at home on a culture dish.
So we need to mimic the natural environment so that the cells can grow.
This is what we call biomimetic, and it's about recreating the natural environment in the laboratory.
Let's take the example of the heart, which is my main area of ​​research.
What are the characteristics of the heart?
It means it beats, it beats rhythmically, without rest, faithfully.
We attach electrodes to the cell culture environment to mimic the environment of the heart.
This electrode acts as a pacemaker, causing the cells to contract in the lab.
What other features do you have?
cardiomyocytes are very gluttonous
Inside the body, heart muscle cells have a very generous blood supply.
In the laboratory, we grow cells on top of biomaterials that have microscopic networks of pathways built into them, so that we can feed the cells, the cell culture fluid, onto the substrate where the cells grow. very similar to the capillary bed
And that's where we come to the first lesson: "A little life can do a lot."
Example of electrical stimulation
Let's see how powerful the basic elements of life are.
On the left is a beating cardiac muscle tissue that I have grown from mouse cells.
About the size of a mini marshmallow
The heartbeat continues even after a week
If you look at the top left, you can see
Don't worry if you can't see well
The heartbeat itself is amazing in the first place.
But what's really surprising is that when you add electrical stimulation, like a pacemaker, to this, the contractions become much stronger.
So here's the second lesson: cells do all the work.
Tissue engineers have an identity crisis. Structural engineers build big things like bridges. Computer engineers build computers. because it's about making
What does this mean?
Consider a simple example
Remember, a cell is not an abstraction.
Our cells practically support our lives.
People often say, "Food is what you eat," but in reality, "Food of cells is what people are."
And when it comes to the gut microbiome, it's not even part of the body.
It's also worth noting that our experience of life is mediated by cells.
Behind our senses of hearing, sight, touch, taste and smell are corresponding cells that receive and interpret this information.
I want you to think about this: Why not include your body's ecosystem as part of your environmental protection?
Let me know what you think. Good luck in the meantime.
Please don't let your non-cancer cells become an endangered species.
thank you
(applause)
After cutting her arm with a shard of glass, the girl fell into a light, intermittent sleep on the train station platform from exhaustion.
Early in the morning, when the door to the toilet at the station opened, I stood up painfully and trudged toward the toilet.
She started crying when she saw her face in the mirror
His face was dirty, he had tear marks on his cheeks, his torn shirt was stained with blood.
He looked like he had been on the streets for three months instead of three days.
she dressed as well as she could
My arms and stomach hurt badly
Even if I cleaned the wound as best as I could, if I applied even the slightest amount of force, it would bleed again.
I needed stitches for my wound, but I can't go to the hospital.
I will be sent home again
to that man
She put her jacket on tightly -- and closed it tightly to hide the blood stains.
When I look back at myself reflected in the mirror
It looked a little better, but I don't care anymore about how it looks.
I can only think of one thing
She left the station and ran into a nearby phone booth.
(Telephone rings) (Telephone rings) (Woman) It's Samaritans What's wrong?
Hello, this is the Samaritans, what's wrong?
(girl) (crying) Um... what should I do?
(Woman) What happened? I'm upset
(Girl who keeps crying) (Woman) Can you tell me your name first?
My name is Pam What should I call you?
where are you calling from
Is it safe there?
(Girl) In a phone booth in London
(Pam) It sounds like a young boy How old are you?
(Girl) 14 years old
(Pam) Why are you so upset?
(Girl) I want to die I wake up every day I want to die
If that man doesn't kill me, I want to die with my own hands.
(Pam) I'm glad you called me.
talk from the beginning
(Sophie Andrews) Pam kindly encouraged me to talk about myself.
The child did not speak much and was often silent.
But just knowing that Pam was there and listened to me was a relief.
I was the 14-year-old girl who called.
I'm the one who escaped to the phone booth
I ran away from home and was sleeping on the streets of London.
I was sexually abused by my father and his friends.
I was self-harming every day and had suicidal thoughts.
The first time I called Samaritans, I was 12 and completely hopeless.
A few months after my mother abandoned me, she left me at home and disappeared.
I was completely miserable because of the abuse I was endured by my father and his friends.
I ran away from home repeatedly, missed school, and went to school drunk.
I lost hope and wanted to die
There the Samaritans reached out
The Samaritans started in 1953.
A 24/7 anonymous helpline in the UK where anyone despairing or suicidal can seek help.
i was just like that
Volunteers answer the phone 24/7 and all calls are kept confidential.
Samaritans became a lifeline for me as a teenager who was feeling a lot of despair.
Promise me that what you're talking about will be strictly confidential.
That's why I can trust you
You must have been disturbed by my story, but you were never disturbed.
He listened to my call for help without prejudice.
He kindly urged me to seek help, and as we talked, it calmed me down.
I felt that self-harm was the only thing I could do with my own hands.
After a few years, I was able to rebuild my life a little.
I got enough support to live with my painful past.
I had become a survivor of abuse, not a victim.
When I was 21, I contacted Samaritans again.
At that time, I wanted to become a volunteer.
I wanted to give back to the organization that saved my life.
Just listening with compassion can go a long way—
I knew that having someone who would listen to me with an open mind could make a big difference.
So I worked hard on my studies that I had been lagging behind, and I managed to find someone who would give me a job, and I really enjoyed volunteering at Samaritans.
I think it's funny to describe it as "fun." It's hard for anyone to think of someone in the midst of anguish and pain.
But I understand the great role of those who listen, and I feel the immense importance of having someone by my side in hopeless situations, and I find great satisfaction in being able to help others as a Samaritan myself. I was feeling
I've served in various roles over the years in Samaritans service.
2008 was the pinnacle of that, when I was asked to serve as the organization's general manager for three years.
I was put in a position to oversee 22,000 volunteers from desperate users who desperately needed help from phone booths, and to lead this organization's nationwide effort.
At the time, I used to joke that, "Even if you fail as a user, you may find yourself in a position to oversee the organization."
(Laughter) That's exactly what I was.
In a world of increasing specialization in all things, I had a deep understanding of how the simple act of listening can make a huge difference in a person's life.
It's a simple idea that can be applied to all aspects of life.
When I contacted Samaritans in the 1980s, nobody wanted to talk about child abuse.
Victims were often held accountable and blamed.
It was considered shameful and no one wanted to talk about it.
Blame and shame are now directed at different issues.
There is another problem that I am hesitant to mention
The problem is talking about loneliness.
Feelings of loneliness and alienation have profound health implications.
Loneliness can have a huge impact on living a healthy life.
Recent statistical studies show that loneliness increases mortality, or premature mortality, by up to 30 percent.
It has been implicated in high blood pressure, an increased risk of depression, and death from alcoholism and smoking.
Loneliness is more harmful than smoking 15 cigarettes.
It's per day
It's damage per day, not per lifetime.
It is also associated with the incidence of dementia
And a recent study found that lonely people are twice as likely to develop Alzheimer's disease.
Of course, there are many people who live alone but are not lonely.
But caring for a spouse with dementia can be very lonely.
A recent groundbreaking study has clearly defined what loneliness is.
According to them, loneliness is a subjective feeling of disgust at the lack or loss of social interaction.
And that happens when there's a mismatch between the quality and quantity of the relationships you have and the relationships you want.
Now, the best help I've ever received in my life is when I'm in the company of others, being listened to with compassion.
Experts in this field - I'm sure there are many of you here - play an important role.
But for me, the fact that volunteers took their time to listen to me openly and confidentially was a life changer.
I never forgot that
As you may have guessed, in my teenage years I strayed from the path of life, and every day did not know the tomorrow.
The fact that volunteers listened to my story was a constant source of support.
When I finally reached a point in my life where I could face the past, I wanted to give back.
In my experience, people who receive life-changing help always want to give back.
I returned the favor by volunteering for 25 years at Samaritans.
And in 2013, to address the emerging problem of loneliness, we launched a new helpline for older people across the UK, called The Silver Line, to help lonely and marginalized older people. the purpose is to
Received 1.5 million calls in the short period since launch
I feel that the comments we receive almost every day are leading to big changes.
Some just want someone to talk to, some want local information.
Some people have suicidal thoughts
Some people call to report abuse.
And some, like me, have given up on life.
Setting up a helpline is a simple idea, so to speak.
When I first started, I had the same stiff title of "Chief Executive," but I was the only one in control.
Meetings back then were pretty smooth -- (Laughter) because I was alone.
The work has progressed since then, and as of 2017, we have over 200 staff listening to the elderly, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, year-round.
In addition, more than 3,000 volunteers call from home every week to check on their mood.
And for those who prefer to write, we also have "Silver Letters," where we write letters as pen pals and deliver them to seniors who like to correspond.
We also started an experiment called the "Silver Circle." You may have noticed that we always use the word "silver."
The "Silver Circle" is a group call where you can talk about common topics.
My favorite is the music group, where we're on the phone every week and we're all playing instruments and listening to each other.
Not everyone plays the same song
(Laughter) They say it's fun.
"Fun" is an interesting word, because what I've been talking about is despair, loneliness, alienation.
But I also hear a lot of laughter at our helpline.
Because at the Silver Line, we want to celebrate the full lives of older people and their experiences.
So let me give you an example, one of the phone calls we get.
(Audio) Good morning, this is The Silver Line.
I'm Alan, how's it going?
(Woman) Hello Alan Good morning
(Alan) Hello
(Woman) (Cheerfully) Hello!
(Alan) How are you doing this morning?
(Woman) I'm fine.
(Alan) It was good
(Woman) Don't you think telephones are wonderful?
(Alan) That's a wonderful invention.
(Woman) When I was a kid, it was really long ago, but if you wanted to call someone, the only way was to go to the store. I put on
That's why I couldn't call you when I wanted
(Alan) Was it?
(Woman) (Coughing) Excuse me
(coughing) I'm sorry
That's why I could only talk about the contents of the phone to the bare minimum.
But now I can sit at home like this and make calls in my pajamas. Isn't that amazing?
(Alan) That's true. (Laughter) (Sophie) This phone isn't particularly unusual.
This person thinks of us like family
The Silver Line is reaching out to the elderly like the Samaritans have reached out to me.
We listen confidentially, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, and often don't give advice.
How often do we just listen to people without giving them advice?
It's actually quite difficult
A lot of times older people say, "I want to hear your opinion."
We talk for about 20 minutes, and then he says, "Thanks for your feedback," and you realize that you didn't say anything.
(Laughter) I just listened and didn't interrupt the conversation.
But the other person takes it as if they were advised.
A recent study by The Silver Line asked 3,000 seniors to rate their services.
The answer that came straight back to me was that for the first time in my life, I had a "wicketkeeper" in cricket and a catcher in baseball.
I've only been in America for two days, but I'm already speaking like an American.
When you go back to England, you'll think you're a different person.
(Laughter) For the first time in my life, I've got a catcher that's going to help me with my life, and that's very important.
Now that it's all connected, people who call the Silver Line in need of catchers are giving back by becoming catchers themselves, by volunteering and being part of the family of this organization.
Finally, I would like to conclude with my own experience, which I mentioned at the beginning.
Every time I talk about my life, I say I've been blessed
And most people ask me why
And that's because, at every milestone in my life, I've been lucky enough to have someone who could stand by me when I needed it. helped me
There comes a time in life when everyone needs a catcher.
she was my catcher
yes it's pam
This is the person who answered my phone call at the age of 14 on that day over 30 years ago.
Never underestimate the power that comes from human fellowship
Because it often has the power to save lives.
thank you
(applause)
First, I want to introduce you to a commercial that Apple aired in 1984, inspired by George Orwell.
(Video) Big Brother: We are one people, one will, one purpose.
Enemies will keep talking until they die Fight them on their own embarrassment
we will win
Narrator: January 24 Apple Computers Introduces Macintosh
And you'll find out why 1984 isn't just '1984'
Rebecca McKinnon: The underlying message of this video is still strong today
It's about setting us free with technology created by innovative companies.
Twenty years later, Apple sold iPhones to China and censored the Chinese App Store for many politically controversial apps, including the Dalai Lama, at the behest of the Chinese government.
American political cartoonist Mark Fiore also had his satirical app censored in the United States because Apple employees worried it was offensive to certain groups.
His app wasn't released until after he won the Pulitzer Prize.
The German news magazine Stern's app was also censored because Apple deemed the content in the app a bit too racy for users, even though the magazine is sold perfectly legally in newsstands across Germany. is
And even more controversially, Apple recently censored a Palestinian protest app after the Israeli government responded with concerns that it could be used in terrorist plots.
This is what it means
Now, private companies are beginning to apply arbitrary standards of censorship that are far harsher than the constitutionally guaranteed freedom of speech in a democracy.
And companies are responding to censorship demands from dictatorships that ignore the public opinion.
Or companies are responding to requests and concerns from governments that have no power over the many users associated with the content in question.
Here is the situation
In the pre-internet world, our sovereignty over our physical freedom was almost entirely controlled by the state.
But now, a new layer of private sovereignty exists on the Internet.
And their software coding, their engineering design terms of service, etc. act like the laws that govern what you can and can't do in your digital life.
And sovereignty, which is connected all over the world in many different areas, can sometimes compete with national sovereignty in interesting ways, and sometimes it's the exercise and extension of sovereignty that allows people to do what they can with their information. More than ever before, the controls on what we can't do and what we can't do affect the limitations of our physical world.
After all, even the leaders of the free world need the power of the emperor of the Facebook empire if they want to be re-elected next year.
And these platforms have been really useful for Tunisian and Egyptian activists since this spring.
Wael Ghonim, who was a Google executive by day in Egypt and a Facebook underground activist by night, said to CNN after Mubarak left office, "If you want to liberate society, give it the internet. It's okay."
But overthrowing a regime and building a stable democracy are two different things, and much more complex.
On the left is a photo taken by an Egyptian activist who took part in a raid on the Egyptian National Security Service in March.
Many officers shredded as many documents as they could, leaving behind piles of paper.
But some documents were left intact, and some activists found surveillance records about themselves, including numerous copies of their email exchanges, cell phone messages, and even Skype calls.
One activist actually discovered a contract by a Western company for the sale of surveillance technology to Egyptian security forces.
Egyptian activists speculate that these surveillance techniques are still in use by the transitional authorities that run the network.
In Tunisia, the censorship under President Ben Ali has actually resumed since about May, albeit not on a large scale.
If you try to visit certain Facebook pages or websites that the transitional authorities have determined may incite violence, you'll see blocked pages like this.
In protest of this, blogger Slim Amamou, who was imprisoned by Ben Ali and became part of the transitional government after the revolution, resigned from his cabinet.
In Tunisia, there's been a lot of debate about how to deal with issues like this.
In fact, some of the revolutionary supporters on Twitter said, "Well, I really want democracy and freedom of expression, but some of the claims are so violent that they could undermine our democracy. should be regulated from
But the question is, how do you decide who is responsible for making those decisions, and how do you make sure they don't abuse their authority?
Lia Guefari, a veteran digital activist, said of the incident, "Before, things used to be simple, you had the good guys on one side and the bad guys on the other.
Things are more complicated now."
Welcome to democracy Tunisians and Egyptians
The reality is how even in today's democratic societies there are demands on public order and law enforcement on the one hand, and on the other hand, how to balance the protection of civil liberties and the demand for free speech across digital networks. or don't have a good answer
In fact, no matter what you think of Julian Assange in America, even people who aren't necessarily die-hard fans of him are very concerned about how the U.S. government and certain companies are responding to WikiLeaks.
Amazon Web Hosting has dismissed Wikileaks as a customer following complaints received from US Senator Joe Lieberman, even though Wikileaks was never indicted or convicted of any crime.
We envision the Internet as a technology that eliminates borders.
This is a map of the social network in the world, and it's clear that Facebook has taken over most of the world, and whether that's a good thing or a bad thing depends on how people feel about how Facebook operates.
But national borders exist in several cyberspaces.
In Brazil and Japan, it's for unique cultural and linguistic reasons.
On the other hand, if you look at China, Vietnam, and some other former Soviet states, things are much more serious.
Governments and local social network companies are creating a situation where the potential for these platforms to effectively empower individuals is constrained by the relationships between companies and governments.
China has a famous "Great Firewall", Facebook, Twitter, which now blocks Google+ and many other foreign websites.
part of it uses western technology
But that's only half the story
The other half of the story is the requirement, known as the system of self-restraint, put out by the Chinese government for all companies operating on the Chinese Internet.
Translated into plain English, it means censorship and surveillance of users.
It's a ceremony that the China Internet Association, which I actually attended in 2009, recognizes the top 20 Chinese companies that are best at exercising self-restraint, that is, policing content.
Robin Li, CEO of Baidu, China's leading search engine, was also one of the winners.
Russia doesn't usually block the internet, it censors websites directly.
This website called Rospil is an anti-corruption site.
Earlier this year, people who donated to Rospil through an online payment system called Yandex Money in Rospil managed to get information from Yandex Money officials. There was an embarrassing incident when I suddenly started receiving threatening phone calls from members of a political party.
This has a chilling effect on people's ability to use the internet to hold governments accountable.
There are many countries in the world right now where citizens and governments are connecting through the Internet, which consists of services that are largely privately run.
I think the important thing isn't a debate about whether the internet helps the good guys more than the bad guys.
Of course, the Internet empowers those who are the best at using technology and who understand the Internet the best compared to their competitors.
The most urgent question to ask now is how do we make sure that the Internet evolves in a citizen-centric way.
Because, as I am sure you will all agree, the only legitimate purpose of government is to serve its citizens, and I believe that the only legitimate purpose of technology is to improve our lives, to be manipulated. I don't think it's about enslaving
We know how to hold government accountable.
I don't have to do it well on a regular basis, but I do know roughly how to do it politically and systematically.
With many CEOs claiming their primary duty is to maximize shareholder value, how do we take control of cyberspace and serve the public good?
Government regulations usually don't help much.
For example, in France, President Sarkozy told the CEOs of Internet companies, "We are the only legitimate representatives of the public good."
But he's since defended the infamous Three Strikes Act, a law that disconnects citizens who use file-sharing from the Internet, according to the United Nations Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Expression, as a disproportionate violation of citizens' right to communicate. It's been criticized among civil society groups that certain politicians are more interested in protecting the interests of the entertainment industry than they are in defending the rights of their citizens. I am questioning
And here in the UK, there are also concerns about a law called the Digital Economy Act, which holds private intermediaries accountable for policing the behavior of their citizens.
So what we need to realize is that if we want a citizen-based internet in the future, we need a broader and more sustained internet liberalization movement.
After all, companies didn't stop polluting groundwater, they didn't stop hiring 10-year-olds, because their owners woke up one morning and decided they were right.
It's the result of decades of sustained shareholder and consumer activism.
Similarly, governments don't wake up politicians one morning and pass intellectual environment laws and labor laws.
It's the result of a very sustained and long-running political campaign, and we've got the right rules and the right corporate behavior.
We need to do the same for the Internet.
It will also require political reform.
About 800 years ago, the British aristocrats decided that royal power was no longer working against them and forced King John to sign the Magna Carta, thereby claiming their divine sovereignty. It proved to the world that even kings who used to have to abide by basic rules.
This led to the development of the idea of ​​a national consensus called Political Reform, which was later introduced for the first time by a radical and revolutionary government in America across the sea.
Now we need to think about how we can build consensus among networked people.
what does that feel like?
i don't know now
But it doesn't just require innovation focused solely on political science and geopolitics, it also needs to address issues in business management, investor behavior, consumer choice, and even software design and engineering.
Each of us has a key role to play in creating a world where governments and technology serve people.
thank you
(applause)
Have you ever wondered why Islamic fundamentalism has been gaining momentum over the past decade in Muslim-majority Muslim countries?
Have you ever thought of a way to change that situation?
Seeing popular demonstrations in Arab countries, "How could the demonstrations have been predicted?"
Ever wondered, "How could I have prepared for the demo?"
The personal story that I'm here to share with you today, and the trajectory that led me to this day, is a reflection of what has been happening in Muslim countries for at least the last few decades and even before that.
I'm not just going to talk about that, but I'm going to share my thoughts on change and the role of social movements in creating change in Muslim countries.
First of all, let me tell you very briefly about our history so far.
In medieval society, the object of loyalty was decided,
Religion was the primary determinant of personal identity,
In the 19th century, in the rise of European nation-states, ethnicity was the determinant of belonging and loyalty.
A sense of belonging was largely determined by ethnicity, and the nation-state came to reflect that.
It's time for globalization
And it's changed even more, let's call it the age of citizenship, when people, even if they're multiracial and multiethnic, are seen as equal citizens of one nation.
American-Italian American-Irish Can be British-Pakistani
I think we're now entering a new era, the Age of Action, as the New York Times recently dubbed it.
The Age of Action is an age of transnational loyalty, an age where belonging is determined by thought and narrative.
Ideas and narratives that reach people across borders are beginning to influence people's behavior more than ever before.
This isn't necessarily a good thing, because I think it's not just love, but hate that's a global contagion.
In fact, until recently, half a year ago, people who were riding the tide of the Age of Action -- digital social movements and cross-border technology -- took full advantage of the Age of Action and cross-national loyalties. And those who benefited were those who were extremists.
I'll talk more about that
When you look at Islamic fundamentalists and far-right fascists, what they're good at, and what they're good at, is communicating across borders, using technology to organize, to spread a statement, to create a truly global phenomenon.
I know this now because for the last 13 years of my life, I've been involved in Islamic fundamentalist organizations.
I was a key force in spreading ideas across borders, watching the rise of Islamic fundamentalism, which is different from the Islamic faith, and how it affected its fellow believers around the world. I've been to
My personal story is a true testament to the theme I'm about to talk about, the Age of Action.
By the way, I'm from Essex, born and raised in Essex, England.
If you're in the UK, you probably know the reputation of being from Essex.
Born in Essex, I joined an organization when I was 16.
And when I was 17, I was recruiting students from Cambridge University into the organization.
When I turned 19, I became the leader of this organization in England.
At 21, I co-founded this organization in Pakistan.
At 22, I co-founded this organization in Denmark.
And at the age of 24, he ended up in an Egyptian prison, where he was blacklisted in three countries for trying to overthrow the government, was tortured in prison, and sentenced to five years in prison as a political prisoner.
What made that series of experiences possible, and what allowed us to leave Essex and go out into the world?
they are from the past
felt outdated
I learned how to use email in extremist organizations.
I've learned how to communicate well without being caught across borders.
I ended up finding it in Egypt.
But the reason I was able to learn how to use technology was because my time in extremist organizations forced me to think beyond national boundaries.
It was an age of action, where thoughts and narratives became more definitive about behavior, belonging and loyalty.
Like I said, we made fun of the status quo, which is
Not limited to Islamic fundamentalists
If you look at the atmosphere in Europe these days, far-right fascism is on the rise as well.
Anti-Muslim rhetoric is also on the rise, and it's a phenomenon that transcends national borders.
This influence is also changing the political landscape across Europe.
What's happening now is that previously localized and segregated groups of ideas, individualists and fundamentalists are becoming interconnected and mainstream across nations.
Because the internet and communication technology connect these people all over the world.
If you look at the recent rise of far-right fascism in Europe, you'll notice that there are phenomena that are simultaneously affecting domestic politics and transcending national borders.
While we're talking like this
Mosque minarets and head scarves
Some countries are banning kosher and halal meat.
Conversely, transnational Islamic fundamentalists are doing the same thing in their own societies.
So, community-based gatherings can work together to feel like they're mainstream.
it used to be impossible
They would feel isolated if the technology didn't come along to make them feel connected and part of a larger phenomenon.
Where have the aspirants of democracy been left?
I think they were pretty far behind
Let me give you an example
Remember the Christmas Day bombing plan? There was a man named Anwar Awlaki
He's an American citizen, but ethnically Yemeni, now hiding in Yemen. He inspired the son of the president of Nigeria's National Bank.
This Nigerian student studied in London, trained in Yemen, flew in Amsterdam and tried to attack America.
Some time later, his father, an old-fashioned Nigerian bank chairman, warned the CIA that his son was planning a terrorist attack, but the warning fell on deaf ears.
His father, who had an old-fashioned way of thinking in terms of the state, was left behind because he didn't fully understand the age of action, and didn't recognize the power of social movements beyond national borders.
And the perpetrators of the Christmas bombing plot came close to successfully attacking the United States.
Ironically, even taking the example of the far right, chauvinist nationalists are exploiting the benefits of globalization.
why did they succeed democracy
Will the aspirants be left behind?
To know that, you have to understand the influence of social movements.
In my view, social movements consist of four main characteristics.
Its characteristics are thought and narrative, symbolism and leadership.
Let me give you one example, the one you all know, Al-Qaeda.
If I were to ask what Al Qaeda thought, it would immediately come to mind.
If they were talking about the war between Islam and the West, and the need to protect Islam from the West, these would also immediately come to mind.
By the way, the difference between an idea and a narrative is that an idea is an idea that a person believes in, and a narrative is a means of spreading that idea, that is, propaganda for that idea.
So the thoughts and narratives of Al-Qaeda immediately come to mind.
Speaking of their symbols and leaders, they immediately come to mind.
one of the leaders was recently killed in pakistan
Symbols and leaders like this come to mind immediately.
This is the power of social movements.
Beyond nations, people unite strongly under ideas, narratives, symbols, and leaders.
But if I ask you to focus on Pakistan today and think of the symbols and leaders of Pakistan's democracy today, perhaps the assassination of Benazir Bhutto is the only thing that comes to mind.
So there are no longer outstanding leaders.
One of the problems we face is the lack of a youth-driven, grassroots, global social movement for a democratic culture in Muslim society.
There is no al-Qaeda without terrorism, an organization that advocates for democracy in Muslim societies.
We don't have the ideas, the narratives, the leaders and the symbols that call for a democratic culture on the ground.
This question arises
Why do fundamentalist organizations -- radical right-wing or Islamic fundamentalist organizations that impose a single interpretation of Islam on society as a whole -- succeed in organizing globally, while those aspiring to a democratic culture are left behind? ?
I think there are four reasons for that.
The first reason is satisfaction with the status quo.
Those who want a democratic culture are already in power or are building strong globalized societies, strong nations.
Because they're content with the status quo, they don't feel the need to advocate for a democratic culture.
The second reason is political correctness, which means
We hesitate when we advocate the universality of democratic culture, because believing in the universality of our values ​​evokes fundamentalism.
On the other hand, whenever we talk about human rights, we always say that human rights are universal values.
But trying to popularize that idea evokes neoconservatism or Islamic fundamentalism.
Telling others that a democratic culture is the best political system we've come to is a reminder of fundamentalism.
The third reason is that democracy has become just another political choice in Muslim societies, where one political faction asks voters to vote for the democratic party, while the other. Other parties want a military dictatorship and ask people to vote for the military party.
And then another party says, "Vote for us, we're going to have a theocracy."
So in these societies, democracy has become just one of many forms of government.
Even if a democratic party is elected as a result of these elections, if it fails or fails politically, democracy will be held accountable for that failure.
And people say, "I tried democracy and it didn't work.
Let's go back to the old military government."
And the fourth reason, which I named on this slide, is the ideology of resistance.
What I'm trying to say here is that if today's world powers were communist, it would be much easier for pro-democracy activists to characterize their movements as resistance to colonialism. Because the United States, a world power, rules over certain lands while at the same time advocating democratic ideals.
These four reasons, briefly outlined above, make it difficult for a democratic culture to spread, not just as a political choice, but as a social choice.
Let's consider some common preconceptions about these reasons:
Is this the result of dissatisfaction?
Is it simply a matter of lack of education?
Statistically, many of those who join fundamentalist groups have higher education.
Statistically, their level of education is higher than the average level of education in Western societies.
In addition, if poverty is the only reason, bin Laden comes from Saudi Arabia's richest family.
His agent, Ayman Al-Zawahiri, is a pediatrician and highly educated.
Despite years of international aid and development, fundamentalism has gained momentum in many of those societies.
What I think is missing is truly grassroots, citizen action on the ground, international aid, education and health care.
Instead of excluding them, we need to add them to the grassroots call for democracy.
I think the neoconservatives were confused on this point.
Neoconservative policy imposes values ​​from the top down through the delivery of democratic values.
On the other hand, Islamic fundamentalists and far-right groups have been grassroots for decades, raising their ideological demands.
At the grassroots, we've seen their demands for their values ​​rise, and we've seen them slowly transition into a society that demands Islamic fundamentalism.
The mass movements in Pakistan that followed the Arab demonstrations were largely driven by organizations seeking theocracy, not democracy.
Because even before the political confrontation, they were building a grassroots claim to the ideology of the organization.
What is needed is a youth-led movement that demands a democratic culture across nations, and that means more than just holding elections.
Without freedom of speech, we can't have free and fair elections.
If you don't have human rights, you won't be protected during election campaigns.
Without freedom of belief, there is no right to join an organization.
So what is needed is an organization that calls for a democratic culture on the ground, and raises the demand for that culture.
This avoids the problem I talked about earlier, where democracy is simply a political choice alongside military rule and theocracy.
We're going to raise these demands not at the party level, but beyond politics, at the grassroots civic level, building civic demands for a democratic culture, not a political party movement.
The ultimate ideal, which you see on this slide, is not a vote for democracy in general, but a vote for existing democracy.
Democracy builds the fabric of society, political choice is in that fabric, it's neither a theocracy nor a military dictatorship, democracy is not just one option for voting, you can vote under existing democracies. like
To get to that stage, we need to raise the demands of people on the social scene.
Finally, how could this move happen?
Egypt is a good starting point
Arab demonstrations have already indicated that demands on the ground have begun.
The Arab demonstrations and what happened in Egypt were particularly refreshing to me.
There, a political coalition was formed for the political purpose of removing the leader.
we need to go one step further
We need to move beyond the political coalition stage, and under loose political coalitions, we need citizens working together on the ground to have and talk about the ideals of a democratic culture.
Because it's not enough to remove a leader, a ruler, a dictator.
Their dismissal does not guarantee a society built on democratic values.
So far, trends that started in Egypt have historically spilled over into the Middle East and North Africa region, the MENA region.
Even when Arab socialism began in Egypt
When Islamic fundamentalism started in Egypt in the '80s and '90s, it spread throughout the MENA region.
Now we have great hopes that young Arabs will show that they are willing to risk their lives for purposes other than terrorism, changing their image in an instant, and a democratic culture will take off in the region and around the world. The hope is that it could spread to
At the same time, in the societies of neighboring countries, we need to strengthen grassroots social movements seeking a democratic culture, rather than mere political cooperation.
In Pakistan, a movement called Kudi has started, a movement that encourages young people to voluntarily work for a democratic culture.
Introduce these movements
Thank you very much
(applause)
Has anyone been to Aspen, Colorado?
This is not a joke yet. No kidding.
Is this mic turned off?
I recently went to Aspen and came across this song.
Black people go to Aspen and rent colorful chalets. Giggles at the question It seems like it just happens because they are there. We are not similar at all. "Similar?"
"no."
It's Monustar's winter wonderland and the blacks ski. Black people ski. Negroes turn back sushi We make postmodern art to the taste of the mocked yakuza. With bacon fat and hot combed hair. We secretly play Beethoven in the bus mobile. We can tell you what it's like to be cool, but we can't tell you what it feels like. when blacks ski. when blacks ski. when blacks ski. A college student with gay sensibilities. We wear sarcastic t-shirts and soak up the code you don't understand. Baptized at Olden Pond, surrounded by excited onlookers. Because it wasn't complete just to wash away the blood of Jesus. Black people ski. Black people ski. Chinese guys do big jumps, Germans make soul food. White boys rap and hippies doze off. Wild-looking jazz is now fashionable and clean, Wynton Marsalis fashion. Now there's Viagra, everybody's a sex machine. Black people ski. What else can I do?
Black people ski. Black people ski. Black people ski. Some people I consider friends say I'm racially obsessive. I know you are blessed by God for the goodness of your thinking. Look, I have a poem about the setting sun. Flowers and rain I've read them to the satsu guys But it was all in vain Negroes ski Negroes ski Elegantly
black people skiing black people skiing
World War II
in a German concentration camp
This man, Archie Cochrane, was a military doctor, but he was taken prisoner and had a problem.
It was a situation that Cochrane could not comprehend, that his patients were sick and suffering and debilitated.
Symptoms were severe blisters
I don't know if it's an infection or malnutrition
I don't know the cure
And it's enemy territory
Terrible things happen in wartime
German guards get bored
Fire aimlessly at the camp.
On one occasion, a hand grenade was thrown into a toilet full of prisoners of war.
he says he heard suspicious laughter
Archie Cochrane, the camp's military doctor, was one of those who managed to break the ice.
In addition, Cochrane himself had the disease.
It's a hopeless situation
But Archie Cochrane was a shrewd man.
I've already ordered vitamin C, and now I've obtained Marmite through dark channels.
Some of you may be wondering what is Marmite?
British people like to spread this on their bread
It looks like crude oil
when it tastes
It has a spicy taste
Importantly, marmite is rich in vitamin B12.
Archie divided his patients into two groups that were as similar as possible.
Give one side vitamin C
I gave the other vitamin B12
I meticulously recorded the results in a notebook.
After a few days, it became clear that whatever was the cause of the disease, Marmite could cure it.
I asked for a meeting with the German soldiers who ran the camp there.
Imagine that, forget about this picture, give this guy a long red beard and a shaggy red hair.
I haven't been able to shave for a long time and I look like Billy Connolly.
Cochrane speaks impassionedly, in this Scottish accent -- in German that speaks fluently despite his accent -- and tells us what the German culture that gave birth to Schiller and Goethe is.
He complains that it is hard to understand that such barbarism would be tolerated in such a Germany, and he explodes with dissatisfaction.
Then he goes back to his barracks and sobs in despair, because he's convinced it's hopeless.
But a young German doctor picks up Archie Cochrane's notebook and says to his colleague, The evidence is incontrovertible.
If you don't give your prisoners vitamins, it's a war crime.
The next morning, vitamin B12 was delivered to the camp and the prisoners began to recover.
Now, the reason I'm telling this story isn't because I think Cochrane is the big guy -- although Archie Cochrane is, of course --
And I'm not saying that carefully controlled randomized controlled trials are desirable in all aspects of public policy.
The reason I tell you this story is because it's a vexing problem that Archie Cochrane fought his whole life, because he knew it was what undermines the individual and corrupts society.
he called it
God complex (fixed idea due to omnipotence)
God complex symptoms are easy to explain
The symptom of that stereotype is that no matter how complex the problem is, you have an overwhelming and absolute belief that your solution is absolutely right.
Archie was a doctor and interacted with many doctors.
Many Doctors Have a God Complex
Well, I'm an economist, not a doctor, but I see this all the time, fellow economists,
economic leaders and
You see it in the politicians we vote for, people who genuinely believe they can understand how the world works in the face of this amazingly complicated world.
The world that nearly 10 billion people are about to live in is just too complicated to understand in that way.
let me give you an example
For a moment, think it's Hans Rosling explaining the graph, not Tim Hafford.
That's Hans, Mick Jagger at TED.
(Laughter) Hans is going to show you those amazing stats and animations.
great content great
Now, in the example Hans Rosling graph, think about what it didn't show instead of what it shows.
The graph shows GDP per capita and population and life expectancy, that's all.
We have 3 types of data for each country 3 types of data
3 species is like nothing
Now look at this graph
MIT physicist Cesar Hidalgo
This is the graph I made
It's not a graph that I can understand at first glance, but here's what it looks like.
We've applied network analysis techniques to a database of 5,000 different products to explore this database, and here's a graph showing the relationships between the different products.
this is really great research
Shows all connections and correlations
It's very useful in understanding how the economy looks when it's growing.
This is outstanding research
We tried to write an article about this study in the New York Times Magazine.
It turned out that Cesar's research was too good to fit in The New York Times Magazine.
5000 items of products have not yet been decided
5000, if you count all the items that appear in Cesar's data.
If you read aloud each item for one second,
I'll count all 5,000 species in about this session.
If you do the same thing with every item sold at Walmart,
Since there are 100,000 points, it will take a whole day.
Now what if we were to count all the products and services in the big economies, like Tokyo, London, New York.
The difficulty in Edinburgh is that you also have to count whiskey and tartan.
If you count all the products and services in New York, that's 10 billion -- that's going to take 317 years.
The economy we built is so complicated.
I just counted the number of items here.
We are not aiming to solve the Middle East problem.
Incredible complexity
From this perspective, there were 300 different products and services in the society that our brains evolved into.
So it counts in 5 minutes
We are surrounded by such a complicated world
Maybe that's why I'm tempted by the god complex.
While feeling a little overwhelmed, he said, "I understand the outline, and I can make some kind of graph. Okay, I understand. I understand how it works."
but i don't know
you will never know
I'm not advocating nihilism
I'm not saying that complex problems in a complex world are unsolvable.
because it is clearly possible
But the way we solve problems is through a humble approach: abandoning the god complex and applying problem-solving methods that actually work.
and there is a workable solution
If you have a system that works -- it's complex -- it's a system that's evolved through trial and error.
for example
This baby was born through trial and error
That was a vague way of saying
let's be clear
This baby body is the result of evolution
What is evolution?
Millions of years of change and choice, change and choice, trial and error, trial and error.
And it's not just biological systems where trial and error work miracles.
It can also be applied to industrial applications.
For example, let's say you want to make detergent.
When you try to make detergent in a factory near Liverpool like Unilever
how do you do it?
Prepare liquid detergent in such a large tank full
Blow out from the nozzle with high pressure
atomize the detergent
Mist dries quickly to powder
powder collects to the bottom
pick it up and put it in a box
when sold at the supermarket
Get great sales
How should we design that nozzle?
I found this very important
If you follow the God Complex mentality, you have to look for a little God.
Find yourself a mathematician, a physicist, someone who understands the mechanics of liquids.
Have that person calculate the optimal shape for the nozzle.
Unilever failed that way too, it was too complicated.
Even this problem is too complicated
But geneticist Professor Steve Jones explains how Unilever solved this problem: trial and error, change and choice.
First, prepare the nozzle, randomly transform it into 10 ways,
Try these 10 nozzles and choose the best one
Change it again to 10 ways
try them all and choose the best
and try 10 more
you know how to do it
So after 45 generations, we got this amazing nozzle.
It's kind of like a chess piece, and it works really well.
I have no idea how it works, I have no idea
But when you put aside the god complex and decide to try this and that, and decide to systematically determine what's good and what's not, the problem is quickly solved.
This trial-and-error process is more common than you might think in successful organizations.
I've heard a lot here about how the economy works.
The US economy is still the best economy in the world
How did we become the number one economy in the world?
I could list all the facts and figures about the American economy, but I think the most striking feature is this: 10 percent of businesses disappear every year in America.
very high failure rate
For example, let's compare it with the "failure rate" of people.
10% of Americans don't disappear every year
So what this shows is that in America, business is dying out faster than people, so business evolves faster than people.
And so the business evolves and perfects itself, and eventually it will tame us all. (Laughter) If it hasn't yet, eventually.
I think so sometimes
But it's this process of trial and error that explains the amazing performance of the diverse economies of the West.
It's not because you put a super talented person in charge
Arrived by trial and error
I've been talking about this all over the place for the past few months and some people say, "Tim, that's pretty obvious.
Trial and error is definitely important
It is true that verification tests are very important.
Why are you going around spreading such obvious things? "
I see
Are you saying that's normal?
When you start teaching kids this way in schools, admit that it's become the norm.
Don't give your children a list of questions that have all the answers.
And don't pretend that the big guy behind the lectern knows all the answers
And don't call students who can't find answers lazy or stupid.
If we're going to stop doing all that stuff in school, let's admit it's become the norm that trial and error is a good thing.
What would a candidate running for office say in a campaign, "Let's reform the health care system.
Let's reform the education system
I have no idea what to do with it
I have 5-6 ideas
I'll try it, it might all fail
If it doesn't work, try another idea
Reform based on what you find
I don't use failed ideas." If politicians with this kind of thinking emerge, and more importantly, if voters like us start voting for politicians like that, I think it will become natural that trial and error are effective. let's also admit - thank you
(Applause) Until then, I'm going to keep talking about trial and error and why we should let go of our god complex.
It is very difficult to admit that we are fallible.
it is very unpleasant
Archie Cochrane understood this better than anyone
Years after World War II, he did a clinical trial.
What he wanted to test was, where is the best place to recover heart failure patients?
In a specialized cardiology ward, or at home?
cardiologists tried to stop the trial
Doctors undoubtedly had a god complex
It was clear that hospitals were good for patients, and I thought it would be unethical to conduct clinical trials or experiment with this.
Cochrane nevertheless obtained permission for this trial
conducted a clinical trial
Some time after the trial started, he got his colleagues together and had a meeting, and he said, "Here's the early results, folks.
Although there is no statistical significance yet
there is a little content
It seems you were right and I was wrong
It's dangerous for a recovering patient to stay at home.
He should recover in hospital."
All the doctors are banging on their desks and saying, "We've been saying it's not ethical all along.
People are dying in clinical trials, they should be stopped immediately
Stop it immediately."
It's such a fuss
Cochrane silences everyone
"This is a very interesting comment, ladies and gentlemen, in the result table that I gave you, two columns were swapped.
So the patient died in the hospital and should be sent home.
Should I stop the trial? Or should we wait until the results are certain?"
Cold air flows in the conference room
Yes, Cochrane was someone who would do this.
The reason he did that was because he knew it would be much easier to stand in there and say, "In my little world, I'm God, I understand everything.
I don't want to hear any objection to my opinion
don't have to substantiate my conclusions
It's much easier to simply give orders
Cochrane knew that uncertainty and error and counterargument hurt people.
That's why sometimes you have to shock
I'm not going to make it look like it's easy
it's not easy
It's terribly difficult
But ever since I started talking about this, ever since I started doing this research, one Japanese mathematician said something that stuck in my head.
Right after the war, a young mathematician named Yutaka Taniyama came up with a wonderful conjecture called the Taniyama-Shimura conjecture.
Decades later, this conjecture proved to be very useful in proving Fermat's Last Theorem.
In fact, it turned out to be equivalent to proving Fermat's Last Theorem.
If you prove one, you prove the other.
But this was long overdue
Taniyama tried many times to solve this, but he could not prove it to be true.
And in 1958, shortly before his 30th birthday, Yutaka Taniyama committed suicide.
His friend, Goro Shimura, worked with him on that task, looking back on Taniyama's life decades later.
He said, "He wasn't a very careful mathematician.
he made a lot of mistakes
But you're wrong in the right direction
I tried to imitate him and found that it's actually very difficult to make a good mistake."
thank you
(applause)
Brought from the Yemen Times
Could you introduce us to Yemen reborn by looking at the photos?
thank you for inviting me
I will tell you about the current situation in Yemen with photos.
As you can see in this photo, the revolution was started by women, and then men and women came together to lead protests.
This picture shows a desire for real change.
many people gathered
intensifying
This is a picture of the educational and vocational opportunities that the revolution has brought.
They're learning first aid laws and constitutional rights.
this is my favorite photo
What I wanted to tell you is that over 60% of Yemen's population is under the age of 15.
No suffrage, and now they're in the news and they're flying the flag.
It's wearing jeans and tights, and it's trying to tell the world what's going on in the country right now, in English.
And then freedom of expression brought talent.
People in Yemen use anime, artwork, paintings and cartoons to communicate their current situation to the rest of the world.
Needless to say, the revolution
It's a sacrifice, and it has a tragic side.This picture is still better.
Millions of people across Yemen want only one thing.
And finally, the Yemeni Revolution is about to change this country.
This country is like Somalia
will it break up
As Yemenis, we will continue to carry one flag.
Thank you for all the photos
Even if you look at these, you can get a picture of Yemen that is different from the news reports.
Your way is also different from before
I would like to ask you something a little personal
your father was killed
The Yemen Times is already an independent English-language newspaper with a strong reputation in Yemen.
How do you make decisions, take responsibility, and keep your newspaper going, especially in this difficult time?
First of all, I'm not your average Yemeni woman.
you've already noticed
(Laughter) Normally, you'd be veiled, stay home, and have no contact with society.
but there is a possibility
It's a pity that I can't show it to you directly.
I wish I could show you through my eyes
there is so much you can do
I was born in a privileged family, my father and mother are both very good people.
Say men and women are equal
encouraged me
Thanks to such a family
I have a story about going to school in India.
When I was in the third grade, I asked myself that I was Yemeni and my school friends were Indians.
I asked my father, "Am I Yemeni?
Or are you Indian? "
"You are the bridge"
I remember my father's words
I am a bridge so many people have walked on me
No, but it made me realize that there are people who can change society.
And then I took over as editor-in-chief in 2005, and my father died in 1999, and soon after that my brother took over, and everyone thought I couldn't do it.
"Even though it's a family business, what can such a little girl do?"
it was very hard at first
I didn't want to confront
It's hard to say, but men, especially older people, were avoiding me.
Exercising the power of editor-in-chief was difficult.
But I did what I do as a woman
(Applause) In the first year, we laid off half the men.
(Laughter) (Applause) More women
hired young people
Today, we're a gender-balanced news agency.
As a news professional
our views and activities
Now, I can attest to that, in 2006 alone, I received three international awards.
recognized as independent media by the International Association of Newspaper Editors
This is the reaction of the international community to the people of Yemen.
I would like to introduce you to my husband who is here today.
can you stand up
always supporting me
(Applause) I heard that your husband is also producing a newspaper with you.
I took on the responsibility of editor-in-chief as my own and became a bridge between the traditional society and the society that was reported in the newspapers.
The people who work in the company have changed, too. It's about the image you're objecting to that we tend to fall into, which comes from the veiled women's clothing.
On a personal level, how do you treat female colleagues?
A Yemeni woman is covered with a black veil
certainly true
In many cases, women are not free to show their faces.
Traditionally, coercive power has often been held by men or grandparents.
If a woman has the financial power, I can claim that I contribute more to the family than you do.
As more women become empowered, they can lift the veil and drive their own cars and travel for work.
Yemen's other face is behind the veil, and with the help of economic power, the veil can be lifted.
I have done so through my work
to encourage young women
I made it possible to take off the scarf in the office
even when working outside
You can't trust a faceless journalist to talk to you, and this is a change.
i am the role model
many people respect me
many women admire me
And I want to prove that, whether you're married or a mother, you're respected by society.You're not one of the people.
be yourself and be an individual
Have you put yourself at risk by stepping forward and trying to change the image of Yemeni women and by allowing them to be in the press?
A lot has happened in the 20-year history of the Yemen Times.
The newspaper was closed when the indictment was filed.
But as an independent newspaper, we have a duty to tell people.
Are there any inconvenient articles?
have experienced great difficulty
journalist was arrested
have been sued
father was assassinated
the situation is very good now
we have built trust
In times of revolution and change like today, independent media is very important.
I would like to emphasize that you should visit YemenTimes.com and hear us out.
And I want you to know that the Western media tends to give a one-sided view of Yemen with a lot of stereotypes.
that's me
Prejudice against Yemen
Journalists who visit Yemen only write about al-Qaeda and terrorism.
There was also something like this, a reporter came
I said I wanted to make a documentary.
And what we ended up with was about hip-hop, Yemeni youth expressing themselves, dancing and chukchuk.
(Laughter) Oh yeah, break dancing.
i'm not that old
I just don't do it
(Laughter) (Applause) Right.
The documentary film can be viewed online.
The address is ShaketheDust.org
- "Shake the Dust" - Yes ShaketheDust.org
I think you will get a different image of Yemen.
You talked about the responsibility of the media.
It is true that our view is that we separate ourselves from other people, and that we fear and are dangerous because of our lack of knowledge and lack of true understanding. What is your opinion about the Western media in particular, where there is a lot of this kind of coverage?
As the saying goes, "People fear what they don't know and hate what they fear."
This is basically due to lack of research.
It's the same as "doing homework".
As a "parachute reporter," you can't just fly into a country for two days and write an article and be done with it.
I want the world to know about my country, Yemen.
I'm an example and there are others like me
It may not be many, but as more people are being introduced as good examples, there will be men and women who can fill the gap. speak and are taught about communication and empathy.
Yemen is going to have a very difficult time in the next two to three years.
it can't be helped
It's a worthwhile sacrifice for the future. I'll stand on my feet again. The new Yemen is a democracy built on youth and an empowered people.
(Applause) Nadia, you've shown us a completely different Yemen.
What you have done certainly gives us hope for the future of Yemen. Thank you.
We support you in the future
YemenTimes.com
on Twitter
I'm riding the wave of the times
(applause)
i like the internet
Really
think of what it has brought
Every service we use Every connection Every entertainment Every business Every trade
that happened in our lifetime
Hundreds of years from now, the history books will surely write that our generation is the generation of people coming online and building something truly amazing on a global scale.
But it's also true that the Internet has serious problems: security problems, privacy problems.
I've made it my mission to fight those problems.
let me show you something interesting
This is Brain
This 5.25 inch floppy disk is infected with Brain.A.
This is the first virus found on PCs
I know who made Brain
because it's written in the code.
let's see
Yoshito
This is the boot sector of an infected floppy, and if you look inside, it says "Welcome to the Labyrinth" right here.
And then there's "Bashit and Amjad, 1986."
Basit and Amjad are Pakistani first names.
In fact here is a Pakistani phone number and
(Laughter) This was in 1986.
it's 2011 now
25 years ago
It's been 25 years since the PC virus problem appeared.
Six months ago, I decided to go to Pakistan.
Let me show you some photos I took in Pakistan
This is the town of Lahore, about 300 kilometers south of Abbottabad, where bin Laden was captured.
It looks like a typical street
At the end of this street is the building at 730 Nizam, Arama Iqbal town.
so i knocked
(Laughter) Who do you think opened the door?
Basit and Amjad
(Laughter) (Applause) Basit is standing there.
Sitting is my brother Amjad
Two people who wrote the world's first PC virus
Of course, I was able to hear a very interesting story.
I asked him why he made it
how we feel about what we started
And there was a certain satisfaction in hearing that Basit and Amjad themselves had been hit by computer viruses dozens of times before.
In other words, there is justice in the world.
The viruses of the 80's and 90's are of course no problem now.
Let me give you a little example of what it was like.
What I'm running now is a system for running old programs on modern computers.
mount the drive and get in there
What you're looking at is a list of old viruses
Let's run some things on this computer
For example, let's try the "centipede virus."
When infected with this virus, centipedes run around the top of the screen.
Because it appears on the screen, you can immediately tell that you've been infected.
This is another "crash" virus that was created in Russia in 1992.
I'll show you guys that make sounds
(Sirens sound) As a final example, do you know what the "walker virus" does?
When infected, a man walks across the screen.
So in the old days, it was easy to tell that you had a virus, and it was hobbyists and teenagers who were making the virus.
Today, viruses are no longer written by hobbyists and teens.
Viruses are now a global problem.
What you're seeing on the screen is an example of a system we're running in our lab that tracks virus infections around the world.
You can see, in real time, which viruses have been blocked in Sweden, Taiwan, and Russia.
In fact, if you connect to a lab system over the Web, you can get a feel for how many viruses and malware we find every day.
The latest found is in Server.exe
3 seconds ago before that was 6 seconds ago
If you scroll down, you'll see how many there are.
We find tens of thousands, hundreds of thousands per day
It's just 20 minutes and it's all there, and it's every day.
Where did this virus come from?
Today, criminal gangs create viruses and use them to make money.
Collective like this — GangstaBucks.com
This is a website that operates out of Moscow and buys out infected computers.
So when a virus writer has infected a Windows computer and they don't know what to do with it, they can sell other people's infected computers to these guys.
they actually pay for it
So how do they monetize it?
There are several ways, for example, banking Trojans steal money from users when they use online banking, or keyloggers.
A keylogger lurks inside your computer and records everything you type.
So if you go to your computer and do a Google search,
All search terms are recorded and sent to criminals.
Every email you write is also logged and sent to the criminals.
passwords and everything else
What they want most is a session where you shop at an online store.
Enter your name, shipping address, credit card number, and credit card security code when you shop online.
Here's an example of a file I found on a server a few weeks ago.
Credit card number Expiry date Security code List of cardholder names
Once you have someone else's credit card information, you can use it to buy anything online.
Of course this is a problem
There are now dark marketplaces and business ecosystems built around online crime.
As an example of how much money these guys are making, let's go to the Interpol site and look at the wanted list.
We find a Swedish man named Bjorn Sandin, whose accomplice is also on Interpol's wanted list: Mr. Shaileskomer Jain, an American.
They're doing a cybercrime called the I.M.U., and they've made millions of dollars out of it.
both are on the run
no one knows their whereabouts
A few weeks ago, US authorities froze Mr. Jain's Swiss bank account, which had a balance of $14.9 million.
online crime is very lucrative
It also means that online criminals can invest heavily in their attacks.
We know that online criminals hire programmers and testers to test programs and build back-end systems using SQL databases.
They also have funds to monitor the activities of security professionals like us, and try to find ways to circumvent the security measures we build.
and take advantage of the internet's global nature.
the internet is international
that's why we call it the internet
Let's take a look at what's happening in the online world. This video from Clarified Networks shows a piece of malware flying around the world.
This campaign started in Estonia and moved to other countries as soon as the website was about to shut down.
That's why I can't break this gang
Moving from one country to another, switching from one jurisdiction to another, moving around the world, taking advantage of our inability to police this kind of activity internationally.
The Internet is like giving the world's online criminals a free flight.
Criminals who were once out of our reach are now within reach.
So how can you spot online criminals?
How can we track them down?
let me show you an example
This is the attack file
I'm looking at an octal dump of an image file that contains exploit code.
If you try to view this image file on a Windows computer, it will take control and execute the code.
If you look inside this image file, you'll see the image file header, followed by the exploit code.
The code is encrypted, let's decipher it
It is encrypted by taking 97 and XOR
yes please believe me
Let's decipher it from here
The deciphered part is highlighted in yellow.
Doesn't look much different than the original
over here
It gives you a web address http://unionseek.com/d/ioo.exe If you open this image on your computer, the file will download and run.
It's a backdoor that takes over your computer.
Even more interestingly, as we continue to decipher, we come across a strange string of characters O600KO78RUS.
It's a kind of signature written where it's encrypted.
not used for anything
I saw this and tried to figure out what it meant
Of course I searched on Google.
does not hit
Ask your lab mates
There are some Russians, and one of them is RUS for Russia, 78 for St. Petersburg.
I said it's a city code
It's the number on your phone number or your car's license plate.
So I started digging through the St. Petersburg channels, and after a lot of twists and turns, I ended up on this website.
He's been doing websites for years, a Russian site, and he's also blogging on Live Journal.
In this blog, he writes about his life, his life in St. Petersburg in his early twenties, his cats and his girlfriend.
then he
I have a very nice car, a Mercedes Benz S600 with a 6 liter 12 cylinder 400 hp engine.
For a young man in his 20s living in St. Petersburg, it's a pretty good car.
How did you find out about the car?
because he wrote on his blog
he had a car accident
Hit another car in the streets of St. Petersburg
I have a photo of the accident on my blog, this is his Benz and this is the Lada Samara he hit.
You can see that the license plate ends with 78 RUS
And if you look at this picture, you can see that the Mercedes-Benz license plate number is O600KO78RUS.
I'm no lawyer, but if that's the case, I'm just saying, "That's the end of the argument."
(Laughter) So what happens when online criminals are identified?
often don't go that far
In most cases of online crime, we don't even know which continent the attack is coming from.
And even when online criminals are tracked down, they often have no choice.
Either the local police don't act, or even if they do, for some reason they can't arrest you.
I wish it were easier, but unfortunately it's not.
things are changing so fast
You've heard about Stuxnet
This is how Stuxnet infected
Siemens S7-400 PLC programmable logic controller
A PLC is what drives our infrastructure.
moving everything around us
A PLC is a little box with no display, no keyboard, and a program that sits there to do its job.
For example, the elevators in this building should also be controlled by a PLC.
And when Stuxnet infected PLCs, the kinds of risks we had to worry about changed dramatically.
Because everything around us runs on PLCs.
We have important infrastructure
No matter what factory you go to, whether it's a power plant, a chemical plant, or a food processing plant, if you look around, everything is computer controlled.
everything runs on the computer
everything depends on the work of the computer
We've become very dependent on computers to work, on basic things like the internet and electricity.
So this creates a whole new problem for us.
We need to have a way to keep our computers working even if they fail.
(Laughter) (Applause) Being prepared means being able to make ends meet when the things you take for granted are gone.
This is actually very basic, thinking about continuity, thinking about backups, thinking about what's important.
As I said before (Laughter), I really like the Internet.
Think about the services we use on the Internet
Think about what would happen if it was taken away, and then suddenly one day, for some reason, it disappeared.
I dream of a wonderful future for the Internet, but we may never see it.
I'm concerned about hitting a wall with online crime.
Online Crime May Take It All from Us
("This is the end of the slideshow. Click to finish." — Laughter) I've spent my life protecting the Internet, and if we don't fight online crime, we risk losing everything.
We need to start this fight on a global scale now.
What we need is a more global, international law enforcement effort to find online crime syndicates, who are making millions of dollars from online attacks.
It's more important than antivirus and firewalls.
What's important is finding the people behind the attacks, and even more importantly, finding people who are trying to get into the world of online crime and haven't started yet.
It's about finding people who have the skills but who don't have the opportunities, and giving them the opportunity to put those skills to good use.
thank you very much
(applause)
acceptance of others
When I heard this theme, I thought that acceptance of others is acceptance of yourself.
It's been an interesting journey for me to get to the point of understanding and accepting that, and I think it's worth sharing with all of you the understanding of the whole idea of ​​the self that came from that.
I believe that the self that everyone has is not something they are born with.
We believe that newborn babies are part of everything, they are not separate.
That fundamental sense of identity is quickly lost
The first stage ends, the sense of oneness is immature and primitive in childhood.
It's no longer true
It becomes real. At the beginning of infancy, the idea of ​​the self begins to form.
That little identity is named and taught all sorts of things, and those details and opinions and thoughts become facts that shape who you are and who you are.
That self becomes a vehicle for navigating the social world.
But that self is a subjective projection based on other people's subjective projections.
Is that what we really look like?
Or a look you admire? Ideal situation?
The relationship between self and identity was very troubling growing up for me.
The self I tried to show to the world was rejected time and time again
The panic of not having a self-engagement and the confusion of self-rejection created anxiety, shame and despair, which for a long time was the sort of thing that defined me.
But when I looked back, I began to see a pattern in how I was being beaten down over and over again.
The self changes, is affected, and is destroyed, but another self appears, sometimes strong, sometimes hateful, sometimes unwillingly.
A different self appeared
How many times did my self have to die When there was no living self in the first place?
I grew up in a coastal town in England in the 70's.
My father is white from Cornwall and my mother is black from Zimbabwe.
Even thinking of us as family was difficult for those around us.
But nature's mischief gave birth to a brown-skinned baby.
But since I was five years old, I've noticed that I don't fit in with my surroundings.
I went to an all-white Catholic school run by nuns, and I thought I was black and that there was no God.
I mean, I was an anomaly, my self was trying to grasp the situation, I was looking for a connection.
Because I want a place to blend in, find likeness, and belong.
Then its existence and importance are recognized.
it is very important
has a role
Without it, we cannot connect with others.
You can't plan, you can't climb the ladder of popularity and success.
But my skin color doesn't match
hair is not suitable
my background is not suitable
My self has come to be characterized as the Other, meaning that I am not present in that social world.
I was a different person even before I was a girl
I was a noticeable but insignificant person.
Around that time, another world was opening up, and that was acting and dancing.
The fear of self that was so persistent that I didn't feel it when I danced.
I got carried away and danced
dance was good
All emotional expressions were expressed in dance.
In dance, I became who I couldn't be in real life.
When I was 16, another opportunity stumbled upon me, and I got to do my first movie.
Words can't describe the peace I feel when I'm acting.
I was so happy that my non-functioning self was able to connect to my other self.
It was the first time that I could exist in a functioning self, a self that I controlled and directed and brought to life.
But after the shooting day, I was back to my awkward self.
By the age of 19, she was a full-fledged movie star, but she was still trying to find her place.
I decided to study anthropology at university.
During an interview with Dr. Phyllis Lee, she asked me, "What is your definition of race?"
I thought I knew, and answered, "It's the color of my skin."
"Genetics?" said Dr.
"That's wrong
Because the genetic difference between a black Kenyan and a Ugandan is greater than a black Kenyan and a white Norwegian.
Because everyone has their roots in Africa
Africa had time for genetic diversity.”
In other words, race has no biological or scientific basis.
got the answer
On the other hand
My definition of myself has become very discredited.
But what's credible, biologically and scientifically true, is that anyone can trace it all the way back to Africa, to a woman named Mitochondrial Eve who actually lived 160,000 years ago.
Race is an illogical concept created by humans based on fear and ignorance.
Strangely enough, even knowing this didn't cure the low self-esteem that kept me from feeling the other.
The desire to disappear was so strong
I graduated from Cambridge University and was a successful actress, but I was miserable in myself.
No wonder it turned out like this
I fully believed that the self I had was my everything
I thought I was worth more than anything else. How could I have thought otherwise?
We have created value systems and physical realities that support our self-worth.
Think of the industry that was created for self-image, the jobs and the revenue that comes from it.
You can safely assume that the self is alive.
But it's a projection, something our smart brains create to deceive us from the reality of death.
But there is something that gives the self its ultimate, infinite connection, and that is our identity, our true nature.
The self's struggle for certainty and definition will never go away unless you show a connection with the Creator, that is, you and me.
It happens with awareness, awareness of the reality of identity and the projection of self.
Think about when you lose yourself first.
When I dance, when I act, it happens
I go into my essence and my self floats in the air
In those moments, I connect with everything: the earth, the air, the sound, the energy of the audience.
All my senses are sharpened, it's like an infant feels a sense of oneness.
When I act, I inhabit another self and give it life for a while, because when the self is in the air, the splitness and the judgment are also in the air.
I've played a variety of roles over the years, from a vengeful ghost in the slavery era to Secretary of State in 2004.
There was something I could empathize with, no matter what the other self was.
What I really believe is that the reason I was able to succeed as an actress and progress as a person was because of a lack of self that made me feel insecure and lacked self-confidence.
I always wondered how I could understand someone else's pain, how I could empathize with an anonymous person.
That's because I had no self to interfere
I wondered if I had no substance.I wondered if being able to understand others meant that I had nothing to feel.
What was the cause of the embarrassment was actually the source of awareness
And when I realized and understood that the self is a projection, a role, something interesting happened.
stop letting yourself control
I let you do what you should
take me to therapy
I know everything about that unprofessional behavior.
But I'm not ashamed of myself
Rather, I respect myself and my role.
Through time and practice, I tried to live more in my own essence.
If you can do that too, amazing things will happen.
I was in Congo in February, dancing and celebrating with the local women. They were women who had been destroyed in ways they could never have imagined. It fuels our greed for things like iPads, jewelry, etc. It drives their pain, suffering and death further away from us.
Because when we all live in ourselves and misinterpret it as life, we devalue and numb life.
When you're disconnected, you can create windowless factories, wipe out marine life, and use rape as a weapon.
Let's leave a note to ourselves that the cracks are beginning to appear in the world we've built, and the cracks are flooded with waves, oil pouring in, and blood pouring in.
Crucially, we still don't know how to live in harmony with the earth and with life.
I've been frantically trying to figure out if we can coexist with billions of other people.
But it's the crazy selves that live there, perpetuating an epidemic of alienation.
Let's live together and let's go one breath at a time
If we dive beneath our heavy self, and ignite the light of awareness, and find our true nature, our eternal connection with anything that lives...
I knew it from the moment I was born
Let's not be afraid of nothing
It's more real than it's made up.
Imagine what you could have if you celebrated your inevitable death, appreciated the blessings that life has to offer, and looked ahead to the future.
A simple realization is the beginning
Thank you very much
(applause)
This photo is by Michael Najar, and it's a real photo in the sense that it was actually taken in Argentina.
It's also fiction, because it's been tampered with later.
What I did was digitally manipulate the shape of the mountain ridges into a Dow Jones graph.
So what you're seeing here is the bluff plunging into the valley, the financial crisis of 2008.
This photo was taken when we were in the depths of the valley.
i don't know where i am now
This is the Hang Seng Index for Hong Kong.
Similar terrain
why?
this is art and metaphor
But what's important is that this is a metaphor with fangs, and because of those fangs, one thing I want to do today is rethink the role of modern mathematics, not financial mathematics, but more general mathematics.
What we have here is a transformation where something that was just pulling something out of the world begins to shape the world, whether it's the world around us or the world within us.
Specifically, it's an algorithm, and an algorithm is a kind of mathematics that a computer uses to make decisions.
In iteration, the algorithm develops a sense of truth, and then ossifies and calcifies into reality.
I started thinking about this a couple of years ago on a transatlantic plane, sitting next to a Hungarian physicist my age and talking to them, Hungarian Cold War physicists. I asked what it was like
"What were you doing?"
"It's all about detecting stealth."
"Good job, looks interesting
How does it work? "
To understand this, you need to know how stealth works.
I'm going to make a huge simplification here, but it's basically impossible for a 156-ton hunk of steel in the air to just slip through the radar.
it can't be erased
But you can turn something huge into millions of tiny things into something like a flock of birds, and the radar that sees it will mistake it for a flock of birds.
Radar isn't very good at this.
So he said, "Yeah, but it's about radar.
So they didn't rely on radar, they built a black box that looked at electrical signals and electronic communications.
And when I saw a flock of birds communicating electronically, I thought, 'This is Americans,'" I said.
"That's fine
So you were undoing 60 years of aeronautical research.
So what is the second act?
What are you doing after that? "
He said, "Financial industry."
"I see"
Because I heard a lot in the news recently.
When asked, "How are you feeling?"
"There are 2,000 physicists on Wall Street, and I'm one of them."
"What's the black box on Wall Street?"
"It's funny that you asked me that, because it's actually called black box trading.
It is also called algo trading or algorithmic trading.”
Algorithmic trading evolved in part because traders at financial institutions had the same problem as the U.S. Air Force -- there's a lot of moving points, and whether it's P&amp;G or Accenture, they're moving millions of stocks in the market.
Doing it all at once is like betting all your money at once in poker.
I will reveal my hand
So they've got to break that big thing down into a million small transactions, which is where the algorithms come into play.
And the magical and scary thing about it is that the same math that divides big things into a million little things can also be used to find a million little things and put them together to see what's really going on in the market. is
So if you want a picture of what's going on in the stock market right now, it's a clash between a lot of programs trying to hide and a lot of programs trying to figure it out and outmaneuver it.
this is very nice
That's how 70% of the U.S. stock market works, 70% of your pensions, your loans, whatever.
Is there anything wrong with that?
A year ago, 9 percent of the entire stock market disappeared in five minutes, called the "2:45 Flash Crash."
Nine percent suddenly disappeared, and to this day, no one really knows what happened.
no one was in control
All they had was a monitor with numbers on it and a red button that said "Stop."
What we're doing is writing things that we can no longer read ourselves.
We're writing things that we can't read.
still keep moving forward
There's a company in Boston called Nanex that uses math and magic and other obscure stuff to look at all the market data and actually figure out algorithms out of it.
And when they find it, they pull it out and make a specimen like a butterfly.
What they're doing is what we do when we're faced with a huge amount of data that we don't understand, which is giving it a name and a story.
Here's an example of what they found: Knife, Carnival, Boston Shuffler, Twilight.
The funny thing is, of course, it's not just the market.
Those kinds of things, once you learn how to see them, you see them everywhere.
For example, if you're looking at this book on Amazon about flies,
You may notice that the price is $1.7 million.
out of print still
(Laughter) For $1.7 million, it was a bargain.
Because within a few hours, it was up to $23.6 million, not including shipping.
The question is, nobody was buying, nobody was selling.
What happened at Amazon is the same phenomenon that happened on Wall Street.
And what you see when you look at this kind of behavior is that it arose from algorithm conflicts, where the algorithms were stuck in loops with each other, without a human eye watching it from a common sense perspective. Isn't 10,000 dollars a bit expensive?"
(Laughter) What happened at Amazon is the same at Netflix.
Netflix has changed its algorithm many times over the years.
The first was CineMatch, and then we tried a lot of different algorithms, Dinosaur Planet, Gravity.
I'm currently using Pragmatic Chaos.
Pragmatic Chaos tries to do the same thing that other Netflix algorithms do.
It's trying to figure out the firmware in the user's head so that they can recommend the movie they might want to see next, which is a very difficult problem.
But the difficulty of the problem, and the fact that we don't know it well, doesn't make pragmatic chaos less effective.
Pragmatic Chaos, like other Netflix algorithms, ends up guessing 60% of the movies you can rent.
A piece of code that represents one idea of ​​a user drives 60 percent of movie rentals.
What if you could do it before you made the movie ratings?
Isn't it convenient?
There's a British data analyst in Hollywood, building an algorithm to rate stories, a company called Epagogix.
If you put a script through that algorithm, it'll come up with a number that says it's a $30 million movie, or it's a $200 million movie.
The problem is this is not Google
neither information nor financial statistics
it's culture
What you're seeing here -- well, you might not normally see it -- is the physics of culture.
If one day it crashes like Wall Street's algorithm goes crazy, how do you know?
what does it look like?
and this is also in the home
Here are two algorithms competing in the living room
These two robots have very different ideas about what it means to be beautiful.
Slow down, turn on the light bulb, and you'll find out, it's like the hidden architect in your bedroom.
And the idea that architecture itself could be subject to algorithmic optimization isn't all that far-fetched.
It's very real, and it's happening all around us.
It's most noticeable when you're inside a sealed metal box, a new type of elevator called a destination-controlled elevator.
You must specify which floor you want to go to before you get on the elevator
Bin-packing algorithm is used
I wouldn't be so stupid as to let people pick and choose elevators.
If you want to go to the 10th floor, go to the 2nd elevator, if you want to go to the 3rd floor, go to the 5th elevator, and so on.
This problem makes everyone panic
it means to wake up
Do you know why?
Because this elevator is missing something important, like a button.
(Laughter) It's something that everyone is used to.
In this elevator, there's just a number that goes up and down and a red button that says "stop."
This is what we are trying to design
We're designing to the language of this machine.
How far can it go?
can go very far
Back to Wall Street
Wall Street's algorithm relies on one thing above all else: speed.
It works in units of milliseconds or microseconds.
If you think about what a microsecond is, if you say that a mouse click takes 500,000 microseconds, you'll get a feel for it.
But with Wall Street's algorithm, if you're five microseconds behind, you lose.
So if you're an algorithm, you're going to look for someone like the architect I met in Frankfurt, who hollows out skyscrapers, strips them of all the infrastructure for human use, like furniture, and reinforces the floors with steel bars. And we're going to be able to pile up a pile of servers, and it's all about making the algorithms closer to the Internet.
You might think that the Internet is a distributed system.
Of course it is, but it's geographically dispersed.
In New York, this is the source of the distribution, the colocation center is on Hudson Street.
This is exactly where Cable comes out in this city
Every time you leave this place, you'll be delayed by a few microseconds.
The "Marco Polo" and the "Cherokee Nation" guys on this side of Wall Street are going to be eight microseconds behind these guys who've entered the hollowed-out buildings around the Colocation Center.
that's what keeps happening
Buildings are being hollowed out, because by any measure, no one else can squeeze the profits out of that place like the Boston Shuffler.
But if you zoom out, you can see an 825-mile tunnel between New York and Chicago, built over the last few years by a company called Spread Networks.
The optical cable that connects these two cities can transmit signals 37 times faster than a mouse click, and it's all about algorithms, carnivals and knives.
Think about it, we're cutting across America with dynamite and rocksaws, to allow algorithms to buy and sell three microseconds faster, for a communication framework that people don't know about, that makes it "obvious." We are always seeking new frontiers as if it were our mission.
Unfortunately, we have a difficult task ahead of us.
this is just a theory
by mathematicians at MIT
I honestly don't understand a lot of what they say.
They talk about light cones and quantum entanglement, and I don't really understand any of them.
But if you look at this map, you can see that this map shows that if you want to make money in a market that's represented by the red dots, that's where the people are, the cities, but for maximum efficiency, you put your servers where the blue dots are. that there is a need
As you may have noticed, many of the blue dots are in the middle of the ocean.
So that's what we're going to do. Maybe we'll make a bubble or a platform.
Get rid of the water, get the money out of nothing, it's a bright future for algorithms.
(Laughter) The real interesting part isn't the money.
Money is what motivates us, and we're changing the planet with algorithmic efficiency.
So in that light, if you go back and look at a picture of Michael Najar, you realize that it's not a metaphor, it's a prophecy.
It's a prophecy about the tectonic math impact we're having.
Terrain has always been the result of this strange, unsettling collaboration between humans and nature.
But now there's a third co-evolutionary force: algorithms, Boston Shuffler, Carnival.
We'll have to understand those things as part of nature, because in a way they really are.
thank you very much
(applause)
"I want to fly like a bird" has been a dream of mankind.
birds are very agile
It flies by flapping its wings without rotating parts.
We've looked at flapping birds, and we've been trying to design a super-lightweight, powerful model that can fly with just the flapping of its wings, and this has required the application of aerodynamics.
What should I refer to? I decided to follow the example of a herring gull that swoops and circles freely over the ocean.
we are working in a team
We brought together generalists, experts in aerodynamics and glider building.
The challenge was to create an ultra-lightweight indoor flight model, which we'll fly overhead later.
everyone please be careful
One of the challenges was to make it super lightweight so that it wouldn't hurt even if it fell.
Why are you doing this?
Because our specialty is automated control, we're looking for energy-efficient, ultra-lightweight structures, and we want to learn more about aerodynamics and atmospheric phenomena.
Everyone, please wear your seatbelts and hats.
Let's see SmartBird fly
thank you
(Applause) (Applause) (Applause) So let's take a closer look at SmartBird.
I prepared something that allows you to see the inside
This wingspan is about 2m
It is 1m6cm long and weighs only 450g.
All made of carbon fiber
A motor and a gear are installed in the center This gear transmits the rotation of the motor
Three Hall sensors inside the motor allow for precise wing positioning.
By moving this part up and down, you can reproduce the movement of the wings like a real bird.
When the wings are lowered, the wide wing surface is used to generate thrust.When the wings are raised, they are folded to reduce drag.
The next step, or the challenge, was to balance this up-and-down motion.
to fold the wings up and down
divide this into two
It produces lift at the root and thrust at the tip.
The next thing you'll see is how to measure aerodynamic efficiency.
I knew about electromechanical efficiency, so I was able to calculate the aerodynamic efficiency.
So if you take a passive twist and turn it into an active one, you can go from 30 percent efficiency to 80 percent efficiency.
The next challenge was managing and coordinating the structure as a whole.
Maximum aerodynamic efficiency can be obtained only when managed and adjusted
Overall energy consumption is 25W when taking off and 16-18W during flight.
thank you
(Applause) Bruno: Marcus, why don't you give it another shot?
Markus: Of course you can.
(smile)
(surprise) (cheers) (applause)
The question to be asked today is not "Why did we invade Afghanistan?"
In other words, why are we still in Afghanistan after 10 years?
Why We're Spending $135 Billion
Why are you mobilizing 130,000 soldiers?
Why was last month the most casualties since the war began?
How did this happen?
These 20 years were 20 years of war intervention. The invasion of Afghanistan is one of five war interventions that have occurred during that time.
The intervention began in the dark after the end of the Cold War.
I went to Rwanda and I went to Bosnia. Therefore, we reconfirmed our strength and gained confidence.
Third, we intervened in Bosnia and Kosovo and succeeded.
And arrogance and overconfidence led to the fourth intervention in Iraq and Afghanistan. And now, the fifth, we are in an uncontrollable mess.
So, what the hell are you doing?
Why am I still stuck in Afghanistan?
The answer to that has been asked many times. I invaded Afghanistan because of the 9/11 terrorism, but since the threat of the Taliban has not disappeared even now, I am staying in Afghanistan considering the safety of the world. That's what it means.
President Obama says that if the Taliban gains strength again, it will attract Al Qaeda to plot genocide.
In other words, because we intervened on a small scale at the beginning, we ended up not having enough troops, not having enough supplies, and as a result, the Afghan people were suffering. I thought that the Taliban had returned because economic development and security had not progressed sufficiently. So in 2005 and 2006 we deployed the military. However, the number of troops was not enough.
Then, in 2009, President Obama increased aid. In the words of Secretary of State Clinton, we finally have “strategy, leadership and resources.”
Thus, President Obama preached that Afghanistan was on the track to peace.
But they are all wrong.
It's all wrong.
Afghanistan poses no potential threat to world peace.
There is no way the Taliban will take over Kabul and take over Afghanistan.
The Taliban don't have that kind of military power.
Even if I'm wrong and they can get it under control, the Taliban can't bring in al-Qaeda at all.
From the Taliban's point of view, calling al-Qaeda last time was their biggest mistake.
If Al-Qaeda had not been called in, it would still be in power today.
Furthermore, the two things I just said are wrong. Even if the Taliban tries to take control of Afghanistan and call in al-Qaeda, it is impossible for al-Qaeda to expand its power and attack the United States and Europe. It doesn't happen. impossible.
Because it's not the 1990s anymore.
If Al-Qaeda tries to establish a base near Ghazni, we will attack it thoroughly, and it will be difficult for the Taliban to protect Al-Qaeda.
Moreover, it is simply wrong to say that Afghanistan was thrown into chaos because of a small intervention.
In my experience, small operations are actually very effective.
The troops we put in. By the way, this picture of David Beckham with a submachine gun is nice. Yes, the army made the situation worse.
When I walked around Afghanistan in the winter of 2001-2002, I saw this sight.
A girl is looking at the Koran in the corner of a dark room. It can be said that the girl is blessed.
Many achievements were also seen in early Afghanistan, which is said to have lacked sufficient troops and supplies.
Within months, more than 2.5 million girls were enrolled in school.
In Sanguin, where I fell ill in 2002, the nearest hospital was only one within three days' walking distance.
Today, however, there are 14 hospitals in the area.
There have also been amazing advances.
Almost no Afghan had a cell phone when the Taliban ruled, but quickly, three million people had one.
The field of free media has also progressed,
Elections have also improved. All this happened thanks to small interventions.
However, with more financial support and investment from us, things have gotten worse, not better. Why?
After all, if you put $125 billion a year into a country like Afghanistan with a national budget of about $1 billion a year, you're just screwing everything up.
It doesn't just invite corruption and waste. The foreigners, whose stays are shorter than the elected government of Afghanistan, and who are noisier and interfering, are given priority.
This is the same in the military.
When I was walking around Afghanistan, I spent time with these people.
One of them, the head of Kamanji, Kamanjihaji Malem Mosin Khan, said,
They treated us wonderfully.
Like many other Afghans I have spent time with, he was a kind person.
But he was more conservative, foreign-exclusive and Islamist than we think.
Also, a man named Mullah Mustafa tried to shoot me.
In this photo, I look a little confused, but somewhat frightened. Besides, I had just taken refuge in this house after running around in the desert for an hour, so I was afraid to ask why he was taking pictures with me.
But after a year and a half, I asked him why he tried to shoot me.
Mullah Mustafa is the one holding paper and pen on the photo. Mullah Mustafa explained that it was because a person named Nadia Shah, on the far left of this photo, told Mullah that he could not shoot me.
But I don't mean to say that Afghanistan is a place full of people like Mullah Mustafa.
wrong. Great place. A place full of brilliant energy and intelligence.
However, it is also a place where the deployment of the military has increased, not reduced, aggression.
In 2005, agricultural engineer Anthony Fitzerbert was able to travel to Helmand and stay in Nad Ali, Sangin and Foresh. These villages are now war zones.
You can't do that now.
Ultimately, deploying the military against the Taliban rebellion was a mistake.
Far from preventing a rebellion through military deployment, the Taliban came. As far as I'm concerned, the deployment of the army was what pulled the Taliban back.
Now, is this a crazy idea?
no. So many people have been saying the same thing as me for the last seven years.
From 2008 to 2010, I was at the Harvard Institute. There were people like Michael Semple who spoke Afghan fluently and who had been to almost all parts of Afghanistan.
For example, Andrew Wilder was born on the border of Pakistan and Iran and devoted his entire life to Pakistan and Afghanistan.
Beginning in 1978, Paul Fishstein worked for Save the Children and launched the Afghanistan Research Unit.
These people keep saying that the increased military deployment is making Afghanistan more dangerous. He claims that the military suppression of the rebellion will not work.
Still, no one listens to them.
It's boring and optimistic.
Since 2004, every commander has said, "We inherited a bad situation, but with the right manpower, resources and the right strategy, we will pay off." In 2004, Commander Verno said, "It was a crucial year."
I don't think so.
Unfortunately, Commander Abu Zaid also said in 2005 that he was able to provide excellent support and that "it was a crucial year."
Now General David Richards says 2006 was a "testing year" for the Taliban.
In 2007, Norway's Deputy Foreign Minister Espen Ida called it "a crucial year".
In 2008, Maj. Gen. Shampoo called it "a crucial year,"
In 2009, a good friend of mine, General Stanley McChrystal, said he had "worked hard in a crucial year."
In 2010, British Foreign Secretary David Miliband called it "a crucial year".
And as you can see, now in 2011, Germany's Foreign Minister Guido Westerwelle says, "We are now in a crucial year."
(Applause) How is this happening?
The answer is that with $125 billion to $130 billion a year coming in, almost everyone,
And even the aid agencies, which receive large sums of money from the US and European governments to build schools and hospitals, no longer deny the idea that Afghanistan is a dangerous place that threatens world peace.
In other words, if Afghanistan wasn't perceived as dangerous, Oxfam and Save the Children wouldn't have the money to build schools and hospitals.
It's hard to stand up to a commander with a medal on his chest.
It will be difficult even for politicians to stop the military. Many people are dying in vain.
I feel a deep sense of guilt,
Fear is expanding. And they fear the humiliation of losing.
what should i do
The solution is to empower Afghans like Michael Semple, who have lived in Afghanistan for 30 years, who know the area well, who speak the truth, and most importantly, who know the situation in their country. must be utilized.
Somehow we have to get politicians to get their message across.
But organizationally it is very difficult.
The first thing that has to change is the organizational structure of our government.
It's a real shame that the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the United Nations, and the militaries of these countries have very little idea of ​​what's going on.
On average, British soldiers stay only six months. In Italy it is 4 months and in America it is 1 year.
Diplomats are holed up in embassies.
Even when I go outside, I go out in an armed vehicle with an intimidating security force. This unit is on duty 24 hours a day and will not allow you to be outside for more than an hour.
In 2008, only three of the 350 staff at the British Embassy in Afghanistan could speak fluently Dari, Afghanistan's main language.
Not a single person spoke Pashto.
I heard last year that no one in the Afghanistan branch of the Foreign and Commonwealth Office in London had ever served there.
So we have to change this organizational culture.
These issues also apply to the United States and the United Nations.
Second, we must change the optimism of our commanders.
We must think carefully, and believe that optimism is ingrained in the military's DNA. And don't react to that optimism too soon.
In addition, you must be humble.
Let's start by acknowledging that our knowledge, power, and legitimacy are not absolute.
This does not mean that war intervention is bad.
it's not.
As for the interventions in Bosnia and Kosovo, I would say that they have been very successful.
If you go to Bosnia now, you can't imagine what it was like in the early 1990s.
The reconstruction from 1994 is also hard to believe.
Refugees are returning to the country, far contrary to the expectations of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees.
returned many possessions,
The Bosnian-Croatian border and the Bosnian-Serbian border have settled.
The military has shrunk,
Bosnia today has a lower crime rate than Sweden.
All this has been achieved through international cooperation, great faith-based efforts and, above all, the Bosnian people.
And it is this circumstance that deserves attention.
This is the case of Afghanistan and Iraq intervention
It's something I'm missing. First, the important thing is that Tudjman and Milosevic agreed. And then they left, the situation in the region improved, and the EU made an amazing offer to Bosnia. It was an offer to join a new and growing group called the EU.
A big factor in our success in Bosnia and Kosovo was our humility. Humility was the hallmark of this intervention.
We stand behind the disposal of Bosnian war criminals and the return of refugees.
criticized for being slow.
However, such slowness, caution, and former President Clinton's directive that the US military would only be deployed for one year turned out to be our strength, and we were able to carry out what we needed to do smoothly.
What I really regret about the intervention in Afghanistan is that it prioritized things that were off target.
We are not putting the right help in the right place.
Pakistan is far more important than Afghanistan if we take counter-terrorism seriously.
Egypt is more important if the focus is on regional stability.
If you care about poverty and development, look no further than Sub-Saharan Africa.
I'm not saying that you shouldn't worry about Afghanistan. But I would like to say that Afghanistan is one of the 40 countries in need of assistance.
Finally, if we were to use an analogy for this intervention, what we need is something like a mountain rescue team.
Why Mountain Rescue?
When we think about interventions, we think in terms of scientific theories. The RAND Corporation has analyzed 43 riots that have occurred so far, created a formula, and determined that every 20 people needed an anti-riot team.
These views are wrong.
You have to think of it like a mountain rescue team.
You don't need a "mountain rescue" degree to do mountain rescue. I need someone who knows the area.
The important thing is to understand the situation.
No matter how much you prepare, What you can prepare is limited. You'll have water, a map, and a rucksack.
But what really matters are the following two situations. First, avoidable but unpredictable situations, such as ice on the slopes of mountains; is.
At times like this, you can count on a guide who spends all the seasons in the mountains, who knows the mountain well, knows when to turn back, and won't overdo it when the going gets tough.
So the key interventions are the firefighters, the mountaineers, the police, who are good at making decisions and who are willing to take risks. People who can take risks and take responsibility, not people who just jump off a cliff or jump into a burning room.
The worst thing about the intervention in Afghanistan is the idea that failure is unacceptable.
That's why failures are neglected, considered impossible, but unpreventable.
If you don't dwell on this outrageous slogan, in Egypt, Syria, Libya, anywhere in the world, you'll find that you can do more than you think you can.
thank you very much.
(Applause.) Thank you very much.
thank you.
thx. thx.
(Applause) Thank you.
Thank you, thank you.
thank you
(Applause) Rory, you mentioned Libya at the end.
Briefly, what are your thoughts on Libya today and intervention in it?
Yes, I think Libya has a typical problem.
The problem is that we always try to be black and white.
I always think it's either white or black. In other words, either fully intervene and deploy your army, or completely let it go.
So you get into a difficult situation.
Even if you try, you will end up in trouble.
With regard to Libya, what should have been done is that the decision of the United Nations should have been followed.
We should have strictly restrained ourselves in order to help the people of Benghazi.
I could have done it.
A no-fly zone was set for 48 hours when Gaddafi was not flying.
And I got involved in political reform.
This intervention in Libya has eroded trust in the Security Council. As a result, it has become difficult to reach a solution for Syria. And I'm about to fail again.
I will say it again. Humility, self-control, honesty, and practical judgment would have worked better.
Lori, thank you.
thank you very much.
Cities are melting pots of civilizations
Cities continue to grow, urbanization is spreading, and in the last 200 years, there's been explosive growth, and by the second half of this century, the planet will be completely dominated by cities.
Cities are the root cause of global warming, and they're bad for the environment, including health, pollution, disease, finance, economy, energy, and more, all of which are problems caused by urbanization.
urbanization is the cause
Sustainability is the key word, and many of the problems we face today are also caused by rapid urbanization on a global scale.
Let's introduce some numbers
200 years ago, urbanization in America was less than a few percent.
now over 82 percent
Globally, urbanization passed 50 percent a few years ago.
In China, 300 new cities will be built in the next 20 years.
And don't be surprised, every week for the foreseeable future until 2050, more than a million people will move to cities every week.
nothing is immune
You, too, if you survive, will be affected by this extraordinary phenomenon taking place in the city.
But cities are a solution to these negatives as well.
Because cities are attractors and magnets that attract creative people, who generate new ideas, innovations and wealth.
So there's a kind of duality.
And what is urgently needed now is a scientific theory of the city.
These are my colleagues who are doing research together.
There are great people working on this research, and they do all the actual research, and I'm the big hoax trying to put it all together.
(Laughter) So the problem is this.
In 2050, 10 billion people on earth want to live in places like this, own things like this, live like this, and expect the economy to keep going up in the meantime. It's not understood that it invites this or this or this
Think about what Edinburgh London and New York will look like in 2050? Or like this?
this is the problem
And unfortunately, many indices point to a high probability of such an outcome.
My provocative proposition is the urgent need for a serious scientific theory of cities.
And scientific theory is a framework that is quantifiable and that makes predictions based on underlying generalized laws.
i need to be able to make
Is it feasible?
Are there any universal laws?
There are two questions that I often throw in my head.
First of all, isn't the city part of biology?
Isn't London a big whale?
Isn't Edinburgh a horse?
Isn't Microsoft a giant anthill?
What can we learn from such an analogy?
We use words like the "DNA" of a company, the "metabolism" of a city, and so on. Are these metaphors just bullshit? Or is it worth considering?
If so, why is it so hard to kill a city?
Drop a nuclear bomb on a city, and it's still alive 30 years later.
Disappearing cities are very rare.
As for companies, all companies must die.
If you have a serious theory, you should be able to predict, for example, when Google will go bankrupt.
So what you're showing here is one of these?
We understand this one
I've got answers to common questions like how many trees are there at a certain size, how many branches of a certain thickness do trees have, the number of leaves, the energy that flows through the branches. About the quantity, the area of ​​the canopy, the speed of growth, the mortality rate, etc.
We have a mathematical framework based on generalized universal laws that can answer these questions.
Can we do the same for cities?
The key to the solution lies in recognizing one of the amazing facts about living things: they're scalable, and they work over an astonishingly wide range.
This is a relatively small area of ​​the whole, but it shows us mammals, because humans are part of mammals.
Same principles, same mechanics, same systems at work, all of these animals, including humans, and the theory can be scaled up to 100 million times.
And this is the main reason why scalability is the lifeblood of an organism, and why it's so strong.
I will talk about this later
But, as you probably know, on a more intimate level, you, everyone in this room, is expandable.
Also called growth
Humans grow like this
this is a rat but it's the same
Mammals grow roughly the same
If you look at the graph, you probably know
grow rapidly and stop growing
And this line is based on the same principles and can be predicted from the same theory as the forest growth.
This is a rat graph, this graph is
Shows the relationship between age and weight
Stops after growing to a certain size
It's very good for living things, and it's part of the reason for their amazing life force.
But for economies, for companies, for cities, in the current paradigm, it's very, very bad.
this is what is considered
This is what the economy as a whole faces us, especially the hockey stick on the bottom left.
These are graphs of revenue versus the number of years that software companies have been in business, all growing steadily and generating millions in revenue.
How should we understand this phenomenon?
Let's talk about biology first
This chart shows how things actually scale, and this chart is really amazing.
So what you're seeing in this graph is your metabolic rate, the amount of energy you need to live a day, and that's plotted against your body weight and mass, and it's showing data for all of our different organisms.
Interestingly, the axes are drawn in 10-fold increments because otherwise all the data wouldn't fit on the graph.
And if you plot the data in a slightly interesting way like this on a graph, you'll see that they're all on the same straight line.
Despite being one of the most complex and diverse systems in the world, here are some incredibly simple laws.
What's particularly striking is that each biological subsystem, cell type, and gene evolved in a unique niche environment and has a unique history.
But regardless of their respective Darwinian evolution and natural selection, they are strangely constrained to line up in a straight line.
some other factor is at work
Before I talk about that, notice the slope of this line, which is also written here below.
The slope of a straight line is roughly three-quarters, and lines like this with slopes less than one are called quasi-linear.
What does this mean
If the slope is 1 and it's perfectly linear, then doubling your weight means doubling your energy needs.
But because it's quasi-linear, what this means is that doubling the body weight of an organism only increases the amount of energy required by 75 percent.
So what's great about all living things is that we have very amazing economies of scale.
So the bigger the unit, the less energy it consumes per unit, according to this well-defined rule.
Now, if you plot every conceivable physiological feature, every event in the history of life, in the same way, you get the same result.
this is amazing regularity
So from the size of a mammal, you can infer everything about that animal, from its physiology to its life history, to 90 percent error.
The reason for this is network
All life is governed by networks, from intracellular networks to intercellular networks to the ecosystem level.
You all know a lot about these networks
this is a small network inside an elephant
What I want to say can be summarized as follows
If you look at these networks and take a network perspective and apply universal principles, apply mathematical universal principles, then all of these scales and constraints lead to descriptions of forests, cell systems, systems within cells. It's also about
I didn't delve too deeply into it at the beginning, but the pace of life systematically slows down as we grow older.
Your heart beats slower, you live longer, and enzymes and nutrients permeate cell membranes more slowly.
The question is, do the same laws apply to cities and companies?
Is London an extension of Birmingham or is Birmingham an extension of Brighton?
Is New York an extension of San Francisco? Is San Francisco an extension of Santa Fe?
i don't know i will talk about this again
But a city is also a network, and the most important part of a city's network is you.
A city, simply put, is the embodiment of human relationships, our interactions, and collections and groups of individuals.
This is a picture that symbolizes that
And this is the scaling of the city
So here's a very simple example, a little boring, but a graph of the number of gas stations with the size of the city as a variable.
is scalable
So the size of a city tells you how many gas stations there are in that city.
The slope of this line is less than 1
You can see economies of scale
The number of petrol stations per capita is smaller in larger cities
This in itself is not surprising
The amazing thing is that the same laws are the same everywhere in the world.
I'm only showing European countries here, but if you do the same analysis in Japan, China, Colombia, etc., the results are the same, and you see similar economies of scale to the same degree.
Similarly, if you look at other infrastructure, like the total length of roads or the amount of power lines, they all show similar economies of scale.
This is an integrated system that has evolved independently of individual city plans and things like that.
What's even more surprising is when we look at the socioeconomic numbers that have evolved since we started forming communities 8,000 to 10,000 years ago, which have absolutely no resemblance to biology.
The top graph is the same graph of income against city size.
The chart below, similarly, dear audience, represents the population of super-creatives.
What you see here is the phenomenon of scaling.
But most importantly, the slope, which was three-fourths in biological metabolism, is a whopping greater than one, about 1.15 to 1.2.
This graph shows that the bigger the city, the more wealth per capita. number of patents in the same number of crimes
I checked all the other features, AIDS counts, flu, and so on.
all graphed here
So what I've graphed here is income and GDP, city GDP, crime and patents, all in one graph.
It can be seen that they all form the same straight line
and this is the conclusion
If we double the size of the city from 100,000 to 200,000, or from 1 million to 2 million, the result is the same, both mechanically increasing by 15 percent. Income, wealth, AIDS cases, police force, etc. about everything you can think of
It's a 15 percent increase, and we can expect 15 percent efficiencies in terms of infrastructure.
This is the obvious reason why millions of people flock to cities every week.
They're creative people, riches, income, great things are attractive and concentrated, and they turn a blind eye to the dirty and the bad.
Why?
I don't have time to talk about all the math stuff, but at the bottom of it all is social networks, because it's a universal phenomenon.
This 15% rule applies wherever you are on the planet, whether you're in Japan, Chile, Portugal, Scotland, it doesn't matter.
The data always show the same trend, despite the fact that these cities have evolved independently.
something universal is happening
Again, this universality is who we are, we are the city.
It's our interactions and our interactions and the collection of our interactions.
I repeat, do you understand
If these networks and mathematical structures grew quasi-linearly in living organisms, or economies of scale, the pace of life slowed down as we grew larger.
If it's true that social networks are hyperlinear, that is, increasing values ​​per capita, theoretically, as we get bigger, the pace of life increases.
The bigger the city, the faster the pace of life
The left side shows the heartbeat in living things.
On the right side, walking speed is increasing in European cities.
Finally, let's talk about growth.
Again, in biology
There were economies of scale, and we saw s-shaped growth.
It grows quickly, then stops growing, and that's what makes an organism tough.
But it's bad for the economy, bad for the city.
In fact, the beauty of this theory is that if wealth formation and innovation scale hyperlinearly, it predicts a more beautiful exponential growth curve than the same theory.
In fact, when you compare it with real data, you can see that it fits well with urban and economic development.
But there's a terrible catch to this, and the catch is that the system is doomed to collapse.
It's doomed to collapse for a number of reasons, and the reason is Malthusian: resource depletion.
How do you get around this? have been successful before
What happens is that when the population grows and the collapse is near, there is a big revolution, and then we start again, and when we are near the danger of another collapse, we start again.
There is a continuous cycle of innovation here, which is necessary for sustainable growth and avoiding collapse.
But the catch is that innovation must accelerate one after another.
The image is that you're running on a treadmill that's accelerating, and the treadmill itself needs to be replaced faster and faster.
we must continue to accelerate
The question is, can we, as socio-economic beings, avoid heart attacks?
Before I finish, I'd like to ask you about the company in the last few minutes.
The company is also scalable
The top right dot is actually from Walmart.
the same graph
This plots revenue and assets as variables for company size in terms of number of employees.
The results are the same whether you use sales or any other index.
As you can see, after the early volatility, when companies were innovating, it expanded beautifully.
Collected data for 23,000 US companies
What I'm showing you is just a fraction of all that data.
What's amazing about these companies is that they scale in a quasi-linear fashion, much like living organisms, which means they're governed by economies of scale rather than by supra-linear innovation and ideas.
In this interpretation, managerial bureaucracy and administration are factors.
So from the size of a company, say a small company, you can infer the size of Walmart.
If we're expanding sublinearly, then in theory we should be seeing S-shaped growth.
If you look at Walmart's growth, it doesn't look like an S-shape.
As expected, it's growing like a hockey stick.
Notice the cheat? Only showing data up to 1994
Let's extend it to 2008
The red line is the theoretical one
If we had done this analysis in 1994, we could have guessed where Walmart is today.
And this is repeated across companies of all sizes.
As you can see, the growth of 23,000 companies.
Everything grows like a hockey stick at first, but then it bends and it all dies like you and me.
thank you
(applause)
I'm going to tell you how I became a father and acquired supernatural powers.
i hate my job
I don't know if any of you have ever had a job you didn't like.
Has anyone ever had a job they didn't like?
(Laughter) Good, I'm not the only one.
Is it okay if I reveal my secret here?
(Audience) Yes
So let me tell you, I was in a job I hated, and I didn't get along with my boss.
I was sitting in the car, looking in the rearview mirror and thinking, "Which friend can I call to ask for a bomb threat so I don't have to go to work?"
(Laughter) I had a lot of problems. I had a lot of problems at work, and every day when I got home from work, my wife would ask me the same question over and over again.
If you hate your job, it's probably the last question you want to ask.
"How was your day?" my wife repeats
(Laughter) And I say, "Are we going to tell you this story again?"
(Laughter) I won't answer your question because I don't want to be reminded of my work.
At the time, I was spending 40% of my income on childcare.
I had one child
wife was pregnant with the second child
When I was trying to figure out how to fix my financial problems, my wife said, "Hey, dear, I have a great idea."
When I asked "What is it?"
"I think you'd make a good stay-at-home husband," was the reply.
(Laughter) I said, "Why are you saying that?"
(Laughter) My wife said, "Because the kids like you."
(Laughter) When I say, "No, that's not true."
I was told, "No, absolutely not."
It might be a good thing that children can feel the love from their father.
(reluctantly) I agree
(Laughter) But there was a problem, because I've never met a stay-at-home husband myself, so other men would look at me with preconceived notions. It seems boring
What do full-time housewives do at home all day? "
(Audience) Boo
My wife smiled at me with the kind of smile that only an all-knowing woman has. (Laughter) And she said, "You can do it easily.
Something that will save you money too. It's not a simple story."
(Laughter) Moving on to six months later, I've been a stay-at-home mom for a week.
(Laughter) I was standing in the bathroom looking in the mirror (Laughter) crying (Laughter) tears all over my face.
(Laughter) My one-and-a-half-year-old son is banging on the bathroom door because I shut him out.
The younger child was also crying in his crib.
look at yourself in the mirror
"Who should I call to make a bomb threat?
I have to get out of here
(Laughter) I was just swapping bosses and kids.
why did this happen
I thought I knew everything about homeschooling, but in reality I knew nothing.
My boss -- or at least his own kids -- were a lot cuter, but just as demanding, than my boss at work.
(children) baby wipes
daddy wipes
(laughs) When I wiped my buttocks
(Laughter) (Glenn) Why are you doing this?
I thought I knew everything about homeschooling, but I actually knew nothing.
I thought all I had to do was feed and change diapers and that was all.
i really thought that was all
I thought it would be OK if I distracted my kids with "Sesame Street" and gave them treats.
But when children are left alone, they quickly become mischievous.
(children) hi
(Glenn) Where did you put the flour?
(Child) I don't know
(Glenn) Where did you put it? who did it
(Child 1) It's you (Child 2) No, it's you
(Child 1) It's not you (Child 2) It's you
(Laughter) The other things you should do in homeschooling are
I thought that taking him to the park once a week was enough.
didn't really know anything
that's right
If you take your kids to the park every day, they'll get dirty every day.
Getting dirty every day means bathing every day. Bathing every day, I don't think you realize, having a child under the age of two means changing dirty diapers 20 times a day. it will be
If you take a bath, you'll spend more time naked
(Laughter) And you're more likely to be peeed on, and no one wants to be peeed on by their own baby.
(Laughter) But in an article that Father Lee wrote, there was a survey conducted by two detergent manufacturers.
Studies show that, two hours a day, prisoners spend more time outside than children.
After reading this, I felt guilty and took the child outside.
(Music) (Laughter) I knew nothing about full-time parenting, and once I accepted the fact that I didn't know anything, I started learning from my new boss (my kids).
I've always heard people say that if you're a full-time parent, you won't have time to sleep.
In the first place, parents say they don't have time to sleep.
But that's not true. The truth is that you can sleep while your child sleeps.
(Laughter) What else did I know about full-time parenting?
I used to think that the best way to teach a child about right and wrong was through discipline, because the pain and fear that comes from scolding would definitely teach them what's wrong and what's right. and
But the truth is that the best way to teach children right and wrong is to educate them.
I take out a whiteboard and draw pictures and connect them with lines so that the children can understand them.
that's the best way
A lot of the videos you see here are on my YouTube channel, called "Beleaf in Fatherhood."
I documented the misfortunes that befell stay-at-home husbands.
I'm not perfect, but I'm showing you my hard work.
I'm not trying to be a role model, but I'm trying to show that anyone can do it.
What else did I know about professional parenting?
Children need love, but how do we express love?
(Music) I've found that putting diapers on your head and playing until your child is asleep is a good way to show affection.
I learned a lot, not all fun, not all troubles.
(Laughter) When I asked parents who were homeschooling what they struggled with the most and what they overlooked the least, I found that loneliness was one of them.
You feel inadequate because you don't have anyone to talk to, or you feel selfish to ask for your own time.
Sometimes nursery rhymes can be boring
(Laughter) For example, "Mary Had a Lamb" is fine for a few listens, but after listening to it over and over again, it makes me wonder why Mary doesn't make skirts out of sheep's wool and eat lamb chops.
(Laughter) The thing I took the least light of was emotional exhaustion.
I was an artist and I wrote songs for other artists.
That's how I was earning an income while staying at home.
But being with kids all day can be emotionally draining.
Creativity is born out of emotion, so it dries up.
It dries up with time
Napping Scheduled activities Breaks Cooking time After doing it all, I feel empty
I don't have time to do anything
Some people find it difficult to get along with their spouses when they are raising children full-time.
Because you don't understand how hard it is
When I told a friend about this, he said, "When I come home from work, the drawers are open, the clothes are still hanging out, and the kids are still in their pajamas.
It's not that hard to prepare dinner by the time you get home, is it? "
(Laughs) It hit me.
(Laughter) He just confided in me. (Laughter) I said, "You don't know anything."
(Laughter) His wife wakes up every morning after a night's weariness, feeding one child to school, taking another to the park, laundries piled high in the sky.
My husband calls his mother about nothing for an hour and goes for a dog walk.
(Laughter) And nobody died.
My wife didn't let her child die for a day how hard is this
(Laughter) I became an advocate for full-time parenting.
But why
Because I finally got to stand in their shoes.
Having the same experience allows us to see the world from a different perspective, and when we try to take a step, it's a small step, and it feels precarious.
But gradually it turns into a powerful step
Start leaving footprints so the next generation can walk
We are also on our way as parents
we are friends
No one can deny that family is fundamental to everyone's life.
We're all walking the same path, clearing thickets and thorns, smoothing the way for those who come after us.
Parenting is related to environmental maintenance.
than to teach
The element of learning is stronger
The most important thing is to participate in learning
Participation is what I've learned as a stay-at-home mom.
You will benefit from participating
shhh
(Sound of door opening) I'm home!
(Children's laughter) (Laughter) This is me coming home from a tour one day.
I used to think that fathers chased after their children.
father makes a presence
child follows father
this is superpower
this is all
thank you
(applause)
Today I want to talk to you about everyday joy.
But I'll start with the story of a freak, brutal man.
this is hermann goering
During World War II, he was Hitler's right-hand man and was supposed to be his successor.
And like Hitler, he was also an art collector.
During the war, he stole, hoisted, and occasionally bought various paintings across Europe.
What he desperately wanted was Vermeer's work
Hitler had two, but he didn't.
I finally found an art dealer, a Dutchman named Han van Meegeren, who sold a wonderful Vermeer painting for ten million dollars in today's money.
This became Goering's most important painting.
World War II ended, he was arrested, tried in Nuremberg, and finally sentenced to death.
Allied forces searched his holdings, found paintings, and tracked down the art dealer who sold them to him.
Dutch police then arrested Han Meegeren in Amsterdam.
He was charged with treason, which could also carry the death penalty.
Six weeks after his prison sentence, he confessed.
It wasn't a confession of treason
"I'm not selling the works of great masters to those Nazis.
That's a forgery that I drew myself."
but no one believed
So he said, "I'll prove
Give me a canvas and paints, and I'll draw you better than Vermeer sold to that damned Nazi.
Also, you need alcohol and morphine."
(Laughter) So he was brought
I drew a beautiful Vermeer
and the treason charge was dropped
He was sentenced to one year for a lesser fraud charge, and died a Dutch hero.
There's a lot about Hann Meegeren, but let's get back to Göring, who is pictured being interrogated in Nuremberg.
Goering is brutal on all fronts.
He was a brutal man even by Nazi standards.
American interrogators describe him as a friendly freak.
But I could sympathize with his reaction when he was told that his treasured painting was actually a fake.
According to his biographer, "It was like seeing the evil of the world for the first time in my life."
(Laughter) Shortly after that, he committed suicide.
Finally, he found out that the painting he thought was this was actually this.
They looked the same, but they were different works of art with different origins.
Others were also shocked
Trial makes Han Meegeren unable to keep quiet
He boasted of the wonderful masterpieces he had painted under the guise of other artists.
In particular, "The Supper at Emmaus" is said to be Vermeer's masterpiece, and people from all over the world came to see it, but it was actually a forgery.
it wasn't this it was this
When it turned out, the painting was worthless and was removed from the museum.
Why?
Why is provenance so important?
Why are we so affected by the knowledge of where we come from?
There is an answer that many people think
Sociologists like Beblen and Wolfe would say that origin matters because we're snobs and status-obsessed.
Among other things, if you want to show off your money and power, you're better off owning a rare real thing than a counterfeit one.
I think so to some extent, but what I want to share with you today is that there are other factors.
It means that people are inherently essentialist to some degree.
What that means is that we don't react to what we see, feel, or hear.
Our reaction is to our beliefs about what it really is, where it came from, what it's made of, and what its invisible properties are.
It's conditioned not only on how we think, but also how we react to things.
So joy is profound, and this is not only true of high-level art, but that even the most seemingly simple pleasures are subject to beliefs about invisible realities.
food for example
do you eat this?
The correct answer is "it depends on what kind of meat".
Some people like pigs but not cows
Some people eat cows but not pigs
Very few people eat rats or humans.
Some people will eat tofu if it has a strange color.
not too surprising
But what's even more interesting is that what you think you're eating makes a crucial difference in how it tastes.
This demonstration was done with young children
How can we make them not only eat carrots and drink milk, but also make them feel more joy and taste better?
It's easy, say you bought it at McDonald's.
The assumption that McDonald's tastes better makes them taste better.
How can adults enjoy wine?
It's very easy. Pour it from an expensive bottle.
Dozens and hundreds of studies now show that wine tastes better when you think it's expensive.
Recently, the same research was done neuroscientifically.
You put the subject in the fMRI machine and have them sip wine from a tube while they're lying down.
The screen in front of me has wine information
Of course, everyone drinks the exact same wine.
When you think you're drinking something expensive, parts of your brain associated with pleasure and reward light up.
It's not just that you enjoy it more or that you like it this way, but it's a really different experience.
so is sex
These are the pictures I used as factors in my study.
And when you show these pictures to people in a normal way, they say they're pretty attractive.
But how attractive you feel, sexually or romantically, depends a lot on who you think you are.
You would think that the person on the left is a man and the person on the right is a woman.
If this is wrong, it makes a difference
(Laughter) It makes a difference if two people are younger or older than they look.
It also makes a difference when you find out that the person you've been watching with fascination is actually a son or daughter, a mother or a father in disguise.
The knowledge of one's kinship kills libido
Perhaps one of the most encouraging findings in the psychology of pleasure is that attractiveness is more than physical appearance.
The person you like looks attractive
Here's Why Happily Married Couples See Each Other Better Than Others Think
(Laughter) A particularly dramatic example is a neurological disorder called Capgras syndrome.
This is a disorder that causes certain delusions.
People with Capgras Syndrome say the people they love most in the world have been replaced by someone who looks exactly like them.
Belief, often resulting in tragedy
They kill their loved ones because they believe they're impostors.
But at least one had a happy ending
Recorded in 1931
"Study of Women with Capgras Syndrome Who Frustrated with Incompetent Lovers in Small Beds"
But this was before Capgras Syndrome.
Afterwards, "the woman happily reported discovering the existence of a rich, energetic, handsome and handsome look-alike."
It's the same man, of course, but the woman sees it differently.
As a third example, consider consumer products.
Practical as a reason for liking something
You can wear shoes, you can play golf with golf clubs, and chewed bubble gum is completely useless.
But each of these three has history-based value that goes beyond practicality.
The golf club belonged to JFK and sold for $750,000 at auction.
The gum was chewed by pop singer Britney Spears and sold for hundreds of dollars.
In fact, there's a thriving market for leftovers from loved ones.
(Laughter) These shoes are probably the most valuable of all.
One unconfirmed report says that a Saudi billionaire said he would pay $1 million.
These are the shoes that Bush threw at a press conference in Iraq a few years ago.
(Applause) Object fascination isn't just about celebrity objects.
Most people have an item that is literally irreplaceable, something that's valuable because of its history -- a wedding ring, a pair of baby shoes -- and if you lose it, it's all over.
Even if you get a similar item, you won't get the same item back.
I worked with my colleagues George Newman and Gil Desendrak to find out what factors and backgrounds influence what people like.
In one of the experiments, we asked them to name their favorite celebrity, a living celebrity.
George Clooney mentioned
So I asked, "How much would you pay for his sweater?"
That was a lot of money, more than you would pay for a new sweater or someone you don't love.
We then asked another group of subjects with different constraints and conditions.
For example, I told some people, "If you buy his sweater, don't tell anyone, and don't sell it."
Then the value goes down, and I can see one reason why I like the item.
But the condition that has the most impact is, "You can sell it, you can brag about it, but the sweater will be thoroughly laundered before it's delivered."
This will greatly reduce the value
"I washed Clooney's sweat"
(Laughter) So let's get back to art.
i want a work of chagall
If I could get anything after TED, it would be Chagall.
But I don't want a copy, even if I can't tell the difference.
Not just because I want to brag that I'm a snob and have the real thing
Because I want something with a specific history
For works of art, history is really special.
Philosopher Dennis Dutton, in his wonderful book, "The Art Instinct," said, "The value of a work of art comes from the assumption that there is human skill behind its creation."
I can explain the difference between the real thing and the counterfeit.
They look the same but have different histories
Authenticity is usually the result of creation, whereas counterfeiting is not.
This approach allows us to explain the differences in people's tastes in art.
Works by Jackson Porlock
Does anyone here like Porlock?
Who doesn't?
I just don't like it
I'm not saying who's right, but if I make an empirical claim about human intuition, people who like Porlock's work are more likely than those who don't to think that these works are harder to create -- a lot of time and effort and creativity. I think that is necessary
I deliberately use the example of Porlock because there is a young American artist who paints in his style, and her work costs tens of thousands of dollars, and a lot of that is because she's so young.
My name is Marla Olmsted, and most of my drawings are from when I was three.
What's interesting about Mara is that her family made the mistake of inviting the TV show "60 Minutes II" to their house to film her painting.
The show reported that his father was coaching
When this aired, the value of Mara's work disappeared.
Physically, it was the same production, but the history was different.
I've been talking about the visual arts, but I'll also give you two examples from music.
Famous violinist Joshua Bell
Washington Post reporter Gene Weingarten wanted him to do a daring experiment.
How much do people like Joshua Bell when they hear him playing without realizing it? It is an experiment called
So I had him take a million-dollar violin, go to a subway station in Washington, D.C., and stand on the corner and see how much he could make.
Here is a short video clip
(playing the violin) He's been here for 45 minutes and he's made $32.
not bad but not good
To truly appreciate Joshua Bell's performance, you have to recognize him as playing it.
He actually made $20 extra, but didn't count it.
A woman is coming - you can see her coming at the end of the video.
I had just heard him play at the Library of Congress's extravagant formal party a few weeks ago.
I was surprised to see him in the subway station
sorry
I gave you $20
(Laughter) (Applause) The second example of music is John Cage's modernist piece "4'33".
As many of you know, this is a period of four minutes and thirty-three seconds of silence where the pianist sits at the piano, opens the piano, and doesn't do anything.
there are many different opinions
But what I want you to notice is that it's sold on iTunes.
(Laughter) For a dollar and ninety-nine cents, you can hear this silence, unlike any other form of silence.
(Laughter) Now, I've been talking about joy so far, but I want you to think that all of this applies to pain as well.
The way we think about the nature of what we're experiencing affects how we feel pain.
Kurt Gray and Dan Wegner did a humane experiment.
put electroshock devices on Harvard undergraduates
They delivered a series of painful electric shocks.
It was five painful electric shocks.
Half of the subjects were being electroshocked by someone in another room, but there was no malice, they just clicked the button without knowing it.
i was told i was just pushing
Although the initial shock is rated as very painful
The second time will be a little more familiar
3 times 4 times 5 times
the pain will go away
The other half of the subjects were told that the people in the next room knew and were deliberately sending them electric shocks.
the first shock is very painful
2nd time it hurts the same 3rd time 4th time 5th time it's the same
It hurts even more when you think someone is hurting you on purpose.
In the most extreme cases, certain situations can transform pain into joy.
Humans have this extraordinary and interesting quality that they often seek out a little bit of pain in restricted situations and derive pleasure from it, whether it's eating hot chili peppers or riding a roller coaster.
The poet John Milton sums it up nicely: "Consciousness is an independent place in which you can turn hell into heaven, and heaven into hell."
Thank you
(applause)
I quit my job in trade and economics four years ago and now work among vulnerable people.
There, even if everyone desperately tries to survive, they can't eat anything for a day.
I got this red cup from Fabian in Rwanda.
I always carry it with me. It's a symbol of challenge and hope.
A cup of food a day improved Fabian's life.
And I'm going to talk about the fact that about a billion people on the planet, one in seven people, this morning, they don't know how to fill this cup with food.
1 in 7 people
on this issue we
What is the reason for working
Most of us have probably experienced famine in the days of ourselves, our parents, our grandparents, not in the distant past.
For most of the audience, if you go back a little bit, you'll come across a famine experience.
Some people feel deep sympathy and feel the need for humanitarian action.
Gandhi also said, "A piece of bread for the hungry."
And there are those who worry about the peace and security of the world.
The food riots of 2008 happened because a "silent tsunami" of hunger hit the planet, doubling the price of food overnight.
Hunger has historically been a destabilizing factor in society.
So the condition of a civilized society is the need for adequate food security.
Those who fear Malthus' nightmare
I worry about whether there will be enough food in a few decades when the population reaches 9 billion.
hunger is something else
can't make up
Many people want to solve hunger
I would think of it as a job in the food value chain.
But I'm in a different position on this issue.
me and my three kids
In 1987, I gave birth to my first child, and while I was holding and breastfeeding my child, I saw a video similar to this on television.
A few years ago, Ethiopia
A famine ensued, killing more than a million people.
But when I first saw it, I was shocked, because the mother who was raising her baby had no milk.
That baby's cry pierced my heart
How terrifying it is to not be able to feed a crying child, a basic human need.
It was at this very moment that I got so angry with this problem that I decided to try and find a solution that everyone knew how to solve.
Hunger is not a rare disease with no known cure.
i know the solution
100 years ago it was impossible
technology is developing now
The phenomenon of famine is obsolete.
should not be in our time
how about actually
Photo taken last week in northern Kenya
We are facing mass hunger again, with more than 9 million people worried about what they will do the next day.
In fact, right now, a child is starving to death every 10 seconds.
This death toll is more than AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis combined.
But food production alone is not enough to solve hunger.
Mr. Norman Borlaug, I also respect him.
But access to food is also important.In fact, during the food crisis this year and last year in 2008, the world had 2,700 calories of food per person.
So why are a billion people without food?
We also have a responsibility because we know
In 2008, a study in The Lancet magazine found that inadequate nutrition during the first 1,000 days from conception to age 2 can lead to long-term sequelae.
Developmental disability in the brain and body
Here's a picture of the brains of two children: a well-fed child and a severely malnourished child who was neglected.
As you can see, the volume of the brain has decreased by about 40 percent.
Also, this child doesn't have the neurons and synapses in the brain formed.
I'll talk later about how this will have a big impact on the economy.
These children earn about half the average person's lifetime income, and that's because of developmental disabilities early in life.
This is also the motivation for my activities.
we know how to solve hunger
And yet, around the world, one in three children suffers hunger by the time they're three years old.
I'm going to share with you what I've seen on the ground of hunger and what I've learned from my knowledge of economics and trade and my experience in private enterprise.
I also talk about knowledge gaps
I'm going to start by talking about the age-old method of feeding, breastfeeding.
Amazingly, breastfeeding for the first six months saves one child every 22 seconds.
But in Niger, less than 7 percent of children are breastfed for the first six months.
less than 3 percent in Mauritania
This situation can be changed with knowledge
Spread the word, breastfeeding is not outdated, it's a great way to save a child's life.
So we're focused not only on delivering food, but also on educating mothers about breastfeeding.
Now think about it: What if you live in a remote village with a lame child and there's not enough food due to droughts, floods, etc.?
Can I go to the store and pick from a shelf of nutrition bars to fill the gap?
Parents facing starvation know their children are stuck.
If there is a store, I go there, and if the field grows, I harvest it.
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There's an interesting activity that we're working on, which is to translate the technology that's used in the food industry into traditional crops.
It's chickpeas and powdered milk plus vitamins to give your brain the nutrients it needs.
It's "humane food" that you can make with 17 cents.
It was developed in collaboration with three food technologists from India and Pakistan.
And 99 percent of the kids who ate this
17 cents a bag a day got me out of malnutrition
He believed that if the science and technology of a rich country were at his disposal, he could improve food.
Withstand harsh climates
No need for refrigeration or water
These technologies have the potential to eradicate hunger and malnutrition on the ground.
Next, let's talk about school lunches.
80% of the world has no food security
Once a catastrophic event occurs -- economic collapse, rising unemployment, conflicts such as floods and wars, and policy failures -- there's no one to turn to.
Even churches, temples, etc. don't have enough reserves to keep them safe most of the time.
In my work with the World Bank, I learned that school meals are a good way to ensure that the poor have enough to eat.
Filling this cup with produce from local farmers can have a transformative effect.
Children who get food by begging and can't go to school
The situation changes when meals are served at school.
It costs less than 25 cents a day
Girls are especially affected
In countries where girls don't go to school, serving meals at school halves male and female enrollment.
Girls' attendance has also improved
No opposition from parents, rather encouraged
It helps my family
Girls who go to school don't get married for food until they're 16.
Overfeeding on weekends costs 50 cents, but girls go to school and give birth to healthy children, and malnutrition is passed from parent to child.
recurring famine
everyone knows
There's famine in the Horn of Africa right now.
If you ask me if there's anything I can do to help
It is different
I'm going to talk about "Hope Warehouse" now.
Northern Cameroon has been suffering from annual famines for decades.
During times of food shortage, food aid is delivered year after year.
Two years ago, we changed the way we fought hunger.
He said, "This food will make up for the shortage.
This warehouse is run in the village
At harvest time pay interest and return with food
5 to 10 percent more.”
In the last two years, about 500 of the participating villages have become self-sufficient.
“Food banks” are widespread
Villagers who started with children's school lunches
They didn't even have the ability to build basic facilities and things like that.
With the idea of ​​the villagers, we made three keys to open the warehouse.
because food is like gold
A simple idea can make a difference, not just in a small area, but in a larger area.
Talk about "digital food"
Technology can change food shortages in famine-prone places.
Amartya Sen was awarded the Nobel Prize for clarifying that "hunger occurs because we cannot afford to buy food in front of us."
Soaring food prices in 2008
In the Horn of Africa, food prices have increased 2.4 times over the past year.
I can't buy the food in front of me
This is a store in Hebron where we don't bring in food Itadakimasu is written in Arabic
handed out cards
The women go to the store, swipe their cards, and get nine groceries.
They're nutritious, locally grown foods.
Last year alone, dairy farmers who provided milk, yogurt, eggs, etc. purchased with this card saw a 30 percent increase in sales.
Increased employment in stores
It's a win-win-win, and the food economy is starting to turn.
Now, in more than 30 countries, we're delivering food via mobile phone and changing the situation for refugees.
There's an interesting idea, one that Bill Gates and Buffett strongly advocate, and the question is: What if we think of starving people as small farmers, not victims, who can't produce enough food to support their families? Think of people as a value chain to fight hunger?
The reason women in Africa can't sell food is because they have no roads, no warehouses, no bags to put their produce in, but what if women could provide food to hungry children elsewhere?
We are now Buying for Progress in 21 countries
What's this
In most cases, even the poor farmers will buy 300 tons of this if the market is guaranteed.
Harvest it and store it properly,' and you're multiplying your yields. This is the first time a farmer has ever had that kind of assurance.
people's lives have changed
Today, 80 percent of our enormous food aid comes from developing countries.
It completely changes the lives of people who need food.
How big can it be?
Is it only applicable at village level?
I'll tell you the story of a trip I did to Brazil a few years ago, where it was said to reduce hunger more than anywhere else.
In fact, the local government was spending money on school meals instead of subsidizing food purchases.
1/3 of the ingredients came from local small farmers
This massive effort was to fulfill President Lula's promise to his people to eat three meals a day.
A zero hunger policy at half a percent of GDP has lifted millions out of hunger and poverty.
In Brazil, the hunger situation has changed, and so has the opportunity.
The small farmers I met were making a living through the food market.
Think not just of sympathy, but of economic necessity.
Studies show that malnutrition and hunger cost societies an annual cost of anywhere from 6 percent of GDP to as high as 11 percent.
Thirty-six countries with severe malnutrition collectively cost 260 billion dollars in economic losses each year.
The World Bank estimates that it will cost $10.3 billion to tackle global malnutrition.
Let's look at this issue from a cost-benefit analysis, instead of a sympathetic argument, let's tell the world's economy ministers that they have no choice but to invest in proper nutrition for all of humanity.
Surprisingly, without a leader's decision, it doesn't change on a large scale.
Everything starts to change when a leader "gets out of hand."
And it creates an environment for other countries to step in and tackle the problem.
At the G20 in France, food was a key topic on the agenda.
The food problem cannot be solved by individuals or individual countries.
We need international solidarity
in African countries
WFP withdrew from 30 countries because it changed the hunger situation in those countries.
I have a challenge
This is the time in human history that we shouldn't allow a child to wake up without a full cup of food.
And changing hunger is also an opportunity to change our minds.
I'm honored to be here with some of the best people in the world today.
I want you to join me in drawing a line in the sand and saying, "No more
please say it's not allowed
Let's live in an age where we can tell our grandchildren that if we go back in history, one-third of all children have atrophied brains and bodies, but that's no longer the case.
thank you
(applause)
As a writer and director, I tell stories that change society because I believe stories have the power to move us.
Stories give us humanity and emotions, and create empathy.
stories change us
When I write and direct my plays, I amplify the voices of the socially vulnerable. I struggle with self-censorship, which has kept many Ugandan artists away from social and political activism. Not since former Ugandan president Idi Amin persecuted artists.
Most importantly, it's about breaking the silence and eliciting meaningful conversations about taboo issues, even though we all know that silence is golden.
Dialogue is important because it informs us and inspires us to think. Thinking is where change begins.
One of the things that I struggle with when I'm in action is that my perspective is often one-sided, I can't see the other way around, and my empathy is paralyzed. It makes you think you're brainwashed, a traitor, or just an idiot.
I believe that no one is ignorant
We are all experts in different fields.
That's why I think the maxim "stay true to yourself" is misleading.
Because as long as you stay true to yourself, won't the person you believe to be wrong stay true to themselves?
So there are only two extremes, which close all possibilities for dialogue.
I want to bridge misunderstandings by making provocative plays and films that strike a chord, are human, and encourage dialogue between people with differing opinions.
I don't think listening to each other will magically solve all our problems.
But it's an opportunity to create opportunities, to join hands to solve many of humanity's problems.
My first play, "Silent Voices," was based on interviews with war victims in northern Uganda, and it was called "God's Resistance Army," led by the government and Joseph Kony. I brought together victims, political leaders, religious leaders, cultural leaders, pardon commission members and transitional judicial leaders on justice for war victims. To have an important discussion that was unique in Uganda's history.
I don't have time right now to tell you all the results, but a lot of great things happened.
Victims were given an opportunity to sit down with the leaders of the Amnesty Commission and express the great injustice they had suffered because the Amnesty Commission ignored them and warned them instead. It was to encourage the return of criminals.
The pardon commission acknowledged the victim's distress and explained the thinking behind the mishandling.
But there's one thing that sticks in my mind: I was in a theater performance in northern Uganda when a man approached me and introduced himself, a former soldier in Joseph Kony's rebel army.
He told me not to disappoint him, it was the laughter from the audience that he felt was rude.
He explained that his laugh was due to embarrassment, and he admitted that he was embarrassed.
He found himself among the actors on stage and saw the meaninglessness of his past deeds.
So I say, "Share the truth for you."
"Let's listen to each other's truths"
You will discover that there is a truth between the two of you that will bring you closer together.
When I lived in the United States, many of my American friends were surprised that I didn't know about "smart" Western food, like lasagna.
(Laughter) So my question to them was, "Well, do you know malakwang?"
And I tell them about Marakwan, the "smart" vegetable dish in my culture.
they tell me about lasagna
By doing so, we become richer and more mature human beings.
So if you share the truth of each other's recipes,
it makes for a better meal
thank you
(applause)
Thank you very much! I'm so honored to spend my last days as a teenager here.
Today I want to talk about the future, but first I want to talk a little bit about the past.
my story goes back long before i was born
My grandmother was on the train to Auschwitz, the death camp
The train was going along the tracks, but the tracks diverged.
And for some reason, we don't know all the details, the train got on the wrong track and went to a labor camp instead of a death camp.
my grandmother survived and married my grandfather
My mother was born while I was living in Hungary.
And when my mother was two years old, the Hungarian Revolution broke out, so I decided to leave Hungary.
They boarded a ship, which was another branch, to either Canada or Australia.
I boarded the ship without knowing which one, and ended up in Canada.
That's how they came to Canada.
My grandmother was a chemist. She worked at the Banting Institute in Toronto. She died of stomach cancer at the age of 44. I never met my grandmother, but I kept her name - Eva Vertes. And I think I inherited my grandmother's passion for science.
I actually discovered this passion not far from here when I was nine years old.
We were on a family trip by car and we were at the Grand Canyon.
I wasn't a kid who read books. I tried everything from The Hardy Boys, which my father recommended, to Nancy Drew, which I tried to read myself, but I just didn't like reading.
But at the Grand Canyon, my mom bought a book called "The Hot Zone," which was about the Ebola virus outbreak.
Something about the book somehow appealed to me.
It had a big bumpy looking virus on the cover, and I just wanted to read it, so I picked it up and while driving from the edge of the Grand Canyon to Big Sur to Monterey, where we are today. I read that book, and from that moment on, I knew I wanted to live a life in medicine.
I wanted to be like the investigator in the books who went into the jungles of Africa and tried to figure out what this deadly virus was in the lab. I'm already obsessed
I was a bystander in the medical world,
After I entered high school, I began to think, "Maybe now I'm a fine high school student, and I might be able to do something in this big world of medicine."
When I was 14 years old, I emailed professors at my local university asking if I could work in their lab, but almost no one responded.
But who would deal with a 14-year-old?
But I had the opportunity to speak with Dr. Jacobs, and I was accepted into his lab.
At the time, I was very interested in neuroscience and wanted to study neurology, specifically the effects of heavy metals on the developing nervous system.
So I started doing research on that subject, and after working in his lab for a year, I saw the predictable results: when you feed fruit flies with heavy metals, their nervous systems are severely damaged.
The spinal cord was intermittent, the nerves were jumbled.
After that, I wanted to study its prevention, not its disorder.
That's how I got started working on Alzheimer's. I started reading the literature on Alzheimer's, trying to get familiar with the research in that area, and one day I was reading in the medical library, and I read an article about something called a purine derivative.
It seemed to have the property of promoting cell proliferation.
Partly because I didn't know much about the field, I thought, "In Alzheimer's, memory loss is caused by cell death, while this compound called a purine derivative promotes cell proliferation."
And I thought, "If we can promote cell proliferation, then maybe we can suppress cell death."
So that year, and I'm still working on this research, I found that a specific purine derivative called guanidine inhibited cell growth by about 60 percent.
So I presented this at the Intel International Student Science Fair, and it was one of the greatest experiences of my life.
I won first prize in medicine, which put me in the big medical community, or at least a foothold.
Since then, since I've entered this huge, exciting world, I wanted to learn it all, and I knew I couldn't, but I wanted to know it all at once.
And I happened to come across something called cancer stem cells.
That's what I want to talk about today about cancer.
When I first heard about cancer stem cells, I wasn't quite sure how they were related to each other.
On the other hand, I hear that cancer is the most terrifying disease of our time. So how did the good and the bad come together?
Last summer, I was doing cancer stem cell research at Stanford University.
And in the meantime, I was reading the literature on cancer, trying, as usual, to familiarize myself with this new field of medicine.
In fact, tumors appear to arise from stem cells.
I became interested in this, because the more I learned, the more my perspective changed, and I became less afraid of cancer than I used to be.
cancer appears to be a direct result of injury
Smoking damages lung tissue and causes lung cancer.
Drinking alcohol can damage the liver and cause liver cancer.
And this was very interesting, but there was a literature linking fractures to the development of osteosarcoma.
It's because of the nature of stem cells, because stem cells are amazing cells that have the ability to differentiate into all kinds of tissues.
When the body senses damage to an organ, it triggers cancer, sort of like a repair response.
It's the cancer that your body is telling you is that the lung tissue is damaged and needs to heal. due to overgrowth
It's almost as if your body has triggered this subtle response, but you can't quite control it.
The body is not yet fine-tuned enough to finish what it started.
i was really interested in this
And like any other disease, I don't think cancer can be thought of in black and white terms.
Eliminating cancer with chemotherapy and radiotherapy, as we do now, is like attacking the cancer and the body with poison and radiation to kill it.
It's like going back to the beginning
It removes the cancer cells, but it also exposes the existing damage that the body was trying to heal.
Shouldn't we be thinking about manipulation, not exclusion?
If we can somehow get these cells to differentiate into bone tissue, lung tissue, liver tissue, etc., regardless of how the cancer cells came about, it will be a repair process that will eventually leave them in a better state than they were before the cancer started.
So this changed my view of cancer in a big way.
When I read all of this literature about cancer, a lot of it seems to be focused on, say, the genetics of breast cancer, the development and progression of breast cancer, looking at where cancer is in the body and where it goes.
But then I realized that I'd never heard of heart cancer, and that's why there's no skeletal muscle cancer either.
50% or more of our bodies are made up of skeletal muscle, so my first thought was, "I've never heard of it, but maybe there's a reason why skeletal muscle doesn't cause cancer."
So I did some more research, gathered as much literature as I could, and was surprised, because it was actually very rare.
Some literature even goes so far as to say that skeletal muscle tissue is resistant to cancer, and not just cancer, but metastasis to skeletal muscle.
Metastasis is when tumor cells detach and travel through the bloodstream to other organs. This is metastasis.
This is the most dangerous stage of cancer
If the cancer is localized, it may be possible to eliminate it, and the spread is controlled, very much controlled.
But once it starts spreading throughout the body, it can be deadly.
So the fact that skeletal muscle not only doesn't develop cancer, it doesn't spread, seems like there's something to it.
So, in these documents, it said, "Metastasis to skeletal muscle is very rare."
I didn't say any more, and no one seemed to have any doubts.
So I decided to find out. First of all, I emailed some professors who specialize in skeletal muscle physiology and asked them, "Skeletal muscle seems to have very few cancers, is there a reason? Is it?"
And many of the responses I received were that muscle is a terminally differentiated tissue.
So muscle cells exist but don't divide, so they're probably not good targets for cancer to take over.
That said, given the fact that there is no metastasis to skeletal muscle, it seems unlikely.
And the brain, which is nerve tissue, becomes cancerous, even though brain cells are also terminally differentiated.
So that's why I decided to do a study, and this is probably a hypothesis that I'll be testing at the Sylvester Cancer Institute in Miami starting in May.
And maybe I'll keep researching until I find an answer.
But in science, we know that once we find an answer, more questions inevitably arise.
Maybe I can say I'll be doing this for the rest of my life
Now, some of my hypotheses, the first thing that comes to my mind about skeletal muscle is that there are a lot of blood vessels going to skeletal muscle.
So the first thing that makes me think is that blood vessels are like highways for tumor cells.
Tumor cells can travel through blood vessels
It's conceivable that the more highways an organization has, the more likely it is that cancer and metastasis will occur.
So my first thought was, "Wouldn't it be desirable for cancer to migrate to skeletal muscle?" Furthermore, cancer tumors require a process called angiogenesis, which allows tumors to become blood vessels in order to nourish and grow. is to secure for yourself
Without angiogenesis, tumors remain pinpoint-sized and harmless.
In other words, angiogenesis is indeed a central process in the pathogenesis of cancer.
When I was reading the literature trying to figure out why cancer doesn't spread to skeletal muscle, the first thing that caught my eye was an article that reported autopsy results that 16 percent of cancers had "micro" metastases to skeletal muscle. bottom
16%! So, even though we have pinpoint-sized tumors, only 0.16 percent of skeletal muscle actually metastasizes. suggests
We use a lot of skeletal muscle, our heart is beating all the time, we're working our muscles all the time.
Is it possible that muscles instinctively know that they need a blood supply? Muscles have to keep contracting all the time, and it's almost selfish, you're hogging the blood vessels in your muscles.
That's why when tumors invade skeletal muscle tissue, they don't get a blood supply and can't grow.
So this suggests that there may be anti-angiogenic factors in skeletal muscle, and perhaps even pathway factors in angiogenesis that actually determine where blood vessels form, which is a promising future cancer. can be therapeutic
And there's another very interesting thing: tumors move through the body in a very complex way, and it involves something called a chemokine network.
Because chemokines are basically chemoattractants, which are signals for cancer to stop and go.
Tumors express chemokine receptors, and when the corresponding chemokine is present in another organ far away in the body, the tumor senses it and migrates toward it.
Is it possible that skeletal muscle does not express this type of molecule?
And another very interesting thing is that there are some reports that damage to skeletal muscle is correlated with metastasis to skeletal muscle.
And what's more, when skeletal muscle is damaged, it releases chemokines that give the tumor the go-ahead, "Cancer, come here."
So there's a lot of interaction here.
So there are many possibilities as to why tumors don't spread to skeletal muscle.
But by investigating, by tackling cancer, by examining where there is no cancer, there must be something to be found, and there must be something about why this tissue is resistant to tumors.
And can't we take advantage of it? Properties, compounds, receptors, whatever controls anti-tumor properties, could it be applied to general cancer therapy?
By the way, there is a factor called MyoD in skeletal muscle that can be said to link the resistance of skeletal muscle to cancer and cancer caused by a runaway repair reaction.
MyoD's basic role is to differentiate cells into muscle cells, and this compound called MyoD has been tested in many different cell types and has been shown to actually convert a variety of cells into skeletal muscle cells. I am
So, the tumor cells have metastasized to the skeletal muscle tissue, but once they enter the skeletal muscle tissue, is it possible that MyoD acts on the tumor cells and turns them into skeletal muscle cells?
Maybe the tumor cells are skeletal muscle cells, which is why skeletal muscle tumors look so rare.
It just repairs the muscle, no harm
Muscles are being used all the time, they're always getting damaged.
Every time you pull a muscle, or stretch a muscle, or do something weird, and if you get cancer, almost everyone will get cancer.
You wouldn't like that, but muscle cells, probably because they're so heavily used, are able to respond to injury before other tissues in the body, fine-tuning the repair response to actually carry out the process your body intended. I believe the human body is very well made and we shouldn't stop it from doing what it wants to do.
It's a different story than bacteria getting into your body. Bacteria are foreign and should be eliminated.
But if the body is actually starting a process and you're calling it a disease, I don't think elimination is the right solution. You may be able to consider treating
If you have a tissue-deteriorating disease like Alzheimer's that kills brain cells and you need to regenerate new, healthy brain cells, what if cancer were available in the future? What if you injected a tumor into the brain and let it differentiate into brain cells?
That's a pretty big leap forward, but I believe it's possible.
Cancer cells are so versatile, they're so versatile that you just have to manipulate them in the right direction.
I know some of these talks are unrealistic, but I thought TED would be the place to present such an improbable idea. So, thank you very much.
(applause)
our ability to hear is being lost
Approximately 60% of communication is the act of listening.
It's not about everyone at the venue
As a general rule of thumb, only 25% of the information you hear is retained.
"Getting meaning from sound" Let this be the definition of "listening"
This is the process of psychological information extraction.
There are some really cool techniques for this, the first is pattern recognition.
(noisy) At a cocktail party like this
If you say, "David! Sara! Be careful," some will crouch down.
It discerns patterns and distinguishes between noise and information, and it's especially sensitive to names.
The next technique is Cancellig
If you hear this constant noise, you'll stop listening. We can tell the difference.
ignoring unchanging sounds
Filters support the act of listening
A filter selects only what you should hear from all sounds
Few people are aware of this filter.
But in a way, in terms of showing where you're paying attention, you're creating reality.
Let me give you an example
Will is very important in hearing
When I married my wife, I made a promise to listen to her every day in a naive way, though most days I don't seem to do it.
(Laughter) The willingness to listen is very important in interpersonal relationships.
That's not all. Sound governs space.
Even if I close my eyes right here and now, I can still tell the size of this room from the reverberations and reverberations.
And sound also governs time, and time is always embedded in sound.
In fact, I believe hearing is the primary sense for feeling the passage of time from the past to the future.
"Sound is time and meaning." That's a beautiful saying. Like I said at the beginning, we're losing our ability to listen.
Why did you say that?
there are many reasons
First, there was the development of the technology of recording, starting with copying, then recording, and then recording was born.
This undermines the benefits of listening carefully and being accurately informed.
Second, today's world is too noisy. It's cluttered with visual and auditory distractions that make it difficult to listen.
There are a lot of headphone refugees out there, but they're compartmentalizing huge public spaces that share the soundscape into personal spaces.
This is how I stop listening to people.
I'm losing my patience than my eloquent speech
Prefer short excerpts
Conversation is about to be replaced by one-way communication, and I think it's dangerous.
I don't know how much communication there is in this email, but unfortunately it's not the exception, especially in the UK.
I'm getting dull
The media should address us with headlines like this.
In other words, unemphasized quiet calls are less likely to get attention.
The act of listening is a means of understanding
Loss of this ability is not trivial, it's a serious problem.
Conscious listening always produces understanding, and this is what happens when you lack conscious listening.
The world today is such a scary place that we don't listen to each other
So I want to share with you five simple exercises that will help you develop your conscious listening skills.
(Audience: Likes) Good
the first is silence
Silent exercises for three minutes a day reset your ears, tune them in, and you'll be able to hear quiet sounds, even if you're not completely silent.
It doesn't matter if it's quiet
The second is what I call a mixer
(Noisy) There are often loud places like this, like coffee bars, how many single sources of cacophony are there?
please listen carefully
You can do this exercise in a beautiful place like a lake.
count the singing birds
"Where are the birds?" "Where are the waves?"
This exercise will improve your listening skills
The third is a beautiful exercise, I call it appreciation.
This is about enjoying mundane sounds
For example, this is the sound of my tumble dryer
(Dryer sound) It's a waltz One, two, three One, two, three
nice rhythm
how is the volume of this
(Coffee grinder) Wow!
Even mundane sounds can be interesting if you pay attention to them.
you're always around us
The next exercise is the most important one I'm going to show you today, if you can set aside some things.
It's the listening position. It's about moving the position to the most appropriate position according to what you're listening to.
use
First, operate the filter like a lever
I'm going to change the place with awareness
The one on the screen is just an example of position and scale.
there are many more
It's exciting. Please enjoy it.
The last is an acronym
Use this for communication and listening
If you've done any of these things -- or any of you listening to this -- the acronym is RASA, the acronym is the Sanskrit word for essence.
RASA's R is for Receive Listen carefully to what the speaker is saying A is Appreciate Express your intentions by saying "Hmm" or "Understood" S is for Summarise It is important to summarize in communication and A is Ask Ask questions is that
Sound is my passion, my life
I'm publishing a book about sound
I'm not asking you to be like me
I believe that conscious listening is essential to enjoying life to the fullest. It connects us to time and space, connects us to the world around us. Because, as far as I know, all spiritual paths are based on listening and meditation.
So schools need to teach listening as a skill.
why don't you tell me it's funny
If we teach listening in schools, we can lift our listening from that slippery slope to the perilous world I talked about today and move it into a world of constant conscious listening, or at least a world where it can be achieved.
But what should I do? This is TED. I believe that anything is possible at TED.
Let's all get together To realize a world where mutual understanding and peace are realized ahead of generations
We need to have a sense of mission to teach conscious listening in school education.
Thank you for your attention.
(applause)
By the end of this year, nearly one billion people around the world will be actively using social networking sites.
One thing they all have in common is that they all die.
While it's kind of a bleak idea, I think there's a really deep meaning to it that's worth considering.
A blog post I wrote earlier this year by Derrick K. Miller got me thinking about this, he was a science and technology journalist who died of cancer.
He asked his family and friends to post on his blog soon after his death.
this is the first part he wrote
"Well I'm dead this is the last post on my blog
When my body finally stopped because of cancer, I asked my family and friends to post prepared messages ahead of time, the first step in transforming my blog from an active site to an archive."
As a journalist, his archive may have been better than anyone else's, but the fact is, we're all creating archives today, nothing like anything from any previous generation. wrong
Let's take a look at the stats
48 hours of video is now uploaded to YouTube every minute
200 million tweets posted per day
The average Facebook user creates 90 pieces of content each month
If you think about your own parents and grandparents, the best you can do is take a picture or a home video or a diary in a box somewhere.
But now we're creating an incredibly rich digital archive that will live in the cloud for years after we die.
I think this presents a very interesting opportunity for engineers.
I'm a journalist, not a technologist, so I'll try to keep things simple, just a picture of what's going on now and what's going to happen in the future.
There are already several services out there that let you decide what happens to your online profile and social media accounts after you die.
One of them, fittingly, I saw on the Foursquare site when I checked into the deli of a restaurant in New York.
(Recording) Adam: Hello
Shinigami: Adam?
Adam: yeah
Shinigami: You never know when or where you'll face death, even at an organic store.
Adam: Who are you?
Shinigami: Go to ifidie.net before it's too late
(Laughter) Isn't that creepy?
In a nutshell, it's a service that allows you to post videos and messages that you create to Facebook after you die.
There is another service called 1,000 Memories
It's a service that allows you to create online tributes with photos, videos and stories to your loved ones and post them after their death.
But I think we'll see something more interesting after this.
Many of you may know Deb Roy, at TED in March, where he shared how he analyzed over 90,000 hours of home videos.
I believe that computers will continue to improve in their ability to understand human language and process vast amounts of data, and we will be able to analyze all the content in our lives: tweets, photos, videos, blog posts, a huge amount of content.
So I think it will be possible for our digital figures to continue interacting in the real world after we die, thanks to the vast amount of content we're creating and the technology that can bring it all together and make sense of it.
You can already see some experiments
One of them is My Next Tweet, which analyzes all your tweets and makes some predictions about what you'll say next.
At this point, as you can see, there are some funny results.
As technology evolves, you can imagine what this thing will look like in five, 10, 20 years.
Going a little further, MIT's Media Lab is building robots that can interact more like humans.
What if these could interact based on a particular person's unique personality? What if you could build on the hundreds of thousands of pieces of content that person created during his lifetime?
Finally, remember this famous scene from Election Night 2008 in the United States, where CNN broadcast hip-hop artist will.i.am live on hologram for an interview with Anderson Cooper.
What if you could use the same type of technology to project images of your loved ones into your living room, and talk to them as if they were alive based on the content you created while they were still alive?
I think this will be entirely possible as both the amount of data we use and the technology that makes sense of it scales exponentially.
Finally, I think you need to think about whether you want this to become a reality, and if so, what this means for your life and for everything else.
thank you
(applause)
Did you know that there are 1.4 million cellular towers in the world?
this is a base station
And there are over five billion such devices in the world.
I mean, it's a cellular phone.
We transmit 600 terabytes of data each month on our mobile phones.
It's a huge number with 14 zeros.
Today, like electricity and water, wireless communication has become a necessity of life.
I use it every day, both at work and in my personal life.
And sometimes, as is customary at events like this, they politely ask you to turn off your cell phone.
It's the importance of it that's exactly why I wanted to study the problem with this technology: wireless communications are essential to our lives.
One of the issues is capacity.
It uses electromagnetic waves -- specifically radio waves -- as a way to send data.
Radio waves are limited
They're scarce in quantity, they're expensive, they're limited to a certain range of wavelengths.
Because of this limitation, we can't handle the sheer number of bytes sent each month, the sheer volume of data, and the unmet demand for wireless communications.
because it exhausts the spectrum
the second problem is
it's inefficient
The 1.4 million radio towers that are base stations consume a lot of energy.
Surprisingly, most of the energy is not used to transmit radio waves, but to cool the tower.
Those radio towers are only 5% efficient.
This inefficiency is a big problem
You may have noticed the third problem
It's a matter of practicality that you can't use your cell phone on an airplane.
Hospitals have safety issues
Safety is the fourth issue
radio waves pass through walls
It can be jammed, and some people will try to take advantage of your network.
These four are the main problems
But on the other hand, there are 14 billion light bulbs in the world, which is light.
Light is part of the electromagnetic spectrum
Now let's look at another part of the electromagnetic spectrum, gamma rays.
It's dangerous, so please stay away
X-rays are useful in the medical field
UV rays are next
Good for a moderate tan, but dangerous if overdone
Infrared can only be used at low power due to eye protection regulations.
Radio waves are next, you know the problem.
And in the middle is the light spectrum
Yes, light. Light has been around for millions of years.
In fact, light created us, created life, and created everything in life.
So light is inherently safe.
Isn't it wonderful to use light as a means of communication?
We actually compared light to other spectra.
I compared the amount of radio waves with the amount of light spectrum.
what happened
It turns out that we can use 10,000 times more light spectrum than radio waves.
It's not just the volume, let's use the numbers I mentioned earlier.
There are 1.4 million inefficient, expensive cellular base stations in the world.
Multiply that by 10,000 and you get 14 billion.
The number 14 billion is the number of light bulbs we already have.
So the infrastructure is in place
Looking up at the ceiling, there are many light bulbs
Same for the main floor
Can this be used for communication --
can be used
what would you need
The first thing we need to do is get rid of inefficient and hot fluorescent bulbs and replace them with the new technology of LED bulbs.
LED is a semiconductor electronic device
And LED bulbs are very responsive.
It's very fast, you can adjust the brightness, and you can turn it off instantly.
This property is essential, and we studied it using our own technology.
let me show you
Let's start with something familiar, yes, the remote control.
The remote has an infrared LED that you turn on and off.
This is how monotonous data flows at a slow speed -- 10,000 to 20,000 bits per second.
too late for youtube
And for that, we've developed a technique to further improve and replace the light bulb in the remote control.
With our technology, we can send not just a single data stream, but thousands of data streams at the same time, and at an increasing speed.
We call this technology SIM OFDM
It's a spatial modulation technique, and I won't go into too much detail about it because it's technical jargon, but this is how the light source can transmit data.
You're probably thinking, "That's a nice slideshow."
that's not all
Actually, I made a demo model.
Here's the first demonstration of this technology.
Here's a normal desk stand
And then we put LED bulbs in it that cost about three dollars and built in signal processing technology.
there is a small hole here
is the path of light
here is the receiver
This receiver converts small variations in amplitude into an electronic signal.
It also converts electronic signals to produce high-speed data streams.
In the future, this little hole will be filled by smartphones.
In addition to attaching a light sensor, it seems that an internal camera can also be used.
what happens when you turn on this switch
As you can guess, this is a desk stand.
Flip the switch and you'll be able to read the book
light illuminates the space
But at the same time there is a video
This is a high-definition image, but it's transmitted by light.
you critics
you must be thinking
"This must have some seed."
But when you look at it like this --
(Applause) Now again
still can't believe
This genuine light divides and transmits high-definition images.
Looking at the desk stand, it's still glowing
unrecognizable to the human eye
We cannot perceive subtle differences in voltage amplitude.
It's primary purpose is lighting, but it can also transmit data.
Of course, the light from the ceiling also illuminates the receiver.
It can be made to have no effect, because the receiver sees only small variations.
Do you have questions? "At the end of the day, do we need light all the time while transmitting data?"
the answer is yes
But you can dim the lights as if the lights were off.
Data transmission is possible even in such a state
I mentioned four issues earlier.
First, capacity -- we have a light spectrum that is 10,000 times more than radio waves, and we already have that many LEDs.
So capacity is fine.
And then efficiency -- the data goes through the light, which was originally the lighting equipment.
When you factor in your energy budget, you can send data for free, which means it's more efficient.
I'm not going to talk about the efficiency of the LED bulb itself.
Putting LEDs all over the world would eliminate the need for hundreds of power plants.
let's leave this story
and utility --
Of course the light is in the hospital, right?
you must be invisible
Light is also in the plane
I mean, it's everywhere
Yes, even smartphones
Comes with LED lights
These can be used to transmit high-speed data.
Finally safety --
Light doesn't go through walls.
Even sensitive data, if the light is here, nobody on the other side of the wall can read it.
There is data only where there is light.
So if I don't want to feed this receiver data, all I do is deflect the light.
no longer sent there
Know exactly where your data is going
For me, the practical application of this technology has far exceeded my expectations at the time of its invention.
We've had some great app developers in the last 10 years.
If you notice, where there's light, there's a use for data transmission technology.
Let me give you an example
You may already be aware of the magnitude of the matter.
This is an undersea rover that can be remotely controlled.
using light to illuminate the ocean floor
This light can also be used to transmit data, allowing rovers to communicate with each other.
In a petrochemical plant, which is a safety-first environment, you can't use radio frequencies, they might start a fire, but as you can see, light can.
It seems that it can be used for new medical equipment in hospitals.It seems that it can also be used for traffic control on roads.
Cars have LED lights on the front and back, allowing cars to communicate with each other, and by exchanging information, they can even prevent accidents.
Signals and car communications, and many other things.
There are millions of streetlights on roads around the world.
Wireless communication is possible with streetlights
We call this Li-Fi, it's Light Fidelity.
in the airplane cabin
We have hundreds of light bulbs, and we can use these light bulbs to transmit data.
Watch your favorite TED Talks on long trips
Online Life Is Not Impossible
All you have to do is attach the microchip to the light fixture.
This gives us the ability to do both of the two things that are fundamental to our lives: lighting and wireless communication.
I believe this is a symbiotic relationship and a solution to four problems in today's wireless communications.
And in the future, 14 billion light bulbs will be Li-Fi devices installed all over the world, heading towards a cleaner, greener and brighter future.
thank you
(applause)
You are endowed with destructive, dangerous and powerful traits that have been created by natural selection.
Auditory nervous system technology allows us to manipulate other people's brains somewhat.
Of course, I'm talking about natural language, and the use of language allows you to have a non-surgical transplant, which is an idea, and you can be one of them.
Instead, it's like using a remote control for your TV, but when you speak, it uses some kind of telemetry.
So, like this, the remote control uses infrared light, but natural language uses intermittent pulse waves.
Just like you can change the settings of your television with a remote control to suit your mood, through language you can change the settings of other people's brains to suit your interests.
Language is the conversation of our genes to get something.
Imagine your surprise when your baby can magically move an object or bring food into its mouth just by making a sound.
The immense power of language has long been recognized, and that's why censors censor publications and use banned expressions and phrases.
In fact, the "Tower of Babel" in the Bible is an allegory that raises alarm bells about the power of language.
It's a story about a group of conceited ancients who thought that if they could work together through language, they could build a tower leading to heaven.
Angered by humanity's attempts to usurp power, God decided to destroy the tower so that it could never be built again, giving it a different language to confuse the people.
And ironically, linguistic diversity is a hindrance to communication.
Even today, there are words and phrases that are banned from being used, and if you say them, you can be escorted, imprisoned, or even killed.
These are all breaths articulated in the mouth.
It seems that we can learn something from this trouble in language use.
So it tells the background and causes of language acquisition and the uniqueness of language to humans.
Oddly enough, to get these answers, we have to look at chimpanzee tool use.
They use tools, which is interpreted as a sign of cleverness.
But if you were really smart, would you use a wooden stick instead of a shovel to catch termites?
If you were really smart, would you use a stone to crack a nut?
Why don't you go to the store and buy the shellless ones, because
because it's a chimpanzee
Social learning, as psychologists and anthropologists call it, isn't as thorough as it is in humans.
Apparently, chimpanzees aren't very good at observational learning and imitation learning.
As a result, we cannot develop our peers' ideas or learn from our peers' mistakes, and we are not learning from each other.
So they just repeat the same thing over and over again.
In fact, a million years from now, chimpanzees will just be doing the same thing: they're still using wooden sticks to catch termites, and they're using rocks to crack nuts.
You might think that it's just a hunch
How do you know this?
because our ancestors were right
This Homo erectus evolved in the African savannah about two million years ago, and they made a wonderful hatchet that fits perfectly in the hand.
But if you look at the fossil record, you've been making the same hatchet over and over and over for millions of years.
If you look at the fossil record, you'll see
Predictions of the time of its inhabitation show that Homo erekus lasted for about 40,000 generations, but their hatchets did not change during that time, and they are genetically close to modern humans.
We don't know if even Neanderthals were capable of social learning.
Of course, their tools are more developed than those of Homo erectus, but the tools of Neanderthals, who lived in Eurasia for more than 300,000 years, have hardly changed.
This suggests the startling fact that, in contrast to the old adage of "monkey impersonation," non-human animals cannot, or are not very good at, impersonating monkeys.
Even this monkey in the picture smells of manipulation, like a circus.
Humans, by comparison, have the ability to learn.
What others can do can be learned through observation and imitation.
It also has the selection ability to extract the best from a number of options.
relying on the wisdom of others
you can improve it
As a result, ideas accumulate and technology evolves.
This series of cultural adaptations is what anthropologists call the accumulation of ideas, and it's what allows us to live thriving communal lives.
We can say that the world has changed dramatically even compared to 1,000 to 2,000 years ago.
It's all thanks to the accumulation of cultural adaptations.
The chairs, the lights in the venue, this microphone, the iPads, the iPods, these are all products of cultural adaptation.
For many commentators, cultural adaptation and social learning seem like a complete story.
Humans have thrived in a different way than other species because we can make things.
In fact, we can even make "living things", yes, anything.
But the arrival of modern humans 200,000 years ago and their social learning wasn't the end of the story, it was actually the beginning of the story.
Because the acquisition of social learning capacity later created a social-evolutionary dilemma, putting humanity's decision-making power over not only humanity, but even the future of the world.
Knowing why language acquisition is the most important
Social learning is visual theft and created a dilemma.
If I could observe you, I could steal your best ideas and use them without spending the time and effort that you do.
What lure to use when fishing, how to sharpen to improve the hatchet, or peek into how to grow mushrooms will give you the benefit of information, knowledge, and technology, and you can catch the fish first. maybe
Social learning is really visual theft.
It's only natural that races with this ability try to hide it so that their wisdom isn't stolen.
So about 200,000 years ago, when we were faced with this visual theft problem,
Humanity had only two options to settle the dispute.
One option was to withdraw in a small intimate group.
Ideas can be restricted to relatives only
200,000 years ago If we had made this choice, our lifestyle would have been the same as that of the Neanderthals who arrived in Europe 20,000 years ago.
This is due to the lack of ideas and innovation in small groups.
Small groups seem to be more prone to accidents and misfortunes
In other words, if we had chosen that path, we would have been stuck in the woods, and evolution would have been trivial.
The other option was to develop communication tools to collaborate with others and share ideas.
This choice makes available to any individual a wealth of accumulated knowledge and wisdom far greater than what can be conceived of by relatives or individuals alone.
Well, we chose this one, and the result was a language.
Advanced languages ​​solved the visual theft problem.
Language is a kind of social technology that expands the benefits of cooperation, such as reaching consensus, arranging contracts and collective action.
Language acquisition is the starting line for developing societies, and civilizations without language are like birds without wings.
Just as wings gave birds the ability to fly, so humans learned cooperation through the use of language.
I think that's obvious, isn't it? Humans are very familiar with language, but think about it.
To understand this, let's consider two scenarios of the ancients.
Imagine that you're a master at making arrowheads, but you're a novice at making arrowheads and attaching arrowheads.
Let's say there are two people who can't make arrowheads but are good at making strings.
And one has no language ability, the other has no language ability.
let's assume it is
One day you go to the former, and you bring down in front of him the mountain of arrowheads you've been carrying.
But thinking the arrowhead is a gift, he smiles and carries it away.
you chase this guy
You talk to him with gestures, but you get into a fight and get stabbed with an arrowhead.
I'm starting over. This time, I'm going to visit a man I can talk to.
Hold out the arrowhead and say, "I want to exchange the arrowhead and spatula to make arrows."
The man says, "Okay
A deal has been made.”
I finally finished my work
With language, we can mix ideas and collaborate to achieve successes we've never seen before.
So while animals were lazing around in cages at zoos, humans thrived all over the world.
While humans build space shuttles and cathedrals, some animals use sticks to catch termites.
Now, if the notion that language prevents visual theft is correct, language acquisition should lead to explosive creativity and thriving in any species.
The archaeological record correctly shows this
Our ancestors, such as Neanderthals and Homo erectus, had small and restricted habitats.
But about 200,000 years ago, shortly after humans emerged, our ancestors left Africa and spread across the globe, inhabiting most of the planet.
Whereas other species lived only where their genes were adapted, we were able to use social learning and language to transform our environment as needed.
Humans have thrived in ways that other animals don't.
Language is by far the most powerful trait in human evolution.
Language is one of our most valuable traits, and we've taken advantage of it to create numbers of people and genes that are beyond the bounds of natural selection.
Language is really the voice of our genes.
As we developed language, we did strange, strange things.
As it spreads around the world, it has developed thousands of different languages.
There are 7,000 to 8,000 languages ​​on the planet today.
As people diverge
You'd think it's only natural for languages ​​to differentiate too.
But the mystery and irony of language is that the places on earth that count the most languages ​​are the most densely populated areas.
If you go to Papua New Guinea, you can find anywhere from 800 to 1,000 different natural languages ​​on one island.
There are places on this island where you can meet another language every three or four kilometers.
Believe it or not, I once asked a Papuan about this,
he replied, "No
3-4 km is an exaggeration."
In some places, you don't actually have to travel two kilometers to encounter different languages.
There are other remote islands where this phenomenon can be seen
Apparently, language is used not only for cooperation, but also for building circles, establishing identities, and protecting our information, wisdom, and technology from theft.
We know this because when we study other linguistic groups and cultures in relation to each other, we find that other languages ​​slow down the exchange of ideas within the group.
Technology and gene flow
it will stagnate
I don't know about you, but apparently people generally don't have sex with people who can't speak.
(Laughter) I have to argue that the evidence for unsavory amorous relationships between Neanderthals and Denisovans is false.
(Laughter) Now, this seemingly natural tendency towards detachment and seclusion is a complete contradiction of the modern world.
This fancy diagram is not a world map.
It's actually a map of Facebook friendships.
If you connect these points of connection with your friends with lines all the way around, you'll have a very map of the world.
In today's society, we communicate like never before.
This communication, this connection with the world, this globalization, is now a burden.
Because, as we've seen, different languages ​​hinder the exchange of products and ideas -- technology and wisdom.
So it's an obstacle to building partnerships.
The problem is most evident in the European Union, which has 27 member states and 23 official languages.
The European Union spends more than 1 billion euros annually on translation between these 23 languages.
Roughly $1.45 billion is spent on translation alone.
Isn't that irrational?
Twenty-seven representatives of 27 member states sit at a table and debate in 23 languages. To cover all pairs, it would take a simple corps of 253 translators.
The EU employs about 2,500 full-time translators.
I'm sure there are more recent data, but in 2007, roughly 1.3 million pages were translated into English, just in English.
So if language really is the solution to visual theft, and if language really is a pipeline of cooperation, a tool aimed at facilitating the liberalization of the exchange of ideas and people, then we are living in a modern age with a problem. facing
Our question is, "Can we coexist with all these languages ​​in today's global society?"
Let's think about it this way: there is no environment in which these functions can naturally coexist.
one always kills the other
We can see this in the relentless stream of standardization.
There are many methods of measuring the weight and length of an object, but the metric system predominates.
There are so many ways to measure time, but a strange sexagesimal system of hours, minutes, and seconds is virtually universal.
CDs and DVDs have different storage methods, but they're all standardized.
Standardization should still be lurking in your daily life.
So in this modern world, we face a dilemma.
The dilemma is that even though he speaks Chinese, the most spoken language in the world, he has to sit in front of a blackboard and translate Chinese sentences into English.
This dilemma raises the possibility that in a world that encourages cooperation, exchanges, and demands more and more of the cooperative relationships necessary to sustain or promote human prosperity, the The idea of ​​"one world = one language" cannot be overlooked either.
thank you
(Applause) Matt: I have a question.
Svante also found a FOXP2 gene in Neanderthals that seems to be linked to language ability.
If they could use language, how would we beat them?
Mark: That's a very good question.
I think a lot of people are familiar with the idea that a gene called FOXP2 has something to do with language ability in terms of motor control.
I'll use a simple analogy to explain why I think Neanderthals are incapable of language: Ferraris are cars with engines.
My car has an engine too, but this is not a Ferrari.
The simple answer is that this gene alone cannot determine the existence of something as complex as language.
And what this gene tells us is that it had developed control over the movements of the mouth.
Language skills are another matter.
Mark: Thank you
(applause)
People in developed countries spend more than 90 percent of their lives indoors, inhaling or coming into contact with trillions of invisible organisms, microbes.
Buildings create complex ecosystems that are important sources of microbes, both good and bad for the human body.
What determines the types and distribution of microorganisms that live indoors?
Buildings are inhabited by microbes in the air, which enter through windows and ventilators.
It can also be brought inside by humans and other creatures.
The fate of indoor-dwelling microbes is determined by complex interactions with humans and the built-up environment.
Today, architects and biologists work together to study smart design to create healthy buildings that are better for the human body.
We spend a great deal of time in buildings that are in very controlled environments, like this one, with mechanical ventilation, filters, heating and air conditioning.
Given the amount of time we spend indoors, it's important to understand the impact these things have on our health.
At the Center for Biology and the Built Environment, we took a hospital as a study, sampled air, and extracted DNA from microbes in the air.
Aimed at three different types of rooms
Rooms with mechanical ventilation are indicated by blue dots.
In the naturally ventilated room, at the edge of the building, with the hospital's permission, I turned off the ventilation and pried open the window, which was no longer working, but they managed to open it for my study.
we also sampled the outside air
Look at the x-axis of the table. What we usually like to do - shut off from the outside - can be done with mechanical ventilation.
The green dots represent the air outside, and you can see that there are many types of microbes.
But the blue dots, which have mechanical ventilation, aren't as diverse.
Lack of diversity isn't necessarily good for your health.
Look at the y-axis of the table, you're more likely to encounter potential pathogens and bacteria in mechanically ventilated air than you are outside.
To figure out why this is the case, we put the data down into an ordered diagram, a statistical map that shows how microbial populations are related.
Points that are close together have more similar microbial populations than points that are far apart.
What you can see from this table is that the blue dots, which represent mechanically ventilated air, have a different character than the green dots, the outside air.
We found that mechanically ventilated air is similar to humans.
It had microbes that are commonly found in human skin, mouth and saliva.
Humans are constantly spreading microbes.
Right now, you're exchanging microbes with each other.
When you're outside, the air contains microbes commonly found on plant leaves and soil.
Why is this important
Because the healthcare industry is America's second largest consumer of energy.
Hospitals use 2.5 times more energy than office buildings
And the model that hospitals and many other buildings use is to block the outside air.
This model isn't necessarily the best for health.
Given the high volume of hospital-acquired infections, it may be time to reassess current practices.
Just as humans manage national parks, encouraging the growth of some species while hindering the growth of others, we use the framework of ecosystems with our buildings to target the microbes we want to keep indoors. I am thinking of increasing
Just as there is a saying, "Vitality comes from the stomach and intestines."
Many people try to improve their intestinal environment by eating yogurt containing healthy microorganisms.
Our ultimate goal is to apply this idea to bring healthy microbes into buildings.
thank you
(applause)
For a long time my ego and my body were separate
The ego was made up of stories, desires, strivings, hopes for the future.
The ego was trying hard not to be affected by its violent past, but the fact that the ego and the body were already separated had very serious consequences.
The ego was always trying to be someone
The ego existed only in that effort.
the body was often in the way
The ego was like a wandering head
For years I wore nothing but hats
To keep the head attached to the body—
It was a way of ascertaining my whereabouts.
I was afraid that if I took my hat off, I would cease to exist.
A therapist once said to me, "Eve, you've been going here for two years now, and I'll be honest, I never thought you had a body."
All this time, I lived in the city, because, frankly, I was afraid of trees.
I didn't have children because my head can't have children.
baby won't come out of mouth
I didn't have a reference point in the body, so I started asking other women about their bodies, especially the vagina, and I thought the vagina was important.
This led me to write "The Vagina Monologue," and then obsessively talk about the vagina incessantly and everywhere I could.
I told that story in front of a lot of other people.
One night on stage, I went inside my vagina
it was a bewildering experience
It was scary, it was energizing, and I was compulsive, compulsive vagina.
I began to see my body as an object, an object that can move quickly -- an object that can accomplish many things at once.
I started thinking of my body like an iPad or a car.
I ride my body, I demand things from it
I knew no bounds, I was invincible
The body, like the earth, was to be conquered and ruled.
I didn't pay attention to the body. I organize and direct the body.
I wasn't patient with my body.
i was greedy
I asked for more than my body could
If I was tired, I would drink more espresso.
When I was scared, I went to a more dangerous place
Yes, of course, there are times when I appreciate my body, just like there are moments when I become kind to an abusive parent.
For example, my father was very kind to me on my 16th birthday.
Sometimes I hear people whisper that I should take care of my body, so I learned how to do it.
I'm a vegetarian, I don't drink, I don't smoke
But it was all just more sophisticated ways to manipulate my body, more isolated ways like planting vegetables on the highway.
I've talked a lot about my vagina, and I've had a lot of women talk about their vaginas -- their bodies.
In fact, these stories have taken me to more than 60 countries around the world.
I've heard thousands of stories, but they always tell me one moment, the moment when I was disconnected from my body, when I left the house.
I've heard stories of women being raped in bed, being flogged while wearing a burqa, being drowned in a parking lot, being burned with acid in their kitchen.
A woman who lost her voice and disappeared
Some women go mad and become machines like me.
Halfway through the journey, I turned 40 and started hating my body, and this was actually progress, because my body existed enough to hate me.
My belly is the one I hate the most
It was proof that I wasn't maintaining my size -- that I was getting older, that I wasn't pretty, that I wasn't perfect, that I didn't fit into a pre-determined common image.
My tummy was the proof that I had failed - it failed to live up to my expectations and it broke.
My purpose in life was to get rid of my belly, and that was all I could think about.
In fact, it went so far that I wrote a play about it.
But the more I talked about it, the more objectified and fragmented my body became.
My body has become entertainment, it's become a new kind of commodity -- for sale.
then i went to another place
I stepped outside the realm I thought I knew
I went to the Democratic Republic of the Congo
So I heard a number of stories that surpassed all that had been said before.
I've heard stories coming into my body
I heard a story about a little girl who leaked urine because many adult soldiers raped her.
I heard about an 80-year-old woman who was raped by soldiers with her legs broken, disjointed and twisted over her head.
There were thousands of stories like this, and many women had holes in their bodies, holes and fistulas -- they were the scars of war, holes in the fabric of the soul.
These stories filled my cells and nerves, and honestly, I couldn't sleep for three years.
All the stories began to bleed together
The rape of the earth, the looting of minerals, the destruction of vaginas—none of these things left each other and me.
Militia soldiers raped six-month-old babies so that distant countries could obtain gold and tantalum for iPhones and computers.
My body was driven not only to become a machine, but to take responsibility for destroying other women's bodies in a mad quest to create more machines to support my machine's speed and performance. became
And then I got cancer -- or rather, it turned out to be cancer.
It came to me like a flying bird crashing into a windowpane at speed.
Suddenly I had a body, a body that was stabbed and poked and pierced -- a body that was dissected -- a body whose organs were taken out and moved and reconstructed and remade -- a body that was scanned and piped together -- chemistry. It's a body sore from chemicals
Cancer destroyed the wall that separated me from my body.
All of a sudden, I understood that the crisis that was happening to my body was also the crisis that the world was facing, and that it wasn't happening someday, it was happening right now.
Suddenly my cancer became a ubiquitous cancer, the cancer of cruelty, the cancer of greed, the cancer infiltrating the bodies of the poor living near the chemical industry, the lungs of miners. The cancer of stress that we haven't achieved enough yet The cancer of trauma that we tried to force ourselves to forget The cancer of caged chickens and polluted fish The cancer that resides in the uterus of raped women Our carelessness It's cancer that lives everywhere because of
In his insightful new book, The New Me and the New World, author Philip Shepard writes, "If you feel separated from your body, you are also separated from the body of the world. You will feel that the world is cut off outside of you. The world ceases to feel like the living continuum you belong to."
Before I got cancer, the world was something else.
It was as if cancer blew up the stone that separated me from the great ocean where I lived in stagnant puddles.
now i'm swimming in it
I love lying on the grass and rubbing my body against the grass and mud splashing on my feet.
Now every day I go to a willow tree on the banks of the Seine, longing for green meadows in the thickets near Bukavu.
When it rains hard, I run around screaming
Because everything is connected, the scars on my upper body are the scars left by the earthquake.
In the streets of Port-au-Prince I am with three million people
From the third to sixth day of chemotherapy, the fire that burned my body is the fire that is consuming the forests of the world.
The 450-gram pus-filled abscess I had around my wound after surgery was a polluted Gulf of Mexico, and inside me was a petroleum-soaked pelican, and dead fish floating on the surface.
I had a catheter inserted without proper treatment, and I screamed like the earth being drilled.
During the second round of chemotherapy, my mother got sick, so I went to see her.
In the name of connection, the only thing my mother wanted to do before she died was to return to her beloved home on the Gulf of Mexico.
I took my mother home and prayed that no oil would wash up on her beloved shores until she died.
prayer went through
my mother died in the land she loved
A few weeks later, I was in New Orleans, and this wonderful spiritual friend said he wanted to give me some healing.
i was honored
It was morning when I visited her house, and the New Orleans sun was shining through the curtains.
My friend had a big bowl ready, so I asked, "What's that?"
She said, "You—
Flowers make you beautiful, and honey makes you sweet."
"But what does water mean?" I asked.
And in the name of connection, she said, "Water is the Gulf of Mexico."
"Of course I do," I replied.
When the other women arrived, we sat in a circle and Michaela dipped my head in holy water.
And she sang— sang with her whole body
Other women sang and prayed for me and my mother.
As the warm waters of the Gulf of Mexico washed over my head, I thought it was the best and worst thing for us.
It was greed and recklessness that led to the drill site explosion.
Because of all the lies that were circulated before and after that incident.
Honey sweetened the water, and oil made it sick.
I had no hair on my head, and now I was fine without a hat.
My entire existence melted in Michaela's lap.
There's something running down my cheeks that's neither tears nor the waters of the Gulf of Mexico.
At last I was in my body
Sadness was the reason it took so long
It was about finding my place and the greater responsibility that connection affords.
It was the devastating war that still continues in the Congo and the indifference of the world.
It was the Congolese women who were just beginning to rise up.
I was born at the exact moment my mother left this world.
The realization that we've come so close to death - just as our mother earth is holding on, just as 75% of the world is just barely surviving - there's a recipe for survival.
What I've learned is that it has to do with being assigned the attention and help that everyone deserves.
To support my friends and show my love to my sister.
He knew very well what smart doctors and advanced medicine and surgeons should do.
It's the underpaid and loving nurses
It is a magical healer and balm
Those who know spells and rituals
It's about looking to the future and fighting for something, because this fight isn't just mine.
there are a million prayers
A thousand hallelujahs and a million oms were chanted
There was a lot of anger and silly humor and a lot of attention and rioting.
It was energy, it was love, it was joy.
all these
all these
All of this was in the water and the world and my body.
(applause)
Now let's get serious about the disappearance of man.
Men fail at school, they don't date women, they don't have sex.
I have no other problems
let's see the data
Dropout data are striking
Boys are 30% more likely to drop out of school than girls
In Canada, there are 5 boys for every 3 girls.
From elementary school to graduate school, girls are better at everything.
One data shows that boys are 10 percent behind girls in Bachelor of Arts and other graduate programs.
Two-thirds of students taking special remedial courses are boys
As you know, boys are five times more likely to be diagnosed with hyperactivity disorder than girls, so we put them on Ritalin.
what are the signs of failure
The first is the fear of contact.
Touching means physical and emotional engagement with other people, especially those of the opposite sex who emit vague, contradictory, phosphorescent sexual cues.
(Laughter) Every year there's a study that looks at college students' self-confessed shyness.
In men it is on the rise
There are two types of this
it is social maladjustment
The old shyness was the fear of rejection
I feel like I'm in a strange land
I don't know what to say or do, especially one-on-one with the opposite sex.
They don't know how to talk face-to-face, they don't know the rules for talking to others and listening to others without feeling embarrassed.
I'm working on social intensity syndrome, trying to find out why men prefer to hang out with other men over mating with women.
As a result, it turns out that from childhood, adolescence, and into adulthood, they prefer male friends.
And there's actually cortical stimulation. Men are always with men. You see it in teams, in clubs, in gangs, in fraternities, especially in the military and in the pubs.
Super Bowl day is notable, men hang out in bars with strangers, and they'd rather see Aaron in his Packers armor than see Jennifer Lopez naked in his bedroom.
The problem is that they now prefer the asynchronous internet world to the natural connections in the real world.
The cause was an unexpected result
I think it's overuse of the Internet and games, and excessive access to adult sites.
Cortical toxicity is a problem
Addiction is a matter of dose
Cortical poisoning is a matter of kind
quantity is not the solution
In other words, novelty is needed to satisfy desires.
The problem is that industry provides it
According to Jane McGonigal, boys spend 10,000 hours playing video games by the time they're 21, and most of them are lonely.
And Cindy Gallop said that men don't understand the difference between making love and doing porn.
The average boy watches 50 erotic videos a week
It goes without saying, but some men watch 100 times a week.
(Laughter) The porn industry is growing really fast in America, $15 billion a year.
By the time 400 movies are made, 11,000 erotic videos will be made.
The effect was already there, and it became a new kind of sexual arousal.
A boy's brain is digitally wired into new wires and craves change, novelty and universal sexual arousal.
So it's not completely in sync with the analog, still, traditional kind.
They're also out of sync with their slowly nurturing romantic relationships.
I'm just warning you
find the solution yourself
(Laughter) (Applause) But who's to blame? Maybe parents, educators, gamers, filmmakers, women who like real men. are those who can contribute to the
No offense Thank you very much
(applause)
I've never been arrested, spent a night in jail, had a loved one thrown in the back seat of a police car, never been imprisoned, never been incarcerated in a horrific, messed-up system, indifferent to people at best. It's a system that looks like, or at worst, a monster.
The United States has more people incarcerated than any other country on earth, and Louisiana has the highest incarceration rate in the country.
Most of you are probably as lucky as I am.
Crime and punishment is most likely to be seen on television.
While working on the radio documentary "Unprisoned," I met a woman who used to be just like us, Sheila Phipps.
(Recording) Sheila: Before my son went to jail, I saw people on TV wrestling and saying, "This guy didn't do it, he's innocent."
I didn't take it with a cold attitude, saying "Yes, it doesn't matter"
Don't get me wrong, there are a lot of people who should be in prison.
there are many criminals here
But there are a lot of innocent people in prison, too.
Eve: Sheila's son McKinley is one of those innocent people.
I was sentenced to 30 years for manslaughter and served 17 years.
He has no criminal record and no forensic evidence was found in this case.
He was convicted based solely on eyewitness testimony, but decades of research have shown that eyewitness testimony is not as credible as previously believed.
Scientists say memory isn't accurate
It's more like putting together a puzzle than playing a video.
More than 70 percent of overturned convictions since the first innocent people were released in 1989 through the use of DNA testing were based on eyewitness testimony.
The District Attorney's Office, who indicted McKinley's case last year, was found guilty of unrelated bribery charges.
When the 30-year-old chief attorney stepped down, eyewitnesses to the McKinley case came forward and said they had been pressured by district attorneys to testify, including threats of going to jail. rice field
Despite this, McKinley is still in prison.
(Recording) Sheila: If it wasn't for this, I don't think I would have thought of it.
Well, for me, I never imagined this was actually going on, until it happened to my own son.
i woke up
i really woke up
I feel honest
Yves: Estimates of the number of innocents incarcerated range from 1% to 4%. You might think that's not a lot, but if you do the math, it's about 87,000 mothers, fathers, sons. are often jailed for decades for crimes they didn't commit.
And the roughly 500,000 people who aren't included in this figure haven't even been convicted, meaning they're presumed innocent, but unable to post bail to get out of prison, they're incarcerated for weeks and months, waiting for their cases to come to trial. and, far more likely, those awaiting the plea bargains necessary to release them.
All these people have families awaiting their return.
(Recorded) Courtney Williams: My brother didn't come to my high school graduation because he was incarcerated the night before.
You couldn't come to my birthday dinner, actually, because you were imprisoned that day.
My brother wasn't even at his birthday dinner because he was in the wrong place at the wrong time.
(Recorded) Eve: Were you charged when your brother ended up in prison? Or were you just taken?
Courtney: Once you've been indicted and posted bail, the charges will be dropped.
because there was no evidence
Yves: I met Courtney when we were talking about "Unprisoned" in her college class.
She got to speak with her aunt, Troilyn Robertson, on an episode of the show.
(Recording) Courtney: Through all that I've been through with my kids, if I ever have kids, do you have any advice?
(Recording) Troilin: This is what I tell you when you have kids.The first thing that comes to mind is to love and protect them. We always tell our kids to watch out for kidnappers and bad people, but we don't teach them how to watch out for the justice system.
Yves: It's not uncommon for young people like Courtney to be aware of the fact that our criminal justice system is disproportionately targeting people of color.
When I started visiting high schools and telling students about "Unprisoned," I found that about a third of the young people I interviewed had someone they care about incarcerated.
(Recording) Girl: The hardest part is knowing where he's at or the date of his trial.
Girl: Yes, he was imprisoned on my first birthday.
Girl: Father's job is a guard
my father met my uncle in prison
life imprisonment
Yves: According to the Annie E. Casey Foundation, the number of young people with incarcerated fathers increased by 500% between 1980 and 2000.
More than 5 million children today will experience parental imprisonment at some point in their childhood.
African-American children are more affected
By the time they're 14, 1 in 4 black kids will see their father in jail.
If you're a white child, the rate is 1 in 30.
One of the key factors in the future success of both the inmate and the child is their ability to maintain a relationship during their parent's incarceration, and it takes an inmate 20 to 30 times more to call home than a regular phone call. It costs twice as much, so many families keep in touch by letter.
(Recording: sound of opening a letter) Anissa Christmas: Dear brother, I'm turning sixteen.
you're not a baby anymore
Will you still take me to prom?
i really miss you
Only my brother can treat me as I am
If only you were here, you'd hear me complain
A lot has happened since our last meeting
(pause) I have good news
I won the science fair
I'm a science geek
The team is going to the regional competition. Can you believe it?
Time goes by so fast in high school
I hope you'll come see me graduate in less than two years.
It's boring there, so I thought I'd write a letter
I hope it makes you smile
Yves: Anissa wrote this letter to her brother during her sophomore year of high school.
She keeps a letter from her brother in the frame of her bedroom mirror and reads it over and over again.
I'd like to think Anissa's brother is in prison for good reason.
We all want our justice system to work properly, but what we're finding is that the high ideals we learned in school look so different in the prisons and jails and courts of this country.
(Recorded) Danny Engelberg: I've been doing this for so long, and when I walk into the courtroom, it still takes my breath away.
I feel, "There are too many people of color." But that doesn't mean that 90 percent of the population in this town is African American. So why is it that 90 percent of people in orange prison uniforms are African American? ?
(Recorded) Yves: There are other people like Danny, the public defender, who are aware of how many black people there are in a locality or in any court.
You can't help but notice Who's sitting there waiting to see the judge?
what does it look like?
(Recorded) Man: Mostly African American like me
Men: Mostly, maybe 85% black
Most of the people in that back compartment in prison uniform.
Man: Who are you waiting for? most are black
there were some white people
Woman: I think about 85% of the people there were African-American.
Yves: How do black youth growing up in America today come to understand justice?
Another episode of "Unprisoned" was about a group of dancers choreographing a piece called "Hoods Up" and performing it in front of the city council.
Dawonta White, one of the dancers, was in seventh grade at the time.
(Recording) D'Awonta: We all wore black hoodies because Trayvon Martin was wearing the hoodie when he was killed.
So with that in mind, we said, let's wear hoodies like Trayvon.
(Recording) Eve: Who came up with the idea?
Dawonta: Everyone in the group
I was a little nervous, but I made it through to the end, and I felt like it was a good thing if people noticed what we were doing.
(Recording) Yves: Schleibel Braun is the other choreographer and dancer in this troupe.
Police say they blame people who look like him.
I feel judged based on what other black people might have done.
How do you want the police to see you? And what do you want me to think?
Schleibel: Not a threat
Eve: Why do the police think you're a threat? You said you were 14, right?
Schleibel: Yes, but many black men
People say I'm a rogue or a gangster, but I don't want them to think I'm one.
Yves: The easiest and easiest thing for someone who looks like me is to turn a blind eye, to pretend that our criminal justice system works.
But if it's not our responsibility to question this premise, whose responsibility is it?
There's a Jewish church here that's learning about mass incarceration, and many of its members have concluded that mass incarceration will wreak havoc on the lives of many people, so it will actually cause more crime and make people less safe.
Lay Teri Hunter says the first step to action must be understanding.
The connection between this issue and us may not be obvious, but it's vitally important for everyone to understand.
(Recorded) Teri: It's our responsibility to never turn a blind eye and say, "It's none of our business."
We Jews have experienced that kind of history, so we say, "It's none of our business."
I've seen what happens when society turns its back on certain parts.
So, as Jews, as members of the Jewish community, our responsibility is to educate our community, or at least our fellow church members, as best we can.
Yves: I've been using the pronouns "to us" and "we" because this is our criminal justice system, our child.
We elect district attorneys, judges and legislators to run these systems for WE THE PEOPLE.
As a society, we tend to be more willing to risk imprisoning the innocent than letting the guilty run free.
It elects politicians who fear being labeled "criminal-friendly" to pass tough legislation and urge them to allocate vast resources to imprisonment.
When crimes are committed, our strong demand for swift punishment has affected the culture of the police force, who are desperate to catch suspects quickly, often without adequate means to investigate them thoroughly. Those investigations are conducted without strict oversight.
We don't give the prosecutor a hold.
Over the last 20 to 30 years, the number of prosecutors hired and the number of prosecutions increased, even as theft and violent crimes declined across the country.
Prosecutors decide whether or not to take legal action against someone the police arrest, and the sentences prosecutors decide directly affect the length of time a defendant may face.
One way to put prosecutors on edge is defense.
Imagine the Goddess of Justice, that blindfolded woman with scales that symbolizes the balance of our justice system.
Unfortunately the balance is tilted
In this country, the vast majority of defendants are represented by public defenders.
These public defenders cost 30 percent less than district attorneys and often handle far more cases than the American Bar Association recommends.
As Sheila said, some people should go to jail, but when everyone's trial results are so similar, it's hard to tell guilt from innocence.
we all want justice
But it's hard to get justice in this system that works so badly against the accused.
Our criminal justice system is run by "We the People."
If you don't like the status quo, it's up to us to change it.
thank you
(applause)
Consider the following: "Humans only use 10% of their brains."
From a neuroscientist's point of view, the great actor Morgan Freeman said this line in his signature heavy tone, and he's completely wrong.
(Laughter) Actually, humans use 100 percent of their brains.
The human brain is a very efficient, energy-hungry organ, and we can use all of our brains, but even with all of them, we still have the problem of information overload.
There's a lot more information out there than your brain can handle.
So to solve this information overload, evolution has come up with a solution: the brain's attention system.
By paying attention, we can perceive and select information and direct our brain's processing resources to only some of the information.
Attention is thought to be a leader in the brain.
Where you turn your attention, the rest of your brain will follow.
It's kind of like a brain boss in a way.
For the last 15 years, I've been studying the human brain's attention system.
In my research, I'm particularly interested in one issue.
Is it a good boss if attention is the boss of the brain? about it
Are you guiding us properly?
To tackle this big problem, I wanted to know three things:
First, how attention controls perception.
Second, why does it go wrong and leave us blank and distracted?
And third, can we do something about being absent-minded, can we train our brains to pay more attention?
So it's about being able to focus more intense and steady attention on your daily tasks.
Now I want to show you how we approach this.
A very poignant example of how our attention can be harnessed.
I'd like to take an example from someone I know very well.
He ended up being one of many collaborators in our research, and for these collaborators, attention is a matter of life and death.
For example, medical workers, firefighters, soldiers and Marines.
I'm here to tell you about Marine Corps Captain Jeff Davis.
And what I'm about to tell you is, as you can see, it's not a battlefield story.
He was on a bridge in Florida at this time.
But instead of looking around and enjoying the beautiful scenery and feeling the cool sea breeze, he was thinking of jumping the car and falling off the bridge.
And he later told me that he had to do everything in his power to stop it.
He had just returned from Iraq at the time.
His body was on that bridge, but his mind and attention were thousands of miles away.
he was in anguish
I was anxious, I had painful memories in the sky, and I was afraid of the future.
I'm so glad he didn't end his life
Because he was a leader, he knew he wasn't the only one who was suffering, and so were his Marine colleagues.
In 2008, he joined our first-of-its-kind new project, where we tested and offered mandofulness training for active-duty military personnel.
But before I talk about mindfulness training and research findings, I think it's important to first understand how attention works in the brain.
In the attention studies that we do in the lab, we often record brain waves.
To record the EEG, you use a funny looking hat like this, which looks like a swimming cap and has electrodes on it.
This electrode picks up electrical activity in the brain
Its temporal accuracy is on the order of 1/1000th of a second.
This allows us to follow minute but detectable electrical fluctuations.
It can also record the timing of brain activity with great precision.
About 170 milliseconds after subjects were shown their faces projected onto a screen, we were able to capture robust brain responses.
This movement is found on the back of the scalp, the upper part of the brain responsible for facial recognition.
We named this EEG component because it's a reliable and well-timed response to the brain's face-detection function.
We call it the N170 component.
And we use this ingredient in a lot of our studies.
We can see the effect that attention might have on cognition.
Let me give you a taste of what we actually do in the lab.
First, we show the subject an image like this.
Face and scenery overlap
And then we ask the subjects to perform an attentional task by showing them a series of duplicate images like this.
In one experiment, subjects were asked to turn their attention to the face.
To find out, we ask the subject to press a button to indicate whether the face is male or female.
Another experiment asks questions about landscapes, such as whether they're indoors or outdoors.
This is how we manipulate our attention and make sure that our subjects are following our instructions correctly.
Our hypothesis about attention was this: If attention really worked, and it affected cognition, it would work like an amplifier.
In other words, when we pay attention to faces, they become more distinct, more prominent, and easier to see.
But when we turn our attention to the landscape, faces become almost unrecognizable because we're processing information about the landscape.
What we hoped was to look at N170, the EEG component of face detection, and see if there was any change in N170 depending on whether we turned our attention to the landscape or to the face.
and it actually turned out like this
The N170 increased when the subject focused attention on the face.
On the other hand, if you turn your attention to the landscape, it gets smaller, as you can see in red.
The difference between blue and red movement is very clear.
What we can read from this is that just by changing our attention, we can change our perceptions of the same image.
and the change is so fast
Within 170 milliseconds of actually seeing a face
In my follow-up experiments, I wanted to know how I could disrupt or attenuate this effect, and what would happen.
Intuitively, when people are put under extreme stress, or when they're disturbed by negative images that make them uneasy, such as the images of suffering and violence they see in the news, attention is also affected. I was wondering if
It was actually the result
When you're exposed to a mentally demanding image during the experiment, this attentional gap shrinks and becomes less powerful.
In some of our studies, we wanted to see if the effects of stress on the brain are very good, minor, or bad, but if stress, as a distracting external factor, has a greater impact on attention, external What if you were distracted within yourself without needing distractions from?
To find this out, new experiments required subjects to become distracted themselves.
I mean, while you're doing a task, think about things that aren't related to that task.
The only way to distract people is to make them bored.
I hope everyone in the room isn't distracted.
When you get bored, people are happy to start thinking about other things.
So we devised what is in some ways the most tedious experiment in the world.
The subject sees a sequence of faces projected onto a screen, one after the other.
I press the button every time I see a face
that's what the experiment is about
The gimmick here is that the image of the face is occasionally flipped upside down, and that happens very rarely.
You will be instructed not to press the button at that time.
You can immediately tell that the subject is in a distracted state, because the subject presses the button even when the face is upside down.
Even though it's easy to see that it's upside down.
We then looked at what happens when people are distracted.
What they found was that internal distractions, such as distractions, narrowed the attention gap in much the same way that external stresses and distractions in the environment narrowed the gap.
that the power of attention is weakened
What can we learn from these studies?
First, attention is very powerful in that it influences our perceptions.
But while powerful, it's also fragile and vulnerable.
stress and distraction reduce its power
But these are all conclusions drawn under controlled laboratory conditions.
What about in the real world?
What about your daily life?
How is it now?
Where is your attention now?
To bring your attention back here, I'd like to predict what your attention will be for the rest of my presentation.
Are you ready?
Here's the prediction
For four of the next eight minutes, you won't pay attention to what I say.
(Laughter) This is a challenge, so listen carefully.
Why do I say this?
You're sitting and looking at me while I speak
There's a growing body of literature that shows that, in fact, we spend about half of our waking hours in a distracted state, not paying attention to the task at hand.
It's like the excursion we take with our personal thoughts.
This kind of distraction can be a problem
If I'm sitting here right now, I don't think there will be any serious consequences, but if, for example, a military leader misses four minutes of a military report, or a judge misses four minutes of testimony.
Or how many minutes a surgeon or firefighter misses
Consequences can be serious
So I'm tempted to ask why this distraction
Why do we get distracted so often?
One answer is that our minds are great time travelers.
It's very easy to time travel.
If you compare the mind to a music player, it looks like this.
We rewind our minds to go back in time and remember events that have passed.
Again, you can fast-forward into the future and think about what you want to do in the future.
And this is how we time travel to the past and the future very often.
often unconsciously, often unnoticed, despite wanting to pay attention
Remember when you tried to read a book, you read to the end of the page and you couldn't remember what it said?
it's common
And at this time our hearts unknowingly wandered far away, and as a result
make a mistake
I sometimes miss important information
and it becomes difficult to judge
Even worse, when you're stressed
when overwhelmed
We don't just remember the past that we've rewound, we also think, relive, or regret events that have already happened.
Or, under stress, you might fast-forward your mind.
not just for constructive planning
Feel pessimistic and worried about things that have not yet happened or are unlikely to happen
Now that I say this, you might be thinking, "Distractions are common."
Often this happens unconsciously
And worse, worse, more frequent distractions under stress.
Is there a way to deal with this
gladly exists
Our research reveals that the opposite of stress and distraction is mindfulness.
Mindfulness has to do with paying conscious attention to your current situation.
And whatever happens, don't react emotionally.
It's about pressing the right (play) button and feeling our lives unfold moment by moment.
mindfulness is not a concept
It's something that has to be practiced. The way to get positive change is to be mindful every day.
In many of our studies, too, we provide programs where subjects undergo a series of daily exercises to increase mindfulness in their lives.
And many of the groups that we're working with are high-stress groups, such as soldiers and medical workers, and for them, distraction can have really serious consequences.
So we've optimized the training so that it's easy, timeless, and effective for these people.
We also tracked changes not only in their daily lives, but also in the most stressful situations.
Why are you doing this?
For example, I'd like students to use it during the final exam period.
Accountant in busy season with tax return
Because we want deployed soldiers and Marines to do the same.
Why?
Because in these situations, their attention is most likely to be affected by stress and distraction.
And it's in these situations that we want them to maximize their attention and performance.
In our study, we ask them to take a battery of attentional tests.
We record their attention at the onset of a stressful period, and then record it again two months later to see if there's a difference.
whether mindfulness training improved
Can you prevent distraction during periods of high stress?
and this is the result
During periods of high stress, if we don't do anything, our attention actually weakens, especially at the end of the stress period.
But if you practice mindfulness training, you can prevent this.
Once trained, they were as stable under high stress as the other groups.
And what's even more amazing, if people continue to practice, say, eight weeks in a row, and they perfect their daily mindfulness exercises, they can learn to be who they are in the present, even in times of high stress. also improve over time
And it's actually important to realize this last point, because it shows that mindfulness training is like physical training, that if you don't do it, it won't work.
On the other hand, if you practice mindfulness, the more you do it, the better.
Now back to Captain Jeff Davis.
As I mentioned at the beginning, his Marines were the first participants in the mindfulness training that we offered.
I'm very happy to show you exactly this pattern.
We conducted mindfulness training just before they were deployed to Iraq.
When I got home, Captain Davis said, what I'm feeling now is the result of mindfulness.
According to him, unlike the last time, when they returned from this deployment, they had a sense of reality.
have insight
Not as passive as last time
And sometimes, people who work together are more considerate of each other than they were last time.
In many ways, he said that the mindfulness training that we provided was very helpful in preventing post-traumatic stress disorder, and in vice versa, helping him grow after being traumatized.
we were very convincing
After that, Capt. Davis and I -- this was about 10 years ago, in 2008, by the way -- have kept in touch.
And he himself continued to practice mindfulness every day.
He was promoted to Major and retired from the Marine Corps.
Then I got divorced, remarried, had kids, got an MBA.
And even as I experienced these challenges and transitions and joys in life, I continued to practice mindfulness.
As fate would have it, a few months ago, Colonel Davis, at the age of 46, suffered a massive heart attack.
and he contacted me a few weeks ago
He said, "I have something to say
My doctor saved my heart, but mindfulness saved my life.
I was in a clear state of mind to call an ambulance, so I was able to be taken to the hospital.” Having a clear mind and being able to stay in that state through fear and anxiety, he says, is the practice of mindfulness. it was a success
I am relieved that he is safe
It was really encouraging to see him change his attention.
He used to have such a bad boss attention system that he almost fell off a bridge.
Finally, I would like to call everyone to action.
Here it is
pay attention to your attention
May I?
Pay attention to your attention To calm your wandering mind, practice mindfulness as part of your daily wellness efforts and let your attention be your go-to guide in life.
thank you
(applause)
Climate change is already a serious problem, but it's even more so now that we're starting to understand that it can't continue.
In fact, we're starting to understand that we, living in developed countries, need to make a strong push to reduce emissions.
We haven't done enough to address this issue yet, to say the least.
And in the face of today's reality, when you see the magnitude of this problem, it feels like there's nothing you can do about it.
And when you see problems like that, you want simple solutions.
So what we've done to deal with climate change is
You look at the source of the emissions, and you realize that it's your car's tailpipes, chimneys, and so on, and you say, "Okay, then the problem is the fossil fuels we're burning, so the solution is to use clean alternative sources of energy. you should do it
Of course we need clean energy, but what I want to tell you is that if you think of the climate change challenge as clean energy generation, it can go unsolved.
The reason for this is the rapid urbanization of the planet we live on.
this is not surprising anymore
But sometimes it's hard to get a sense of the scale of urbanization.
By the middle of this century, about 8 billion or more people will be living in cities or in areas where you can travel to a city in a day.
You'll be a metropolitan dweller on a grand scale
If the eight billion people living in urban areas were to live in a way similar to that of urban dwellers in the northern hemisphere today, and if we were to provide them with energy, then we would have to generate an enormous amount of energy.
It may not be possible to produce that amount of clean energy.
So if we're going to get serious about climate change on our urbanizing planet, we need to find other solutions.
In fact, the solution may be closer than you think, because the cities we're building are the catalyst.
It is no exaggeration to say that the composition of a city itself determines the amount of energy consumed by its residents.
We tend to think that we use energy by doing things like turning on a light, but much of the energy we consume is determined by regions and cities even before our actions.
I'm not going to show you a lot of graphs here, but here's one I want you to notice, which shows a lot of what we need to know. If you ask me, in the main categories of emissions, there is a direct relationship between the density of a city and the amount of gas emitted into the atmosphere by its inhabitants.
Of course, the higher the population density, the lower the emissions.
We usually live by getting what we want.
When I leave the house and get in the car, I drive from place to place
I usually get what I need with these modes of transport
When you're in a densely populated area, naturally what you need is available nearby.
And the greenest way to do that is not to do that in the first place, and at that point our lives will be even greener.
And it's certainly possible to increase the population density of neighborhoods.
In some areas, we're rolling out this initiative as new eco-zones and as whole new conservation areas, which would be great if we could do it, but a lot of the real discussion is about restructuring the existing urban fabric.
This is a discussion about restructuring existing and developing areas, such as infill development.
This is urban improvement that creates new spaces and uses for existing areas.
And what I've learned over time is that we don't need to increase population density across cities.
What we need is a level of average population density that doesn't require a lot of car use.
This can be done by increasing population density in some specific areas.
Think of it like tent poles for increasing population density across cities.
So within this broader regional structure, by significantly increasing the population density of some areas, we can achieve the same level of environmental protection as we did before, while increasing livability.
Now, you might think that there are some areas that are fairly densely populated but still have high car ownership rates, but overall, if that's what you're feeling in a dense environment under the right conditions, it's due to the threshold effect. People will simply drive less, and the familiarity with these environments will drive more people out of cars.
That's a huge amount of energy savings, because car emissions are just the beginning of our impact on climate change.
From there, it affects the manufacturing of cars, the disposal of cars, parking lots, highways, etc.
If we take them out of our lives by people not using them, we can actually cut about 90 percent of the emissions that transportation consumes.
people are beginning to accept this environment
People around the world are beginning to embrace this walking distance living environment
People talk about the shift from dream home to dream neighborhood.
And by superimposing the ubiquitous communications that are starting to spread, you will notice the further convenience of using space.
about some transportation
This is a map called Mapnificent, and it shows how far you can go from my house in 30 minutes using public transportation.
The walking distance is also displayed and it is still not perfect
this is google walking map
When I looked up the Greater Ridgeway route, it was supposed to go through Guernsey.
It said this route may not have sidewalks or greenways
(Laughter) But technology is advancing, and we're starting to crowdsource this navigation.
And, as I said earlier, we're also learning how to get information into our devices.
They're learning how to get information into wirelessly connected recording devices and navigation systems.
One of the things that this makes us realize is that we used to think that the best way to live in a crowded environment is to have a lot of things that are central to manufacturing and consumption, but that's actually not the case. is
And what we're looking for is to make the most of things.
My favorite analogy is a drill Who has a power drill for home use?
ok i have it too
The total time spent on the average home drill is anywhere from six minutes to 20 minutes, depending on the person.
So what we're doing is buying a drill that can last for thousands of hours, drilling a hole or two in the wall, and then leaving it alone.
The cities we live in are a collection of these extra capacities.
So, rather than finding new ways to use these features to their full potential -- for example, cooking, ice sculptures, or even the mafia -- we turn these things into services and make them available when we want them. Wouldn't it be much smarter to say
In fact, the space itself is also utilized.
People can share the same space or take advantage of empty spaces.
A building is a collection of various services.
There are new attempts to replace things that used to consume energy, like heating and cooling, with things that don't consume energy.
Illuminate the building with daylight
Cool in the breeze and warm in the sun
In fact, taking advantage of all of these can reduce the energy consumption of buildings by about 90 percent in some cases.
This also creates another threshold effect, what I like to call "abandoning the furnace," and it's really simple, but a building that doesn't need a furnace to heat it can save a lot of money up front.
In fact, it costs less to build than if you needed a furnace.
Now when you think about the potential for reducing the use of things, or reducing the energy use of transportation or buildings, they're all great, but they're missing something.
To create a truly green city, we need to think in a slightly different way.
as one of them
This is an advertisement to appeal the green environment of Vancouver.
So many people really welcome the green urban environment.
So we have something like these
I will draw a vision
All of these are great projects, but they're missing a key point: they're not about the greenery above ground, they're about the underground systems.
Can these systems reduce water usage by harvesting rainwater?
water consumes a lot of energy
Is it possible to create a green environment that cleans and filters runoff and household wastewater to grow trees on city streets?
Is it possible to reconnect us with the ecosystems around us, like rivers, and regenerate those ecosystems?
Is it possible to build a path for bees, butterflies, etc. to return to our cities for pollination?
Is it possible in our daily lives to reduce carbon dioxide emissions by treating the waste products from our diet, from our fiber, etc., and returning them to the soil, sequestering carbon?
What I want to tell you is that all of this is not only possible, it's already being done, which is pretty cool.
Because by and large, today's economy is, as Paul Hawken put it, "We sell the future we stole today, and we call it GDP."
Eight billion people, seven billion, maybe six billion, we on this planet are stealing our future, and we're running out of it fast.
But by changing our perspective, I think we can create cities that are not just pollution-free, but that have limitless possibilities.
thank you
(applause)
Ever since I can remember, I've felt a strong bond with the ocean and animals.
Already at this age, my idol was "Naughty Flipper."
When I first heard about endangered species, I was really devastated by the fact that life is disappearing from this planet every day forever.
I always wanted to do something, but I always wondered, "What can I do on my own?"
Now, 30 years later, that question seems to have some answer.
During the Gulf of Mexico oil spill last year, when photos of oil-soaked birds began to appear in the media, German biologist Silvia Gauss said, "Studies show that after the oil has been removed, Less than 1% of the birds survived and all infected birds should be euthanized."
I categorically object to this
In addition, we believe that all oil-damaged animals should be given another chance to live.
Let me tell you why I insist on this so strongly.
On June 23, 2000, the cargo ship Treasure sank off the coast of Cape Town, South Africa, leaking 1,300 tons of fuel oil, contaminating an area home to nearly half of the total population of African penguins.
The ship sank north of Robin Island and south of Dassen Island, which are two major breeding grounds for these penguins.
Six years and three days before that, on June 20, 1994, the Apollo Sea sank near Dassen Island, and 10,000 penguins were polluted, half of them dead.
When the Treasure sank in 2000, it was in the middle of the best breeding season ever documented for African penguins, which at the time were listed as an endangered species.
Almost 20,000 penguins were covered in toxic oil immediately after the accident.
The local seabird rescue center, SANCCOB, immediately launched a massive rescue operation that quickly became the largest animal rescue operation in history.
At that time I was far away from the local
I was a penguin keeper at the New England Aquarium.
Exactly yesterday, 11 years ago, the office phone rang.
That phone changed my life
It was a call from Estelle Mare, SANCCOB chief, "Come and help me.
There are thousands of oiled penguins, there are motivated volunteers, but they have no experience at all.
We are looking for professionals to train and supervise them."
Two days later, I was on a plane to Cape Town with a team of penguin experts.
The scene inside the building in the picture was desperate and surreal.
Everyone compared it to a battlefield
Last week, a 10-year-old girl asked me, "What was it like when you first walked into the building and saw the dirty penguins?"
when asked that question
I instantly jumped through time and space and returned to that scene.
Penguins are very talkative birds.
The reality was different. As I walked through the door and into the building, there was an eerie silence.
Clearly, the birds were exhausted, sick and in shock.
Another thing that surprised me was the sheer number of volunteers.
Sometimes as many as 1,000 people came in one day.
Over 12,500 volunteers came to Cape Town to save penguins from around the world through this rescue operation.
I was moved by the fact that everyone voluntarily
I rushed there
A few of us, the experts, were deeply moved by the dedication of the volunteers to save the penguins.
The day after we arrived, my colleague and I from the Aquarium were put in charge of the second room.
Room 2 had over 4,000 dirty penguins
Look, three days before that, there were only 60 birds. I was completely overwhelmed by the sheer numbers, and a little bit scared, at least that's how I felt.
Personally, I really didn't know if I would be able to pull off this incredible task.
As a team, I wasn't sure if we would be able to overcome this challenge.
Because I'm reminded of the 1994 accident, where about half the penguins were rescued, but only half of them survived.
Is it possible for humans to save so many birds?
We didn't know, but we had hope.
These are enthusiastic and courageous volunteers.The three in the picture are force-feeding penguins.
As you can see, the volunteers are wearing thick gloves.
African penguins have a razor-sharp beak.
After a while, we're all covered in horrific scars like this, bitten by frightened penguins.
The day after our arrival, a new critical situation became apparent.
A band of oil swept north to Dassen Island, leaving the rescuers in despair.
I couldn't see any solution
But while I was doing so, one of my friends came up with a quirky suggestion.
"Okay, let's save the penguins that are most at risk of oil contamination." --We ended up saving 20,000 penguins. Let's release them into the clean ocean, the penguins can swim back by themselves."
(Laughter) We attached satellite transmitters to three penguins, Peter, Pamela and Percy, and the researchers wished them luck, hoping that by the time they returned to their nesting sites the oil had been removed. Fortunately, when they reach
the sea was clean
It was a big deal, but it worked.
We now know that this strategy can be used against future oil pollution.
Rescuing wildlife is like life: we learn from each case, one by one, from our successes, and some from our failures.
What we learned from the 1994 Apollo Sea rescue operation was that careless use of poorly ventilated shipping crates and trucks was responsible for the deaths of many of the penguins we rescued. We were far too poorly prepared to handle that many penguins at once.
In the six years between two major oil spills, we've built a well-ventilated box.
As a result, only 160 penguins died during the Treasure rescue operation, compared to the previous figure of 5,000.
This alone is a great victory.
Another thing I learned from Operation Apollo-Sea was how to train penguins to eat free from human hands, using a training cage like this.
I used this technique again for Operation Treasure.
In the process of training penguins, we discovered something interesting.
The first to feed themselves were the birds with metal wing tags, rescued from the Apollo Sea operation.
Penguins also learn from past examples.
The oil on the penguins' bodies is carefully removed. It takes two people to remove just one penguin.
takes at least 1 hour
To decontaminate a penguin, first spray its body with a grease cleanser.
This detergent story is one of my favorite parts of Operation Treasure.
About a year before this incident, a 17-year-old high school student developed a grease cleanser.
It was used on SANCCOB with great results, so we started using it on Operation Treasure.
But soon I ran out of detergent
In a panic, the manager of SANCCOB called him, "Hurry up and make a lot."
He ran to the lab and made enough detergent to decontaminate all the birds.
Isn't it amazing how a teenager's invention saved the lives of thousands of birds?
What happened to the 20,000 contaminated birds afterward?
By the way, "Oiled birds will die anyway, so they should be euthanized."
Was Gauss' opinion correct?
she was so wrong
Thanks to half a million hours of hard work by volunteers, more than 90 percent of the contaminated penguins have been released back into the wild.
Tracing studies show that the rescued birds live the same lifespans as the uncontaminated birds, and their reproductive rates are almost the same.
In addition, about 3,000 chicks were rescued and artificially reared.
Long-term, continuous observations show that the percentage of artificially reared chicks that survive to adulthood and reach breeding season is higher than if they were reared by their parents, with these findings.
SANCCOB is developing a chick breeding programme, every year we rescue and breed abandoned chicks, and the success rate is amazing -- 80 percent.
And very importantly, a year ago, African penguins were listed as endangered.
We could have gone extinct within 10 years if we didn't do anything about it.
What have I learned from this intense and unforgettable experience?
Personally, I believe that I can accomplish much more than I thought I could.
that one person can change the world
A 17-year-old is a good example.
When we all work together, we can accomplish incredible feats.
Being part of something much bigger than ourselves is the most rewarding experience we can have.
I'd like to make one final suggestion. You could call it a challenge.
As Penguin Lady, my mission is to raise awareness and funds to save penguins.
But why penguins?
Penguins are actually very important because they are indicator animals.
In layman's terms, the death of the penguin means the death of the ocean.
Ultimately, it affects humanity, as Sylvia Earle said, the ocean is our life support system.
Two threats to penguins are overfishing and global warming.
we have the power to solve it
If we do our part and work together, we can change the world and save the penguin from extinction.
Humans used to be the penguin's greatest threat, but now humans are their only hope. Thank you.
(applause)
Originally, I was concerned about what was happening in the world.
I didn't understand things like starvation and vandalism and killing innocent people.
It's really hard to make sense of these things.
And I became an actor when I was 12 years old.
I was a dropout with no ability
I was told I was dyslexic
In fact I qualified
I got a D in a ceramics class, which was obviously useful.
And the concern was where this came from.
As an actor, I've done a lot of things, but I felt like my job wasn't that great and I could have done more.
At that time, I read a book by Frank Barnaby, and this brilliant electron and nuclear physicist said that the media had a responsibility, that every sector of society had a responsibility, that they would strive to improve things and move forward. it is the responsibility to
I was touched by this, because I've spent my life making noise around cameras.
I thought I could do something
I could become a filmmaker
We may be able to use movies to make a difference
You may be involved in small changes
And I started thinking about peace, and as I said, I was clearly moved by these images and trying to understand them.
Go to the older and wiser people, how they understand the terrible things that are happening
Shall I teach you?
But I knew from my miscellaneous experience as an actor that using words wasn't enough, there were mountains to climb and journeys to take.
Once you've embarked on that journey, it doesn't matter if you succeed or fail.
It's important to have something that can ask the question, are humans fundamentally evil?
Is vandalism inevitable?
should i have kids? Is it responsible? and so on
And I thought about peace Where does peace begin?
That's when the idea came to me
that peace has no starting point
There was not a single day when the earth was united
There was not a single day when different cultures cooperated with each other.
There hasn't been a single day of compassion united. If we separate these things and share them together, if we all get involved, if we can come together and cross-cultural cooperation, it might be the key to the survival of the human race.
If we can do this for even one day, it could change the level of awareness of the great problems facing humanity.
but we had no money
I lived at my mother's house
Together we started writing letters to everyone
You have to do things quickly to understand what you have to do.
How can we invite votes from heads of state around the world to create the world's first ceasefire and non-violence day, September 21st?
I wanted it to be September 21st because it was my grandfather's favorite number.
my grandfather was a prisoner of war
He saw the atomic bomb dropped on Nagasaki.
He died in the atomic bombing when I was 11.
my grandfather was my hero
There's a reason for the number 21. Seven hundred went to war, twenty-three returned, two died on board, and twenty-one returned.
That's why I wanted to do it on September 21st
From there, we started our journey and launched this project in 1999.
We wrote to heads of state, ambassadors, Nobel laureates, NGOs, religious groups, organizations - literally everyone.
and some letters were answered immediately
From there I started assembling this project.
I remember my first letter
One of them was from the Dalai Lama.
We didn't have any money, so we were playing the guitar to raise money to pay for stamps.
A letter from the Dalai Lama said, "It's wonderful. Come see me.
Let's talk about the first day of peace."
But we didn't have airfare
So I called British Airways CEO Bob Eyring and said, "We have this invitation.
Could you put me on the plane? I will meet the Dalai Lama."
That's how I met you, it was wonderful
And Dr. Oscar Arias
So back to this slide, when we launched this program in 1999 -- the idea of ​​the first ceasefire and day of non-violence -- we invited thousands of people.
It's not thousands, it's hundreds of people -- lots of media -- we were trying to create the world's first World Day of Peace.
We invited everyone, but not a single media company.
114 people attended - mostly friends and family
This plan started like that
But it didn't matter, it was important to document it.
Launching is just a process
This was not the final result.
And that's the great thing about cameras
They say that writing is mightier than martial arts, and so is the camera.
It's really beautiful and inspiring to be there and capture the moment.
so we started our journey
I went to Geneva to see Mary Robinson.
I cut and grow my hair. Every time I see Kofi Annan, I cut my hair because I'm afraid that they'll think I'm a hippie.
(Laughter) Yeah, I'm not worried about that right now.
Mary Robinson said, "It's a very timely idea. We need to make it happen."
Kofi Annan 'a useful proposal for UN forces'
Salim Ahmed Salim of the Organization of African Unity (OAU) said, "We have to get African countries to join us."
Nobel Peace Prize winner Oscar Alias, now president of Costa Rica, said, "I'll do whatever I can."
So I went to see Amr Musa of the League of Arab Nations
I also met Mr. Mandela at the Arusha Peace Conference, and so on -- in my work to prove that this idea makes sense, I've done this.
And we listened to people and took notes everywhere.
In the last 12 years, I have visited 76 countries
Talk to women and children everywhere you go
photographed 44,000 young people
I recorded 900 hours of their thoughts
When I talk to young people about this idea of ​​having a starting point for a more peaceful world, it's very clear how they feel. That starting point can be poetry, art, literature, music, sports, whatever. is
we listened to you
United Nations, NGOs and this
It was incredible to work
I felt that I was presenting an attempt to create this day on behalf of the global community.
As this activity became more robust and detailed, the potential for creating this day grew.
At the time, I thought it didn't matter what the actual outcome was.
It didn't matter if Peace Day didn't come true
If this experiment hadn't worked, I could have made a statement about how indifferent the global community has been to unity, but then I met a little girl in Somalia.
She cut off four centimeters off her leg without using any disinfectant, and she told me that this boy was a child warrior, maybe 12 years old, and he killed people. I realized that things aren't just movies that can be stopped at any time.
Something happened to me and I said, 'Let's do a documentary, if this
Even if it's my only movie, I'm going to keep shooting until it becomes a reality."
We have to stop the war and take action to unite away from politics and religion.As a young person, this puzzled me.
i didn't know how to start
And on September 7th, I was invited to New York.
The Government of Costa Rica and the Government of the United Kingdom submitted a proposal to the United Nations General Assembly, together with 54 co-sponsoring countries, to make September 21 every year the world's first day of ceasefire and non-violence, which was unanimously accepted by world leaders. was given
(Applause) Hundreds of people have helped make this happen.
thank them all
it was a really great moment
I was just watching this on the stage of the general meeting
As I said earlier, when this started, none of the reporters came to the Globe.
And now I was thinking, "The media will hear this story."
Suddenly preparations for that day began
Kofi Annan invited me to give a press conference on the morning of September 11, 2001.
At 8 o'clock in the morning I stood at the press conference
I was waiting for Kofi Annan to come
Of course he didn't come and he didn't make a statement.
The day of ceasefire and non-violence was never told to the world.
9/11 and the events that followed were tragic for thousands of people around the world who lost their lives.
It was an event that had never happened before
I remember thinking, "That's why we have to try harder.
And this day must come true
A day of peace was created, but no one knows
We must continue this journey, tell people about the day of peace, and prove it works."
I left New York exhausted, but with new strength.
I was heartened by the possibility that once Peace Day came true, there would be no more tragedies like this.
I took out the film and went to the cynic
I showed him this film, and I remember being criticized by some people who had seen it in Israel.
You can't stop the war in Afghanistan You can't listen to the Taliban And so on
They say it's just a symbol
The reality of the situation wasn't as bad as the criticism, and my plan couldn't have gone awry.
We went to Somalia, Burundi, Gaza, the West Bank, India, Sri Lanka, Congo.
Children are the driving force of the project
They can unite and become one, and if the adults stop fighting, their lives will be saved."
i was told that
I was taught by someone who really understands what conflict is.
And then I went back to the United Nations and continued filming.
I decided to make another movie.
I have been with the United Nations for several years
I visited various UN agencies, governments and NGOs, desperately looking for people who could help me realize my plan.
And after so many meetings, my hero and mentor, Ahmed Fawzi, enlisted UNICEF.
They said, "Okay, let's try."
The United Nations Assistance Mission to Afghanistan (UNAMA) also participated
It's historical. Can we work with UNAMA WHO and civil society in Afghanistan?
I wanted to turn this into a movie, and as I was filming it, I thought, 'This is it.
Even if it doesn't work, at least the door is open and I have a chance."
And then I went back to London to see Jude Law.
I met him because he was an actor and I was an actor, and I had a connection with him.
And if you can hype it up, more people will listen, and if you can attract a particular department, maybe more people will be interested.
That would help us a little financially. We were really struggling financially.
I won't go into detail
Jude said, "Okay, let's make a statement."
During the shoot, I asked, "What are you going to do next?"
When I answered, "I'm going to Afghanistan," he said, "Really?"
I could see a little interest in his eyes.
So I said, "Would you like to come with me?
It will be very interesting if you come
it helps to get attention
That attention helps in many ways, not just as a force for change."
It takes many pillars to succeed
one is to have a great idea
Second, you need an advocate, you need the financial strength, you need the ability to raise public awareness.
No matter how successful I am, I cannot raise awareness by myself.
So they were really important.
Jude said he was going, so we went to Afghanistan.
When we arrived in Afghanistan, it was incredible, I talked to a lot of people and they said, "You have to get everyone involved.
You can't just expect things to go well, you have to go out and do things."
We did that, we visited a lot of areas, we talked to the elderly, we talked to doctors and nurses, we held press conferences, we went out with soldiers, we talked to the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF), NATO, the British government.
We talked to everybody, in and out of school, we talked to education ministers, we had press conferences, and of course there were a lot of reporters.
I was interested in what was happening there.
This amazing woman, Fatima Magalani, had a big role to play in this phenomenon, she was a spokeswoman for a Russian rebel group.
And her Afghan network was really detailed.
He was the person I really needed to get my message across.
And we finished what we had to do and went home
I had to wait and see what happened
When I got home, I remember one of the team members bringing me a letter, from the Taliban.
The letter read, "On this day there will be a truce.
we observe peace day
Take this as an opportunity
On this day, we will end the fighting."
And this means that people doing charity work aren't being taken hostage or killed.
At this point, I knew there was a clear opportunity.
Later, 1.6 million children were vaccinated against polio as a result of everyone's ceasefire, non-violence.
(Applause) Just like at the United Nations General Assembly, this was a really, really great moment.
And then we finished filming, we did the editing, and we had to go back to Afghanistan.
Include Dari and Pashto local dialects in the film
I came back to Afghanistan, and at the end of the year, I wanted to help the Afghan people.
But actually, I wanted to go back because the Afghans were heroes.
They believed in peace, they believed in its potential, they made it real.
I wanted to show them the film and tell them, "Thanks to you guys, I made it."
we gave them the film
Of course we screened it and it was amazing
And that year, 2008, the ISAF in Kabul issued a statement on September 17th, "The commander of the International Security Assistance Force in Afghanistan, Lt. Declared not to add
The ISAF said they would stop
And then there's another statement, from the United Nations Department of Security and Security, which says that Afghanistan has seen a 70 percent drop in violence because of this effort.
At least on Peace Days, there was 70% less violence.
I was really surprised more than anything
I was stranded in New York because of a volcanic eruption, much less damaging than terrorism.
i was wondering what was going on
I've been thinking about this 70% for a long time.
70 percent less violence -- something that everyone said would never be possible and could never be achieved.
We thought that if we could reduce violence by 70 percent in Afghanistan, we could reduce it by the same amount anywhere else.
We need a global ceasefire
We will use the Day of Truce and Non-Violence to achieve a global ceasefire, the largest ceasefire in history, both nationally and internationally.
we have to do this
And on September 21st of this year, we will begin the process at the O2 Arena to create the greatest day of ceasefire and non-violence in history.
We use everything: dancing, social media, Facebook, websites, petitions.
Develop in 6 languages, which are the official languages ​​of the United Nations
We work with governments, international organizations, NGOs, unions and sports organizations around the world
You can also see pictures related to education.
We currently have collaborators in 174 countries, and we're trying to bring in young people to help drive our vision of a global ceasefire.
Of course, this concept also helps save lives.
Connect with the Olympics - I went to see Seb Ko
"London Olympics is about a ceasefire," he said.
Why don't we work together and achieve a ceasefire?
Would you like to support the largest global ceasefire in history?
we film this process
Take advantage of sports and soccer
Thousands of soccer games are played on Peace Day in the slums of Brazil and everywhere.
And we use all of this to inspire individual action.
we have to work on it
we need to join forces
I'm thrilled to be here to speak to you and to know that other people will see this talk, because we are all united, and we are all united in this world, and we are united, and it is our fundamental problem. because it has the potential to raise the level of awareness of
I have met Ambassador Brahimi
He's been a man of great accomplishments in international politics, in places like Afghanistan and Iran.
very nice person
I had the opportunity to speak with him a few weeks ago.
"Is a global ceasefire stupid?
do you think it is really possible? I heard
he said "absolutely possible"
"So what would you do?
Lobbying the government? when asked
I said, "No, I'll talk to people privately."
it's all about the individual
it's about me and you
It's all about partnership
It's about the base and the business.
I truly believe that by working together, we can make a difference.
There's a wonderful person in this audience, I don't know where he is, but a few days ago, when I was rehearsing, he said, "I've been thinking about this day for a long time, imagining a square with 365 squares. Look, one of them is white."
Hearing that, I imagined a cup filled with clear water.
If you put a drop of anything in there, the water will change forever.
Peace can be achieved by holding hands
Thank you TED
(Applause) Thank you.
(Applause) Thank you.
(Applause) Thank you very much.
Ugliness is the visible homogeneity that surrounds everyday life in America.
An immeasurable despair is created in a place like this.
In general, I would argue that we should do more to sustain civilization in America.
By the way, this place is useless
--No one can live a better life in a place like this
There are many ways to describe a place like this
I like to call it the "National Automobile Slum"
Call it suburban sprawl
Am I right in saying this--the biggest mistake in resource allocation ever?
--You could call it the silly manifestation of technology
This is the big problem that surrounds us
The most salient problem is that this place is not worthy of love.
let's talk about this a little more
What is the meaning of space? In order to create meaningful places and distinctive places, we need the ability to define spaces together with buildings and apply vocabulary, grammar, syntax, rhythm and patterns in architectural design. can know who you are
America's public sphere has two roles: as a living space for civilization and civic life, and as a material manifestation of the common good.
Therefore, if public space is violated, the quality of civic life will automatically be compromised, and so will the nature of law in public, communal life.
In America, public space looks like a street because it doesn't have a millennium-old cathedral square or a prehistoric marketplace.
The ability to define spaces and create places worth loving all stems from the essence of a culture called civic design.
It is the essence of knowledge, methodology, technology, and principles that were discarded after World War II.
the consequences surround us
The public sphere should represent not only our geographical position, but also our cultural position.
We should show where we came from, who we are and where we're headed That's what we need to live the hopeful present
And if there's a big, big failure in the places we've built, it's the environment we've built in the last fifty years that's what robbed us of the hopeful present.
A common living environment would be something like this
Two miles north of my town, an asteroid belt full of junk buildings.
Remember, to create a distinctive place, you have to define the space.
So what's going on here?
If you were standing in front of the Wal-Mart over there and you tried to look at the Target store over there, you wouldn't be able to see it because the earth is round.
As a result, it becomes a place where no one wants to go.
A place like that isn't worth loving
There are 38,000 such places in America today that aren't worth loving.
If it's overflowing with such things, it's not even worth defending the country!
Think about these young men in Iraq bleeding in the desert And ask yourself, what is their last thought of home?
I think it's Chuck E. I hope it's not the curve between Cheese and Target stores! There's no reason to bleed for something like that This country needs a better place!
public space good public space
A place worth loving, that's a good definition
categorically it's an outdoor public space
There's something all too important here: it's surrounded by a dynamic, permeable membrane.
Stores, bars, izakayas, restaurants, etc. Special ways things come and go This is transparency
Beers are brought in, waitresses come and go, and that makes the center of the place come to life and makes it a place where people want to hang out.
In other cultures, in places like this, people go to places like this because they like it.
A place like this shouldn't have a fair to attract customers, and there shouldn't be a Kwanzaa festival.
People gather there because it's comfortable
On the other hand, this is the American way
Perhaps America's greatest blunder of public space: Boston City Hall Square, designed by former leading architects Harry Cobb and I.M. Pei.
I don't even want to go drinking, but I.M. Pei is still alive, so I can't fix it Every year, Harvard and M.I.T.
For the face of I.M. Pay who always fails
This is the other side of City Hall
An international design award winner, 1966 or something like that.
This wasn't Pei and Cobb, it was done by another agency, but there aren't enough antidepressants to keep people going through this place.
This is the back of Boston City Hall, Albany's most important civic building -- excuse me -- Boston.
So what kind of message is this building sending out? What is the vocabulary and grammar that this building emits? How can we know who we are?
To make this building better, put it on like Joseph Stalin, Pol Pot, Saddam Hussein, or any of the great dictators of the twentieth century, because that's what this building speaks to us.
You see, this is a dictatorial building It makes me feel like a termite This is a scaled down version of it Behind the civic center in my city, Saratoga Springs, New York
By the way, I showed this slide to a community service organization in town, and they complained while eating cream chicken, and they yelled, "Because it was raining when I took this picture!"
It's just a matter of the weather It's a building that looks like a DVD player Audio jack Mains power This kind of thing is an important job for an architectural firm You know what I mean?
We hire an agency to make this stuff
It's pretty clear what happened there, three o'clock in the morning design meeting.
Eight hours until the deadline Four designers trying to meet the deadline
While sitting at the long desk in the conference room, there were blueprints, sketches, and boxes of Chinese food, and what kind of conversation were you having there? You know the last words they say, the last words
"Don't do shit" that's the message of this kind of building
"I don't care, shit I don't care"
By the way, I remembered one of the nicest days of the year, doing a site inspection or something, and he wouldn't go there because -- it wouldn't go along with his 'customer'. You know, thief. robbery
If you go over there
Now
The main street pattern in the United States is, in fact, universal in all downtown areas of the world.
It's nothing complicated A building over two storeys has been built outside the sidewalk so that anyone can enter.
Things that are not allowed are apartments, offices, etc. that take place on the second floor and above.
As you know, the first floor is the shopping floor.
I learned nothing from Monterrey
At the intersection in front of this conference hall, there are four vacant houses on every corner.
totally unbelievable
This is what downtown business districts look like This is Glen Falls, New York Tried to do the same thing and ended up with an empty house
First of all, I lifted the building up a bit for coolness.
That's what ruined the relationship between the store and the sidewalk.
I put a handicapped ramp on because my relationship with the store was ruined I put a green band-aid on it to cover it up
that's the american way
I call it the "Green Band-Aid" because in America it's common practice to put green on a damaged city.
But what really ought to be done to a city that has been mutilated and chopped up is a good city and a good building.
It's not just a flowerbed or a fake Sierra Nevada
that's not enough
should build a good building
The real roles of roadside trees are to show the area for pedestrians spatially, to protect pedestrians from cars on the roadway, to cast sunlight filtering through the trees onto the sidewalks, and to reduce the intimidating feeling of the building. it is best to be
Yes, these four are the roles of street trees.
It ain't there to make a fake North Wood
One of the problems with the suburban fiasco is that it blurs the distinction between country and city---urban and country.
not the same
You can't fix the problem by dragging the countryside into the city, and many try to do it all the time.
Here's a scaled-down version -- the mothership lands and R2-D2 and C-3PO come out and rant and yell, they're testing if the planet is livable. City life and everything that goes with it
In the mid-nineteenth century, there was an idea that would serve as a prescription for such an industrial city: a country life for all.
First of all, it is given in the form of a suburb based on the railroad. If you live in the countryside along the railroad, you can enjoy the amenities of the city and return to the countryside at night.
Believe me, there weren't any Walmarts or convenience stores, it was real country life
But in reality, in the next 80 years, things changed completely, and it became something sinister.
A fake country house in a fake countryside
It's the vague anguish in the suburbs, the reason why it's so ridiculous
What was promised half a century ago was not fulfilled
This is the typical house found there
Basically I have nothing on my side because I want to say, "I'm a little hut in the woods, so I don't have anything on my side.
I can't see anything, oh I can't see anything
This house has what's left of the façade In the front there's actually a fake façade
Because -- look, the front door is here
If the people who live here aren't fairies, no one will use this.
This is a TV that shows "We are normal" all the time.
We are normal We are normal We are normal We are normal We are normal
Please admit we're normal We're normal We're normal
But it's clear what's going on here, you know.
Skippy boy stuffs his UZI and getting ready for homeroom My 14-year-old sister Heather hides her drugs here
A place like this, a living environment like this, is a breeding ground for children's immeasurable anxiety and depression.
Dye your hands on what appears first
This kind of thing is not suitable for Americans
We send our children to this school. Hannibal Lecter Central School, Las Vegas, Nevada
This is really school!
It's like saying if you let the guys in these fences go, they'll drag the driver out of the car and eat your guts!
Every effort is made to keep everything inside the building.
Look, nature is arranged, anyway, this way of doing things has to change
We are entering an era of unprecedented change that is certain in America, an era marked by the end of cheap oil.
everything will change
Chris told me not to talk about this too long, so I'm not going to talk about it any more.
Forget it, it doesn't happen
you should do something different
We have to do everything that's happening in this country on a small scale, redesign it, resize it, it should start now
We -- (applause) -- we should bring our work and home closer together.
we should live closer to each other
We should grow more food closer to where we live
The days of 3,000-mile Caesar salads are coming to an end
Let's have a railway network that Bulgarians would be ashamed of
Must do better!
should have done it sooner
Luckily, New Urbanists have spent the last decade unearthing information that was thrown in the trash, information discarded by their parents after the war.
they will be needed to rebuild the city
We need to go back to the essence of the methodologies, principles and technologies that are there. To relearn how to create meaningful and integrated places that enable vibrant organizations. Offers and communal living unfold in an integrated manner.
In order for the residence to have meaning, it is developed in the relationship between business, culture, and government.
We should relearn those basic units: streets, plots, how to organize public spaces, large and small, courtyards, civic squares, and how to make use of them.
First, let's take a look at some ideas for renovating some of America's ruins right in front of us.
Shutter town, how do I do this?
In fact most of them are useless
You can't refurbish them, they'll be reserved for the future.
but some will heal
According to the road parcel Return to residential land for further development
If you are lucky, it will become a revitalized center and bring a regional center to an existing urban area.
By the way, towns and cities are where they should be and grew up where they should be because they hold a place of importance.
Therefore, most of them remain there, albeit on a reduced scale.
there's a lot to do
It will not be saved by innovative automobiles or alternative resource fuels.
You can't keep doing what you're doing by combining alternative resources.
everything should be done in a completely different way
America is not ready
Sleepwalking towards the future
I'm not ready for what's to come
so do what you can
Life in the mid-21st century becomes a local way of life
Maintaining good regional relations
Find yourself a useful job and serve your community and fellow citizens.
One last thing that's bothered me for years, but it's especially important to this audience.
Please, don't call yourself a "consumer", okay?
Consumers are not citizens
Consumers do not owe duties, responsibilities, or obligations to their fellow human beings.
As long as we continue to use the word consumer in public discourse, the debate will be devalued.
The state of not having a clue will continue, and we will advance to a far too difficult future.
Thank you very much
When I get out of here, I want this land to overflow with places worth loving I want you to do what you can to make it a country worth protecting
Other planetary systems outside our solar system are like distant cities that you can see the lights on, but you can't get there.
But by studying the flickering of lights, we can learn how stars and planets interact to form their own environments and create the conditions in which life can exist.
Hidden in this night view of Tokyo is data from the Kepler program, which uses the latest space telescopes to explore planets.
do you know where?
here
This is the corner of the universe that Kepler observes. It measures the light of more than 150,000 stars in this region, looking for planets.
What we're looking for is the slight fading of light, when a planet passes in front of us and slightly obstructs the star's light, reducing the amount of light that reaches us.
In just over two years of operation, it has discovered more than 1,200 new candidate planetary systems centered on other stars.
By comparison, 20 years of exploration before Kepler found less than 400.
There are a number of things we can determine from observing this faint fading of light.
For example, you can tell that there's a planet there, or how big that planet is, or how far away it is from its star.
This distance is very important, because it tells you how much light the planet receives overall.
The reason it's important to know the distance and the amount of light is the same way that when you're camping around a campfire, you want to get close to the fire to warm yourself up, but you don't want to get too close and get hot or burn yourself.
But there's more to know about stars than how much light they receive overall.
let me show you why
This is our star, the sun
This is what it looks like in visible light
light that can be seen by the human eye
It looks almost identical to the iconographic yellow sphere, which is the sun I drew as a child.
But the other thing you'll notice is that the surface of the sun has spots.
These patches are called sunspots, and they're a manifestation of the sun's magnetic activity.
This also changes the light from the star
Kepler can make this observation very precisely and track its effects.
But this is just the tip of the iceberg
If humans could see in the ultraviolet or X-ray, we would be witnessing a dynamic and dramatic picture of the solar magnetic activity, which is also happening in other stars.
Even if it's cloudy outside, things like this are happening all the time in the sky.
So when we want to know if a planet is habitable, if it can have life, we want to know not only the total amount of light and warmth that the planet receives, but also the "weather" of the universe: high-energy radiation, ultraviolet light, X-rays. is emitted from a star and rains down on a planet
You can't see the planets around other stars in the same detail as the planets in our solar system.
This is Venus, Earth and Mars, three similar-sized planets in our solar system, but only one of them is suitable for life.
For now, what we can do is measure starlight, learn about the relationship between stars and planets, and look for clues about which planets in the universe are good places to look for life.
Kepler doesn't find planets around every star it observes.
But every single one of these observations is really valuable, because it tells us how stars and planets are related and that it's the light from the stars that sets the conditions for life to form in the universe.
It's a machine called the Kepler telescope that's observing, but it's us, the living beings, that are exploring.
thank you
(applause)
I'm a magician, and my favorite kind of magic is using technology to create illusions.
See what we've been up to lately
It's a kind of app, but it's especially useful for multimedia artists.
Synchronize the screens of multiple mobile devices and display images
I've borrowed three iPods from people in the audience to show you this.
I'm going to use this to talk about one of my favorite subjects: deception.
(music) One of my favorite magicians is Carl Germain.
The trick was to make the rose bush bloom in front of the audience.
The most spectacular magic is probably the one where butterflies appear.
"Everyone, please see the creation of life."
(Applause) (Music) When asked about deception, he replied, "Magician is the only honest profession.
Promise to deceive and you will do what you promised."
I'm going to be an honest magician
They use all sorts of tricks, which means they have to lie to the audience.
I feel sorry for thinking that way
But all people lie
(Phone rings) Hold on
hey where are you now
I got stuck in a traffic jam and I'll be there soon
Everyone is doing it, right?
(Laughs) I can get ready right now
I've wanted this for so long
You were amazing!
Deception is the foundation of life
Surveys show that men lie twice as often as women -- if those women were telling the truth.
(Laughter) We lie to our advantage and cover our weaknesses.
Sun Tzu, an ancient Chinese warlord, said that all warfare is based on lies.
Oscar Wilde said the same thing about love
Some people lie for money
let's play a game
3 cards, 3 possibilities
"One 5 becomes 10, 10 becomes 20,
Now where are the ladies?
where is the queen "
Is this?
I'm sorry, you're wrong
i'm not cheating
you cheated yourself
self deception
I think the lies are true
Sometimes it's hard to distinguish between the two
Gambling addicts are experts in self-deception.
(Slot machine sounds) They think they can win
I forget when I lost
the brain is good at forgetting
Bad experiences are quickly forgotten
Negative experiences quickly fade away
That's why we can be so optimistic in this vast and lonely universe.
Our self-deception becomes a positive illusion. Why do movies take us on incredible adventures? Why do we believe Romeo loves Juliet? Why do individual notes, when played together, become sonatas and begin to have meaning?
This is "Moonlight"
Composed by Debussy, art is the greatest deception.
Art is a deception that creates real feelings, a lie that creates truth.
And when you let yourself be deceived, it becomes magic
(Applause) Thank you very much.
(standing ovation)
I have been hospitalized for a long time
When I returned to work after years away, the overjoyed manager said, "I've prepared a wonderful new treatment for Dan."
Excited, I headed to my boss's room.
So he started talking, "When you shave, you're left with black spots on the left side of your face where there's hair, and the right side is so sunburned that it's completely hairless. It's asymmetrical."
What ideas did he come up with?
I was going to make it symmetrical by getting a little black patch tattoo on the right side of my face.
It's funny. I was told to shave my beard.
It was a different way of shaving, and I thought back to how I used to shave, and I was like, 'Is this how I'm going to shave from now on?'
I went back to his office with some confusion.
"Can't you see it yourself?"
When I said that, he showed me a picture of a little black spot on his cheek, which didn't help much.
"When I'm old and my hair turns white,
what should we do? "said
He replies, "Don't worry about that
You have a laser, you can bleach it."
Still, I couldn't shake my anxiety and said, "I can't get that kind of treatment."
And the greatest guilt of my life hits me
A big problem for Jews
(Laughter) He said, "What's wrong?"
"Don't you like the asymmetry?"
"Is there something wrong?"
"A woman who sympathizes with you will come to you and you can have more sex than before?"
that never happened
But I was stunned. I've been through a lot of treatments, some of which I've decided against, and I've never felt this kind of guilt.
But I decided not to take this treatment.
I asked his agent, "What happened?"
"Where does this guilt come from?"
They explained to me that they had already given the treatment to two people and that they needed to pay for the last one to write the paper.
(Laughter) This guy looks like crap.
I certainly thought so
Let's change the point of view here.
A few years ago, I was doing an experiment in my lab.
When you do an experiment, you expect different numbers for the two groups.
So we set up two groups of subjects to elicit high and low performance, and the results were what we expected.
In the group that expected high performance, only one person performed poorly.
Thanks to him, the numbers plummeted and ruined the test stats.
So I watched him
He was the oldest subject, in his 20s.
I remember one day when he was drunk, he came to the lab hoping for some easy money.
I thought, "Okay, let's use this guy."
"Is there anyone who uses drunkenness for experiments?"
But a few days later, I started thinking with my students, "This drunk isn't high performance.
What if I was in the other group?"
"Did you ever think of kicking him out?"
I might not have looked at the data. If I had looked at the data, I might have said, "You're a genius for being so bad." because it increases
In the end, I decided to change groups and try again.
Both of these stories, and other conflict-of-interest experiments, boil down to two lessons.
First, in our lifetimes, we meet people who want to get a tattoo of any shape.
Lacking reality thanks to incentives, they give advice that is biased from the essence.
I'm sure you all know this, you see it all the time.
You may not realize it every time, but you know these things happen.
The biggest difficulty is recognizing that we too are blinded by our own triggers.
It's much harder to admit this
Because I close my eyes when I have an advantage
I was doing that experiment as a contribution to science.
I was sifting through the data for the real shiny stats.
I didn't do anything wrong
In my heart, I was a knight who strived to advance science.
but i was wrong
Well-meaningly distorted experimental methods
The challenge here is to identify situations where conflicts of interest arise, and the way to overcome them is to ignore your gut feelings and take steps to avoid falling into these traps. It's easy to make
One last piece of good news
It's a pretty bleak story, acting out of an unseen conflict of interest, isn't it?
The positive side of this story is that if we can figure out why and why we make mistakes, and if we can figure out the underlying mechanisms, there is hope for remediation.
I hope so thank you
(applause)
What I want to talk about today is what we can learn from studying the genomes of modern humans (Homo sapiens) and the extinct genus Homo.
But before we do that, let's quickly review what we already know: the human genetic material, the genome, is stored as DNA in the chromosomes of almost every cell in the body. DNA, as you know, has a double helix structure. I am
And the genetic information is contained in a sequence of four bases abbreviated by the letters A T C G.
And this information resides in both strands, and this is important because when a new cell is made, the two strands separate and the new strand is synthesized using the old strand as a template, and the process is nearly perfect.
But of course, nothing in nature is perfect, so sometimes mistakes happen and the wrong characters are incorporated.
For example, the results of mutations like this can be seen by comparing the DNA sequences of everyone in this room.
If you were to compare my genome to yours, I'd say there's about one letter out of every 1,200 to 1,300 letters.
And these mutations generally accumulate over time.
So when we consider chimpanzees, the differences with humans are even greater.
About 1 out of 100 characters differ from chimpanzees.
If you're interested in the history of DNA fragments or whole genomes, you can reconstruct the history of DNA by looking at DNA differences.
And when we tell this history, we usually use a tree like this.
This example is very simple
The DNA sequences of these two humans only recently diverged from a common ancestor.
Further back, we share an ancestor with chimpanzees.
And because these mutations generally occur over time, we can infer their age by looking at genetic differences. branched off 5 million years ago
Over the last couple of years, analytical techniques have advanced so much that we can analyze a lot of DNA in a very short amount of time.
Thanks to that, we can now analyze the entire human genome in just a few hours.
Of course, we inherit two human genomes, one from our mother and one from our father.
The total length of the genome is about 3 billion characters
The two genomes that I have, or the one that I use for analysis, there are about 3 million differences.
So the next thing you want to think about is how these genetic differences are distributed around the world.
In fact, if you look, first of all, in Africa, there's a certain degree of genetic variation.
And there's less genetic variation outside of Africa.
No wonder it's surprising, because Africa's population is one-sixth to one-eighth of the rest of the world.
Yet Africans have more genetic variation.
What's more, most of the genetic variation we see outside of Africa is very similar to the DNA sequences we see within Africa.
But if you look within Africa, you'll find genetic variation that doesn't have a close commonality with other regions.
One explanation for this is that some, but not all, of the genetic variation in Africans spread and settled around the world.
The findings from modern techniques for estimating the time at which these genetic differences occurred are that modern humans, essentially indistinguishable from one another, are very recent, 100,000 to 200,000 years ago. evolved in africa
Then, about 50,000 to 100,000 years ago, it left Africa and settled in the rest of the world.
Because of this, I often say that from a genomic standpoint, we are all Africans.
Either we're Africans today, or we're very recent travelers.
Another fact that points to the recent origins of modern humans is that genetic variation is widespread around the world and, at least from a bird's eye view, is gradually changing in many regions.
The fact that there's a lot of genetic variation, and it's a gradient, means that if you sequence the DNA from a particular person's genome, you'll be able to pinpoint where they came from very accurately, as long as their grandparents or parents didn't move around a lot.
But does this mean, as many people think, that there are large genetic differences between, say, populations of people on different continents?
We are beginning to find answers to such questions
For example, research is currently underway to sequence the genomes of 1,000 people from all over the world.
The analysis included 185 Africans from two African populations.
Almost as many people from Europe and China have sequenced their genomes.
As a result, we have begun to figure out how much variation we can find in each individual's nucleotide sequence, how many letters of variation there are.
The number of different points is enormous, reaching 38 million.
Rather, it can reveal critical differences between Africans and other peoples.
Most people probably thought this was the biggest difference.
Is there an absolute difference? What does that mean? All Africans have a 100% common letter at a particular position in their genes, whereas everyone outside of Africa has a different letter here. to replace the characters
In fact, there is not a single such position in millions of different bases.
it's amazing
Maybe there is a classification difference of about one person.
So let's relax a little: How many sites are there that 95% of Africans have the same letter, and 95% of the non-Africans have a different base?The answer is 12.
it's so amazing
So if you compare races, you can't compare someone from Africa to someone from Europe or Asia, and you can't predict with 100% accuracy which bases that person will have at a particular position in the genome.
And with just 12 locations, we can predict 95 percent of the time.
The amazing thing is that you can tell where these people and their ancestors come from by looking at them.
In other words, the most obvious physical traits, like facial features, skin color, and hair texture, are determined not so much by one gene, but by many genetic variants, and the frequency of variants appears to vary from region to region. is
Also, the obvious physical features that are easily recognizable from each other, most notably, are the very literal ones that can be found on the surface of the body.
As I just said, it's your face, your hair type, your skin tone.
There are also several other differences between continents, related to differences in food metabolism and differences in immune response to microorganisms that try to invade our bodies.
But so to speak, all these body parts are in direct contact with the external environment.
What you can imagine is that these body parts undergo immediate environmental (evolutionary) selection to alter the frequency of the associated genes.
But in other parts of the body that don't interact directly with the environment, like the kidneys, the liver, the heart, as far as I can see, we have no idea where the genetic variants came from.
Another interesting thing is that if we take the view that humans diverged from a common African ancestor, that happened about 100,000 years ago, and humans weren't the only hominins on the planet at that time.
Other hominins also existed at the same time, perhaps the most famous being Neanderthals. lived in
An interesting question is what happened when we met.
What happened to the Neanderthals?
In an attempt to answer this question, my research team has spent more than 25 years researching ways to extract DNA from the remains of Neanderthals and animals that went extinct tens of thousands of years ago.
There are various technical problems involved in extracting DNA and preparing samples that can be sequenced.
Great care must be taken not to contaminate the sample with its own DNA.
And at the same time, thanks to the ability to sequence large numbers of DNA molecules at lightning speed, last year we published the first version of the Neanderthal genome, at least 55 percent of what anyone has been able to reconstruct on the Internet. You can see the Neanderthal genome of
So we can start comparing the genomes of Neanderthals and modern humans.
The question that arises is what happened when we met, what happened when we met.
Did they have matings?
The answer to this question is to compare the genomes of Neanderthals and modern humans from southern Europe.
So we decided to make a comparison between two modern humans, and to begin with, we looked at the genomes of two Africans and found sites that differed from each other by bases, and then looked at what these sites were like in Neanderthals.
Would a Neanderthal match any African?
Neanderthals didn't live in Africa, so I predicted no difference Neanderthals didn't live in Africa, so I predicted no difference
They are equivalent and cannot be considered closer to one or the other.
the result was exactly
Statistically, there was no difference between Neanderthals and any Africans.
But if you look at the difference between Europeans and Africans, there is a difference.
Clearly, more often than not, Neanderthals match Europeans more than Africans match Europeans more than Africans.
It's the same when you compare Chinese to Africans, Neanderthals match Chinese more often.
This is also a surprise: Neanderthals never lived in China.
The explanation we propose for this is that about 100,000 years ago, modern humans met Neanderthals after leaving Africa.
It is believed that they first met in the Middle East, where Neanderthals lived.
If interbreeding took place there, that modern man would have become the progenitor of all non-African humans, spreading Neanderthal elements in their genomes to descendants around the world.
That's how people outside of Africa today inherit about 2.5 percent of their DNA from Neanderthals.
Now that we have the Neanderthal genome, we can use this as a reference and apply the technology of extracting DNA from ancient human remains to human populations around the world.
The first time we did this was at a place called Denisova in the Altai Mountains in southern Siberia. In 2008, archaeologists found a very small piece of bone in a cave in the mountain. Archaeologists have discovered that it is bone
And because this bone was so well-preserved, we were able to analyze the DNA of this individual, and in fact, we were able to analyze it in more detail than the Neanderthal, and compared this genome to the Neanderthal and modern humans.
They found that around 640,000 years ago, this individual shared an ancestor with a common DNA sequence with Neanderthals.
And if we go back 800,000 years, it leads us to a common ancestor with modern humans.
So this individual's population had a common Neanderthal ancestry and a long and unique history since they branched off.
We call this group of humans, the Denisovans, named after the place where they were first discovered, from this tiny little piece of bone.
The same question can be asked of the Denisovans as the Neanderthals: Did they interbreed with the ancestors of modern humans?
To answer this question, if we compare the Denisovan genome to the rest of the world, it's amazing to see that no one, even around Siberia today, has Denisovan DNA.
But the people of Melanesia and the Pacific islands, including Papua New Guinea, have it.
Perhaps this means that the Denisovans used to be more widespread, because it's hard to imagine that the ancestors of the Melanesians lived in Siberia.
By studying the genomes of the extinct genus Homo, we are beginning to understand what the world was like when modern humans began to leave Africa.
The west was inhabited by Neanderthals, the east by Denisovans, and perhaps other unknown Homo species.
We don't know the boundaries of these hominins, but we do know that southern Siberia was inhabited at least some time in the past by both Neanderthals and Denisovans.
Then somewhere in Africa, modern humans emerged, left Africa, and probably went to the Middle East.
So they met Neanderthals, mated with them, and they continued to spread around the world, and somewhere in Southeast Asia, they met Denisovans, mated with them, and made their way to the Pacific Ocean.
These hominins have since gone extinct, but some of them survive in certain modern humans: 2.5 percent of non-African DNA comes from Neanderthals, Melanesians add to this. We inherit about 5% of our DNA from Denisovans.
Does this mean that there is a crucial difference between non-Africans and Africans? So does that mean that non-Africans have inherited a portion of the genome from an extinct hominin, while Africans don't?
I don't think so
Modern humans probably originated somewhere in Africa.
And then, of course, it spread all over Africa, and there were ancient (modern) humans, too.
And just as they have interbred elsewhere, when we discover the genomes of ancient African hominins in the future, we will undoubtedly find that the ancestors of modern humans in Africa also interbred with these ancient hominids.
So to wrap up, what have we learned from comparative genomics studies of modern humans and the extinct genus Homo?
We've probably learned a lot, but one thing that I think is important to mention is that we've always interbred.
Every time we met another Homo, we bred, and every time we met another Homo, we bred, and we've been bred with modern humans ever since.
Thank you for your attention
(applause)
i am a movie director
For the past eight years, I've spent the last eight years making documentaries about Israel and Palestine trying to end the conflict through peaceful means.
Every time I go to Europe or America for work, I am always asked, Is Gandhi in Palestine?
Why don't Palestinians put up non-violent resistance?
I'm at a loss for an answer, and then I'd just returned from filming in the Middle East, and had just seen large numbers of Palestinians trying non-violently to defend their land and water resources from Israeli forces and settlers. there are many
Nonviolent leaders are trying to create a national nonviolent movement to end the occupation and build peace in the region.
But most people have never heard of them
One of the main reasons why the Palestinian peaceful resistance movement has never been successful is the gap between what is happening on the ground and what is known abroad.
So today I'm going to talk about the power of our "attention", and as the non-violent movement grows and progresses, today I'm not going to focus on the West Bank or Gaza, but on Palestine.
I think the shortest thing missing for nonviolence to grow is not Palestinians taking nonviolent action, but our attention to those who are already practicing nonviolence.
Let me show you the village of Budulus and explain it to you.
About seven years ago, the village was about to disappear when part of the separation wall that Israel announced was going to pass through it.
We might lose 40% of our land, be surrounded by walls, and be unable to move freely to and from the West Bank.
Led by zealous local leaders, the villagers launched a peaceful resistance movement to stop this.
Please take a look at the video and you will get an idea of ​​the actual situation on the ground.
(music) Palestinian woman: I heard the wall would separate Palestine from Israel.
It turns out that the land of Budulus will be taken.
Israeli man: Fencing is the solution to terrorism
Man: Please join us in a peaceful march today.
I have many Israeli brothers and sisters who can help me.
Israeli activist: Military fears non-violent opponents
Woman: The men tried to push the soldiers away, but they couldn't do it.
But maybe women can
Fatah: We should abandon the old way of thinking.
Hamas: We were all united, and we wanted it to spread to Palestine.
Cheer: One nation united
Fatah Hamas Popular Front!
Caster: It's a collision with the wall.
Reporter: The dispatched Israeli border guards
Any weapon can be used
(Fires) Man: It's a live bullet.
Shooting like fallujah
Israeli activist: I thought I was going to die
The people around me didn't even bend down
Israeli Soldiers: Nonviolent Demonstrations Won't Stop [unintelligible]
Demonstrators: It's a peaceful march
no need for violence
Cheers: We can do it We can do it
we can do it!
Julia: When I first heard about Budrus, I was surprised that the international media had not picked up on the extraordinary events that happened seven years ago in 2003.
What was even more surprising was that Budulus succeeded.
After 10 months of peaceful resistance, residents managed to persuade the Israeli government to move the route of the wall from their land to the Green Line, the internationally recognized border between Israeli and Palestinian territories.
Resistance in Budulus has since spread to the West Bank villages and the Palestinian quarter of Jerusalem.
Yet the media barely covered the topic.
This silence by the media is of great importance to the extent to which nonviolence can grow or survive in Palestine.
Armed resistance and nonviolent resistance have something very important in common.
If violent actors draw the attention of the international community to the Palestinian issue by keeping them on the front page, non-violent leaders see civil opposition as a viable option to address their plight. it becomes very difficult to argue with
If you have children, the power of "attention" may seem obvious.
If you are the first to deal with a child when he or she is whining, the child's whining will only get worse.
If you whine, your child will learn that your parents are paying attention, and that's what child psychology calls functional behavior.
Parents can encourage or discourage behavior in their children simply by paying attention to them or not.
And this goes for adults too.
In other words, what the international community chooses to focus on can influence the behavior of regions and entire countries.
I believe that the key to ending conflict and bringing about peace in the Middle East is that we give greater attention to the leaders of nonviolence on the ground today to transform nonviolence into functional action.
In introducing my films to Palestinian villages, I saw firsthand the impact that one film can have.
The people of Warage, a village just outside Jerusalem, were in a predicament very similar to that of Budrus.
We were walled in, we had lost a lot of land, and we were going to be unable to move freely to other Palestinian territories.
I had been using nonviolence for about two years, but I was losing hope without anyone's attention.
We held a screening there.
A week later, we had a very well-coordinated demonstration with record attendance.
The organizers said that after seeing Budulus documented in the film, the villagers felt that there was someone interested in what they were doing.
so they continued
On the Israeli side, there's a peace movement called Solidariot, a Hebrew word that means "union."
The leaders of this movement are using Budulus as their primary means of recruiting participants.
They say that even people who have never been before will see this film and start to understand the power of non-violence and get involved.
Warajé and Solidarioto, two examples of these two movements, show that even low-budget individual films can play a role in transforming nonviolence into functional action.
So imagine the impact it would have if the mainstream media started covering the non-violent demonstrations that take place every week in villages like Bilin and Nilin Warajeh, around Sheikh Jarrah and Silwan and Jerusalem. Nonviolent leadership. They will be more visible and appreciated, and their activities will be more effective.
I think the most important thing is to understand that if we don't pay attention to these efforts, they won't show up, they'll be as good as non-existent.
But I've seen that if we pay attention, the movement grows.
As the movement grows, so does its impact on the Palestinian conflict.
And this nonviolent movement has the power to finally overcome the current situation.
Leaders have proven the effectiveness of non-violence in places like Budulus.
Let's focus on them so they can be effective everywhere.
thank you
(applause)
Today I'm going to show you the future of manufacturing.
I believe that eventually buildings and machines will self-organize, replicating and repairing themselves.
I'm going to compare what I believe to be the current state of manufacturing with the natural system for them.
The current state of manufacturing is skyscrapers, which take two and a half years to build, 500,000 to 1 million parts, are fairly complex, are made of steel, concrete, and the latest and greatest technology in glass.
We have this amazing machine that we're going to take into space that's five years in the making and two and a half million parts.
On the other hand, if you look at natural systems, two million different proteins can fold in 10,000 nanoseconds, and three billion base pairs of DNA can replicate in about an hour.
So there's so much complexity in natural systems, but they're extremely efficient, far more efficient and complex than the ones we build.
much more efficient from an energy point of view
they rarely make mistakes
And it can self-repair to keep it in shape
In this way, there is something very interesting about natural systems.
And when we bring these things into our built environment, it opens up interesting possibilities for making things.
And the key is self-organization.
I think there are four elements to exploiting self-organization in the physical environment.
One, we need to restore buildings, machines, whatever complexity we want to build.
And then we have to decompress it into a simple sequence, which is the DNA of how the building works.
Next, we need programmable components to fold and reconfigure using those arrays.
You need energy to run them and make the parts foldable programmatically.
And you need something that guarantees that you've successfully built what you want with some kind of redundant error correction.
So I'd like to introduce you to the projects that I and my colleagues at MIT are working on to make this self-organizing future a reality.
The first two are MacroBot and DeciBot
These are large, reconfigurable robots that consist of objects that are 2.5 meters long and 3.5 meters wide.
Contains mechanical electronics and sensors
You can restore the fold you want to achieve with an array of angles, minus 120 degrees minus 120 degrees 0 degrees 0 degrees 120 degrees minus 120 degrees and so on.
Each unit receives this message, minus 120 degrees, rotates like this, checks to see if it's arrived, and waits for input from the next unit.
These are the amazing scientists, engineers and designers who are working on this project.
I really think it will. Will this really scale?
It took a lot of money and a lot of work to build this 2.5-meter robot.
Can this really scale and incorporate robotics into every part?
In the next robot, we're going to use that as a proposition to acquire passive properties, or passive reconfiguration programming abilities.
We're going one step further and trying to actually give it computing power.
It incorporates the most basic element of computing, the digital logic gate, directly into the component.
This is the NAND gate
There's one tetrahedron, which is the gate that does the computation, and there are two input tetrahedrons.
One is used for input from the user assembling the part.
the other is for the input of the previously installed part
And output in 3D space
What this means is that the user can direct the behavior of the component.
It computes what it did before and the user's instructions
And then it starts moving up and down in three-dimensional space like this.
On the left side, the input [1,1] is directed downward because the output is 0.
On the right, the input [0,0] goes up because the output is 1.
What this really means is that this structure now contains the blueprint for what we want to build.
It contains all the information about what is to be built.
This means that you can do things like self-replication.
This is what I call self-guided replication, because it contains the complete blueprint.
If there is an error you can replace the part
All local information is included for repair
So, for example, you could run things in parallel, read in data, and do things like output.
Information is embedded directly and does not depend on external instructions
The last project I'm going to show you is called Biased Chains, and it's probably the most interesting example of passive self-organizing systems.
It's a restructuring, programming element, completely passive system.
Suppose we have a chain of objects
each object is identical and they are biased
Each chain or object tries to move left or right.
Building chains is basically programming.
It tells each unit whether to turn left or turn right.
And when you shake the chain, it folds into whatever structure you programmed it to, in this case a helix, and in this case two tetrahedrons on top of each other.
So you can passively program any 3D shape or 1D or 2D thing with this chain.
So what does this represent for the future?
I think this will open up new possibilities for self-organization, replication and repair for physical structures, construction and machines.
New programming elements are added to these
It opens up new possibilities for computing.
Spatial computing is possible
Imagine a building, a bridge, a piece of machinery, and every piece of it that has computing power.
Amazing parallel and distributed computing power, opening up new design possibilities.
Thus this has great potential
The projects I've shown you are just a small step towards that future, and I hope that we can bring these new technologies into the new world of self-organization.
thank you
(applause)
I would like to talk to you today about "mercy".
Compassion has many facets.
Sometimes fierce, sometimes angry, sometimes kind, and thoughtful.
Here is what the Dalai Lama says: he said: "Love and compassion are essential.
They are not luxuries,
Humans cannot live without them. "and.
I believe that it is not only human beings who cannot live without love and compassion, but the same can be said for all living things on earth.
So do big cats and plankton.
Two weeks ago I was in a bungalow in India.
It was a great honor to have the opportunity to teach at the hospice on the outskirts of the bungalow.
Early one morning, I visited the ward.
At the hospice, 31 men and women were facing their own death.
I approached an old lady's bedside. Her breath was so fast and weak that it was clear that the end was near.
I peered into her face.
Then she saw the face of her son, who was sitting next to her. His face was filled with sorrow and confusion.
Then I remembered a passage from the great ancient Indian epic "Mahabharata". "Yudhisthira, what is the most mysterious thing in the world?"
When asked about this, Yudhishthira replied: "The strangest thing in the world is that people die around us and we don't realize it can happen to us."
I looked around the room.
The 31 dying were cared for by young women from the villages around the bungalow.
I stared at the face of one of them. And her face showed the strength of a true compassionate person.
I saw her hand as she was bathing her patient.
I also noticed another young woman wiping another patient's face.
It reminded me of what I came here for.
Almost every year, I visit the Himalayas and the Tibetan Plateau with clinicians.
I am opening a clinic. It is a remote area with no medical facilities at all.
It was my first day in the town of Simikot in Humla, one of the poorest areas of Nepal, on the outskirts of western Nepal. An old man came clutching a ragged blanket.
As he came in, someone called out to him and he realized he was deaf. When I looked into the blanket, there were two eyes.
When I took off the blanket, there was a little girl who was badly burned.
Also. The hands and eyes of Kannon Bodhisattva.
Medical assistants, young women, healed the baby's wounds and bandaged the wounds.
I know those hands and those eyes. He touched me in the same way.
Yes, he touched me then.
For 68 years, all the time.
They touched me when I was four years old, blind and paralyzed.
My family brought in a woman to take care of me. The woman's mother was a slave.
And the woman had no sentimental mercy.
She possessed amazing strength.
And I think that her strength has become a light that guides my life like Mudra.
we may wonder. What is mercy made up of?
Compassion has many facets.
And there is compassion for specific people, and there is compassion for all living beings.
But first of all, compassion requires an ability to grasp the essence of suffering.
The strength to endure that suffering and the realization that I am not irrelevant to it.
But that alone is not enough. Compassion activates the motor cortex of the brain. In other words, we aspire to actually transform suffering.
If we are blessed, it is because we participate in the transformation of suffering.
But compassion also has another side. It's very important.
It's about not getting too hung up on results.
I have worked with dying people. For over 40 years.
I was able to work for six years in a death row prison with heavy security.
Working with dying people and nurturing caregivers has given me a lot of experience myself and made me realize something very clear. That obsessing over the outcome severely distorts one's capacity to see through all the grief.
Another thing became clear to me while working under the prison system. Many of us in this room, and almost all the men we work with on death row, have never watered the seed of mercy in their hearts.
Compassion is something that humans are born with.
It is within each individual.
However, certain circumstances are required to activate or strengthen compassion.
In my case, I had this situation to some extent due to illness when I was a child.
Eve Ensler, whom you will hear about later, has met the situation wonderfully by overcoming various difficulties.
And, best of all, mercy has its enemies. It can be pure pity, moral resentment, or fear.
And as you know, we live in a society, a world paralyzed by fear.
In it, of course, our capacity for mercy is paralyzed.
The word fear is universal.
And the feeling of fear is universal.
Our job is to confront the adult source of fear that permeates the psyche of our world.
Brain science has now revealed that compassion has some surprising properties.
For example, people who cultivate compassion suffer more when they are grieving than most people.
However, they return to their original location much faster.
It is said to have resilience.
Many people think that feeling compassion is draining us. But I am confident. Mercy keeps us alive.
I also know something else. Neural integration, which connects all parts of the brain
that mercy is uplifting.
Researchers at Emory University and Davis University have found that compassion boosts our immune system.
Ladies and gentlemen, we live in a very toxic world.
(Laughter) Many of us are cringing at the psychosocial and physical toxins of this world.
But with compassion, we can boost our immunity by creating compassion.
If compassion is such a wonderful thing, I have a question for you all.
Would you like to raise our children with mercy?
(Applause.) If compassion is such a wonderful thing, why don't we equip health care providers with compassion so that they can do what they're supposed to do: alleviate suffering?
If mercy is such a wonderful thing, why not vote on mercy?
Wouldn't it be a more caring world if we voted for compassionate members of government?
Buddhism teaches that you should have both strength and flexibility.
It takes steadfast strength to put yourself in the middle of a situation.
Calmness of mind.
But it also requires flexibility to accept the world as it is, in order to have an unbreakable heart.
This model in Buddhism is Kannon Bodhisattva.
A role model for women. She feels the sorrow of the world.
She stands with 1000 arms holding tools that symbolize liberation. And each palm has an eye. The eye of wisdom.
For thousands of years, women have lived, felt and accepted the sorrow of the world, facing and demonstrating Kannon's teachings.
For thousands of years, women have demonstrated the strength that comes from having compassion by letting their grief go unfiltered.
They instilled compassion into society. I'm sure you can feel that from the women who gave speeches on this stage yesterday and today.
They have embodied compassion in their actions.
Jody Williams used to say that meditation is a good thing
I'm sorry, it may not mean much to you.
Get some rest and give your mother some peace of mind.
(laughter) The point is, you gotta get out of your cave.
You have to come out into the world. Like Asanka, who longed for Maitreya Bodhisattva, came out after staying in a cave for 12 years.
He said, "I'm getting out of here."
walking down the road
i found something
it was a dog he fell to his knees,
I noticed that the dog had a bad leg injury.
The wound was infested with maggots.
he sticks out his tongue To remove the maggots from their wounds without harming them.
And then the dog transformed into a compassionate Buddha.
Women today believe that they must have a strong relationship with their partner. Their fathers, their sons, their brothers, their plumbers, their builders, their helpers, their doctors, their lawyers, our president, and all living things.
The women in this room are lotus flowers floating in the sea of ​​fire.
May all women's potential be realized.
thank you very much.
(applause)
I don't always want unintended consequences, but I try to appreciate their value.
Because even the seemingly terrible results have been found to be the essence of progress.
So let's look at the role that unintended consequences play.
Let's go back in time, 40,000 years ago, when civilization evolved dramatically, and music, art, technology, things we've taken for granted in our time, and so many of the things we see at TED were born.
Anthropologist Randall White makes an interesting observation: If our ancestors from 40,000 years ago were shown what they left behind today, they would have no idea.
Our ancestors were just taking care of immediate problems.
What they were doing is still relevant today, but you don't understand how they got to where they are.
Now let's go forward in time 10,000 years ago.
It gets more interesting from here
take up the cultivation of cereals
what was the origin of agriculture
If our ancestors back then did a technology assessment, what would they have done?
The commission's report will outline the impact of agriculture on the future of humanity over the next few hundred years.
the rating would be low
First, poor nutritional status shortens lifespan.
women are harsh
Examining the remains of the bones revealed that he had been grinding grain morning, noon, and night.
was politically troubling
The divide between people began to widen significantly.
I wouldn't be surprised if, if you did a reasonable technical assessment, you might conclude that you should give up.
Our choices still have unintended consequences.
As a historical example, a Japanese anthropologist wrote in his doctoral dissertation at the University of Michigan that chopsticks had a long-term impact on the alignment of Japanese people's teeth.
Human teeth are still changing
The evidence is that our mouths and teeth keep getting smaller.
It's not an unintended bad result.
But from the perspective of Neanderthals, modern teeth with weak biting power would not be acceptable.
Our ancestors and we have different perspectives due to the difference in standpoints.
The ancients valued the unintended consequences, and that there was a very healthy sense of caution, as seen in the story of the Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil, in the story of Pandora's Box, and especially important as a metaphor for modern technology. The same goes for the myth of Prometheus.
that is the truth
Ancient physicians, especially in Egypt, the archetype of modern medicine, knew very well what could and could not be cured.
A translation of an existing document reads, "No cure, no cure."
was very careful
So did the disciples of Hippocrates
There's also the Hippocratic tome, which emphasizes doing no harm, as recent research has shown.
And then, more recently, Harvey Cushing is a pioneer in neurosurgery, who has transformed an area of ​​medicine that used to be the majority of surgical deaths into a bright spot. What he does isn't always right. I was aware that no
But he was able to make great strides in this field by doing his best and keeping a detailed record.
Modern times, let's now look at the 19th century, where new forms of technology are introduced.
In this era, it's not just tools, it's systems.
As more and more complex combinations of machines came along, it became harder and harder to figure out what was going on.
Telegraphers in the mid-19th century were the first to come into contact with such a system, and they were the original hackers.
Thomas Edison would fit into today's software company.
Hackers called a strange bug in the telegram system a "bug."
This is the origin of the bug
But it took time for this recognition to spread, even among intellectuals.
By at least 1918, Sam Clemens, or Mark Twain, had invested heavily in the most complicated machine ever registered with the United States Patent Office.
That was Paige's automatic typesetting machine.
A page typesetting machine consists of 18,000 parts.
The patent document contained 64 pages of text plus 271 drawings.
It was a wonderful machine. It was a machine that could do everything that people did in typesetting, but it also solved the conundrum of putting the type back in place.
Twain, who knew everything about typesetting, was fascinated by this machine.
Unfortunately, he got too deeply into it, and he went bankrupt. He continued his lecture tours around the world in order to recoup the money he had invested.
What's important about 19th-century technology is that even the ideas the experts rave about can fail spectacularly because of the various relationships between the parts.
At the beginning of the 20th century, another factor added to make things even more complicated.
How safety technology itself can be dangerous.
What people in those days learned from the Titanic disaster was that there should be enough lifeboats for everyone on board.
What I learned from the precious lives lost without being able to board the lifeboat.
But then another accident happened: the Eastland capsized in Chicago Harbor in 1915, killing 841 people, 14 more than the Titanic.
The accident was partly due to the addition of the extra lifeboats, which made the already unstable ship even more unstable.
This story also shows that it's not easy to draw the right lessons from unintended consequences.
This has a lot to do with system issues, the way the cargo is packed, the ballast, and so on.
So the 20th century made us realize just how complicated reality is, but it also had a positive side.
new inventions emerge from emergencies,
It has been found that out of misfortune is born
There's a good example of this, a little-known miracle of technology, but one of the most significant achievements in history was the mass production of penicillin during World War II.
Penicillin was discovered in 1928, but even by 1940 it could not be produced in commercially or medically viable quantities.
A number of pharmaceutical companies have been working
A piecemeal effort yielded no meaningful results.
So the Government Investigation Service got together representatives of the pharmaceutical companies and urged them to do something about this.
As a result, in less than two years, we were in mass production of penicillin, going from the original one-liter flask to a 10,000-gallon tank.
Getting penicillin into mass production so quickly was a breakthrough in medicine.
Also during World War II, the existence of solar radio waves was discovered by studying disturbances to British radar stations.
So disasters have a positive side too, and they advance even basic science, not to mention applied science and medicine.
The time is after World War II, and the unintended consequences get even more interesting.
A very good example dates back to 1976, when the bacterium that causes Legionnaires' disease was discovered, and this bacterium is commonly found in water, but the temperature of the water pooled in heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems. becomes the most favorable temperature for the growth of Legionella, causing problems.
Now it's time for technology
Scientists have developed a disinfectant that has become widely used in air conditioning systems.
But another problem arose in the 1980s, when tape drives mysteriously stopped working all over the United States.
IBM, the manufacturer, was at a loss as to what to do.
We got some of our brightest scientists to investigate, and they discovered that all the tape drives in question were sitting right next to ventilation ducts.
This fungicide actually contains a small amount of tin.
Those tin particles deposited on the tape head and destroyed it.
Fungicide formula changed
What's interesting is that this is the first time a mechanical device has been afflicted with the same pathogens as humans, albeit indirectly.
Machines suffered the same fate as humans.
(Laughter) And here's another interesting thing: while our capabilities and technologies grow exponentially, our ability to model their long-term effects is growing, but only exponentially.
So one of the defining challenges of our time is how to bridge the gap between capabilities and prospects.
On the other hand, one of the very positive consequences of 20th century technology is that another kind of disaster has led to positive progress.
Two business historians at the University of Maryland are doing some interesting research, Brent Goldfarb and David Kirsch, looking at some of the most notable inventions in history, many of which are still unpublished.
After compiling a list of the major inventions, we found the most important decade with the most fundamental inventions, and we looked at other researchers' lists, and a very large list led us to the time of the Great Depression.
No one knows why, but the following anecdote probably reflects something of that.
That's the origin of the Xerox copier, which celebrated its 50th anniversary last year.
Chester Carlson, who invented this, was a patent attorney.
But he didn't want a job in patent research, because he couldn't find a better technical job.
This is the job I ended up with
He was dissatisfied with the poor quality and high cost of reproducing patent documents, so he began developing dry duplication printing, patented in the late 1930s, but finally commercialized in the 1960s. was the year
In this way, people who, under the influence of turmoil, abandon their original career aspirations may find themselves in other careers, where their creativity and talents are unleashed. it is known
what does this all mean
I think we live in unpredictable possibilities.
Take the economy for example
Warren Buffett's mentor, Benjamin Graham, learned from his own losses during the Great Depression in 1929 and developed his own system of value investing.
We developed that book, published in the early '30s, and its revisions are still a primer for investors.
You can learn from disaster and be creative
Today's nuisances, big and small, bed fleas, killer bees, spam emails, and the solutions to these challenges may far exceed the immediate challenges.
For example, Louis Pasteur was commissioned in the 1860s to study the diseases of silkworms for the silk industry, and his discoveries paved the way for the bacteriology of infectious diseases.
Infectious diseases among silkworms were a problem in Europe at the time, and often some kind of plague is the key to a much bigger problem.
What this means is that we need a new way of looking at unintended consequences.
should be viewed more positively
should be considered useful to us
We need to learn from the people you've introduced us to.
We should learn, for example, from Dr. Cushing, whose operations would have claimed the lives of some of his early patients.
It was a necessary failure and a necessary mistake
he should have learned carefully from his mistakes
The phrase "I'm not doing brain surgery" was coined to pay tribute to how difficult it is to learn from mistakes in a field of medicine, where failure is taken particularly harshly.
Also, remember how pharmaceutical companies, in the face of emergencies, gave their knowledge and shared their knowledge, and this was unprecedented.
I could have done it sooner if I felt like it
The message I've learned about these unintended consequences is that chaos can happen, so let's take advantage of it.
thank you
(applause)
So what I'm going to talk about in the next 15 minutes is how we bring life to matter, how we bring life to matter.
This seems a little far-fetched, but if you look at yourself and your hands, you know you're alive.
Let's begin
This Journey Begins on Earth 4 Billion Years Ago
Organic and biological life appeared four billion years ago.
My friends and colleagues who are experts in inorganic chemistry distinguish between the organic, living world and the inorganic, dead world.
What I want to talk about is some of the ways that we can transform the inorganic dead world into the living world into the inorganic organism.
But let's start by talking about biology.
i am obsessed with biology
i like synthetic biology
I like living things
I like to play with the devices of life
But we must not forget that the very machinery of life is driven by evolution.
And although evolution was established by Charles Darwin more than 100 years ago, it remains elusive to many.
Darwinian evolution, in a nutshell, is survival of the fittest.
Now, instead of thinking conceptually about evolution,
Let's think about evolution in the sense that there are survivors at the end of the struggle for survival.
With this in mind, I, as a chemist, challenged myself to ask one question that biology has not yet answered: What is the smallest unit of matter necessary for Darwinian evolution to occur?
this is a very profound question
We chemists aren't usually used to asking profound questions.
As I pondered this question, I suddenly realized that the answer lies in biology.
And in fact, the smallest unit that can evolve on its own is a single cell, a bacterium.
This raises three very important questions: What is life?
Is biology special?
biologists seem to believe that
Can Matter Evolve?
If you answer these questions in reverse order, so if you know the answer to the third question, "Can matter evolve?", then you know how special biology is, and perhaps, perhaps, even a little bit what life is. you know
Inorganic life here
This is a dead crystal, and if you touch it, it will come to life.
And as you can see, it's pollinating, sprouting, growing.
This inorganic material became a tube
All these crystals under the microscope seem to be alive, even though they were dead a few minutes ago.
of course not alive
This is a garden of crystals that I created in my chemistry experiments.
But when I saw this, I was fascinated because it looked like life.
Focus on the screen for a few seconds
Structures are growing and filling the space.
and this is dead
I was convinced that if we could make something that mimics life, we could go one step further.
Let's see if we can make life
But the trouble is, until about 10 years ago, it was impossible to create life, and life was said to be the greatest miracle in the universe.
In fact, we are the only humans in the universe.
But that's a little boring, isn't it?
So, as a chemist, I say, "Wait a minute! Can we really make life?"
I wanted to raise my voice
And that's what I'm after
I think the probability of the birth of the first cell is about the same as the probability of the birth of a star.
Let's take it a step further
If the physics of fusion were pre-loaded into the universe, if they were pre-loaded, so would the physics of life.
The chemist's weakness -- and also his great strength -- is that he likes to focus on the elements.
Carbon plays a major role in biology
And in a universe with carbon and organic biology, it offers an amazing diversity of life.
In fact, there are wonderful organisms that can be genetically engineered.
We take great care in our lab to prevent biohazards from happening.
But what about matter?
If matter were alive, would there be material hazards?
this is a serious question please think about it
If pens can multiply, we're going to be in trouble.
If you want to breathe life into matter, you have to change your perspective.
There are also issues like before
But before we make life, let's think for a moment, what are the characteristics of life?
Look at this intricate diagram
This is a list of reaction pathways in cells
Cells are absolutely wonderful for us.
Synthetic biologists manipulate these
Chemists examine molecules in the study of disease.
These reaction pathways proceed simultaneously
There are control mechanisms, information is transcribed, catalysts are created, things are happening.
But what do cells do?
cells divide, compete, survive
This is the starting point for thinking about life.
And what other features would it have?
I associate flames in bottles
So here's a description of a single cell, which grows, metabolizes, and burns through chemical reactions.
So in order to create artificial life forms and to understand the origin of life, we need to think about the source of energy.
In order to create life, we first have to think about its origins.
Darwin also wrote in a letter to a colleague that life probably originated in some warm pond -- not in Scotland, but somewhere in Africa.
But honestly, nobody knows the answer, because the origin of life is problematic.
Let's say you go back 4.5 billion years and you have a giant pond filled with chemicals.
From this substance we were born
In the next few minutes, if anything seems nearly impossible, remember that we came from matter on Earth.
we've lived through different worlds
RNA experts will tell you about the world of RNA
Eventually, proteins and DNA were born
leads to shared ancestry
And then evolution happens -- and that's the funniest part --
As a result we are
But there is an insurmountable barrier
It's possible to decipher the genes, go back in time, and connect everyone with mitochondrial DNA -- but we can't go back past our common ancestor -- the first cell that could read DNA.
How it got here is a mystery
There are two options. One is intelligent design, either directly or indirectly, by God or by aliens.
Bringing in E.T. or any other life form here just pushes the issue farther afield.
I'm a scientist, not a politician
What we have to think about is the birth of chemical complexity.
most likely
So there is a primitive soup
This happened to be a good source of 20 amino acids.
And somehow, these amino acids combine to give birth to life.
But what is "the birth of life"?
what is life? What is the substance of life?
In the 1950s, Miller Ouray did an amazing experiment, a sort of Frankenstein creation of chemistry.
They placed the base material in a reaction vessel, ignited it, and passed a high current through it.
And when I looked at the contents of the soup, I found that amino acids were being made, but there were no cells.
As a result, research in this field declined for a while, but it revived in the 1980s with the development of analytical and computer technology.
In my lab, we're trying to create inorganic life forms with different modes of reaction.
We're trying to make the reaction happen not in one flask, but in a circulating system of dozens of flasks.
This can be done with a 3D printer to carve out the channels and just a few drops of fluid.
What's important is that there are a lot of complex chemical reactions going on all the time.
But this is probably going to fail.
The answer, of course, is M.I.C.E.
This is how you remember what you need in terms of chemistry.
you need a molecule
But you also need Metabolism and Energy.
Both Information and Container are required
In order for evolution to occur, we need containers that compete with each other.
Having a container is like having a car.
"This is my car, drive it and show it off"
I think there was a similar situation in cell biology about the birth of life.
Maybe it's the combination of these that drives evolution.
To prove it experimentally, you have to keep it to a minimum.
So what we're trying to do is build a Lego kit of inorganic molecules.
Look at the molecules on the screen, this is a very simple kit.
There are only 3 or 4 types of blocks
Combining these, we can create literally hundreds of thousands of nanomolecules the size of DNA and proteins, but without carbon.
Do not use carbon
With this Lego kit, we can create the diversity needed to store complex information without relying on DNA.
and you'll need a container
In my lab, just a few months ago, cells were made from these molecules.
What you see on the screen is where cells are born.
And now we're trying to create a chemical reaction in this.
What I really want to show is that if you can put a molecule inside a cell membrane -- inside a real cell, you can have a kind of molecular Darwinian evolution -- the natural selection of molecules.
The video I'm showing you now shows the competition between molecules.
Molecules compete for matter
They're all made of the same material, but their form prevails.
I'm trying to survive
this is the key
If you can somehow get the molecules to respond to each other, form the right shape, and compete, the molecules will start forming cells, and the cells will multiply and compete.
If that can be achieved, first put aside the details about molecules,
Let's put this story in perspective
Today, the theory of evolution only holds true in the world of organic biology.
If we can make evolution happen in the material world, then we can propose a broader theory of evolution.
this is really worth considering
Is the harmony of matter in the universe controlled by evolution?
Are there forces at work through evolution that encourage competition for matter?
Once we can do that, we can begin to develop new platforms for exploring the evolution of matter.
If we can create a self-sufficient artificial life form, not only will we learn about the origin of life, but we will also learn that carbon is not essential to life, and that carbon can be used for anything. can develop
Assuming you made a small cell
Now, let's say we want to put this out into the environment and harness the energy of the sun.
We evolved it in a box lit by electric lights
You know what works without the help of design.
inspiration from biology
In biology, design doesn't matter as long as it survives.
So the evolution of matter will change the way we design in the future.
Not only that, but we will start to find ways to coexist with biology.
Wouldn't it be great if we could fuse artificial cells with real cells to solve puzzles that were previously unsolvable?
The big challenge in cell biology is that evolution has made the problem so multifaceted that we'll never know it all.
Evolution cannot be thought of in pieces.
I have to somehow find a survival function for the fittest.
I strongly believe that if this really happens, the concept of selfish genes will evolve into a new concept of selfish substances.
What does this mean in a universe where we are the most evolved beings?
you are sitting in a chair
A chair is not a living thing, it doesn't move.
But you are made of matter, you use matter, you control matter.
Using evolution in biology and organic biology is very fascinating and exciting to me.
We're just starting to understand the critical step in bringing dead matter to life.
Again, if you think this is impossible, remember that five billion years ago, there were no humans, and there was no life.
What does this tell us about the origin of life and the meaning of life?
I'm a chemist, so let's stop talking about generalities and talk about specifics.
How does this affect the definition of life?
Defining Life is a Conundrum
But if we can evolve matter and open up the field of inorganic biology, that will define life.
I propose that evolving matter is alive, and therefore evolving matter can be created.
thank you
(Applause) Chris Anderson: Can you tell me one thing about timing?
Do you think this research will succeed?
When will that be?
Lee Cronin: Many people think life takes millions of years to come into being.
We believe that this can happen in a couple of hours, provided the proper chemistry is present.
Chris: When will that be?
Lee: We are aiming for within two years if possible.
Chris: That's a crazy story
(Laughter) How likely is it that life without carbon exists on other planets?
Lee: I think 100%
We're too fanatical about biology.
On the other hand, if we can get life without carbon, we can suggest to NASA what to look for.
We should go after evolving matter, not carbon.
Chris: Good luck. (Lee: Thank you.) (Applause)
Hello everyone
I'm a painter and a struggling father for the second time.
thx
I would like you to take a look at my latest art project.
It's an iPad book for kids
a little weird and funny
There's a book called "POP-IT," which basically shows what little kids do with their parents.
This is potty practice, and I hope you've done it too.
take a mat
make the baby poop
you can have a lot of fun
break a soap bubble
Of course you can also draw pictures
I think there's a problem with children's books, they're full of propaganda.
Buying American Books at Park Slope Yes for Indians
It's not where I grew up, so I thought
"Let's counter with our own propaganda"
If you look closely, it's a gay couple who's raising a child.
don't you like it?
Shake it up and you're a lesbian couple
(Laughter) Shake it again, and you're a man-woman couple.
I don't believe in the ideal family picture.
let's talk about childhood
I went to a very formal Christian school where I learned from priests and nuns and monks.
I was raised to be a good Samaritan and I am
As for the home I returned to, it was a traditional Hindu house, the only Hindu family in an all-Muslim neighborhood.
celebrated all religious ceremonies
In fact, when there was a wedding in our neighborhood, we would all paint the house.
I cried a lot when I saw the baby goat I used to play with in the summer being made into biryani.
(Laughter) During Ramadan, you have to fast.
It was a great time
Then something unforgettable happened when I was 13.
The Baburi Masjid — the most beautiful mosque in India, probably built by King Babur in the 16th century, but destroyed by Hindu extremists.
There was a big riot in my town
For the first time in my life, I experienced social upheaval.
A 5-year-old boy from the neighborhood rushed over and said, "Raghava Raghava
Hindus are killing Muslims, be careful."
When I say, "I'm a Hindu,"
(Laughter) The kid was wide-eyed and surprised.
My work is inspired by these events.
Even when I do an exhibition, I revisit historical events like the Baburi Masjid to scoop out the emotional deposits and paint a picture of my life.
I want to teach history differently
In the previous book, when I shook my parents, their sex changed.
i have another idea
It's a children's book about Indian independence, and it's very patriotic.
But when you shake it, it becomes Pakistani's point of view.
Another shake and it's a British point of view.
(Applause) We need to separate fact from bias.
There are cute animals in my children's books, too.
it deals with geopolitics
It represents Israel and Palestine, India and Pakistan.
I am making a very important claim.
My argument is that the only way to nurture creativity is to teach children different perspectives from the earliest possible age.
Children's books are parenting manuals, so give them books that teach them perspective.
Conversely, it's only when you teach them perspective that they can use their imagination to put themselves in someone else's shoes.
I would like to say that art and creativity are very important tools for empathy.
We can't promise our children a life free of prejudice, because we all have prejudices, but we can have prejudices with multiple perspectives.
thank you very much
(applause)
There's been a lot of exciting things happening in the world of design and in IDEO this past year, and I'm happy to share with you some of them.
I didn't attend the first TED in 1984, but I have attended many times since.
It's kind of interesting to think back to when Richard started it all. Thank you very much Richard. Coming here has been such an important and fun part of my life.
And if you look back, we in Silicon Valley were very product- and object-focused, especially high-tech products.
I had a lot of fun back then, and some of you were my clients.
I took a prototype covered in black cloth and put it on the table on the podium, and when I took off the black cloth, everyone was like, "Oh," "Wow."
it was a really good time
As we've always done, we're going to focus on the product.
If you were here last year, you would have forced me to show you the new Eyemodule 2, a camera that connects to a Handspring device.
I took a lot of pictures last year, and it didn't go unnoticed, but I took a lot of pictures.
This year -- let's get the slides out -- this year we brought this Treo, and we were very involved in it, and we helped Handspring design it.
This is something we designed a few years ago, and in the last few years it's become a ubiquitous life-saving device, the automated external defibrillator (AED).
Ever seen it at the airport? Now it's everywhere
Many lives are saved by this
We're launching a product called the Zinio Reader soon, which should make reading magazines a lot more fun.
In this way we will continue to focus on the product
But in the 18 years since Richard started at TED, something happened, and people like us -- of course, there are people elsewhere who have been involved in this sort of thing for a long time, but for us it's just the beginning. And I've just... moved a little bit up Maslow's hierarchy of needs -- and started to look at more human-centered design -- anthropocentrism in designing.
We actually incorporate the design of human behavior and individuality into our products.
I'm sure you've all seen it by now, and it just made our job a lot more fun.
The funny thing is that we always started with the 3D model -- and I showed you some today -- the 3D images.
We were showing them to convey our ideas.
But the next thing companies like us have to do is, once they've designed something, they can run it and show them how to use it.
So that's why we created an in-house video production department, where we create experiential models to show how humans and machines interact.
This is a very good and easy way
It's like an architect showing you a house full of people instead of an empty house.
So I'm going to show you some videos that show you new and broader designs for products, services and environments.
There are a few of them -- they're just under a minute or a minute and a half each -- and I think it would be interesting to see a video of how our work has worked out over the past year.
Prada New York store, Rem Koolhaas and OMA asked me to come up with a new technology for the New York store.
They wanted a new type of store -- a new store that wasn't just a retail store, but had a cultural role.
So it was about designing a special technology, not just a store where you buy things off the shelf and use them.
There are many products, all of which are tagged with RF tags. Customers also have RF tags attached to their cards, and there are staff terminals throughout the store.
You pick an item, and when you find something you like, our staff can scan the item and display it on any screen in the store.
You can see the colors, the sizes, the fashion shows, things like that.
And then you scan this -- the items you like -- and take it to the fitting room, where the fitting room has a scanner, so it can tell you what clothes are in the fitting room.
Since the products are displayed on the touch screen, you can see more detailed information while trying on the products you like.
I've used liquid crystal displays in many places, but I especially like how they're used in the fitting room.
The last time I went to see the store, the people in front of the fitting room were confused and confused, "Can't they see people changing clothes?"
Of course, if you press a button, the wall will darken.
You can show whether you look good or not, you don't have to
And my favorite feature is the fitting room magic mirror.
The mirror has a large display, and as it spins around, the image appears with a three-second delay.
So you can see behind you and from all angles.
(Applause) About a year and a half ago, I was commissioned to design a museum installation for a new building at the Science Museum in London, primarily on digital and biomedical themes.
The Itch group, now part of IDEO, designed an interactive four-story high wall Has anyone seen it?
I designed an interactive 4 story high wall Has anyone seen it? it's quite spectacular
Anyway, it's based on the London Underground.
As you can see, what this is trying to do is put some of the feedback from the museum visitors on the wall for everyone to see.
You enter your information and a little train rides around with your thoughts, like the London Underground.
When you get to the station, you can grow up and read
And then you walk out of the IMAX theater on the fourth floor -- mostly teenagers -- and there's a big open space with tables like this, and you can have a really fun interactive game, also Itch. Designed by Durell and Andrew of
The theme of this museum is male fertility, procreation, and what self-driving cars will look like.
It's so big that if you come here, you'll know what it is before you join.
And it's not in the video, but it's so beautiful
It climbs up the wall, and when it reaches the top, it bounces off, breaks up into pieces, scatters, and disappears into the air.
The following video was not taken by us
This is a video from CBS Sunday Morning that aired about two weeks ago.
Scott Adams came in and wanted me to design the best office cubicle for Dilbert, and it sounded interesting, so I had to do it.
He's always interested in futuristic technology
[Scott Adams] "I kind of thought I might be the world authority on private room issues.
So I thought it would be interesting to challenge myself to create a better private room with the coolest designers in the world."
[Narrator] "They started out as a team in a small office building in a large office in the great location of the Oakland Bay Bridge in San Francisco, and they ran into problems."
[Woman] "It's a magic mirror. I can see outside, but people outside can see my face."
[Narrator] "Take a picture"
[Woman] "When someone leans against you, you feel like you can't move and you feel like you've been trapped for a while."
[Scott] "It's still kind of a mess, but it's nice to see so many people working on it.
I'm looking forward to seeing what happens."
[Narrator] "The first group created a private room with screens on the walls, showing computer screens and family photos.
The scenario for the second group is that the walls are alive, and everyone hugs Dilbert."
(Laughter) "The idea behind this humor is to make the private room more human." And here's the final one, the orange light following the sun across the sky -- along the path of the sun -- in motion. increase
You can feel the sun in your room
My favorite feature is the flowers in the vase. When people leave, they become dejected and wither.
[Scott] "It's built-in storage in the wall." Things like fish tanks built into the wall give it a homely feel. Something you can attack to relieve stress.
[Scott] "You can customize the boss's face any way you want."
[Scott] "If I had a private room like this, my life would be happier." For my next project, I was asked to design a pavilion for the Millennium Dome in London to showcase the wonders of water recycling.
It uses an insane amount of water to wash the dome, and there's a lot of wastewater.
The pavilion showcases water treatment, where water from a recycling plant is sent to an artificial wetland for final filtration.
Quietness and tranquility were the aim in designing the pavilion
Inside the dome, on the contrary, they're excited, noisy, learning all sorts of things, and having a blast.
I made the pavilion very quiet
If you walk around and gather information, it's a good introduction to the recycling process, what's going on, how the water that goes through the plant is reused.
And if you look at it, the panels are spinning, and in the table you learn the information, and as the panels spin, you can see the real recycling plant in the background, where the machines are actually treating the water.
look, it's a plant
These videos are very low budget quick prototypes
So tonight, we're announcing a new product that will be unveiled to the public for the first time.
It's called spyfish, and it's a product of a company called H2Eye, founded by Nigel Jagger in London.
This company is trying to bring experiences to you, and a lot of people have boats, they go boating, but only a few people can actually go in the water, or have an interest in being in the water. See what's there and know the fun of scuba diving
This product has two cameras
Throw it in from the side of the boat and you can do a quick scuba dive without getting wet.
We had -- this is the product -- two projects, one to design an unobtrusive interface.
We made it immersive in the underwater experience -- feeling like you were in the water --
The other is the design of the product, and the important thing is that this is a consumer product, not a research device.
We've been working on this project for a long time -- it's been about seven or eight years -- and we're just starting to build it.
[Narrator] "spyfish is a breakthrough underwater video camera
It can dive to 500 feet where the sun doesn't reach, and it has a powerful light.
Become your eyes and ears and adventure in the deep sea
spyfish is battery-powered and sends live video from a thin cable." This thin cable is a huge technological breakthrough, and it's only this small.
[Narrator] "This central box unites the whole system
spyfish can be easily piloted with a wireless remote control
Symbols displayed in the video indicate depth and direction of travel
The combination of underwater images and ambient sounds gives you the feeling of being underwater." (Applause) And the last thing I want to talk about is a very exciting project called ApproTEC.
ApproTEC is a company founded by a good friend of mine, Dr. Martin Fischer, who got his PhD from Stanford.
He got a Fulbright scholarship and started his own business in Kenya. And he had a very interesting insight: "Kenya needs entrepreneurs. There should be entrepreneurs everywhere."
And he found that Kenyans could raise enough money to start something at weddings and funerals.
So he decided to start a Kenyan manufacturing business in Kenya, designed by people like us, but manufactured locally.
And to date -- he's only been in Kenya for a few years -- he's founded 19,000 companies.
and created 30,000 new jobs
And just in terms of product sales -- this is a non-profit activity -- the sales of these products now account for 0.6 percent of Kenya's GDP.
This is what one man did. It's really amazing.
Now we're helping design a cheap manual pump for deep wells that will allow people to grow crops in the off-season on their ¼ acres of land.
Now you can grow crops in the rainy season, but you can't grow them in the off-season.
The first woman I showed you when you could do this, she's a schoolteacher and she's always wanted her kids to go to college, and this project will make it possible.
We're designing simple things like seed presses, pumps, hay compactors, and my students are doing this as a class project, and IDEO has been devoting time to this kind of work, but Martin's. success is truly amazing
I haven't forgotten what Richard has done, and (laughter) and (laughter) I designed this hat because I knew it was my last day. let me say
(Laughter) Can you read? (Relax Richard it's over)
(Laughter) It's always kind of funny when he comes out and hangs around.
You don't want to feel guilty for being rude to him.
(Laughter) (Applause) I've seen a lot of interesting things being designed by different presenters in this session.
In my own practice, from product to ApproTEC, taking a more human-centered approach to design that incorporates behavior and individuality is really exciting.
Designers have become more trusted and involved in corporate business strategies, and I'm one of them.
The topic is about economic growth in China and India.
So let's ponder this question together, whether democracy is good or bad for economic growth.
You think it's unfair, because I'm picking two countries as examples against democracy.
I'm just trying to do the exact opposite.
Rather than being against democracy, I would like to discuss the economy from a standpoint that supports democracy.
The first question is, why did China grow faster than India did?
Over the last 30 years, China has grown twice as fast as India in terms of GDP growth.
We've had similar economic growth over the last five years.
But over the last 30 years, China has clearly outperformed India.
Shanghai and Mumbai exemplify that.
Look at the skyscrapers of Shanghai
It is located in the Pudong district
India's photo shows slums in Mumbai's Dharavi district.
What I can tell from these two pictures is that the Chinese government can act above the law.
We can plan in the long-term interests of our country, and displace millions in the process are just a few technological means.
In India, on the other hand, we can't do that because we have to listen to the people.
limited to the voice of the people
Even if Prime Minister Manmohan Singh agrees.
In an interview with an Indian financial newspaper, Prime Minister Singh said he wanted Mumbai to become the next Shanghai.
He's an Oxford-educated humanitarian economist who subscribes to Shanghai's high-pressure policies.
I like to call this the Shanghai model of economic growth, which emphasizes the following points to promote economic development: infrastructure, airports, highways, bridges.
We need a strong government to make that happen.To build and operate infrastructure at a rapid pace.
Failure to respect individual property rights
We must not be constrained by the voice of the people, because we need state ownership, especially with respect to land assets.
What this model tells us is that democracy is not good for economic growth, it's bad for economic growth.
I am asking a fundamental question here.
How important is infrastructure to economic growth?
this is an important issue
If infrastructure is so important to economic growth, then we need strong governments to accelerate growth.
If infrastructure isn't as important as one might think, then strong government shouldn't be so important.
Let me present these two countries to illustrate this question.
For simplicity, let's call one country 1 and the other country 2.
Country 1 has a distinct infrastructure advantage over Country 2.
Country 1 has more telephone penetration and a longer rail network.
I'm going to ask you which one is China, which one is India, and which one grew faster.
If you think about it in terms of infrastructure, I would say that country number one must be China.
Even from an economic growth point of view,
And you will answer that country 2 is probably India
In fact, the country with the most telephones is the Soviet Union, and this is data from 1989.
The country fell apart after releasing fantastic stats on the phone.
this is too tragic
The photo is Khrushchev
By 1989, he was no longer in control of the Soviet Union.
This is the only good picture I have. Telephones, infrastructure don't guarantee economic growth.
China is the second country where telephones are not widely used.
Since 1989, we've had double-digit growth every year for the last 20 years.
If I hadn't known anything about China and the Soviet Union other than the facts about the phone, I wouldn't have been able to make any good predictions about economic growth over the next 20 years.
The country with the longest rail network is actually India.
Country 2 is China
This fact between the two countries is not well known.
Of course, today, China has a huge advantage over India when it comes to infrastructure.
But for a long time, until the late 1990s, China was inferior to India in terms of infrastructure.
The most common mode of transportation in developing countries is the railroad, which is why the British built many railroads in India.
Although the country may be smaller than China, it had a longer railroad network than China until the late 1990s.
And this makes it very clear that, before the late 1990s, China could not explain why China was better than India in terms of infrastructure.
In fact, when we look at the world's experience, it makes more sense to think that infrastructure is actually a product of economic growth.
As economies grow, governments raise more money and invest in infrastructure, and infrastructure is not what drives economic growth.
This is exactly the scenario for China's economic growth.
Let's ask a more direct question
Is democracy bad for economic growth?
Look at two countries Country A and Country B
Country A had a per capita GDP of $300 in 1990, while Country B had a per capita GDP of $460.
By 2008, Country A has surpassed Country B. Country A is $700 per person, while Country B is $650 per person.
both are Asian countries
If you ask me where is this Asian country
I also ask which country is a democracy.
You would argue that country A is probably China and country B is India.
In reality, country A is India, a democratic country, and country B is Pakistan, a country that has been militaristic for a long time.
I do a lot of comparisons between India and China.
because the two countries have about the same population
But the comparison between India and Pakistan actually makes more sense.
The two countries are geographically similar.
Complex but with a common history
From this comparison, democracy looks pretty good in terms of economic growth.
So why do economists lean towards dictatorships?
The East Asian model is one reason
East Asia has some successful economic growth stories: South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore.
There are countries whose economies were ruled by dictatorships in the '60s, '70s, '80s.
The problem with this line of thinking is that it's as if we're only looking at lottery winners.
It is said that everyone hit
Then we conclude that the probability of winning the lottery is 100%.
This is what happens when you buy a lottery ticket and don't go out of your way to ask the losers who didn't win.
There have been as many failures as there have been successful dictatorships in East Asia.
North Korea has not succeeded against South Korea
Mao's China is not successful against Taiwan
Burma too
Philippines also did not succeed
Statistical evidence from all over the world doesn't really support the claim that dictatorships outperformed democracies in terms of economic growth.
So East Asian models are full of selection biases, and this is known as the dependent variable selection problem, and I always remind my students to avoid it.
So why did China grow faster?
Let's talk about the Cultural Revolution, when China went crazy, and compare it to India under Indira Gandhi.
So the question is, who did better, China or India?
China was in the middle of the Cultural Revolution
Even during the Cultural Revolution, China ended up outperforming India in per capita GDP growth by an average of about 2.2 percent each year.
when china went crazy
Even when all of China was crazy
There must have been positives to economic growth that outweighed the negatives of the Cultural Revolution.
The strength of this country is its human capital, it's nothing but human capital.
This is the World Development Index indicator data from the early 1990s.
Earliest data found
The adult literacy rate in China is 77 percent, compared to 48 percent in India.
The literacy gap is particularly pronounced between Chinese women and Indian women.
We haven't talked about the definition of literacy yet.
The definition of literacy in China is being able to read and write 1,500 Chinese characters.
The Indian definition is operational literacy, which is the broadest competence, which is being able to write your name in whatever language you happen to speak.
The gap between the two countries in terms of literacy is even greater than this data.
Even with other sources, like the Human Development Index, this kind of data shows the same disparity even in the early 1970s.
China had a significant advantage over India in terms of human capital.
Longevity is a case in point. As early as 1965, China had a huge advantage when it came to longevity.
On average, in 1965, the Chinese lived 10 years longer than the average Indian.
If I had a choice between Chinese and Indian, I would have chosen Chinese to live 10 years longer.
If you made this decision in 1965, the Cultural Revolution happened the following year, so there's a downside.
So you always have to think carefully when making these kinds of decisions.
If you can't choose your nationality, you'll want an Indian man.
Because Indian men live on average about two years longer than Indian women.
this is a very unnatural phenomenon
Such cases are very rare
It means that there is systemic discrimination and bias against women in Indian society.
The good news is that in 2006, there was no gender gap in life expectancy.
Indian women today have a significant lead over men in terms of life expectancy.
India is returning to its natural state
India still has a lot to do when it comes to gender equality.
Here are two photos, one from a garment factory in Guangdong and another from a garment factory in India.
All women in China
Between 60 and 80 percent of China's coastal workforce is women, while India's is all men.
The Financial Times ran a picture of an Indian garment factory under the headline, "India overtakes China in textiles."
From these two pictures, it's not going to overtake China anytime soon.
If you look at other East Asian countries, women are playing a very important role in the takeoff of economic growth, in the East Asian manufacturing miracle.
India still has a long way to go to catch up with China.
Now the question is, what about China's political system?
You talk about human capital, you talk about education and public health.
what about the political system
Is it true that a one-party regime has accelerated China's economic growth?
the answer is a little more subtle
It depends on how you distinguish between static and dynamic political systems.
It goes without saying that statically China is a one-party dictatorship, an autocracy.
Dynamically, it's moved from dictatorship to more democracy.
When you talk about change, say, economic growth, economic growth is about change, and when you talk about change, you refer to things that have changed, not things that have not changed.
Fixed effects can sometimes explain change, but they can only explain it in terms of interactions with things that change.
In terms of political change, we introduced village elections.
Strengthened guarantees for sole proprietorships
We have also strengthened the guarantee of long-term land use rights.
Fiscal reforms are also taking place in rural areas.
Entrepreneur development projects are also being carried out.
To me, the pace of political change is too slow and gradual.
In my opinion, this country is going to face big changes, because political reforms aren't going that fast and deep.
And yet the political system has moved in the direction of more liberal, more democratic.
A dynamic perspective can also be applied to India
In fact, even in India, when it was growing at a Hindu rate of one to two percent a year, it was far from democratic.
When Indira Gandhi issued a state of emergency in 1975
The Indian government owned and operated all television stations.
What many people don't know is that in the 1990s, India not only embarked on economic reforms, but also on political reforms, such as village autonomy, media privatization, information disclosure.
So in terms of direction, we can look at both China and India in a dynamic way.
Why do so many people think India is still failing to grow?
because it always compares to China
China is a superstar in terms of economic growth.
If you were an NBA player and you were being compared to Michael Jordan all the time, you wouldn't be dull.
But that doesn't mean you're a bad basketball player.
Comparing to superstars is the wrong benchmark.
In fact, if you compare India to the average developing country, even before its recent boom, it's now growing between eight and nine percent, but even before that, India has the fastest growing economy among emerging economies. Ranked 4th
this is a great record
Think about the future, comparing dragons to elephants.
Which countries are growing faster
I still think it's China, because India still doesn't have the foundations of a good society: infrastructure, public health, a sense of egalitarianism.
I think India still has momentum.
The basics are still being improved.
Governments have invested in basic education and basic hygiene.
I think governments should invest more, and it's still moving in the right direction.
India has the right political system for economic growth, while China is still struggling with political reform.
I believe that political reform is essential for China to sustain its growth.
Political reform is also very important to share the benefits of economic growth broadly.
I don't know if it will happen, but I'm an optimist.
And hopefully in about five years from now, I'd like to report at TED Global that political reform is happening in China.
Please listen
thank you
It's not very TED-ish, but let's start this afternoon with this message from a mysterious sponsor.
Anonymous: Dear FOX News, We are sorry that the name and nature of Anonymous have been desecrated.
we are nobody we are nobody
we are anonymous we are the horde
we will not forgive we will not forget
we are also the source of chaos
MG: Ladies and gentlemen, Anonymous is a sophisticated group of politically motivated hackers that emerged in 2011.
they are so scary
No one knows when the next attack will be or who or what will be targeted.
Interestingly enough, they have a sense of humor.
They hacked the Fox News Twitter account and posted that President Obama had been assassinated.
You can imagine the panic in the FOX newsroom.
"Hey what should I do?
wear a mourning band? Or open champagne? "
(Laughs) Rupert Murdoch's News Corp. affiliated company seeks "change."
Is it ironic that you were targeted?
(Laughter) (Applause) Sometimes when you turn on the news, you think, "Are there any left?"
Sony Playstation Network -- Done Turkish Government -- Momentary SOCA -- Easy Victory CIA -- Up and Down
A friend of mine who works in the security industry told me the other day that there are two types of companies out there: those who know they've been hacked, and those who don't.
Three companies that provide cybersecurity services to the FBI have already been hacked.
No, I want you to refrain from it a little anyway
This enigmatic group, Anonymous, is -- in their own words -- providing a service by revealing how unfit companies are to protect our data.
But there's another important aspect to Anonymous, which is that they have political and social motivations.
They claim they're fighting a dastardly conspiracy
They say that governments are trying to take over and control the Internet, and that the only people Anonymous really stands up to are the dictatorships in the Middle East, the global media corporations, the intelligence agencies, and whoever.
There's something fascinating about their tactics
Admittedly not very organized yet
There are also strong voices that they are immature anarchists.
But one thing is for sure, we're facing a big struggle right now in managing the Internet.
The web connects everything, and it will soon be intervening in most human activities.
Because the Internet has been trying to solve the age-old dilemma between the need for security and the desire for freedom in a new and complex environment.
Now this is a very complicated battle.
Unfortunately, you and people like me probably don't quite understand that.
Nonetheless, in an unexpected and arrogant attack some time ago, I decided to understand the complexity.
and now I understand to some extent
I've seen a lot of things in the process of trying to understand
But I'm going to need another 18 minutes to explain all of that, so feel free to trust me here, and I assure you that all of these things are related to cybersecurity and Internet governance. Part of it is probably something that even Stephen Hawking has a hard time trying to understand.
Now
As you can see, in the middle is our old friend, the hacker.
Hackers are always at the center of many of the political, social and economic problems that affect the Internet as a whole.
So I thought to myself, "Well, these are the people I want to talk to."
As you can see, no one talks to hackers.
because they are completely anonymous
Despite the fact that we're spending billions of dollars on cybersecurity - most of which are outrageous technological solutions - nobody wants to talk to hackers, they own everything. I'm here
Instead, we've opted for these dizzying technical solutions at great expense.
So we don't get too deep into hackers
Now, I won't say anything, but there is a small research institute in Turin, Italy, called the Hacker Profiling Project.
They're doing some great research on who hackers are, their abilities, their sociability.
But because it's a United Nations activity, governments and businesses may not be very interested in them.
It's a United Nations operation, so of course it's poorly funded, but
i think they are doing a very important job
Because the cybersecurity industry has a plethora of technological capabilities, but there's one thing it's decidedly lacking - call it old man - human wisdom.
The hacker group Anonymous that I've mentioned so far is a politically motivated hacking group.
Of course, the criminal justice system treats them like old-school criminals.
We do, but the funny thing is that Anonymous doesn't use the hacked information for any financial gain.
What about true cybercrime?
The emergence of true organized crime on the Internet dates back about a decade ago, when a group of talented Ukrainian hackers developed a website that would later lead to the industrialization of cybercrime.
Welcome to the Forgotten Kingdom of Cardar Planet
They advertised themselves as such on the Internet ten years ago.
carder planet attracts interest
Cybercriminals buy and sell stolen credit card information on CarderPlanet and exchange information for newly created malware and
And don't forget, the so-called "off-the-shelf" malware was first born here.
It's out of the box, and you don't have to be a particularly sophisticated hacker to run it.
And CarderPlanet has become a supermarket for cybercriminals.
The site creators were smart and entrepreneurial because they were in big trouble as cybercriminals.
The problem is how to do business, how to trust the people you do business with, when you know that the people you want to do business with on the Internet are criminals.
(Laughter) Clearly, they are dangerous people, and they're trying to steal from other people.
The creators came up with a brilliant idea known as the core of CarderPlanet, the so-called escrow system.
They appointed a secretary to mediate between sellers and buyers.
Sellers have stolen credit card information and buyers want them
Buyer wire transfers some money to custodian manager Sellers sell stolen credit card information
The secretary verifies that the stolen credit card information is valid.
Once verified, we give the money to the seller and the stolen credit card information to the buyer.
And this completely revolutionized cybercrime on the web, and then just
It was getting out of hand
There was a decade when those known as carders reveled in luxury.
I spoke with one of the carders, let's call him Red Brigade - albeit under a pseudonym - and promised not to reveal his identity.
He explained to me what he wanted to do in New York in 2003 and 2004: $10,000 from this ATM, $30,000 from that ATM, with a duplicate credit card.
He was averaging $150,000 a week, tax-free, of course.
He said he had so much money in his Upper East Side apartment that he didn't know what to do and was depressed.
But that's a bit off topic, so I'm not going to go into details.
What's interesting about Red Brigade is that he wasn't an advanced hacker.
I knew a certain amount of technology, and I knew that security knowledge was very important to become a carder, but I didn't want to eat pizza and drink Coke and stare at my computer day and night. was not
He didn't live like that, he enjoyed living in luxury.
This is because hackers are just one component of cybercrime.
And often they are the most vulnerable of all
I'm going to tell you about it, and I'm going to introduce you to six people who I met during my research.
Dimitri Golubov aka SCRIPT Born in Odessa, Ukraine in 1982
His social and ethical values ​​were formed in a Black Sea port throughout the 1990s.
It was a life-or-death environment where you either got involved in crime, or you were forced to turn your back on your survival and cheat.
As a skilled computer user, what Dimitri did was transfer the gang's assets out of his town and onto the internet.
he did a great job
What you need to understand is that since his ninth birthday, he's only known the world of gangs.
He didn't know any other way to make ends meet.
Next, I'd like to introduce you to Renukanth Subramania, aka Jilsi -- founder of the dark market, born in Colombo, Sri Lanka.
At the age of eight, he and his parents fled the capital of Sri Lanka because gangs of Sinhalese were roaming the streets trying to kill Tamils ​​like Renu.
At the age of 11, he was interrogated by the Sri Lankan military and accused of being a terrorist. His parents sent him alone to England as a refugee seeking political protection.
At the age of 13, barely speaking English, being bullied at school, he sought a home in the computer world, where he showed great technical ability, but was soon seduced by someone on the Internet.
Convicted of mortgage and credit card fraud, he is expected to be released from London's Warmwood Scrub prison in 2012.
Matrix001 Dark Market Keeper
Born into a stable and respected middle-class family in southern Germany, my teenage obsession with computer games inspired me to hack.
He soon found himself operating a huge number of servers around the world, where he stored his illegally obtained games.
He gradually turns his hand to crime.
By the time he finally realized his situation and understood the implications, he had already gone too deep.
Max Vision AKA ICEMAN -- Creator of Carders Market
Born in Meridian, Idaho
Max Vision is one of the best penetration testers in the late 1990s in Santa Clara, California, working for a private company and working with the FBI.
Around that time, he discovered that all of the US government's information networks were vulnerable, and he was intrigued and fixed them - because they included a nuclear research facility - a huge security flaw that would shame the US government. was able to avoid
But he was also a hacker at heart, so he left a little digital bughole through which only he could get in.
But this was discovered by a keen-eyed investigator, and he was found guilty.
In prison he would fall victim to financial scammers who persuaded him to work with them after his release.
This ridiculously smart man is currently serving a 13-year sentence in California.
Adeuel Taiwo aka FeddyBB -- Master Bank Account Theft Born in Abuja, Nigeria He is
He set up a newsgroup called bankfrauds@yahoo.co.uk, and then in 2005 he came to England to pursue a master's degree in chemical engineering at the University of Manchester.
He was attracted to a private company developing chemical applications for the oil industry, while conducting a global credit card fraud worth millions of dollars before he was arrested in 2008.
Finally, Chagatai Eviapan aka Cha0 -- one of the most notable hackers of all time from Ankara, Turkey
He combined a tremendous knowledge of computers with the soft-spoken social skills of a seasoned criminal.
He's one of the smartest people I've ever met.
We deployed the most effective virtual private network security, unprecedented in international cybercrime.
What's important here is that all of these people have one trait in common, even though they come from very different backgrounds.
All of them learned that hacking skill in their early to mid-teens.
They're all demonstrating prowess in mathematics and science.
And let's not forget, when they were honing their hacking skills, their ethics were immature.
And most of them, with the exception of SCRIPT and Cha0, had a hard time adapting to the real world, and the only place they could adapt was on the web.
And what's also important is that these traits, which are highly prevalent among hackers, are consistent with those of Asperger's Syndrome.
I discussed this point with Professor Simon Baron-Cohen, who is a professor of developmental psychology at the University of Cambridge.
He's doing groundbreaking work on autism, and he's Gary McKinnon -- he's wanted by the U.S. government for hacking into the U.S. Department of Defense -- and has Asperger's Syndrome, secondary to depression. I accept the condition
As Baron-Cohen explains, there are people who have tremendous technical ability in the world of hacking and computers because of some kind of disability. Because they're socially displaced or deceived.
I don't think we're aware of the trick, people like Max Vision shouldn't be in jail.
let me say this frankly
China, Russia and many other countries are stepping up the development of cyberattacks, and it's an undeniable fact.
They're recruiting hackers, whether they're involved in criminal or industrial espionage or not, and they're recruiting them regardless of their status.
We need to find ways to provide guidance to these young people, and hire them, because they're an extraordinary group of people.
If we continue to rely on the criminal justice system and the threat of harsh penalties, as we do at this moment, we will grow monsters beyond our control.
Thank you for your attention
(Applause) CA: So your idea worth spreading is to hire hackers.
How do you overcome the fear that the hackers you hire might leave a small wormhole?
MG: You have to understand that hackers obviously do things like that.
They just can't stay away from what they do.
But all the people I spoke to, even though they broke the law, said, "Please, give us a chance to work in a legitimate industry. We don't know how to get there.
I didn't even understand what I was doing
We want to work with you."
CA: I see, you're right. Thanks Misha.
(applause)
My name is Kate Hartman
My hobby is to make equipment that can be enjoyed by interacting with people and communicating with them.
I'm particularly interested in interpersonal communication and how we interact with the world as human beings.
(Laughter) Let me give you a little bit of my background: I'm an artist, an engineer, and an educator.
I teach physical computing and wearable electronics.
We mainly deal in things that can be worn and things related to the human body.
Whenever I introduce my work, I try to briefly explain the importance of the human body.
the answer is very simple
because everyone is ready
Whether you're sitting in a fancy chair or using a computer on the top shelf, everyone in this room definitely has a body.
don't be ashamed
The body is something we all have in common, and it acts as an interface with the world.
As a communication designer or engagement artist, creating objects that live with the human body is extremely rewarding.
I use a variety of materials and tools in my work, for example
Radio receivers, funnels, tubes, etc. are used to transmit information.
If I were to introduce my work, I would start by talking about hats.
It all started a few years ago, late at night on the subway on my way home, thinking.
I have a habit of thinking too much and being speechless
At the time, I was thinking, how wonderful it would be if I could physically take the noise of my thoughts out of my head and put them into a form that I could share with others.
After I got home, I made a prototype of this hat.
It's called the "whistling hat" because it makes a whistling noise that binds you, but you can take those noises out and share them with others.
(Laughter) I have other hats.
This is a "hat that speaks to itself"
(Laughter) I don't need an explanation.
Creates a physical conversation space
If you speak loudly, the voice actually comes back to your ears.
(Laughter) When you build something like this, you realize that it's not the object itself that's the problem, but the negative space that surrounds it.
What happens when you wear this on a human
what kind of experience
and what impact
Many of these devices were designed to help you interact with yourself.
This particular instrument is a "visceral stethoscope"
You can use it to hear the internal organs for yourself.
(Laughter) Some devices put a lot of emphasis on expression and communication.
An "air heart" is an external organ that allows you to express yourself by wearing it.
You can inflate or deflate the air heart depending on your emotions.
So you can express all emotions, from admiration and craving to worry and concern.
(Laughter) Some instruments were created to mediate experiences.
"mutual bouncer" is for arguing
(Laughter) It actually allows for intense emotional exchanges, but it serves to soften the aggression of the verbal flurry.
(Laughter) Finally, some of these act as triggers.
An ear cannula has protrusions that allow people to grab the ear and say what they want to say.
I'm interested in interpersonal relationships, but I'm also interested in how people interact with their surroundings.
When I first lived in New York a few years ago, I often thought about one thing: the architectural style we're familiar with and how we can better relate to it.
I thought, "Okay
If I want to get along with the wall, I have to become like the wall myself."
So I built a wall that you can carry like a backpack.
When you carry it on your back, you somehow experience a physical change that allows you to admire or criticize the space that used to surround you.
(Laughter) And that's what inspired me to go beyond the artificial environment to think about the natural world. I'm currently working on the "Plant Phone Project," which is a way of communicating information from indoor potted plants to humans.
If the plants need water, they'll call you or post a message on Twitter or something.
This changes the human-plant dynamics, because one plant can actually communicate its needs to thousands of people at the same time.
If you think about scale, I've been obsessed with glaciers lately.
Glaciers are majestic creatures, and they fascinate me for many reasons, but I'm particularly interested in the relationship between humans and glaciers.
(Laughter) Because there seems to be a problem.
actually leaving human
Glaciers are sinking and melting, and some of them are completely gone.
I actually live in Canada now, and I go to a local glacier.
This glacier is particularly interesting because it's the most visited glacier in North America in a year.
There are buses that actually go beyond the moraine, and they drop you on the surface of the glacier.
I couldn't help thinking about my first encounter with a glacier.
What should I do when I visit a glacier for the first time?
There are no human-glacial social conventions
I didn't know how to say hello
Should I carve a message in the snow?
Or should we line up crushed ice to make Morse code?
Or do we need to build an ice megaphone-like device that amplifies your voice when you put it on the ice surface?
But I was most comfortable when I was listening, which is necessary for any relationship.
I was moved by the magnificence of the act of listening.
A fundamental change in my attitude has allowed me to change my perspective on glaciers.
These days, we're using devices to find ways to connect with the world, so we actually built a glacier hug suit.
(Laughter) It's made of a heat-reflective material that acts as a medium for the temperature difference between the human body and the glacier.
Again, this is a trigger, asking people to lie on the glacier and give them a hug.
this is just a start
This is the original purpose of the project
Like I wanted to use a wall to be like a wall, I want this project to progress slowly like a glacier.
My intention is to use the next 10 years on collaborative projects, working with artists, engineers, scientists from different disciplines, working together to find ways to improve the relationship between humans and glaciers. I'm going to finally
I'd like to say something more important than introducing the project: we live in an age of information and gadgets, and it's really powerful, it's fascinating, it's exciting, but what really matters is how we use the devices and how we interact with the world. I think it's about thinking about whether you can be both admiring and critical at the same time.
thank you
(applause)
Ladies and gentlemen, let me show you the human genome.
(Applause) Chromosome 1 is in the upper left, and the sex chromosome is in the lower right.
Females have two large sex chromosomes X, males have an X and a small sex chromosome Y.
Sorry guys, but the Y chromosome is so small.
If you zoom in on this chromosome, you'll see a double helix structure in which the information about life is written in the bases of the four chemical substances A, C, G, and T.
The human genome consists of 3 billion bases
That's a huge number, isn't it?
If the number is large, it will be difficult to understand
If you put one base per pixel on a 1280x800 resolution screen, you'd need 3,000 screens to look over the genome.
that's a really big number
Maybe because it was so big, a group of people with Y chromosomes got the idea to do some sequencing.
(Laughter) It took 15 years and four billion dollars to sequence and publish the genome.
The final version was published in 2003, and research is still ongoing.
The analysis was performed on this machine
Costs about $1 per base
It's a process that takes time, but folks, I want to say that no one has noticed that this situation has changed.
The current method is to make about 50 copies of a single genome, and then sequence each of the 50 bases in parallel.
We feed it into software, reconfigure it, and produce the result.
What this looks like is that the Human Genome Project looked at three billion bases.
With this machine, we can analyze 200 billion bases in a week, 600 billion this summer.
It seems that the speed is still increasing
So the cost of sequencing a single base is now one in a million.
That's the equivalent of filling up your car with gas in 1998 and going two trips to Jupiter in 2011.
(Laughter) The population of the world, the number of computers, the archives of all the medical papers, Moore's Law, the traditional method of analysis, and this is a completely new method.
This graph is on a logarithmic scale.
The speed at which the world is currently analyzing the human genome is 50,000 to 100,000 people per year.
Estimated based on equipment used
It's going to double, triple or quadruple every year for the time being.
In fact, one laboratory has 20 percent of the world's analytical capacity, the Beijing Genome Institute.
China is steadily winning the modern version of the Moon Race.
What are the implications for medicine?
There was this 37-year-old woman with stage 2 estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer.
underwent surgery chemotherapy radiation therapy
Discharged from the hospital
Two years later, I had stage 3 ovarian cancer and was readmitted to the hospital. Unfortunately, the treatment was again surgery and chemotherapy.
Three years later, at the age of 42, the ovarian cancer recurred, and I underwent chemotherapy again.
And six months later, I got acute myeloid leukemia.
He died eight days later from respiratory failure.
First, in less than 10 years, this woman's treatment will be viewed as baseless as bloodletting.
Thanks to my colleague Rick Wilson and others at the University of Washington's Genome Institute for autopsying the bodies.
We took healthy skin cells and cancerous bone marrow, and within a few weeks we sequenced the genomes of both, no big deal.
And one of the things we discovered when we compared these two genomes was that 2,000 of the 3 billion bases were missing in a specific gene called TP53.
If you have a deleterious mutation in this gene, you have a 90% chance of getting cancer.
It doesn't help that woman, but it has harsh and serious implications for her family.
If they carry the same mutation, and it's detected by genetic testing, then regular testing could detect cancer early and potentially extend lifespan significantly.
I'm going to tell you the story of the Beery twins, who were diagnosed with cerebral palsy when they were two years old.
The determined mother didn't believe it, unless the symptoms matched the disease.
After a lot of hard work and internet searches, I convinced my doctor that my child had something else, not cerebral palsy.
It was actually dopa-responsive dystonia.
I was prescribed a drug called L-Dopa, and my symptoms improved, but they didn't go away completely.
A clear obstacle remained
But the guy in the picture, Joe Beery, was lucky enough to be the CIO of a company called Life Technology.
It was one of two manufacturers of large-scale whole-genome analyzers.
he analyzed the genomes of his children
We found a series of mutations in a gene called SPR, which is involved in the production of serotonin.
So when we gave L-Dopa along with a serotonin precursor, the children became virtually normal.
This would not have happened without genomic analysis.
a few years ago it cost $100,000
$10,000 now, $1,000 next year, $100 the year after next.
progressing so fast
Nick in this picture loves Batman and water guns.
I came into pediatrics with a bloated belly like a starvation victim.
It's not that you're not eating, it's that when you eat something, your intestines open up and stool flows back into your intestines.
After countless surgeries, he said to his mother, "Mama, please pray for me.
It hurts so much."
My doctor just happened to be studying clinical genetics, so I just ran the genome without knowing what the problem was.
They found a single point mutation in the gene responsible for programmed cell death.
His body seemed to have some sort of immune response to the food.
This is a natural response that triggers programmed cell death, but the gene that suppresses it has been destroyed.
From there, it was determined that a bone marrow transplant was needed, and surgery was performed.
After a grueling nine months of recovery, I now eat steak normally.
(Laughter) It opens up the possibility of using the genome as a universal diagnostic tool.
it has already come true
What this means is that the mere ability to perform genomic diagnostics could add five to 20 years to the lives of people in the audience.
What a wonderful story, unless you think about population growth and the need to produce more food.
The exact same technology can be used to develop new varieties of corn, soybeans, and other crops that are more resistant to droughts, floods, pests, and pesticides.
So as long as the population continues to grow, we'll have to grow and eat genetically modified foods.
That's the position I take today
Unless someone says they don't have to eat
nobody is there
This is a typewriter. It's been on every desk for decades.
But this practically wiped it out.
And then came the more popular word processors
The bottom line is that we've had a series of disruptive innovations.
Bob Metcalfe invented the Ethernet, connected all computers, changed everything radically.
Before I knew it I had Netscape and Yahoo
That dot-com bubble happened
(Laughter) But don't worry, iPods and Facebook and Angry Birds saved us.
(Laughter) We are here now.
This is the current genomic revolution.
Think about it, if these dots don't represent your individual bases, but rather connect the genomes of the world.
I recently got a life insurance policy and was asked the following questions: A: I have never had a genetic test B: I have had it Here are the results C: I have had it but I won't answer about it
Thankfully I got an "A", so I answered honestly.
But what if it was "C"?
Genome analysis software for the general public will spread.
Do you want to know if you are genetically compatible with your lover?
Genetic analysis on iPhone? Leave it to the app
(laughs) How about various genome analysis services?
There's already a testing company testing for alleles of the so-called cheating gene, AVPR1.
(Laughter) If you're here as a couple today, you can take a swab in your partner's mouth and send it to a testing company to be sure.
(Laughter) Would you want to elect a president with a genome suggestive of cardiomyopathy?
Suppose a candidate in the 2016 presidential election released not only four years' worth of tax returns, but also their own genome.
genome is fine
What if, at that time, you forced other candidates to come forward?
Don't you think that will happen?
Do you think it worked in favor of McCain?
(Laughter) Among all of you, the same name as me, Resnik.
Raise your hand if you have a name
nobody?
There are usually 1-2 people
my grandfather had 10 siblings
We hated each other and moved to different parts of the world
I think it's very likely that I'm related to the other Resniks.
If my genome is put anonymously into the software, and a cousin's genome is also there, there's software that can compare and correlate the two.
It's not hard to imagine. Actually, that software is in my company.
Imagine yet another thing: what if the software could ask for mutual consent, "Would you like to meet your distant cousin?"
If both say yes
Chromosome LinkedIn is ready
(Laughter) This is probably a good thing, right?
Expanding family ties
but this is also a bad thing
father please raise your hand
According to experts, 1-3% of you are not the real father of your child.
(Laughter) Look -- (Laughter) These genomes -- 23 pairs of chromosomes, at least so far, don't represent the quality of relationships or the nature of society -- at least until now.
It's all up to us to decide whether any new technology will be of use to humanity.
So I want you to wake up, pay attention, and influence the genomic revolution that's happening all around you.
thank you
(applause)
It's really hard to speak after all the wonderful speeches and ideas that have been given here, and what I'm going to talk about today is television.
most people watch tv
Everyone likes TV There must be something they like
In America, everyone really loves
The average American watches TV for about five hours a day.
May I?
It's a very good thing for me, who makes a living off of that TV.
But there are many people who don't like television.
some people criticize
Some people even say that television is ridiculous and crap.
When I was a kid, my mom used to call TV "the box of idiots."
But today I'm not going to discuss whether television is good or bad. I want to tell you that I believe television has a conscience.
I think this way because I believe that television directly reflects the moral, political, social, and emotional needs of America, which is to say that television is a vehicle for all of our values. is doing
Our conscience is a collection of values ​​that are inherently human.
I'm not talking good or bad on TV right now.
I'm talking about popular programs
Here's 50 years of Nielsen's top 10 shows.
50 years of Nielsen's viewership surveys don't just reflect the social, collective unconscious, as they often say, but how do the top 10 reflect our social consciences? Uka
How did television evolve and what does it say about society?
Let's start by talking about evolution, starting with basic ecology. Animals, including humans, had four basic needs.
Appetite, lust, lust for power and greed
I want you to remember that as we develop and evolve, we have tamed these animal cravings.
humans can cry and laugh
I feel fear and sympathy
This is where we differ from other animals.
There's more. Humans love to have fun.
i love watching tv
This is where humans and animals clearly differ.
Animals may love to play, but they don't like to look
And so, I had a strong desire to find out what could be explained by the uniquely human relationship between the human conscience and television programs.
How did television evolve in this way?
I think of this like a cartoon with an angel and a devil on their shoulders.
Does television act as a literal conscience while simultaneously seducing and rewarding?
I did a study to answer these questions.
We went back 50 years to shows from 1959 to 1960.
We studied Nielsen's top 20, 20 each, 1,000 shows over 50 years.
I spoke to over 3,000 people -- almost 3,600 people -- ages 18 to 70 -- and asked how they felt.
I asked them about each show, how they felt watching this show.
Did you feel moral ambiguity?
Angry? Did you laugh?
what does that mean to you
TED's audience is global, but the research was conducted in the United States.
But as you can see, the kind of emotion we're looking for here is universal.
And the fact is, more than 80 percent of the popular shows in America are watched around the world.
So I think it's a result that's relevant to everyone in the world.
Before I show you the first slide, I would like to thank two people for their inspiration.・Stern and
As an example of how to present data, I'm TED community superstar Hans Rosling.
OK, let's get started
Here's 50 years of research from 1960 to 2010.
Let's start with these two: the states of inspiration and moral ambiguity, where I define inspiration as a show that lifts your spirits and makes the world feel more positive.
Moral ambiguity is a show that can't tell the difference between what's right and what's wrong.
Starting in 1960, the inspiration is constant.
so we watch tv
Moral ambiguity begins to rise
Since the late '60s, moral ambiguity has risen, and inspiration has dwindled.
why?
The Cuban Missile Crisis, JFK was shot, the civil rights movement, the anti-racism demonstrations, the Vietnam War, Martin Luther King and Kennedy were shot, and the Watergate scandal.
see what happens
Inspiration plummeted in the 70s
Moral ambiguity is on the rise
Ronald Reagan, who will be on television, will switch between the two
When I become president, I try to recover.
But I can't AIDS, the Iran-Contra affair, the Chellanger explosion, Chernobyl
Moral ambiguity became a major television meme in the 1990s and for the next 20 years.
see here
This graph shows a very similar trend
This time, red circles represent comfort, social advocacy, and bravado in blue and green.
On television, family-friendly shows like "Bonanza," "don't forget," "Gunsmoke," and "Andy Griffiths" are comforting.
This kind of thing has increased It's all about pleasant programs
Impudence begins to rise
Social advocacy is also on the rise
What happens in 1969?
Here's comfort, brazenness, social advocacy, and these not only fought in society, but they also competed on television. and was third
what is the first place
It's a socially shameless hippie show called "The Rowan and Martin Comedy."
We all lived together, didn't we?
The reaction to the show was dramatic
Look at the green spike from 1966, a reaction to this pioneering show.
What do you mean when you say it's a big hit in the industry?
The 1966 television season bursts with "The Smathers Brothers."
This was the first show that had a viewer say, "I can't believe you can say anything you want about the Vietnam War, the president, on TV."
This means it was a big hit for us.
Now let's see what happened like in the chart above
In 1970, the dam broke, the dam broke.
Comfort is no longer a reason to watch TV
Social commentary and brazen content rose throughout the '70s.
then look at this
Who are the 70's? I'm Norman Rea
"All in the Family," "Sanford and Son," and overwhelmingly "MAS*H," which was in the top 10 of the '70s.
In the 50 years we studied, seven of the top 10 brazen TV shows aired during the Vietnam War, and five of the top 10 aired during the Nixon era.
Only one generation out of 20 years, this was a discovery, wow, you can do this on TV.
How I feel on TV
can change us
I just want to say to this really astute audience that even in the digital age, there have been no disruptive inventions.
It's been 40 years since Archie Bunker was pushed out of his armchair with us.
It's a simple graph, and it shows another characteristic. I defined fantasy and imagination as "something that makes you forget your daily routine" or "something that makes you feel refreshed."
The red dots show the number of unemployed, using Department of Labor statistics.
Look, every rise in fantasy and imagination corresponds to a rise in unemployment.
Do we want to see shows about people saving money or losing their jobs?
You don't want to see it. In the '70s, we had a pioneering show called "Bionic Woman," which burst into the top 10 in 1973, followed by "Six Million Dollar Man" and "Charlie's Angels."
There was another hit in 1980 - another one about dominance and power.
What kind of program was there?
Glamorous and rich program
"Dallas" and "Fantasy Island"
It's incredibly reflective of the national state of mind, the state of mind in the face of the hard facts of unemployment.
This is my favorite chart because it represents the last 20 years.
Whether you're in the television industry or not, you've probably heard and seen the decline of three-camera sitcom-type shows and the rise of reality television.
In industry terms, pay attention to the batten
Humor flourished greatly in the '90s: Friends, Fraser, Cheers and Seinfeld.
Good society and low unemployment
But look, a cross mark appears.
2001, in the September TV season of 2001, humor definitively loses to judgment.
it can't be
There was a presidential election in 2000, and the Supreme Court decided the president.
The dotcom bubble has burst
there was 9/11
Anthrax has become an everyday term
look how this turned out
After 2000, the Internet took off and reality TV became mainstream.
What do you want from TV?
If it were me, I might have thought of it as a counterattack or nostalgia.
Comfortable things in a crumbling world
But what was required was judgment
Voting out TV characters
Make Palin's daughter dance all the way through the show
Pick or fire the next American Idol
it's all amazing
These TV shows have changed dramatically, but what about pure entertainment over the last 50 years?
we are animals and we need mothers
There was a clear and dominant mother figure in every decade.
In the 1950s, June Cleaver in the heartwarming drama Leave It to Beaver
Can't stop laughing, Lucille Ball is a symbol of the socially conscious '60s
Maud Findlay was one of the out-of-the-box actresses of the 1970s who covered abortion, divorce and menopause on TV.
The '80s saw the first Cougar, played by Alexis Carrington.
The vice president, played by Murphy Brown, also suggested the idea of ​​single parenthood.
The mother of this age is Bree Vandekamp.
I don't know if it's a devil or an angel, but it's on the shoulders of our television with our consciences.
Ladies and gentlemen, TEDWoman women and men, and TEDWoman's global audience, thank you for the opportunity to speak to you about the conscience of television.
And I'd like to thank all the wonderful creators who have put their ideas into television images throughout the days of television.
Not only did they bring television to life, but the viewers collectively, through their social conscience, also brought it to life, kept it alive, empowered it and took it away.
thank you
(applause)
Let's talk big numbers
Let's talk about huge numbers past and future Let's talk about huge numbers past and future
About 106 billion people have been born so far About 106 billion people have been born
most of them are already dead
Most of the population is distributed in Asia
And most of them were and still are very poor and do not live long.
Let's talk big numbers
There's $195 trillion worth of wealth in the world today There's $195 trillion worth of wealth.
Most of them were produced after 1800.
And as you know, most of it is owned by what we call Westerners, people in Europe, North America, Australia, New Zealand.
Despite being 19% of the world's total population today, Westerners own two-thirds of the wealth.
Economic historians call this the "great inequality."
Here's a graph that explains the "great disparity" in a very simple way.
The two lines on this graph are GDP per capita, Gross Domestic Product per capita, so to speak, average income inequality.
The red line is the per capita income gap between the UK and India The per capita income gap between the UK and India
And the blue line is the gap between America and China.
The horizontal axis starts at 1500
As you can see, there was a sudden "great disparity."
In the beginning there was no difference
In fact, in 1500, the average Chinese was richer than the average American.
But at the end of the horizontal axis, in the 1970s, the average British was ten times richer than the average Indian.
This statistic has been adjusted for differences in cost of living.
based on purchasing power parity
By the 1970s, the average American was about 20 times richer than the average Chinese.
I wonder why?
It's not just about the economy
If you look at the 10 countries that would go on to become the great powers of the West, in 1500 they were all small -- 5 percent of the world's land area, 16 percent of the world's population, and 20 percent of the world's income.
By 1913, these countries, along with the United States, had become a gigantic empire - 58 percent of the land, the same size of the population, and three-quarters of the world's economic output.
Most of the wealth was returned to the colony's homeland and did not stay in the colony.
Blaming imperialism for inequality is a common interpretation, but that's not always true, for two reasons.
First, the imperialism pursued by the Western world since 1500 is nothing new.
every country practiced imperialism
Western countries destroyed the existing Eastern empires, such as the Mughals and the Ottomans.
So imperialism is not a good explanation for "great inequality."
As we just saw, the "great inequality" peaked in the 1970s, a long time after the liberation of the colonies.
this question is not new
The great lexicographer Samuel Johnson, in his 1759 novel, The Tale of Rusellas, Prince of Abyssinia, had the protagonist Rusellas say:
"Why are the Europeans so powerful? They can so easily invade Asia and Africa, trade and conquer them, so why do the Asians and Africans invade their coasts, their port cities?" can't be colonized and ruled?
After all, if you ride the wind that blows when they go home, you can go to their country.”
very good question
Interestingly, at about the same time, there were non-Western people who asked the same question, almost in reverse, such as Ibrahim Mutefelika, an official in the Ottoman Empire, who belatedly introduced the art of printing into the Ottoman Empire. Published in 1731. In his book, he wrote, "Why did Christian nations, once more fragile than Muslim nations, become so powerful in recent years that they now dominate so much territory and defeat the glorious Ottoman army? ”
Unlike Lasellas, Muteferica had an answer, and it was the right answer.
He says, "Because they have laws and norms that are guided by reason."
geography is not a factor
Some people think that geography explains the "great disparity."
This is obviously wrong, because in the 20th century there were two big experiments to see if geography was more important than institution.
They took all the Germans together, divided them into two large halves, and implemented communism in the East, and you know the result.
In a surprisingly short time, the former East Germany built the Trabant, or Traby, the worst car in the world, while the people in the West built the Mercedes-Benz.
If you're still not convinced, I've also tried it on the Korean Peninsula.
Here, we divided the Korean race into roughly equal halves geographically. Among them, of whom we share a historical culture, the North enforced communism.
The result was an even bigger gap in a short period of time than in Germany.
Border Patrol uniforms don't differ much, but everything else is a huge disparity.
What all this shows is that, contrary to popular belief, geography and nationality don't matter.
Ideas matter
and system
I'm sure the Scottish say
I'm the only Scotsman in this TED room
That's why I say that the smartest people in the world were the Scots.
His name wasn't Adam Smith, Billy Connolly or Sean Connery, but he was smart too.
(Laughter) Smith -- there's a statue of him on the Royal Mile, and I encourage you to go and admire it.
(Laughter) Definitely
Well, we had a little problem with our small colony.
(Laughter) "China has been stagnant for many years, and the Chinese legal system, which has accumulated all kinds of wealth so long ago, has helped it.
It can be said that this way of gaining prosperity was very inferior to the legal system that suited the climate of other regions.”
really captures the essence
And I told you long ago
But if I keep talking to TED attendees about institutions, they'll get bored.
Make it a more familiar expression
Let's call these systems killer apps.
6 killer apps that explain why the West excelled
deceptively simple, like a smartphone app
just click the icon
But there's a complicated program behind it.
system is the same
Here are the 6 apps that created the 'great disparity'
1. Competition
2. Scientific Innovation
3. PROPERTY AND LAND OWNERSHIP
4. Modern medicine
5. Consumer society
6. Diligence
Add missing apps or try narrowing it down to 4. If you try, you'll lose.
(Laughter) I'll give you a brief explanation, along the way, and I'll introduce you to the stories of economic historians.
Competition means that, in the 1500s, there were nearly a hundred national sovereignties in Europe, each of which had competition between corporations and nations.
The company's ancestor, the City of London, existed in the 12th century.
The situation in China was different. There was only one nation. China, with 20% of the world's population, had to pass a standardized exam to advance in the world. It was necessary to memorize many numbers, and a difficult Confucian essay was also presented.
Western scientific innovation has some crucial differences from those developed in the East.
For example Benjamin Robin's application of Newtonian physics to ballistic mechanics
This improved the accuracy of gunnery.
What does this mean?
A true "killer" app
(Laughter) On the other hand, there's no scientific breakthrough in other regions.
The Ottoman Empire isn't far from Europe, but there's no scientific breakthrough.
Rather, they demolished the Taki al-Din observatory because they thought that seeking God's will was blasphemy.
Property rights, this is not a democracy, it's whether there are laws that recognize individual property rights.
This is what made the difference between North America and South America.
Let's say you have a contract in North America that says, "For five years, I will work for free.
However, food should be provided.”
But in five years, you'll have 100 acres of land.
This is the land grant system on the bottom half of the slide.
This is not the case in Latin America, where the land is held by a small elite descended from the conquerors.
And here we see the "great disparity," the disparity in land ownership between North and South America.
In the 1900s, most people in North America owned some land.
Whereas in South America, very few
It's also a killer app
Modern medicine made great strides in the late 19th century, helping prevent deadly epidemics.
This is another killer app. Well, it's the exact opposite of a killer app, but it more than doubles life expectancy.
The colonies also benefited from this.
For example, in Senegal, since the early 20th century, public health has improved dramatically, and life expectancy has begun to rise.
Growth hasn't changed much since independence Growth hasn't changed much since independence
Imperialism also had its advantages.
A consumer society was essential to the success of the industrial revolution.
We need consumers who want more clothing
I'm sure you all bought some clothes last month.
That's the consumer society, and the consumer society drives economic development more than technological innovation.
Japan became the first consumer society outside of the West.
By contrast, Mahatma Gandhi advocated a system of semi-permanent modesty.
Few Indians now think that India should have gone the way of Gandhi.
Lastly is diligence
Max Weber's diligence made him a Protestant
I misunderstood it as peculiar
Diligence can occur in any culture if there are institutions that incentivize work.
Today, industriousness is not limited to Protestants and Western societies.
In fact, Western society is losing the will to work.
The average Korean now works 1,000 more hours a year than the average German 1,000 hours more
This is just one big phenomenon, the end of the "great inequality."
Who is the hardest working person right now?
Let's see what 15-year-olds do in math.
According to the latest PISA survey, Shanghai, China, is on top of the world.
The difference between Shanghai and Britain and the United States is the difference between Britain and the United States and Albania and Tunisia
Comparable
Since the iPhone is designed in California and assembled in China, does the West still dominate innovation?
no
If you look at the number of patents, the East is clearly ahead.
Japan has held the top spot for many years, South Korea has jumped to third place, and China is poised to overtake Germany.
Why?
Because killer apps are downloadable
it's open source
It's a system that any society can adopt, and a society that does can do what the West has done since 1500, and in a shorter period of time.
It's "convergence of inequality." It's a big thing happening in our generation.
it's happening right before our eyes
Our generation will see the end of Western supremacy Our generation will see the end of Western supremacy
The average American was once 20 times richer than the average Chinese.
Now it's only 5x, it'll be 2.5x soon.
I'm going to end this story by raising three questions about the future: In 2016, the United States will cede its position as the world's largest economy to China.
First question: Can these apps be removed? Is Western society in the process of removing them? Can it be deleted? Is Western society in the process of deleting it?
Second question: Does the order in which apps are downloaded matter?
Did Africa get the order wrong?
What is clear in modern economic history is that it is extremely difficult to transition to democracy before individual property rights have been established.
WARNING: May not work properly
Third: Can China survive without Killer App #3?
John Locke said that freedom is rooted in individual property rights and the laws that protect them.
This is the foundation of Western parliamentary politics.
This is Chinese artist Ai Weiwei's studio in Shanghai being demolished earlier this year.
After being held captive for a while, he was set free again.
But I don't think his studio has been rebuilt.
Winston Churchill defined civilization in his pivotal 1938 speech.
I think it really hits the mark: "Civilization is a society based on the opinions of ordinary citizens.
Civilization is the long continuation of the rule of law in which conditions of violence, rule by soldiers and dictators, camps and wars, riots and oppression are replaced by parliaments and independent courts that make laws.
That's civilization -- it's the soil where freedom, comfort and culture grow."
“In a civilized country, the majority of the population will be able to live free and unrepressed.”
it's really true
I don't think the downfall of the West is inevitable.
history is not so simple
The West didn't develop like this, nor can it fall like this.
The West may even die suddenly
It happens all the time in advanced civilizations, because advanced societies are always back-to-back with chaos.
These insights have come to light through historical studies of highly developed institutions such as civilizations.
Perhaps the West will be able to maintain its current position despite the loss of its massive accumulated debt, hard work and historical legacy.
But one thing is for sure, the "great divide" is over.
thank you
(Applause) Niall, I'd like to ask you about Latin America, one of the fastest growing regions.
What is your opinion?
It's not just about the rise of the East, it's about the rest of the world, including South America.
I once asked a colleague at Harvard, "Hey, is South America part of the West?"
Although he was an expert in Latin American history,
"I'll think about it."
this shows the important
Especially given what's happening in Brazil and Chile, these countries are in many ways reforming their economic systems, and the prospects are bright.
The theme of the story is as much about the Americas as it is about Eurasia.
My impression is that there is less interest in this trend in North America and Europe.
We talk a lot about each other, but-
Americans worry that the European model will collapse tomorrow
Europeans worry that America's national budget will collapse.
Recently, only such discussions have been held.
In my opinion, the economic crisis in the developed world is essentially the same thing politically and culturally, both in the United States and in Europe, but manifested differently.
This crisis has many facets – some demographic
Part of it, of course, is caused by excessive leverage and excessive lending in the private sector.
This crisis is of concern to many people, myself included, but I think it's an epiphenomenon.
Historically, this economic crisis is a relatively small event, but it has accelerated a major shift that ended 500 years of Western domination.
i think this is important
Thank you. (Applause)
Erez: As you know, they say a picture is worth a thousand words.
But at Harvard, I had my doubts about this.
(Laughter) So we assembled a team of experts: Harvard University, MIT, American Heritage English Dictionary, Encyclopedia Britannica, and our sponsor, Google.
And over the course of four years, detailed research continued.
came to a surprising conclusion
Ladies and gentlemen, one picture is not worth a thousand words
We found that one picture is worth 500 billion words.
(Jean) How did you come to that conclusion?
Erez and I were thinking about ways to give an overview of how human cultures and histories have evolved over time.
Many books have been written over the years
I thought the best way would be to read all those books.
If there was a unit to measure "coolness," this would be a very high number.
The problem is if we take feasibility on the x-axis
that is very low
(Applause) So many people take a different approach, which is to peruse a handful of literature.
realistic but not that cool
What I really want to do is be cool and realistic.
I heard that a company across the river called Google has been working on a digitization project to make this possible for several years.
millions of books digitized
At the push of a button, you can have your computer read those books.
It's very real, but it's also very cool.
Erez: Let me tell you about the origin of the book.
There have been people who have written books since time immemorial
The authors worked hard to write the book
The invention of printing a few centuries ago made that much easier.
Since then, there have been 129 million publication opportunities.
If they're not lost, they're in a library somewhere, and many of them have been digitized by Google on loan from libraries, and 15 million have already been scanned.
Google stores digitized books in useful formats
Not just the data, but the metadata as well.
Where was it published? Who wrote it? When was it published?
What we did was check all those records and exclude the ones with the best quality.
What's left is 5 million books, 500 billion words, a string of characters a thousand times longer than the human genome that, if written down, would make more than 10 trips between the Earth and the Moon -- veritable fragments of our cultural genome. is
In the face of such hype...
(Laughter) What we did, of course, is what any self-respecting researcher would do.
He quoted a page from an XKCD comic and said,
"Get back, I'm a scientist"
(Laughter) (Jean) So what we thought was, first of all, let's open up the data so that people can do science with it.
What kind of data can be made public?
Of course, I wanted to publish the full text of five million books.
But John Owant from Google gave me a little equation.
5 million books = 5 million authors = 5 million plaintiffs in huge lawsuits
Full-text publication, while extremely cool, is extremely unrealistic.
(Laughter) So I broke down again, and I took a less sassy approach and took a pragmatic approach.
Instead of the full text, we decided to publish the statistics of the book.
For example, something like “a gleam of happiness”
"4-gram" consisting of four words is
You can see how many times it appears in the book: 1801, 1802, 1803, all the way through 2008.
Over time, you'll find out how often the phrase is used.
We did this for every word and phrase that appeared in the book, and we got a huge table with two billion rows, which tells us how cultures have changed.
Erez: Since there are 2 billion lines, we call them "2 billion n-grams."
What does it tell us?
Individual n-grams show cultural trends
Let's see an example
Let's say I'm "thrive" right now (and I'm doing well) and I want to talk about it tomorrow.
I might say "Yesterday, I throve."
Or you might say “Yesterday, I thrived.”
Which shape should you use?
How do we know?
Six months ago, the state of the art in this field would have been to go and ask this psychologist with this gorgeous hair, "Mr. Pinker, you're an expert on irregular verbs, aren't you?
What should I say? "
He will reply, "Most people say thrived, but sometimes people say throve."
As you might know, if you go back 200 years or so and go to this politician with equally stunning hair, (Laughter) "Mr. Jefferson, what should I say?"
If you ask me, I'd say, "A lot of people used to say throve, and sometimes people used to say thrived."
Let's take a look at the raw data
Two rows in a two billion row table
What you are seeing is the frequency of use of "thrived" and "throve" by year.
This is just two lines out of two billion lines.
So I'd say the whole data set is a billion times cooler than this slide.
(Laughter) (Applause) (Jean) A picture worth 500 billion words
There are others, for example this
If you take "flu," there's a mountain of years when there's a big epidemic and a lot of people die all over the world.
Erez: If you still can't believe it, sea level, atmospheric CO2, and global temperature are rising as you can see.
JJ: You might also want to take a look at this n-gram, which tells Nietzsche that God isn't dead, although maybe God should get a better spokesperson.
(Laughter) (Erez) You can also look at abstract concepts.
For example, let's look at the history of 1950.
For most of history, nobody paid attention to 1950.
1700 1800 1900 nobody cares
Even in the 1930s and 40s, no one cares.
In the mid-1940s, I suddenly started doing it.
People came to the 1950s and realized that it could be amazing.
(Laughter) But there's never been a time when interest in the 1950s was as high as in the 1950s.
(Laughter) Everyone seems to be obsessed.
People can't stop talking about all the things they did in 1950, all the things they hope to do in 1950, all the dreams they hope to achieve in 1950.
In fact, 1950 was so good, and for years after that people kept talking about the great things that happened in '51, '52, '53.
It wasn't until 1954 that I woke up and realized that 1950 was already outdated.
(Laughter) And that's how the bubble burst.
(Laughter) And you see the same thing with all the other years that have records, and you can draw nice charts like this.
You can measure many things from this chart
"How long will it take for the bubble to burst?"
It turns out that you can actually measure very accurately.
We derive the equations, we draw the graphs, and what we find is that the time it takes for the bubble to burst is getting shorter and shorter every year.
We lose interest in the past faster.
(Jean) Let me give you some career advice.
If you want to be famous, you can learn from the 25 most famous politicians, writers, actors, and more.
If you want to be famous when you're young, you should be an actor (Purple).Before your 20s are over, you'll be making a name for yourself.You're still young.It's cool.
If you can wait a little longer, I recommend the writer (blue) You can go to great heights Mark Twain is very famous, isn't he?
But if you want to reach real heights, you should delay your reward and become a politician (red).
You become famous in your late 50s, but then you become very famous.
Scientists also generally tend to become famous later in life
Biologists (green) and physicists (gray) will become as famous as actors.
A mistake to avoid is becoming a mathematician (yellow)
(Laughter) You might be thinking, "I'm going to do my best job in my 20s."
nobody cares
(Laughter) (Erez) There's a darker story about n-grams.
This is the curve of Marc Chagall, the painter born in 1887.
Looks like the curves typical of celebrities
It's becoming more famous over the years, except in German-speaking countries.
It's a very strange thing that's happening. It's something you've never seen before. After being so famous, it suddenly hits rock bottom.
As you might guess, Marc Chagall was a Jewish painter under Nazi Germany.
This signal is so strong that you wouldn't even suspect that someone was censoring it.
In fact, very basic signal processing can show that.
how to do
The expected value of someone's popularity over a period of time is roughly the average of their popularity before and after.
that is the expected value
Compare that value to the actual observed value
The ratio of the two is what we might call the "repression index."
If the oppression index is very small, there is a high possibility that you are being oppressed.
Conversely, if it's large, it may be aided by propaganda.
(Jean) You can also look at the distribution of the Repression Index of any person.
For example, here's the oppression index of 5,000 people with no evidence of oppression from a book written in English, centered around a graph.
Expected and Observed Values ​​Closely Match
Here's the distribution in German, but it's very different, it's more to the left.
It's talked about half as much as it should
Moreover, the distribution is wide
There are a lot of people who are all the way to the left who are only getting the tenth of what they should be.
On the other hand, there are those far to the right who seem to benefit from the propaganda.
This diagram clearly shows the presence of censorship in books
Erez: We call this method culturomics.
It's like genomics
Genomics is a lens that looks at biology through the sequence of the genome.
Culturomics is similarly
It's an application of large-scale data analytics to study human culture.
Replace the lens of the genome with the lens of the digitized historical record.
The great thing about culturomics is that anyone can do it.
But why
Google's three people, John Owant, Matt Gray, and Will Brockman, saw an Ngram viewer in development and said, "This is fun and should be available for everyone."
because I thought
Two weeks before our paper was published, they built an Ngram viewer that everyone could use.
So you can type in a word of interest and instantly see the n-gram, and you can also see examples of the various literature in which the n-gram appears.
(Jang) Used over a million times on day one, this is the best query out there.
We all want to be the best, we want to improve
But in the 18th century, nobody seemed to care.
They weren't trying to be the best, they were trying to be the beft
but this is just a mistake
It's not that people thought it was mediocre, it used to be that s was written differently and looked like f.
Google didn't know about it before, and we reported it in our scientific article.
But it's also a reminder that, no matter how fun it is to use, we need to be very careful when interpreting graphs and follow the basics of the scientific method.
Erez: People use this for all sorts of fun things.
(Graph of "Ugar^n!") (Laughter) There's no need to explain.
This person seems interested in the history of frustration
There are many types of frustration
When you bump your toe, a is one "argh"
When the Earth is destroyed by the Vogon aliens because it interferes with the interstellar bypass, a is 8 "aaaaaaaargh"
This person is looking up "argh" where a is 1 to 8
What this shows us is that the more frustrated word "argh" is used less frequently, with the exception of the early '80s.
this has something to do with reagan
(Laughter) (Jean) There are many ways that this data can be used, but the point is that the historical record has been digitized.
Google digitized 15 million books
12% of all books ever published
It's a big chunk of human culture.
There are other forms of culture, such as manuscripts and newspapers, and non-textual works of art and paintings.
Imagine all this in computers all over the world.
When that happens, it will change the way we understand past, present, future, and culture.
thank you very much
(applause)
I used to be in marketing, now I'm in international development.
Last October, I had the opportunity to go to the Congo, which is the second largest country in Africa.
It's actually as big as Western Europe, but only 480 kilometers of paved roads go through it.
Congo is a dangerous place
Over the last decade, five million people have been killed in action in the East.
But war isn't the only reason Congo is unstable.
There are many health problems
The real number is 1.3 percent of adults infected with HIV.
It doesn't sound like much, but in a country of 76 million people, there are 930,000 infected people.
Infrastructure is so bad that only 25 percent of people have access to life-saving drugs.
That's partly why charities are offering cheap, free condoms.
Well, while I was in the Congo, I talked a lot with people about condoms, and he's Damian.
I run a hotel on the outskirts of Kinshasa.
This hotel closes at 24:00.
It's a place where sex workers bring clients and do business.
Damien knows condoms, but he doesn't sell them.
Said I didn't need it
It's not surprising, considering that only 3% of people in the Congo use condoms.
This is Joseph and Christine. They run a pharmacy, and they sell a lot of condoms.
generics are popular
As a marketer, I wonder
I investigated the actual situation of marketing in Congo
And then three messages of the condom donors emerged: fear, fundraising, and loyalty.
Give it a brand name like Vive or Trust
The red ribbon packaging reminds me of HIV. The box has the names of the investors engraved on it.
No one thinks about these things before they pick up a condom.
(Laughter) What do you think about when you pick up a condom?
It's sex!
Companies that sell condoms understand that very well.
Their way of advertising is a little different
There is not much difference in the product name itself, but the image of the product is very different.
The brand is attractive, and the packaging is wonderfully provocative.
So I felt that the charitable organizations had overlooked an important aspect of marketing: understanding the customer.
Donor organizations, unfortunately, often don't always have their customers in the same country.
These are the people who support donation organizations in their home countries.
But if you're really going to stop the spread of HIV, you have to think about your customers. Think about the people whose behavior you want to change, couples, young men and women, whose lives depend on what they do.
So the lesson is this: the product doesn't matter. Rethink who your customers are and come up with a message that will change their behavior.
It might save your life
thank you
(applause)
Cancer is nothing special, but we usually don't think cancer is contagious.
The case of the Tasmanian devil has shown that not only can cancer be contagious, but it can also threaten the survival of a species.
First, what is the Tasmanian Devil?
I'm sure many of you know Taz, the twirling anime character.
But not many people know that there actually exists an animal called the Tasmanian Devil, the world's largest carnivorous marsupial.
Marsupials are mammals that have pouches in their abdomens, like kangaroos.
The Tasmanian devil gets its name from the terrifying scream it makes at night.
(Screams) (Laughter) Tasmanian devils are carrion eaters with powerful jaws and sharp teeth that crush the rotting carcasses of animals.
The Tasmanian devil lives only on the small island of Tasmania, located in southern Australia.
Despite their ferocious appearance, Tasmanian devils are adorable little animals.
In fact, growing up in Tasmania, every time I met a Tasmanian devil in the wild, I was really stoked.
But Tasmanian devil numbers are declining at an alarming rate.
In fact, there are fears that the wild Tasmanian devil will be extinct within 20 to 30 years.
The cause of this is the emergence of a certain contagious cancer.
It all started in 1996 with a photograph taken by a wildlife photographer of a Tasmanian devil with a large tumor on its face.
At the time, it was considered accidental.
Animals, just like humans, can develop bizarre tumors.
But we believe that this was the first discovery of a new cancer that is currently rife in Tasmania.
The disease was first identified in northeastern Tasmania in 1996 and has since spread across Tasmania in a big wave.
Only a handful of individuals remain unaffected today.
When Tasmanian devils develop this cancer, they usually develop tumors on their face or mouth.
These tumors grow to look like this picture.
The next picture I'm going to show you is really terrible.
They inevitably progress into these large, ulcerative tumors.
This was the first time I actually saw this case, so it was particularly impressive.
I still remember the horror of seeing this female Tasmanian devil, whose lower jaw had been dislodged by a foul-smelling ulcerative giant tumor.
haven't eaten in days
the guts were full of parasites
the tumor has spread throughout the body
She was still breastfeeding three little babies in a pouch.
Of course the baby also died with him.
I was too young to survive without my mother.
Over 90% of Tasmanian devils died from the disease in areas where this female lived.
This contagious cancer that attacks the Tasmanian devil has generated a great deal of interest from scientists around the world.
We immediately thought of the virus-transmitted cervical cancer and the AIDS epidemic with other cancers.
Because the circumstances made it seem like this cancer was transmitted by a virus.
But we now know it's not a viral infection.
In fact, the source of this cancer was an unimaginable and terrifying one.
To explain the cause of this, I must first tell you a little more about the cancer itself.
Cancer is a disease that affects millions of people worldwide each year.
A third of the people in this room will get cancer at some point.
I myself had a colon tumor removed when I was 14.
Cancer develops when a key gene mutates and the cell continues to proliferate.
Paradoxically, once these cells are established, natural selection favors the proliferation of cancer cells.
Natural selection is survival of the fittest
Within the fast-dividing population of cancer cells, evolution selects for new mutations that can grow faster, acquire nutrients more effectively, and invade the body.
That's why cancer is so difficult to treat
cancer evolves
Even if you administer a drug, resistant cells will emerge and grow.
Surprisingly, given the right environment and nutrition, cancer has the potential to grow forever.
But cancer can't leave the body of a living organism. If the cancer continues to multiply, spreads throughout the body, and eats the body, both the patient's body and the cancer itself die.
Cancer is a short-lived, bizarre, self-limiting creature—an evolutionary impasse.
But it was in the case of the Tasmanian devil that the cancer acquired an amazing evolutionary adaptation.
Analysis of cancer DNA solved this mystery.
I'm collaborating with a lot of people, but I'll explain this through a confirmation experiment that I did a few years ago.
next slide is disastrous
this is jonas
It's a Tasmanian devil that we found with a large tumor on its face.
As a geneticist, I'm interested in analyzing DNA and mutations.
I took this opportunity to take samples of the tumor on Jonas' face and several other parts of his body.
take it back to the lab
extracted the DNA
When we compared the DNA from the tumor on Jonas' face to the DNA from his body, the genetic profile was completely different.
In fact, Jonas himself and his tumor were as different as you and the person sitting next to you.
So Jonas' tumor wasn't self-generated.
Further analysis of the genetic profile revealed that Jonas' tumor probably arose first from a female Tasmanian devil, even though Jonas was clearly male.
Why was cancer from another individual growing on Jonas' face? Was it growing on Jonas' face?
An analysis of hundreds of Tasmanian devil cancers across Tasmania revealed something significant.
All cancers shared the same DNA.
Think for a moment, what this means is that the cancer that started in one Tasmanian devil left that individual and then spread to other individuals throughout Tasmania.
But how is cancer transmitted within the population?
Recalling the behavioral traits of wild devils solved the final mystery.
They have a habit of biting each other violently, especially in the face.
At that point, I think cancer cells that have detached from the tumor contaminate the saliva.
At the time of the bite, the live cancer cells are kind of transplanted into another individual, keeping the tumor alive.
This Tasmanian Devil cancer may be the ultimate cancer.
There is no restriction to stay in the body where it originated
It's the only cancer that we know of that can spread through an animal population, mutate to escape the immune system, and wipe out a species.
But why hasn't this phenomenon been seen in animals other than Tasmanian devils, such as humans?
actually it's already happening
This is in Mumbasa, Kenya
My family's dog, Kimbo.
Last year his owner noticed that he was bleeding from his vagina.
I took him to the vet and found something terrible.
If you don't like seeing blood, look away.
Kimbo had a huge, bleeding tumor at the base of his penis.
A veterinarian diagnosed it as a sexually transmitted cancer specific to dogs.
This cancer, like the Tasmanian devil, is also transmitted through the spread of live cancer cells.
The amazing thing is that this cancer has spread all over the world.
In fact, the same cancer cells that infected Kimbo have been found in dogs in New York City, in the Himalayas, and in the Australian outback.
has existed since time immemorial
Genetic profiling suggests that this cancer has been around for tens of thousands of years, and may or may have originated in Neanderthal-era wolf cells.
it's amazing
It's the oldest living organism known to have descended from a mammal.
It's a living fossil right now.
as seen in animals
Is cancer contagious between humans?
This question was of great interest to oncologist Chester Southam in the 1950s.
He decided to conduct an experiment by injecting someone else's cancer.
This is a picture of Dr. Southam injecting cancer into a volunteer who was an inmate at the Ohio State Penitentiary in 1957.
In this experiment, only a handful of people developed cancer from the injected cells.
These few people were probably already sick and had compromised immune systems.
What this experiment shows, ethical issues aside,
(Laughter) So passing cancers between humans is very rare.
But under certain conditions it can happen
This is something I want oncologists and epidemiologists to consider going forward.
Finally, given the ability of cancer cells to divide and adapt to their environment, cancer is inevitable.
That doesn't mean you have to give in to cancer.
In fact, I believe that cancer can be defeated by analyzing the complex evolutionary processes that drive cancer growth.
My personal goal is to beat this Tasmanian devil cancer.
Let us help prevent the Tasmanian Devil from becoming the first animal to die from cancer.
thank you
(applause)
Basically, there's a demographic event happening right now.
And the city index exceeds 50. So the world is now a map of connectivity. So now the world is a map of connections
There was a time when Paris, London, and New York were big cities.
What we are seeing now is the end of Western growth. it's over
The total number is staggering
So what is actually happening? I agree. Villages all over the world are emptying out.
The question is, why is that?
There is a truth here that cannot be called romantic. ――It was said in Germany during the Renaissance that the city air frees people. So some people go to cities like Shanghai. But most people head for the pioneer cities where aesthetics reign
These people are not really poverty-stricken people
They are the people who are getting out of poverty as fast as they can.
They are very powerful builders, and to a great extent they are also powerful designers.
They have homegrown infrastructure and vibrant city life.
One-sixth of India's GDP is produced in Mumbai
They upgrade constantly and in a few cases also support the government
Education is a major event that can happen in a city.
What is going on in the streets of Mumbai?
Al Gore would know. basically anything
There is no unemployment in developed cities. all people are working
One-sixth of mankind lives in such cities. soon there will be more
Now here's where the story ends, the city has defused the population bomb.
this is the second drop
This is news from downtown. this is the truth
For billions of years the stars have cast a glow over life on earth
Now it's shining back from us
Thank you for your attention.
i will tell you about myself
I teach adults how to use visual language and doodling in their work.
People often resist that sort of thing, because they think it's unintelligent and unsuitable for serious learning.
But I don't think so, because doodling has a huge impact on our ability to process information and solve problems.
It made me wonder why there was such a disconnect between society's perception of graffiti and reality.
and found something very interesting
In fact, no word has been given more terrible meaning than the word "doodle."
In the 17th century, it meant "stupid" or "fool." There's a song called Yankee Doodle.
In the 18th century, it became a verb meaning "to cheat," "to make fun of," or "to tease."
In the 19th century it represented a "corrupt politician"
And today, the official definition of "doodle," which I personally think is the most offensive definition of all time, is "wasting time," "procrastinating," "hanging out," "drawing nonsense." Doing things that have no value or substance," and my favorite definition of them all is "doing nothing."
No one wants to be a "doodle" at work.
Doing nothing at work is like having sex at work
(Laughter) I've also heard horror stories about people scolding teachers for doodling in classrooms.
Graffiti in the conference room is scolded by the boss
There are strong cultural norms against doodling in learning settings.
Unfortunately, the media also supports this norm. For example, if an important person is graffitiing at a public hearing, the media will always say, "I found it," "I caught it," "I found it." report as
There's a psychological reason why I hate graffiti, thanks to Freud.
In the 1930s, Freud claimed that psychoanalysis was possible from his graffiti.
This isn't accurate, but at the 2005 Davos meeting, Blair's graffiti was "discovered" and analyzed as megalomaniacal.
I later found out that the graffiti was from Bill Gates. (Laughter)
I don't know if you're here— Mr. Gates, nobody thinks you're a megalomaniac.
That's why people don't want to see their graffiti.
let's tell the truth i think
Our culture places so much emphasis on linguistic information that we barely see the value of graffiti.
I am unhappy with this and have the right idea
I came here to take you to the truth because I wanted to spread the word.
The truth is that doodling is such a powerful tool that we need to remember and relearn it.
Let's define a new "doodle"
If there's a dictionary publisher here, I'd like to talk to you later.
The real definition of a "doodle" is "to draw at will to encourage thinking."
That's why millions of people graffiti
Another interesting fact is that people who scribble when listening to verbal information remember more than those who don't.
Doodling is supposed to be a distraction, but rather it's a way to prevent distractions.
It's also great for creative problem-solving and complex information processing.
There are four ways learners get information to make decisions.
The four are visual, auditory, reading and writing, and using the body.
In order for us to weigh information and act on it, we need to use at least two of these methods, or combine one method with emotional experience.
The great thing about doodling is that you can do four things at the same time, and you can be emotional.
Isn't that a big deal, given that it's considered the equivalent of "doing nothing"?
It's pretty geeky, but this is a story that really touched me when I first heard about it.
A cultural anthropological study of children's artistic development has shown that children's visual intelligence develops in the same way across time and place.
In other words, children share a complex and evolving visual language that is predictable.
i think this is amazing
Graffiti is innate in humans, but we deny that instinct.
Finally, what many people don't know is that some of the greatest cultural heritage has its roots in graffiti.
I'm just going to give you one, and this is what the Guggenheim Abu Dhabi is based on.
Let's make a point: under no circumstances should graffiti be removed from classrooms, boardrooms, and war rooms.
On the contrary, it's precisely in situations where there is a lot of information and the need to process information is so great that graffiti should be used.
let me further say
Doodling can be done anywhere, it's not an unapproachable art, it can be used as a gateway to people's visual comprehension.
Folks, graffiti is by no means the nemesis of intellectual thought.
Rather my best friend
thank you
(applause)
I grew up in a secular, white, middle-class family in America in the 1950s.
So, on Fourth of July, we saw fireworks, on Halloween, we walked around for candy, and on Christmas, we put presents under the tree.
But by the time I started experiencing those traditional events, they were all superficial commercial events, and after that, nothing but emptiness remained.
So from a relatively young age, I was looking to fill the existential emptiness and connect with something bigger than myself.
My family hadn't had a Jewish 13-year-old coming-of-age ceremony for over 100 years, so I thought I'd give it a go (laughs). He was a godlike man with flowing gray hair, but he only asked me for my middle name so that he could fill out a form.
yes that was it
(Laughter) So I got a fountain pen, but it didn't give me the sense of belonging and the confidence that I was looking for.
A lot later, the thought of my son turning 13 without any rites of passage made me sick.
So I came up with the idea of ​​a 13-year-old birthday trip, and I told my son, Murphy, that I would take him anywhere in the world if it made sense.
A young turtle-loving naturalist immediately decided on the Galapagos Islands.
And when my daughter, Katie, turned 13 and spent two weeks with me at the bottom of the Grand Canyon, she realized for the first time that she had power and courage.
Since then, my spouse, Ashton, and many of my friends and relatives have taken their children on the journey of their 13-year-olds, and they have all found the journey to be transformative for both parents and children.
I'm not used to praying
But for the last 20 years, the whole family holds hands before meals.
It's a beautiful moment of silence together, a moment that brings us all together.
Ashton tells everyone, "Hold my hand," but reassures them that it's not religious.
(Laughter) My family recently asked me if I could do something about the more than 250 boxes that I've collected over the course of my life, and my instinct to perform the ritual kicked in.
I started thinking about going one step further than just "cleaning up the dead."
"Death tidying up" is originally Swedish, and it's about tidying up your closet, your basement, your attic before you die, so your kids don't have to do it later.
(Laughter) I could see my kids opening box after box and wondering why they kept all this stuff.
(Laughter) And then I imagined they'd see me in one of those pictures as a young beauty, and they'd say, "Who the hell is this guy with your dad?"
(Laughter) At that point, I was like, "Hahaan."
It's not what you save that matters, but the story around it that gives it meaning.
Can we create a new rite of passage by using these things to tell a story, a rite of passage for someone who's been through life for a long time, instead of when they're 13?
So I started experimenting
They unboxed a few dozen things, laid them out around the room, and then invited people in and asked them what they were interested in.
the results were great
A good story sparked a deeper discussion, and in it customers found an important connection to their own lives.
Delias asked me about a T-shirt I used to wear in the '80s calling for the release of political prisoner Leonardo Pelletier, who sadly is still in prison.
The conversation moves quickly, from the stories of many political prisoners in American prisons, to what Delias thinks about the legacy of the black liberation movement in the 1960s, and what his life would have been like if he had grown up then, rather than 30 years later. It even went so far as to ask how it would have been different
At the end of our conversation, Delias asked me if I could give him that T-shirt.
I felt very fulfilled when I gave it to him.
These conversations brought people together, especially across generations, and I found myself in a space that I opened up to people talking about things that really mattered to them.
And I've developed a new sense of purpose for myself, not as a passing old man, but as someone who has a role to move forward.
When I was younger, most people died in their 70s.
People are living much longer now, and for the first time in human history, it's common for four generations to live together.
I'm 71, and with a little luck, I still have 20 to 30 years to go.
Giving up mine now and sharing it with friends, family and hopefully strangers seems like the perfect way for me to enter the next phase of my life.
In the end, that's exactly what I was looking for. It's not so much about death, it's a ritual that opens the door and invites you in, whatever happens next.
Thank you very much
(clapping) Go!
(applause)
Just a few months ago, a woman in her 40s was brought unconscious to a hospital in my neighborhood.
Blood pressure reached dangerous territory
After a few minutes, I went into cardiopulmonary arrest.
He was immediately resuscitated and taken to a CAT scan next to the emergency room, where he suspected a blood clot in his lungs.
The scans showed no blood clots, but they did show obvious cancerous growths in both breasts that had spread throughout her body.
It's a terrible story, but according to my medical record, I've been to several medical facilities over the past few years.
That means the breast lump could have been detected and treated earlier before this happened.
Ladies and gentlemen, it's not uncommon
Unfortunately it can be anywhere
I'm half joking, but if you show up to the hospital with a missing leg, no one will know until you have a CAT scan, an MRI, or something like that.
It's not that I don't like cutting-edge technology
I teach at Stanford
We also use these techniques
But what I want to show you in these 17 minutes is that if you focus too much on testing and omitting contact with your patients instead of talking to them and touching them, you're going to miss not only early stages of curable symptoms, but more importantly. a "ceremony"
it will be lost
It has the power to transform and strengthen the doctor-patient relationship.
It may be out of place at TED, but the most important innovation of the next decade will be the power of the human hand to touch, to heal, to examine and to treat.
Let me start by introducing this person, some of you may have noticed.
Arthur Conan Doyle
I'm a big fan of Conan Doyle
He also studied medicine here in Edinburgh, and Sherlock Holmes was inspired by Joseph Bell.
In every way, Joseph Bell was an excellent teacher.
Conan Doyle tells this anecdote about Bell's interactions with his students:
Imagine Belle in the outpatient clinic, the students surround him, and the patient walks into the procedure room after she's checked in.
She had a child Conan Doyle left this conversation
"Good morning," said the patient
"How was the ferry from Burntisland?" says Bell.
"Good for you," the patient replies
"What happened to the other child?" says Bell
"I left it with Reese's older sister."
He continues, "Didn't you take a shortcut through the botanical gardens to get here?"
"Yes," the patient replies
"Are you still working in the linoleum factory?"
"Yes," the patient replies
Bell began to explain to the students
"When she said hello, I noticed she had a Fife accent
Burntisland is the closest ferry from Fife.
That's why I must have used the ferry
And when I look at the coat she's holding, it's too small for the child I'm taking with me, so I guess she left with two at first, leaving one on the way.
Notice the soil on the soles of your shoes
There's no such red earth around Edinburgh, except in the botanical gardens.
So she took a shortcut through the botanical garden.
Finally, the fingers of her right hand show dermatitis, a dermatitis peculiar to workers in the linoleum factories of Burntisland."
How much information did Bell have before he actually started taking his clothes off?
As a medical teacher and student, I was deeply moved by this story.
However, it's only recently that we've been able to look inside the body through the simple means of a doctor's perception.
This is Leopold Auenbrucker, in the 1700s, who developed the percussion method.
The reason was that his father was a tavern owner.
My father used to tap the wine barrel to gauge how much wine was left, so he could decide when to order more wine.
Auenbrucker became a doctor and started doing the same thing.
We started examining patients by tapping their chests and abdomens.
The percussion was the ultrasound of the day, but everything we know today -- organ enlargement, pericardial effusions, pulmonary edema, abdominal abnormalities -- is all documented in this excellent book. The eminent French physician Corvisart, who was famous only for being this gentleman's personal physician, revived the percussion method.
A year or two later, Laennec invented the stethoscope.
He was walking in Paris one day when he saw two children playing with sticks.
One was scratching on one edge and the other was listening on another edge.
Laennec came up with the idea that this would be a good way to listen to the sounds inside the body, which he called a cylinder.
later renamed the stethoscope
And so the stethoscope and stethoscope were born.
In the late 18th and early 19th century, operating barbershops were rapidly replaced by medical doctors.
People in those days went to these barbershops no matter what their symptoms were, where they had suction, blood extraction, and cleansing.
And if you want, he cuts your hair, of course, and pulls out your teeth.
No medical examination at all
In fact, as some of you know, the red-and-white striped barber pole came from a blood-stained bandage, and the objects on either end represent vessels that collect blood.
The advent of auscultation and percussion marked a turning point, when doctors began to look inside their patients.
For me personally, this painting represents the culmination of that decisive era.
A very famous painting, The Doctor, by Luke Fildes.
He was commissioned by Mr. Tate, the founder of the Tate Museum.
I was asked to do a painting with social impact.
There is an interesting story about doctors being chosen as the theme.
Fildes' eldest son, Philip, died on Christmas Eve after a brief illness at the age of nine.
Fildes was so moved by the doctor who spent days awake beside his son, that he decided to paint him a tribute to him.
"Doctor" is very famous
Calendars and stamps are designed in each country
I often wonder, if Fildes were commissioned to do this painting in 2011, what would he be painting?
Why don't you bring a computer screen instead of the patient?
I was criticized in Silicon Valley for saying, "Patients are no longer just data on a computer."
I even gave the data a name
i patient
Across America, Data Receives Great Care
A real patient thinks, "Where's everyone?"
"When are you going to come and explain to me?"
"Who is in charge?"
The definition of top-notch care has become so far apart between patients and us doctors.
Here's a look at my rounds when I was a resident doctor.
there was a patient in the center
From bed to bed the attending physician turns
These days, rounds look like this: discussions take place in conference rooms, far away from patients.
The focus of the discussion is only on the images and data on the personal computer
We are missing an essential element: the patient himself.
So I'd like to share with you two episodes that have influenced me.
The first is a story about a friend who had breast cancer, and was found to have a small breast that was removed in my hometown.
when i was in texas
Then, for post-surgery care, she set out to find the best cancer centers in the world.
She found the place she was looking for, and she went there.
So a few months later, I was surprised to see her back in town, where she was seeing the local oncologist.
I asked her, "Why did you choose to receive care here?"
she hesitantly said
"The cancer center was nice.
The facilities are splendid, and there's a huge atrium, valet parking, and even an automatic piano.
"But you never touched my chest there."
I can't say I didn't even need to touch your chest.
her data was scanned
Her breast cancer was captured at the molecular level and didn't even need to be touched.
but for her
It was such an important factor that I had to change hospitals. Doctors today examine both breasts thoroughly every time, including the armpits, neck, and crotch area.
she wanted this kind of care
This story affected me greatly
Let me tell you about another experience that influenced me, before I moved to Stanford, when I was in Texas.
At the time, I had a reputation as an expert on chronic fatigue patients.
not a good reputation
It's a formidable opponent anyway.
These patients have been abandoned by their families, have had a bad experience in a medical facility, and by the time they come to me, they have no expectations.
When I see these very first patients, they bring me a record of their previous visits, in the first 45 minutes, to figure out their symptoms.
I found it completely useless
It's the same thing again
So I came up with a strategy: I would spend the entire first visit asking the patient to tell me what they were feeling.
In America, the average doctor interrupts a patient in 14 seconds.
If I'm going to heaven, it's because I listened to a patient for 45 minutes without interruption.
In two weeks, I'll regroup and see the doctor, and then I'll be able to sit back and make a diagnosis, because I don't have anything else to do.
We do a thorough examination, not because it's an examination session, but because we examine it in tremendous detail.
The first patients to come to one of these visits, at first, began to describe their symptoms at last, even though this was an examination session.
So I followed the steps
First, we take the pulse, and then we check the patient's hand, the nail bed, and we slide the hand down to the lymph nodes in the elbow -- that's the usual procedure.
As my procedure begins, this talkative patient quiets down.
I had this strange feeling that the patient and I were performing some kind of primitive ritual, and I had a role, and the patient had a role.
At the end of the examination, the patient said in awe, "This is the first time I've been examined like this."
Now, if this is true, there's something wrong with our modern healthcare system.
And then, after the patient is dressed, I'll explain the results of the examination, something you might have heard at other medical institutions, "Not your assumptions.
the disease exists
The good news is, it's not cancer, or tuberculosis, or some dreaded infection.
The bad news is that we don't know what's causing it, so first what you should do and what we should do..."
So I'm going to explain to my patients the usual treatment, something I've heard elsewhere.
I often think that if my patients stop looking for a no-nonsense doctor or magic bullet and start the process of treatment with me, it's the result of a thorough examination that builds the trust needed to explain treatment. I think it's because
I think something important came out of the examination.
I tried telling this story to my colleagues who teach anthropology at Stanford.
They quickly replied, "That's the classic ritual."
According to them, ritual is all about change.
For example, we have a lavish wedding ceremony, celebrating the departure from lonely singleness to eternal blessings.
why are you all laughing?
That's what it originally meant, right?
Rituals are the signals that signal these changes.
We give these signals at different stages of our lives.
Rituals are very important
Rituals represent change
A ritual where a person visits another person and tells them something they don't want to say to a pastor or a rabbi, and, surprisingly, undresses and touches -- these rituals are so important.
If you don't examine the patient clothed, or auscultate over the gown, or if you don't do a thorough examination, and thus omit the ritual, you miss the opportunity to connect the patient-physician relationship.
I'm going to finish by reading a short passage I wrote that relates to the scene you see here.
I'm an infectious disease specialist, and I've often witnessed scenes like this when AIDS was just beginning to be recognized and there was no cure yet.
Whenever I saw a patient on their dying bed, whether it was at their home or in the hospital, I always felt frustrated -- I didn't know what to say, what to say, what to do.
Because of that frustration, I always tried to see patients.
flip the eyelids
look at the tongue
percuss the chest and listen to the heartbeat
and rub the abdomen
I still remember many of my patients' names and faces clearly.
Wide hollow, frightened eyes looked up at me as I performed the ritual.
The next day, I do the same thing again.
Now, I'd like to read the last passage from a patient.
"I remember one patient, who at that point was a skeleton in a skin, unable to speak, unable to respond to normal medicines, candida, and a crusty mouth.
A few hours before he died, he saw me and started moving his hands in slow motion.
what are you trying to do Fingers like twigs aim at pajama shirts but can't button them
I found myself wanting to show my skinny breasts to be examined
Proposals like this — solicitations
I can't refuse
percuss, palpate, and listen to chest sounds
He must have realized at that point that this wasn't just what he needed, it was what I needed.
It's a ritual we can't afford to omit from each other.It's not about looking for blister in the lungs.It has nothing to do with looking for abnormal heart sounds.
It's a ritual to convey that message that the doctor should convey to the patient.
We who have become arrogant are swept away from there
It's as if we've forgotten that we've rapidly expanded our knowledge, we've traversed the human genetic map, and we've fallen into indifference. The only message that should have been forgotten
It's a message that I didn't fully understand at the time, but I understand it better now. I'll always be here.
I'll see you through to the end
never abandon
We'll be together until the end."
thank you very much
(applause)
I have an idea to share with you
It's an idea for a new school.
It may be possible to do it near you soon
It started with an organization called The Young Foundation, which has been revolutionizing education for decades: the Open University, the Extended School, the School for Entrepreneurship, the Summer College, the School of Everything.
About five years ago, I thought, what is the number one need for education reform in the UK?
I realized that the most important thing is to bring together two challenges
One is that so many teenagers are bored, they hate school, and they don't see any connection between what they learn in school and their future career.
Businesses, on the other hand, were frustrated that their kids weren't learning anything in school that would help them in their jobs.
So we thought, what kind of schools would keep teenagers from competing to get in and not to drop out?
We've had a lot of discussions with teenagers, teachers, parents and managers, and we've looked at schools from Paraguay to Australia, and we've looked at pedagogical research on non-cognitive skills, recently called motivation. And I've found that skills and resilience are just as important as cognitive skills, or academic achievement, and I came up with a very simple solution: the studio school.
Studio School is named after the Renaissance studio, where work and learning came together.
Work by learning, learn by working
Its design has the following characteristics
First of all, we reduced the size of our schools: 300 to 400 students, ages 14 to 19, and most importantly, 80 percent of the curriculum is not classroom lectures, but practical projects in the real world. Worked with businesses and NGOs
Every student has a coach, just like a teacher, and the coach has a timetable, just like in a business environment.
It's all publicly funded as part of public education, but it's run by us.
There are no special fees, no selection. Students have a path to college. Many want to be entrepreneurs and have a career.
At its core, it's a very simple idea. Many teenagers learn best by doing. They learn best by being in teams. And they learn best by staying in touch with the real world. quite the opposite
It's a very good idea, and we've moved on to testing it.
The first time I tried it was in Luton, only the airport is famous, there and Blackpool, famous for beaches and leisure.
I tried it, I found a lot of mistakes, and I fixed them.
Compared to the traditional school, the new school was full of enthusiasm and really exciting.
Perhaps most importantly, two years later, when they took the test, the students who had previously been in the underperforming group had risen to the top of the class. I was in the top 10 percent on the GCSE, the UK's final exam for compulsory education.
Of course, some people understood that we had found something important.
Far south in London, the minister of education told me he was a big fan.
The business world also thought this was important, because it prepares kids for real-world jobs.
In fact, the president of the Chamber of Commerce has represented the Studio School Foundation, which is supported not only by large corporations, but by small businesses all over the country.
we started with two schools
10 schools this year
We're planning to open 35 schools across the UK next year, and we've got requests to open another 40 in other areas.
Interestingly, it went viral with little coverage.
It spread without money moving behind it
It spread mostly by word of mouth.
It's the appeal of this idea that has made it so popular, and it's a very, very simple idea that can reorient education and put collaboration and hands-on projects, which were previously neglected and marginalized, at the center of learning.
A series of schools will open this fall.
This is a school in Yorkshire, and I actually hope my nephew can attend.
This school specializes in the creative and media industries.
Other schools specialize in medicine, tourism, engineering, etc.
We think we have found something important
It's not perfect yet, but I think this idea could change the lives of probably thousands of teenagers who are bored at school.
Students who didn't feel well at school
Students, unlike you, can't sit side by side and listen to lectures for hours.
Students want to do something, get their hands dirty, and receive an education that is useful to the world.
I'm hoping that some of you will come along to help.
We're just beginning to experiment and improve, and if the idea of ​​a studio school isn't going to be a one-size-fits-all answer for all kids, it's at least a solution that works for some of the kids that are everywhere in the world. I want to take measures
I hope that some of you will be able to help me.
Thank you for your attention
(applause)
I was born in Switzerland, but I grew up in Ghana, West Africa.
When I was little, I thought Ghana was safe.
i was free and happy
The early '70s was a time when Ghana's art and music flourished.
But by the end of the '70s, Ghana had slipped back into political instability.
In 1979, I witnessed my first military coup.
We children gathered at a friend's house
It was a dark shack
There was a vintage black-and-white TV, and on the flickering screen, the former head of state general was blindfolded and tied to a pole.
The firing squad took aim, pulled the trigger, and the general was dead.
This was broadcast live
Shortly after that, we left Ghana and returned to Switzerland.
Now, I was a little surprised by Europe, and I started thinking, "I need to change my skin color to fit in here."
I wanted to assimilate like a chameleon
Was it a strategy for survival?
just this worked i think so
Well, in 2008, I was lost and wandering.
I felt I was becoming a conventional actor
Exotic was what I always played
violent african yes terrorist
So I thought, "If I'm just playing terrorists like this, I'm going to become a real terrorist."
I became ashamed of myself as an African.
Fortunately, in 2008, I decided to return to Ghana, after 28 years.
I wanted to make a documentary film about the 2008 presidential election.
And that's where I started looking for footprints from my childhood.
And all of a sudden, in the middle of a political rally, I found myself surrounded by thousands of spectators on the street.
And then I realized that when I left my country, free and fair democratic elections were a dream come true.
And when I came back, this was happening, albeit fragile.
So I thought, is Ghana searching for identity as I was searching for myself?
Is what happened in Ghana a metaphor for what happened to me?
Until now, I have not been able to express myself fully in the vessel of the West.
Despite all the hard work Ghana and I put in.
Now, in 1957, Ghana was the first sub-Saharan country to become independent.
In the late 50s, Ghana and Singapore had comparable GDPs.
Today, Singapore is an industrialized country, but Ghana is not.
It's certainly important to understand the past and look at it from a different perspective, but I think it's time to prove that we should look at the strengths of our own culture and live in the present based on that.
The time is December 7, 2008
The polling stations opened at seven o'clock in the morning, but voters were lining up from four o'clock in the morning, unable to wait for the moment to make political decisions with their own hands.
People came from near and far because they wanted their voices to be heard.
I asked one voter, "Who are you voting for?"
"I can't tell you," he replied
added that "the vote is in the heart"
And then I realized, this is their election, and I'm not going to hand this over to anyone else.
Well, in the first ballot, no one got an absolute majority, so it was a no-brainer, so a second ballot was held three weeks later.
Candidates campaigned back on the streets
their speech changed of course
I had a fever
Then the Ghana of those days came back
At polling stations, complaints such as “I was threatened” and “My ballot box was stolen” were received.
Taking advantage of this, the riots escalated and the mobs began to get out of hand.
What I see on the streets is raging violence
Some people have been treated badly
The army opens fire and people run away
it was all chaos
My heart sank to see if this happened again
Because it proves again that Africa is incapable of self-government.
And I had my own cultural flaws in my camera.
A mob singing soon enveloped the echoing sound of gunfire, and I couldn't believe my ears.
they were singing
"I want peace"
I realized "They are the subject"
They're the ones who make the final decision.
The noisy hustle and bustle from just now suddenly became a melody
their voices created harmony
In this way, by peaceful means, a democratic nation
I saw the possibility of building a country
With this many people who have a strong will and a strong heart and want peace, this can be done.
Now let me give you an interesting comparison.
We, the Western nations, preach the importance of values ​​and glorious democracy, and we say that we are the glorious trailblazers.
But even though Ghana now finds itself in the same situation as the 2000 Bush-Gore presidential election in the United States,
No candidate complained about the system or the decision-making power of the people, and Ghana respected democracy and the people.
Instead of leaving the decision to the Supreme Court, the people themselves decided.
Now for the second round of voting, and again, it's not clear who the winner is.
It was really close
The Electoral Commission has announced an unprecedented third ballot with the consent of both parties.
People went back to their polls and decided their own president, not the legal system.
What if it went well?
The losing candidate gave up power and Ghana entered a new democratic cycle.
We didn't see any abuse of power at the very time when we desperately needed democracy.
True democracy and a deep belief in the people gave Africa the ability to govern itself.
The turbulent battles in Ghana and Africa are not over yet. We've proven that there are different forms of democracy, and we shouldn't take this for granted.
I've learned that Europe and Africa aren't the only place for me. I'm still searching for my identity. But Ghana has created a better democracy.
What Ghana has taught me is to look at people and yourself in a different light.
yes we africans can
thank you
(applause)
I'm a doctor, but I went into research and am now an epidemiologist.
nobody understands epidemiology
Epidemiology is the science of how we determine in the real world whether something is good or bad for us.
Let me give you a concrete example, like the science in some of the ridiculously bizarre newspaper headlines.
Here are just a few
It's from the Daily Mail, a newspaper like any other.
The paper is in the midst of a bizarre and philosophical project.
We're trying to divide the mundane things around us into those that cause cancer and those that prevent cancer.
Recently, the following things were said to cause cancer: Divorce Wi-Fi Cosmetics and coffee Here are things that are said to prevent cancer.
Bread crusts, chili peppers, licorice and coffee, there's already a contradiction here.
Coffee can cause and prevent cancer
you'll know when you start reading
There is also some kind of hidden political intent.
Women can prevent breast cancer by doing housework, and men can become disabled by going shopping.
We need to unravel the science behind this story.
What I want to say is that unraveling dubious information and uncovering the evidence behind it is not a tedious faultfinding, it's socially meaningful.
It's also a very useful means of explanation, because real science is critically evaluating the evidence of other people's work, and that's what happens in journals.
It happens at academic conferences, and the Q&A session after showing the data is often bloody.
far from being cared for, but rather welcomed
Focus on intelligent SM activities
I'm going to explain some of the core principles and characteristics of my field of evidence-based medicine,
In it, I'll show you how those principles and features work.
Let's start with the example that's the furthest from the scientific basis of authority. In science, titles don't matter.
The basis for believing something is questioned whether something is good or bad for health.
What do you base your judgment on?
But authority is a great thing, and it's easy to make up.
This is Dr. Gillian McKeith, aka Gillian McKeith.
(Laughter) He's the type of person you'd find anywhere, on television as a diet expert.
He's got five prime-hour shows, and he's giving weird, expensive advice.
It turns out that somewhere in the United States, he took an unaccredited correspondence course to get his Ph.D.
I'm a self-proclaimed Pro Member of the Association of Nutrition Consultants of America.
This is the certificate that my cat gave me a long time ago.
You fill out a form on a website, you pay $60, and it's sent to you.
You should eat more green leafy vegetables
Because it's high in chlorophyll, and it oxidizes your blood, anyone who's studied biology in school.
You know that chlorophyll and chloroplasts produce oxygen when exposed to sunlight.
Then we need proper citations and evidence
"Red wine prevents breast cancer"
The Daily Telegraph headlines that a daily glass of red wine prevents breast cancer.
Looking for the original paper, it is indeed
one academic paper
Here's a paper that looked at the action of an enzyme, the results of giving certain cancer cells a substance extracted from the skin of red grapes, in a dish on the bench in a laboratory.
It's important enough to be written in a scientific paper.
I'm not saying anything about the question of whether drinking red wine will give you breast cancer.
Cancer risk is known to be slightly increased
Research with real people is desired
I'll give you another example
A 2001 Australian study published by the UK's leading diet and nutrition experts in the UK's second largest newspaper, the Daily Mirror,
He noted that taking olive oil and fruits, vegetables, and beans made a significant difference in preventing skin wrinkles, and gave the following advice: Olive oil and vegetables reduce skin wrinkles. is shown
You find that paper, and it's an observational study, going back to 1930.
It's clear that you can't take a maternity ward and feed half of it a ton of fruit and vegetables and olive oil and feed the other half McDonald's and see how many wrinkles you end up with.
You just have to look at people's situations, and what I've learned is, yes,
People who eat vegetables and olive oil have fewer wrinkles
It's because the people who eat fruits and vegetables and olive oil are the weirdos like you, the kind of people who flock to events like this.
Well-bred, affluent, less outdoor work, less hands-on work, more socially supported, non-smokers, which means a lot of attractive, interconnected social, political and cultural. For some reason, these people have less wrinkles, not because of vegetables or olive oil.
(smile)
So, ideally, we should do a clinical trial.
Are you familiar with the concept of clinical trials?
It has a long history, and the first clinical trial was recorded in the Bible book of Daniel.
It's very simple to get a bunch of people together, divide them in half, treat one group in one way, the rest in another way, and after a while,
A follow-up survey will find out how it's been in the British media for the last decade.
I'm going to tell you about one of the most highly publicized trials, a trial of fish oil capsules.
The performance and behavior of ordinary children
They said fish oil capsules would improve it.
It has shown effectiveness and will do so again this time.”
This is a point to watch out for
You shouldn't do a clinical trial if you know the results in advance
Is the design biased? Is the data already sufficient and random testing unnecessary?
Now, in their trial, they planned to do the following: 3,000 children, all given these fish oil capsules, six capsules a day, and after a year, they would assess their school test performance, and they didn't give them the capsules. It's about comparing it to what would be expected if
Anyone know what's wrong with this design?
Please answer even if you are not a medical trial professional
There is no control group
That was a professional answer. It's a technical term.
If your child's grades improve after taking capsules
Can you think of any reason other than capsules?
I'll keep growing as I grow older
And then there's the placebo effect, and in medicine, placebos are really attractive, not just because you get better grades or less pain.
It has to do with people's beliefs and expectations, and it has to do with the cultural implications of benefits.
There's been a lot of great research done comparing one kind of placebo effect to another to show this.
For example, two sugar balls a day have been found to be more effective against stomach ulcers than one. Two sugar balls are better than one.
It's a crazy and ridiculous result, but it's true.
Three independent studies have found that salt water injections are more effective than sugar balls -- than non-medicinal sugar balls -- for three different types of pain. It feels like the injection is a more dramatic treatment.
This is how our beliefs and expectations are induced, so in clinical trials, we use placebos in controlled experiments, where half the people get the real treatment and the other half get the placebo.
Actually this is not enough
What I just gave you is a very simple and straightforward illustration of how the media and supplement companies and naturopathic doctors can distort the evidence to their own ends.
Interestingly enough, the pharmaceutical industry uses the same sort of tricks and tricks in even more sophisticated ways, distorting the information that doctors and patients use when making critical, life-threatening decisions.
First of all, from placebo trials, everyone thinks that a trial is a new drug versus a placebo, which is actually a lot of the time false.
There are often very good treatments already available.
I don't want to know if a new treatment is better than nothing, I want to know if it's better than the best treatment available today.
And yet there are still repeated trials against placebos.
Even if a drug is licensed and marketed, the data that it's better than nothing alone doesn't help doctors make decisions.
A comparison target for a new drug
We can manipulate the data even in the worst conditions.
Rendering treatment ineffective or dramatically increasing the dose of competing drugs
You can also make it have side effects, which is for schizophrenia.
That's what's actually been done with antipsychotics.
Twenty years ago, a new generation of antipsychotics came along that was expected to have fewer side effects.
A trial was started to compare this new drug with the old drug, but the old drug was --
It was an incredible dose, 20 mg of haloperidol a day, for such a large dose.
We know from the beginning that the side effects are plentiful and the new drugs look great.
Interestingly, 10 years later, history repeats itself when the patent for a new generation of antipsychotics, risperidone, expires, and anyone can make it.
Everyone was trying to show that their drug was better than risperidone, and they did a lot of trials, and they gave them 8 mg of risperidone, not a crazy dose, not an illegal dose.
But it's near the upper end of the norm, which leads us to the conclusion that the new drug is better.
So it's no surprise that industry-funded trials are four times more likely to have positive results than independently funded trials.
But -- and that's a big point -- but (Laughter) it turns out that, in fact, the methods used in industry-funded trials are much better than independent-funded trials.
Still getting the desired results
What do you mean
How can we explain this strange phenomenon?
In fact, it turns out that negative data disappears in the middle of a trial, because doctors and patients lie down.
This is the most important part, and it's involved in all the evidence we've put together.
To know if a treatment really works
We need all relevant data in two different ways during the trial—
You can point out that the data is gone
by statistics and by stories
I like statistics, so I'll start with that
This graph is called a funnel plot
This plot very cleverly shows how the small negative results disappeared in the middle of the trial.
This graph depicts all the trials that have been done for a given procedure.
Towards the top of the graph, every dot is a single trial.
The higher the number, the smaller the margin of error in a large-scale trial.
Collect points like this
Large trials are closer to true results.
As you go down, you see negative values ​​due to variation on this side and positive values ​​due to variation on this side.
If there's publication bias here, the negative results from the small trials disappear from the trials, and you get this graph.
There's no small negative trial that should be down here on the left.
This graph in this publication bias study shows publication bias, and this is what I've heard in the epidemiology industry.
i think it's the best joke
That was the statistical proof, what about the story?
Really bad story
There is a drug called levozetin.
I myself prescribed this drug to a patient.
I'm such a maniac doctor
I wanted to read all the relevant literature, and when I read the clinical trial reports, everything was positive and well done.
I can't find any flaws
Unfortunately, the results of many clinical trials
i found out i was lying down
In fact, 76 percent of all clinical trials involving this drug were withheld by physicians and patients.
If you toss a coin a hundred times and you're allowed to hide half the results, you can make people believe that the coin you're holding is made up of heads on both sides.
If you hide half the results, you never know the true effect of a drug.
This story isn't the only one, half the antidepressant trial data is hidden.
it doesn't stop there
The Nordic Cochrane Group looked for hidden data -- and tried to put it all together. The Cochrane Group is an international nonprofit collaboration.
We are doing a systematic review of all published data, and we need to have access to all trial data.
But drug companies don't publish data
And the European Medicines Agency didn't publish it for three years.
There is currently no solution for this issue
How big of a deal is this, this is Tamiflu, and governments around the world are spending billions of dollars on this drug.
I'm spending money on this drug in the hope that it will keep the flu from getting worse.
Data so far show that this drug shortens the duration of the flu by several hours.
But neither I nor the government cares about that.
We're not going to spend billions of dollars to shorten the flu season by half a day.
Prescribe this medicine for emergencies
It's based on the understanding that it can be stored in large quantities to reduce complications, namely pneumonia and death, by the Italy-based Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group.
We've tried to get all the data in a usable form from the pharmaceutical companies so that we can determine if this drug works or not, but we haven't gotten that information yet.
It's without a doubt the biggest ethical issue in medicine today.
Can't make a decision without all the information
It's very difficult to draw any positive conclusions from that.
But I can tell you that there is no more effective disinfectant than sunlight.
Everything is in full view like this, protected by a sort of force field of monotonous work.
I think the best thing we can do for all problems in science is to open the lid and feel and look around. Thank you.
(applause)
The history of civilization is, in a way, the history of maps. How have we come to understand the world around us?
One of the most famous maps works because it's not really a map at all.
[Small things, big ideas] [Michael Bierut on the London Underground Map] The London Underground system came together in 1908, when eight different lines were merged into a single system.
I needed a map of the routes so people could know where to board.
The map they made was a complicated one.
Rivers, ponds, forests, and parks were drawn, and stations were concentrated in the center of the map, and the surrounding stations could not fit on the map.
It was a geographically accurate map, but it wasn't all that useful.
Harry Beck is there
Harry Beck was a 29-year-old engineering draftsman who occasionally worked for the London Underground.
He had an important realization: people on the subway don't really care what the ground is like.
They just want to move from station to station, "Where do you get on? Where do you get off?"
It's the routes that matter, not the geography.
He took this mess of spaghetti and simplified it.
The line only goes in 3 directions: laterally longitudinally diagonally at 45 degrees
Then he evenly spaced the stations, colored each station in a color that matched its line, and fixed everything so that it was no longer a map.
It's a diagram, it's kind of like an electric circuit, but the electric circuit doesn't have wires that carry electrons, it's train tracks that carry people from place to place.
In 1933, the London Underground finally decided to try Harry Beck's map.
I printed about a thousand copies of this pocket-sized map.
All gone in an hour
They realized it was a hit, and they printed 750,000 more copies, and this is the map you see today.
Beck's design became the template for the route maps we think of today as subway maps.
Tokyo, Paris, Berlin, Sao Paulo, Sydney, Washington, D.C. These city maps transform complex geographies into clear graphics.
We use different colors to distinguish between lines, and simple symbols to distinguish between types of stations.
it's like a universal language
Harry Beck probably didn't know what a user interface was, but that's exactly what he designed. i think it is applicable
The first principle is to focus
Focus on who you are doing it for
The second principle is simplicity.
What is the shortest path to fulfilling that need?
And the third and final principle is to think cross-cutting.
Who would have thought that an electrician would be the key to unlocking what was, at the time, the most complex system in the world? It all started with one man with a pencil and an idea.
hoodies are awesome
It never gets old and is so integrated into life that it goes unnoticed
So to speak, it is a "sober masterpiece"
Big ideas for small things Paola Antonelli talks about the hoody The hoody was iconic in history, for good and bad, even before it got its name.
The earliest examples we can trace are from ancient Greece and ancient Rome.
In the Middle Ages, many monks wore something like a hooded cape, a kind of hoodie.
A 17th century lady would wear a hoodie to avoid being seen when visiting her mistress.
And then, of course, there's the world of legends and fantasy.
The image of the hoodie is tied to the Grim Reaper
There was also an image of an executioner.
It's the dark side of the hoody
The hoodie reappeared in modern times as a stretchy cotton garment with a drawstring hood, sometimes with a front pocket, which was created in the 1930s by a company called the Knickerbocker Knitting Company. started making
Current Champion
Originally, it was used to protect athletes from the cold.
As clothing, it was so functional and comfortable that it quickly became popular among workers.
Then, in the 1980s, it began to be worn by hip-hop, breakdancers and skateboarders, and permeated the city's youth culture.
It was very comfortable and perfect for street wear, but it also had the added benefit of giving me anonymity when I needed it.
And then Mark Zuckerberg shows up, and he doesn't mind the convention of dressing for business.
What's interesting is that this also indicates a shift in power relations.
It could be a bodyguard wearing a two-piece suit.
Some really important people are wearing hoodies and t-shirts and jeans.
The object side of the hoody is straightforward.
I can immediately picture the hood on, I can feel its warmth and its protection, but at the same time I can feel its psychological side.
The moment you put the hood on, you feel protected, you feel like you're trapped in your own shell.
Over the last few years, hoodies have taken on a lot of importance in America.
When a 17-year-old black boy, Trayvon Martin, was shot and killed by neighborhood vigilantes, the Million Hoodies March took place across the country, where people wore hoodies and marched through the streets to protest this kind of prejudice. I protested
It's not often that one piece of clothing, like a hoodie, has such great symbolism and history that it encompasses so many different worlds.
Like any utilitarian piece of clothing, a hoodie is pretty straightforward in terms of design.
There's a huge world of possibilities bound up there.
Sound is a big part of the experience of using a pencil.
(Paper scraping) Big ideas in small things Caroline Weaver's story about pencils Pencils are very simple objects.
It's made of wood, it's got several layers of paint, and it has an eraser and a core that's made of graphite, clay, and water.
But it took hundreds of years and many hands to perfect the design.
It's the long history of people involved that, to me, makes the pencil perfect.
The beginning of a pencil is graphite
We've found a way to conveniently apply this new substance.
Graphite cut into short rods, wrapped in thread, sheepskin or paper, was sold on the streets of London for writing and painting, often for farmers and shepherds to mark their livestock. used
Meanwhile, in France, Nicolas-Jacques Comte devised a method of grinding graphite and mixing powdered clay and water into a paste.
When this paste is molded and fired in a kiln, the graphite core becomes very strong.
Meanwhile, in Concord, Massachusetts, in the United States, Henry David Thoreau created a scale for different hardnesses of pencil leads.
On a scale of 1 to 4, 2 was considered suitable for general use.
The softer the pencil, the higher the graphite content, and the darker and smoother the line you draw.
The harder the pencil, the higher the clay content and the thinner and finer the line.
Originally, when they were made by hand, pencils were cylindrical.
It's not an easy process to make, and it was Americans who completely mechanized this manual process.
Joseph Dixon is often credited with being one of the first to develop machines that cut wood into planks, grooved wood, and glued wood together.
In doing so, we found that hexagons were easier and less wasteful, and that became the standard.
Since the invention of pencils, people have appreciated the ability to erase what they have written.
Originally, the soft part of the bread was used to erase pencil writing, but later rubber and pumice were used.
The eraser pencil was invented in 1858 when Hymen Lippmann, an American stationery company, patented the eraser pencil and changed the pencil industry forever.
The world's first yellow pencil was Kohinoor 1500.
To their surprise, Kohinoor painted the pencil 14 times yellow and then plated the edges with 14k gold.
Everyone has their own pencil, and every pencil tells a story.
"Blackwing 602" is known to have been a favorite of many writers, especially John Steinbeck and Vladimir Nabokov.
And then there's Dixon
It's the company that made the Dixon Ticonderoga.
It's synonymous with pencils. When you think of pencils, when you think of school, you think of these pencils.
What I really think about is that people usually don't really think about how pencils are made or why they're shaped the way they are.
If you ask me, there's no better way to perfect a pencil.
i'm perfect
How many of you are bored at your desk? How many hours per day, how many days per week, how many weeks per year, how many years per lifetime?
[Small things, big ideas] [Daniel Ember talks about progress bars] A progress bar is a display on your computer that shows you what's happening inside your device.
The basic one that has been around for years is shaped like a horizontal bar.
This goes back to the pre-computer era, when we used to draw horizontal bars on a ledger and fill them in from left to right to show the progress of work in a factory.
Exactly what you see on your screen today.
In the 1970s, the so-called "software crisis" happened, and computer design suddenly and rapidly became more complex than people could have imagined.
Until then, various design progress rates have been used.
For example, there were countdown clocks and rows of asterisks that lined up from left to right across the screen.
But no one has systematically investigated any of these things, and they've never really tried to figure out the impact on the user sitting in front of the computer.
Graduate student Brad Myers decided to do this research in 1985.
What he discovered was that it didn't matter whether the displayed percentage of progress was accurate or not.
The important thing was the fact that the percentage of progress was shown there.
People were relieved just to see the percentage progress on the screen, which was the most amazing thing.
he thought about this effect
to make people more relaxed
With the remaining time indicated by the progress rate, you can leave the computer and do other things
People look at the progress and say, 'Oh, you're half done?
it took me 5 minutes
We have five minutes left, so let's send this fax."
but neither is correct
When you look at the progress bar, the act of holding your attention like a ray of light and waiting turns into an exciting story unfolding before your eyes. Instead of thinking, "We're making progress! Oh, great things are happening!"
[in progress...] But when you start to think of progress bars as something to ease the pain of waiting, you also get into psychology.
For example, if a progress bar is moving at a constant speed, it feels like it's slowing down, even though that's actually what the computer is doing.
and disgusting
So to remedy the situation, let's say we try to make it look like we're moving faster than we're actually making progress, and we're going to make it burst faster at the beginning.
And you'll feel like, "Something really interesting is happening!"
After that, the progress bar will return to the actual speed as it progresses.
This assumes that we pay attention to the passage of time, that we want to see the grass grow, or the water in the pot boils, and the amount of time we wait is less. It's not boring, it's not painful, it's not irritating.
So a progress bar at least gives the viewer a sense of beginning and end, a sense of getting closer to a goal.
I think in some ways it also eases the fear of death.
Is that an exaggeration?
(Prelude) I don't know why men talk so much about love Just come up to me Look me in the eye and kiss my hand I don't know what you call magic Look at me when you walk by nobody They say I can't resist my charms... But at midnight, when the lights are red and everyone listens to my song, I realize that my kisses are so hot, my limbs are supple and soft, surely this is the fate of the stars. Kiss me, love me My feet glide in the air My eyes glisten and mesmerize And dance like I'm possessed I know my kisses are so hot My body has the blood of a dancer My beautiful mother I used to dream of my mother, who was the queen of dancing In the glittering Spanish palace, so beautiful I often dream of her, when she beat the tambourine and danced wildly, everyone's eyes burned, she lived again in me, and I followed her destiny. I also dance in the middle of the night And feel deeply My kiss is so hot My limbs are supple and soft applause)
If it's done well, the sound will be something like tick-t-t-t-t-t-t-t-t-t-t-t-t-t-t
If you do it badly, it will sound like tiddah tiddah tiddah
Big Ideas for Small Things Kira Gaunt's Jump Rope Story A jump rope is a very simple thing.
It can be rope, clothesline, twine,
(Laughter) I don't know what to say.
What's important is that it has some weight and makes a whip-like sound.
The origins of jumping rope are unclear, but
There are indications that it may have originated in ancient Egypt or Phoenicia, and it may have been brought to North America by Dutch immigrants.
Jumping rope became popular when women's clothing became form-fitting and trouser-style underwear appeared.
Girls can now jump rope without skirts getting tangled in ropes
The tutor made the child jump rope for exercise.
Even black children of former slaves in the antebellum South were jumping rope.
In Harlem and the Bronx, Brooklyn and Queens in the 1950s, you could see a lot of girls jumping rope on the street.
Sometimes I'll use two ropes and put them together to make one rope, or I'll spin the two separately like a whisk.
The rhythm of the jump rope is regular, and you can add rhymes, rhythms, and shouts.
In the space created by this rope, we were able to create something big that far surpassed the region.
Double Dutch remains a powerful symbol of cultural identity for black women.
From the 1950s to the 1970s, girls weren't allowed to play sports.
Boys play baseball, basketball, and American football, but girls are not admitted.
A lot has changed, but it was girls who ruled the playground back then.
boys couldn't get in
it's a girl's space
It was a place where girls could shine
But the boys were listening too, which is why so many hip-hop artists are incorporating black girl play songs.
Fries and a cold shake Pretend you know how to walk Filet-O-Fish Quarter Pounder French fries and a cold shake Pretend you know how to jump
"[I'm] going down down baby your street in a Range Rover …" It started with "Down down, baby, down down the roller coaster, sweet, sweet baby, I'll never let you go.”
It's a song that anyone who grew up in an urban black community knows.
Popularity was already factored in
Double Dutch played a role in conveying these songs, these chants and gestures, and this is what I call "kinetic orality," not "word of mouth," but "body komi."
It is something that is passed down from generation to generation
In a way, thanks to the jump rope.
You need something to remember and pass on
A jump rope can be used for many things.
it transcends culture
I think the reason it stays alive is because people need to move their bodies.
The simplest things yield the most creative uses.
There are no bad buttons, only bad people
What do you think? May I?
[small things] [big ideas] [Isaac Mizrahi talks about buttons] I don't know who invented the button
It seems to have existed around 2000 B.C.E.
At first, it was just an ornament, a pretty ornament sewn onto clothing.
3,000 years later, when someone finally invented the buttonhole, the button quickly became practical.
The combination of a button and a buttonhole is a great invention.
The button slips through the hole and stays where it should be, so you don't have to worry about your clothes coming off.
Button design hasn't changed much since the Middle Ages.
one of the most enduring designs in history
For me, the best buttons are always round.
It's either a domed button with a little shank, or a circle just like this, with or without a border -- you can have two or four holes.
Just as important as the button is the buttonhole.
When calculating the size of the buttonhole, add the thickness to the diameter of the button, and add a little "play."
Before there were buttons, clothes were much more bulky, and they morphed to the shape of the wearer, and people would either burrow into them, or just wrap themselves in something.
But as new uses for buttons were discovered, fashion moved closer to body shape.
At one point, buttons were the go-to way to create form-fitting clothes.
I think the historical reason why buttons have been around for so long is that they've done a great job of keeping clothes closed.
Zippers are fragile, Velcro is noisy and wears out over time.
Even if the button comes off, just sew it on again.
Buttons are, so to speak, long-selling
Not only is it the most basic design ever, but it's also an item that makes the wearer stand out in style.
When I was a child, my mother knit me a beautiful sweater.
i didn't like
So I found this button, and as soon as the button came on, I fell in love with this sweater.
If you have bad taste and can't choose a button, let someone else choose it for you.
I'm serious
Stairs are perhaps the most emotionally influential physical element an architect deals with.
[Small things, big ideas] [David Rockwell on Stairs] Basically, stairs are a way to get from point A to point B at different heights.
Stairs have a common language
We walk on the "tread"
A "riser" is a vertical board that separates two treads.
Many of the stairs have a "step nosing" at the end of the tread.
And the connecting part is the "side girder"
All stairs are made up of these various shaped parts.
The staircase was probably built because someone said, "I want to climb from that low rock to this high rock."
People climbed with whatever they had available: logs placed in steps, ladders, natural trails that had been trodden over time.
Some of the earliest staircases, such as those found in the pyramids of Chichen Itza and the trails that climb Mt.
As technology advanced, so did practicality.
Stairs can be made from a variety of materials.
There are straight staircases and spiral staircases.
Can be made indoors or outdoors
Definitely useful in an emergency
The staircase itself is also a form of art.
As we climb and descend stairs, the shape of the stairs affects our pacing, our emotions, our safety, and how we relate to and interact with the space around us.
For a moment, imagine descending a gentle, majestic staircase like that of the New York Public Library.
The view from there is of the street and of the people around you, and the wide tread makes your gait slow and steady.
An experience like this is very different from plunging down a narrow staircase into an old pub-like space.
If the stairs are steep, your pace will also be steep.
Stairs provide epic drama.
Traditionally, it's been the highlight of the moment, emphasizing the experience of entering the venue.
Stairs can even be heroic
The staircase that survived the attacks on the World Trade Center on September 11th was called the "Survivors' Staircase" and served as the primary pathway leading hundreds of people to safety. because you have fulfilled
On the other hand, even a small staircase can have a big effect.
The front staircase is a place for neighbors to gather, play music and watch the city go by.
I'm very intrigued by the way people congregate on the stairs.
I think stairs satisfy our deep human need to be in space more than just on the ground.
So if you can get a seat halfway up the stairs, it's kind of a magical place.
I remember thinking, "This is going to completely change the way we communicate."
Big Ideas for Small Things Margaret Gould Stewart talks about hyperlinks. Hyperlinks are interface elements. Behind the interface, in the software on your smartphone or on your computer, you have a set of instructions for managing the computer, but the interface itself is. It's for humans, and when you click it, something happens.
In the beginning, it was very simple and nothing fancy.
Designers today have a lot of options.
Hyperlinks use a markup language called HTML.
Short code for hyperlinks
You can enter the destination address
It's very easy to learn how to use
Hyperlinks are used for various references to information elsewhere on the Internet.
Back when I was a student -- before everyone had free access to the Internet -- if you wanted to write a paper, you had to go to the library and hopefully you had the book.
Sometimes it had to be ordered, which could take weeks.
It's kind of silly in hindsight, but as with all major technological innovations, as soon as something becomes available, we quickly take it for granted.
In 1945, this person, Vannevar Bush, appears.
As he worked for the U.S. government, he thought, "Humanity continues to generate so much information that we're losing track of how the books we read and how important ideas are related."
He envisioned memex as a personal library where you could put together all the books and articles you've ever seen.
This idea of ​​"connecting information" captured people's imaginations.
Then in the 1960s, Ted Nelson, who started the Xanadu Project, thought, "Not just what you have.
Could it be possible to piece together ideas in a larger body of knowledge? "
In 1982, at the University of Maryland, a group of researchers developed a system called HyperTIES.
This was the first system to use body text to describe links.
They also noticed that the links in blue on the gray background had more contrast and were easier to spot.
In 1987 Apple created HyperCard
I had a stack of cards and I could link the cards together.
With HyperCard, I was able to fly through the story.
This notion of a non-linear story got a lot of traction with the advent of hyperlinks, because it gave people the power to influence their stories.
Ideas and inventions like this inspired Tim Berners-Lee, who invented the World Wide Web.
Like Lego bricks, hyperlinks are the building blocks for a complex web of relationships that spans the globe.
Hyperlinks, by their very nature, were meant not only to be used by many people, but to be created by many people.
If you ask me, hyperlinks are the most democratic design ever created.
people say i'm a good person
As a person and as a professional, I am very kind to everyone, even to the point of getting along with even the most vehement opponents.
Everyone knows that's who I am
(Laughter) But the fact that I was bullying
nobody knows
I honestly didn't think much of it myself.
I buried such memories in the dark for a long time, and many of them are still blurred.
By the way, the person who denies it is also part of their true nature.
(Laughter) But a lot of people tell me that the more I get along with conservatives, the more progressive I am, the more I write articles about kindness, the more lectures I give about kindness, the more hypocrisy I get. I feel it slowly expanding
What if I'm actually terribly mean?
When I was 10 years old, I had a classmate at school named Vicky.
(sighs) I bullied her
mercilessly
they all did
Even the teachers teased her
That doesn't lighten my guilt
Vicky clearly had a problem.
I punched myself and had a nosebleed, and I had hygiene issues, and they were pretty serious.
And yet we're clearly struggling to survive, let alone help this girl.
I called it "Sticky Bicky"
i used to call it
I distinctly remember standing in the empty hallway outside my fifth grade classroom, waiting for Vicky to come out of the bathroom, grabbing a clipboard, a pen, and a self-made survey, and asking for her favorite shampoo. It was like I was doing some research in science class or something.
When Vicky came out of the bathroom, I jumped on her and asked her what shampoo she was using.
When I think back to that time, I don't remember any of the teachers' names, I don't remember the names of any of the books I read that year, and I can barely remember anything that happened in fifth grade. i remember the name
I remember it clearly like it was yesterday
After class, I went out into the hallway and yelled to the students, "Sticky Vicky uses White Rain Shampoo.
If you use that shampoo, you'll smell like sticky Vicky."
I forgot the incident for a long time
When I finally remembered, I suddenly wanted more details.
I searched for Vicky through friends, through social media, in every way I could think of.
I really wanted to know how she was and if I ruined her life
(sighs) But soon all I want to know is what happened to Vicky.
I realized that it happened to me
When I was 10 years old, I treated other humans like they were worthless creatures.
As if I'm better than Vicky and she's a piece of shit
good people don't do this
I was still a child, but it's not something every child does.
most kids wouldn't do that
What if I'm not a good person after all?
I was just a monster who really hated other people
After that, I realized that I was the one who had a mean urge to plot mean things and want to speak ill of people.
Admittedly, most of the spiteful feelings were aimed at conservatives.
(Laughter) But not just maintenance
I found myself thinking mean things about weak-minded centrist liberals, greedy Wall Street bankers, and Islamophobes.
(Laughter) And when you detect your own hypocrisy, sometimes you just notice it, and sometimes you become more hypocritical, especially in the last few years.
And I found that the more I felt hate -- no, anger -- the more hate I felt around me.
It's like an underlying, unchanging hatred bubbling all around and overflowing.
The good thing about this situation is that I've learned that hate isn't just about me. Because I want to find out, understand, and solve the cause of the hatred inside.
So I wrote a book, like any overly intelligent person who's faced with a problem to understand.
(Laughter) I wrote a book about hate.
Spoiler alert, I'm against hate
(Laughter) At this point, you might be thinking, "Why does everyone care about hate?
you didn't hate vicky
There's a difference between bullying and hatred."
What so?
Gordon Allport, a psychologist and pioneer of hate research in the early 1900s, developed a theory called the Prejudice Scale.
At one extreme of prejudice is genocide and prejudice-motivated violence.
At the other extreme is the belief that the group to which we are born belongs is inherently superior to other groups, and we avoid social interaction with other groups.
Isn't it all hate?
So it wasn't a coincidence that rich kids like me were bullying poor kids, and that Vicky ended up being gay.
Poor kids and gay kids are often bullied, even kids like me who later discover they're gay.
At the time, I was just 10 years old, and I had a lot going on in my little head.
I'm not saying that it was all hate that bullied Vicky, or that I was consciously hating other people. I belong to a group that is more likely to be bullied at school
it's not just a coincidence
that's hate
We have a big problem, so I'm going to define hate broadly here.
We must resolve all hatred, not just extreme cases.
For example, I think you probably agree that it is hate when people march in a group calling for their rights to be stripped because of their skin color or gender, right?
So what if you believe a group of people to be inferior but don't talk about them?
Is it hatred?
What about so-called unconscious prejudice, where you believe that a group of people are inferior, but you don't realize you think so?
Is it hatred?
Do they all come from the same root?
Historically, racism and sexism have shaped history and still cast shadows on our societies today.
Aren't they all hate?
I'm not saying that they're all the same. I'm not saying that bullying is just as bad as being a Nazi, just that being a Nazi is not the same as hitting someone.
(Laughter) But hating the Nazis is also hate, isn't it?
What about hating people who are less enlightened than you?
You see, we're all against hate, we're all against hate.
We think hate is someone else's problem, not ours.
It's someone other than myself who hates people
What if you think people who didn't vote for the same party as you are stupid racist monsters who don't deserve to call themselves Americans? I'm not a good person, I understand
(Laughter) I'm not a hateful person, I'm just right -- right?
(Laughter) It's wrong.
we all hate people
I'm not saying this in any abstract, general sense.
everyone hates people
me and you
We hate other people, and we think we're different, and we think we're different, and that's the root of our hatred -- we're basically good people, and they're not. This needs to change. I have
In trying to understand and solve hate, I've read all the relevant literature and research I could find, and not only that, but I've met ex-Nazis, ex-terrorists, ex-genocides to help them get out of hate. Because if we find the technique, we should be able to do it too.
Let me give you an example of an ex-terrorist I met in the West Bank.
When Bassam Aramin was 16, he tried to blow up an Israeli convoy with a hand grenade.
Fortunately, the plan failed, but he was sentenced to seven years in prison.
While in prison, he was shown a movie about the Holocaust.
Until then, Bassam thought the Holocaust was largely a myth.
I saw the movie because I thought it must be fun to watch the scenes of Jews being killed.
But when he saw what really happened, he broke down in tears.
And after his release, Bassam eventually earned a master's degree in Holocaust studies and founded an organization where former Palestinian and Israeli combatants could work together and find common ground.
He himself once hated the Israelis, but by learning about them, their history, and working together for peace, he was able to overcome his hatred.
Bassam says he doesn't hate Israelis, even though the Israeli army shot and killed his 10-year-old daughter Abeer while she was on her way to school.
(sighs) Bassam even forgave the soldier who killed his daughter.
That soldier, he explained to me, was the product of a system of hatred, just like his old self.
If a former terrorist
If terrorists can stop hating, even when their own children are killed, then surely the rest of us can stop the habit of demeaning and dehumanizing each other.
Stories like Bassam's experience are heard all over the world, and all research shows that we are neither born nor destined to hate, but that the world around us instills it.
None of us were born to hate blacks and republicans.
There is no such thing as DNA that hates Muslims or Mexicans.
For better or worse, we're all shaped by the culture that surrounds us.
The good news is that we are the ones who shape that culture, so we can change it.
First we need to be aware of the hatred we carry.
we all admit all the hatred we all have
You need to question your own thoughts and beliefs
It won't happen overnight, it's a lifelong challenge, but you have to try.
Second, if we want to remove the hatred that permeates our societies, we need to promote the policies, institutions, and practices that bind us together as a community.
Literally eradicate discrimination in communities and schools.
Reasons for supporting the elimination of discrimination
Because it's not only the right thing to do, it beats hate on all fronts.
Multiple studies show that racial prejudice is reduced when teenagers participate in integrated classrooms and activities.
Children who attend non-racist kindergartens and elementary schools are less likely to be discriminatory in the first place.
But all over the world, and in every way, we are being pulled apart.
For example, in America, three-quarters of white people have no non-white friends.
So what we need to do, preemptively, is to root out the hatred in our institutions and governments, because sometimes institutions and policies perpetuate dehumanization, discrimination, exclusion and hatred. This is sexual harassment and sexual violence in the workplace, as well as a criminal justice system that is rife with deep-rooted racial inequalities and racial prejudices, and which is supposed to uphold "justice."
you have to change it
It won't change overnight
need to make it happen
and-
When we connect in a place of mutual interaction that fosters connection, we need to change the way we speak to each other, to value our connections, and to treat people in a tolerant, open-minded, kind and caring manner. not hate
that's all
That's all
(Applause) All solved, right?
that's it
There are details, but that's what we should do.
Isn't it complicated?
it's just hard
We feel hatred toward certain groups because of their personalities and beliefs. Such hatred is so ingrained in our minds and societies that it feels inevitable and seems impossible to change. increase
but it is possible to change
Terrorist turned peace activist
See the perpetrators who learned to apologize to victims of bullying
I've traveled all over the Middle East, Rwanda and the United States, hearing amazing stories from locals who have made history of hate all past, and all the while, I'm still searching for Vicky.
It was very difficult to find her, so I hired a private detective, and he found her.
I mean, in a way, I found
In fact, the person I call Vicky went to great lengths to hide his identity.
Anyway, about a year into the trip, I wrote Vicky an apology.
And a few months later I got a letter from her
(sighs) I won't lie. I wanted you to forgive me.
but it didn't work
(sighs) She seemed to have conditionally forgiven me.
The letter said
"I can't forgive you for your past deeds, even if you just apologized in a letter.
The only way you can be forgiven is to make the world a better place, prevent people from making the same mistakes as you, and develop compassion."
Vicky says
that's why i'm here
Thank you very much
(applause)
The night before I left for Scotland, I was in Shanghai hosting the final round of the All-China Talent Show, which was attended by 80,000 people.
Who are the special guests?
Susan Boyle
"I'm going to Scotland tomorrow," I said.
She sang beautifully, and she even sang a little bit of Chinese.
It means "green onions are free"
why did you sing this?
Actually, it's from the Chinese version of Susan Boyle's song. She's about 50 years old, she sells vegetables from a street stall in Shanghai, and she loves to sing Western opera, but she speaks English, French, and Spanish. I don't understand. Instead of lyrics, sing the names of vegetables in Chinese.
(Laughter) The last words she sang in "Never Sleep," were, "Green onions are free."
Boyle sang, and 80,000 people sang along.
it was a great stage
Susan Boyle and the Shanghai vegetable vendor once belonged to another world.
They were the people furthest from making it in the business of entertainment, and courage and talent propelled them.
Shows and programs gave them a sunny stage and turned their dreams into reality.
It's not difficult to be different
We are all different if you look at it the other way
Different is a good thing; it provides a new perspective.
You can try to change the world
My generation was lucky enough to witness and participate in a historic turning point in China that has caused so much change in the last couple of decades.
I remember in 1990, when I was graduating from college, I had an interview for the sales department of Beijing's first five-star hotel, which is still in business, the Sheraton.
The Japanese manager said after the 30 minute interrogation, "By the way, Mr. Yang, do you have any questions for me?"
I summoned up my courage and straightened myself and said, "Yes, please tell me what exactly am I selling?"
I had no idea what a five-star hotel sales department would do.
That day was the first time I set foot in a five-star hotel.
Right around that time, I was being judged for the first public audition for China's state television, and 1,000 female college students had applied.
The producer told us he was looking for a pretty, innocent, beautiful new woman.
When it was my turn, I stood up and said, Why do female talents on television always have to be beautiful, cute, innocent, and honest?
Shouldn't I speak up with my opinion?
I thought I pissed off the judges.
they admire my words
I was able to advance to the 2nd round, and then proceeded to the 3rd round and the 4th round.
After the 7th round, I was the winner.
Appeared on a popular program on national TV
Believe it or not, it was a show on Chinese television where the host was allowed to speak in his own words rather than in a censored script by the authorities.
(Applause) We had about 200 million to 300 million viewers each week.
A few years later, I went to the United States for graduate school at Columbia University, and then I started a news company, which was unthinkable when I started out.
do a lot of planning
Interviewed over 1,000 people
When young people find me, they say, "Column, you changed my life." I'm proud of that.
I feel happy to be a part of this major turning point for all of China.
I was at the venue where the Beijing Olympics were decided
Represented at the Shanghai World Expo
China embraced the world I saw the world embrace China
But sometimes I wonder what's going on with the younger generation today.
What is the difference? How will that difference shape the future of China and the world?
So today, let's talk about today's youth in terms of social media.
First, who are they and what do they look like?
This is a girl named Meimei Guo. She's 20 and beautiful.
She shows off her expensive bags, clothes and cars on her microblog, which is China's version of Twitter.
I posted myself as the head of the Red Cross for the Chamber of Commerce chapter.
Little did I know that this would strike a nerve and cause a riotous scandal over the credibility of the Red Cross across China.
The controversy heated up, and the Red Cross held a press conference to clarify the truth, and the investigation is still ongoing.
What we do know at this point is that she probably made up the story to show off her philanthropic affiliation.
Her expensive belongings were gifts from her boyfriend, who was an officer in the Chamber of Commerce branch of the Red Cross.
It's a very complicated story.
the public is still not convinced
the case is still unsolved
This case reveals the public's mistrust of governments and government agencies that have historically lacked transparency.
It also showed the power and influence of social media like microblogging.
Microblogging was all the rage in 2010, users doubled, time spent tripled.
News portal Sina.com alone has 140 million microbloggers
200 million people in Tenchent
The more popular blogger isn't me, it's a movie star with 9.5 million followers.
About 80% of microbloggers are young and under the age of 30.
As you know, traditional media is tightly controlled by governments, so social media provides a small outlet for grievances.
But in situations where there aren't many other outlets, the hot grievances that erupt from this outlet can sometimes be very strong, active, even violent.
So through microblogging, we can understand young people better than ever before.
What makes young people different?
First of all, most of them were born under the one-child policy of the 80's and 90's.
There are 30 million more males among young people today because of the rampant choice of abortions in families that favored boys over girls.
This could pose a great danger to society, but I don't know, in today's globalized world, you might want a girlfriend in another country.
The majority of young people are well educated
Less than 1% of this generation is illiterate
80% of students go on to university in urban areas
Young people are facing an aging population in China, with more than 7% of the population over the age of 65 this year and projected to reach 15% by 2030.
As you know, in China, there is a tradition of the younger generation supporting the older generation financially and taking care of them when they are weak.
A young couple has to care for four parents with a life expectancy of 73 years.
Life is not easy for young people
because of the large number of university graduates
Starting salaries for college graduates in urban areas are around $400, while the average rent is over $500.
What to do now? --We share a room, we put up with small spaces, we save money.
Young people looking to buy an apartment in preparation for marriage will have to work 30 to 40 years to finish paying for it.
In the United States, a husband and wife can pay it off in five years, but in China, where real estate prices are soaring, it takes 30 to 40 years.
60% of the 200 million migrant workers are young
They're sandwiched between the city and the countryside.
I don't want to go back to the countryside, but I don't feel like I belong in the city.
Long working hours, low wages, low welfare
In a recession, they are quickly fired, at the mercy of inflation, bank interest, the rate of the renminbi, and declining demand for their products from Europe and America.
Last year, a horrifying incident occurred at an OEM factory in the South, where 13 factory workers in their late teens and early twenties committed suicide one after another as if they had contracted an epidemic.
Each case was different
This incident raised a huge social problem of the physical and mental isolation of migrant workers.
Young people who return to the countryside are welcomed in their own regions, and the skills and connections they acquire in the cities, through the use of the Internet, create more jobs in underdeveloped markets by innovating agriculture and starting companies. because it does
The coast has experienced a labor shortage over the last few years.
These figures show the environment in which young people live.
The first is Engel's coefficient: the share of household spending on basic necessities has been declining over the last decade to about 37 percent.
But over the last two years, it's gone up to 39 percent, which indicates an increase in the cost of living.
The Gini coefficient, which measures inequality, has passed the dangerous level of 0.4.
It's currently at 0.5, indicating income inequality that surpasses the United States.
I'm frustrated that society as a whole is losing its mobility.
Resentment and antipathy towards the rich and powerful is rampant.
Corruption and backroom deals by authorities and corporations lead to violent protests and even riots.
Through the latest microblogging topics, we can see what young people are interested in.
Their number one demand is social justice and government accountability.
Over the past decade or so, we've seen numerous reports of people's homes being forcibly demolished for mass urbanization and development.
This is causing a lot of anger and frustration in the younger generation.
Sometimes the accusers are killed, and sometimes people set themselves on fire in protest.
As these incidents become more frequently reported on the Internet, people demand anti-fraud measures from governments.
It worked, and earlier this year the government enacted a law restricting the requisition and demolition of homes, enacting the right to sue local governments for forced demolition.
The topic of public safety is also a hot topic on the Internet.
Air pollution, water pollution, poisoned food became a hot topic.
Counterfeit beef was also exposed
A special additive applied to chicken or fish makes it look like beef.
Most recently, cooking oil became a hot topic when it was discovered that thousands of people were recycling cooking oil from restaurant wastewater.
These incidents received an outcry from the internet.
As a result, governments are responding to public concerns faster and more frequently than ever before.
Young people are becoming more confident about participating in public decision-making, but at the same time, they seem unsure about what they should want out of their private lives.
in Europe and other countries
Even excluding Chinese spending, China will soon overtake the United States as the world's largest consumer market for luxury goods.
But half of these consumers make less than $2,000 a year.
I can't say I'm rich
They buy luxury bags and clothes because they want to feel rich and status.
A girl on a TV dating show said, "I'd rather cry in my BMW than laugh on my bike."
Of course, there are young people who want to laugh on their bikes and in their BMWs.
Here's a photo of a trending phenomenon called the "naked" wedding.
Instead of having a wedding ceremony without clothes, the young people who get married confirm only their true love for each other, without houses, cars, diamond rings, or receptions.
Good deeds are also done through social media
In the first picture, a truck carrying 500 stray or stolen dogs to a meat factory was spotted and stopped on a highway with all of China watching on microblogs.
People donated money, dog food, and offered their services to stop the transport.
After hours of discussion, all the dogs were rescued.
This is a site to find missing children
A father posted a picture of his son
Thousands of people worked together through microblogging to find children and confirm family reunions.
"Happiness" was the most popular word in the last two years.
Happiness is not only related to personal experiences and personal values, but it is also related to the environment.
People are asking: Is it okay to sacrifice the environment to boost GDP?
How should social and political reforms proceed to keep pace with economic growth and ensure sustainability and stability?
How self-cleaning is the social system capable of allowing more people to lead fulfilling lives in the face of simultaneous conflicts?
people will answer questions like this
China's young generation will change themselves as they change this country.
thank you
(applause)
My career is peculiar
For example, a colleague of mine came to me and said, "Your career has changed."
They say it, and I know what they mean, because I started my career as a theoretical nuclear physicist.
I was thinking about quarks and gluons and heavy ion collisions when I was only 14 years old, kidding.
But then I had my own lab in the Department of Computational Neuroscience, but I didn't do anything about neuroscience.
And after that, I was studying evolutionary genetics and systems biology.
But today I'll tell you something else
What I'm going to tell you is what I've learned about life.
I was actually a rocket scientist
I wasn't exactly a rocket scientist, but I worked at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in warm California, a far cry from the cold Midwest where I live now.
it was a very exciting experience
One day, the head of NASA came into my office, sat down, and said, "Can you tell me how to find extraterrestrial life?"
I was very surprised, because my job was to study quantum computing.
But I came up with a good answer: "I have no idea."
He said, "Biosignatures. Look for biosignatures."
"What the hell is that?" I asked
He said, "It's a measurable phenomenon that indicates the existence of life."
"really?
Because it's easy, isn't it?
there's life around us
Apply the definition of life? An absolute definition like the Supreme Court's decision."
And after thinking about it for a moment, I said, "No, it might not be easy, because look at this, for example.
"Okay, no doubt, let's call this life."
I have something like this."
"I know it's life," he said.
If any of you think that life is something that will eventually die, this is not the case, because it's a really weird creature.
This organism grows, enters maturity, goes through stages of rejuvenation, and then, like Benjamin Button, goes through stages of rejuvenation, and then it gets younger and younger until it's like a tiny embryo again. there is not
So this is life, but it's not the kind of life we ​​think it is.
Then there's this thing
The director was surprised, "What kind of creature is this?" Does anyone know?
Actually, this is not a living thing, but a crystal.
And after looking more closely at even smaller things, this discoverer wrote a paper and said, "This is a bacterium."
But if you look at it a little more closely, you'll find that it's too small to be a bacterium.
I was convinced he was a living being, but most people weren't convinced.
And then, as you know, NASA had a big announcement, and President Clinton held a press conference about the amazing discovery of life on a Martian meteorite.
But recently, this has been disputed.
As you can see from these pictures, it's not easy to tell if it's life or not.
It's a definition of life to make that distinction.
Is it possible to define life? What should I do?
it is of course
If you open the L page of the thick Encyclopedia Britannica...
No, it's not. So let's Google it.
Then I'm sure you'll find some kind of answer
But it's not useful to write only the familiar stuff that you get there, so you might come up with something like this.
something complicated
Many concepts have been written
Who wrote something so complicated and esoteric and meaningless?
Ah, but this is actually a collection of really important concepts.
So let me just pick out a few key words and explain them. This definition isn't something you're used to hearing like amino acids or leaves, it's a process-based definition.
Actually, this is a passage from my book on artificial life.
That's why the director of NASA came to my office in the first place.
Because he thought it might be possible to create life forms based on these concepts.
So if you're wondering, "What the heck is artificial life?"
It all started back in 1990, when the first computer virus was created.
Young people who don't know the time have no idea how this virus got infected, and it did so through a floppy disk.
What's interesting about computer virus infections is this: when you graph the number of infections, you get this kind of pointy graph like the number of flu cases.
This is actually caused by a cat-and-mouse race between hackers and OS developers.
The result is a kind of phylogenetic diagram of the virus, and this phylogenetic diagram is almost identical to the phylogenetic diagram of the common virus.
Is this life? no it wouldn't
Because computer viruses don't evolve on their own.
Hackers have evolved
But soon someone took this idea a step further. A scientist working at the Santa Fe Research Institute thought, "What if these little viruses evolved on their own in an artificial world inside a computer? ”
That scientist is Steen Rasmussen.
He designed this system, but it didn't work because his viruses were constantly killing each other.
But one ecologist looking at this system
Say, "I can fix this system."
I built the Tierra system, which is one of the first real artificial life systems in my book, but these programs didn't get complicated.
After seeing this system and doing a little research, I came along.
I decided to create a system that had all the necessary properties of being able to be complex, with more complex problems constantly evolving.
I don't know how to code, so I had someone help me. I was at Caltech.
I was working with two undergraduates, Charles O'Pria on the left and Titus Brown on the right.
Now they're both respectable professors at Michigan State University, but they certainly weren't a great team back then.
I'm relieved that there are no photos left of the three of us together.
What kind of system is this? I can't go into detail here
let me explain a little bit
It's this group structure that I want to focus on.
There are about 10,000 programs here
Different strains of programs are distinguished by different colors
Each one multiplies, so as you can see, the populations grow on top of each other.
Any time a program mutates in some way that makes it a better fit to survive in this world, it will drive other programs to extinction.
So let me show you what happens here, these experiments we made ourselves.
started with the program
We've made our own many times, and we're proud of it.
As soon as you put this program into your system, new species start popping up.
By the way, this saves time, like 1,000 generations in 1 second.
The system immediately responds, "What is this stupid code?
Something like this can be improved in a blink of an eye in all sorts of ways.”
Waves of new species replace others.
This kind of activity continues for some time until the program acquires the most important and simplest.
Here we see stagnation, but the system is just waiting, and when a new species like this arises, it expands, swallows what was previously a new species, erases all the genes that were there before, and becomes more complex. A new program with increased
This process goes on forever
You can see that this system unfolds exactly like life.
But there's one thing that NASA people wanted to know: "Does this program have a biosignature?
Can you catch this kind of life?
If we can, we may be able to discover extraterrestrial life without being confused by the presence or absence of substances such as amino acids."
So what I proposed was to build a biosignature based on life as a universal process.
"Then you can use this concept that I have developed to capture what a simple life system might look like."
So I had an idea -- I have to explain the idea first -- that I came up with, rather than trying to detect the existence of life itself, it's about trying to capture the meaning of life.
So how do we capture meaning? Let's start by exploring how to distinguish between text written by a million monkeys and text in a book.
And I don't want you to have to read the language it's written in, because you can't read it all.
I got a graph like this
This shows how often each of the 26 letters of the alphabet is used in monkey sentences.
As you can see, each character is used roughly the same number of times.
Now, if we were to create the same graph from the text written in English, it would look like this.
It's true. English sentences show such characteristics.
If it's written in French, the graph will look a little different, even in Italian or German, because each language has its own frequency pattern.
But there will always be characteristics, whether the content is political or scientific.
Whether it's poetry or mathematical texts
There is always a feature, and a feature with the same pattern.
As long as the text is written in English, we're going to rewrite it and rewrite it, and the same pattern will emerge.
This inspired me, and I thought, let's try to use this idea, not to look for randomly written sentences in meaningful sentences, but to find a lot of the fact that there is some kind of meaning. to find out among the biomolecules of
But to do that, we first have to identify the alphabet-like building blocks of sentences.
Now, it turns out that there are a lot of candidates for those building blocks, and amino acids might work.
Nucleic acid, carboxylic acid, fatty acid may be used.
In fact, there are so many different chemicals, and our bodies use many of them.
To test the idea, we first looked at amino acids and some carboxylic acids.
this is the result
You get graphs like this when you look at the frequency distribution of amino acids, for example, in comets, in interstellar space, or in primordial soups made in the lab that you're sure are free of life. is alanine
The rest are traces of other amino acids.
Similar characteristics occur in environments similar to Earth, where amino acids are present, but where there is no life.
But if you dig some mud on Earth, and you put that mud through a spectrometer, it's full of bacteria, and no matter where you sample water on Earth, water is teeming with life. can be obtained
Of course, we have glycine and alanine, but there are other amino acids with higher molecular weights, and these amino acids are produced because they are essential substances for living organisms.
Except for the 20 amino acids that make up proteins, no other amino acids appear at all.
So this is also a distinct feature
Whatever sediment you use, whether it's bacteria, plants or animals
Wherever there is life, we always get a frequency distribution like this, not this one.
And this is not just true for amino acids.
Now let's look at the case of Avidian.
Avidian is a living thing in a computer that keeps replicating and becoming more complex.
This represents the distribution in the absence of life.
Avidian has about 28 commands.
And in a system where commands are interchangeable, the distribution resembles the characteristics of monkey sentences: these commands are
appear with roughly the same frequency
But when you replicate in an environment like the one in the video above, the distribution looks like this:
There are things that are very important, and that order will appear more often.
There are even commands that are only used once.
Such commands are harmful, or commands that should be used with a lower probability than chance.
less frequently in this case
Is this a definite feature?
I would say so, because these types of distributions, as seen in the example sentences and amino acid examples, show certain characteristics in any environment that you change.
The next thing I'm going to show you is an experiment that I did.
The graph above is the frequency distribution from earlier.
It's a lifeless distribution, so each instruction appears with the same frequency.
And the graph below is the probability of mutation occurring in that environment.
Normally, the replication program would work and it would continue to replicate until it filled the world, but if you set it up so that it is easy for mutations to occur and start the experiment, it will soon mutate and die.
Life can't survive if the mutation rate is too high.
Then we gradually lowered the mutation probability until it reached a viable threshold, where it could replicate and survive.
During this time, we will continue to inject life forms into this world.
The result is something like this: nothing happens at first
Mutation rate is still too high
Now that we've reached a viability threshold, the frequency distribution has changed a lot and stabilized, so what I did next was
It's a little mean, but it increased the mutation rate again.
Of course, it hits the survival threshold again and becomes unresponsive.
Let me show you again, it's an amazing distribution.
The survival threshold is reached and the distribution is
become "alive"
And again, above the survival threshold, the mutation rate is so high that it can't self-replicate, meaning it makes too many errors in copying its genetic information and passing it on to offspring, and it loses its ability to replicate.
results in a featureless distribution
from this experiment
you can learn a lot
One, if we can think about what life is in the abstract -- that is, not in terms of plants or amino acids or bacteria, but in terms of processes -- life can exist anywhere, not just on Earth. is that you can think
Life is all about information stored in a physical medium, and that medium can be bits, nucleic acids, or anything that can be an alphabet, and you don't want that information to disappear. We need some process to store information for much longer than we think.
If we can secure that, life will emerge.
In other words, we can define life by first thinking only about processes, and then we don't have to think about what we care about, like life on Earth.
This discovery, like many other scientific discoveries that we've made so far, is likely to overturn the way we think that life is special.
we can create life in computers
Of course there are limits, but we know what it takes to create life.
And once you know that, the problem disappears, which is to say, once you understand a universal process that doesn't depend on any particular medium, you can go outside the Earth, do some research, and find out what chemical alphabet is there, and what the planet's normals are. By inferring the chemical composition and geochemical properties of the , we can get an idea of ​​the distribution in the absence of life.
We can't say that life exists, but at least we'll look closely at the chemicals to see where they come from.
This experiment gives us the possibility of discovering invisible life.
Please remember this for today. Life on other planets
If you think about how it exists, you'll find that life isn't so mysterious.
If it's not mystical, I think it makes it easier to think about why we're alive and why humans aren't that special.
this is what i wanted to say
thank you very much
(applause)
What do you think is inside this box?
Whatever it is, it's important.
(Laughter) (Applause) Have you ever seen something like this?
Did you know that the average American household has three times as much space as it did 50 years ago?
three times as much
With all that extra space, you think you have too much space.
but that's not
In urban areas, a new industry of more than 200,000 square kilometers and worth 22 billion dollars was born: rental warehouses.
Now, although we've tripled the space, we've become so good shoppers that we need more space.
What are the drawbacks?
Our credit card debt climbs, our ecological footprint soars, and that's why our happiness levels have remained flat for the last 50 years.
Therefore, I would like to propose an improvement plan. Actually, "less" may produce "more"
At some point, I'm sure you've felt the happiness of being little, in your college dorm room, in your hotel room while traveling, camping in the middle of the woods, or on a boat.
Whatever form it takes, I'm sure you've all felt a sense of freedom and freedom in a scene like this.
So I'm proposing, why don't we use less stuff and less space to reduce our footprint?
At the same time, you can keep your expenses down.
Also, you can have more leeway in your life
So I started a project called Life Edited to take this proposal further and find a solution.
First, Mutopo.com and Jovoto.com helped me crowdsource my 39 square meter apartment.
An office, a dining table for 10, a guest room and kitesurf gear were all I needed.
Over 300 submissions from all over the world were collected, and my own jewelry box was completed.
not 55 square meters
By buying a 39-square-meter room, you'll save $200,000 in no time.
If space is limited, furniture will be smaller, which means more savings, but also less footprint.
I enjoy being in my own bespoke room made up of only the things I really like.
Where do I start?
There are 3 main approaches
The first is to eliminate waste thoroughly.
You have to make sure you have enough space to live
"What should I do with this T-shirt that I haven't worn in years?"
"Should I just throw it away?"
Efforts must be made not to increase the number of things that are not necessary for daily life while cutting them.
Think carefully when buying things
So ask yourself, "Will buying this really make me happy?"
That said, you should buy some things
But don't buy mundane things, buy things that you will love for years to come.
Next, we have a new mantra: "small = sexy."
Space efficiency is a pressing need
You definitely need something that you will use all year round, not something you only use once in a while.
If you don't use three stoves, you don't need six, right?
So something that can be stored compactly or something that is digitized is ideal.
Documents, books, movies can all be erased like magic.
Finally, space and furniture should be multi-functional. A dining table that doubles as a toilet and a sink. It doesn't take up too much space.
The Life Edited project you see here combines transformable furniture with moving walls to maximize the use of space.
The coffee table over there stretches horizontally and vertically to give space for 10 people.
The office can also be folded for easy storage
The bed pops out with the push of a finger
What if guests come? There's a folding bed behind the wall
Of course, don't forget your home theater.
Now, I'm not telling you to live in a 39-square-meter house.
But see the benefits of compact living
From 84 tsubo to 56 tsubo From 42 tsubo to 28 tsubo
Everyone here is staying in a small hotel room, with limited luggage. Any complaints?
So when you go home and open the door, ask yourself, "Can I live a little more compactly?"
“If I do that, won’t I have more freedom?”
"Can I have some free time?"
What's inside this box?
I don't care about that
I don't need this
what would you put in
Perhaps "less" may give birth to "more"
So make space for happiness
thank you
(applause)
i am a garbage collector
By the way, I became a garbage collector because I hate waste.
I hope that in the next 10 minutes, I can change the way you think about many things in your life.
start from the very beginning
remember your childhood
How did you see everyday objects?
I think it was a rule for young children like this: "If I find it first, it's mine."
"When I'm making something, everything around me belongs to me"
"I'm happy to have many of my things."
And of course "What's broken isn't mine"
(Laughter) After working in the recycling industry for almost 20 years, I've come to realize that people don't necessarily abandon this childhood rule to become an adult.
Why do you think so
Because recycling plants around the world process more than 400 tons of people's waste every single day.
Now, more than 400 tonnes a day sounds like a lot, but that's a tiny fraction of the durable consumer goods that are discarded each year around the world -- less than 1 percent.
In fact, the United Nations estimates that nearly 40 million tons of electrical and electronic equipment are discarded worldwide each year, one of the fastest growing types of waste.
And if you add other consumer durables like cars, that number more than doubles.
And of course, the more developed the country, the bigger the pile of garbage.
Now, when you look at these mountains, most people think they're garbage.
looks like a mine above ground to us
Because it contains many of the precious raw materials that were originally used to make these things.
Finding ways to extract these raw materials from highly complex waste streams is becoming increasingly important.
As we've heard at TED all week, the population is growing, the world is getting smaller, and they want more stuff.
We naturally want toys and tools that we take for granted.
And what are the raw materials that make up the toys and tools we use every day?
Mostly various types of plastics and metals
In general, metals come from the ore that we mine, from the ever-expanding and deepening mines around the world.
Plastic is made from petroleum, but we're going to farther and farther places, digging deeper and extracting it.
These practices have huge economic and environmental implications that are already becoming apparent today.
I'm happy to say that we're starting to collect and recycle materials from used items, especially in places like Europe where we have mandates to responsibly recycle.
It's mostly metal that's collected from used items and ends up in recyclers.
As a general rule of thumb, instead of metal, I'm showing you steel, because it's the most common metal, and if the waste goes to a recycler, maybe 90 percent or more of the metal will be recovered and reused for other purposes.
Plastic is a whole different story. Less than 10% is recovered.
actually about 5%
Most are incinerated or landfilled
You'd think it's because plastic is disposable and doesn't have much value.
It's actually worth more than steel
And every year, the world produces and consumes more plastic than steel.
So why isn't the recovery of such an abundant and precious material as low as that of less precious materials?
The main reason is that metals are very easy to recycle from object to object.
Metals have very different densities
have various electrical and magnetic properties
even the colors are different
So it's very easy for humans and machines to separate metals from each other and from other materials.
The densities of plastics overlap in a very narrow range
The properties of electricity and magnetism are the same or very similar,
And also the color of the plastic, as you know, can be anything.
This is why traditional methods of sorting waste don't work with plastics.
Furthermore, because of the ease with which metals can be recycled by hand, many items from developed countries—unfortunately, many items from the United States, where recycling policies like Europe's have not been enacted—have been moved to the developing world for low-cost recycling. will be shipped to the country
People scour waste for just $1 a day
We collect what we can, but most of it is metal, like circuit boards.
Or burn the plastic in an incinerator like the one you see here to get the metal out.
and take out the metal with your hands
Economically, it may be a low-cost method, but it's certainly not environmentally friendly, nor does it protect human health and safety.
Environmental arbitrage if you ask me
Not fair, not safe, not sustainable
Now, because plastic is so plentiful -- by the way, these methods obviously don't lead to plastic recycling, but there are attempts to do so.
this is just an example
Here's a photo I took standing on a roof in Mumbai, India, one of the world's largest slums.
plastic stored on the roof
Down in these little workshops, people are trying really hard to separate the plastics by color, by shape, by texture, by whatever tricks they can.
Sometimes we resort to the "burn and smell" technique, where we burn plastic and try to identify the type of plastic by smelling the smoke.
None of these technologies lead to significant amounts of recycling.
By the way, don't do this at home.
So what to do with this space-age material, or at least this plastic as it used to be called?
I think it's too precious and too much to keep dumping in landfills, let alone incinerating it into smoke.
So about 20 years ago, I was messing around in my garage trying to figure out how to separate these very similar materials, and I ended up getting a lot of my friends involved, friends in the mining industry, friends in the plastics industry, and people all over the world. Started visiting mining labs
To put it plainly, it is mining on the ground.
and finally found a solution
The last frontier in recycling
It's the last major material that can be recovered in significant quantities on Earth.
finally found a way to retrieve it
And in the process, it began to change the way the industry produced plastics.
Traditional methods use petroleum and petrochemicals.
It breaks down those molecules and then recombines them in specific ways to create the amazing plastics that people use every day.
we thought there had to be a more sustainable way
It's not just environmentally sustainable, it's also economically sustainable.
Using waste is a good idea
It's not as expensive as oil, and as you can see in the picture, there's a lot of it.
We don't break down the plastic molecules and put them back together, so we use mining techniques to extract the raw materials.
Our factory equipment capital cost is very low
It also saves a lot of energy
How many other businesses are there on the planet right now that can save 80 to 90 percent energy compared to the traditional way of doing things?
And instead of spending hundreds of millions of dollars to build a chemical factory and produce just one kind of plastic all the time, our factory can make all kinds of plastics.
And we recycle whole petroleum-based plastics.
Our customers can significantly reduce CO2 emissions.
Our products can be reused
Create more sustainable products
I don't have much time, but I'll show you a little bit of how we do this.
It starts with a metal recycler shredding the waste
Contractors take the metals and leave behind what they call shredder dust, a very complex mixture, mostly plastic.
Remove everything else: metal, rugs, foam, rubber, wood, glass, paper, whatever the dealer overlooked.
sometimes dead animals
Then it goes into the first step like traditional recycling.
Materials are separated by magnets and air currents.
It's like the movie "Dream Chocolate Factory"
Mixed plastic materials are produced in this process, many different plastics, many different grades.
This leads to a more advanced process, which begins a very demanding multi-step sorting process.
Crush the plastic into pieces about the size of your pinky fingernail.
These sorting is done in a very highly automated process, not only by type but also by grade.
At the end of this process, you have tiny flakes of plastic, the same type and grade.
After that, they are sorted by color by optical sorting.
Mix it in a 20+ tons mixing silo
Then you put it in a molding machine, melt it, and extrude it through a tiny punch hole, like spaghetti.
And then you cut this string of material into something called a pellet.
This will be the currency of the plastics industry.
This is the same material as petroleum-based plastic.
And today, we're making this out of what you've been using, and it's being repurposed into something new.
(Applause) So instead of your stuff ending up in the hills of the developing world or literally becoming smoke, it's coming back to your office desk as a new product or being recycled at home.
These are just a few examples of companies that buy our plastics instead of virgin plastics and manufacture new products.
I hope that at least you've changed your mind about some of the commodities of life.
we were inspired by nature
There's very little waste in nature, and we reuse virtually everything.
Please stop thinking of yourself as a consumer. I've always hated this idea.
Finally, I'd like to ask you to change the toddler rule a little bit to "What's broken is Mike's."
thank you for your time
(applause)
I'm a conductor, and today I want to talk to you about trust.
This is what my work is based on
There must be an enduring bond between the conductor and the orchestra, born of mutual respect, through which we can tell the story of the music we believe in.
In the old days, command was more about coercion rather than trust, frankly.
Before World War II, every conductor was a dictator, a kind of tyrant who dictated not only the orchestra as a whole, but every detail of the lives of its individual members.
Fortunately, the world has progressed, and so has music.
Now we have a more democratic view and a more democratic way of doing things, and it's no longer a one-way street.
As a conductor, I have to provide a solid framework for the music, but within that there is a great deal of freedom that allows the members of the orchestra to shine.
I also have to strongly trust my body language
because that's all I can use
It's a silent gesture
I can't give loud instructions during the performance.
(Playing) Let me introduce you to the Scottish Ensemble.
(Applause) To make this whole thing work, you have to build trust.
We need trust in the orchestra, and more importantly, trust in ourselves.
Think about it. What would you do without trust?
trying to make up
make an overhanded gesture
It's gonna be like a crazy windmill
The bigger the gesture, the more obscure and obscure it becomes, and it doesn't help the orchestra.
It's just ridiculous. Trust will disappear and only ridicule will remain.
I remember very well when I first started conducting, repeating miserable orchestral performances, and I was freaked out on the podium, making a little crescendo—even if I was trying to make a little climax.
the orchestra won't answer
In the beginning, I used to cry quietly for long periods of time in the waiting room.
Even the advice of veteran British conductor Colin Davis seemed pointless: "Conducting is like catching a bird, Charles.
If the grip is too strong, the bird will be crushed.
If you hold it too loosely, it will run away."
At the time, I thought I would never even find the bird.
For me, one of the most fundamental and essential experiences in music was my adventure in South Africa. It taught me that we can do this by creating a deep, primordial level of living trust in making music together.
In 2000, I had the opportunity to work on forming a new opera company in South Africa.
I went out there and auditioned mostly in non-white neighborhoods around the country.
I listened to 2,000 singers, and I built an opera troupe of 40 amazingly talented young singers, mostly black, with a few white singers.
During our first rehearsal, we found out that one of the white singers was formerly a member of the South African Police Force.
At the end of the old regime, he was often sent out to attack people in non-white townships.
You can imagine the effect this information had on the atmosphere.
let's face reality
In South Africa, the least trust of all is between the white police and the black community.
How do you think you got out of there?
through the song
We just kept singing and singing, and to my surprise, trust and friendship blossomed.
It made me realize a deep truth: music and other creative endeavors can take you to places where words can't sometimes go.
We started performing and touring abroad.
One of the performances was "Carmen"
When we started talking about making that movie, we recorded and shot it in Khayelitsha, a non-white community on the outskirts of Cape Town.
The songs are all sung in Xhosa, beautiful musical language.
The title is "U Carmen y Khayelitxa" which means "Carmen of Khayelitxa".
I would like to show you some of the film as proof of what South African music is all about.
(Music) (Applause) What really fascinates me about South African musical expression is the freedom.
they really create music
I think a lot of that is due to the fundamental fact that they're not bound by notation.
they don't read sheet music
i trust my ears
Many South Africans taught me the melody in 5 seconds
They magically improvise a lot of harmonies based on that melody, they just can.
Our attitudes and sensibilities about music in the West are much more rigid. It's all about skills and systems.
Only for some elite, talented people.
Yet everyone on this planet is involved in music every day.
On a more general level, I'm sure everyone here would happily talk about movies and literature with complete confidence.
How many people can confidently talk about a piece of classical music?
Why?
What I want to say is, overcome that extreme lack of self-confidence and take the leap. Trust your ears and trust that you can hear the underlying muscle tissue, the neural DNA that makes a great song great. is
So I would like to do an experiment.
Did you know that TED represents a melody?
A simple tune consisting of three notes T E D
wait a minute
I know you want to say "There's no sound like T"
In fact, in the traditional notation that composers have used for hundreds of years, there is indeed a T.
After singing the scale as A B C D E F G, it goes straight to the continuation of the alphabet H I J K L M N O P Q R S T Here you go.
This is the same as regular F
T is for F
So T E D becomes F E D
TED was embedded in the theme of the song I played at the beginning of the talk.
please listen
(Playing) Do you understand?
There is an air of suspicion
Let's do it again. Let's do it so that TED stands out.
sorry for the vulgarity
(Playing) I heard it loud and clear.
let's be more clear
Ladies and gentlemen, it's almost time for tea
You have to sing to have tea
Let's sing together for tea
These three wonderful notes sing TED.
can you do it?
(audience) T E D
It sounded more like a cow's voice than a human's voice
let's do it again
Take the plunge and raise the octave
T E D
(audience) T E D
Cheerful again (audience: T E D) I feel like I'm back in the mad windmill again.
Now let's do it in the context of music
When the performance starts, everyone please sing on my signal
(Playing) Once again, with all my heart
Otherwise there will be no tea
very well done everyone
Not bad for a TED Choir debut.
I'd like to introduce you to a project I'm launching that I'm really excited about that will change people's perceptions and create a new level of trust.
My youngest child was born with cerebral palsy, and I don't think you'll know how big it is to accept that until you experience it yourself.
The gift that my wonderful daughter has given me is that it has opened my eyes to the extent of the disabled community that I had never seen before, apart from her very existence.
When I saw the Paralympics, I was struck by how technology could help show that disability is no barrier to achieving the highest levels of athletic performance.
But there's a grim side to this fact, and it took decades for most of the world to come to understand and trust that disabled people and sport can be connected in an interesting and compelling way.
So I asked myself, what about the music?
In England alone, there are millions of disabled people with great musical potential.
So I decided to create a foundation to nurture that ability.
This is Britain's first national orchestra for the disabled.
It's called "Paraorchestra"
Watch a video of our first improvisation session
it was a really awesome experience
It was just me and four amazingly talented handicapped musicians.
Usually when I improvise, which I do all over the world, there's a tense moment at the beginning, people are afraid to start, and there's a heavy silence where people are groping their stomachs.
Then all of a sudden it pops like magic and it's like a riot, I hear nothing
No one listens, no trust anywhere
There is no musical reception.
And in the case of these four handicapped musicians, in less than five minutes, they listened, responded, and played music of extraordinary beauty.
(Video) (Nicholas) I'm Nicholas McCarthy
I'm a 22-year-old left-handed pianist.
I was born without my left hand... or rather my right hand.
Could you repeat that please?
(Playing) (Ling) Making music makes me feel like a pilot flying an airplane.
I'm alive
(Playing) (Clarence) I'd rather be able to play an instrument again than be able to walk
The joy that comes from playing an instrument and performing is very great.
Even removed some of the paralysis
(Playing) (Applause) I wish any of those musicians were here, so you could see firsthand how great they are.
Paraorchestra is the name of this project
Please let me know if you can help in any way to make this dream that still seems unbelievable and impossible possible come true.
Finally, let's talk about the great Joseph Haydn, the great Austrian composer in the late 18th century who spent most of his life working with Nikolaus Esterházy with his orchestra.
Duke Esterházy was a music lover, but he loved the countryside castle and spent a lot of time there, far from the big city of Vienna, Esterházy, near the Austro-Hungarian border.
One day in 1772, Duke Esterhazy issued a decree that the families of the musicians would no longer be admitted to the castle.
I can't stay in the castle anymore, so I have to go back to Vienna, a remote place that was rarely accessible back then.
You can imagine how heartbroken the musicians were.
Haydn's admonishment to Duke Esterházy will not be heard
Prince Esterhazy loved music, so Haydn decided to express his feelings with a symphony.
I will now listen to the last part of the song.
You'll see the orchestra show a kind of rebellion
Fortunately, Prince Esterhazy sensed the spirit of the performance and allowed the musicians to live with their families again.
I think this pretty much sums up my point: where there is trust, music lives on.
Where there is no trust, music withers.
(play) (clap)
What's going on in your baby's mind?
Thirty years ago, everyone, including psychologists, would have said that young children are irrational, illogical, self-centered, and incapable of seeing things from the perspective of others and understanding cause and effect.
In the last 20 years, developmental science has completely turned this picture upside down.
We believe that in some ways young children think like the brightest scientists.
Let's take an example
In this baby's mind, it's trying to understand what's going on in other babies' minds.
In fact, trying to understand other people's thoughts and feelings is very difficult even for us.
Perhaps the more difficult part is realizing that other people's thoughts and feelings aren't always the same as yours.
Any political savvy will attest to how difficult this is for some people.
We wanted to know if infants could comprehend this profound fact about strangers.
But how do you ask a baby that?
After all, babies can't talk. What are you thinking about a 3-year-old? And you'll probably get a disjointed answer about ponies and birthdays.
So how do we ask?
The secret was actually the broccoli.
Betty Repacoli and I gave the baby two bowls of food, one with raw broccoli and the other with delicious fish-shaped crackers.
Now, even at Berkeley, every baby loves crackers and hates raw broccoli.
(Laughter) Then Betty eats a little bit of food from each bowl.
I pretended to like it or hate it
At first, she pretended to be a baby or a sane person who liked crackers but hated broccoli.
But in the second half, he took a bite of broccoli and said, "Hmm, it's broccoli.
Broccoli is delicious," he said.
Then he tasted the crackers and said, "Uh, crackers.
I don't like crackers."
So I pretended that what she wanted was exactly the opposite of what a baby would want.
After showing this to my 15 and 18 month old babies
I put out my palm and said, "Can I have a minute?"
The question is what will the baby give her? your favorite? Or is it her favourite?
To my surprise, my 18-month-old baby was just starting to walk and talk, and if she liked crackers, I gave her crackers, and if she liked broccoli, I gave her broccoli.
On the other hand, when a 15-month-old baby pretended to like broccoli, she stared at her for a long time and reacted as if she didn't understand.
But after staring at her for a long time, Baby gave her a cracker, thinking everyone would like it.
You can see two great things here
The first is that an 18-month-old baby has already discovered this truth about humans: we don't always like the same things.
And I also felt that I had to help others by giving them what they wanted.
What's even more remarkable is that an 18-month-old baby has already learned what a 15-month-old baby couldn't do -- this profound truth about humanity in just three months from 15 months.
Babies know and learn far more than we ever thought possible.
And this is just a fraction of the hundreds of studies that have been done over the last 20 years.
The next question would be this: Why are children learning so much?
And how do you learn so much in such a short period of time?
Babies look totally useless
In fact, it's far from useless, isn't it?
But when you turn evolution into the question of why we care for useless infants for so long, we find that it has a good answer.
If you look at the different kinds of animals, not just primates, but also other mammals, birds, and marsupials, which includes kangaroos and wombats, you'll find that it's related to that. The length of time a species spends as a juvenile is related to brain size relative to body size, intelligence and flexibility.
The birds above are examples of that way of thinking.
one is a new caledonian crow
Crows and other corvids like ravens and rooks are incredibly smart.
In some ways, they're as smart as chimpanzees.
This bird is on the cover of Science magazine and has learned to use tools to get food.
On the other hand, this is the chicken that we are most familiar with.
Chickens, ducks, geese, turkeys, etc., are basically fucking stupid.
They're very good at picking grain, but they can do very little else.
The difference was in the babies New Caledonian crow babies are juveniles.
For two years, they've been dependent on their mother birds to put worms in their little mouths, which is a very long time in terms of a bird's lifespan.
Chickens, on the other hand, take only a few months to reach maturity.
Childhood, in fact, was the key to why crows are on the cover of Science magazine and why chickens are soups.
There seems to be a connection between a long childhood and knowledge and learning.
What explanation do you have for this?
Some organisms, chickens, for example, seem to be very well adapted to one thing.
It's very well adapted to picking grain under certain circumstances.
Other creatures, like crows, aren't very good at what they do, but instead they're very good at learning the laws of different environments.
And of course, we humans are raven-type elders.
Our brain-to-body ratio is much larger than any other living creature.
Humans are smart, they're flexible, they can learn a lot, they can survive in different environments.
Our babies and children depend on their parents longer than any other living creature.
my son is 23
(Laughter) We keep putting bugs in their mouths, at least until they're 23.
What is the relevance?
This strategy of learning is very powerful, and it's a great way to live in the world, but it has one big drawback.
The downside is that it's useless until it's all mastered.
For example, if you're being chased by a mastodon, you don't want to think, "Which would you prefer, a slingshot or a spear?"
These are the things you should know before actually encountering a mastodon.
And the answer that evolution has found is the so-called division of labor.
We are fully protected in early childhood
we don't have to do anything but learn
And when you become an adult, you'll be able to use everything you learned in your childhood to help you navigate the world.
In one way of looking at it, babies and toddlers are the R&D arm of humanity.
They're a protected elite who go out and learn and come up with good ideas that we manufacture and sell.
We're absorbing all the ideas we learned as children and using them in practice.
Another way of thinking about it is that instead of thinking of babies and children as less capable adults, we see them as creatures of the same species at different stages of development, much like butterflies and caterpillars, except that they are the ones who shine. Butterflies are flying around and exploring gardens, and we are caterpillars crawling through narrow adult paths.
If it's true that babies are made to learn, then you would think that babies have a very powerful learning capacity, as this evolutionary story bears out.
In fact, a baby's brain is probably the most powerful learning computer on the planet.
But real computers have gotten a lot better, too.
In recent years, there have been groundbreaking discoveries about computer learning.
It's all inspired by the 18th-century statistician and mathematician Reverend Thomas Bayes.
Bayes' credit is in using probability theory to provide a mathematical tool for characterizing and explaining things, just as scientists discover laws about the world.
What scientists do is, first of all, they make hypotheses.
test based on that hypothesis
Revise the hypothesis based on the results
And then we come up with new hypotheses and iterate.
What Bayes showed is the mathematical method
This formula is at the heart of the best learning computer we have.
I suggested a decade or so ago that babies do the same thing.
Now, what's going on behind these beautiful eyes is probably something like this.
this is bayesian notebook
Babies are actually doing these complex calculations, using conditional probability to explore how the world is organized.
But it seems impossible to prove this
Because if you ask an adult, they don't know anything about statistics.
How do kids use statistics?
For this, we used something called a briquette detector.
This box lights up and plays music only when you put a certain thing on it.
Our lab has done dozens of studies of how well babies learn how the world works with this simple machine.
I'll just show you one thing that I did with my student, Tumar Kashner.
If I were to show you this, you'd probably think that the first thing you'd do is put a building block on top of this machine to activate it.
But actually this machine works in a slightly different way.
In fact, you might not have guessed it at first, but when you shake a building block over the machine, it works two out of three times.
It only works 2 out of 6 times if you just put a block on top of it.
A seemingly improbable hypothesis actually points to stronger evidence.
This evidence suggests that shaking blocks is more efficient than any other method.
We actually gave this to a four-year-old and told him to just move it around.
So what if we found evidence that a four-year-old would shake this building block?
Two very interesting things come out of this
First, remember, I'm four years old.
I'm finally starting to learn how to count numbers
But unconsciously, we're doing some very complicated calculations and using conditional probability theory.
And the other thing is that we're using the evidence to come up with hypotheses about the world that we didn't think of in the first place.
We're just starting to do this kind of research, but we're starting to see that four-year-olds are actually better than adults at coming up with unlikely hypotheses.
Children use statistics in these cases to find out the laws of the world, and I wanted to know if they would experiment in the same way that scientists do.
We call the way children experiment "everything" or "play."
In recent years, a number of interesting studies have shown that children's play is actually a kind of experimental research program.
It's the Christine Regal Institute.
Christine used the briquette detector
After showing the children that the machine works with the yellow blocks but not with the red blocks, I show them the exception.
Here's this little boy coming up with five hypotheses in two minutes.
[Boy] How about this?
[Boy] I made it the same as over there
yes his first hypothesis failed
(laughs) [Boy] This one has a light, but this one doesn't.
Now he took out his lab notebook
[Boy] How do you turn on this light?
(laughs) [Boy] I don't know
Any scientist will recognize this look of despair
(Laughter) [Boy] I have to do it this way [Boy] And this is how I do it
Hypothesis 2
[Boy] That's why!
[Boy] Huh?
(Laughter) I came up with the following idea.
I told the examiner to put this box on this box.
this is also bad
[Boy] I see. The light only shines here. [Boy] It doesn't shine here.
[Boy] There is electricity at the bottom of this box [Boy] But there is no electricity here [Boy]
This is his fourth hypothesis
[Boy] Ah, the light is on
[Boy] I see.
[Boy] If you put 4 over here, the lights will come on, and if you put 2 over here, it will turn on
This is the fifth hypothesis.
This is a particularly cute, storytelling boy, and according to Christine, it's a classic example.
When you ask a child to describe what they do when they're playing, it's actually a series of experiments.
This is a typical four-year-old reaction.
This creature can test 5 hypotheses in 2 minutes.
What does it feel like to be one of these amazing butterflies?
If you ask any psychologist or philosopher, most of them will tell you that babies and young children are only slightly, if at all, conscious.
but i think the opposite
Babies and toddlers are much more conscious than adults.
This is the movement of adult consciousness
Adult attention and awareness is like a spotlight.
When adults decide to do something relevant or important, they have to pay attention.
Things that are focused are very bright and vivid, but everything else is blurry.
What is the state of the brain at this time?
When we're paying attention, the frontal lobe, the executive part of the brain, sends signals to make this little part of the brain more mobile, more flexible, better suited for learning, and shutting down the rest of the brain. is the
we have a very focused, purpose-driven attention
When you look at babies and toddlers, you notice something very different.
I believe that the way babies and toddlers focus their attention is more like a lantern than a spotlight.
That's why babies and toddlers are so bad at narrowing it down to one thing.
But they are very good at extracting a lot of information from many different sources at the same time.
If you look inside their brains, there's a flood of neurotransmitters that are flexible and very good at facilitating learning, but the inhibitory parts are still underdeveloped.
So when we say babies and toddlers are distracted, they really aren't.
It's just that I have a hard time focusing my attention on the things that are important out of the many interesting things.
You'd think that this kind of focus and awareness would be in a butterfly designed to learn.
If you're an adult and want to experience the movement of this child's consciousness, I think it's probably something like this. in town, etc.
I have no idea what's going to happen next, and it feels like it's unfolding, and three days in Paris seem to surpass all my awareness and experience of walking, talking, attending meetings, and living like a zombie.
By the way, that coffee, that wonderful coffee you were drinking downstairs, has the ability to mimic a baby's neurotransmitters.
So what does it feel like to be a baby?
It's like going to Paris for the first time, falling in love, and having your third double espresso.
(Laughter) It's a wonderful life, but it's easy to wake up crying at three o'clock in the morning.
(laughs) I'm glad I'm an adult.
I don't want to just tell you how great your baby is.
I'm glad I became an adult
We can tie our shoelaces and cross the street by ourselves
No wonder we go to great lengths to teach babies to think like adults.
But if we want to be these open-minded, learning-hungry, imaginative, creative, innovative butterflies, maybe we should start thinking more like children, at least once in a while.
(applause)
Let's talk about a new way of journalism.
Some call this "citizen journalism," others call it "collaborative journalism."
But really, it means that for a journalist like me, it means accepting the fact that you can't know everything, and letting other people become your eyes and your ears through technology.
And it means that ordinary citizens like you can be not just passive consumers of news, but co-creators.
And I believe this is a really empowering process.
Allows ordinary people to demand explanations from strong organizations
Today, I'm going to explain two cases that I investigated.
both involve controversial deaths
And in both cases, the official stance given by the authorities was somewhat misleading.
With new technologies, new social media, especially Twitter, we were able to tell another truth.
Essentially what I'm talking about here is "citizen journalism."
So let's look at the first case, the man in the foreground is Ian Tomlinson.
He sold newspapers in London and died at the G20 protests in London on April 1, 2009.
But he wasn't a protester, he was just walking through a demonstration and trying to get home.
did not arrive
He meets the man in the background, and as you can see, he's wearing a balaclava covering his face.
And you haven't shown your badge number.
But we now know that he was Constable Simon Harwood of the Metropolitan Police.
He belonged to TSG (Public Security Group)
And after this picture was taken, Harwood beat Tomlinson with his baton, pushed him to the ground, and soon Tomlinson died.
For the police, this is not a story they want to spread.
Initially, through official statements and an off-the-record briefing, Ian Tomlinson announced that he died of natural causes.
They said they had no contact with the police and no physical evidence.
When police paramedics tried to resuscitate him, the protester said he was thwarted by throwing what he believed to be a bottle.
This is how the story ends
I'm going to show you this slide because this is the newspaper that Ian Tomlinson sold for 20 years of his life.
If there's a news outlet that should be obligated to do a proper scientific inquiry into the story behind the case, it's the Evening Standard.
But they, like many other news outlets, including ours, were deceived by official police narratives.
But as you can see, the bottle that was supposed to be thrown at the police turned into a brick when it appeared in the newspaper.
So we became suspicious and wanted to know the context of the article.
First, we had to find the protesters in the photos, but by the time we started investigating, we already had no idea where they were.
how to find a witness
this was very interesting to me
So I turned my attention to the Internet
It's Twitter. You've probably heard that word many times today.
When I started doing research, I was completely unfamiliar with it, because I had signed up two days earlier.
I learned that Twitter is a microblogging site.
You can send short messages of 140 characters.
It's also a great search tool.
On the one hand, it was a social gathering place for people with a common purpose.
So people, independent of journalists, were gathering information about what happened in Ian Tomlinson's last half hour.
For example, these two men
They went to help Ian Tomlinson after he fell down.
called an ambulance
They haven't seen the bottles, they haven't seen the bricks.
So they were concerned that the account wasn't as accurate as the police claimed.
We also started finding people with photos and evidence through social media.
Now, this photo doesn't show any attack on Ian Tomlinson, but it does show his distress.
was he drunk? did he fall?
Or does it have something to do with the cop next to him?
I think you were talking to a police officer here.
For us, this was enough to investigate further.
We wrote the results ourselves
One of the most amazing things about the Internet is that the information that people put out is freely available to everyone.
And it's not just reaching citizen journalists and Facebook and Twitter users.
It reaches journalists like me.
As long as your news is on the right side of paid content, which means it's free, anyone can access it.
And these articles questioning the official story, articles with a skeptical tone, made people realize that we had questions.
Online, the article had a gravitational pull.
People who had some material to help us were drawn towards us by a force like gravity.
And six days later, we tracked down about 20 witnesses.
I showed the location on the map
This is the scene of Ian Tomlinson's death, Bank of England, London.
Each of the witnesses marked on the map can click on these little black dots to hear their testimony, see their photos, and sometimes even watch their video footage.
But still at this stage, the police would not accept eyewitness testimony that Ian Tomlinson had been assaulted by police before his death.
There was no official investigation into his death.
But then something changed
I got an email from an investment fund manager in New York.
The day Ian Tomlinson died, he was in London on business, so he got out his digital camera and recorded this.
(Video) Narrator: This is the crowd at the G20 protests around 7:20pm on April 1st.
They were in Cornhill near the Bank of England.
This footage will serve as the basis for a police investigation into this man's death.
Ian Tomlinson was walking through the area on his way home from work.
(People screaming) If you slow down the footage, you can see there's a serious problem with police behavior.
Ian Tomlinson was about to turn his back on the riot police and police dog trainers and walk away.
hands in pockets
Here, riot police appear to be beating Tomlinson's leg with a baton.
And the men charge Tomlinson from behind.
he is thrown forward and falls to the ground
(People screaming) (Paul) That's shocking.
It's not a clear video, but I remember the first time I saw it.
I spoke with a number of people who said they had seen the scene, and the man called me and said, "I'm on video."
i didn't believe him until i saw it with my own eyes
2:00 a.m. I was there with my IT guy and the video hadn't arrived.
I realized that this is really important
Within 15 hours, I posted it on my website.
The police immediately came to our office - they were senior officers - and demanded that the video be taken down.
refused
It was too late anyway, because it had already spread all over the world.
And the riot police will appear two days later in London before the coroner's jury, the body that has the power to determine whether Tomlinson's case was a wrongful murder.
This is the first incident. You said there were two incidents.
The second incident is this man
Like Ian Tomlinson, he had children and lived in London.
But he was a political refugee from Angola.
And six months ago, the British government decided to extradite him to Angola after a failed asylum attempt.
So the government booked a seat on a plane out of Heathrow.
The official explanation for Jimmy Mbenga's death was simply that he fell ill.
He became ill mid-flight, and after the flight returned to Heathrow, he was taken to hospital and pronounced dead.
But what happened to Jimmy Mbenga, my colleague Matthew Taylor and I know, is that three security guards tried to restrain Mbenga in his seat because he resisted deportation. the guards restrained me in my seat
and in a dangerous position
That position should keep the detainee quiet, but he was screaming.
It could lead to postural asphyxiation, a form of asphyxiation.
Now imagine, there were other passengers on the plane, and they were listening to people screaming, "I can't breathe! I'm going to be killed!"
and stopped breathing
So how do you find eyewitnesses?
In Tomlinson's case, the witness was still in London.
Meanwhile, many of the passengers have already returned to Angola.
how do i find it
we turned to the internet again
We wrote the article, because articles are an online gravitational pull.
Some of the articles were in a skeptical tone that would have frowned a journalism professor, making speculative allegations that probably shouldn't have been done by journalists.
But we needed it, and we needed Twitter.
I tweet that an Angolan man died on the plane.
This could be a big topic, but it's just speculation.
Say "RT me" on the following tweets
RT means "retweet", that is, spread the word
One of the fascinating things about Twitter is that the flow of information is unlike anything you've ever seen before.
We don't fully understand it, but once you put it out there, it moves like the wind.
You can't decide how far you'll go
But strangely enough, tweets have the uncanny ability to reach their intended destination.
And the destination this time was a man.
"I was on BA77, too," he says. BA77 is his flight number.
his name is michael
He was in an oil field in Angola when he sent me this tweet.
I was in my office in London
he cares what happened during the flight
I typed the flight number into my laptop.
He found our tweets, found our stories
He realized that we were trying to tell the story from another angle, and he was asking questions.
he contacted me
this is what michael said
(Audio) Michael: I'm sure it will turn out to be suffocation.
The last thing I heard was a man's voice saying, "I can't breathe."
Three security guards, each weighing more than 100 kilograms, were holding him down, and to me, it looked like they were pushing him to the floor.
Three men were trying to hold him under the seat.
And all I could see was his head above his seat, yelling, "Help me!"
"Help me! Help me!"
and disappeared under the seat
From there I could see three guards riding over him.
From now on, it will remain in the depths of my heart
what could i do
Every time I try to sleep it bothers me
I didn't get involved because I thought I was going to be kicked off the plane and fired from my job.
If it takes three people to hold a man on a plane with regular passengers, that's going too far.
Right
If a man dies, that's just excessive.
CA: Here's his interpretation of what happened on the plane.
Michael was one of five witnesses that we eventually tracked down, most of them, as I said earlier, people we found on the internet and on social media.
You can put them in the plane and find out exactly where they were sitting.
What I have to say here is that for journalists who use social media, journalists who use citizen journalism, the really important thing in everything is making sure that our facts are correct.
It is absolutely essential to verify
So in the case of Ian Tomlinson's eyewitnesses, I had them go back to the scene of the death, walk me around and tell me exactly what they saw.
it is absolutely essential
In Mbenga's case, we weren't able to do that, but he sent us a used boarding pass.
And I was able to listen to what they were saying and see if it matched what the other passengers were saying.
The danger for journalists, and for all of us, is that we are victims of deception and deliberate misinformation.
so we should be careful
But no one can deny the power of citizen journalism.
Two years ago, when a plane crashed in the Hudson River, the world learned about it because a man was near the ferry, and he took out his iPhone, took a picture of the plane, and sent it to the world, like that. Many people learned of the accident within minutes or hours after the plane crashed into the Hudson River.
So let's think about the two big news stories of the year.
First, about the earthquake and tsunami that happened in Japan.
Recall in your mind what you saw on TV
Many boats washed up 8km inland from the coast
Houses swept away as if they were floating on the sea
The water rushing into the living room, the vibrating supermarket — these were photos taken by citizen journalists that were quickly shared on the Internet.
The other is the political crisis, the political upheaval in the Middle East.
It doesn't matter if it's Egypt or Libya or Syria or Yemen.
By documenting their surroundings and telling their stories on the Internet, people were able to overcome the repressive constraints of these regimes.
Again, checking is always very difficult, but sometimes it's a big responsibility.
There are a lot of images like this, and similar images that I could show you, on YouTube. This image is of a protester in Bahrain, but they look unarmed.
and he is shot by the security forces
It doesn't matter that the person may have been abused or killed, or whether it's Bahrain or London.
But citizen journalism and technology like this has added new accountability to our world, and I think that's a good thing.
Finally, the theme of this conference is "Why not." For journalists, it's simple.
So let's take advantage of technology that greatly pushes the boundaries of what's possible.
It's new for journalists
What I told you would have been impossible to research 10 years ago, or even five years ago.
There's good reason why we still might not know what happened to the deaths of Ian Tomlinson and Jimmy Mbenga.
It is also important for you to ask “Why not?”
i think it's very simple
If you come across something that you think is questionable or something that confuses you, worries you, some kind of injustice, something that you find suspicious, why not witness it, record it and share it as evidence?
Journalism is the process of witnessing, documenting, and sharing.
anyone can do it thank you
When I was a little girl, by the way, I was a little girl when my father told me a story about an 18th-century watchmaker.
This watchmaker was making very, very beautiful watches.
One day, a customer came into my workshop and asked me to service a watch he had bought a while ago.
The craftsman took the watch apart, and one of the parts he took out was a flywheel.
When the customer saw the work, they noticed that there was engraving on the back of the flywheel, and it had words.
The customer said to the craftsman, "Why did you carve words inside that no one could see?"
The watchmaker turned around and answered, "I see God."
I'm not religious, nor is my father.
I felt it in my gut, full of blood vessels and nerves and muscles.
I felt something anyway
It was a physiological reaction.
Since then my thinking has changed
In my work as a designer, I started asking myself this simple question: Do we think or feel beauty?
you probably already know the answer
No, I don't know which one you think, but I think I'm the one who feels it.
As I progressed through my career as a designer, I began to encounter things that really excited me.
One of the earliest works of automotive design, there was something very exciting about it.
Among the many works, I found one, and it stole my heart, and you may remember it.
Remember when you slammed the car door and the lights went out quickly?
And then, I think it was BMW, they introduced a light that slowly fades.
do you remember?
i remember clearly
Do you remember the first time you saw it?
I remember thinking how nice
In fact, I've never met anyone who said they didn't like the slowly dimming light.
I thought what the heck was this
And I started asking myself that
At first, I asked people around, "Do you like this?" "Yeah."
“Why?” “Because it feels so natural” or “Because it feels good”
i thought this wasn't enough
I have to dig deeper, because as a designer, I need a word to describe how this works, a console to manipulate.
and did some experiments
All of a sudden, I realized there was something that did exactly the same thing, going from light to dark in six seconds -- this is it.
do you know what that is? Someone?
Now you're using the thinking part of the brain -- the slow responding part.
But this is a feeling, not a thought.
I have a request
Can you feel things in the next 14 minutes or so?
I want you to feel more than you think
I felt a sense of relaxation, relaxation combined with anticipation.
What I found was a cinema or theater
It certainly happened here, from light to dark in six seconds.
How do you feel then? "Oh, the movie is about to start." Or is it like this?
"Great fun, full of anticipation"
i'm not a neuroscientist
I don't even know if there is such a thing as a conditioned reflex.
but maybe it is
Because people in the northern hemisphere I've spoken to who watch movies have this feeling.
People I've talked to who haven't seen movies or plays don't feel the same way.
I like them all, but some people are more into it than others.
This way you can have a different view.
You think with your brain, not your senses, and beauty is in your limbic system -- it's not outdated.
It's the pleasure center, and my sight, touch, and emotions probably pass through my thoughts.
The path from the sensory organs to the pleasure center is shorter than the path through the cerebral cortex of thought.
Get to the pleasure center first
What should I do to make it work here?
And how much of the reaction is knowledge? Or is it just what we'll find out?
this is one of the most beautiful things i know
it's a plastic bag
When I first saw it, I thought there was nothing beautiful
I later found out -- it's called post-exposure -- that if you put this plastic bag in a dirty puddle or a river that's contaminated with E. coli or whatever, the osmotic action from the dirty water seeps into the bag and the water is clean to drink. becomes water
At that moment, this plastic bag seemed so beautiful.
So again, please switch to the emotional brain.
Empty your head and focus on what you feel
Look what do you feel?
beautiful? Excited?
I'm watching your facial expressions
Looking at this picture, there's a man who looks kind of bored, and a woman who's a little bit enthusiastic.
It's a picture that feels unreasonable
It's actually a picture like this Is it okay?
This is the last drawing that a five-year-old girl named Heidi did on earth before she died of spinal cancer.
Her last move was her last physical exercise.
look at the picture
Look at the recklessness and the beauty in it
Do you look beautiful?
stop! how are you feeling?
where do you feel it?
i feel here
I see your face because it tells me something
that woman is crying
What are you doing?
i watch what i do
observe facial expressions
observe the reaction
because you need to know how people react to things
When you encounter beauty, when you encounter something amazingly delicious, the most common expression is what I call OMG (oh my god).
By the way, it doesn't bring me joy.
Not "Great!"
The eyebrows become like this, the eyes lose focus and the mouth hangs open.
this is not an expression of joy
there is something else
something strange is happening
It seems that various things that we receive in pleasure are mixed together.
"Poignancy" is my favorite word as a designer
It's a term that describes things that provoke a great emotional response, usually sadness, but they're part of what we do.
It's not just about feeling good
This is the beauty's dilemma, the beauty's paradox.
We perceive a lot of things through our senses. Likes, dislikes, excitement, and fears, we perceive a certain sensation, a sensation about an event.
Passion, which you've clearly seen in the picture of the little girl.
Sense of accomplishment Awareness Sense of "I didn't know, this is new"
This was also in that picture
From a design point of view, I'm very excited to put these tools together, because, as I said, they're supposed to reach the brain prior to cognition and processing, which is an electrochemical mechanism.
Another thing I'm interested in is whether we can distinguish between intrinsic beauty and extrinsic beauty.
Intrinsic beauty means something exquisite and beautiful, something universally beautiful.
Hard to find, do you remember anything?
What's beautiful to everyone It's very difficult to find something that looks beautiful without prior information.
Therefore many things are extrinsic beauty
We are influenced by information before we understand it
Or they put information on the back, like the little girl I showed you earlier.
In talking about beauty, I can't begin without mentioning the fact that there have been a number of experiments done with the face, as you can see here.
One of the most boring theories is that beauty is about symmetry.
obviously not
This is more interesting, where you present half of your face to people and ask them to rank them in order from most beautiful to least beautiful, and then present the whole face at the end.
The same result was obtained for half face and whole face
Beauty wasn't about symmetry
In fact, this woman has a particularly asymmetrical face, beautiful on both sides.
but is different
As a designer, I couldn't let this go, so I broke it down into parts and did this.
I can see the joy and beauty in those eyes
I didn't feel it from my eyebrows
Even the ear holes are completely gone
I don't know how much it has helped me, but it has helped me figure out where those signals are coming from.
Of course, I'm not a neuroscientist, but I'm really interested in how we can put together things that quickly bypass the thinking area and provide that precognitive comfort factor.
Anais Nin and Talmad have often taught us that people see things as their own way.
So I put my shame aside and tell you what's beautiful to me
This is the MV Agusta F1
Ahh
I can't express how exquisite this object really is.
But I can see why this is exquisite, with a long history
piled up in layers
Only a small part of it appears in the physical world
Somebody bigger
Legends, games, and details resonate over and over again
To give you a few ideas, for the laminar flow of matter slicing through the air, as you can see, it's by far the best design.
A design that excites
feel it here
This part is the big secret of automotive design: reflex management.
It's not about the shape, it's about how the shape reflects light.
The light that flickers along with the movement of the viewpoint flows, and it becomes an object that makes you feel the movement, even though it is still.
The small reliefs carved into these pedals mean to the rider what's beneath them, and in this case the drive chain turns at 500 kilometers per hour, transmitting power from the engine.
I get so excited when I see things like this
titanium lock wire
I can't tell you how great
Prevents nuts from falling off wheels spinning at high speed
I've been enthusiastic
Of course, a race bike doesn't have a side stand, and a road bike has a stand that folds down into this little gap.
become invisible
What is the difficulty of this curved radiator--
What did you do this for?
Because it was necessary to incorporate the wheels into the aerodynamic design more than ever before.
It's expensive, but it's great.
And most of all, brand loyalty, Count Agusta, and the great history of this bike.
The invisible greatness is the brain that created this
Massimo Tamburini
In Italy he is also called "The Plummer" and "Maestro" because he is actually an engineer, a craftsman and a sculptor.
No Compromise
But me and my peers always have to deal with compromises when it comes to beauty.
I have to do something
You have to deal with supply chains, technology, and all that stuff all the time, and that's where compromises come in.
now look at her
I had to compromise for a moment there.
I had to move that part just a millimeter.
Has anyone noticed?
Notice the change?
I moved 3 parts by 1mm
cute? I agree
beautiful? may have deteriorated
Still Consumers Say It Doesn't Matter
Wouldn't it be better if
Shall we move another millimeter?
no one will notice any seams or changes
It's so easy to spoil beauty, because beauty is incredibly difficult.
very few people can
Not even a focus group
The team will rarely succeed
You need something like a central cortex to integrate all the elements at the same time.
This is a beautiful bottle, as you know, by designer Ross Lovegrove.
It's very close to intrinsic beauty. If you know what water is like, you can feel the beauty.
This is beautiful because it embodies something refreshing and delicious.
I love this more than you do because I know how hard it is to make.
It's dauntingly difficult to precisely machine and fabricate a light-refracting object like this and run it on a production line without failure.
Underneath the surface, like a swan, there are myriad difficulties.
applause
This is a great example of something simple
The bike I showed you earlier was extremely complicated.
Because of its complexity, its beauty works in a different way.
Perhaps you enjoy watching ballet dancers dance as much as I do.
One of the reasons I enjoy it is because I know how difficult it can be.
You may also be considering that this is incredibly painful
Has anyone ever seen a dancer's toes while standing on one point?
When you're doing elegant arabesques and pliés, your feet are in trouble.
Understanding that gives us a stronger and greater sense of the beauty of action.
I mistakenly wrote microseconds, but please ignore it.
It's also about feeling, and how we can give triggers to things that we receive with our senses, rather than our minds, in the early stages of the process of feeling beauty.
I'll do a little experiment
Are you ready? present something for a moment
is it good? yes
Did you look at it for a second and think it was a bicycle?
It is different
Did you think it looked fast at first glance? you thought
did you think it was modern? you thought
In the moment before I thought so, that information came in
And then, since the brain started working, the brain has to deal with it.
This bike is amazing because it's designed to evoke this feeling: green technology, good for everyone, light and futuristic.
So what's wrong?
There's nothing wrong with that, because ecologically, this is a very sound piece of work.
It's just that everyone is dominated at the first moment
It's dominated by fractions of a second, and where the success or failure of most of my work is revealed on the store shelves.
Winning or losing will be decided at that point.
You'll see 50, 100, 200 products on the shelves, and I'm going to compete in that and be the first to reach out to you.
And finally, my favorite layer, about knowledge.
some of you may know
And the cool thing about this, and what I keep seeing over and over again, is that it deals with how to fold clothes, which is frowned upon and seen as boring. have you tried?
how is it?
Isn't it amazing?
Look, don't you want to see it again?
I have two minutes left, so I don't have time
But you can look it up online Find me on YouTube under "folding T-shirt"
That's how low-paid young people fold their T-shirts.
you probably didn't know
But how do you feel?
It feels great when you do it, you look forward to it, and when you tell someone else -- you've already told them, they think you're smart.
There's a lot of wisdom out there, and it doesn't cost anything, because knowledge is free.
Does form follow function?
only occasionally
form is function
Shapes suggest Shapes tell us the answer before we think
So as a designer, I stopped using "form" and "function."
What I'm currently pursuing is the emotional functionality of things.
If you can get it right, you can make great things, and you can make them over and over again.
You all know what these products and services are, and you already own a few.
It's the kind of thing you take with you when you're escaping from a fire.
They're connected to you by an emotional bond, an electrochemical bond that travels faster than you think.
thank you very much
(applause)
As we all know, the World Wide Web (WWW) has completely changed the way we publish, report, advertise, and engage with society. But where did it begin?
Introducing V. Bush, D. Engelbart, and T. Berners-Lee
let's take a quick look
he is vannevar bush
Served as Chief Scientific Advisor to the U.S. Government during the war
In 1945 he published an article in the magazine Atlantic Monthly
The title of the article is "As we think"
Bush claimed that our information processing system was not working.
Our brains don't work well in systems like libraries and catalogs.
The brain works with associations
One thought instantly evokes the second.
The information processing systems of the time simply couldn't keep up with the processes in the brain.
So he proposed a machine and called it Memex.
Memex links a piece of information with related data, etc.
This is the story of 1945
Because the computer was a secret service decipherer back then.
was not known at all
before the invention of the computer
he advocated the memex
Because there was a platform that connected multiple pieces of information, I was able to call up the information at will.
Moving on, Air Force officer Doug Engelbart was one of the people who read this article.
he was reading an article in a library in the Far East
It was as if the article had inspired his life.
By the mid-1960s, while working at the Stanford Research Institute, he was able to put it into action.
he set up the system
It is said to be a system for enhancing human intelligence.
His system, called the oN-Line System or NLS, was a precursor to the modern world of clouds and software.
he is doug engelhardt
I gave a presentation at the 1968 Autumn Joint Computer Council Conference.
As you can see, he sat on stage and introduced this system.
With a head mic like this
he runs the system
As you can see, we're dealing with text, diagrams, etc.
All movements are controlled by a platform made for this system, a five-finger keyboard and the world's first mouse.
It was also the birth of the mouse.
That's Engelbart's story.
The problem with this system is that computers at the time cost millions of pounds.
Buying a computer was like buying a jet plane, completely impractical.
In the 1980s, with the advent of personal computers, there was demand for this system.
My company OWL developed a system called Guide for Mac
sent the world's first hypertext system
This gave me momentum
Apple made a bit of a fuss when it announced Hypercard.
A 12-page booklet was attached to the newspaper on the release date.
I started picking up magazines
Byte magazine and ACM academic journals put out special issues.
In addition to the Mac version, we also developed a PC version of the product.
The PC version has evolved a lot.
In the late 1980s, this system enabled
It is now possible to send documents using communication
Developed a system of html type markup language
We call it hml (short for hyoertext markup language)
This system enables the processing of large numbers of documents on computer networks.
In the second half of November 1990, I decided to exhibit this at a trade fair held in Versailles near Paris.
A man named Tim Berners-Lee came up and said, 'Are you Mr. Richie?
I have something to say
he proposed a system called the World Wide Web
I thought it was a fancy name, because the whole system ran on his computer.
But he believed that one day the World Wide Web would rule the world, and I
He told me to write a browser, and his system had no graphics, no fonts, just plain text.
It was interesting, but I didn't think a guy at the European Organization for Nuclear Research would do something like this.
we declined
For several years, the Hypertext Committee didn't appreciate him either.
At the 1992 Hypertext Council
His paper was rejected, and in 1993 there was a conference in Seattle, where a man named Marc Andreessen introduced his own little browser for the World Wide Web.
I saw it and thought "that's it"
The following year, in 1994, at the conference in Edinburgh, there was no objection to having Tim Berners-Lee as the keynote speaker.
Thanks to that, my company has become quite famous.
Decca Records' Dick Lowe Didn't Take The Beatles
When IBM asked for a PC operating system, Gary Kildall couldn't be there because he was flying in his own plane, so IBM went to Bill Gates.
And it seems that 12 publishers have refused to publish Harry Potter.
Meanwhile, Marc Andreessen wrote the world's first browser for the World Wide Web.
According to Fortune magazine, he's worth $7 million.
But is he happy?
(Laughter) (Applause)
(Guitar playing) I've been searching for days It's been days Where have you been?
where did you go
Mama used to say that I lost a lot of precious things I can't get them back Where did they go?
Mama used to say Don't let anyone tell you to throw away your friends Walking the beach, happy days Walking the beach, happy days Walking the beach, happy days Don't tell anyone to throw away the good memories I've seen so many beautiful things There's no meaning anymore Listening to that song My mama used to say Don't let anyone tell you to doubt the old days Walking the shore, happy days Walking the shore, happy days Walking the shore, happy days Who throws away the good memories? I won't let you tell me to throw away the good memories, throw away the good memories (End of play) (Applause) Thank you.
(Applause) Thank you for the opportunity to perform at TED New York.
I've always been a big fan of TED, and I watch it avidly. I used to live in Manhattan when I was little, so New York is my second home, and I'm happy to be back.
The song I just played is called "My Mama," and the next song I'm going to play is "Black Banana," which is also an original song.
It's a song about the importance of persevering towards your dreams.
I believe that hard work will be rewarded
Just like the fruit ripens when the time comes
It's my interpretation of the theme of "creating the future."
(guitar music) Clap your hands
one!
Two!
One two one two three four
All day I'm sitting here killing time I'm always good at running away In my empty head, the soda is popping When the time is right, I'll make a move Don't be nervous I'll wash the car in my bathing suit on Sunday Stupid girl It's too early to deceive yourself in a life filled with lies My bananas are ripening by the window When the time comes, they'll start moving You don't have to be nervous Banana nanana Don't be hasty Banana nanana Just a little more until it ripens Black banana Black banana Banana nanana When I went out to buy pizza last December I had to get home by curfew I was a running kid I was stupid I slipped and fell and was hit by a car I'll start moving when the time comes Banananananana Don't be in a hurry Bananananana Leave it to chance Banananananana Just a little more until it ripens Black banana Black banana Banananananana Bananananana Don't be hasty Bananananana I just want some leeway Banana nanana Just a little more until it ripens Black banana Black banana End of performance) Thank you
(applause) (guitar playing) (end of performance) (applause)
I don't mean to alarm you, but I just noticed that the person to your right is a liar.
(Laughter) The person to the left is also a liar.
And all of you in your seats are liars yourself.
we are all liars
Today I'm going to show you some research on why we're liars, how we can learn to detect lies, and why we try to detect lies, find the truth, and ultimately build trust. I would like to talk about
Speaking of trust, no one met me in person after the publication of "For those of you who are often lied to."
"No, no, it's okay, I'll send you an email."
(Laughter) I no longer have anyone to drink coffee with at Starbucks.
Husband said, "About lying?
Wouldn't cooking be better? Like French cuisine
So, first of all, let me tell you that what I'm about to tell you is not a simple guessing game.
Lie-spotting experts (lie-detectors) say that a silly child says, "Oh! You lied! Your eyebrows twitch."
I saw it in the drama "Lie to Me" with puffy nostrils."
is different from
Lie detectors have the scientific knowledge to detect lies.
We use it to find the truth, and just like experienced leaders, we have complex conversations every day with difficult people, sometimes in very difficult situations.
Lie detectors begin by accepting a core proposition: lying is a collaborative effort.
No lie is effective just because it is uttered from the mouth.
A lie only gains power when someone else believes it.
To put it in a parental way, "You were lied to because you allowed yourself to be lied to." "You were lied to because you allowed others to lie to you."
Truth number one about lying: "Lying is a collaborative effort."
not all lies are bad
Sometimes we willingly cooperate with lies to save face, and perhaps to hide things we'd be better off keeping quiet about.
For example, "It's a nice song."
"Those clothes don't look fat at all"
Or the clichéd phrase: "My email ended up in the spam folder.
I'm really sorry"
But sometimes we get caught up in the lie in an unwilling way.
And it can get very expensive
Last year, in the United States alone, there was $997 billion in corporate fraud, on the brink of a trillion dollars.
7% of national revenue
Billions of dollars in damage
lies can be given
Enron bankruptcy Murdoff investment fraud Remember the mortgage crisis
In other cases, like double agents like Robert Hansen Aldrich Ames and traitors to the state.In other cases like double agents like Robert Hansen Aldrich Ames and traitors to the state. It sells out the country, jeopardizes national security, threatens democracy, and causes the deaths of those who defend it.
Lies are actually a serious problem
This is the Overlander of scammers, a very talented scammer who, according to British officials, could have brought down the very banking system of the Western world.
He's not on Google or anywhere. He's been interviewed once.
"Look, I'm only using one rule.
It's just Henry's Law," he said.
"For the sake of one's own desires, everyone
You go ahead and offer something.”
this is the essence of lies
If you don't want to be deceived, you need to know what you want.
something we all hate to admit
I want to be a better husband, I want to be a better wife, I want to be smarter, I want to have more power, I want to be taller, I want to be rich.
Lies try to bridge the gap between our wishes and dreams and reality, the gap between who we really are and who we want to be and who we want to be.
What a willingness to try to fill the gap with reality with lies
Studies show that we are lied to between 10 and 200 times each day.
It is true that many lies are innocent
Another study found that people who met each other for the first time lied three times in the first 10 minutes.
(Laughter) Now, this information makes me cringe at first, so much.
'Cause I can't believe it's full of lies
we inherently hate lies
But if you take a closer look, things get even more complicated.
We lie more to strangers than to co-workers
Extroverts lie more than introverts
Men are 8 times more likely to lie about themselves than about others
Women lie more to protect others
If you're the average couple, you'll lie 1 out of every 10 conversations.
this might sound terrible
Increases to 1 in 3 if single
Lying is a complicated act
Lies are woven into our daily lives and businesses.
we are very ambivalent about the truth
We lie out of necessity and for good reason, sometimes simply because we can't accept reality.
This is the second truth about lies
We deny lying, but we lie behind our backs, and it's been accepted by our society for centuries.
Lies are as old as breathing
part of our cultural history
Look at Dante and Shakespeare, look at the Bible, look at the world news.
(Laughter) Lies have an evolutionary value to the human race.
Researchers have long believed that the more intelligent the species, the larger the cerebral neocortex and the more likely it is to tell a lie. is known
Do you remember Coco the Gorilla?
A gorilla who learned sign language
Coco learned to communicate through sign language
this is coco and kitten
cute fluffy pet cat
Coco once blamed the cat for ripping the sink off the wall.
(Laughter) We have the instinct to be master lies.
From a very early age it stands out
How early are you?
Babies try fake crying, and depending on who comes, they stop crying and start crying again.
1 year old learns to hide
(Laughter) Two-year-olds bluff.
Four-year-olds openly lie
use flattery
Nine-year-olds are masters of deception
By the time you're in college, you'll lie 1 in 5 conversations with your mom.
When you start working and earning money, you're surrounded by lies: spam, fake online friends, fanatical media, sophisticated identity theft, global Ponzi schemes, and falsehoods are rampant. is a society that has lost
Until now, I've been tossed by lies
What should I do?
Actually, there are ways to get through this kind of predicament.
Trained lie detectors find the truth 90% of the time
About 54% of normal people
Why is it so easy to learn
There are good and bad, but no truly original liar
Because when you lie, you use the same mistakes and the same techniques.
So let's do it. First, let me introduce two patterns in which lies appear.
I'm going to show you the scene of the lie. Can you spot the lie?
(Video) Clinton: "Are you sure?
say the same thing again
I never had a sexual relationship with that woman, Monica Lewinsky.
I never forced anyone to lie
this allegation is not true
I need to get back to work for the people.
thank you very much"
So what were the symptoms?
First, there was "did not"
Studies show that when we're too eager to deny something, we tend to use formal language.
There was also the "distance word" of "that woman."
Liars unconsciously try to use distancing language about the subject of the lie.
If Clinton "tells the truth" or Nixon's familiar phrase "frankly" --
If Clinton "tells the truth" or Nixon's familiar phrase "frankly" --
If you're using qualifying words, that's a big deal for the lie detector, because it turns out that these believable words actually make the story less believable.
If I'd just repeated the questions that were asked, or given too many details -- which we luckily didn't ask -- it would have looked more suspicious.
As Freud said
He said it speaks more than words, "No man can keep a secret.
Even with my lips closed, my fingertips are telling me
no matter how tight-lipped you are
I'm leaking secrets with my fingertips
Note Obama's fingertips with Dominic Strauss-Kahn
(Laughter) This is the second pattern of lying -- body language.
about gestures
Throw away all prejudice once, by science
Let's think a little differently
We think liars are fidgety all the time
When you're lying, you don't move your upper body.
I think liars don't look in the eye
Liars take advantage of this by staring into the eyes too long.
Enthusiasm and a smile are thought to represent honesty and intimacy.
A trained lie detector can spot a fake smile from a kilometer away.
Can you tell which one is fake laughter?
You can consciously move your cheek muscles,
A genuine smile will create fine lines around the eyes
If you inject too much Botox, you will not be able to move your eye muscles in particular.
Don't overdo it, no one will trust you
Now let's take a look at the scene of the lie
Can you guess what's going on in the following conversation?
Can you spot a lie by looking for discrepancies between spoken words and gestures?
It may seem obvious, but it's very often overlooked when talking to someone you suspect is a liar, but your demeanor actually tells you if you're lying.
innocent people are cooperative
show that you're on your side
Passionately willing to find the truth
try to help
Think together, name suspects, and go into detail.
You might say something like, "Maybe it was the payroll guy who falsified my paycheck."
If an innocent person is found to be unjustly suspected, he or she will be outraged not just for a moment, but for the duration of the interrogation against the tampering perpetrator.
When I ask innocent people what kind of punishment they should be given, they often tell me that they should be treated harshly rather than leniently.
Now let's say we ask the exact same question to the liar.
The person will turn away, look down, lower their voice, flinch, and be awkward.
If you let a liar do the talking, you'll add too much detail to everything that doesn't matter.
and tell the story strictly in chronological order
A trained interrogator examines casually, incrementally over hours of interrogation, asks the person to tell the same story upside down, looks for moments when the person is restless, and determines which question gave the most suspicious symptoms.
Why this method? because people prepare in the same way
I review the story when I lie, but I don't practice the gestures.
Shaking my head "no" while saying "yes"
They give a very persuasive speech and shrug their shoulders slightly.
You smile with the relief you escaped when you committed a horrific crime.
This smile is known as "duping delight"
So let's take a look at some videos. The first one, for those of you who don't know, is presidential candidate John Edwards, who shocked America by having a child out of wedlock.
Here's a video of him talking about getting a paternity test.
See if you can spot him shaking his head saying yes or slightly shrugging his shoulders.
(Video) John Edward: I'd gladly accept it.
I'm pretty sure it's not my child, based on when the child was born.
I know it's impossible
I am willing to take a paternity test and would like to know the results.
Interviewer: Are you planning to receive the appraisal soon? Besides-- Edward: No, I'm the only one.
Edward: No, I'm the only one.
Pamela: How do you know? It's easy to catch people shaking their heads, trying to cover up their feelings.
When you make a different facial expression, the original emotion often leaks out, even if it's just for a second.
Murderers are known to leak sad expressions
When you reach an agreement with a new partner and have a celebratory dinner, you might let out a look of anger.
You won't become an expert in facial analysis overnight, but I'll tell you one easy-to-learn and very dangerous sign: the look of contempt.
Even if there is anger, people get along and can be on the same playing field.
Some have healthy relationships
But when anger turns into contempt, that's it
Because contempt means being morally superior.
It's for this reason that it's very, very difficult to repair a relationship.
this is the look of contempt
The edge of one mouth goes up and goes inside
In facial expressions, contempt is the only asymmetric expression
When you see this look of contempt, whether you're trying to deceive or not -- because contempt isn't always deceiving -- you should immediately turn away, turn around, and reconsider your deal. I'm not coming.
Science is uncovering more and more signs of lies.
For example, a liar changes the number of times he blinks, tries to point his foot toward the exit.
I try to put things between me and the interviewer to create a barrier.
He changes his tone of voice, often trying to lower his voice.
Now this is important
Gestures are just gestures
it's not proof of a lie
These are caution signals
we are human
All day long, I'm acting suspiciously
The gesture itself means nothing
But if there are several of them, you need to be careful.
Look and listen, explore, ask difficult questions, and ask more questions in a relaxed, informal, and curious way, while maintaining dignity and creating a sense of rapport.
Don't imitate "Law & Order" and beat until they surrender Don't imitate "Law & Order" and beat until they surrender Don't be aggressive that won't work
Now, just a little tidbit, I talked about how to talk to someone who's lying, and how to spot a lie.
Now, as promised, let me tell you what it looks like to tell the truth.
I'm going to show you two videos of two mothers, one of whom is lying.
The other tells the truth, discovered by Californian researcher David Matsumoto.
I think this is a very good example of what the truth looks like.
This mother, Diane Downs, shot her child at point-blank range and then drove her car to the hospital with blood all over her car, claiming it was done by a stranger with thin hair.
If you watch this video, you'll see that she can't even pretend to be a distressed mother.
What I want you to see here is an incredible divergence.
Also, if you look closely, you can see that "deceiver's delight" is appearing here and there.
(Video) Diane Downs: When I close my eyes at night, I can see Christie reaching out to me while I'm driving, and the blood just keeps coming out of her mouth.
Some people say it will fade as the days go by, but I don't think so.
this is what bothers me the most
Pamela: Now I'm going to show you a video of a really grieving mother, Erin Runion, confronting the man who abused and killed her daughter.
There are no fake feelings here, just the real heartbreak of a mother.
(Video) Erin Runion: I wrote this statement on the third anniversary of my daughter's death, the day you killed, tortured, crushed, hurt her until her heart stopped.
That child should have resisted many times
She must have seen you with those wonderful brown eyes But you still wanted to kill her
I will never understand how I can do that I will never understand how I can do that I will never understand
Pamela: I have no doubt that this feeling is genuine.
The science of how truth is represented is advancing.
For example, eye-tracking devices, infrared brain scans, and MRIs that decode the signals your body emits when you're trying to lie.
These technologies will be marketed all over the world, and one day, as a panacea against fraud, these devices will be very useful.
But until then, you'll have to find the lies on your own. When you're facing people, if you can get them to help you, you'll need someone who's been trained to spot lies, and someone who's trying to drag a 180-pound lie detector with them. When you face someone, if you want them to help you, they're trained to spot lies, and the person who's dragging a 180kg lie detector in. When you face people, if you want them to help you, they're trained to spot lies. What do you prefer, a person or someone dragging a 180kg lie detector?
Lie Detectors Rely on Human Means
Because I'm familiar with what someone called the "shadow personality."
But the funny thing about it is that we have very little shadow right now.
we are in the sun 24 hours a day
Our world is transparent, and a whole new generation of people who have chosen to publish their lives on blogs and social media are publishing gossip.
It's a world where it's much harder to see the truth than before
One challenge we have is to remember that over-sharing is not honesty.
Enthusiastic tweets and text messages make us lose sight of the fact that subtle decency and integrity always mattered and will always matter.
So what we need in this untruthful world is, what we need in this untruthful world is to articulate our moral standards a little more clearly than we have in the past.
Combining scientific deception identification with the art of carefully watching and listening Combining scientific deception identification with the art of carefully observing and listening, you can avoid being taken in by lies
You start living a little bit more clearly than you do now, because you say to those around you, "I'm going to make our world an honest world.
"Truth gains strength, and deception is perceived and becomes an ineffectual world."
If you put this into practice, the world around you will begin to change little by little.
that's the truth thank you
(applause)
Today I'm here to explain why I'm wearing these ninja pajamas.
But first, I want to talk about environmental toxins in our bodies.
Some of you may have heard of the chemical bisphenol A (BPA).
It's a material hardener and a synthetic estrogen, and it's used in things like the paint on the inside of food cans and plastics.
BPA mimics hormones in the body and causes neurological and reproductive problems.
and it's everywhere
A recent study found BPA in 93% of people over the age of six.
this is just one chemical
According to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
We have 219 toxic pollutants in our bodies, including preservatives, pesticides, and heavy metals like lead and mercury.
I think I can say three things
First, don't eat human meat.
Second, we are both responsible and victims of our own pollution.
And third, our bodies are filters and reservoirs of environmental toxins.
So what happens to these toxins when a person dies?
The short answer is that it somehow returns to the environment and continues the cycle of toxicity.
And current funeral practices make things much worse.
When cremated, all of the toxins I've listed are released into the atmosphere.
This includes mercury in tooth fillings, which alone amounts to nearly 2,300 kilograms per year.
And in traditional American funerals, the corpse is covered with fillers and cosmetics to make it look like it's alive.
They are then injected with toxic formaldehyde to slow decomposition, a practice that causes respiratory problems and cancer among funeral workers.
By trying to maintain the corpse, they deny death, contaminate the living, and further harm the environment.
Green burials, or natural burials, without embalming are a step in the right direction, but they don't address the toxins already in your body.
I think there is a better solution
Since I am an artist, I would like to make a modest proposal at the intersection of art, science and culture.
A new burial system called the Infinity Burial Project uses mushrooms to detoxify the body of toxins.
The Infinity Burial Project started a few years ago with an idea: the Infinity Mushroom, creating a new hybrid mushroom that decomposes and cleanses toxins, provides nutrients to plant roots, and leaves clean compost. is that
But I've learned that creating new hybrid mushrooms is nearly impossible.
But at the same time, I learned that there are also edible mushrooms that can cleanse the soil of environmental toxins.
So I thought maybe I should train a large army of edible mushrooms that would eat my body and cleanse it of toxins.
Now, I collect my hair, loose skin and fingernails and feed them to edible mushrooms.
As the mushrooms grow, we select the best grown ones as infinity mushrooms.
It's like imprinting and selective breeding for afterlife.
And when I die, the Infinity Mushroom can recognize my body and eat it.
Well, I'm sure some of you might think that's a bit too far.
(laughs) Just a little
I know it's not the relationship that we normally think of with food.
You don't want to be eaten by food, do you?
But as mushrooms digest and grow in my body, I see the Infinity Mushroom as a symbol of a new way of thinking about death and the relationship between my body and the environment.
For me, growing Infinity Mushrooms is more than just a scientific experiment, gardening, or pet-keeping, it's a step toward accepting the fact that one day I'm going to die and rot.
It's also a step toward taking responsibility for our burden on the planet.
Cultivating mushrooms is a type of culture of decomposing organisms called "rot microbial culture," a concept coined by entomologist Timothy Miles.
Infinity Mushrooms are part of a decomposing microbial culture. I call this body-decomposing bioculture and toxic cleansing, which is the cultivation of organisms that decompose their bodies and cleanse their bodies of toxins.
Now let's talk about ninja pajamas.
Ultimately, I'm going to combine the Infinity Mushroom with a lot of different things.
First, a burial suit full of mushroom spores, also known as the "Mushroom Suit of Death."
(Laughter) I'm wearing the second prototype of this burial suit.
It's covered in a crocheted mesh with mushroom spores.
This dendritic pattern mimics the growth of mushroom mycelium, which is the equivalent of roots in plants.
We're also making spoilage microbial culture kits, which are capsules containing Infinity Mushroom spores and other things that speed up the decomposition and cleanup of toxins.
The capsules are embedded in a nutrient-rich jelly that feels like a second skin and melts quickly into baby food for growing mushrooms.
The mushroom and spoilage culture kit is expected to be completed in the next year or two, and we'd like to start testing it, first with expired commercial meat, and then with humans.
Believe it or not, a few people have donated their bodies to the project and said it's okay to be eaten by mushrooms.
(Laughter) What I've learned from talking to these people is that we have a common desire to understand and accept death, and to minimize the environmental impact of our own death.
I wanted to develop this idea in the same way that I grow mushrooms, so I formed a group of putrefactive microbial cultivators called the Society for Putrefaction Microbiology, actively exploring their own post-mortem choices and embracing death, the Infinity Mushroom. with the purpose of cultivating decomposing organisms such as
The vision shared by the Corruption Microbiology Society is a change in culture, from the current death-rejecting, body-preserving culture to a radical acceptance of death and decay, one of the Corruption Cultures.
Accepting death means acknowledging that we are physical beings that are intimately connected to our environment, as evidenced by studies of environmental toxicants.
As the old saying goes, people are born from the earth and return to the earth.
And when you understand that you are part of the environment, you will realize that the survival of humanity depends on the survival of the planet.
I believe this is the beginning of true environmental responsibility.
thank you
(applause)
take you to another world
I'm going to tell you a 45-year love story with the poor who live on less than a dollar a day.
I had an elitist, pompous, and expensive education in India, and I almost lost myself.
I was raised to be a diplomat, a teacher, a doctor, and I could be anything.
I wasn't interested. I was Indian squash champion for three years.
(Laughter) All the roads were open to me.
everything was at my feet
I couldn't have made a wrong choice
At that time, out of curiosity, I wanted to see what it was like to live and work in a farming village.
In 1965, I went to Bihar, the state of the worst famine on record, and for the first time I saw people dying of hunger.
that changed my life
I went home and said to my mother, "I want to live and work in the village."
mother passed away
(laughs) "What happened?
You can be anything You can do any job You want to work in the village?
Are you crazy? "
"No, I got the best education.
I thought
I want to repay you in my own way."
"What are you doing in the village?
No job, no money, no danger, no prospects for the future."
"I want to live in a village and dig a well for five years."
"Digging a well for five years?
You went to the most expensive school in India and you want to dig a well? "
For a long time, my mother didn't listen to me, and she thought I had let my family down.
But the truth is, I've seen first-hand the extraordinary knowledge and abilities that the poor have, that they never see the light of day, that they're never widely known, they're never respected, and they're used on a large scale. neither
I decided to start a "barefoot college," a college for the poor.
A university that embraces what the poor hold dear
When you first visit a Tylonian village
The elders came and said, "Are you hiding from the police?"
I replied "No"
(laughs) "Did you fail the exam?"
"wrong"
"Didn't you get a government job?" "No."
"So what are you doing here?
why are you here
An educated person like you would want to go to Paris, New Delhi, Zurich What are you doing in this village?
Is there anything you can't talk about? "
I replied, "No, I want to start a college just for the poor.
A university that teaches what is important to the poor.”
The Elders Gave Reasonable and Profound Counsel
"I don't want anyone with a degree or certification to be admitted to that university."
That's why it's the only university in India that doesn't let anyone with a PhD or Master's degree get into it.
The ones who get into barefoot colleges are the dorks, the failures, the dropouts.
here I work with my hands
Work must be dignified
Must demonstrate skills that are useful to the community and serve the community
We founded a barefoot college and redefined professionalism.
What is Professional?
A professional is someone who has competence, confidence and conviction.
Fortune tellers looking for water veins are professionals
Old-fashioned midwives are also professionals.
Osteopaths are also professional
professionals all over the world
in every remote village
These are the people who need to come out on stage and demonstrate the universality of their knowledge and abilities.
Those knowledge and abilities must be harnessed, applied, and shown to the outside world that they are still valid today.
Barefoot College embraces Gandhi's style of living and working
Eat, sleep and work on the floor
no contract
You can stay for 20 years, or you can leave tomorrow.
no one gets more than $100 a month
People who come for the money aren't fit for barefoot college.
You come to barefoot college to work, to challenge yourself.
This is a place to try things out and generate ideas.
Any ideas you can try
failure is not a problem
Even if you're beaten and hurt, just start again
This is the only university where teachers become learners and learners become teachers.
It is also the only university that does not issue a certificate of completion.
Certification is done by the community
You don't need a paper certificate on your wall to show you're an engineer.
When I said that, he replied, "Show me what you can do at that university.
Lectures are good, so show them."
So we built the first barefoot college in 1986.
It was built by 12 barefoot illiterate carpenters for $1.50 per square foot.
150 people lived and worked there
Although the carpenters won the Aga Khan Prize in 2002
It was suspected that there was an architect behind the scenes.
I replied, "The blueprints were written by architects, but the buildings were built by barefoot carpenters."
They didn't believe it, so they returned the $50,000 prize, and the judges seemed to be defaming the Tylonian Barefoot College.
I asked a forester, an authority, a certified professional, and he said, "What should I plant in this place?"
I glanced at the soil and said
"I can't do it, it's not worth it
There is no water and the soil is rocky."
I hesitated and said
"Okay, I'll go to the village elder and ask what to plant here." The elder looked at me quietly and said, "Match this and that with that."
it's really like that now
The women said when they went up to the roof
"Don't come, I don't want to teach these techniques to men.
Are you waterproofing the roof?
(Laughter) Palm sugar, bontenka, and something else that I don't know.
No leaks since 1986
since 1986
Women don't teach this technique to men
(Laughter) Barefoot University is the only university that is completely solar powered.
make all electricity from the sun
45kW solar panel on the roof
25 years from now, that'll cover it all.
As long as the sun shines, don't worry about electricity.
What's really cool about this is that the panel was installed by a Hindu monk who only had eight years of primary education, although he didn't go to secondary school or college.
I know more about solar power than anyone in the world I know.
At the barefoot college, the sun is also used for cooking.
The solar cooker was built by women, illiterate women who built a very sophisticated solar cooker.
It is a parabolic cooker that does not require a cook.
Unfortunately, they're too precise, just like the Germans.
(Laughter) I never thought Indian women could do this.
They built the cooker with extreme precision
We make 60 servings twice a day with solar heat.
Barefoot College has a dentist, an illiterate old lady.
I've looked after 7,000 children's teeth
Barefoot technology, something no engineer or architect could have dreamed of in 1986, is that we collect rainwater from our roofs.
Little water is wasted
All the roofs are connected to underground 400,000 liter tanks so no water is wasted.
If the drought lasts for four years, we still have water on campus because we collect rainwater.
Sixty percent of children are not educated because they have to look after animals like sheep and goats and do household chores.
So we decided to start a night school for children.
More than 75,000 children attended night schools in Tylonia
Because it suits the child, not the teacher.
What did you teach at night school?
Democracy, citizenship, how to measure land, what to do when you're arrested, what to do when your livestock is sick.
That's what they teach at night school
All schools are powered by solar power.
Elections are held every five years
Children between the ages of 6 and 14 participate in a democratic process to elect the prime minister.
The current prime minister is 12 years old
In the morning I care for 20 goats, but by night I'm Prime Minister.
We have a cabinet, we have a minister of education, a minister of energy, a minister of health.
They manage and supervise 150 schools and 7,000 students.
Five years ago, she won the World Children's Award and went to Sweden.
It's the first time I've left the village
I have never seen Sweden
But I was totally unmoved by what I experienced.
The Queen of Sweden asked me, "Where does this kid's confidence come from?
I'm only 12 years old, and I haven't moved at all."
He was on the Queen's left, but he looked at me, and he looked right into the Queen's eyes and said, "Tell the Queen I'm the Prime Minister."
(Laughter) (Applause) Where there are many illiterate people, we use puppets.
interact with puppets
This doll is Jaokim Chacha 300 years old
my psychoanalyst and teacher
doctor lawyer
and also a financial contributor
It actually raises money and settles controversies.
It solves the problems that arise in the village.
When something goes wrong, when school attendance drops, when teachers and parents get in trouble, the puppets call teachers and parents in front of everyone and say, "Shake hands.
I have to let you come to school."
These dolls are made from recycled World Bank reports.
(Laughter) (Applause) We've been doing this decentralized, straightforward approach to solar powering villages all over India, from Ladakh to the border with Bhutan, training people to start solar power in their villages.
When I went to Ladakh, I asked this woman, the temperature is minus 40 degrees, the house is covered with snow on both sides, and you have to come out of the roof. when you ask
After thinking about it for a while, I replied, "For the first time in winter, I can see my husband's face."
(Laughter) I also went to Afghanistan.
What I learned in India is that men are hard to train.
(Laughter) The man is restless, he's ambitious, he's irresistibly capricious, and he wants a certificate.
(Laughter) Guys want certificates all over the planet.
why? Because I want to leave the country and go to the city to find a job.
We found a great solution: train the granny.
What is the best way to communicate in the world today?
not a tv
not even a telegram
not even a phone
talking to women
(Laughter) (Applause) When I first went to Afghanistan, I picked three women and said, "I want to take them to India."
The answer was, "I can't. You can't take me to India without even leaving my room."
"Okay, let's bring my husband along."
and brought me along
Of course women were smarter than men
What did you teach them in half a year?
sign language
not the written word
not even spoken word
used sign language
Six months later, they're solar engineers.
I went home and used the sun to power the village.
This woman went back and set up a solar workshop in her first village, where three women started solar in a village in Afghanistan.
This woman is 55 years old and an extraordinary grandmother.
200 homes in Afghanistan installed with solar power
nothing broken
She went to the technical department of the Afghan government and spoke to the head of the department about the difference between direct current and alternating current.
he didn't know
These three women trained 27 women to start solar power in 100 villages in Afghanistan.
I went to Africa and did the same thing.
Women from eight or nine countries are sitting at the same table, chatting, but they don't speak the same language, so it's hard to tell what they're saying to each other.
But with skillful use of gestures
Communicate and become a solar engineer.
In Sierra Leone, a minister happened to drive past this village late at night.
I came back and asked, "What happened to all this electricity?"
When the villagers said, "Two old women...", the Minister was very surprised, "Are they old women?"
"Where did you learn such technology?" "India."
The minister immediately reported to the president
"Do you know a village with solar power?"
The next day, half the ministers came to see the old lady.
"What happened to this electricity?"
I was called and asked, "Can you train 150 old ladies?"
I said, "I can't
Grannies will train you."
And the first "barefoot training center" was created in Sierra Leone.
150 grannies trained
The Gambia is next, to select grannies to train.
visited a Gambian village
i knew who was good
The villagers gathered and named two women.
I replied, "No, I like this person."
"Why doesn't she speak English?"
"Gestures are enough. I like the way she speaks."
"I have a picky husband. I can't do it."
I called my husband, a swaggering politician, with his phone in his hand, and said, "No."
"Why?" "Look how beautiful she is."
"That's right, she's a very pretty person."
"What would you do if you ran off with an Indian?"
he was worried about it
So I said, "Okay, I'll call you on your cell phone."
When she left she was just an old woman, but she came back like a tiger.
I stepped off the plane and spoke to the press like a veteran.
He juggled the national press and became a star.
After half a year, I visited again and asked, "Where is your husband?"
"Come on, I don't know."
(Laughter) It's a success story.
(Laughter) (Applause) What I'm trying to say is that we don't have to look outside for solutions.
Look for solutions within
Wherever you are, someone close to you has the solution
listen to them
don't worry
Listen to the locals, not the World Bank.
they know the solution
Finally, I would like to quote Mahatma Gandhi
"First they ignore you, then they laugh, then they fight you, and you win."
thank you
(applause)
Why can't we solve these problems?
i know what the problem is
there always seems to be something wrong
I wonder why?
It was March 15th, 2000.
B15 iceberg separated from the Ross Ice Shelf
The newspaper said, "This is all normal."
As we read through the article, we're told, "What collapsed was an ice shelf that normally takes 50 to 100 years to return to its original size."
The same word "usually" is used with two different, almost opposite meanings.
If you were to visit the B15 iceberg later today, you would see something like this: 300 meters high, 122 kilometers long, 27 kilometers wide and weighing two gigatons.
There's no such thing as "normal"
But humans see the world this way, through the glasses of "normal," and I think that's one of the obstacles that prevents us from coming up with real solutions.
Just 90 days later, the greatest discovery of the 20th century was made.
It's the first-ever sequence of the human genome.
It's the code in every one of our 50 trillion human cells that determines who we are.
If you take a cell's worth of cords and unfold them, they're one meter long and two nanometers thick.
2 nanometers is the thickness of 20 atoms
So I thought, what if the answers to some of our big problems lie in the microscopic world? What if the difference between useful and useless was in a world where the presence or absence of just a few atoms?
Furthermore, what if we could precisely control the energy itself, the electron ?
So I went around the world looking for the brightest scientists I could find at universities who could make the ideas I just described come true, and I founded a company to push their extraordinary ideas forward.
After six and a half years of effort by 180 researchers, the institute has made a number of amazing developments, and today I'm going to share with you three of them to stop depleting the planet's resources and replace them with the energy it needs. All on the spot, safe, clean and affordable
Think about the spaces where we spend most of our time.
We receive a lot of energy from the sun
The light that shines in the room is good, but in the heat of the summer, it heats up the room you want to keep cool.
winter is the opposite
You want the space to be warm, but the heat escapes through the windows.
Wouldn't it be great if windows could reflect the heat escaping outside and reflect the heat coming in, depending on the need?
One of the materials that can do this is carbon, which is a wonderful substance, and has been transformed by a chemical reaction. And this very beautiful chemical reaction is that graphite is blown with steam and becomes vaporized carbon, which then condenses into a different shape. It occurs when the hexagonal mesh is rolled up.
This hexagonal network of carbon is called a carbon nanotube, and it's 1/100,000th the thickness of your hair.
1000 times more conductive than copper
How is this possible?
One thing about working at the nanoscale is that the conditions and actions are very different.
You think carbon is black
At the nanoscale, it's actually transparent and flexible.
Also, when carbon in this form is combined with a polymer and attached to a window, when it is fully colored it reflects all heat and light, and when it is fully bleached it transmits all heat and light. can also be changed to
By the way, all it takes to change state is a current of two volts for one millisecond.
Once you change the state, it stays there until you change it again.
When we were working on this amazing discovery at the University of Florida, I was asked to visit another scientist down the aisle, and this scientist was doing some very impressive work.
Imagine if you could spend the night without relying on artificial lighting.
You have to be able to see things at night, right?
this makes it possible
It's made of two nanomaterials, a sensing material and a drawing material.
The final thickness is 1/600 of the point.
It captures nighttime infrared light and converts it to electrons between two little films so that it can project a see-through image.
For the first time ever, I'm going to show you at TED how this works.
First, let me show you the transparency.
Transparency Matters
A film that can be seen through
and turn off the lights
And then you can see through a little piece of film with amazing clarity.
I was working on this and had an epiphany, which takes in infrared light and converts it to electrons.
What if we combine this with this?
All of a sudden, you'll be able to convert energy into electrons on a plastic surface that you can attach to your window.
And because it's flexible, you can stick it to any surface.
The power plant of the future is the absence of power plants.
We talked about power generation and its use.
Next is energy storage. Unfortunately, the best one in use today is the lead-acid battery, which was invented in France 150 years ago.
In terms of cost, this is the best
But people can't put 50 of these in their basements to store electricity, so I went to a scientist at the University of Texas at Dallas and gave him this diagram.
It was actually in a diner outside the Dallas/Fort Worth airport.
I asked, "Can you make this?"
Scientists simply said, "We can do it."
So they made the eBox
The eBox uses new nanomaterials to temporarily store electrons on the outside and see if they can be released and gradually pumped out when needed.
If you can do this, you can generate electricity cleanly, efficiently, cheaply, on the spot.
it's my electricity
If you don't need it, you can convert it back to light at the window and beam it to other people in a straight line.
And then you don't need a wire
The grid of the future is the absence of the grid, and clean, efficient energy will one day be free.
After all that, we come to the final piece of the puzzle: water.
We all need eight glasses of water every day, because we're human.
When we run out of water -- in fact, some regions are already depleted, and others are at risk, we have to get fresh water from seawater, and that requires desalination plants.
$19 trillion to build
It also requires a lot of energy
In fact, it takes twice as much energy to run a desalination pump as the world's oil supply.
That's impossible
But if we could transfer energy without limits, easily and cheaply, we could use any kind of water anywhere and transform it into whatever form we need.
I'm delighted to be working with some of the most brilliant and understanding scientists out there, not particularly understanding than many others, but they have a great perspective on the world.
I'm happy to see that the development in the lab is being used around the world.
it's been a long road for me
18 years ago I saw a picture in the newspaper
This is a picture by Kevin Carter when I went to cover famine in Sudan.
Since that day, I've kept this photo close to me.
This is a photo of a dying girl who is thirsty.
absolutely wrong no matter how you look at it
it's not a good thing to happen
there will be something to do
should do something
So someone said, 'The problem you're working on is
It's too difficult, it's impossible. We don't have enough money.
not enough time more
There must be an interesting subject nearby."
I thought in my heart, but in my mouth I said thank you and moved on to the next person.
This is the significance of the problem we have to solve, and what I do know is how to finely control what nature is made of, what life is all about, the control of electrons.
thank you
(applause)
I consider myself partly an artist and partly a designer.
I work for an artificial intelligence lab.
What we're trying to create is technology that you'll want to interact with in the far future.
Not six months from now, but years and decades into the future.
It's a grandiose effort to create a future where people want to interact with computers in deep, emotional ways.
The technology that makes it possible must be artificial, yet at the same time be human.
you have to understand people
Look, it's an inside joke that makes you and your best friend laugh
It's an expression of disappointment that you can feel even if you're miles away.
I see art as a way to bridge the gap between humans and machines. If we can figure out what it means to understand each other, then we can train AI to understand us.
I think art is one of the ways that we can add tangible experiences to intangible ideas and feelings and emotions.
I believe that art is where humanity manifests itself the most.
we are a complex and complex group
We have a limitless range of emotions, and what's more, everyone is different.
They have different home environments, different experiences, different psychology.
That's what makes life so interesting
On the one hand, it's this diversity that makes it extremely difficult to tackle artificial intelligence technology.
Currently, artificial intelligence research is heavily focused on the technical side.
that's right
Everything that is qualitative about us -- our emotional, our dynamic, our subjective part -- has to be transformed into a quantitative form, into something that can be expressed in facts, numbers, computer programs, and so on. is the
The problem is that there are a lot of qualitative things in these that just can't be dealt with.
Think about the first time you heard your favorite song
what were you doing when
how did you feel?
Got goosebumps?
Got your passion burning?
Hard to describe, right?
The sense is very simple, but there's a huge amount of complexity beneath the surface.
The machine translation of that complexity is the modern version of "launching a rocket to the moon" (grand undertaking).
I'm not sure that such a deep question can be answered with just a combination of 1's and 0's.
I've been creating works of art in my lab as a way to improve the experience of cutting-edge technology -- to help design.
It's acted as a catalyst to enhance the way computers interact with us in a more human way.
Through art, we teach the meaning of hard-to-answer questions, such as what it means to "feel."
Or how do people know how to relate and touch?
And how do intuitions affect our interactions?
Let's take human emotions as an example.
At this point, computers can understand our basic emotions -- joy, sorrow, anger, fear, and even disgust -- by translating their properties into mathematical formulas.
But what about more complex emotions?
It's emotions that we struggle to explain to each other.
For example, nostalgia
To explore this, we created a little piece of art, a little experience that allows people to share their memories, teamed up with data scientists to try and come up with ways to translate highly subjective emotions into mathematically accurate ones.
We created something called the Nostalgia Index, which is the core of this device.
To calculate the index, the device asks you to share your experiences. The computer analyzes it as a collection of simpler emotions, looking for trends in the use of the past tense. Look for words like "around" "past"
And it gives us a nostalgia index of how nostalgic the story is.
It's that index that's at the heart of this work of light, the tangible form that speaks for you.
The higher the score, the darker the rose color.
It's like looking at the world through rose-tinted glasses.
When you look at your indicators and the expressions that materialize them, you may or may not agree with the results.
I feel as if I understand the emotions that arise from the experiences I talk about
On the other hand, they may give irrelevant answers and think they don't understand you at all.
But this work makes it very clear that if even humans have a hard time explaining emotions to each other, how hard it is to teach machines how to understand emotions.
Even the relatively objective elements of humanness are difficult to explain.
For example conversation
Have you ever analyzed the stages of a conversation?
Imagine you're having a casual conversation with a friend at a coffee shop.
How do you know when it's your turn to speak?
When is the right time to change the subject?
What should we talk about in the first place?
Most people don't think about it because it's a habit.
When you want to get to know someone better, you first know what interests them, and then you know what to talk about.
But when it comes to teaching AI how to interact with humans, we have to teach it step by step what to do.
It's still awkward right now, isn't it?
If you've ever talked to Alexa, Siri, or Google Assistant, you'll know that all of them are still very cold-hearted.
And have you ever been frustrated when someone said they didn't understand what you said, or had to paraphrase 20 times just to get the music to play?
To the designer's credit, natural communication is really hard.
There's a real branch of sociology called conversation analysis that's trying to map out different types of conversation.
Customer service, counseling and education types.
I'm working with speech analysts in the lab to help AI have more natural conversations.
In this way, conversations with smartphone chatbots and in-car voice systems sound less callous and incoherent and more human.
So I created a work of art, a piece of art that deliberately highlights robotic, clumsy dialogue to help us designers understand why it doesn't sound human, and what we can do about it.
It's called Bot to Bot, and it's a system that allows chatbots to talk to each other and share their conversations with the public.
Chatbots try to mimic human conversation, but something falls short.
Sometimes it works, but sometimes it's a series of misunderstandings.
Even when machine-to-machine conversations are grammatically correct and colloquially make sense, they can still be callous and robotic.
The conditions are met, but the conversation has no soul, no human contingencies.
Even if it's grammatically correct and uses the correct hashtags and emojis, it can sound mechanical or creepy.
It's called the uncanny valley phenomenon.
It's the creepiness of technology. It's getting closer to being human, but something feels wrong.
And the work seeks to become a way of assessing the humanness of speech and the part it loses in translation.
There are other things lost in translation, such as human intuition.
Now computers are starting to stand on their own
From adjusting the temperature in our homes to helping us drive on the highway, we can take care of our personal needs.
But some things that people do face-to-face are really hard to translate to AI.
Think about the last time you saw an old classmate or colleague.
did you hug? Or did you shake hands?
You never hesitated, because you have a lot of accumulated experience that forces you to choose between a hug and a handshake.
As an artist, I feel that appealing to people's intuition, appealing to their subconscious cognition, can help them create great things.
The grandiose ideas that emerge from the abstract, non-linear parts of human consciousness are the product of cumulative experience.
If we want computers to understand our feelings and help us amplify our creativity, we need to start thinking about how we can give them intuition.
I want to explore how we can translate things like human intuition directly into AI.
I created a work that explores computer-generated intuition in physical space.
It was created as a symbolic compass with four dynamic sculptures in a work called "Wayfinding."
Each part represents a direction: North, East, South, West.
Sensors are attached to the tops of the four sculptures to measure the distance to you.
The measured data is reflected in the movement of the sculpture and the orientation of the compass.
But this piece isn't like a sensor on an automatic door that just opens when you walk in front of it.
Your involvement is only part of the real-life experience that the work captures.
All those experiences influence the movement of the work.
And when you walk in front of it, it starts using all the data, or rather, your intuition, that you've captured in the exhibitions you've put out so far, and it responds to you with mechanical movements based on what you've learned from other people.
So, as participants, we begin to understand how specific we need to be to meet the expectations of both humans and machines.
It's as if I can see all the data being processed in my head, and I can see how the human intuition works with the computer.
I hope that art like this offers a different view of intuition, and that we can apply it to future AI.
These are just a few examples of how I, as an artificial intelligence designer and researcher, use artwork in my work.
I think it's a very important way to drive innovation.
Because there are a lot of extremes with AI right now.
While popular movies portray us as weapons of destruction, advertising campaigns treat us like saviors who solve some of the world's most complex problems.
But no matter what you think, there's no denying that we live in a world that's becoming more digital every second.
Our lives revolve around devices and smart devices.
It won't be long before this situation calms down.
That's why I want to embed humanity from the beginning.
I have a hunch that incorporating art into AI research methods is exactly the way to go.
thank you
(applause)
I design portable computers and study the brain.
The subject of today's talk is the brain, yatter, there are brain fans
(Laughter) Could you show me the first slide, that's the title of this talk and the two organizations that I'm part of.
Today I'm going to talk about why we don't have a good brain theory
Let's talk about everything in 20 minutes. I belong to two organizations
Many people only know me from the Palm and Handspring days.
In fact, I also run the Redwood Neuroscience Institute, a non-profit research institute in Menlo Park.
So we're working on theoretical neuroscience and how the neocortex works.
I will also talk about these things today.
These are some of the products I've made over the last 20 years.
From the very first laptops and tablet computers to the very latest Treo, and they're still making them.
I really believe that mobile computers will replace today's personal computers in the future, so I've come up with this idea to help the world a little bit.
But to be honest, it was all just a coincidence
I'm not really interested in this kind of product.
I decided early on that I wasn't going to work in the computer industry.
But before I talk about it, I really want to talk about "graffiti" that I found on the internet the other day.
If you search for text input language graffiti
I found a website that was a teacher's site that made something to put up on a chalkboard and write on, and it also had graffiti, or graffiti. oh sorry
(Laughter) So, in 1979, after graduating from Cornell University with an engineering degree, I decided to work at Intel, three months after I entered the computer industry.
I realized that I had made the wrong career choice and was hooked on something completely different: my brain.
This is a sketch of a brain, not a real brain
I don't remember the trigger clearly, but there is an event that remains in my memory quite strongly.
In 1979, the September issue of Scientific American was all about the brain.
The best themes, neurons, development, disease, vision, etc.
It explained everything I wanted to know about the brain, and it was really impressive.
You may feel that brain research is progressing quite a bit, but
Francis Crick of DNA fame at the end of the article ---
Today marks the 50th anniversary of the discovery of DNA.
--- He wrote that everything in this magazine is fine, but the truth is, you don't know anything about how the brain works, so don't believe anything yet.
I'm quoting from that article he wrote. It's gentlemanly language. "What's clearly missing is a rough framework for interpreting different ideas."
he doesn't say there is no theory
I don't know where to start thinking, that is
no theoretical framework
So to speak, it's the pre-paradigm era of Thomas Kuhn.
I got stuck in this way of thinking,
With so much knowledge about the brain, it's no wonder
I decided to find that framework in my life and contribute to society.
So I quit the computer industry and got involved with the brain.
First, go to MIT's Artificial Intelligence Lab.
I said that I also wanted to build an intelligent machine, and that I wanted to study the mechanism of the brain first.
But I was told that I shouldn't do that
All you have to do is program the computer.
When I say we should study the brain, they say I'm wrong
When I replied that it was you who made the mistake, I failed.
(Laughter) Quite disappointingly, a few years later, I decided to try again, this time at the University of California, Berkeley, and try to approach it from the biological side.
I passed graduate school in biophysics.
Well, I said I wanted to study brain theory.
But don't study brain theory,
There is no research funding for such things,
I was told that a graduate student shouldn't do such a thing.
I was very disappointed, but
While thinking that I would change this industry, I decided that I had no choice but to return to the computer industry and work here for a while.
All the products in the background were designed around that time.
(Laughter) I thought, let's do this for four years, make a little money, start a family, grow a little bit, and maybe the neuroscience industry will grow a little bit in the meantime.
Just 4 years is a bad idea, 16 years
But now I'm doing it, so I'll tell you
So why do we need good brain theory?
There are various motivations for people to engage in science.
The first and most basic reason is that people like to learn.
I want to know more if you are interested
Why study ants? because it's funny
Interesting and attractive before being useful knowledge
But there are other sciences that have very intriguing properties.
Sometimes scientific research reveals something about humanity
On rare occasions, for example, evolution or the discovery of Copernicus have given us new knowledge about humanity.
The brain is the root of the human being. now my brain is talking to your brain
Our bodies are coming along, but it's our brain that's doing the conversation, to really understand how feelings and perceptions work.
We need a thorough understanding of the brain.
One example is brain science, which leads to the evolution of technology and business.
Because if we knew how the brain works, we could build intelligent machines.
I believe that, like the underlying technology, it will ultimately bring great benefits to society.
Why are there no good brain theories?
In spite of the fact that the subject has been studied for over 100 years,
What is science in general
Ordinary science is like this
In ordinary science, there is a good balance between theory and experiment.
The theorists say yes, and the experimentalists say no, and the debate continues like this.
Physics and geology are fine
This is normal science, brain science is like this
There's mountains of data about anatomy, physiology, behavior
We already know an incredible amount about the brain
This year's Brain Science Conference has 28,000 attendees, all of whom are studying the brain.
The data is huge, but there is no theory. There's a poor box at the top
Theories have never had a major impact on brain science.
It is very disappointing. I wonder why?
If you throw this question at a neuroscientist, they'll just admit the status quo. but
The excuse that there are various reasons why there is no good brain theory
They say we don't have enough data, we need more information because there's still a lot we don't understand.
But like I said, there's a lot of data out there.
There's so much information I can't think of how to start organizing it
what happens if you increase it?
I don't think you'll be lucky enough to find magic data
In fact, this state of affairs is a sign that there is no theory.
No more data. you need a good theory
Some people say that the brain is too complex, and it will take another 50 years.
Even Chris said yesterday that I don't remember exactly what you said, but the brain is the most complicated thing in the world. but it's not
People are more complicated than brains. because you have a brain
And the brain looks complicated
Everything looks complicated until you understand it
It has been so for a long time. and i'm interested
There are 30 billion cells in the part of the brain called the neocortex.
it's very regular
It's like the same thing repeating over and over again
It's not as complicated as you might think. the problem lies elsewhere
Some people say the brain doesn't understand the brain
wow that's very zen
(laughs) Sounds good, but what's the use?
The brain is just a mass of cells. You know your liver
The liver also has many cells.
So I think that kind of thinking is pointless.
And finally, some people don't feel like they're just a bunch of cells. conscious,
Because I exist in this world while experiencing things now
It can't be just a clump of cells
I used to think that life was supported by an invisible force, but now I know it was a complete lie.
There's no basis for anything other than skepticism about the idea that cells enable human behavior.
So some people are stuck in some sort of metaphysical dualism, some people are very smart, but let's dismiss them all.
(Laughter) Let's talk about something else that I think is very basic. So the reason we don't have good theorems about the brain is that there are misunderstandings that we believe so strongly because they're intuitively true that they're getting in the way of the answer.
There is an obvious mistake in what we believe
Before we talk about what it is, let's talk about its existence in the history of science.
If you look at other scientific revolutions, like Copernicus' solar system, Darwin's evolution, Wegner's tectonic plates, etc.
All of these things have a lot in common with brain science.
First, there was so much unexplained data
But since the theory was built, it's been much easier to work with.
Until then, even extremely smart people were at a loss.
It's not that we're any smarter than they were back then, it's just that it's hard to really understand something, but once you think about it, it's pretty straightforward.
By the time my daughters started kindergarten, they had a basic understanding of these three theories.
For example, it's not that hard to understand the rotation of the Earth using apples and oranges.
And finally, we've known the answer for a long time, but we ignored it for one obvious reason.
A misconception that I firmly believed because it was intuitively true
In the case of our solar system, the earth is spinning, and the surface is moving at about 1,000 miles an hour, and the earth is moving through the solar system at about a million miles an hour, which is insane. I don't think the earth is moving
Do you feel like you're moving at a million miles an hour? Of course not
If I said that the earth was spinning in space, people would call me a madman.
It was intuitively correct and obvious. What about evolution?
So does evolution. According to the Bible, God created all living things
A cat is a cat, a dog is a dog, a person is a person, and a plant is a plant.
But actually, if we believe in evolution, we all have a common ancestor.
We and Robby's Ueki must have a common ancestor.
This is evolution. It's hard to believe, but it's true
Same for tectonic plates
Mountains and continents are floating on the ground, it doesn't make sense
So what is that intuitively correct misunderstanding that blocks the brain from understanding it?
Now let me explain the answer
Then I have to argue why the dissent is wrong.
That intuitive but obvious misconception is that intelligence is defined by behavior. I would like to say that this idea is a misunderstanding.
In fact, intelligence is defined by its ability to predict.
Let me elaborate on what I mean through the slides I'm going to show you and an example. here is the system
Engineers, scientists think of systems like this
there's something in the box, there's an input and an output
Inside the box, artificial intelligence researchers say, is a programmable computer, the equivalent of a brain, that if you provide input,
show some behavior
Alan Turing defined the Turing test, which says that an object is intelligent if it behaves like a human, and we've long relied on this behavior-based measure of intelligence.
But in reality, "true intelligence" is
it's built on another
We experience, remember, and later recall the world as a temporal sequence of patterns. and as soon as you remember
Always anticipating the next event in light of reality
So we have a permanent metric, and we're constantly asking ourselves, do we understand and anticipate the world, and so on?
I'm not doing anything right now, but you're all intelligent. You may be scratching your body and picking your nose,
I'm not doing anything special right now.
But intelligent. understand my story
He is intelligent and speaks English, so he understands (...) the words at the end of sentences. I'm always making predictions so that the next words come to mind naturally.
These permanent predictions are the output of the neocortex, and predictions somehow lead to intelligent behavior.
Let's first look at the non-intelligent brain how to do it.
Not a mammal, but a reptile, let's say a crocodile brain.
Crocodiles have a variety of sophisticated senses
Sharp eyes and ears, touch, mouth and nose. and exhibit very complex behavior
You run away or hide, you get scared or excited. i can eat you
may attack you can do many things
But I don't think crocodiles are intelligent like humans.
to show such a complicated behavior already
So what happened during evolution?
The first evolution in mammals was the development of the neocortex.
Let's imagine the neocortex as a box sticking out of this old brain.
The neocortex is the new layer, the new brain on the surface of the brain.
For those of you who don't know, it's the one on the top of my head that was too big and crumpled when I forced it in.
(laughs) I'm serious. It was about the size of a table napkin, and it was crumpled because it didn't fit. now look at this
I still have my old brain. Alligator brains still exist
yes this is the emotional brain
It's the root of instinctive reactions and things like that.
Above that is a memory device called the neocortex.
This memory device sits on top of the sensory part of the brain.
The output from the old brain that receives sensory input comes up to the cerebral neocortex. And the neocortex just remembers
So the cerebral neocortex thinks, oh, where did you go, who did you meet, what did you hear, let's memorize everything.
And in the future, if you see something similar in a similar environment, in exactly the same environment, it will regenerate. This is what will happen next, it will allow us to predict the future.
It's really predictable. By sending signals from the past back to the brain, I knew what was going to happen next, and I could hear the last words of the sentence before I even said it out loud.
This means that the output is being sent back to the older brain, which allows us to make more intelligent decisions.
This slide is the most important, so I will explain it carefully.
I always think, oh, it's predictable. If a mouse goes through a maze, it learns the path, and the next time it comes across a maze, it does the same thing.
But all of a sudden, I'm smarter. that's actually true
The same can be said for all mammals
In humans it's much worse.
In humans, the anterior part of the neocortex developed and the goddess of nature played a little trick.
We copied the back part of the brain, the sensory part, and glued it to the front part.
Only humans have the same mechanism in the front as in the back and use it for motor control.
So people can now plan and execute complex movements
I don't have time to go into detail, but if you want to understand how the brain works, you have to understand how the mammalian neocortex remembers and predicts patterns. Let's
The words in the sentence I just spoke are one example.
In the case of music, for example, if you've heard Jill's song, you can imagine the next note while she's singing.
In albums, at the end of a song, the next song comes to mind
I always make predictions like this
There is an experiment called "memory of modified doors"
According to this experiment, we're going to modify the door to your house while you're here.
When you get home tonight, you reach for the doorknob and you realize it's in the wrong place, and you think something's wrong.
I don't know why right away, but something's wrong
You can also change the size of the doorknob, change the material to silver, change the doorknob to a lever, change the color of the door, add a window, whatever the difference.
In the few seconds it takes to open the door, you'll notice something different.
Now, for engineering and artificial intelligence testing, let's create a database containing all the door features.
As I approach the door, I check the features one by one, such as the color of the door...
But our brains don't do that
In fact, the brain is always predicting what's going to happen next.
Put your hand on the table and you'll know it stops
When I am walking, I realize that something is wrong if I shift even a little.
I'm always making predictions about the environment around me.
Let's talk briefly about vision. a picture of a woman
When you look at another person, your eyes shift every 2-3 seconds
Your eyes are constantly moving, subconsciously, so when you look at someone else's face,
Eyes, Eyes, Nose, Mouth, usually shift focus
Now, if there's something else between the two eyes, and there's a nose where the eyes are supposed to be, you're like, uh, oh.
(Laughter) Something's wrong
because it is predicting
I'm looking over there, and I'm predicting what I'm looking at, not my nose, okay.
(smile)
Yes, always. Now let's finally think about how to measure intelligence
Use predictive ability as an index. listening to the words that come next
If these same relations are these, what is the next number? And
There are three pictures of objects. What about the fourth? This is a measure of predictive ability. this is the prediction
So what is the secret to building a good brain theory?
First of all, we need a suitable framework
It's a framework of memory. It's not a calculation or an action, it's a memory. How do we memorize and recall sequences and patterns? it uses spatio-temporal patterns
And next to this framework is theorist
Biologists in general aren't very good with theory, and that's not always the case, but biology doesn't have good theories.
So my experience is that physicists, engineers, mathematicians, people who tend to think algorithmically are the best.
Then have them learn anatomy and then physiology
The biological terminology used in this theory must be very realistic
A brain theory isn't a theory if it doesn't explain exactly how the inside of the brain is connected and how it works, and that's exactly what we're looking at at the Redwood Neuroscience Institute.
Research is progressing at a tremendous pace. I can't do it in the remaining time, but I'd like to talk about this on this stage soon.I'm really looking forward to it. It won't take 50 years
Well, what kind of brain theory will it be?
First, memory-centered theory
But it's not like computer memory
Unlike memory,
Memorize high-dimensional patterns, such as input from the eyes
It also remembers order Without order, it cannot be remembered or recalled
When you memorize songs, you have to listen to them in order and play them in order.
Patterns with such an order are automatically associated, so if you see or hear something, you will automatically remember something related to it or automatically recall it. And the prediction for the next input is the desired output
Also, as I said, the theory has to be biologically accurate and able to be tested and built upon.
If you don't build a theory, you can't understand. ok, one more slide
What does this bring?
Building intelligent machines? Of course. But it's not what people imagine
I have no doubt that you will succeed in creating
What is the difference? First, the material is silicon
Just use the same technology that makes computer memory out of silicon
However, it will be a completely different kind of memory
You connect the memory to sensors, and the sensors sense real-time data from the outside world and learn about the environment around them.
It is unlikely that something like a robot will be created from the beginning
Robots aren't useless, and we have the technology to make them
The robot-like part is the old part of the brain, so it's very complicated.
The new brain is much simpler than the old brain
So I'll start with something that isn't too robotic
Something like C-3PO is a long way off
The first will be intelligent cars and so on, such as cars that understand traffic and driving, and can predict that if a car flashes its turn signal for 30 seconds, it won't turn a corner.
(Laughter) Or intelligent security systems.
In this way, we are using the brain, but it will be applied first in areas where we are not doing mechanical things.
But ultimately, there is no limit to the range of adaptations
I don't know yet what the outcome will be.
who invented the microprocessor
I knew I was building something big, but I didn't know what my invention would do.
I thought I could do calculators and traffic light control devices, but
I didn't expect mobile phones and the Internet to be able to do amazing things.
Similarly, brain science and memory, as I just talked about,
It's a foundational technology that will drive incredible change over the next 100 years.
What I'm most excited about is how it will be used in the scientific realm.
Well, we're running out of time, so let's end this talk here.
Hello
If you've been following the diplomatic news last week, it's about a cyberattack targeting a US company called Google.
You must have seen an article dealing with tensions between the United States and China.
There are various theories about this
Some people call even a little bit of espionage cyber warfare, which is too sensitive.
But the turmoil has highlighted fears about cyberattacks on the rise in Western Europe.
this never existed
It's a big threat, one that has the potential to escalate from conflict in the digital world to war with real weapons.
So virtual weapons = real-world threats.
In 1982, in the midst of the Cold War, a pipe explosion occurred in Siberia, the former Soviet Union.The scale of the explosion was 3,000 tons, equivalent to a quarter of the atomic bomb that hit Hiroshima.
Former Director of the United States Air Force, led by Ronald Reagan, Thomas Reed revealed that the explosion was actually the result of sabotage by the Central Intelligence Agency, in which the United States compromised the pipeline's IT systems. succeeded in
More recently, in the state of Espirito Santo, Brazil, in September 2008, the U.S. government announced that more than three million people were extorted online by hackers.
The biggest concern for the United States is the possibility that the IT system called The Holiest of Holies, which is used by the Central Command as the central command system for military activities in Iraq and Afghanistan, was compromised by hackers in December 2008. A virus was created using the information leaked here.
By disseminating it via a USB drive, information could be stolen or altered in systems throughout the U.S. Central Command.
The United States also took the situation seriously.
US Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Gen. James Carwright, said in a report to Congress, "The danger of cyberattacks is comparable to that of weapons of mass destruction."
In addition, the United States plans to spend more than $30 billion on developing cyberweapons over the next five years.
Today, the world is gearing up for cyberwarfare, with North Korea and Iran at the forefront.
But the Pentagon and the French Ministry of Defense don't really care about who the adversaries are, and what really matters is the nature of cyberweapons.
To understand why, let's take a look at how military technology has kept and threatened world peace.
For example, if this TEDxParis had been held 350 years ago, we would have been discussing the remarkable developments of the military at the time, especially the giant Vauban Fortress, and making predictions like, "Now Europe is safe."
In fact, Europe was stable between 1650 and 1750.
And if TEDxParis had happened 30 or 40 years ago, we would have discussed how the then-famous rise of nuclear weapons and the threat of mutually assured destruction could act as a deterrent to the confrontation between the two superpowers.
Now, what about 60 years ago? It would have focused on the offensive superiority that new aircraft and tank technology would bring to the table, giving the war doctrine of the blitzkrieg a persuasive force that would lead to a war in Europe.
So military technology directly affects where the world goes, and world peace itself, and that's where cyber weapons come into play.
First, let's say an adversary declares that it is developing cyberweapons, purportedly for self-defense.
No, wait, how do you distinguish between attack and defense?
Things become even more opaque when the principles of use become vague.
Exactly three years ago, both the United States and France announced that they were investing in military cyberspace to better protect IT systems.
But today, both countries say, "Offense is the best defense."
So it's put us in the same position as China, which has been saying for 15 years that it's offensive and defensive.
The second problem is that being targeted by a cyberattack can throw an entire country into chaos, and sometimes it's impossible to identify the attacker at all.
Cyberweapons have the unique property of leaving no trace of the user.
This is a huge advantage for the attacker, because the victim can't set targets for retaliation.
If you miscalculate who you should retaliate against, you not only add another hostile country, but also increase your chances of political isolation.
Theory alone is not enough
In May 2007, a cyberattack damaged Estonia's banking and telecommunications systems.
Estonia blames Russia
NATO responded quickly while defending Estonia. Why?
Because NATO wasn't 100% sure the Kremlin was involved in this case.
In other words, at the stage where a potential hostile state declares the development of weapons for cyber warfare, it is impossible to distinguish between offensive and defensive weapons.
On the other hand, we recognize that it is very effective against attacks.
In a paper published in 1978, Professor Robert Harvis of Columbia University modeled the process of conflict.
In this case, the stage at which potential adversaries are developing cyberweapons that can be used as a means of attack is, probabilistically, the most likely to cause conflict.
This is the environment that cyberweapons have created today. If you look back in history, this is exactly what Europe was like before World War I.
Cyberweapons are by their very nature dangerous, but even worse, they have recently become destabilized.
Think back to the Cold War. It was a very tough time, but there was some kind of equilibrium because the parties were two stable nations.
In the multipolar world we navigate today, it's getting harder to maintain balance, and Copenhagen was a good example of that.
Add cyberweapons to this and things get even worse.
Why? Because no country has any certainty that its neighbors are going to invade.
So you could end up in what Nobel laureate Thomas Schelling called "mutual terror of surprise attack," where no one knows whether or not your neighbor will invade you. I'm going to launch a preemptive strike.
Last week, in an article in the New York Times on January 26, 2010, the National Security Agency said that the United States was targeted by cyberattacks, and that in the event of an immediate crisis, they could launch preemptive strikes. was published for the first time
And this preemptive strike is not limited to cyberspace.
In May 2009, General Kevin Chilton, commander of the U.S. Strategic Command, announced that he was prepared to consider all possible countermeasures in the event of a cyberattack targeting the United States.
Cyberweapons cannot replace real-world weapons, but they add to existing threats.
But at the same time, it's also a source of conflict. We can't afford to ignore this risk. To face this risk, the European Union, NATO, the United States, and the rest of Western Europe must come together to develop security solutions. We have to present it. If we push our back a little, we will cooperate with Russia and China.
The information technology that Joël de Rosnay was talking about was originally developed for military research purposes, but today it is a tremendous threat that, if misguided, can turn world peace upside down and destroy it. I have come to the point where I am one step away from creating
thank you
(applause)
In recent years, the business world has been affected by cyberattacks.
Data breaches from companies like JP Morgan, Yahoo, and Home Depot Target cost hundreds of millions, sometimes billions of dollars.
It doesn't take a massive attack to destroy the global economy.
The public sector is not spared either
Between 2012 and 2014, the U.S. Office of Personnel Management had a major data breach.
The background check records and fingerprint data of 22 million employees were stolen.
As you may have heard, state-sponsored hackers abused stolen data to influence election results in many countries.
Two recent examples are the theft of large amounts of data from the German parliament and the theft of emails from the US Democratic National Committee.
Cyberattacks are affecting democratic processes
And things will get worse
As computer technology becomes more advanced, the systems that protect data become more vulnerable.
Even more worrisome is the emergence of a new computing technology, quantum computing, which harnesses the microscopic nature of nature to bring about unimaginable increases in computing power.
So strong that it renders many cryptosystems in use today ineffective.
Are you in a hopeless situation?
Should you pack your digital survival kit and prepare for the coming data catastrophe?
no you don't have to yet
Quantum computing is still in the research stage, and it will be years before it becomes practical.
More importantly, there have been breakthroughs in the field of cryptography.
To me, this seems like a very exciting time in the history of communications security.
About 15 years ago, I was thrilled when I learned about a new way of producing quantum effects that didn't exist in nature.
I was very interested in the idea of ​​applying the fundamental laws of physics to make cryptography stronger.
Today, a select group of companies and research institutes around the world, including my lab, are working to bring this technology to life.
yes that's right
We're trying to counter quantum attacks with quantum.
How does that work?
So first, let me take you a little bit into the world of cryptography.
First, you'll need a handbag, some papers to send to your friend James Bond, and a key to keep them safe.
This is a top-secret document, so I use a state-of-the-art bag.
The lock is a special combination lock that, when closed, converts all the text in the document into random numbers.
When you put the document inside and lock it, the contents of the document are instantly converted into a random number and delivered to James.
I'll call him on the way and give him the code.
James got his bag, entered the code, and the document was decrypted, and voila, the encrypted text was delivered to James Bond.
(Laughter) It's an interesting example, but it shows three important elements of cryptography.
Code - this is called a cryptographic key
is like a password
And a phone call telling James the code to unlock —
This is called key exchange.
That's how you get your cryptographic keys safely to the right place.
A key encrypts a document and converts it back to plaintext.
This is called an encryption algorithm
It uses a key to encrypt the letters on a document into seemingly random numbers.
A good encryption algorithm is one that is very difficult to crack without the key.
What's so important about cryptography is that someone can take your bag, break it open, and unless they know the encryption key and the encryption algorithm, they won't be able to read the document.
At first glance, it may look like just a random sequence of numbers.
Most security systems rely on secure means of exchanging cryptographic keys with each other.
But the rapid increase in computational power in computers puts many key exchange methods in use today at risk.
Let's take a look at one of the most popular ciphers today, the RSA cipher.
It was invented in 1977, and it was estimated that it would take four quadrillion years to break a 426-bit RSA encryption.
Only 17 years later, in 1994, the code was broken.
As computers became more powerful, we had to use longer codes.
Key lengths of 2048 or 4096 bits are commonly used today.
As you know, there's a battle going on between those who encrypt it and those who want to break it.
When quantum computers become commercially available in 10 to 15 years, they will be able to crack modern cryptosystems, which are backed by complex mathematical methods, even faster.
Quantum computers could reduce today's formidable castles to Trump Towers.
I have to find a way to defend the castle.
In recent years, an increasing number of organizations are researching the use of quantum effects to strengthen cryptography.
I also made some exciting discoveries.
Remember the three important points in cryptography: high-quality keys, secure key exchanges, and robust algorithms, right?
Advances in science and technology are jeopardizing two of these three elements.
first of all the key
Random number generation is the basic element of cryptographic keys.
But what's in use today is not truly random numbers.
Currently, we use software to generate a sequence of random numbers, called pseudo-random numbers, to generate cryptographic keys.
There are some, perhaps subtle, patterns in numbers generated by programs and mathematical methods.
The less the number generated is truly random, or in scientific terms, the lower the entropy, the easier it is to predict what will happen.
Recently, several casinos have fallen victim to creative attacks.
Slot machine outcomes were recorded and analyzed over a period of time.
This enabled cybercriminals to reverse-engineer the pseudo-random number generators running behind the wheel.
This allowed him to accurately predict slot machine outcomes and win big.
Similar risks can occur with cryptographic keys
A true random number generator is an essential requirement for secure cryptography.
For years, researchers have been trying to build true random number generators.
But most of what's been designed so far isn't truly random, or it's slow, or it's hard to repeat.
The quantum world, on the other hand, is truly random.
So it makes sense to take advantage of this inherent randomness.
If you have a device that can measure quantum effects, you can generate random numbers at high speed.
You can disappoint all the self-proclaimed casino criminals.
A select group of universities and companies around the world are serious about building true random number generators.
My company's first working quantum random number generator was mounted on a 2m by 1m optical table.
After that, we were able to shrink it down to the size of a server.
Now it's been miniaturized into a PCI card that fits in a standard computer.
It's the world's fastest true random number generator.
Measure quantum effects to generate billions of random numbers per second
It's now used by cloud service providers, banks and government agencies around the world to improve security.
(Applause) But even with true random number generators, there's still a second serious cyberthreat left: the security of key exchanges.
Current key exchange technology cannot compete with quantum computers.
A quantum solution, called quantum key distribution QKD, exploits the principled and counterintuitive nature of quantum mechanics.
The act of observing a quantum particle changes itself.
Let me give you an example of how it works
Reimagining the exchange of lock codes with James Bond.
But this time, instead of using a phone to communicate the code to James, we're using the quantum effect of laser light to transport the code and send it to James over a standard fiber optic cable.
Suppose Dr. No tries to hack the exchange key.
Luckily, any attempt to intercept the quantum key en route will leave a trail, and James and you will be able to learn of the interception.
You can destroy the key if it's intercepted.
Successfully transmitted keys can be used to harden data.
Because security is based on the fundamental laws of physics, no quantum computer or any supercomputer of the future will be able to break the encryption.
My team and I are working with leading universities and defense departments to mature this amazing technology into the next generation of security products.
The Internet of Things (IoT) anticipates a highly connected era, with 25 to 30 billion devices projected to be connected by 2020.
In order for society to function properly in the world of IoT, the reliability of the systems that support connected devices is essential.
Quantum technology will be essential to provide this trust, and it must bring the full benefits of great innovation to enrich our lives.
thank you
(applause)
Today, I'd like to talk to you about bioengineering, the scientific field of replacing parts of the body with mechatronic devices and robots.
This is truly a fusion of living organism and machine.
I'm going to talk about how bionics is progressing, especially for people who have lost their arms.
our research motivation
Losing an arm is a big deal
Simple inconvenience of course
hands are great tools
The loss of just one hand makes it difficult to perform the physical activities that are required on a daily basis.
and great psychological damage.
In my office, we spend as much time treating emotional trauma as we do physical disabilities.
I have social problems
we speak with our hands
greeting with hands
Communicate with the outside world with your hands
Missing hands means disability
Many arm amputations are the result of factory accidents, car accidents and, sadly, war trauma.
Some children are born with no arms, congenital limb defects.
Unfortunately, making prosthetic hands is extremely difficult.
There are two types of prosthetic hands
This is a body-manipulating prosthetic hand that was invented just after the Civil War and improved during the First and Second World Wars.
Here's the 1912 patent application.
It's not that different from your current prosthesis.
controlled by shoulder muscles
When you shrug your shoulders, the cable is pulled.
You can open and close your hands and hooks and move your elbows.
This prosthesis is still in use today because it's very sturdy and simple.
The most advanced is a prosthetic hand called a myoelectric prosthesis.
It's a prosthetic hand that's motorized by tiny electrical signals from muscles.
When you contract a muscle, it sends out a tiny electrical signal that is read by electrodes and antennas and used to control the prosthetic hand.
If you've just lost your hand, you can handle this prosthetic very well, because you still have muscles in your hand.
If you purse your hand, this muscle will contract.
When you open your hand, this muscle contracts
Intuitive to use
But what if we cut off most of the arm higher up?
not only this muscle
hands and elbows are missing
What to do now?
Such a patient will have to use only the muscles of the arm to move the prosthetic arm, which is a technically demanding procedure.
There are various types like this
It has hands that open and close, wrists that rotate, elbows.
That's all there is to it
Even if you increase the function, there is no control method
So, at the Chicago Rehabilitation Institute (RIC), we added wrist flexion and shoulder joints, and built a prototype with six motors that had six degrees of freedom.
In addition, we were able to use advanced prosthetic hands with movable hands, developed with research funding from the U.S. military, with up to 10 degrees of freedom.
But in the end, how did you give orders to your prosthetic hands?
How should I operate?
To do that, we need a neural interface that can be manipulated intuitively and naturally, like a part of our body, by connecting it to our nervous system or thought process.
Motor commands issued from the brain travel down the spinal cord and through peripheral nerves to the periphery.
sensation is the opposite
The stimulus travels the exact same nerve back to the brain.
Even if you lose your arm, your nervous system still works
can still send commands to the brain
And when a veteran touches the nerve at the end of his missing arm, he can still feel his hand.
So open up your brain, put something in it, and record the signal, or record the signal at the end of your peripheral nerves.
Yes, there are studies that do that, but it's horribly difficult.
We need to implant hundreds of microelectrodes to read signals in microvolts from the tiny individual neurons that emit the signals -- ordinary nerve fibers.
This is technically too difficult right now.
I thought of a different way
You can use your body's ability to amplify nerve signals, which is your muscles.
Muscle amplifies nerve signals thousands of times, so as I showed you earlier, you can pick up signals even through the skin.
It can be said that it is the re-establishment of innervation to a specific area.
Imagine a patient who has lost an arm but still has the four major nerves (that innervate the arm).
Remove the nerve from the patient's pectoral muscle and replace it with a nerve in the arm.
If you think, "Let's hold hands," part of your chest will contract.
If you think, "Bend your elbow," another part of your chest will contract.
You can read that movement with electrodes and antennas and operate the prosthetic hand.
this is our idea
This is the first patient to try this prosthesis.
Under the name Jesse Sullivan
He's a very gentle person. He touched the wrong wire while working on the wire, and he suffered severe burns to both hands, and had his hands amputated from the shoulder down.
And he came to us at RIC to try out the most advanced prosthetic hand.
The right arm uses an old-fashioned prosthetic arm that operates cables.
Select the joint to move with the switch on the jaw
On the left, it's a three-joint motorized prosthetic hand that's powered by shoulder pads, so it's used to manipulate the arm.
Jessie was a good pilot and we were happy.
In addition, he needed additional surgery on his chest.
We took this as an opportunity to perform surgery to re-establish innervation in specific areas.
The surgery was performed by my colleague, Dr. Greg Dumanian.
First, I took out the nerve in my chest, then I took out the nerve in my arm, put it in my chest, and closed the wound.
After 3 months, my nerves were stretched a little and I was able to move my chest twitching.
After six months, the nerves were sufficiently stretched to allow strong contractions.
It looks like this
This is what happens when Jesse wants to open and close his hand, when he wants to flex and extend his elbow.
Your chest moves like this, and these little markers are where the antennas and electrodes are.
If there is someone at the venue who can move your heart like this, please let me know
his brain is thinking about his arm
I didn't learn how to move my chest like this.
no learning process
it's intuitive
this is the first working test
On the left is the original prosthetic arm, using a switch to move the building blocks from one box to the other.
The prosthesis has been used for 20 months and is getting used to it
The image on the right is two months after using our "re-establishment of innervation of specific regions." The device is the same prosthetic hand, just the control software is different.
At this point we're only using three signals
Here was an amazing scientific discovery
We were trying to get motor commands to control the robotic arm.
A few months later, when he touched Jesse's chest, he felt his missing hand.
I could feel my hands return to my chest, because the fat had been surgically removed, bringing the muscle and skin closer together and removing the innervation that was there before.
If I touch here, I feel my thumb If I touch here, it's my little finger
A force as small as 1 g can be felt
I can feel heat, cold, sharpness, and dullness with my lost hands. I still have the feeling in my chest, but I can only be conscious of it.
And this is really interesting, because it could lead to recreating sensations, or it could lead to the creation of prosthetic hands that can sense touch on the nerve endings.
The signal from the prosthetic hand sensor should be transmitted to the "hand" in the chest.
This is funny
We also thought about the prostheses of many patients who had lost their elbows, which was our initial focus.
If you cut off the nerve from one part of the muscle, remove the innervation, and leave the nerve intact in another part, you can create a nerve that carries up and down movement and a nerve that carries the opening and closing of the hand.
He's an early patient, Chris.
On the left is my familiar prosthesis that I've been using for eight months, and on the right is my prosthesis at two months old.
We are doing the operation test at 4 to 5 times the speed
I love this job because my fellow patients are also my collaborators.
Today, one of them, Amanda Kitz, is here.
Amanda Kitz
(Applause) Amanda, how did you lose your arm?
I had a car accident in 2006.
I was on my way home from work when a truck slammed into me from the opposite lane, smashed the front of my car, and then my arm was wrapped around the axle of the truck.
I see, you recovered after having your arm amputated.
I think you used a conventional prosthetic hand.
How was your experience?
It was a little difficult, I could only use my biceps and triceps.
For example, even the simple act of picking something up first requires bending the elbow and simultaneously contracting the muscles to change modes.
And then you use your biceps to close your hands, and your triceps to open your hands and simultaneously contract again to move your elbows again.
does it take time
It's a little late and it's hard anyway
need concentration
Okay, and nine months later, I think, I had a "regional reinnervation" surgery, and I think it took about another six months to reinnervate.
And the prosthetic hand I made again
how was it?
it was good
You can use your elbows and move your hands along with you.
I can move it just by thinking
Simultaneous contractions are not troublesome
faster?
It's a little bit faster, it's just so easy and natural.
That's what I was aiming for
For 20 years, my goal has been to create prostheses that allow patients to intuitively and simultaneously manipulate their elbows and hands.
And now more than 50 people have undergone this operation, including dozens of wounded American soldiers.
Surgical success rate is extremely high
96% successful
That's because you're grafting a thicker nerve into a thinner muscle.
This surgery allows intuitive operation
Operational tests show increased speed and simplicity
And above all, the patient was delighted.
this was fun
but still want to improve
There's a lot of information in nerve signals, but we want to extract more information.
One finger at a time, thumb, wrist can be moved
But can we do more?
We did an experiment, where we put millions of electrodes on patients, and we collected data by asking them to perform 20-odd movements, from fingertip movements to arm extensions to whole arm movements.
And then we applied an algorithm commonly used in speech recognition called pattern recognition.
what do you think
(Laughter) If you look at Jesse's chest, you can see three patterns that correspond to three movements.
However, since it is not possible to give specific instructions to the electrodes,
Together with the University of New Brunswick, we've developed an algorithmic control that Amanda is about to show you.
First you can move your elbow up and down
I can rotate my wrist, and I can also rotate my grut.
Bend your wrists too
You can also open and close your hands
thank you amanda
This is an experimental prosthetic hand, but from here down, it's made of off-the-shelf components, and the rest of the components have been borrowed from around the world.
It weighs about three kilograms. If I cut off my arm, it would weigh about that.
It should be a little heavy for Amanda
The prosthetic hand is not firmly attached, so it feels extra heavy.
It's the arm attached with the equipment
So the mechatronics part isn't exciting, but the control is great.
We've developed a tiny microcomputer that flickers behind Amanda's neck, and that she uses the signal patterns from each muscle to act according to her training.
Amanda, when you started using this prosthetic, how long did it take you to get used to it?
It's like three or four hours to adapt to yourself.
I can't leave my computer during that time.
When the computer stops, I have to remove it.
Now you can do the same thing with a little device on your back.
You can wear it anytime
Even if you don't work for some reason, train again
This time it will only take about 1 minute
So we're really excited to have developed something that can be used clinically.
Because it was our desire to build such a device that would be practical.
Amanda also had a more advanced prosthetic arm.
This is DEKA's prosthetic hand
Dean Kamen demoed it at TED a few years ago.
very smoothly
It's under control. It's the result of pattern recognition.
There are also prosthetic hands that can be gripped differently
When the patient spreads the prosthetic hand and thinks about what kind of grip they want,
It's in that mode, and now you can do 5 or 6 different grips.
Amanda How many grips can you do?
there are four
Key grip, chuck grip can be gripped and pinched
But I like it best when I open my hands.When I work with children, I often clap my hands and sing.I'm happy that I can do that again.
This prosthetic hand doesn't seem to be suitable for applause
it's difficult
Thank you. I can't wait to see what we can do once mechatronics advances and we can do some field testing.
Please see here
(Oh!)
This patient's name is Claudia, and this is the first time she's had sensations from a prosthetic hand.
There's a sensor at the tip of the prosthetic hand, and you can feel different sensations as you stroke several different surfaces: sandpaper, gravel, ribbon, and the sensations are transferred to the skin of the "re-innervated hand."
He says he feels his fingers wiggle when he strokes the table.
This is an experiment that shows the potential for cutaneous sensory feedback.
this is another challenge
When Jessie grabs a bubble toy
A small black device attached to his chest pushes against his skin as much as he grips it.
As you can see from the many electrodes
Close to the surface of the skin
You have to connect a lot of electrodes, and the motors attached to the electrodes are very noisy.
There are many challenges, but we continue to take on challenges
the future is bright
I have high hopes for both current and future technologies.
For example, solving more skin surface problems to get a better signal.
You want to develop a capsule that's so small, like a grain of rice, that you can put it in a muscle, and you can get the EMG signal remotely, and you don't have to worry about all that messy wiring.
Like putting less stuff on your skin to get sensory feedback.
Anyway, I want to make a good prosthetic hand
This prosthesis is the size of an average man, too big for five-eighths of the human population.
That's why we're prioritizing the development of prostheses that are stronger and faster than prosthetics that just grip and open, that can only move at the wrist and elbow, but that's smaller than the average women's size.
That prosthetic arm is the smallest, lightest, and smartest prosthetic arm.
If you develop a small prosthetic arm, it's easy to make it bigger.
these are our goals
Thank you for coming here today.
Finally, I'd like to talk about the difficulties we experienced yesterday with prosthetic hands.
When Amanda, who was jet-lag, manipulated her prosthetic, it didn't work.
The system behaves strangely, the wire cuts, the voltage converter sparks.
The fire alarm went off using all the electrical circuits in the hotel.
I couldn't handle all of them, including Dr. Simon.
Thanks to our excellent research team, we were able to handle yesterday's problem.
this is what science is
luckily it worked fine today
thank you
(applause)
(Music) What you've just heard is music that was created by mixing pressure, wind, and temperature measurements recorded during Hurricane Noel in 2007.
Musicians performed based on 3D graphs of weather data
Each rosary and color band symbolizes a weather element, and can be read as musical notation.
i am fascinated by the weather
Weather is a collection of elements that are essentially invisible to most people.
So I use sculpture and music to make it not just visible, but audible and tangible.
Everything starts simple
Using a simple data collection device to gather information from a specific environment, usually using a device found at a hardware store.
And then I compare the information I get with weather data from observatories, buoys, satellite images, etc., on the Internet.
It's information that's been recorded properly.
Collect the obtained values ​​​​to the clipboard like this
The clipboard is full of numbers
Using these numbers, I started with a couple of variables at first.
The beginning of my weather translation
The translation medium is a very simple basket.
The cage is made up of vertical and horizontal shafts
Allocate the numerical data to the vertical and horizontal axes and gradually change the data points to create the outer shape.
I use natural reeds because they have a lot of tension and you can't control them perfectly.
So it's the numbers that control the shape, not me.
This is what you get
These shapes are based entirely on meteorological and scientific data.
Each rosary or color band symbolizes a weather element.
The collection not only forms the shape, but also reveals the working relationships, which you wouldn't notice in a 2D graph.
If you look closer, you can see that it's all made up of numbers.
The vertical axis is assigned "one hour" of the day.
There is a 24-hour bandwagon around
In fact, the temperature range is also marked.
On the grid, you can spin storm surge values, water temperature, air temperature, and moon phases.
and convert the weather data into sheet music
Sheet music allows me to translate information more delicately without compromising.
All musical scores are based on weather data
Each color, point, and line is a weather element.
A bunch of variables make up the musical score.
Use sheet music in collaboration with musicians
They're the "1913 Trio," playing one of my songs at the Milwaukee Museum of the Arts.
On the one hand, I use the musical score as a blueprint and transform it into a three-dimensional image like this. I feel like the goal is to visualize weather data in 3D, but on the other hand, it's also a transformation of the musical score into a three-dimensional image, so it's also a musical score. can read
I love this study because it challenges people's assumptions about works of art with science.
This work is interpreted differently depending on where it is placed.
If you put it in a museum, it will become a three-dimensional statue
Put it in a science museum and it becomes a 3D visualization of your data.
If you put it in a music hall, it suddenly becomes a musical score.
I love this one because it asks the viewer whether visual language is science, art, or music.
Another reason I like it is that it gives me another entry point into the complex science of doing a PhD in science.
not everyone has
this is my way
thank you
(applause)
You all know the truth of what I'm about to tell you
The sense that inequality causes conflict and corrodes society has existed since before the French Revolution.
What's different now is that we can look at the evidence and compare high- and low-inequality societies to see the impact.
I'm going to show you that data, and I'll explain why the connection that I'm going to show you later on exists.
First of all, look at the miserable expressions of these people
(Laughter) But first, I want to talk about a contradiction.
It's life expectancy as a percentage of gross national income compared to averages in rich countries.
You can see that Norway and the United States on the right are twice as rich as Israel and Greece and Portugal on the left.
Moreover, this value has no effect on life expectancy.
there is no indication of relevance
But if you look within society, there's a surprising gradual shift in health levels between social classes.
This is also life expectancy
A small region of England and Wales with the richest on the far left and the poorest on the far right.
There is a big difference between the poor and the rest
Even one step below the richest people can lower your health level.
In other words, income is very important in society, but it's irrelevant compared to other societies.
It explains this contradiction: people look at their relative income, social status, social status in their social life.
Once you realize this concept, the next question would be this: What happens if we widen inequality, or if we narrow it, what happens if we change income inequality?
I'll show you that
No hypothetical data used
The data come from the United Nations, and are the same as those from the World Bank, and they show the extent of income inequality in rich, advanced democracies.
Because it's easy to understand and readily available, we used data on how wealthier the top 20 percent of countries are compared to the bottom 20 percent of countries as a basis for comparison.
On the left are countries with low inequality, like Japan and the Nordic countries, where the top 20 percent of these countries are 3.5 to 4 times richer than the bottom 20 percent.
But in the United Kingdom, Portugal, the United States, Singapore, where inequality is very high, the gap is double that.
By this measure, Britain's inequality is twice that of other prosperous economic democracies.
Now let me show you what inequality does to society.
We collected data on problems of social status, the kind of problems that often occur at the bottom of hierarchies.
"Life expectancy", "Children's math and literacy skills", "Infant mortality rate", "Homicide rate", "Percentage of prisoners", "Birth rate among 13-19 year olds", "Credit rate", "Data that can be compared internationally". Obesity rate, a common diagnostic classification that includes psychosis rate, which includes drug addiction and alcoholism, and social mobility.
Combined these elements into one metric
Each element has the same weight
The country position gives the average value of these factors
In this chart, you can see the relationship with the level of inequality that I showed you earlier, and I'll use this chart again and again as I show you the data.
Countries with high inequality do a poor job of coping with most of these social problems.
very close correlation
But when you compare the same measure of health and social problems with gross national product per capita and gross national income, you see nothing, no correlation.
We were a little bit concerned that people might think that we had picked a problem that matched our argument and made up the evidence.
An indicator that other people have created by putting together 40 factors
"Can children talk to their parents?" "Does the family have books?" "What is the vaccination rate?" "Is there bullying at school?"
Includes all possible elements
Looking at the relationship to the disparity criteria above, it looks like this
Children are not evaluated well in a society with large disparities
very significant association
But again, if we look at child welfare in relation to per capita income, we don't see a connection, or even suggest a connection.
All the data I've shown you so far mean the same thing.
The average well-being of society no longer depends on domestic output or economic growth.
It's very important for poor countries, but it's not important for the wealthy developed world.
But inequality and relative status in society becomes very important.
Here are some elements of the indicator we created
For example, this "credit rate" is simply
Percentage of people who agree with "I can trust most people"
According to the World Values ​​Survey
Where inequality is at its widest, about 15% of the population feels they can trust others.
But in societies with low inequality, this increases to 60 or 65 percent.
And if you look at the benchmarks for community participation and social capital, you see a very strong correlation with the level of inequality.
To tell you the truth, I've done this work twice.
After first looking at wealthy developed countries, we then performed the same analysis for all 50 US states in a separate test, asking exactly the same question: Do these comparisons fall in states with higher inequality?
This is credit rate data from a federal social survey of inequality.
It's a very similar distribution pattern over a similar range of credit ratings.
same thing is happening
Basically, we found that almost everything that had to do with national credit ratings was also correlated with the credit ratings of the 50 U.S. states that we tested separately.
it's not a coincidental connection
this is the rate of psychosis
Data collected by the World Health Organization by conducting similar questionnaires on random samples of different countries, which allows us to compare rates of mental illness in different societies.
This figure is the percentage of the population diagnosed with mental illness in the previous year.
It ranges from about 8 percent to as high as three times that, and some countries have three times the rate of psychosis as others.
And this is also closely related to inequality
this is the rate of violence
The red dots represent US states, and the blue triangles represent Canadian provinces.
But look at the difference in scale
From 15 to as many as 150 murders per million population.
This shows the percentage of prisoners
A difference of about 10 times is spread out on a logarithmic scale.
The ratio of prisoners is about 40 to 400 per million people.
The relationship here is not affected by crime numbers.
Crime numbers are part of the reason in some places
But in most cases, the cause is punitive and harsh court rulings.
And societies with high inequality often still have the death penalty.
This is the number of high school dropouts
I can see a big difference
That's a very big negative impact when you consider capacity utilization on a per-population basis.
This data is about social mobility
It's actually a measure of liquidity based on income.
So basically what you're looking at is, are sons of rich fathers rich and sons of poor fathers poor, or is there no relationship between father-son wealth?
Where inequality is high, father's income becomes very important, for example in the United Kingdom and the United States.
Father's income in Nordic countries is not that important.
because of high social mobility.
I often say this -- there are a lot of Americans in the audience, but if you want the American dream, go to Denmark.
(Laughter) (Applause) I've focused on a few factors,
There were many other problems
They're all common problems in disadvantaged groups.
But in countries with high inequality, there are countless problems that get worse, not just a little bit worse, but two to ten times more.
Think about the human cost of this cost.
Let's go back to this diagram that I showed you earlier, and it's a diagram that puts all the pieces together to emphasize two things.
One is that on every chart, in every problem situation, the countries that are not doing well are the countries with high inequality, and the countries that are doing well are the Nordic countries and Japan.
So what we have here is a whole social dysfunction related to inequality.
It's not about one or two things, it's about most things.
The second important point I want to highlight in this diagram is that if you look towards the bottom left, you have Sweden and Japan, and these two countries are very different in every way.
The position of women and the degree to which they are nuclear family units is exactly the opposite in wealthy developed countries.
Another important difference is how we reduce inequality.
Sweden has high income inequality, and we're trying to reduce it through things like taxation, social security and generous welfare.
But in Japan it's quite different.
First of all, the difference in income after tax is much smaller.
and low taxes
less social security
Analyzes of states across the United States show similar contrasts.
Some states are doing better because of income redistribution, and some are doing better because there's less inequality in income after taxes.
So the bottom line is that if we can reduce inequality, it doesn't matter how we do it.
I'm not talking about eliminating inequality completely, but to levels already seen in rich, developed democracies with low inequality.
Another thing that's very surprising about this situation is that it's not just the poor that are affected by inequality.
There seems to be some truth in John Donne's adage, "You can't live alone."
A lot of research allows us to compare how people live within different social classes in countries with high and low inequality.
This is just one example
represents infant mortality
Some Swedish scholars have kindly categorized infant mortality based on the British Bureau of Statistics' socioeconomic classification.
Since it is an anachronistic classification based on the father's occupation, "single parent" is a separate item.
Second from the left, "Low" refers to manual labor jobs that don't require training.
Around the middle are the trained manual laborers, then the white-collar workers, and then the upper class on the far right: doctors, lawyers, corporate directors, and other professionals.
As you can see, Sweden's infant mortality rate is lower than Britain's across all social classes.
The biggest difference is seen in the lower classes
But even the upper classes seem to have some advantages of living in a society with less inequality.
We've proven this with about five separate data sets, US and global data on education outcomes and health.
It seems to me that this is a general phenomenon, that the reduction in inequality will have the greatest impact on the working class, but it will also benefit the upper classes to some extent.
But I should tell you a little bit about what's really going on.
I think there are psychosocial effects of inequality.
I think it has more to do with feelings of superiority or inferiority, high or low evaluation, respect or contempt.
And, of course, it's the emotions that emerge from this status struggle that drives consumerism in the world.
It also leads to positional insecurity.
You start to care more about how you're evaluated and how you're seen, whether you're perceived as nice and witty, and all that sort of thing.
Fear of social judgment increases.
Interestingly, there's a similar kind of research going on in social psychology, which looked at 208 separate studies, where they measured stress hormones in volunteers who gathered in a psychology lab. Researched responses to stressful tasks
In examining the data, they wanted to see what kinds of stress would most reliably raise levels of cortisol, the main stress hormone.
As a result, it was a job that threatened social reputation, a threat to self-esteem and social standing that could lead to negative evaluation by others.
This kind of stress has a very unique effect on the physiology of stress.
Now we've been criticized
Of course, there are people who don't like this kind of research, and people who find it very surprising.
But let me tell you, people criticize me for sorting data, but I never sort it out.
If there is an unconditional rule and the data source has data for the country under study, that data will be analyzed.
The data aggregator, not us, determines the reliability of the data.
Otherwise bias will occur
what about other countries?
There are 200 studies of health from the perspective of income inequality in peer-reviewed journals.
This phenomenon is not confined to the target country and does not mask the normal situation.
They use the same inequality metric for different issues, targeting the same countries.
Why not control other factors?
I showed you that gross national product per capita doesn't matter.
And of course, other scholars using more sophisticated methods have produced studies that control for factors such as poverty and education.
What about causality?
Correlation itself does not prove causation
I thought about it carefully
In fact, in some of the conclusions, people have a better understanding of cause and effect.
One of the biggest changes in our understanding of health drivers in wealthy developed countries is how problematic chronic social stress affects the immune system and the cardiovascular system.
Another example is that the increase in violence in societies with high inequality is because people respond to being looked down upon.
I would argue that the solution to this is to address the income gap before and after tax.
Must limit income such as senior management salaries and bonus practices
I think executives should take some form of responsibility for their own employees.
But remember, the fundamental quality of human life can be improved by reducing income inequality among people.
We suddenly have an understanding of the psychosocial well-being of society as a whole, which is great.
thank you
(applause)
thx
I am honored to be invited.
The last time I spoke here was seven years ago.
We talked about spaghetti sauce
I think a lot of people have seen the video
Since then, everyone I meet has started asking me about spaghetti sauce.
So I decided to stop talking about spaghetti and come here.
(Laughter) The theme for this morning's session is "What we make."
So I thought I'd tell you about a man who created one of the most precious things of his time.
His name is Karl Norden
born in 1880
i'm swiss
The Swiss are roughly divided into two groups: those who make small, fine, expensive things, and those who handle the money of those who buy small, fine, expensive things.
Norden clearly belonged to the former
he is an engineer
went to ETH Zurich
A young classmate named Lenin later became involved in the destruction of small, elaborate, and expensive objects.
No matter how you look at Norden
was a swiss engineer
He wore a three-piece suit, had a stern little mustache, was arrogant, selfish, and had a hyperactive ego. He drank copious amounts of coffee and spent hours in silence in his mother's kitchen in Zurich, doing his best work with nothing but a slide rule.
Anyway, Norden moved to America just before World War I and opened a factory on Lafayette Street in downtown Manhattan.
And I became obsessed with the question of how to drop bombs from planes.
Think about it, before there was GPS, there was no radar, and it was a really hard problem.
It was a complicated physics problem.
They drop bombs from planes flying at hundreds of kilometers per hour, thousands of meters above the ground, at stationary targets, and they do so in the face of all kinds of obstacles, like wind and clouds that block their view.
During World War I, and in the period between the two wars, many people tried to tackle this problem, but all with disappointing results.
Bomb sights at the time were very immature.
But Norden found a clue
devised a very complex device
Weighs more than 20 kg
Named Norden Mark 15 bombsight
With all the levers and ball bearings and machines and gauges
he built the device
The bomber uses this sight to see the target. The bomber is inside the plexiglass nose of the bomber. You enter the altitude, the speed of the plane, the speed of the wind and the coordinates of the target.
A bomb sight tells you when to drop the bomb.
Norden boasted that in the days before bombsights, bombing would often miss targets by miles.
With a Norden Mark 15 bombsight, you can put a bomb in a pickle trough from an altitude of 6,000 km.
I can't tell you how pleased the U.S. military was with this Norden bombsight story.
It's like a gift from heaven
They've been through World War I, where millions of people were fighting in trenches, stalemate, and then they came up with a device that could pinpoint anything and destroy it from high above enemy lines. That's what it means
The U.S. military spent $1.5 billion, in 1940 money, on developing that device, and that's how much.
Even the money spent on the Manhattan Project totaled $3 billion.
The Norden bombsight cost half as much money as the most famous military-industrial project of the modern era.
Some U.S. military strategists even seriously believed that this one invention could be the difference between fighting the Nazis and Japan.
For Norden himself, the device had great ethical implications: Norden is a devout Christian.
He got angry when people talked about bomb sights as something he created, and in his view, only God can create things.
he is only an instrument of God's will
What is God's will?
God's will is that as few people as possible suffer in war.
What does the Norden bombsight do?
that's exactly what
You'll be able to drop bombs only on things that need to be bombed.
By World War II, the U.S. military had purchased 90,000 Norden bombsights for $14,000 each, a lot of money in 1940.
And we trained 50,000 bombardiers how to use it. It took months of extensive training, because the sights were essentially analog computers, and they weren't easy to use.
And the bombardiers were required to swear an oath that they would never divulge information to the enemy, even if taken prisoner, because it was imperative that this core technology not fall into the hands of the enemy.
And when the Norden bombsight is loaded onto the plane, armed soldiers accompany the escort.
Carried in a box and covered with cloth
The box was handcuffed to a guard
It was forbidden to take pictures
Inside was a small explosive device that would destroy the plane when it crashed and keep it out of enemy hands.
The Norden bombsight was truly the Holy Grail.
So what was the outcome in World War II?
Turns out it's not actually the Holy Grail
Under perfect conditions, a Norden bombsight could drop a bomb into a pickle trough from 6,000 kilometers.
Of course, in combat, there are no perfect conditions.
First, it was very difficult to operate.
Not all 50,000 bombardiers were capable of programming analog computers.
Second, it broke down frequently.
The gyroscopes, the pulleys, the machines, stuffed with ball bearings, didn't perform as expected in the heat of battle.
Third, when Norden did his calculations, he assumed that the plane would be flying relatively low at relatively low speed.
This is a consultation that cannot be done in actual combat.
So it was flying at a very high speed at a very high altitude.
Norden bombsights didn't work very well in those conditions.
And most of all, it was based on the assumption that the bombardier could see the target.
What about actually?
there are clouds
Accurate bombing required cloudless skies
How many cloudless skies were there in Central Europe between 1940 and 1945?
it wouldn't have been that much
Here's a famous example of the inaccuracy of the Norden bombsight: in 1944, Allied forces bombed a chemical plant in Leuna, Germany.
The factory was three square kilometers in size.
In 22 bombing campaigns, the Allies dropped 85,000 bombs on a 3-square-kilometer chemical plant using Norden bombsights.
What percentage of those bombs do you think actually fell on the three-square-kilometer factory site?
10%
And of the 10% that fell, 16% were misfires.
The Leuna chemical plant suffered one of the most severe bombings of World War II, but was restored within weeks.
By the way, did those precautions to keep it out of the hands of the Nazis effective?
As it turned out, Norden, who was Swiss by birth, was fond of German craftsmen.
In the 1930s, I hired a lot of people, and one of them, a man named Hermann Long, handed over a set of blueprints for the Norden bombsight to the Nazis in 1938.
So the Germans had Norden bombsights throughout the war, which also didn't work very well.
(Laughter) So why are we talking about the Norden bombsight?
Because there are a lot of Norden bombsights in the times we live in.
Some very smart people are walking around and saying they've invented a device that's going to change the world.
Says he created a website to set people free
They say they made this, they made this, they say it'll make the world better forever
If you look in the military realm, you'll see a lot of Karl Nordens.
At the Pentagon, they say, "Now we can drop a bomb into a pickle trough from an altitude of 6,000 kilometers."
Now it's really possible
But we have to realize how little that means.
Early in the Iraq War, the U.S. Air Force sent two squadrons of F-15E Eagle fighter jets into the Iraqi desert, which were equipped with $5 million cameras that could see the desert surface.
Their goal is to find and destroy Scud missiles, the same surface-to-surface missiles that Iraq fired at Israel.
The purpose of the two squadrons was to clear out the Scud missile launchers.
So they dropped thousands of bombs and fired thousands of missiles day and night to get rid of this bane.
After the war, there was an audit, which the military always does, and their question was, how many Scuds were actually destroyed?
What do you think of the results?
is zero
Why?
Was it because the weapon was less accurate?
No, it was extremely accurate.
I could have destroyed this little box over here from 7,500 meters up.
The problem is I didn't know where the Scud launch pad was
The problem with the bomb and pickle vat problem is not how to put the bomb into the pickle vat, but how to find the pickle vat.
That's what's always difficult in war.
What about fighting in Afghanistan?
What weapon represents the CIA's war in northwest Pakistan?
It's a drone What is a drone?
It is the grandson of the Norden Mark 15 bombsight.
It is a weapon with overwhelming precision and accuracy.
Over the past six years, in northwestern Pakistan, the CIA has launched hundreds of drone-missiles, killing 2,000 suspected Pakistani and Taliban militants.
How accurate was the drone?
it's amazing
Drone attack accuracy is estimated at 95%
95% of the people you kill are people you should kill
It's probably the most spectacular record in the history of modern warfare.
But there is one important thing
During the same period in which the U.S. military was using drones with overwhelming precision, the number of suicide and terrorist attacks against U.S. forces in Afghanistan increased tenfold.
The more efficient we are at killing them, the more angry they become and the more motivated they are to kill us.
I'm not talking about success stories
I'm talking about the opposite of a success story.
This problem is the result of our hubris about what we make.
We think our creations will solve our problems, but the problems are much more complex.
The question isn't how accurate the bomb is, it's how the bomb is used, and more importantly, should the bomb be used in the first place.
The story of Karl Norden's brilliant bombsight continues.
On August 6th, 1945, a B-29 bomber named the Enola Gay flew to Japan and used a Norden bombsight to drop a large thermonuclear reactor on Hiroshima.
As is usual with the Norden bombsight, it missed the target by about 250 meters.
But of course it didn't matter
Perhaps the biggest irony for the Norden bombsight.
The US Air Force spent $1.5 billion on a bombsight that was used to drop a $3 billion bomb that didn't need a bombsight in the first place.
No one in New York at the time told Norden that his bombsight had been used in Hiroshima.
he is a devout christian
Because I thought I made something that would reduce the casualties of war.
If you knew, it would surely hurt your heart
(applause)
I moved from Chicago to Boston 10 years ago to do research in cancer and chemistry.
You might think that chemistry is the science of making molecules, but to me, chemistry is the science of creating new cancer drugs.
For science and medicine, Boston is like a candy store.
If you ignore the pause, you're bound to run over a graduate student.
The bar is also called "Miracle of Science"
You can also see a sign that says, "There are vacant laboratories."
Now, I think it's safe to say that over the past decade, the scientific revolution of genomic medicine has begun.
Know more about the patients that come into your office than ever before
We are now able to answer patients' questions that have been unanswered for many years: "Why did I get cancer?"
here is some amazing data
This revolution is just beginning, but we already know that about 40,000 different mutations occur in more than 10,000 genes, 500 of which are the true causative agents of cancer.
But there are still only about 10 targeted drugs in existence.
The shortage of cancer drugs became acutely felt when my father was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer.
treatment in Boston
no genomic analysis was performed
Because the cause of this malignancy has been known for decades.
Three proteins: Ras, Myc, and P53.
We've known this since the 1980s, and we still don't have drugs that can be administered against pancreatic cancer or any of the solid tumors caused by these three proteins.
Cancer is truly the "Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse"
There are no drugs yet that work against Ras, Myc, and P53
"Why?"
The answer is, "Because it's too hard." I'm not entirely convinced, but that's the scientific answer.
For reasons we don't know for sure, these three proteins are what we call undruggable genomes in our industry jargon, like a computer that can't connect to the internet, or a moon that can't be explored.
It's a terrible industry term for giving up
What that means is that we've failed to find the keyhole in these proteins -- active, small organic molecules that fit in like a locksmith -- and make drugs.
Now, during my training in clinical medicine, hematology, oncology, and stem cell transplantation, it happened that substances like arsenic, thalidomide, nitrogen mustard, and substances like nitrogen mustard went through the US FDA approval process and became antimicrobial. Approved as a cancer drug
We're still at that stage in the 21st century.
Because I questioned the efficacy and quality of these therapeutics, I could say that I went back to university to study chemistry, learning how to do medicinal chemistry, and taking advantage of open source, crowdsourcing, and the university's unique collaborative network. I'm back at university to study antibody drugs, using a new era of research methods that may bring powerful, targeted therapies to the clinic faster.
But please understand that this approach is still uncommon. Today, I'm going to talk to you about a very rare midline carcinoma and its causative and undruggable target protein, BRD4, and a compound called JQ1, JQ1 is mine at the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute. Developed in the lab, lovingly, I used the initials of Jun Qi, the chemist who created this compound.
Now, BRD4 is an interesting protein.
Cancer tries to overwhelm you in many ways, but how do you remember that you have cancer?
When cells divide, they condense their genomes, divide into two cells, and loosen their genomes again, even though they have all the genes to make eyes and livers, they don't.
I remember having cancer
That's because cancer cells, like other cells, carry a molecular bookmark that reminds new cells, "You're a cancer cell and you need to grow."
BRD4 and other proteins with bromodomains have this molecular bookmark.
We reasoned that if we could create a molecule that would fit into a small pocket in this protein and prevent this bookmark from binding, we could trick BRD4-dependent cancer cells into thinking it wasn't cancer. I thought I could make people think that it wasn't cancer.
Then our quest began
We built a compound library and came up with a substance called JQ1 and its analogues.
We're not a pharmaceutical company, so we have a lot of things and flexible approaches that are difficult for pharmaceutical companies.
Started mailing compounds to friends
my lab is small
I thought I'd send it to some researchers to find out the nature of the molecule.
A brilliant team of crystallographers in Oxford, England, sent me an image that helped me understand exactly why this molecule is so effective against this target protein.
The technical term is shape complementarity, and it was a perfect fit.
This BRD4-dependent cancer is a very rare cancer.
We looked at specimens collected by pathologists at Brigham and Women's Hospital.
And when we treated cancer cells with this molecule, we observed something shocking.
These small, round, fast-growing cancer cells began to grow arm-like projections.
cell shape changed
In short, they forgot they were cancer cells and turned into normal cells.
I am very excited about this discovery
The next step was to administer this molecule to mice.
The challenge was that we didn't have a mouse model for this rare cancer.
I was seeing a 29-year-old firefighter from Connecticut who was terminally ill with this incurable BRD4-dependent cancer.
The cancer had extensively invaded the left lung.
A small amount of tissue was expelled from the chest drain.
Throw this away at each nursing shift.
We asked him for cooperation We asked him for cooperation
We asked if we could take this precious and rare cancer-derived material from chest drains, drive it to our lab, administer it to mice, and do a clinical study with an experimental drug. Of course you can't and it's illegal.
consent was obtained
And my colleague Andrew Kang, at the Lurie Family Center, successfully transplanted cancer cells into mice without cell attachment to the substrate.
This is a PET image of a mouse This is a PET image of a pet
The cancer grew into a large, red mass on the back leg.
Using our molecule, we slowed down the growth rate of a sugar addiction.
This mouse on the right shows a response to cancer.
So far, we've done experiments with four different mouse models.
Experimental results are always the same
The mice that were given the drug survived, the others died quickly.
Next, I thought, what would a pharmaceutical company do? What would a pharmaceutical company do from here on out?
I thought maybe they'd keep it a secret until they made the experimental drug an active drug.
took the opposite action
He published a paper on the results of this research at the earliest stage of the experimental drug.
We also published the chemical identity of a molecule that would normally be kept secret.
We also published the synthesis method
I also gave them my email address and told them that if they contacted me, they would give me a sample of the molecule for free.
(Laughter) We tried to create the most competitive environment for us.
Unfortunately... the result was a success
(Laughter) Since last December, we've been donating our compounds to 40 laboratories in the United States and 30 laboratories in Europe, many of them trying to target this rare cancer. I'm a pharmaceutical company, and it's great that the industry is now looking at cancer as a target.
The scientific knowledge about the use of these molecules that is coming back from these laboratories is something we could not have gotten on our own.
If you treat leukemia cells with progeny molecules, they turn back into healthy white blood cells.
Mice with an incurable disease called multiple myeloma, a malignant disease of the bone marrow, responded dramatically to treatment with this drug.
As you know, fat cells have memory.
here's a good example
(Laughter) This molecule interferes with the memory of fat cells, adipose stem cells, how to make fat, even in mice that are on a fatty diet, like people in my hometown of Chicago. (Laughter) This is a major medical problem. does not develop fatty liver
What this research has taught me, not just my lab, but Harvard Medical School as a whole, is that academic societies have an exceptional resource for drug discovery. We have studied matter scientifically, but we have not developed it.
Given the combination of the characteristics listed here, academic and research institutions present a great opportunity to participate in the creative, conceptually cumbersome, early stage prototype development.
So what should we do next?
We found the molecule, but it didn't turn into a drug.
Not available as an oral drug
We need to make it available to patients.
Everyone in my lab has a strong desire to bring drugs with this compound to the world, especially since we've been working directly with patients.
So I'm begging you all to lend me your strength and your wisdom, and let's work together.
We don't have a new drug pipeline like a pharmaceutical company, all you have to do is put a molecule in it.
No sales or marketers to tell you what position you should aim for in the market compared to your competition.
Our strength as an educational and research institution is our flexibility, which allows us to be able to share drug prototypes around the world, while also being able to work with the brightest, most motivated, and perhaps the luxury of all, well-funded people to develop new compounds. It's the flexibility that allows it to be delivered to the scene as a therapeutic.
The compound we found will soon leave us for a venture called Tensha Therapeutics.
This is the fourth compound we've discovered and sent out, and two of those four, a topical drug for cutaneous lymphoma and an oral drug for multiple myeloma, will be in clinical trials in patients this July. this is a great big step
Lastly, I would like to tell you two things.
One, if there's anything unique about this study, it's more strategic than scientific.
It was a social experiment of a new strategy, an experiment to see what would happen if we were to be as open as possible in the first phase of medicinal chemistry research.
This string of letters, numbers and symbols that we can send via text message or Twitter is the chemical identifier for our molecule.
What we want most from pharmaceutical companies is information about the action of prototype drugs in the early stages of drug discovery.
but this information is kept secret
So I'd like to borrow two principles from the field of computer science that have done so much great work: open source and crowdsourcing. I would like
This business model is for everyone
Research is funded by the public
supported by the foundation
It's great, but people in Boston would do anything for cancer.
Bike across the state or take a charity walk along the river
(Laughter) I've never seen this kind of support for cancer research anywhere else.
Thank you for your cooperation and participation, and most of all, thank you for supporting our ideas.
(applause)
(Applause) (Applause) I'm a paper-cutting artist.
(Laughter) Cut out the story.
it is very simple to do
I pick up a piece of paper and imagine a story, sometimes I sketch, sometimes I don't.
The image is already on paper, so all I have to do is cut out the parts that aren't part of the story.
I didn't enter the world of paper-cutting easily.
There were actually some twists and turns
I'm not a born cutout artist
I don't even remember doing paper cutouts when I was a kid.
When I was a teenager, I wanted to be an artist by drawing and painting.
But I also have a rebellious spirit against a normal life
I've been throwing everything away and doing all sorts of odd jobs for a long time.
For example, I was a shepherd, a truck driver, a factory worker, a cleaner.
1 year in Mexico, 1 year in Egypt
I lived in Taiwan for two years.
After that, I became a tour guide based in New York.
As a tour leader, I traveled back and forth between China and Tibet and Central Asia.
And before I knew it, I was nearly 40 and decided it was time to start my career as an artist.
(Applause) I chose paper cutouts because paper is cheap, it's light, and it's versatile.
I also chose the silhouette representation because it's visually very effective.
And silhouettes can represent the essence of things.
The word "silhouette" comes from the 18th-century French finance minister, Etienne de Silhouette.
He slashed his finances so much that people could no longer afford to buy oil paintings, and instead of painting portraits, they ended up with shadow pictures, or "silhouettes."
(Laughter) I create different images, edit them, and combine them into my work.
People who've seen my work - like this "36 Views of the Empire State Building" - say, "You're making a collection of your work."
There are various definitions of works
take various shapes
But for me, a collection is a compelling product for visually telling a story.
It doesn't matter if there are words or not
i love images and words
I like puns, and my relationship with the unconscious,
I also like the funnyness of various languages
I learned a local language each time I moved, but I never mastered any of them.
I'm always looking for words that happen to be similar or have the same meaning in another language.
As you can see, my native language is French.
I use English in my daily life
That's why I've created various works using the same words in French and English.
One of them is the spelling spider.
The spelling spider is a relative of the spelling bee
(Laughter) But I'm much more connected to the web.
(Laughter) This spider spins alphabets in two languages.
If you rearrange the words in the word "active architecture," you can read it in both English and French.
Using the alphabet from A to Z, we spin the same adjectives and nouns in both words.
For those who don't understand one language, it's an easy learning experience.
Some old books take the form of scrolls.
Scrolls are useful because you can draw big pictures on a small desk.
And then there's the unexpected result: you can only see part of the painting, so it's a very free structure.
I often incorporate windows like this into my work.
to see beyond the surface
and to see a different world
I was often an outsider
So I want to know how things work and what's going on.
Each window is an image, a world that I often revisit.
What we think about when we revisit are images and clichés of what we want to do and what language we have as a means of expression.
everything is hypothetical
What if we lived in a balloon house?
It will be a very uplifting world
Greatly reduces the burden on the earth
It should be a light world
Sometimes I see things from the inside, and that's this selfish city and its inner circle.
Another time, I'll take a global perspective and explore our common roots and how we can use them to pursue our dreams.
Common roots can also serve as a safety net.
I get inspired by many things
Everything I read, everything I see influences me.
We also create humorous stories like "Death Beat."
(Laughter) There are also historical stories.
This is "Candy City"
The raw history of sugar
From the slave trade to the overconsumption of sugar, some of it is sweet.
Like the 2010 Haiti earthquake, the news can be emotional.
I even turn things that aren't my own stories into works
Listening to stories about people's lives, memories, and aspirations, I turn my mental landscape into a work of art.
By connecting their histories to their work, we provide them with a place to look at life and its possibilities.
I call them Freudian cities
I can't talk about all the works, so I'm going to introduce some of the works, just the titles.
"City of Modesty"
"Electric City"
"Crazy Growth Over Columbus Circle"
"City of Coral Reefs"
"Texture of Time"
"City of Chaos"
"Daily Battle"
"City of bliss"
"Floating Island"
At one point, the work I worked on was "Whole Nine Yards".
It's a paper cutout that's 9 yards (about 8 meters) long.
(Laughter) Whether it's life or paper-cutting, everything is connected.
One story leads to another
I was also interested in the physical format of this work, because you have to walk around and see it.
What I've been doing in parallel with paper-cutting is running.
When I started paper-cutting, my works were small, and they only ran two or three miles.
When I started making big works, I started running marathons.
Then run 50 km, 60 km
I started running 80 kilometers, an ultramarathon.
I still feel like I'm running, training to be a long-distance paper-cutting artist.
(Laughter) Running is a great source of energy.
This is a three-week paper-cutting marathon at the Museum of Arts and Design in New York.
Completed "Hell and Heaven"
It is a set of 2 panels of 4 meters.
In the museum, it was set up on separate floors, but it's actually a continuous piece.
I named it "hell and heaven" because it represents daily hell and daily heaven.
there are no boundaries between
Some people are born in hell and go to heaven after overcoming great difficulties.
Some people go the opposite route
that's the boundary
forced to work in hell
If you go to heaven, you'll get wings
In some cases, doing the same thing can go to heaven or hell.
So "Hell and Heaven" is a work about free will and determinism.
In paper-cutting, the work you draw becomes a structure.
No more walls
This is an exhibition of a collection of works called "Identity Project."
rather than an autobiographical identity
more social identity
You can walk around and try to overlap yourself.
These are like different layers of who we are and what we present to the outside world.
This is another collection project
There are actually two in this picture.
One is the one I'm wearing and the other is at the Center for Book Art in New York City.
Why do I call this a book?
It's titled "Fashion Manifesto," because you can read words about fashion, and because the definition of a collection is so broad.
remove from display
You can take it out for a walk
It can also be exhibited as public art
It's "Floating Memories" on display in Scottsdale, Arizona.
Local memories are blown by the wind and move randomly.
i love public art
I have been participating in competitions for a long time.
After eight years of unsuccessful submissions, I was thrilled to receive my first commission for the 1% to the Arts program in New York.
It was meant to be installed on a base for paramedics and firefighters.
I made a collection of works in stainless steel instead of paper.
I gave it the title "Aiming in the Same Direction"
I put wind vanes in the form of men on each side to show that they were guarding all directions.
In public art, you can also make cut glass.
cut glass in the bronx
Whenever I make public art, I want to incorporate something that has a lot to do with the place where it's set up.
On the New York subway, I contrasted taking the train with reading a book versus traveling on time.
it means time travel
The most important story of Bronx literature is the Bronx writers and their stories.
Another glass project is at the San Jose, California Public Library.
I compared the growth of San Jose to vegetables.
We put an acorn in the middle to represent the civilization of the Ohloni Indians.
The fruit from Europe represents the rancher.
The fruit of the world is modern Silicon Valley
still growing
The technique involved cutting, sandblasting, etching and printing the glass into building glass.
I wanted a place outside the library that would feed my soul.
I brought out library books that had the word fruit in their titles so that I could walk through a real orchard with those fruits of knowledge.
and planted a "book tree"
It's a tree, so there's something in the trunk that's the root of the language.
In other words, it's the characters from around the world that display words.
The branches bear the library's collection
Public art can be both functional and stylistic.
On a bench in Aurora, Colorado
Comes with a special bonus
If you sit in shorts for a long time in the summer, when you walk away, a scene from the story is imprinted on your thigh.
(Laughter) Another functional piece is in a subway station south of Chicago.
"The seeds of the future are planted today"
It's a story about change and connection.
It protects the tracks and commuters and acts as a cover to keep things from falling onto the tracks.
It's great to be able to replace fences and window bars with flowers.
For the last three years, I've been working with a South Bronx home developer to bring art into low-income housing and affordable housing.
Each building has its own personality
Sometimes it reflects a local heritage, and in Maurisania's case it's the history of jazz.
In the case of a project in Paris, it's about street names.
It's called Prairie Road.
We released rabbits and dragonflies so that they could live there with humans.
In 2009, I was commissioned to create a poster for a year on the subway in New York.
Because people who can't move are the audience
I wanted it to be something that would give them an escape route.
And what I made was "everywhere in the city"
The paper-cutting work was colored by the computer.
It can be said that it is a craft that makes use of technology.
I always incorporate other techniques in the process of creating paper cutouts like this.
But the purpose is always to tell a story.
The story has many possibilities
there are many scenarios
I don't know what the story will be
I cut images out of the world's imagination, clichés, what we think, history.
Everyone is a storyteller, because everyone has a story to tell.
But more importantly, we all need to create stories to make sense of the world.
Imagination seems to be the powerhouse of every universe, but the goal should be our minds, how we can reconnect with the essence and the magic.
That's what it means to cut the story
(applause)
I bought a $500 house in Detroit in 2009.
There were no windows, no plumbing, no electricity, and it was full of garbage.
There was nearly five tons of waste on the first floor, including a large portion of a family van that had been hacked into pieces with an electric saw.
(Laughter) I've lived without heat for nearly two years, and I've been awakened from a deep sleep more than once or twice by gunshots, and I've been attacked by a pack of wild dogs, and my cupboard is being demolished in an abandoned school building. It was a disrespect from the scene of
This is, of course, the Detroit you've heard about.
it's definitely real
But Detroit has another side, too.
The other side of Detroit is more hopeful, more innovative, and maybe something of an answer to cities struggling to regenerate across the country.
But the answer doesn't always align with the conventional wisdom of good development.
Ultimately, I think the true power of Detroit comes down to two words: "radical neighborhood."
I didn't understand it until I lived there myself.
About 10 years ago, when I moved to Detroit, I had no friends, no job, no money, and at the time it seemed like everyone was leaving Detroit.
Between 2000 and 2010, 25% of the population left Detroit.
Almost half of the children
It was after 60 years of decline
The population of a city of about 2 million people fell to less than 800,000.
It's a little-known fact that they didn't migrate to remote areas.
The population of the Detroit metropolitan area itself has largely stabilized since the 1970s.
Many of those who left Detroit simply moved to the suburbs, while 139 square miles of the city were left in ruins and an estimated 40 square miles of land abandoned, roughly the size of San Francisco.
Putting aside the vague, agentless term "deindustrialization," Detroit's exodus can be summed up in two structures: highways and walls.
Highways—combined with massive municipal subsidies in the name of infrastructure and mortgages for suburban areas—have encouraged citizens to leave the city at will, and with it taxpayers, jobs, and education. bottom
It's true that the "wall" prevented only the right people from leaving the city.
In several neighborhoods, brick and concrete walls separated urban and suburban areas, separated whites from blacks, and the walls cut straight across city streets to divide neighborhoods.
The wall embodies racist housing practices, such as "redlining," restrictive clauses, and outright fear.
In 1971, the white supremacist KKK blew up 10 school buses rather than letting whites and blacks ride together.
All of this has made Detroit one of the most racist metropolitan areas in the United States.
I grew up in a small town in Michigan, in a blue-collar family.
After college, I knew I wanted to help people, and it might have been a naive idea.
At the time, nearly 50 percent of college graduates had left the state, and I didn't want to, so I thought I'd use my vaunted bachelor's degree to do something positive in my hometown.
At the time, I was reading a book by the great American philosopher, Grace Lee Boggs, who happened to be living in Detroit and left an unforgettable quote.
"The most innovative thing I ever did was to stand firm," he said.
I thought that buying a house might help me build a deeper relationship with this town, but I also thought I'd start a rambling protest against Walls and Highways.
Grants and loans weren't available to everyone, so instead of relying on grants and loans, I decided to buy a house and fight for myself. It's leta city
Eventually, I found an abandoned house in a neighborhood called Poletown.
It was like the world of the apocalypse
Surrounded by grasslands
Spreads of waist-high grass were dotted with leaning, abandoned buildings, inhabited by a few stalwarts who tended the houses.
Only a 15-minute bike ride from the downtown ballpark — the neighborhood was totally rural.
The houses left behind looked like cardboard boxes out in the rain, their shells burst open and their porches melted like two-story monstrosities.
One of the most striking things I remember was the rose bush, which grew in secret over a crumbling fence with no one to look after it.
This was taken the day we boarded up the house we bought — the boarding up that protects the house from the elements and from further collapse.
I ended up buying this house from the county at auction.
I used to think that neighborhood relationships were falling apart.
felt like a pioneer
was totally wrong
I've come to realize how offensive that idea is, not as a pioneer.
One of the first things I learned was to join the chorus, not overwrite the status quo.
Because (in a paused tone) the community wasn't falling apart.
It's just hard to understand for those who don't live there, but it survived in a different form.
Poletown was an incredibly resourceful, incredibly intelligent and resilient community.
Poletown was my first experience of the power of "advanced neighborhood interaction."
Before I moved in, I lived in a small community in Poletown for a year while I was renovating my house, and its founder was Paul Wertz, a humble and noble farmer.
Paul used to be a public school teacher in Detroit, tutoring expectant and nursing mothers.
The national average of 40 percent of pregnant teens graduates from high school, but at Katherine Ferguson Academy, it often exceeds 90 percent.
He brought a lot of innovation to the plot of Poletown where he lived, which he had led for more than 30 years, and when the house was no longer inhabited, he bought it and convinced his friends to move in. I used to beg, persuade neighbors to stay, and help people who wanted to buy or renovate their homes.
Many of the neighborhood lots had only one or two houses left, but Paul's lot has all the houses.
It's a testament to the power of community, a testament to staying there and taking responsibility for what's around you and what you do.
It's a neighborhood with black doctors, white hipsters, immigrant mothers from Hungary, talented writers from the jungles of Belize, and I've learned that Detroit isn't just black and white, and it's diverse. It was said that sex would blossom if it grew.
Every year, my neighbors come together to block hay for their fodder plots, and it teaches me how much can be done by a small group of people working together, and even if it's fanciful, it can be done. Ideas are the power to attract people
Neighborhood taking it a step further is not letting all the houses in the background of Paul's lot be filled with trash and abandonment. I laid out ten fruit trees, a honeycomb and a garden, and I realized that our hard work can often be an asset.
Residents are experimenting with renewable energy and urban agriculture, and by sharing their skills and knowledge with others, they're showing that they can solve problems without necessarily bowing to government.
I wish we could start ourselves
I also had a neighbor who kept his front door unlocked for months in one of the most violent and dangerous cities in America. It was
When it came time to put the beams in my house — to keep the building from collapsing — the beams I cut from across the street in an abandoned recycling plant with no walls. But — a dozen or so Poletown residents helped me lift the beam by hand.
Advanced neighborhood relationships are fertilized eggs that grow to produce a worldview that lands in homes and communities rebuilt with respect for people and the environment.
It's about realizing that together we have the power to reshape the world, and that we can do it on our own, even when the government doesn't want to do it.
This is the side of Detroit you don't hear much about.
Detroit has a side of bare ruins and a side of hipster coffee shops and billionaires trying to save Detroit.
But there is a third way to rebuild, and that way refuses to repeat the same mistakes of the past.
When I was building my own house, I unwittingly found what I was looking for, and it's what many millennials and people coming back to Detroit were looking for.
"One step closer to the neighborhood" is synonymous with "true community," a kind of thing that is tied together by memory and history, mutual trust and intimacy built up over many years, and irreplaceable. Thing
Now, as you may have heard, Detroit is going through a period of recovery, rising like a phoenix from the ashes of despair, and the children and grandchildren of those who fled Detroit are returning. is a fact
But what's not true is that this recovery is reaching most Detroiters, and it's reaching more than just a few residents who don't live in the city center.
It's people who have been in Detroit for generations, mostly black people.
2016 — Last year alone (choking), one in six Detroit homes had their water shut off.
excuse me
The United Nations called this a violation of human rights.
And since 2005, one in three homes -- think about it -- in Detroit, one in three homes has been foreclosed, which is roughly the population of Buffalo, New York.
(Sniffs) One in three homes is foreclosed, not because of a crisis of personal responsibility, but because it's a city-wide problem.
Many Detroiters, myself included, have jumped on the bandwagon and now fear that racism is returning to Detroit itself.
Ten years ago, you couldn't go anywhere in Detroit and be in an all-white group.
But now, unfortunately, this is possible.
This is the price we are paying for conventional economic recovery.
We're creating two Detroits, two classes of citizens, dividing communities.
All the money, the subsidies, all the streetlights, all the new ballparks, all the slick advertising, all the good news, all the while turning off the water supply to tens of thousands of people who live right next to Great Lake, the world's richest source of water.
Division always means inequality
this is a big mistake for all of us
When economic development is built at the expense of communities, it's not just that someone loses their home, or their water supply is cut off, or they get hurt, but it also destroys part of our humanity.
For us to be truly free and truly comfortable, our neighbors must be too.
It's about making sure that people who come to Detroit don't unintentionally help destroy their community again, and that they should follow the lead of those who have been working on this problem for years.
In the city of Detroit, it's the act of the general public building water stations and water systems for people who have had their water supply cut off.
Or pastors and teachers as an act of civil disobedience, blocking trucks that turn off the water supply.
Citizen groups buying back homes for foreclosed residents, using social media and volunteer-run hotlines to combat hoaxes.
For me, it's about helping and helping raise the beams of once-abandoned homes, about how to responsibly pass on knowledge to the ever-growing number of wealthy newcomers, and how they can move in without stressing existing communities. to let you know if we can support you in
If a small group decides to buy back a foreclosed home and return the title deed to the occupants, raise a donation.
For all of us, it means finding your role in the community in which you live.
It's about living your life as a reflection of the society you want to live in.
It means trusting someone who knows the problem, who has the problem in their lives, and who has the solution.
I know the third way is possible because I've lived that life.
I currently live in one of the most infamous cities in the world called Poletown.
If we can do it in Detroit, we can do it in any city.
Over the last 10 years building my own house, what I've learned isn't just about electricity and plumbing and carpentry -- I've learned those things -- but the real real change is with the community -- what is a neighbor? or take a step back and start by thinking
Because of that, at least one abandoned house has been transformed into our own home.
thank you
(applause)
i am hassan
I'm an artist, and I'm often asked, "Are you a painter?"
"Which art area is it?"
Most of my work isn't about any particular method or method, it's about how I approach my work.
I like imaginative problem solving
I had a problem a while ago
I will introduce it
it all started here
Detroit Airport June 19, 2002
from overseas exhibitions
When I got back to America, I was greeted by the FBI.
"Who paid for the trip?"
Then suddenly someone asked me, "Where were you on September 12th?"
If many people ask me
No matter what day it is
I checked my PDA and said, "What are your plans for September 12th?"
10:30 am pay for storage
10:30 am - 12:00 p.m. Meet Judith
12:00 p.m. - 3:00 p.m. Class in the classroom 3:00 p.m. - 6:00 p.m. Advanced class
"Then what about the 11th?" "What about the next 10 days?"
"What about the 29th?" "What about the 30th?"
"October 5th?"
I read out the calendar for half a year
I don't think the FBI would have expected such a detailed record.
I'm glad there's a record, blond hair
Because you don't get to see it often, and -- (Applause) "You paid for the storage -- what's in there?"
Our warehouse is in Tampa, Florida.
furniture that does not fit in the room
That kind of junk, I travel a lot."
With a puzzled look, the FBI said, "Are there no bombs?"
(Laughter) "There are no bombs.
If there was, I remember it well."
He still seemed confused. Anyone who talks to me for a few minutes will know I'm not a terrorist.
After about an hour and a half of talking back and forth like this, he finally said, "Okay.
Send this information to the Tampa office
It's in charge of you
"I understand"
When I got home, the phone rang and it was a call from the local FBI.
This is the FBI's Tampa office, where I spent about six months - not all the time, but in and out.
By the way, did you know that photos are not allowed in government buildings in the US? published on google
Thank you very much
(Applause) I spent a lot of time here.
The question was, "Have you ever witnessed or participated in any act that harms the United States or any other country?"
In such a case, you have to think carefully about the movement of your heart.
It's a matter of life and death, and it's a matter of life and death.
Lie Detector, I've taken this nine times in a row, and what they asked me was
First, "Are you Hasan?" "Yes."
"Do you live in Florida?" "Yes." "Is today Tuesday?" "Yes."
Answer "yes" or "no"
The next question, of course, was "Did you belong to any organization that would cause harm to America?"
I teach at university
(Laughs) "Maybe I should ask my university colleagues directly."
"Did it belong to an organization that would later cause harm to America?"
"no"
So, half a year later, after nine lie detector tests, "It seems to be fine."
"That's right
You say that all the time."
The FBI looked embarrassed
"I travel a lot"
The opponent is the FBI
"What you need is a destination, not endless questioning based on clues."
It's a real issue
"If something goes wrong, contact me and I'll fix it."
After that, every time I went out, I called the FBI.
I called and said, 'I'm going to get on this plane.
Northwest to Seattle March 12th" or something
Call me again in a few weeks
I decided to do it out of necessity
"Everyone at the FBI
There's nothing suspicious here."
(laughs) "I have no intention of running away.
That's how I'm contacting you."
keep contacting me like this
Then the phone calls became emails, and the emails got longer and longer.
Add a photo and travel tips as a bonus
This is how we launched the site
As for the beginning
Started in 2003
always know where i am
I made a program for mobile
If the FBI wants to keep an eye on me, rather
I'm going to monitor it myself
don't waste money
I will help you
What else would the FBI want to know?
Since you probably want to know the flight numbers of the planes, I've published the flight numbers I've had since I was born.
Look, Delta Flight 1252 from Kansas to Atlanta.
This is an in-flight meal
Delta Flight 719 JFK to San Francisco
You can't give this to me, but it will be served.
(Laughter) This is a picture of the airport. Airports are my favorite places.
Kennedy Airport May 19 (Tue)
Warsaw airport
Singapore airport is rattling
These photos were taken anonymously.
And you can corroborate it with these data, so you can do the work for the FBI and put together the information.
In these situations, you'll always need corroboration, and you'll behave differently than you normally would.
I never thought that this would lead to a work of art.
It looks like a new job
What happened in all this?
As I pieced together the information... it became clear what had happened to me, and it continued to evolve into a work of art.
These are the stores I shopped at because the FBI needs them.
This is from November 15th (Sunday) at Lunch 99 at Dally's Soup
At Koreana Supermarket, I shop for my favorite food, kimchi
I also bought some crabs in the neighborhood A little titaline in Emoryville
Detergent West...Excuse me East Auckland
Salted jellyfish at a Hong Kong supermarket in East Brunswick
My bank also gives me a lot of information May 9th I put gas in for $14.79.
Rather than just dumping information, this allows third parties, independent third parties, say banks, to verify.
thus match each other
in the record
There are also very small things
34 cents transfer fee
The information is provided directly from my bank account and is timely.
Sometimes even when there is a huge amount of information
This is my old home in San Francisco
Information like this
An Empty Hall in Salt Lake January 22nd
You must report to the FBI exactly where you were and who you were with.
don't hide everything
I often travel by car
8:01 p.m., Aug. 19, off Parking Route 80 in Elko, Nevada.
I often go to gas stations and empty train stations
In this way, a huge number of photographs
database was created
There are currently 46,000 photos in storage, and the FBI looks through them all - I hope so.
Sometimes information is useless, like an empty bed.
There are times when it is just text information without photos
For example
Address of my favorite sandwich shop in California It's a Vietnamese sandwich
Eating out data also has several categories Empty train stations and gas stations
There is also data when eating at home
Now, how do you know it's a meal at home?
Because the same plate appears again and again
I have to use a little deduction
Sometimes the data is too detailed
This is the tacos I ate in Mexico City A shop near the station Between July 5th and 6th
11:39 a.m. here
Click here for 1:56 p.m. Click here for 4:59 p.m.
I recorded every moment of my life.
take a picture every time
Now I do everything on my iPhone. It's directly connected to the server. The server does the rest.
The FBI must know where I am and what I'm doing 'cause they want to know what I'm doing
So on December 4th, I was here.
Sunday, June 14, 2009 - It was 2:00 PM at my former home in Maine
You've only seen part of the information.
The site has more information
Not user-friendly information
I would say it's rather tough.
One of the things that's hard on users is that everything is there, and they have to sort it out somehow.
By disclosing all the information like this, you are disclosing all of me.
On the other hand, thanks to this flood of information, we're actually pretty private.
don't know anything about me
The conclusion I've come to is that there's no need to regulate information to protect privacy, especially in an era where information is organized, stored and recorded, as it is today.
What if all information is public?
I have to organize
By giving this information directly, you get a different picture of the person than what you might infer from the little bits of information.
Another interesting thing is that intelligence agencies -- any organization -- in this industry, information is information, or limited information, is the commodity.
Their information is valuable because nobody has access to it.
By removing the intermediary and releasing the information directly, the FBI's information loses its value, it loses its commercial value.
These individual activities are nothing more than performances.
But if 300 million Americans
If I did, I'd have to rebuild the intelligence system from scratch.
Because if everyone had the information, the industry wouldn't exist.
And now it's becoming
When I started this project, people said, "Why are you making your location public?
Did you post some photos? "
This was before Twitter, before 750 million people were posting messages and communicating with each other.
In a way, I'm glad this is outdated
The project continues, but it's outdated because everyone else is doing it.
It's what everyone does every day, whether they realize it or not
Each building their own archive
My friend said, "Hey, isn't that weird?
no one is watching and
no one cares"
If you look carefully at the server's access log -
'Cause it's surveillance
I have to watch who's watching me
I got this
Here is a sample log
Let's take a look at some
I rearranged it a bit to make it easier to see
Homeland Security People - Department of Homeland Security
Members of the National Security Agency
I actually live next door, right across the street.
CIA
presidential office
why did you access
Do you like art?
It was great to have a patron in this industry!
Thank you very much
(Applause) Hassan, I want to ask.
You say you can send all the data automatically from your iPhone, but you're taking pictures and writing information, right?
How long does it take per day?
almost zero
send an email
It's no different than reading
I'm used to it
I feel like it's part of my life
Well, when updating information, I don't think about how long it takes.
'Cause just tap on the phone and send it, it's over
I'll do the rest over there
You can't contact me during the flight, can you? Will the FBI be impatient?
well i know where i was last
At least I know where you're gone
So if it's a 12-hour flight, you know the departure airport.
Thank you very much Hasan. (Applause)
Are there characteristics that are unique to humans?
I have
Humans are the only creatures on earth that have developed moral feelings.
As social animals, we care deeply about morality.
we want to know why other people do what they do
And I personally have a strong sense of morality.
I owe it all to this woman, Sister Mary Marastella, who is also my mother.
I was an acolyte in a church, bathed in incense, learned a Latin phrase, and had time to ponder whether my mother's radical morality applied to everyone.
It turns out that everyone, religious or not, is preoccupied with morality.
I thought there must be some human reason for moral decisions.
I also wanted to explore further how our brains make us moral.
What I wanted to know was whether there was a moral chemistry
Or is there a moral molecule?
After more than 10 years of experimentation, I discovered it.
do you want to see it? I have it ready
This little syringe contains a moral booster molecule.
(Laughter) It's called oxytocin.
Oxytocin is a simple, ancient molecule found only in mammals.
In rodents, it facilitates female parenting, and in other organisms, it increases the endurance of cohabitants.
In humans, the only known fact is that it promotes childbirth and lactation, and is secreted by both men and women during sexual activity.
But I thought it might be a moral molecule.
Like any researcher, I hit my colleagues first.
One of my colleagues said, "That's a terrible idea."
"Hormones related only to women
It can't be that important."
"I am also secreted in men's brains
There must be a reason for that."
But he was right, and it was certainly a terrible idea.
But it's silly, but it's verifiable.
So I thought I could devise an experiment to determine if oxytocin makes people moral.
but it wasn't easy
First, oxytocin is hard to find.
Without stimulation, normal levels are near zero.
And it halves in just three minutes, and at room temperature it quickly breaks down.
Experiments should have large amounts of oxytocin secreted, quickly harvested, and cryopreserved.
i thought i should be able to
Luckily, oxytocin is in the brain and in the blood, so I should have been able to experiment without having to learn brain surgery.
By the way, I had to measure morality.
Measuring morality is a grand project.
So I started small
I started my research with one virtue: trustworthiness.
Because in the early 2000s, we announced that countries with more trustworthy people would be more prosperous.
In these countries, economic activity is booming, wealth is being built, and poverty is alleviating.
So poor countries are less reliable
So if we can understand the chemistry of reliability, we may be able to help alleviate poverty.
But I'm skeptical myself
Don't ask, "Can you trust me?"
Instead, I'm going to do research like Jerry Maguire.
"If you're so moral, show me the proof (money)."
Experiments use money to expose right and wrong.
Let me explain how
Decide on a subject first
I will give you $10 if you participate in the experiment.
First of all, I will give you a sufficient explanation, and I will never deceive you.
Then the computer creates a pair
One of the pairs receives a message that says, "Among the $10 rewards for participating in the experiment, would you like to give some to someone in this lab?"
The trick is that you can't see the other person and you can't talk to them.
only one delivery
And the money you give away, someone else gets three times as much.
It means making the other person's pocket much richer
The recipient will receive a message like this: "Mr. A sent you $.
keep it all? Or how much do you give back? "
think about this experiment
I'll be sitting in this hard chair for another hour and a half
A mad scientist sticks a needle into your arm and draws four test tubes of blood.
How do you feel about sending your money to a total stranger?
This is how economics with blood draws was born.
I will draw blood when I make a decision.
Experimental economists have conducted this experiment all over the world in search of greater results, and the consensus view is that the measurement from person A to person B measures "trust" in others. Measurements from B to A are said to measure the "reliability" of A.
But economists were surprised at why B gave money back to A.
They saw money as a good thing and thought that everything would be preserved.
The experimental results did not
We found that 90% of people would send money to someone else, and 95% of those who received it would send some money back.
I wonder why?
When we measured the amount of oxytocin, we found that the more money received, the more oxytocin B's brain produced, and the higher the oxytocin level, the more money he gave back.
So there's the biology of reliability.
But what's wrong with this experiment?
there are two
First, nothing happens in the body in isolation.
We measured nine molecules that interact with oxytocin, and they had no effect.
Second, we're still only seeing an indirect relationship between oxytocin and trustworthiness, and we're still only seeing an indirect relationship.
We still don't know if oxytocin caused credibility.
To test these things, we needed to manipulate oxytocin directly in the brain.
I've tried every means other than drilling to get oxytocin into the brain.
I found that inhalation through the nose could do that.
When my colleagues in Zurich and 200 male subjects were given either oxytocin or a placebo in a similar experiment, they found that not only did the subjects who inhaled oxytocin show more trust, but twice as many people reported feeling and cognition as normal. I sent him all the money without changing it.
So oxytocin is the molecule of trust, but is it the molecule of morality?
We did some more research with an oxytocin inhaler.
Administration of oxytocin increased the amount of this unsolicited gift of money by 80 percent.
Charitable donations increased by 50%
We also tried to increase oxytocin in non-pharmaceutical ways.
massage, dance, prayer, etc.
Prayer was tested and my mother was happy.
With more oxytocin, people are more willing to open their wallets and be more generous with strangers.
but why
What does it feel like when oxytocin levels rise in your brain?
To clarify this question, we conducted an experiment in which subjects were shown a video of a father and his four-year-old son with terminal brain cancer.
After watching the video, participants rated their emotions, and before and after the video, blood was drawn to measure oxytocin.
We were able to infer the degree of empathy from changes in oxytocin levels.
Empathy is what connects people to others.
Empathy is what drives us to help.
And with empathy, we can be moral.
this idea is not new
Adam Smith, then an unknown psychologist, wrote a book in 1759 called The Theory of Moral Sentiments.
So -- he says that we're moral creatures, not what we're born with, but what we've learned from experience.
He also said that because we are social creatures, we share our emotions with others.
Therefore, if you hurt someone else, you will suffer too.
tend to avoid it
If I make someone happy, I try to feel it too.
Humans tend to
He was the same Adam Smith who, 17 years later, wrote his pioneering economics book, The Wealth of Nations.
In fact, he was a moral philosopher, and he had a guess about why we are moral.
I discovered the molecules involved in that
It's useful to know about the molecule, how moral behavior emerges and what makes it disappear.
In particular, we can see why immorality shows up.
To examine immorality, let's go back to 1980.
I work at a gas station outside of Santa Barbara, California.
If you sit like that all day, you see all kinds of morality and immorality.
One Sunday afternoon a man walked into the cash register with a beautiful jewelry box.
Open the box and you'll find a pearl necklace—
"Hey, in the men's restroom—
I found this, what do you think I should do? "
"Now? Do you want me to put it in the lost item box?"
"No, it's expensive
We should find the owner." "Certainly."
I was thinking about what to do when the phone rang.
The person on the phone excitedly said, "I can't find the jewelry I bought for my wife. I was there a while ago."
"Is it a pearl necklace?"
"Someone found it."
"Thank you! This is my phone number!
Tell me to wait 30 minutes
I want to go right now and give him a $200 thank you."
i think that's good
When I told the man, "That's amazing. He wants to thank you a lot."
he said
I have an appointment for a job interview in 15 minutes in Galena, this job is important, I have to go."
and ask, "What do you think I should do?"
I'm still in high school and I don't know what to do
"Do you want me to keep it for you?"
"You've done a good job, so let's share the reward."
"I'll leave it with you, so give me $100 - when he comes over -" You see, I was tricked.
This is credit fraud, a scam man's trick. I was a dupe.
So fraud works by pretending to believe the other person, not by making the other person believe it.
you understand
Oxytocin is released in the brain of the person being deceived, and they open their wallets and give money.
Who is this manipulator of oxytocin?
If you look at thousands of people, 5% of the population don't release oxytocin when they're stimulated.
People like that don't release oxytocin, even if they're trusted.
If there's money there, I'll take it all
I have a jargon to refer to them in my lab
"fuck you bastard"
(Laughter) I don't want to drink with these people.
These people have many psychopathic attributes.
The oxytocin secretion system also works in other ways—
One is improper parenting.
If you study sexually abused women, about half do not release oxytocin when stimulated.
Adequate nourishment is essential to nurture this secretory system.
High stress also suppresses oxytocin.
We all know that you can't reach your full potential when you're overwhelmed with stress.
There's another interesting thing about how oxytocin is suppressed, and that's how testosterone works.
When men were given testosterone in an experiment,
not generous, self-centered
But the interesting thing is that men with high testosterone levels are more likely to spend their own money to punish selfish people.
(Laughter) If you think about it, we're biologically equated with moral yin and yang.
There's oxytocin in your body that connects you to other people, and it provokes empathy.
On the other hand, there is also testosterone.
Men have 10 times more than women, and testosterone makes men more likely than women to punish immoral people.
You don't have to be dictated by God or the government
because the way the body works
And yet, you might be thinking, "Well, that's too much of a lab story—does it apply to reality?"
i was wondering too
So I tried to see if I could say that in everyday life outside the lab.
Last summer I attended a wedding in the South of England.
200 people gathered in a Victorian mansion
I didn't know anyone
I went in a rented Vauxhall
I brought a centrifuge, dry ice, a syringe, and a test tube.
Blood was taken from the bride and groom before and immediately after the oath, as well as from family and friends.
(Laughter) Now what do we know?
Weddings release oxytocin, but it has its peculiarities.
Who will be the center of the wedding?
I am a bride
The bride secreted the most oxytocin
Who is as happy to be married as the bride is?
That's right, I'm the mother of the bride.
The mother of the bride has the second highest amount of oxytocin
And then there's the groom's father, the groom's family, and his friends, which are arranged around the bride like the planets around the sun.
So, the attendees and the newlyweds -- they've created these ceremonies to bring us all together emotionally.
This is because for the perpetuation of the seed, it is necessary for the bride and groom to produce offspring safely.
And can a small money experiment predict how much people trust strangers in real life?
I was also worried, recently, at an altitude of about 3,600 meters, I gave someone a lifeline and dived outside.
I took blood before and after that, and I saw a spike in oxytocin levels.
There are many ways to connect with others
e.g. using social media
many people are tweeting right now
When we looked at the role of social media, we found that its use increased oxytocin levels by tens of percent.
We recently ran this experiment for a South Korean broadcaster.
The participants were reporters and producers.
One of those men -- I think he was 22 -- had a 150 percent increase in oxytocin.
It's a surprise, because it doesn't happen to other people.
At that time he was using social media personally.
The report said, "I don't know what this man is doing," but I expected his mother or his girlfriend to be involved.
When I looked it up, my lover and—
We were communicating on Facebook.
That's the way it is This is the connection
There are so many ways to connect with others, and it's common all over the world.
Two weeks ago, I returned from Papua New Guinea, where I was visiting a high country where there are isolated tribes that live by farming, and have been living unchanged for millennia.
There are 800 languages ​​in the highlands
They are the most primitive people in the world
These people also secrete oxytocin.
Oxytocin connects us to others
Oxytocin enhances empathy
And it's very easy to release oxytocin in the human brain.
I know how to do it My favorite way is the easiest
let me show you
Now hug me. (Laughter) Here it is.
(Applause) They call me "Doctor Love" because I love hugs.
Just a little bit more in the world - I hope we can share some love Dr. Love's prescription for you is 8 hugs a day
We know that people who produce more oxytocin are happier.
The reason is that it keeps all relationships running smoothly.
That's why Dr. Love recommends 8 hugs a day.
Eight hugs will make you happier and the world will be a better place
For those who are not good at touching other people, just swipe from your nose...
(laughs) Thank you very much.
(applause)
I'd like to start tonight with something unique.Let's get off the land and dive into the ocean with me for a moment.
Ninety percent of the Earth's biosphere is the ocean, and life, which is the subject of tonight's presentation, began there.
It's a vibrant and beautiful place, but it's rapidly changing the oceans through overfishing, irresponsible fishing practices, and the shedding of pollutants like chemical fertilizers used on farmlands. will give you
A growing number of reports predict that continuing to modify the oceans will create oceans dominated by low-energy organisms like jellyfish and bacteria.
We may be headed for such a sea
Jellyfish are mesmerizingly beautiful, and on Friday you'll see plenty of graceful jellyfish in the aquarium.
100g of jellyfish has 4 calories
It may be good around the waist, but it probably won't keep you full.
And oceans full of jellyfish aren't good for other marine life, except if you eat jellyfish.
This is a predator that catches the jellyfish by surprise, called the bonito crested bonito.
That predator is the giant ocean sunfish, Moramora, which feeds mainly on jellyfish.
It is listed in the Guinness Book of Records as the heaviest bony fish in the world.
It grows up to about 2,300 kg with jellyfish as its staple food.
There is a wonderful encounter that leads to the universe Moramora's English name is the sun fish, and her favorite food is jellyfish from the moon.
It's nice to see the sun and the moon together like this, even if one gets eaten
It's a common sight, and that's where the name comes from.
I like to sunbathe, so it makes sense
Just laying on the surface of the water, often seen as sick or lazy, but sunbathing is a typical habit.
Another name, mola mola, sounds like it's Hawaiian, but it's derived from the Latin word for millstone, which has an odd round, snapped shape.
It's like they forgot their tails when they were growing
It was this quirky shape that got me interested in sunfish.
Sharks are streamlined and sleek. Tuna is like a torpedo, with a purpose.
(Laughter) It's kind of... elegantly... mysterious and not as showy as tuna.
So I was fascinated by what kind of creature
The world of living organisms cannot be properly explained unless it follows the theory of evolution.
sunfish is no exception
It appeared 65 million years ago, not long after the dinosaurs went extinct, when whales still had legs.
Evolution, of course, is hit and miss, but about 55 million years ago, some rebellious pufferfish friends said they didn't like these coral reefs, so they went out to sea.
After generations of this and that, they turned puffer fish into sunfish.
If you give nature enough time, it will produce
The ocean sunfish looks like a living fossil and is a half-hearted abbreviation, but in fact, the ocean sunfish is competing with the flatfish for the number one evolved fish that adapted to nature.
Sunfish has changed from what to what
It's been around for 500 million years. Among fishes, the sunfish is a fairly modern relative that appeared 5,000 years ago.
The ocean sunfish's eggs are tiny, and they're even in the Guinness Book of Records for having the most eggs of any vertebrate on Earth.
One 1.2m female sunfish lays 300 million eggs 300 million eggs in her ovaries And they grow to over 3m Imagine the eggs of a 3m sunfish
From a tiny egg, it goes through stages with porcupine-like thorns that bear the remnants of its ancestors, and then develops into an adolescent like this.
As adolescents, they form packs and mature into giant lone wolves.
The one in the upper right is the diver
It's even in the Guinness Book of Records for having the highest growth rate of any vertebrate.
It hatches from a tiny egg, grows through larvae, and grows in weight by a factor of 600,000,000 as it matures.
600 million times.
It's the same as when that baby grows to six Titanic.
I don't know how fast sunfish grow in the wild, but the Monterey Bay Aquarium was one of the first places to do research on ocean sunfish.
America must be like that! I thought
(Laughter) (Applause) Lone wolves are a particularly good thing in today's oceans. Packing used to be a lifesaver for fish, but now it's suicidal.
But unfortunately sunfish are caught as bycatch even if they don't form groups.
If we don't want to overwhelm the world with jellyfish, we need to understand the lives of jellyfish predators like the sunfish.
Unfortunately, they're a large bycatch in California, accounting for up to 26 percent of the driftnet fishery.
And they account for 90 percent of the Mediterranean swordfish fishery.
So we have to figure out how they live.
to research
Limited places to live
Sunfish are pelagic creatures, they don't have enclosures, they don't go on land.
how do i find out
How would you approach the secrets of pelagic life?
There's an amazing technology that's just coming out that's going to help us a lot in observing marine life.
put on a little transmitter as you can see in this picture
These tags record water temperature, depth, and brightness over time, and from there, you can pinpoint a location.
You can record two years of data, and at a specified time the tags will come off and surface, and the travel data will go directly to our computers via satellite, and you'll have a complete set of data. we'll be waiting in the office
Luckily, the ocean sunfish won't notice if you tag it like this.
Actually, this is a creature that parasitizes the sunfish.
Sunfish are notorious for having large numbers of parasites.
There's a parasite in a parasite
i feel like i was writing
They had 40 different kinds of parasites, so I figured one more wouldn't hurt.
They have very good bodies to carry oceanographic equipment.
It doesn't seem like you're bothering me
Our research focuses on the Pacific
Labeled on the California coast and Taiwan and Japan
We're trying to figure out how ocean sunfish use currents, water temperature, and the open ocean in their lives.
I want to observe in Monterrey too
Monterrey is one of the rare places in the world where many sunfish can be seen.
It's not this time of year, but around October
And here's what I want to look at, and this is an aerial view of Monterrey, and unfortunately, the sunfish here is like this, because there are creatures who like the sunfish in a bad way.
When a sunfish comes into the bay, the California sea lion tears off its fins, plays with it like a frisbee, and throws it here and there.
I'm not exaggerating, I'm mean because I don't necessarily eat
The locals think it's a terrible act, and it's hard to see this happening every day.
Sunfish are coming and they're going to tear them to pieces, so we headed south to San Diego.
there aren't many sea lions there
The ocean sunfish there are easily spotted by observation planes, and they like to lounge under floating seaweed.
Because going under the seaweed is a treat for sunfish.
As soon as you go under the seaweed, the cleaner fish will come.
When they came over, the sunfish dressed up like this and said, "Hey, hey, give me a massage."
(Laughter) I open my fins, peel the whites of my eyes, and the fish come and clean it up, an all-you-can-eat buffet full of parasites.
Also, if you go south, the water is warm and pleasant, and the sunfish are friendly.
When you get close to it, no fish will say, "Give me a stroke."
It's very quiet, so I can bring it close to the sunfish.
I've made observations on this side of the Pacific and on that side, in Taiwan and Japan.
There, if you catch them with coastal set nets,
It is not returned to the sea as bycatch and is eaten.
We were served a 9-course meal of sunfish after our observations.
not what we observed
I think that the whole ocean sunfish is eaten, from the kidneys to the testicles, the spine, and even the muscles of the fins.
The hardest thing about this observation is that you have to wait months after you've tagged it.
I just pray that the sunfish will be okay, and I hope it survives while the tag records the information.
The bills are $3,500 each and satellite time is $500, so I hope the bills are okay.
Waiting time is the hardest
show you the latest data
This is unpublished data that TED is making public for the first time
We look at this data and wonder, is this creature going to cross the equator?
Will they go from one end of the Pacific to the other?
they tend to be rather withdrawn
They don't migrate that much, and I followed them from Tokyo, as shown here, and after a month they rode the Kuroshio Current and started looking for food offshore.
Four months later, we moved far off the coast of Sanriku.
that's the action zone
This is important because if fishing is high, sunfish populations won't increase.
So this is very important data.
Another important thing is that they are not lazy.
very hard worker
This is a day in the life of an ocean sunfish, and they dive and climb and move up and down up to 40 times a day.
Start dives at sunrise like the blue line
When the sunlight gets stronger, I dive in little by little
We dive to a depth of 600 meters, and the water temperature is 1 degree Celsius, so it's very cold, so we bask in the sun on the surface.
It has to come up and get the sun's heat, and then it goes up and down again.
We dive to the deep-sea acoustic scattering layer, which is a layer full of food.
They are not just lazy sunbathers, they are really hardworking fish that dance from the surface to the depths of the ocean where the temperature varies.
Using this tag, we see a similar pattern with swordfish, manta tuna, three-dimensional performance.
It's part of a much larger program called the Census of Marine Life, a global survey that includes sunfish.
Now, the most fun part of traveling is meeting the locals and having them show you nice places.
A "marine life census" can gather information from everywhere and explore 90 percent of the biosphere.
Being a biologist, I've never been so impressed
The last point is what I enjoy the most.
I made a homepage because I received a lot of questions about sunfish.
Because I thought I could answer your questions and say thank you to our sponsors.
And then there are all these stories about this creature, and people posting that they want to help get samples for genetic analysis.
What makes me happiest is that everyone has a love and an interest in the ocean.
With reports from Catholic nuns, Jewish rabbis, Muslims, and Christians, everyone unites in their love for sunfish life.
As Shakespeare said so well, "A connection with nature brings the world closer together."
It may be just a big fish, but it works.
I think it's a fish with a future that helps connect the world.
What is a flying car?
For 100 years we've always wanted to make this.
And there were some historical attempts that achieved some technical success.
And yet, we're not yet at the stage where, on the way here in the morning, we see something that really allows us to seamlessly move between our familiar two-dimensional world and the three-dimensional sky above it. I really like flying
As I've been looking at what's been done, I've noticed that there are indeed many innovations that weren't available today, such as modern composite materials, aircraft engines with superior fuel efficiency and power-to-load ratios, and flight. A glass cockpit that displays information directly electronically. And yet, unless we approach the problem from a radically different perspective, we're going to end up with what other people have been trying to do in the last 100 years, and I don't want that to happen.
So instead of trying to build a flying car, we decided to build an airplane that could drive on the road.
The result was Terrafugia Transition.
It's a two-seater, single-engine plane that flies like a regular small plane.
take off from the nearest airport
When you land, fold your wings, drive home, and park in your garage.
and succeeded
After two years of innovative design and manufacturing processes, we unveiled a prototype in 2008.
As with any attempt to diverge from existing ones, testing this plane didn't immediately go well.
But that's a good thing, because when you come back with something broken, you learn a lot more than if all the tests were OK the first time.
Of course, we desperately wanted to see our plane take off and fly.
And then one very cold morning, in upstate New York, on our third high-speed test, we flew for the first time.
The photo in the background is a snap shot taken by the co-pilot of the plane we were tracking, shortly after takeoff during its maiden flight.
We're so happy that this photo is being featured as a symbol of achieving what everyone thought was impossible.
Subsequent flight testing has been as minimal and risk-free as possible, but we still want to take this project to the next level and earn the trust of aircraft design regulators and the community of aircraft users who serve as our market. was able to achieve what was needed for
A little over a year ago, the Federal Aviation Administration issued a 50-kilometre limit for our plane transitions over the light sport aircraft standard.
allowed me to exceed
It might sound like a small thing, but it means a lot, because if we could offer the Transition as a light sport aircraft, it would be easier for us to get the approval, and it would be much easier for users to fly.
A sports pilot license can be obtained with a minimum of 20 hours of training flights.
And 50 kilometers was really important to achieve the other side of it, which is running on the road.
There are design and regulatory hurdles to driving on the road, and it's actually more difficult than flying.
It may seem counterintuitive to those of us who spend most of our time on the ground, but when you're on the road, potholes, bumps, pedestrians, other vehicles, and -- the detailed federal motor vehicle safety standards, you have to contend with. there are many
But it's been said that necessity is the mother of invention, and many of the design achievements that we're so proud of with this plane came from solving specific problems in taxiing: turning aeroengines into traffic jams. But it's got a continuously variable transmission, a liquid cooling system, a custom gearbox that drives the propellers in flight and the wheels on the ground, a wing folding mechanism that I'll show you later, and some features for crash safety.
A carbon fiber safety cage that protects occupants weighs less than 10% of the steel chassis of a typical car.
That's pretty good, but it wasn't good enough.
Automotive regulations weren't written with airplanes in mind.
So we needed a little help from the Highway Traffic Safety Administration.
As you may have seen in the recent news, last month the Department of Safety loosened a few exceptions to allow the Transition to be sold in the same category as SUVs and light trucks.
Utility vehicles are now literally 'designed for off-road use'.
(Laughter) Let's see it in action.
The wings are folded next to the body
Running by moving tires instead of propellers
It's under 7 feet tall so it can be stored in a regular garage
Automatic wing folding mechanism
Playing at real speed
Wings deploy at the push of a button in the cockpit
Once it's fully open, operate the locking mechanism again from the cockpit.
And then it can support the weight in flight, sort of like the roof of a convertible.
I wonder what the neighbors will think when they see this
In a plane under development, 75% of the dangers are on the first flight.
Really flying Yay!
brave
How do you feel?
Here are some great words
As you can tell, we were very excited about this little leap.
After the maiden flight, the test pilots gave me the best kind of feedback, and they said, "Wow, there weren't any surprises."
He went on to say that in his 30 years as a test pilot, he'd never landed an airplane this easy.
At first glance, it might seem like we're making something revolutionary, but we were trying to do as little new things as possible.
We borrowed a lot of technology from the advanced technology of ordinary aircraft and auto racing.
When we really had to do something unique, we did a step-by-step design-build-test-redesign cycle in small steps to reduce risk.
I've been with Terrafugia for six years, and I've taken a lot of those little steps.
We've gone from three grad students working in the basement of MIT to a company of 20-something people working in a manufacturing facility outside of Boston.
There were a number of difficult issues, such as weight limits for light sport aircraft, being polite to regulators... what do you think they said? "But if you spread your wings, you won't be able to get through the toll booth."
If all goes well with the testing and production of the two production prototypes that we're working on now, we should be able to start delivering these planes to the 100 or so people who have already pre-ordered them by the end of next year.
The price of the Transition will be about the same as other small planes.
I wouldn't push you to switch from Chevrolet, but if I were to buy my next plane, I would definitely buy this one.
Here's why
Most of the world's commercial air routes are concentrated in a relatively small number of large hub airports, and there are many underutilized resources.
There are thousands of airfields where daily usage is far below capacity.
No matter where you live in America, on average, you have an airport within 30 to 50 kilometers.
Transitions offers a safe, convenient and fun way to utilize this resource.
For those of you who aren't yet pilots, there are four main reasons why we don't fly as many as we'd like.
When the weather turns bad, you can just land, fold up your wings, and drive home.
There are wipers even if it rains a little
Instead of paying to put it in a hangar, you can park it in your own garage.
We use unleaded automotive gasoline, which is cheaper and more environmentally friendly than aviation gasoline.
It also reduces the overall travel time, because you don't have to carry your bags, find a place to park, take off your shoes, or pull the plane out of the hangar, and you can use that time to get to your destination.
It also solves the problem of means of transportation at the destination
All you have to do is fold your wings and start running
Transition expands our horizons while making the world a smaller and more accessible place.
It will also continue to be a great adventure to fly
I want you to imagine how something like this could be used, and how it could make your world more accessible, more comfortable and more enjoyable to move around.
Thank you for the opportunity to speak with you
(applause)
i am a neuroscientist
In neuroscience, we face many brain-related challenges.
But I'll start with the simplest of them all, the question that we're all going to ask at least once in our lives, and it's fundamental to understanding how the brain works.
Why do we humans and animals have brains?
Not all creatures on this planet have brains, and in order to understand why brains exist, we have to ask why we got our brains.
You might conclude that it's for feeling or thinking, but that's completely wrong.
Think about this question for a moment and it becomes clear why the brain exists.
The only reason we have a brain is to enable flexible and complex movements.
this is the only reason we have a brain
please think about it
Movement is the only way we can interact with the world around us.
The only exception is sweating
everything else involves muscle contraction
Think of communication -- speech, gestures, writing, sign language -- it's all made up of muscle contractions.
The thing to remember is that the senses, the memory, the cognitive processes are important, but they're only needed to influence behavior in the future.
Retaining childhood memories or perceiving the color of roses has no evolutionary significance if it doesn't affect later behavior.
Some of you may not believe this story. Trees and grasses don't have brains, but the hard evidence is this humble animal, the sea squirt.
This primitive creature has a nervous system, and when it's a larva, it swims around the sea.
And at some point it clings to a rock
The first thing you do when you cling to the rock you've made your permanent home in is to digest your own brain and nervous system as food.
Once you don't need to move, you don't need luxuries like brains.
This animal is often brought up in the metaphor of the tenured university professor, but that's for another time.
(Applause) I'm a motion supremacist.
I believe movement is the most important function of the brain, and I don't want anyone to deny that.
Movement is so important, but how much do we understand how the brain controls it?
It's a very small and very difficult problem.
But by building machines that behave like humans, we can observe how well we do.
Let's take a chess match as an example
How well can we strategize to move the pieces?
If Gary Kasparov faced IBM's Deep Blue before he was imprisoned, Deep Blue would have won.
If someone here is my opponent, I'm sure I'll win.
This is the answer
So the next question is, how well can you pick up a chess piece, move it deftly, and put it back on the board?
If you compare the dexterity of a five-year-old to the latest robot, the answer is simple: the child will easily win.
no match
Why is the top problem so easy and the bottom one so hard?
A very clever five-year-old might be able to answer the above question by figuring out possible ways to progress to the final game and picking out the winners.
it's very simple
Of course, we can be wrong, but we can get closer to getting it right with a giant computer.
When it comes to dexterity, it's not even clear what algorithms you're solving.
We need to grasp and work with the world around us, and that's fraught with many problems.
See the latest in robotics
Now there are many amazing robots, but motion robotics is really in the dark ages.
This is the result of a PhD project in one of the best robotics labs.
A student trained this robot to pour water into a glass.
It was a difficult task because of the splashing water, but it can be done.
But they don't have the agility of humans at all.
If you want to make it work differently, it also takes a three-year PhD project.
There are no generalizations here that lead from one task to another.
So let's compare this example with the best performance in humans.
Emily Fox is the cup stacking world record holder.
Americans are familiar with this sport.
In high school sports, 12 cups are stacked and arranged in a fixed order as quickly as possible.
This is real speed footage of her breaking the world record
(Applause) You look so happy.
I don't know what's going on in my head, but that's what I want to know
So my team set out to reverse engineer how humans control their movements.
it may seem easy
send a command and the muscle contracts in response
There is feedback from the movement of the arms and body Visual feedback from the skin and muscles
The problem is that they're not as clean signals as we'd like.
One of the difficulties in controlling motion is that the feedback is noisy.
Noise is not sound
In engineering and neuroscience, we use it to mean random noise that corrupts a signal.
A long time ago, when you tuned in on an old radio before digital radio came out, the clanging sound you heard was noise.
more generally it corrupts the signal
For example, if you put your hand under the desk and try to position it with your other hand, you're going to get a few centimeters of error because you've created noise in your perception.
In the same way, if you superimpose an actuation signal on top of a motion signal, you end up with a lot of noise.
Don't aim at the center of the target in the dirt game, try aiming at the same spot many times.
The movement has a large amplitude and the arrow varies greatly.
Beyond that, the outside world, work is erratic and diverse.
The teapot is sometimes full and sometimes empty
change over time
We are moving in the midst of such noise.
This noise is so bad that people who can reduce its impact are given a lot of praise in society.
If you could push a small white ball (a golf ball) into a hole with a metal stick a few hundred meters away, society would reward you with hundreds of millions of dollars in prize money.
Now, what I want to convince you is that the brain also puts a lot of effort into reducing the impact of all this noise and fluctuation.
Now let me introduce you to a concept that has been very popular in the field of statistics and machine learning for the last 50 years, called Bayesian Decision Theory.
This idea has recently been advocated as a way of thinking about how the brain deals with uncertainty.
Basically the idea is to start guessing and then taking action.
think about speculation
We need to form beliefs about the world around us
What is that belief?
Beliefs are things like where my arm is and
Are you seeing a cat or a fox?
These beliefs we look at with probability
So belief is somewhere between 0 and 1, where 0 is completely disbelieving and 1 is definitely certain.
Numbers in between represent uncertainties
A key idea of ​​Bayesian inference is that there are two sources of information from which to make an inference.
Data and neuroscientific data are sensory inputs.
Beliefs can be formed because there is input from the senses
But another source of information is prior knowledge.
People accumulate knowledge as memories in their lives
The point of Bayesian decision theory is to give mathematical solutions to efficient combinations of prior knowledge and sensory input to create new beliefs.
here's the formula
I'm not going to describe this as it is, but it's very beautiful.
Beautiful and persuasive
What this proves, what it infers, is the likelihood of each belief given sensory input.
Let me give you an intuitive example
When you're practicing tennis, you want to guess where the ball bounces over the net.
According to Bayesian theory, there are two sources of information.
A sensory input would say that the ball lands on that red spot, using sight and hearing.
But, as we all know, our senses aren't perfect, so there's a lot of variability in where the ball lands, marked by the red clouds, numbers from 0.1 to 0.5.
This information can be obtained from the shot just now, but another source of information that cannot be obtained from this shot is that it can only be learned through many tennis matches, how the ball is going during the game. is not even across the court
If your opponent is very strong, they will hit the ball into the green area, which is difficult for you to return.
These two pieces of information have important information
According to Bayesian theory, if you multiply the red number by the green number, you get the oval yellow number, and that's the belief.
This is how you combine information efficiently
A few years ago, I wouldn't have told this story, but then I realized that this is exactly how people learn new behaviors.
What this means is that we're doing exactly what Bayesian inference does.
We not only build on what we've learned in our lives from the probabilistic world around us, but we also learn how noisy our senses are, and we combine them in real life in a Bayesian way.
It is this part of the formula that is key in Bayesian
And that part is that we have to predict the probabilities that different sensory inputs have to influence our beliefs.
This means that we must anticipate the future
The brain makes predictions about upcoming sensory input.
It also changes how you feel about the matter.
By doing so, we can see how the brain deals with input from the senses.
When you send commands, you get feedback from your senses, but the mechanics of that are controlled by your physical properties and your senses.
But if you look inside your brain, you can imagine
this is the inside of that brain
This little prognostic neural simulator mimics physical traits and sensations.
When the brain sends a command, it makes a copy of the command and sends it to this neural simulator, which anticipates the sensory input from the actual action.
When you shake ketchup, you get real feedback as a function of time, like the line below.
If the prediction works, the same thing will happen.
why do you do this
Despite receiving the same feedback anyway
this has a strong meaning
Think about it, let's say someone kindly slaps the ketchup on you as you shake it.
This external interference creates an additional input from the senses.
Here are two pieces of information
The input is what you hit and what you're waving, but from your point of view, the input is combined into one.
For these reasons, we need to separate external interference from voluntary action.
Because outside interference is more action-oriented than sensing everything that's going on inside of you.
A way to correct your guess is to compare your predictions based on your directives to the actual.
Differences here should be external influences
We anticipate what we will get in life and subtract them.
What's left is external influence
what is the basis for this
Here's a good example: what you evoke is completely different than what someone else evokes.
So we set out to do the most obvious tickling experiment.
It's been known for a long time that when you tickle yourself, it doesn't tickle you the way other people do.
But the reason it's still unproven is that our neural simulator mimics the sensations itself and subtracts them.
So we decided to use robotics to do a 21st century experiment.
We built a robot with a stick on one end and had subjects move the stick back and forth.
They tracked that movement with a computer, reflected it to another robot, and tickled their palm with another stick.
And they asked the subjects a variety of questions, such as tickling.
Here are some of the results
Let's remove the robot, basically the subject moving his right arm back and forth in a sine wave.
Imitate the movement with another robot after a short delay
We've tried cases where there's no delay at all, like the light tickling your palm, and cases where there's a delay of 0.2 seconds, 0.3 seconds.
The key here is that the right arm is always doing the same thing, moving back and forth in a sine wave.
The left arm is always tickled in the same sine wave back and forth.
What we are confirming here is the causal relationship with the time difference
Tickling when going from no delay to 0.1 second delay
From 0.1 seconds to 0.2 seconds, it gets even more ticklish.
At a delay of 0.2 seconds, the robot feels almost as ticklish as if you weren't doing anything.
So what's involved in sensory cancellation is very strongly causally related to time lag.
Based on this diagram, you can see how the brain accurately anticipates and subtracts from sensations.
This is the worst research ever done in my lab.
Tickling is transient, and we need a large number of subjects to draw this conclusion.
So we looked for a more objective way to assess this conclusion.
During that time I had two daughters
If you put the kids in the back seat and go on a long trip, you'll get into fights.
it will get worse soon
And children often develop into fights that use escalating power.
When I warn the children, they both say the other hit them harder.
I knew that the child wasn't lying, so I thought, as a neuroscientist, that it was important to explain why they were saying different things.
From a tickling experiment, I hypothesized that when a child hits another, it gives a movement command.
anticipate inputs from the senses and subtract them
Then they will hit harder than they thought, like tickling.
The one being hit, on the other hand, is unpredictable and feels all the power.
In other words, if you hit back with the same force, the hitter will hit you back stronger.
So I decided to try this in the lab.
(Laughter) We don't use children, we don't fight, but the concept is the same.
Bring in two adults and tell them you're going to play a game.
One by one sits facing each other like this
the game is so simple
You can do it with a motor and a little lever and a little transmission.
And this motor applies a downward force to the first finger for three seconds.
The person remembers the force and is told to use another finger to apply the same amount of downward force through the transmitter to the other person, and they do as they are told.
The other remembers that strength
I was told to press down with the same strength with the other hand
So they took turns applying the force they received.
Importantly, they were each in a separate room where they were briefed on the game.
They don't know what kind of rule explanation the other person received.
What we're measuring here is the force over time.
So let's look at this one quarter Newton right here, this is the number of iterations, and the red line is the same force applied as the force applied.
And here's what we saw in all pairs of subjects: a 70 percent increase in strength with each repetition.
What these results suggest is that, as other studies have shown, the brain is counteracting sensory input and underestimating the force it is applying.
It reconfirmed that it changes what the brain is predicting and even how it feels.
You have to guess, you have to make predictions, and then you have to act.
According to Bayesian theory, what we believe to be the best should be chosen according to our beliefs.
but there is a problem
Tasks are abstract: I want something to drink, I want to dance, etc. But in order to do something, you have to contract 600 muscles in a specific order.
There's a big chasm between tasks and actions.
So the possibilities are endless
Consider moving from one point to another
Out of a myriad of paths, I might choose these two.
If I choose a path, various combinations of joints allow my hand to follow that path.
And the arms can be made taut or slack through a combination of joints.
there are so many options
But we're so stereotyped
everyone behaves the same
Being stuck in a pattern means that there are dedicated neural circuits in your brain that decode the code that creates the pattern.
So when you use a few dots to show some organic movement, the neural circuits in your brain immediately understand what's going on.
many things are moving
You know what this guy is doing, happy or sad, young or old, there's a lot of information.
If this dot was on a car on a racetrack, you would have no idea what was going on.
Why is movement a determined movement?
Consider what's really going on
We don't all behave exactly the same
people will be different
People who are more mobile than others may be more likely to have children.
In the process of evolution, it has gotten better and better.
In life, movement improves through learning
So what are good and bad behaviors?
when you interfere with this ball
There are two routes to take
Once you decide to take the left path, you can immediately derive the force required by the muscle over time.
But here comes the noise
What you really get for this beautiful smooth force you need is something full of noise.
In other words, if you receive the same command over and over again, the noise will change each time, so you'll get as many different movements as you have.
What I'm going to show you is how motion variation evolves when you do that.
If you choose different movements, like the one on the right, you'll get different commands, different noises, and you'll end up with a noisy and complex result.
What is certain is that the variability varies from time to time.
If you do a certain action, after many experiences, the variation will be less.
If I had to choose between those two, I would choose the one on the right, which has less variance.
The basic idea is to plan the motion to minimize the adverse effects of noise.
The intuition here is that the noise and the variability that I've shown you get bigger the higher the force.
So one of the principles is that we want to avoid large forces.
We've shown that we can use this to explain a huge amount of data, and that in our lives, people plan their actions to minimize the adverse effects of noise.
I hope this convinces you that the brain evolved to control movement.
Understanding how it works is an intellectual challenge
But it also has to do with illness and rehabilitation.
There are many diseases that affect movement.
And hopefully, by understanding how to control motion, we can apply it to robotics.
And the last thing I want to say is that no matter how simple the tasks that animals perform, the complexity that goes on in their brains is truly dramatic.
thank you
(Applause) Chris Anderson: I'll ask you a quick question, Dan.
You're an action (Dan "supremacist") supremacist, aren't you?"
"Do you think that other things that we think of as functions of the brain, such as dreams and aspirations and love, are entertainment and chance?"
Dan: No, they're all important from the point of view of inducing the correct behavior that will eventually lead to reproduction.
I don't think people who study senses and memories are aware of why we store childhood memories.
To give you an example, it doesn't matter that you don't remember most of your childhood because it doesn't affect your behavior later in life.
You just have to remember to influence the movement.”
Chris: "I think people who study the brain, or more specifically, consciousness, can get real insight by looking at how motion interacts."
Dan: For one thing, it's a mistake to study vision without thinking about what it's for.
In order to study vision, we need to understand how motion uses vision.
Thinking like that changes the way we think about how vision is used.”
Chris: "Very interesting. Thank you very much."
(applause)
Magic is a very introverted field.
Scientists are constantly publishing their research, but magicians don't share their methods or secrets.
Even for work colleagues
But looking at creative practice in the form of research and art as human studies, I wondered how cyber illusionists like myself could share their research.
My specialty is the fusion of digital technology and magic.
About three years ago, I started looking for a more open and inclusive way of doing things, reaching out to the open source software community, trying to create new digital tools for magic, and making them available to other artists. I wanted them to be able to use it to create work quickly.
What I'm showing you today is the result of that collaboration.
It's an augmented reality projection tracking and mapping system that's a digital storytelling tool.
Could you turn off the lights?
let's do it
Expressed in this tool — my own “The Stuff of Life”
(Applause) Sorry, I forgot to draw the floor.
wake up
Hi
here
pull
come on sorry
without this
try again
ah
You seem to understand how it works
(Laughter) (Applause) Oh my goodness
let's try this
come
(laughs) Look
Did you hear that? don't go
(Laughter) (Applause)
Bye-bye (applause)
Historically, there has been a wide gap between what is considered non-life and what is considered life.
This beautiful, intricate crystal is on the non-living side, and the beautiful, intricate cat is on the other side.
Over the past 150 years or so of science, the distinction between the non-living and the living has become blurred, and now it seems that there is a seamless transition between the two.
Let me give you an example. Viruses exist naturally.
But it's not that simple
It doesn't even meet the requirements for life.It doesn't meet all the characteristics of life.It reproduces and evolves by parasitizing other life.
In my talk tonight, I'd like to introduce you to an experiment that falls closer to the nonliving side of the spectrum -- lab chemistry experiments -- mixing nonliving materials to create new structures that are one of the hallmarks of living systems. have a part
So this is an attempt to create a kind of artificial life.
What kind of characteristics are we paying attention to?
First, life has a body.
The physical body is necessary to distinguish the self from the environment.
Life also metabolizes, which is the process by which resources taken from the environment are converted into the building blocks of the body to sustain and extend itself.
life passes information on to offspring
Humans carry their information as DNA in their genome and pass it on to their offspring.
Combining the first two characteristics of physicality and metabolism, we have a system that can move and replicate.
What we're trying to do in the lab is experiment with one or more of the characteristics of life.
And how we did it, we used a model called the Protocell.
Imagine a very primitive cell, a simple chemical model of a living cell, like a cell in your body, where millions of different molecules interact in a complex network that can be called alive. will be
In the lab, we're trying to do something similar with just a few dozen molecules, with a lot less complexity, but we're trying to create what looks like life.
We start with simple experiments and aim to develop sophisticated, living systems.
Let's take a look at what Luduc said 100 years ago about synthetic biology: "If life were to be synthesized, it would not be the surprising discovery that we usually think of."
First sentence: Even if we could synthesize life in the lab, it wouldn't affect our daily lives.
"If we accept the theory of evolution, the first signs of the synthesis of life will be a form intermediate between the inorganic and the organic, i.e., a form possessing only some of the primordial characteristics of life at the boundary between the non-living and the living. It's the characteristic I mentioned earlier, "It's an evolutionary influence from the environment that gradually adds other attributes."
You start with a simple experiment, and you create a structure that has some of the characteristics of life, and then you develop from there, and you get closer and closer to life.
Protocell prototyping starts like this.
use the idea of ​​self-organization
So when you mix chemicals in a test tube, they start to self-assemble into larger and larger structures.
Tens of thousands, even hundreds of thousands of molecules come together to form large structures that never existed before.
In this example, we've used several membrane molecules, and if you mix the materials under the right conditions, in a matter of seconds, you can create such complex and beautiful structures.
These membranes are very similar in form and function to biological membranes, and that's why we can use these membranes to make our protocells.
Water and oil systems are available as well.
Oil and water don't mix with each other, but they self-assemble into clean oil droplets that can be used as protocells in the body of artificial organisms, which I'll show you later.
Up to this point, it was about how the body was made.
just the structure
What about other aspects of biological systems?
What I'm showing you right now is the Protocell.
We start with a naturally occurring clay called montmorillonite.
Such clumps of clay can be obtained naturally
form a chemically active surface
where metabolism can take place
There are certain types of molecules in this clay, like RNA, shown in red. RNA is an information molecule similar to DNA.
This structure forms a membrane boundary, surrounded by liquid molecules, shown in green in the micrograph.
Using self-assembly, just by mixing substances in the laboratory, we can create a metabolic surface with information molecules attached to the inside of this membrane structure.
A step towards biological systems
But you don't look at this protocell and think it's actually alive.
No shards of life to be found, nothing happens when it's done.
something is missing
lacking in some respects
What's missing, for example, is the inability of the protocell to sustain itself by taking a little bit of energy from the flow of energy through this system, something a living organism can do.
Well, I made another protocell model, simpler than the current one.
And this protocell is just a droplet of oil, and it's going to have a chemical metabolism inside it, and then it's going to use that energy to do something, like this protocell.
drop a few drops of this oil
All around is water, the protocell begins to move.
Inside the self-assembled oil droplets, chemical metabolism takes place and energy can be harnessed, and that energy can be used to move through the environment.
As I said before, movement is important in this kind of biological system.
It's moving around, it's looking at its surroundings, it's changing its surroundings, and it's creating chemical waves like this.
You could say it's acting on its surroundings like an organism trying to preserve itself.
I'm going to do another experiment with this moving protocell.
feed the system
The Protocell moves and encounters food.
When it reshapes itself, it climbs to areas of high food concentration and stays there.
It's not just a body, it's a system that metabolizes and uses energy to move around.
It senses its surroundings and finds materials to sustain itself.
It doesn't have a brain, it doesn't have a nervous system, it's just a bag of chemicals, and it's capable of these interesting, life-like complex behaviors.
So here we have five chemicals, including the water that fills the dish, and we have this system.
If you do an experiment with combining protocells like this, depending on the conditions, on the left side, there's a moving protocell trying to make contact with another protocell that's sitting there.
On the right, the two protocells seem to like to spin in circles, like a very complicated dance.
It's not just the behavior of individual protocells, as we saw in this system, but also the behavior at the collective level, which is also similar to living organisms.
Now that you're all Protocell experts, let's play a game with the Protocell.
make two different things
Protocell A contains certain chemicals that, when activated, begin to vibrate and dance.
(Laughter) The second protocell contains different chemicals, and when activated, they all come together and stick together to form one big protocell.
What happens when these two types are put together?
You put in B, and you activate the system, and the blue protocell, B, all comes together and becomes a big blob.
And after repeating this experiment over and over again, one day something really interesting happened.
When we added the two protocells to the experimental system, the A and B protocells fused together to create a hybrid AB cell.
never before
Here is Protocell AB
Protocell AB continues to dance for a while Protocell B continues to fuse
and more interesting things happen
Watch this big hybrid protocell fuse together.
After dancing for a while, self-replication also happened.
The way this works is that when a simple system of just five chemicals happens to hybridize, something different and much more complex is possible, and it also exhibits characteristics similar to those of another kind of life, which replicates. is the
These interesting protocells have attractive colors and behaviors, are easy to create, and have life-like characteristics. I think protocells like this will teach us about the origins of life on Earth. life above must have begun
In fact, the Earth did have molecules from the beginning, but they probably weren't pure chemicals like the ones used in this experiment.
Rather, it's really complex, a mixture of a wide variety of organic compounds produced in uncontrolled chemical reactions that mix everything together.
Think Primordial Mush
This puddle of tar-like brown product cannot be fully analyzed by modern methods, so compare it to the pure compound on the right.
This is similar to what happens when you put pure sugar crystals in your kitchen in a pot and heat them up.
When heat is applied to sugar, chemical bonds are added and broken to produce brown caramel.
If you keep doing this uncontrolled, you'll continue to add and break bonds, and you'll end up with a mixture of different molecules, and you'll end up with this kind of black tarry stuff in the pan, which is hard to wash off. The origin would have been something like this
4.5 billion years ago, on the early Earth, life had to have arisen out of this sludge.
The next challenge is to create protocells with life-like properties out of this kind of primitive mush, without pure chemicals.
And here comes the self-assembled oil droplets that I showed you earlier, and the black specks inside are this kind of black, diverse, complex organic tar.
We're going to put it in an experiment like the one I showed you earlier, and see if there's any brisk motion coming out of it.
It's nice, it's a nice move. It seems to have some kind of habit, and they're going around each other and chasing each other, similar to what I showed you earlier, but under primal conditions, and there's no pure matter.
This is another protocell made out of tar. It finds food around it. It finds food around it.
If you feed them from the left side, they will spread slowly, and they seem to love this.
It became very active and found food around it, just like the one I showed you earlier.
This was also done in a pristine environment, uncontrolled conditions, not neat laboratory conditions.
It's actually a very dirty little protocell (Laughter), but it's important that it has biological features.
By experimenting with artificial life like this, we may be able to define pathways between non-life and life.
Not only that, but it expands our view of what life is and the possibilities of life forms, including life that is very different from what we have on Earth.
That's where the words come from, "weird life."
Named by Steve Bennard
It appeared in a 2007 report from the National Research Council, which looked at how we might look for life in space in forms that are very different from what we see on Earth. How can you tell it's life sometimes?
Three general criteria are given, number one on the list.
First, it must be a non-equilibrium system, which means it must not be a dead system, which means it must not be a dead system.
Its basic meaning is that the system is energized and uses it to sustain itself.
It's similar to how the sun shines on the earth and photosynthesis takes place to power ecosystems.
Without the sun there would be no life on this planet
Second, life has to be liquid, so even if it's an interesting structure, or an interesting molecule, if it's a solid that doesn't move, it's not good for life.
Third, you have to make and break chemical bonds, which are important for life to take in the resources it takes from the environment and sustain itself as building blocks.
I showed you some strange and strange protocells, one containing clay, one containing primordial slime, and one whose interior consisted mostly of oil instead of water.
Most contain no DNA, but exhibit life-like properties.
These protocells meet the general conditions of life
Through these chemical artificial life experiments, we can gain a basic understanding of the origin of life and how this planet could be inhabited, and also what kind of life might be possible in the universe. Thank you. thank you
(applause)
Today, I'd like to give you a brief introduction to eight projects that I've worked on with the Danish artist Soren Pause.
We call ourselves Pause & Rao and are based in India.
I'd like to introduce you to my first work, "Uncle Telephone."
I made this inspired by my uncle's strange habits.
As I grew older, it got worse and I started to think it was controlling.
I can't say anything, because an uncle in my family deserves respect.
The most irritating and difficult thing to understand was how my uncle used his landline.
He picks up the phone and lets me make the call.
As a thank you gift for my uncle, I made this "Uncle Phone".
It's very long, so you'll need two people to use it.
This is exactly the way my uncle uses a regular landline phone.
But there was a problem, and when I left home for college, I missed his orders.
So he built a golden typewriter, with which he could send e-mail orders to his nephews and nieces around the world.
My uncle can take a piece of paper, put it in the carriage, type instructions into the mail, and pull out the piece of paper.
This typewriter automatically sends a letter as an email to the intended person.
As you can see, it has a lot of embedded electronic components that take mechanical action and convert it into digital information.
So my uncle is just using a machine interface.
To his taste, the work had to have a grand, ritualistic feel.
My next piece is one that responds to sound, affectionately called "Pygmies."
In creating the image for this work, I valued being surrounded by shy, sensitive, and cute Pygmies.
I'm going to show you how it works: there are panels on the walls, and behind those panels are little people.
When it gets quiet, it feels like the dwarves secretly show their faces.
When it gets quieter, the neck stretches
At the slightest sound they hide again
We installed panels on three walls of the room.
More than 500 pygmies are hidden behind the panels
This is how it works
This is a prototype video
When it becomes quiet, something comes out from behind the panel
It captures sound the way humans hear it.
As time goes by, you can develop an immunity to the sound.
Does not respond to BGM
I can hear the train coming soon, but I don't respond.
(Sound of a train) But soon it will respond to sounds coming from ahead.
(whistling) We tried to make the panels as lifelike as possible.
So pygmies have habits, minds, mood swings, personalities, etc.
This is an early prototype
Of course I've improved a lot since then.
I found that when I modified it to make it respond to humans, people saw this and enjoyed it like a child.
The next work is "Invisible Man"
We were interested in playing with the sense of invisibility.
How can I experience the feeling of being invisible?
We were working on a project with a surveillance camera company, and they asked us to co-create a piece of software that uses a camera to track people in a room, and turn one of them into a background and turn them into an "invisible man."
Now let me show you a prototype from the early days.
On the right, you can see my colleague Soren, who was actually there.
The one on the left has been processed to make Soren an "invisible man."
Soren enters the room but disappears with a pop.
As you can see, the cameras track him down and erase him.
Since it was at the time of the prototype, the overlap part was still incomplete, but this problem was solved soon after.
Here's how it works: Surveillance cameras in the room Monitors on both walls
And when people walk into a room, they can see themselves on the monitor, but one thing's different is that one particular person is always "invisible," no matter how they move around the room.
The next work is "Hikage"
It's like a piece of paper cut out of a child's sun or an oil painting.
When viewed from the front, it looks very strong and tough, but when viewed from the side, it looks very weak.
That's why I don't really care about people coming into the room, they just think it's dirt on the walls.
But when a person crosses it, it strangely climbs walls.
It is designed to fall when you get tired
(Laughter) My next piece is an upside-down human parody.
My head is so heavy with thoughts, it's like my hat is swallowing me up, and my body is growing like a plant.
It moves around like a drunk, unpredictable and very slow.
Now it feels like it's controlled by the outer circle
If there is no outer circle and the floor is flat, it will move around the room.
wire is not attached
I'm going to give you an example of this, it works when a person walks into a room.
For a few minutes, very slowly, my lower body rises painfully, and then I gain momentum, and I feel like I'm on the verge of collapsing.
This is an important moment, because I wanted to convince onlookers to help.
But in fact, they don't need help, they can stand on their own, as I said earlier.
Now, this piece was technically challenging, and we worked hard for years to get the right structure, equilibrium, and dynamics.
Creating a near-fall position was very important to us, because if it fell, it would hurt itself, and if it didn't lean far enough, it wouldn't give people a "fatalism" or motivation to come help. It's from
So I'm going to show you a short video, we're doing a scenario test.
colleague releases upside down human
he gets worried and goes to help
But you don't have to, because you can get up on your own.
The next piece, which really intrigued us, was about the aesthetics of fur, which has thousands of microscopic optical fibers embedded in it that glow like stars in the night sky.
this is a view of the night sky
It's shaped like a teddy bear, wrapped around ghostly things, and it's hanging from the ceiling.
The idea is to contrast something very cold, distant and abstract, like the universe, with the bright, friendly teddy bear.
If you look at this for a while, you lose consciousness of the shape of the teddy bear, and it starts to look like a hole in space, like you're looking at the stars in the night sky.
This is the last work in progress The name is "Space Filler"
Imagine a little cube like this in the center of a room, and it's going to threaten you as you get closer, because it'll grow twice as tall and four times as big.
It stretches and contracts and creates relationships with people who move around, as if trying to hide secrets in the seams.
Now, we use a lot of technology, but we don't like technology because it takes years and years and it's a hassle.
But the reason we still use it is because it allows us to make the "creatures" we make express emotions and habitual patterns.
Once a "living thing" comes to mind, it's like the creative process of discovering its purpose, its shape, its shape, its appropriate movement.
thank you
(applause)
I would like to start with a little old story
It's about a little boy whose father was a history buff, who would often take him by the hand to the ruins of an ancient city in the suburbs.
The father and son would always stop in front of the giant winged bull that guarded the gates of the ancient city.
My father used this bull as a starting point to tell stories about ancient civilizations and the things they made.
Decades later, in the San Francisco Bay Area, I started a technology company and built the world's first 3D laser scanning system.
Let's see how it works
Long range laser scanning sends out pulses of a laser beam
It measures the time-of-flight of the beam and records the time it takes for the light to reflect off the surface and return.
The scanner uses two mirrors to measure the horizontal and vertical angles of the beam to find the exact x y z coordinates.
Record the point positions in a 3D visualization program
All this within seconds
You can see that this system is very fast.
It can collect the locations of millions of points at once with very high accuracy and resolution.
With conventional surveying instruments, you'd be able to get at most 500 sites a day in a hurry.
With this device, 10,000 points per second.
It's not hard to imagine that this device was a paradigm shift not only in surveying, but also in architecture and 3D capture.
About 10 years ago, my wife and I set up a fund to do something good, and around the same time, the Taliban blew up the stunning 55-meter-tall Bamiyan Buddha in Afghanistan. rice field
disappeared in an instant
Unfortunately, no detailed records of this Great Buddha remain.
I was so shocked that I became deeply concerned about the fate of my childhood friend, the Winged Bull, and many other monuments in the world.
My wife and I were so moved by this incident that we added digital documentation of the world's monuments to our foundation's mission.
It's a project called CyArk, which stands for "cyber archive."
With the help of our partners around the world, we've completed nearly 50 projects so far.
Here's a few: Chichen Itza, Easter Island, and what you're seeing here is a scanned point cloud: Babylon, Rosslyn Chapel, Pompeii, and our latest project, Mount Rushmore, which turned out to be the most challenging project.
As you can see, we had to build special scaffolding to bring the scanner and the workers closer together.
Create media from field records for use by archivists and researchers
We also create media for the general public, which is available for free on the CyArk website.
This could be used for education and cultural guidance.
What you're looking at is a 3D viewer that we developed that allows you to view and manipulate point clouds in real time, look at cross sections, extract dimensions, and so on.
This is the point cloud of the Tikal site.
So here's a traditional two-dimensional architectural plan that's used for preservation, and you can also explain it from a bird's-eye view.
Here's an aerial view of Tikal's point cloud, which is a drawing that was taken on the spot and pasted onto the surface.
not a video
This 3D positional information has a high accuracy of 2 to 3 millimeters.
You can create highly accurate and detailed 3D models
This is a model of Stirling Castle made from point clouds.
Used for research, visualization, education, etc.
We're also building a mobile app with narrated virtual tours.
As I became more involved with archaeological sites, I realized that sites and their stories are disappearing faster than they can be physically preserved.
There are also natural disasters, such as earthquakes, floods, tornadoes, etc.
But even more than that, human destruction is a big part of it, and it's accelerating.
There's arson, there's urban overdevelopment, there's acid rain, not to mention terrorism and war.
It's becoming increasingly clear that we're playing a losing battle
We are losing monuments and their stories, and large pieces are being lost from our collective memory.
Imagine us humans not knowing where we came from.
Fortunately, the development of digital technology in the last 20-30 years has allowed us to develop a powerful weapon in our battle for digital preservation.
For example, three-dimensional laser scanning systems, increasingly powerful computers, 3D graphics, high-resolution digital photography, and the Internet.
In the face of accelerating destruction, we feel compelled to accelerate the work of ourselves and our partners.
We started a project called the CyArk 500 Challenge, an attempt to digitally preserve 500 world heritage sites within five years.
We have the technology that can be deployed at scale, and we have a rapidly expanding network of partners around the world that can be expanded further, and we are pleased that we are on track to meet this challenge.
But 500 is just the beginning.
In order to continue our work into the future, we're partnering with our core universities around the world to provide them with the technology they need to help us digitally preserve our World Heritage Sites, while at the same time they are accumulating technology that can be used in the future. will bear fruit
Let's finish with one more story.
Two years ago, we were approached by our partners in Uganda who were working on the digital preservation of an important World Heritage Site, the Tombs of the Kings of Kasubi.
The field work went off without a hitch, and the data was archived and made available to the public on the CyArk website.
Then last March, I heard the sad news.
The tombs of successive kings were destroyed in what appeared to be arson.
I got a call a few days later saying, "Can we use that data for recovery?"
Our answer is of course yes
One last thing I want to say
Our World Heritage is more than a collective memory, it's a collective property.
We owe it to our children, our grandchildren and future generations we will never meet to preserve and pass it on.
thank you very much
(Applause) Thank you.
thank you
thank you
I'm still here because I wanted to show you the power of this technology, and I had the privilege of scanning you while I was speaking.
(Laughter) We have two masters in the wings to help us put the results on screen.
(Applause) This is all 3D data, and you can look at the point cloud from above.
can also be viewed from above
You can look at it from different perspectives, but I'd rather zoom in and show you just how detailed the data can be.
You were digitally saved in four minutes.
(Laughter) I want to say thank you to the two masters here.
It was a pleasure to have our partners, Historic Scotland and the Glasgow School of Art.
I would like to personally thank David Mitchell, Director of Conservation at Historic Scotland.
thanks david
(Applause) And Douglas Pritchard, Head of Visualization at the Glasgow School of Art.
please give a round of applause to the two
(Applause) Thank you very much.
the brain has always fascinated humans
Humans have studied the structure of the brain, recorded it, charted it, made maps.
Now, just like physical maps, which have benefited from technology like Google Maps and GPS, brain mapping is going through a period of transformation.
let's look at the brain
Most people, when they see a fresh brain, say, "That's a little different than what we're used to seeing."
What you usually see is a gray fixed specimen.
Now, the outside is a highly developed vascular system.
Red parts are blood vessels
20% of the oxygen pumped by the lungs and 20% of the blood flow pumped by the heart are consumed in this single organ.
As for size, it's just slightly larger than two fists.
By the end of the 20th century, researchers were able to identify areas of active brain activity by tracking blood flow without invading the brain.
For example, in the posterior part of the brain
vertical, standing, etc.
There is a cerebellum that controls coordinated movements
You can see the temporal cortex on this side
Here, the primary auditory sense is processed, sending the words it hears to higher-level language processing centers.
The anterior part of the brain, where more complex thinking and decision-making takes place, matures latest, late in adulthood.
All decision making processes are handled here
Decisions like "I'm not ordering steak tonight" are made here.
If you dig into the brain and look at the cross-sections, it doesn't look like there's much brain structure to be found.
There's a brain structure here too.
All cells and cables are connected
About 100 years ago, researchers developed a dye that dyed cells.
The light blue area on the screen is
Nerve cell bodies, very unevenly distributed.
more structure visible
Now, on the outside of the brain is the neocortex.
Shall we call this a series of processing units?
There's still a lot to see below
And all of this unstained area is where the wire (axon) runs through.
Cell density should be low
There are approximately 86 billion neurons in the brain
As you can see, the distribution is very uneven.
It is this distribution that is closely related to brain function.
Of course, as I said, we're starting to be able to map brain function, and we can start connecting individual cells to function.
Let's take a closer look
First you see the neurons
The number of neurons is 86 billion
You can see smaller cells
Supporting cells called astrocytes glia
This nerve itself receives the input information.
save and process
Each neuron in the brain connects with up to 10,000 neurons through synapses.
each neuron is unique
It's the underlying biochemical properties that determine both the characteristics of each neuron and of neurons as a group.
this is protein
Helps control the movement of ion channels
not just managing neuronal connectivity
All the functions of the nervous system are controlled by proteins.
If you zoom in even further, all the proteins are encoded in the genome.
humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes
inherit one from each parent
There are roughly 25,000 genes in this chromosome.
Everything is encoded in DNA
The properties that govern the biochemical functions on which brain cells are based are determined by which of these 25,000 genes are activated, and by how much.
Our project aims to identify activated genes.
This project, of course, requires a brain.
we send out lab assistants
looking for normal brain
From the coroner's office where the corpses are brought in first.
Hit
I'm looking for a normal human brain
There are several criteria for selection.
They must be between 20 and 60 years old, have died of natural causes, have no brain damage, no history of mental illness, no history of drug use, and a toxicology test.
We also pay close attention to the brains you donate.
In addition, we select brains whose tissue can be harvested within 24 hours of death, with the consent of the relatives.
The RNA that we are studying is the readout of genetic information, and it is prone to denaturation, so it has to be processed immediately.
The trivia of brain harvesting is that we get more male brains than female brains, partly because of our collection methods and partly because of the need for consent.
Men are more likely to die in an accident in middle age than women
And it's often men who get their spouse's consent to donate their organs.
(Laughter) Now, once you have a brain, the first thing you do is take an MR image.
It's called magnetic resonance imaging.
Used as reference for the rest of the data as standard data
The MR images collected in this way
Think of it as a satellite image of the brain.
The next step is to take a diffusion tensor image.
Imaging fiber connections in the brain
This is, in other words, a reflection of the highway in your brain.
The brain is removed from the skull and sliced ​​into 1 cm thick slices.
It's frozen like this and shipped to Seattle.
In Seattle, we put this entire brain hemisphere through a high-tech meat slicer.
This blade slices brain tissue onto a microscope slide.
Then it's dyed and scanned.
This gives us the first map
Here the experts do some basic anatomical identification.
Think of these pretty borders as state boundaries.
From there, the brain is further subdivided into small cryosection machines.
This is slicing a frozen brain.
20 microns thick, the same thickness as a baby's hair
I'm still frozen
As you can see, it's a little outdated, but with a brush
put it on a slide glass
Melt this with great care
Then stain with a staining robot
Anatomists do further analysis from here.
This is a microscope image
You can see the clusters and arrangements of various large and small cells scattered throughout the brain.
From here, identify brain regions in the usual way.
You can create a reference map
Here's a more detailed brain map
Then we take another piece of tissue and use a laser beam to cut out a piece of tissue.
Here, the part to be cut by the technician
trace on screen
I will cut it with a laser beam
The blue dots cut and separate the tissue.
This is an image of the cutting being performed on the slide glass.
Below is a tray of tissue after cutting
We take the cut tissue, and from there we use basic techniques to purify the RNA, and then fluorescently label it.
We analyze labeled samples with a machine called a microarray.
It may look like just a collection of dots, but each dot is actually a specific fragment of the human genome fixed on the glass.
We have about 60,000 elements here, but we're measuring iteratively across the genes in the genome.
Now, when we hybridize to a sample, we get a unique "fingerprint" that indicates how much of the gene is active in the sample.
We repeat this sequence of operations over and over again in one brain.
More than 1000 samples taken from one brain
What you are seeing is responsible for learning and memory
The part called the hippocampus
Approximately 70 out of 1000 samples are obtained from this site
About 50,000 data can be obtained from each sample, so from about 1,000 samples taken from one brain,
A rough estimate is 50 million data points per brain.
So far, we've analyzed data from two brains.
So we combined all the data that we got, and put it all together, and here's what we put together.
Let's just say that this is a huge collection of information that is freely available to researchers around the world.
You don't need to be logged in to explore your data and discover interesting things with this tool.
Next, I'll show you how to integrate the data.
I showed you this image earlier.
This MR image is the framework
You can also use the toolbar on the right to rotate, change the magnification, and highlight individual structures.
But even more importantly, we've added to this universal skeleton of the brain's anatomy which genes are activated.
The red areas are the areas where genes are highly activated.
The green part is the inactive part
Draw a “fingerprint” for each gene
As I said, we've analyzed all 25,000 genes in the genome, and you can see all of that data.
What can researchers learn from this?
we're just starting to analyze the data ourselves
There are some basic things I would like you to understand.
Prozac and Wellbutrin are perfect examples.
Both are widely prescribed antidepressants.
Our research subject was genes, wasn't it?
Genes provide instructions for protein synthesis
Proteins are drug targets
Drugs bind to proteins and inactivate them.
To understand drug efficacy, we first need to understand whether the drug is working as expected.
As for the side effects, we also need to know which genes were activated.
for the first time it's possible
Data can also be obtained from multiple subjects
You can explore all over your brain
a unique “fingerprint”
You can also check
It confirms that drugs such as Prozac, which are known to act on serotonergic neurons, actually activate the relevant genes, and we also need to look at the whole brain.
We need to look at sites that no one has looked at, and we can find out which genes are active there.
The most intriguing "side effect"
One more thing we can do is that this map uses pattern matching, and because each one has a unique "fingerprint," we can scan this entire genome and look for proteins with similar "fingerprints."
For example, when developing a new drug, we can look at the entire list provided by the genome to find better drug targets and optimize them.
Most of you have probably heard the news about genome-wide association studies, like, "A researcher recently discovered a gene that affects X."
Amazing studies like this are published on a daily basis, analyzing large numbers of people, analyzing whole genomes.
We're looking for what we call hotspots of activation that are likely causally related to genes.
But what you get from this is just a list of gene names.
No information about its active site
So our map will be very useful for these researchers.
You can also use this map to get information about active sites,
We can also see things like gene activation pathways that were simply not possible before.
I think all of you here, in particular, can better appreciate the importance of individuality.
We all have different genetic backgrounds and have lived different lives.
But in reality, more than 99% of our genomes are similar.
We are all the same at the genetic level
It's becoming clear that the brain is similar on a biochemical level.
If you look at this figure, you'll see that there's a 90%, if not 99%, correlation that's significant, so it's pretty much similar.
Sometimes we see things that are out of the ordinary
These genes are intriguing, but the differences are tiny.
So the important message I want you to remember today is that while we are celebrated for our individuality, from a brain perspective, we are very similar.
So what's the difference?
Here are the results of our follow-up studies that focused on that difference, and this is how genes are activated in individual cells.
the difference is only slight
I think these two genes are good examples of that.
One is reelin, the determinant of early development.
DISC1 is a gene that is deleted in schizophrenia.
This is not a sample from a patient with schizophrenia, but there is some variability.
Donor 1 and Donor 4, which you see here, are two exceptions, and only a few specific cells have their genes activated.
This dark purple deposit inside the cell indicates that the gene is activated there.
We don't know whether this phenomenon is due to an individual's genetic background or experience.
These studies need more subjects.
I'd like to end with a few words about the complexity of the brain and the challenges ahead.
These data are very useful
It points the way forward for researchers
However, the number of subjects who performed the analysis can be counted on the fingers.
we continue the analysis
Let me just say one last thing.The tools are ready.This is an unexplored continent.
Let's call this the front line
The future awaits those who are not afraid to discover new things and are humbled by the complexity of the brain.
thank you
(applause)
I started Improv Everywhere about 10 years ago when I came to New York with an interest in theater and comedy.
I didn't have the opportunity to perform on stage in a new city, so I decided to create my own in a public space.
The first project I'm going to show you is the first "No Trousers Subway Ride," which we did in January of 2002.
This woman is the main character of the video
didn't realize it was being filmed
Filmed with a hidden camera
On the Line 6 subway train in New York City
This is the first stop on the line
a Danish man
Two people came and sat next to the hidden camera
This brown coat is me It's about -1 degree Celsius outside and I'm
I'm wearing a hat and a scarf A woman will notice me soon
(Laughter) As you can see, I'm not wearing pants.
(Laughter) So at this point -- at this point, the woman noticed me.
The woman goes back to the book, by the way, the title is "Rape."
(smile)
I saw something strange, but I picked myself up.
Now, on the other hand, six of my friends are waiting in their underwear at the next six stops.
One by one, we get on this train We pretend to be strangers
Act like you just made the unfortunate mistake of forgetting your pants on this freezing January day
(Laughter) At this point, the woman puts away her rape book.
(Laughter) And I'm going to pay a little more attention to my surroundings.
The two Danes on the left of the camera burst out laughing, saying they've never seen anything this ridiculous before.
They and the woman will make eye contact, so please watch
(Laughter) I love this video moment, and it was a bit creepy and confusing for a woman until I shared my experience here.
Because once it was shared, it became a funny, laughable situation.The train now has six lines.
Arrived at the third stop
(Laughter) I won't show you the whole thing, but it's going to be like this for four more stations.
A total of seven unidentified men boarded in their underwear.
At the eighth station, a girl with a huge bag comes on board and says she'll sell you pants for a dollar, just like you sell batteries and candy on the train.
We all bought our trousers and put them on, of course, and said, "Great timing, thank you," and without an explanation of what had happened, got off the train and went our separate ways.
(Applause) Thank you.
this is the image from the video
women's reaction was the best
I watched the video later that day and decided to keep going.
One of the goals of Improv Everywhere is to cause a stir in public and have fun.
It's a prank, but it's a prank that makes for a funny story
The response from the women was good, so I took the second subway ride without pants.
Since then it has continued every year.
This past January, for the 10th time, 3,500 different people in their underwear rode nearly every subway line in New York City, and in 50 cities around the world.
people participated (laughter)
As I started taking improvisational classes at Improv Theater, and as I met other creative people, actors and comedians, I started building a mailing list of people who wanted to be involved in projects like this, so that I could do something on a larger scale.
One day I was walking down Union Square
I saw this building, it was just built in 2005.
Then I saw a girl dancing by the window of the building, because it was dark outside and bright inside the building.
It was a dance that had a unique feel to it, and that it was intended for the audience.
But now I know why, my friend behind the display
About 15 seconds later, they showed up, they laughed and hugged each other, then ran off.
I bet you could dance in public
That's where I got the idea
It was decided that there would be a total of 70 windows on the front of the building. (Laughter)
In the "Look Up More" Project, 70 Actors Dressed in Black
done without permission
I didn't notify the store.
And I give a signal from the park
At the first signal, everyone held up letters about 1 meter in size and spelled out "Look Up More".
At the next signal, they raised their hands and jumped all at once.
Movement start can be seen here
(Laughter) Then there was the dance, and everyone danced.
Then we did a solo where everyone pointed at one person and only that person danced (laughs).
And then I waved my hand and the next person down in FOREVER 21 did a solo dance and did a few other things.
get me to jump
I was asked to lie down on the floor.
Wearing a sweatshirt, I put my hand on the trash can and took it off with a disrespectful face, signaling progress.
We were in Union Square, right next to the subway station, so by the time we were done, hundreds of people had stopped and looked up at what we were doing.
A better photo from that time
This event was inspired by an incident I happened to see.
The next project I want to show you was emailed to me by someone I don't know.
In 2006, a high school student in Texas said to me, "Why don't you get as many people as possible to stand in a Best Buy store in blue polo shirts and khakis?"
(Laughter) (Applause) I immediately replied, "You're right. I'll try this weekend. Thank you."
so that's the video
this was in 2005
This is New York City's Best Buy
About 80 people gathered to participate and entered the store one by one.
Participant is an 8-year-old girl
There was a 10-year-old girl and a 65-year-old man.
a very diverse group of people
My advice is, "Don't actually do the work.
Don't shop, just hang around
Don't even look at the products."
We have regular employees, people with yellow logos on their shirts.
everyone else is our actor
(Laughter) Regular employees were amused, they went to the break room to get their cameras.
Some people took pictures with us As a joke they gave us a heavy TV from the back to the customer
There were many people who tried to bring me
But the store managers and security guards weren't particularly amused, and they're in this video.
wearing a yellow or black shirt
About 10 minutes after we showed up, the police were called.
(Laughter) And then they started going around the store warning everyone, "The police are coming, okay?"
You can see the cops in the footage right here.
A police officer in a black uniform is being filmed by a hidden camera
Ultimately, the police told Best Buy that blue polo shirts and khaki pants weren't illegal.
(Laughter) (Applause) Thank you.
(Applause) So we left the store feeling happy in about 20 minutes.
The store tried to find our camera.
Two or three people were caught hiding cameras in their bags.
But one man wasn't caught. He went into the Best Buy camera department with nothing but a blank tape, put the tape in a product camera, and pretended to be shopping.
It's hard to use the enemy's technology
(Laughter) A good project is something that fits the place.
Changed at 53rd Street
There are two huge escalators, and it's a very depressing place on a busy morning.
As much as possible one morning there
I decided to do something that makes me happy
This is the winter of 2009 and it's 8:30 in the morning.
It's morning rush hour
It's a very cold day outside
People are coming from Queens, switching from the E line to the 6 line.
I'm on my way to work up a giant escalator.
"Rob will give you a high five." (Laughter) "Are you ready?" (Laughter) "This is Rob." (Applause)
A little more clear picture
Rob high-fived 2,000 times that day, but he washed his hands before and after and didn't catch a cold or anything like that, again without permission.
No one seemed to care, now over the years
The most common criticism of Improv Everywhere in anonymous YouTube comments was, "I think you're too lazy."
Not everyone likes what they do. In fact, it's made my face thicker. The amount of leisure time the participants have
I'm just like any other New Yorker.
In the fall, hundreds of thousands of people go to stadiums every weekend to watch football games, but watch football games.
No one ever said, "Isn't the audience too busy?" And of course they aren't.
Watching football at the stadium
It's a perfectly fine way to spend a weekend afternoon, but there are other perfectly reasonable ways to spend it.
Spending an afternoon standing still in Grand Central Station with 200 people, running around the New York Public Library dressed as a ghostbuster.
(Laughter) Listening to the same MP3 with 3,000 people, silently dancing in the park, suddenly singing musical songs at the grocery store, getting dressed up and jumping into the sea at Coney Island.
Children are taught to play, but they are not taught why to play.
it's just fun to play
This is the meaning of Improv Everywhere
No meaning, no need for meaning, no reason
If it's a fun and interesting idea, and it's going to be fun for the people watching, then that's good enough for us.
I think adults need to learn that there is no good or bad way to play. Thank you very much.
(applause)
Thank you Chris. It is said that anyone standing at this podium would be intimidated. I don't know if I'm intimidated, but it's the first time I've ever spoken in front of people like this.
We don't have high performance technology that you can see.
No slides. I have no choice but to be patient.
(Laughter) What I want to do this morning is share some stories with you and tell you about a different side of Africa.
Already this morning there have been some hints about Africa that you hear all the time. Africa with HIV/AIDS, Africa with malaria, Africa in poverty, Africa in conflict and Africa in disaster.
These things do happen, but there is also Africa that you don't hear much about.
Sometimes I get confused and ask myself why?
It's an African change like Chris mentioned.
Africa of opportunities.
An Africa where people take their future and their destiny into their own hands.
Africa looking for partners to do this together. What I would like to talk about today is Africa.
Let me first tell you an episode about the changes in Africa.
On September 15, 2005, Mr. Depree Alameseiga, Governor of Nigeria's rich oil-producing state, was arrested by the London Metropolitan Police during a visit to London.
He was arrested because of an $8 million wire transfer to his and his family's accounts.
The arrest was made possible in collaboration with the London Metropolitan Police and Nigeria's Economic and Financial Crime Commission. This commission is headed by one of the most talented and courageous people in our country, Mr. Neuf Ribadu.
Alameseiga was summoned to court in London.
A mistake was made and he escaped by disguising himself as a woman and returned to Nigeria from London. Under our constitution, as is common in many other countries, governors and presidents in public office are immune and cannot be prosecuted. But people were so outraged by his actions that the state legislature was able to impeach him and remove him from office.
Now Aramus - as it is called - is in prison.
An episode that shows the fact that the people of Africa will no longer put up with the corruption of their leaders.
It's an episode that shows the fact that people want their resources to be properly managed for themselves and not take it out where only a few elites will benefit.
You hear all the time about corrupt Africa, but in some countries people and governments are fighting it hard and there are success stories.
Does that mean the problem is over? The answer is no.
It's a long road. But I am willing to fight corruption.
And success is empowering in this all-important battle.
So when you hear about corruption, don't think that no effort is being made. Don't think you can't do business in any country in Africa because there is overwhelming corruption. it's not.
There is a will to fight, and many nations have fought and won. Other countries, like my country Nigeria, have a long history of dictatorships and the battles are being fought now, but they still have a long way to go.
But it is true that we are fighting.
The results are showing. Independent monitoring by the World Bank and others shows that in many cases corruption is trending downward and governance is improving.
A study by the Economic Commission for Africa found a clear trend of improving governance in 28 African countries.
Let me say one more thing before I finish the story of the governance of Africa.
People talk about corruption all the time.
When I talk about it, I immediately think of Africa.
That is the image of African countries. But let me tell you something. If Arams could export $8 million into an account in London, and if other people could take an estimated 20 billion to 40 billion of developing country money abroad and leave it there in the developed world, this is it. What the hell is that? Isn't that itself corruption?
Is there no prosecution for receiving stolen goods in this country?
So when we talk about this kind of corruption, let's also think about what's going on on the other side of the globe. Where is the money going and what can be done to stop it?
I am currently working with the World Bank on an initiative. Regarding asset recovery, we are trying to do what we can to bring money taken abroad back to developing countries.
If we can get back the $20 billion that is stuck there, it could be a lot more than the aid of several countries combined.
(Applause) The next thing I want to talk about is the will to change.
Africans are fed up. Be the target of everyone's charity
we are grateful But if we have the will to change, we can take on our destiny.
And what people in many African countries have now realized is that only we can do it. We have to do it ourselves.
We can invite partners to help us, but we start.
We must transform our economy, change our leadership, become more democratic, and be more open to change and information.
This is what we started with in Nigeria, the largest country on the African continent.
If you haven't been to Nigeria, you can't say you've been to Africa.
It's true.
(Laughter) One in four people in sub-Saharan Africa is Nigerian. We have a dynamic population of 140 million people, a chaotic people. But they are very interesting people. You will never get bored.
(Laughter) What we started with was understanding that we had to take charge and change.
With the support of leaders who were willing to change, we submitted a comprehensive change program. This is a program that we developed ourselves.
It is neither the International Monetary Fund nor the World Bank. I worked for the World Bank for 21 years and became Vice President.
No one can replace you. You have to do it yourself.
We put together a program. One was to kick the state out of business that did not require state intervention.
Governments do not have to get into the business of producing goods and services. because it is inefficient and ineffective.
So we decided to privatize a lot of our businesses.
(Applause) As a result, we decided to open up a lot of the market.
This transformation began at the end of 2003. In 2003, the year I left Washington and took the post of Minister of the Treasury, our telecommunications companies could only lay 4,500 landlines. During the company's 30-year history!
(Laughter) In our country, having a phone was a great luxury.
It doesn't fit normally. I had to pay a bribe.
I had to do everything in my power to get the phone.
President Obasanjo helped liberalize the telecommunications sector, starting from 45 million land lines to 32 million GSM lines and still growing.
Nigeria's telecommunications market is the second fastest growing in the world after China. In electronic communications, we get about $1 billion in investment each year. But no one knows that. Except for a few smart people.
(Laughter) The first and smartest person to come was MTN, a South African company.
Three years after I was Finance Minister, they averaged $360 million a year in revenue.
360 million in markets in poorer countries where average earnings per capita only reach about $500.
There is a huge market.
I kept it a secret, but soon it became known to others.
The Nigerians themselves started developing a wireless telecommunications company, and three or four other companies entered the market.
But there is a huge market and people don't know it. Or you don't want to know.
Privatization is one of the things we did.
Another thing we've done is manage our finances better.
Because if you don't manage your own finances well, no one will help or support them.
Nigeria has a reputation for being corrupt and poorly managing public finances because of its oil sector.
What should I do? We have introduced fiscal rules that do not link budgets to oil prices.
We used to base our budgets on the money that oil brought us. Because oil was the largest and most profitable sector of the economy. 70% of the revenue came from oil.
We cut the ties, and then we budgeted for a little bit less than the price of oil, and we saved everything over that price.
It was a mixed bag, not sure if it would work.
But what I wanted to do quickly was to address the problem of economic instability from an economic development perspective. Until then, the economy grew rapidly when oil prices rose.
When prices collapse, so do we.
I can't pay anything anymore. even a salary.
It became gentle. I was able to save money. It was $27 billion when I left. This is our national reserve. When I took office, the reserves were $7 billion.
By the time I left, it was close to $30 billion. Right now I'm talking to you about $40 billion. Thanks to good management of finances.
It is the backbone of our economy and keeps it stable.
Our exchange rate was constantly fluctuating. It's now fairly stable and controlled, so people doing business can predict prices.
Inflation has been lowered from 28% to 11%.
GDP growth averaged 2.3% over the last decade and is now around 6.5%.
All the changes and transformations that we have been able to make have had measurable results in the economy.
More importantly, we are moving away from oil and looking for diversity. As in many countries, there are so many opportunities. It is worth noting that much of the growth came not only from the oil sector, but also from the non-oil sector.
Agriculture grew by more than 8%.
Telecommunications, housing and construction are also growing. There are more. What this shows is that once the macroeconomics are in place, the opportunities in various other sectors are enormous.
As I said earlier, there are opportunities in agriculture.
Opportunity for solid minerals. Our country is rich in minerals, but no one has invested in them or even explored them. It turns out that nothing will happen without proper legislation to make it possible. We have now enacted mining codes that rival the best in the world.
There are also opportunities in housing and real estate.
A country of 140 million people had nothing. Western-style shopping malls were zero.
There was an investment opportunity and it captured people's imagination.
Business at the mall is now four times higher than expected.
There are big opportunities in construction, real estate and mortgages. In financial services, there were 89 banks, many of which were not in business.
We asked them to increase their share capital and consolidate the number of banks from 89 to 25.
We went from $25 million to $150 million.
Banks have consolidated and the strengthening of the banking system has attracted more investment from abroad.
Britain's Barclays Bank has $500 million.
Standard Chartered installed 140 million
Just an example. More and more dollars are entering the banking system.
We are doing the same thing in the insurance sector.
There is a huge opportunity in the financial services sector.
In the tourism industry, many countries in Africa have great opportunities.
East Africa is known to many for it. Wild animals, elephants, etc.
But it is very important to manage the tourism industry in a way that people will benefit.
What do I mean? What I want to say is that there is a new wave happening on the African continent.
It is a new wave of openness and democratization. Since 2000, more than two-thirds of African countries have held multiparty democratic elections.
Not all of them are perfect, nor will they ever be. But the flow is very clear.
Over the past three years, the continent's average growth rate has risen from about 2.5% to 5% a year.
This surpasses the performance of many OECD countries.
Clearly, change is happening.
The number of conflicts on the African continent is also declining. From 12 conflicts 10 years ago to now 3 or 4 conflicts. One of the worst is, of course, Darfur.
There is also the neighboring country effect. When something happens anywhere on the continent, the whole continent seems to be affected.
But the African continent isn't made up of one country, it's made up of many countries.
If you get down to three or four disputes, there's a ton of investment opportunities. Many opportunities to invest in a stable, growing and exciting economy.
There is one thing I would like to stress about investment.
The best way to help Africa today is to help it become self-reliant.
The best way to do that is by helping create jobs.
It's okay to fight to end malaria, to spend money, to save children's lives. I'm not making an issue of it.
But imagine the effect on your family. I hope that my parents have jobs, that they can get their children into school, and that they can buy their own medicines to fight disease.
Wouldn't it be a great opportunity if you could make money yourself and invest in places that would create jobs and help people stand on their own feet? Isn't that the way to go?
And I want to stress that the best people to invest in on the African continent are women.
(Applause) Here's the CD. Please excuse me for not being able to tell you in advance.
i wish i could have seen
It was titled "Africa: A Country Moving Forward for Business".
The video won the award for Best Documentary of the Year.
The woman who made it will go to Tanzania and hold a session in June.
The video depicts how African people, especially African women, overcame strong difficulties to develop their businesses.
One of them, Adenike Ogunlesi, makes children's clothing. What started as a hobby has grown into a business.
African materials mixed with other materials, such as dungarees and corduroy
It is a very creative design that mixes African materials. I've even gotten an order from Walmart.
(laughs) It's an order for 10,000 items.
The video shows that there are people who have the power to get things done.
Women are diligent, focused and hard workers.
Let me give you an example. Beatriz Gakuba from Rwanda started her flower business and now exports daily to the Dutch auction in Amsterdam. We employ 200 men and women to work for her.
But many of these people are desperate for funding to expand. Because no one outside of Africa believes we can do what we need to do. Nobody believes in the African market.
I don't think I have a chance.
But let me be clear. If you miss the chance now, the chance will never come again.
So if you are in Africa please consider investing.
Think of Beatrice. Think of Adenikes. You're doing great things that allow you to get into the global economy, and at the same time, you're giving your fellow people jobs. Children can get an education if their parents have a decent income.
So I invite you to explore opportunities.
If you come to Tanzania, please listen carefully. Because I'm sure you'll hear of various opportunities. It's a chance to get involved in something that is useful to the continent, to the people of Africa, and to you.
Thank you very much.
(applause)
I was invited to the Yale School of Medicine as Associate Professor of Medicine and Chief of Scientific Visualization.
My job was to write a program for NASA to perform virtual surgery on robotic pods for astronauts in space.
One of the coolest things I've worked on is using scanning technology to allow us to see things that we couldn't see before, and not just treat diseases.
It made it possible to see the amazing workings of the human body.
I remember the first time I saw collagen
All parts of the body, including hair, skin, bones, and nails, are made of collagen.
It's a rope-like structure, and it's twisted and swirled like this.
The only place in the eye where collagen structure changes is the cornea.
It's gridded there, and it's transparent.
I couldn't help but feel a sense of mystery with the perfectly arranged structure.
Because I've seen things like that all over my body
I had the opportunity to work with the National Institutes of Health and someone who was working on an interesting MRI machine.
What we were doing was using this new technology to scan the development of the fetus from conception to birth.
I wrote the algorithms, Paul Lauterbur built the hardware, and he later won a Nobel Prize for inventing the MRI.
i got the data
Let's take a look at a portion of "From Conception to Birth"
(Music) "From Conception to Birth" Oocyte Sperm Fertilized Egg 24 hours First Cleavage The fertilized egg divides a few hours after fusion... Repeated cleavage every 12-15 hours Early Embryo Nutrients still yolk Taking it out of the sac Day 25 Heart chambers develop Day 32 Arms and hands develop Day 36 Primitive vertebrae appear At this time the embryo grows most rapidly If it continues to grow at this rate it will be born By this time it will be 1.5 tons. Day 45 The embryo's heartbeat is twice as fast as the mother's. Day 51 Day 52 The retina, nose and fingers are developing. It's essential for skeletal development. Twelve weeks. An undifferentiated penis.
Working with this data, I'm struck by how brilliant it is.
Every time I scan it, it feels more like I'm working on a project, that two simple cells have an amazing mechanism that can eventually grow into the magical being of a human being.
When you're working with this data and looking at the body, which is still a small lump, the trophoblast tissue on the outside of the blastocyst suddenly attaches to the side of the uterus and says, "Here I am."
And with the estrogen, the luteinizing hormone, it suddenly started communicating with me, and I said, 'I'm going to take root here,' and it created this amazing triangular embryo, and by day 44 it was recognizable, and in nine weeks it was like a little human. increase
Information is amazing. How do biological mechanisms in the body get information?
I'm going to show you something strange, the heart of a 25-day-old man.
Something like two ropes
Like a beautiful origami, at four weeks it folds itself, producing a million cells per second.
Early atrium and ventricle appear at 5 weeks
At six weeks, papillae begin to form inside the heart, and each of the heart's valves develops in this way, eventually leading to a mature heart.
Mechanisms within our genetic makeup magically tell us exactly where our neurons should go, and the complexity of the mathematical models of how this is done is beyond human comprehension. I'm a mathematician
Watching in amazement as these sequences of instructions build our bodies without error.
It's mystery, it's magic, it's divine
Look at your growing body
small tuft of capillaries
small microscopic substructure
When she's born at nine months, she'll have nearly 60,000 miles of blood vessels in her body.
Only one mile of it is visible
The other 59,999 miles carry nutrients and carry away waste products.
The complexity of creating such a system exceeds any understanding, even known mathematics.
The system of commands sent from the brain to the various parts of the body... just look at the complexity of this folding.
Where does the wisdom that wrinkles hold more information come from? Watch the growth of the baby's brain.
this is actually what we're doing now
We're launching a new study to scan babies' brains from the moment they're born.
We're going to do this every six months until they're six years old, and we're going to have about 250 people, and I'd like to see how the gyri and the sulci interweave, and how this development leads to memory and the wonders of being human.
It's not just about its own existence. How does the female body understand genetic makeup? Not only does it build its own body, it also has the wisdom to build itself into a walking immunological cardiovascular system, a mobile parenting system. The wonder of being there is also something beyond our comprehension, the magic of our existence.
thank you very much
(applause)
(music) Jetman - Yves Rossy Many of the Grand Canyon tests are done with Rossy's wings on, because it's only after his body is put in that the aircraft becomes complete.
Wind tunnel test This wing has no control sticks, no flaps, no rudder.
Rossi uses his body to steer the wings
Tilt your head left and right to turn
You can also use your hands and feet
He himself is the fuselage of an airplane, so to speak.
it's very unique
Look away when gaining altitude
Bend your shoulders forward when descending
Swiss Alps Crossing the Strait of Gibraltar Crossing the English Channel
I'm Yves Rossy
wings open
The first difficulty is deploying the wings.
I'm going down, now let's move on to flight
seems to be stable
starting to rise
It's the 90-degree turn you're talking about.
cross the strait
Yves Rossy
can't turn back anymore
Flying over the English Channel
So folks, the historic flight is about to begin.
The ground is approaching, and I'm about to pull the towline, slow down, and land cleanly.
It's landing
Yves Rossy landed on British soil
He's here, Yves Rossy.
(Applause) And they brought me a full set of equipment.
welcome
The current video is a record of various challenges over the past three years.
there are more
Humans can fly like birds
What does it feel like to fly?
that's fun
(Laughter) I don't have wings.
Sometimes I feel like I'm a bird
It's kind of surreal, because normally there's a big plane around you.
Wearing these little wings makes me feel like a real bird.
How did you become Jetman?
I started skydiving about 20 years ago.
I wear almost nothing when I jump out of an airplane.
take this stance
It feels like you're flying, especially when you're in a tracking pose.
I think it's the closest form to a dream of flying in the sky
no machines around
there is only me
There's only one way to go in a very short time
So I thought, what if I could change direction and fly longer while still maintaining this sense of freedom?
I would like to know what is the maximum speed?
About 300 kilometers per hour just before turning
So it's about 190 mph.
Is it quite heavy to carry?
It weighs about 55 kilograms when it pops out with a full tank of fuel.
carrying
You're not driving, are you?
Without a control stick or steering wheel
Using only the body, the wings are part of the body, and the body is part of the wings...
That's what I want to do.
I want freedom of movement
Like a child playing an airplane
go down like this
I want to rise and turn
it's a simple flight
I fly instead of piloting
What kind of training do you do for this?
I try to stay in shape
no special training
I just try to stay agile by doing new things.
For example, last winter I started kitesurfing.
for new things
will need to adapt
As a pilot, I have quite a bit of experience controlling systems, but this requires flexibility, agility, and quick adaptability.
A question from the audience: How do you breathe?
It flies at high speed to an altitude of 3,000 meters,
3,000 meters is fine for oxygen.
In terms of speed, a motorcycle can go about as fast.
If you're wearing a full-face helmet, you can breathe just fine.
Could you explain the equipment?
I have 4 engines
with a wingspan of 2 meters
very solid
It's a kerosene-fueled jet engine with four small engines, each with 22 kilograms of thrust.
Parachute on harness
The only instruments are an altimeter and a clock.
Fuel lasts about 8 minutes
I want to know before it ends
(Laughter) That's all.
I have two parachutes
Even if something goes wrong and the first one doesn't open, the second parachute might come to your rescue.
And this is the lifeline
It's very important from a safety point of view.
I've had the opportunity to use it about 20 times in the last 15 years.
Not this type of wing, but the early days.
It's designed to detach its wings when it's spinning or out of control.
I saw you cross the Strait of Gibraltar in 2009, and then it got out of control, went into the clouds, and fell into the ocean.
So you threw away your wings then?
I tried to rebuild myself in the clouds, completely lost
trying to rise again
i thought i was okay
I think it probably went something like this
I can only imagine how dangerous it is
I was feeling good, but the altitude wasn't right.
The next moment I saw a blanket of blue
it's the sea
It has an audio altimeter.
It was at its lowest altitude, and it was plummeting at an angle like this, so I cut it off.
then opened the parachute
So the wing itself has a parachute in addition to the two you have for yourself.
Yes, the wings have parachutes for two reasons: to recover and repair them, and to keep them from falling on someone's head.
ok let's go back here
it's certainly dangerous
Some people die doing things like this.
But you don't look reckless, you're an airline pilot, and you'd rather have a checklist.
You should do it by standards
There is no checklist for this
don't tell the company
The two worlds are actually different.
Civil aviation technology is well established
We have accumulated 100 years of experience
So we can do it very precisely.
But in this case, we have to adapt to new things.
I'm going to improvise
The two approaches are really different.
one knows very well
There are principles, for example, an Airbus has two engines, but it can fly with just one.
I always have a plan B
Fighters have ejection seats
this is my ejection seat
I take the approach of a professional pilot, but I'm also a pioneer in awe of Mother Nature.
that's a great word
What do you do when one engine stops?
as it starts to rotate
Stabilize it, and depending on the altitude, it will continue to fly with two or three engines.
When you can—
It's hard to explain, but depending on where you are, you'll keep flying with two engines, find a good place to land, and open your parachute.
When you fly, you first dive from an airplane or helicopter, accelerate the engine, and start flying somewhere in the air.
And for landing, as you saw in the video of the English Channel, you'd use a parachute.
So when you flew over the Grand Canyon, where did you land?
Are you on a cliff? below?
got down to the bottom
Then I got on the legs of the helicopter and came back.
The upper part was full of stones and cacti...
(That's what I heard)
And the airflow was so strange
There is an updraft and there is a great difference in altitude.
So it was much safer to go down to the bottom.
I'm sure everyone listening is wondering, when will we have a two-seater that can fly with you?
I always answer that
Have you ever seen birds flying in tandem?
that's a perfect answer
(Applause) Okay, last question.
What next? What's next for Jetman?
First of all, I want to teach young people
And I want to fly in formation together.
We're also thinking about using a catapult to jump off a cliff.
Instead of jumping out of the plane?
Yeah, eventually I want to be able to build momentum and take off.
doing step by step
it may seem crazy
No, you can still do it if you want, it's just too dangerous.
(Laughter) Technological advances will allow us to do it more safely.
And I hope that anyone can fly
thank you yves rossy
(applause)
I've always been fascinated by computers and technology, and I've built apps for iPhones and iPads.
I'm going to talk to you about that today.
The first app is a strange divination game called "Earth Fortune", where you'll see different colors of the Earth depending on your luck.
My favorite and most successful app is "Bustin Zeeber." (Laughter) It's a Whack-A-Mole game with Justin Bieber.
I made this game because there were a lot of people at school who didn't really like Justin Bieber, so I thought it might be a good idea.
So I started programming it, and released it before Christmas 2010.
Many people have asked me, "How did you make it?"
Many of the people who listened wanted to make their own apps.
A lot of kids these days want to not only play games, they want to make them themselves, but it's hard because they don't know where to go to learn how to program.
If you want to learn soccer, join a soccer team
If you want to learn to play the violin, you should take lessons.
What should I do if I want to learn how to make an app?
Your parents may have played soccer or played the violin when they were young, but not many parents have ever created an app. (Laughter)
Where can I find out how to make an app?
In my case I did it like this
First of all, I learned the basics by programming in various programming languages, and I did things like Python, C, and Java.
Then Apple launched the iPhone, and it had the iPhone Software Development Kit, which is a set of tools for building iPhone apps.
This opened up a whole new world of possibilities for me. After playing around with the software development kit, I built some experimental apps.
One of them was Earth Fortune Telling, and I was ready to put it on the App Store.
I was able to submit my app to the App Store because they agreed with me.
So many people encouraged me: my parents, my friends, my teachers, even the people at the Apple store.
Steve Jobs inspired me so much that I started an app club at my school, and one of my teachers took me on as an advisor.
Any student at our school can come to our club and learn how to design an app.
This is how I was able to share my experience with others.
We're doing something called the iPad Pilot Program here and there.
I was lucky enough to be part of this
The hard part is how the iPad will be used and what apps should be put on the iPad.
So we asked the teachers what kind of apps they wanted.
The apps we create are free for locals to buy, and all proceeds from purchases made by other locals go to the local education fund.
These days, students know more about technology than teachers do (Laughter).
I don't know... (laughs) I might not like it, but... (laughs)
But this is a good resource for teachers, and educators should recognize this resource and put it to good use.
I would like to finish by talking about what I want to do in the future.
First, I want to make more apps and games.
Now I'm working with a company to build an app.
I would also like to do some Android programming, and I would like to continue with the App Club to find more ways for students to share their knowledge. Thank you. (Applause)
I'm going to use words to tell you—
so you can
This is one of the strange powers that humans possess.
can communicate very complex ideas
What I'm doing now is exhaling and using my mouth to make sounds.
It makes hoarse and popping sounds that vibrate the air.
Those air vibrations reach you, hit your eardrum, and your brain converts those vibrations into thoughts.
hopefully
(Laughter) I hope so.
This ability allows humans to communicate their thoughts across time and space.
I can pass knowledge from heart to heart.
I can even put new and weird ideas into your head.
Like -- "Jellyfish waltzing in the library and thinking about quantum mechanics."
(Laughter) If my life had been relatively smooth so far, I probably wouldn't have thought about it.
(Laughter) But now I'm using words to make you think.
Of course, there is not just one language in the world, there are about 7,000 languages ​​spoken.
Each language is different in many ways
Different languages ​​have different sounds, different vocabularies and, importantly, different structures.
So the question arises: does the language you speak affect the way you think?
this is an old question
people have been thinking about this
Charlemagne, Holy Roman Emperor, said, "To have a second language is to have a second soul," a strong claim that language creates reality.
On the other hand, Shakespeare has Juliet say, "What's your name?
A rose will still smell as good if you call it by another name."
This sounds like you're saying that names don't change reality.
This debate has been going on for thousands of years
Until recently, we didn't have the data to settle the matter.
But as more laboratories around the world, including mine, have begun to do research, scientific data has emerged to answer this question.
Let me give you some of my favorite examples.
Let me start with the story of the Australian Aborigines that I had the opportunity to study.
This is the Kuuk Saayorre people
I live in Ponn Prau on the western tip of the Cape York Peninsula.
What's interesting about Kuuku Saayorre is that it doesn't say "left" or "right," but it refers to everything in the north, south, east, and west directions.
literally means "everything"
They say something like, "Oh, there's an ant on my southwest leg."
Or "Move the cup slightly to the north-northeast"
As for greetings, in Kuuk Saayorre they say, "Which way are you going?"
And the answer to that is something like, "Hey north-northeast, where are you?"
Think about it, you have to tell each person you meet during the day which direction to go.
(Laughter) It's going to be sharp in direction.
If you don't know which direction you're heading, you can't even say hello
In fact, people who speak these languages ​​have a very good sense of direction.
Much more than was once thought possible for humans.
For biological reasons, humans were thought to be inferior to other animals in this respect, because humans lack magnets in their beaks and scales.
But if the language or the culture demands that you do it, then you will be able to do it.
There are people in the world who know their bearings really well.
Could you please close your eyes for a second so that I can see how this is different from how we are, and then point to the southeast?
(Laughter) Keep your eyes closed and point.
Then you can open your eyes
Everyone, point that way, point this way
I don't know which one, but -- (Laughter) you guys haven't been very helpful.
(Laughter) It seems that people in this room don't know the direction.
language makes a big difference in cognition
In a group like yours, I don't know which way it is, but in another group, I can ask a five-year-old and they'll give me the right answer.
(Laughter) There's also a big difference in how we think about time.
Here's a photo of my grandfather from different ages.
If you ask an English speaker to put things in chronological order, they'll probably put things like this from left to right.
I guess this depends on the writing direction
If you speak Hebrew or Arabic, you might put them in reverse order, from right to left.
What about the Kuuk Thaayorre, the Aboriginal people I mentioned earlier?
They don't use the words "left" and "right."
give you a hint
When facing south, line up from left to right
When facing north, line up from right to left
When facing east, line up from the other side to the front.
Can you spot the pattern?
it's east to west
For them, the direction of time corresponds to the earth, not to their bodies.
In my case, if I'm facing this way, the time goes like this If I'm facing this way, the time goes like this
It's pretty self-centered, isn't it, that when you turn your body around, the direction of time goes along with it?
But for the Kuuk Saayorre people, the direction of time is fixed.
We have a very different way of thinking about time.
This is another example of human ingenuity.
How many penguins are there here?
I know how you guys solve this problem.
"1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8"
count the number
Number each one, and the last number will be the number of penguins.
this is how i was taught as a kid
We were all taught about numbers, and we learned how to use them.
It's a little linguistic skill
Some languages ​​don't do it this way, because they don't have words for exact numbers.
There is no word "7" or "8"
People who speak languages ​​without numbers have trouble keeping track of exact amounts.
For example, if I asked you to associate the same number of ducks with these penguins, you would do so by counting.
People who don't have those linguistic skills can't do that.
Different languages ​​have different ways of distinguishing colors, and the visual world is also different.
Some languages ​​have many words for colors, while others have only a few words, such as "light color" and "dark color."
Where to put the color boundary is also different.
For example, in English we have the word "blue" to refer to all colors currently on the screen, but in Russian there is no such single word.
Russian speakers have to distinguish between light blue "goluboy" and dark blue "siniy"
Russians linguistically distinguish between these colors for the rest of their lives.
When visually testing their ability to distinguish between these colors, Russian speakers quickly realize that they have crossed this linguistic boundary.
You can distinguish between different shades of blue more quickly.
If you look at the brain of someone who sees color, when the color changes slowly from light blue to dark blue, the brain of someone who uses different words for light blue and dark blue changes when the intensity of blue changes. They react in surprise, like, "Oh, something's switched."
Language has many structural quirks.
this is my favorite example
Many languages ​​have grammatical gender, where each noun is assigned a masculine or feminine gender.
Which gender is different depends on the language
For example, the sun is feminine in German, but masculine in Spanish, and the moon is vice versa.
Does this affect how people think?
Do German speakers see the Sun as more feminine and the Moon as more masculine?
It turns out that it is
If you ask German and Spanish speakers to describe a bridge like this one, "bridge" is grammatically feminine in German and masculine in Spanish, but for German speakers it's "beautiful." tend to use feminine terms such as "" and "elegant"
Spanish speakers, on the other hand, tend to use masculine words like "strong" and "long."
(Laughter) Different languages ​​have different ways of describing events.
Events like this — when there is an accident
In English, you could say, "He broke the vase."
In a language like Spanish, it's more common to say, "The vase is broken."
If it's an accident, we don't say who did it.
In English, strangely, they even say something like "I broke my arm."
In many languages, you can't use this phrase unless the person is crazy and has tried and succeeded in breaking his own arm.
If it's an accident, put it another way.
This has real consequences
People who speak different languages ​​pay attention differently, because different languages ​​pay attention to different parts.
So when you show the same accident to an English speaker and a Spanish speaker, the English speaker will remember who did it, because in English we say, "He broke the vase."
Spanish speakers, on the other hand, if it was an accident, they don't really remember who did it, and they tend to remember "it was an accident."
I remember whether it was intentional or not.
So two people can witness the same event, the same crime, but remember different things.
Of course, this has a lot to do with eyewitness testimony.
It also affects liability and punishment.
If you show an English speaker the scene where someone broke the vase, and you say, "He broke the vase," instead of "The vase was broken," then you can see the scene of the crime against the vase with your own eyes. Even in such a case, if someone says "He broke it" instead of "The pot broke," it's easy to blame that person and hold them accountable.
Language also influences the way we think about things logically.
I've given you a few examples of how language shapes the way people think, in many different ways.
Language can have a huge impact, as we've seen in the example of time and space.
Language also has a very profound effect, as we've seen in a number of examples.
Words for counting Words for numbers open up the world of mathematics.
If you can't count, you can't do the math, and you can't do what you need to do to build something like this venue or make this broadcast.
A little trick called a number word can be a stepping stone to a new cognitive world.
There was also a very early influence on language, and we saw that in the example of color.
It's a really simple, basic perceptual judgment.
We make many such judgments on a daily basis, and language also influences such subtle perceptual judgments.
language can have a very wide impact
The grammatical gender examples may seem silly, but they apply to all nouns.
Language will influence the way we think about everything that can be represented by nouns.
there are so many
And he gave examples of how language can affect what we value, in stories that involve responsibility, punishment, and eyewitness memory.
important in everyday life
Language diversity is wonderful because it reveals how clever and flexible the human mind is.
The human mind has created not one cognitive universe, but 7,000. There are 7,000 languages ​​in the world.
We can create more. Language is a living thing, and it can be refined and changed as needed.
Unfortunately, we are losing this linguistic diversity.
We're losing one language every week, and it's estimated that we'll lose half the world's languages ​​in the next 100 years.
Even more problematic is that much of what we know about the human mind and brain today is based on research involving English-speaking American undergraduates.
Most of humanity is excluded.
What we know about the human mind is actually very narrow and biased, and science needs to do a better job.
Finally, I want you to think about
I talked about how speakers of different languages ​​think differently, but it's not about how other people think.
what you think
It's about how the language you use affects the way you think.
This will give you an opportunity to ask yourself, "Why am I thinking this way?"
"How can I think differently?"
Or again, "What kind of thoughts do you want to generate?"
thank you
(applause)
I want to stay a little younger Have you ever wanted to stop aging?
it was a long time dream
But for a long time scientists never thought it would be possible.
I thought it would just age like old shoes and couldn't resist.
But if you look around the natural world, the lifespans of different animals really vary.
Each of these animals is different because they have different genes.
And that suggests that somewhere in the genes, somewhere in the DNA, the genes responsible for aging have different lifespans.
If we had such a gene, imagine, in an experiment, we might be able to change one of the genes, the aging gene, to delay aging and extend lifespan.
If we can do that, we can find aging genes.
If it exists and we can find it, maybe one day we can do something about it.
So we decided to look for genes that control aging.
But we didn't study it in these animals.
Instead, they studied a small, round worm called C. elegans, which is about the size of a comma in a sentence.
We thought we would find something, because long-lived mutants had already been reported.
We randomly changed genes to look for individuals that lived longer.
We were lucky enough to discover that a gene-damaging mutant called daf-2 doubled the lifespan of worms.
As you can see, the black one lives a month later, so it's very short-lived, and that's why we chose it for aging research. all die
But most of the mutants are still alive at this time.
And live twice as long and all die
Let's see the video in action
So the first thing I'm going to show you is a normal nematode, a young man like a college student.
it's so small and cute
What I'm going to show you next is the longevity mutant when it's young.
This animal can live twice as long
Do I look cute? it doesn't look like that
I really can't tell the difference
They are perfectly reproductive and can produce the same number of offspring as normal nematodes.
Then take out your handkerchief here
Look, in just two weeks, a normal nematode will age.
You can see my head moving a bit down there
but mostly just lying there
These animals are clearly destined for the nursing home.
If you look at the tissue under a microscope, you'll see that it's starting to disintegrate.
Even if you've never seen a tiny C. elegans - you probably haven't seen it before - you can tell it's aging. Isn't it funny?
There's something universal about aging
And here is the daf-2 mutant
If you mutate one of the 20,000 genes, look
We're the same age, but it's not a nursing home. We're going skiing.
This is really great, it's slowing down the aging process.
This nematode ages in two days, where a normal nematode ages in one day.
When I talk to people about this, it seems everyone thinks of someone who's 80 or 90 but looks a lot younger.
But this is more than that. Let's say you're a 30-year-old single man -- or you're in your 30s and you're going on a date.
I really like her and want to know more about her
At a restaurant, I say something like, "How old are you?"
she replies "I'm 60"
This is how it feels, you can't understand
you'll never know until she speaks
(laughs) okay
So what is the daf-2 gene?
As you know, a gene is a piece of DNA that contains the instructions to make a protein that does something.
The daf-2 gene encodes a hormone receptor
What you're seeing here is a cell with hormone receptors across the cell membrane, shown in red. A cell with hormone receptors across the cell membrane, shown in red.
Some of these receptors are like baseball gloves.
It's the part on the outside that receives the hormone, drawn in green.
And then there's the other part inside that sends the signal to the cell.
So what does the daf-2 receptor tell the inside of the cell?
Mutating the daf-2 gene renders the receptor non-functional, and animals live longer.
So the normal function of this hormone receptor is to accelerate aging.
that's what this arrow means
it accelerates aging, it makes it faster
It's like animals have a death god inside them that accelerates aging.
this is all really interesting
It shows that aging is controlled by genes, especially by hormones.
What kind of hormone is it?
There are many different hormones, testosterone,
You know a lot about adrenaline, right?
These hormones are similar to the hormones we have in our bodies.
The daf-2 hormone receptor is very similar to the insulin and IGF-1 hormone receptors.
At least you know about insulin
Insulin is a hormone that promotes the uptake of nutrients into tissues after a meal.
and IGF-1 promotes growth
The functions of these hormones have been known for some time, but our research suggests a third function that no one has known, perhaps also in aging.
it seems correct
After our findings in C. elegans, if people working in other kinds of animals made daf-2 mutants, hormone receptor mutants in other animals, those animals would live longer. started researching
It seems that even flies
By altering hormone signaling pathways, flies live longer.
And even rats - rats are mammals just like us.
So this is an ancient mechanism, established so long ago in evolution that it works in all of these animals.
And this common gene also occurred in humans.
It probably works in humans as well.
and here is a hint
For example, there's a study of a group of Ashkenazi Jews living in New York City.
Like the rest of the population, most people live to be roughly 70 to 80 years old, but some live to be 90 or 100.
What they found was that people who live to be 90 or 100 years old are more likely to have the daf-2 variant, which is a mutation in the gene that encodes the IGF-1 receptor.
These mutations render normal genes non-functional.
damaged gene
These are hints that humans are affected by the hormones that govern aging.
The next question, of course, is, are there any implications for age-related diseases?
As we age, we become more susceptible to cancer, Alzheimer's, heart disease, and all sorts of other diseases.
These long-lived mutants turned out to be resistant to all these diseases.
They rarely get cancer, and when they do, they don't turn out to be very malignant.
It's interesting and logical that they stay young, and could they develop age-related diseases until they're old?
So, if we can develop treatments or drugs that can replicate these effects in humans, we may have the tools to wipe out a wide range of age-related diseases.
So how do hormones ultimately affect the rate of aging?
how it works
In daf-2 mutants, we found that genes that encode proteins that protect cells and tissues and repair damage are activated in the DNA.
And they are activated by a gene regulatory protein called FOXO.
The daf-2 mutant is depicted with a cross above the receptor.
This receptor does not work properly
Under these conditions, the FOXO protein, drawn in blue, enters the nucleus in the center of the cell and binds to genes.
You're looking at one gene, but there are actually many genes that bind to FOXO.
just joined to one of them
FOXO therefore activates many genes
And the genes that it activates include antioxidant genes and what I call carrot giver genes, and the proteins that it translates are genes that help other proteins to fold and function correctly.
It carries it to the cell's trash can and regenerates it if it's damaged.
DNA repair genes are more active in these animals
and the immune system is more active
All these different genes I showed you actually contribute to the longevity of daf-2 mutants.
that is very interesting
Animals with these have the potential to live longer than normal animals.
We believe that they have the ability to protect themselves from a variety of injuries, which makes them live longer.
What about ordinary nematodes?
When the daf-2 receptor is functioning, it triggers a series of events that prevent FOXO from being taken up into the nucleus where the DNA is located.
Therefore, the gene cannot be activated.
That's how it works, and that's why we didn't see long-lived individuals until we had the daf-2 mutant.
So what is good for nematodes?
We believe that insulin and IGF-1 hormones are the hormones that are most active in favorable living conditions - when food is plentiful and the environment is less stressful.
and they help absorb nutrients
It stores food and uses it for energy, growth, etc.
But we think that under stressful conditions, such as when the food supply is restricted, the levels of these hormones decrease.
And I think it's perceived by animals as a danger signal, a signal that things aren't okay, so that protective mechanism might be deployed.
And it activates FOXO, which goes to the DNA and triggers gene expression that enhances the cell's ability to protect itself and repair itself.
We believe that this is why animals live longer.
Think of FOXO as a building manager
Maybe he's a little lazy, but he's there to take care of Bill.
but the building is dilapidated
And suddenly he knows a hurricane is coming
it's not like he does anything on his own
You go to the phone, you call the roofer, the window maker, the painter, the floorer, just like FOXO is bound to your DNA.
And they all come and reinforce the house.
And when a hurricane hits, the house will withstand a hurricane better than if it wasn't reinforced.
Not only that, but even if the hurricane doesn't come, the house will last longer.
And that's the concept that we think of as having the ability to extend life.
What's great about FOXO is that there are many different types of FOXO.
We all have the FOXO gene, but we don't all have the exact same FOXO gene.
Just like we have different eye colors, some people have blue eyes and some people have brown eyes.
And people who live to be 90 or 100 have a form of the FOXO gene that appears more frequently.
As you can see from these stars, this is happening all over the world.
And each of these asterisks represents a population in which, when we asked, "Are longevity people different in the FOXO gene?"
We don't know exactly how this works, but we know that the FOXO gene can affect human lifespan.
And that means that if we can tweak it, we might be able to improve human health and lifespan.
it's really exciting for me
FOXO is a protein that we discovered in C. elegans that affects lifespan, and it also affects human lifespan.
So now, in our lab, we're trying to develop drugs that can slow down aging and age-related diseases, and we're currently using human cells to develop drugs that activate this FOXO.
and i think this will work really well
There are many proteins known to affect aging.
And there are drugs that work against at least one of them.
A protein called TOR is another nutrient sensor like the insulin pathway.
Similar to daf-2 mutants, TOR-damaging mutants extend lifespan in worms, flies and mice
But in this case, we already have a drug called rapamycin that binds to the TOR protein and blocks its activity.
And if you give rapamycin to a mouse, even if it's a human, say, 60 years old, that old mouse will live longer if you give that mouse rapamycin.
But please don't take rapamycin just yet.
It's a drug used in humans because it suppresses the immune system.
Taken by people who have had an organ transplant to prevent rejection
So it doesn't seem like a perfect medicine for longevity.
Now, in 2011, there is a drug that can be given to old mice to extend their lifespan, and it's based on studies like this in different animals.
So I'm very optimistic, and I'm hopeful that in the not too distant future, this old dream will come true.
thank you
(Applause) Matt Ridley: Thank you, Cynthia.
Please let me organize the story up to this point.
You're looking for a drug that might solve the aging problem for older people like me, but if it's ethically permissible, you could give humans from birth a modified gene that would allow them to live much longer. What can be done experimentally?
Cynthia: The drugs I've talked about don't change the gene, they just bind to the protein itself and change its activity.
So when you stop taking the drug, the protein goes back to normal.
In principle, genes can be changed, but
we don't have the technology to do that
but i don't think it's a good idea
Because the insulin, IGF and TOR pathways are essential.
If you knock them out completely, you'll get seriously ill.
So you're going to tweak it very carefully to get the effect you want without causing problems.
And I think it's better for medicine to have this kind of control.
And there are other, safer ways to activate FOXO that are independent of insulin and IGF-1.
Matt: I didn't suggest that I was going to do that...
(Laughter) What do you think about the phenomenon that you've written about and talked about that you barely age?
There are already some creatures on this planet that don't really age.
- come here
Cynthia: Yes, there are some animals that don't seem to age.
For example, there is a turtle called the Branding Turtle
they grow to this size
They were tagged and found to be 70 years old.
When you look at this 70-year-old turtle, at first glance, you can't tell the difference from a 20-year-old turtle.
And 70-year-olds are better at finding good nesting sites and leave more offspring each year.
And this turtle-like example is also found in certain birds.
We don't know if we can live forever or what's stopping us from aging.
it is not clear
If you look at long-lived birds, their cells tend to be more resistant to various environmental stresses like high temperatures and hydrogen peroxide.
And so are our long-lived mutants of C. elegans.
I have a strong resistance to that kind of stress.
So pathways like the ones I talked about that were set up to work for a short time in C. elegans have unusual setpoints, even in birds, that seem to make birds live much longer.
And maybe it's set up quite differently in animals that don't age at all, but we don't know.
Matt: But what you're talking about here is that avoiding death isn't about prolonging human life, it's about prolonging human youth.
Cynthia: yes that's right
For example, if you were a dog
You'll find yourself getting old, and you'll look at people and say, "Why aren't humans getting old?"
Given the lifespan of dogs, humans don't seem to age.
it might be like that
What would an immortal human look like from a human perspective?
Matt: Cynthia Kenyon Thank you very much.
(applause)
First of all, I apologize to all of you, I don't use PowerPoint.
Instead, I sometimes do this gesture, so you can imagine a slide any way you like, based on PowerPoint democracy.
I host a radio program
In the program "Infinite Monkey Cage"
The theme is science and rationalism
So every week I get a lot of complaints, and one of the constant complaints is that the title "Infinite Monkey Cage" is in favor of vivisection.
To those who say so, I'll answer them plainly: the infinite monkey cage is very wide.
(Laughter) I've heard people say, "Infinite monkey cage," that's ridiculous.
You can't write Shakespeare even if you have an infinite number of monkeys.
I know this because I've tested it."
Yes, there was an experiment where 12 monkeys were given a typewriter for a week, and after a week it was being used as a toilet.
(Laughter) But the most common complaint - and we worry about it - is, "Why are you so obsessed with ruining magic when you bring in science?
The magic will be broken."
I have a degree in liberal arts and I love mythology and magic and existentialism and self-loathing.
that's my specialty
But I don't know why that would ruin the magic.
I think the magic destroyed by science is only replaced by something just as wonderful.
Like astrology, like many rationalists, I'm a Pisces.
(Laughter) Now, when it comes to astrology, the clichéd notion that it can predict your life or that you're going to meet a nice person wearing a hat today is out of the question.
has become a thing of the past
But you can still find prophecies in the sky
Predictions about galaxy formation Predictions of galaxy collisions and prospects for new solar systems
these are awesome
If the sun and the earth could read their own charts, they would say, "This is not a good day to plan.
Swallowed by a red giant star
It's the same for me, and while it may seem like you're worried about the apocalypse, many worlds theory -- one of the most beautiful, fascinating, and sometimes terrifying theories to come out of quantum interpretation -- is wonderful.
Every decision you've made in your life so far in this room isn't actually made by you, but every option has been chosen and each branched out into a new universe.
great idea
If you think your life is trash, remember there's another you who made a much worse decision
(Laughter) If you think, "I want to finish it," it's not finished at all.
Because in the vast majority of universes you don't even exist in the first place.
It's strange, but this makes me feel very safe.
Rebirth is going from this world to the next world.
This world does not disappear
Science actually tells us that we will live forever.
There is one caveat
You don't actually have an endless life
People's consciousness, in other words, your uniqueness and your uniqueness are inherited.
On the other hand, everything that makes us, every atom, has made countless different things in the past and will continue to do so.
The atoms that make us up used to be mountains, apples, pulsars and someone's knees.
Your atom may have once been Napoleon's knee.
this is good
Unlike us who borrow from the universe, the universe itself has no waste.
we are completely reusable
When you die, you don't even have to put it in a garbage bag.
It is wonderful
For me, understanding doesn't take away surprise or joy.
For example, if my wife looked at me and said, "Why do you love me?"
I could look her in the eye and say from the bottom of my heart, "Because our pheromones match each other's olfactory receptors."
(Laughter) Well, maybe I'll mention her hair and her personality.
this is great
Love never goes away by knowing
the pain won't go away
I hate this
If someone hits me - which happens a lot these days because of my personality - I know where the pain comes from.
Pain is the momentum of energy, which is always a four-vector.
But I can't say, "Huh, is that the best four-vector you can create?"
i just spit out my broken tooth
(Laughter) The other thing is the love of children.
I have a son named Archie
I'm a lucky man 'cause he's better than anyone
you don't think so
If you have children, you probably think, "My children are the best."
That's the great thing about evolution: evolution is the predilection to believe that your child is the best.
In many ways this is about survival.
We love our children because of the fact that they are the heirs of our genes.
But I don't realize it, I just love you unconditionally
that's great
But my kids really are the best
I've done some experiments
All of this gave me great joy and excitement and surprise.
Even quantum mechanics, for example, can be used as an excuse for doing poorly on homework.
stay home alone for a week
When you're free to mess around
If your wife is coming home
What should I do?
is to do nothing
When your wife comes back, you take a quantum interpretation and say, "I'm sorry.
I haven't thought about my house for a while, and when I came to myself, this is what happened."
(Laughter) This is the strong anthropic principle of vacuuming.
it's very important to me
Even on the way here - every time I come, I feel joy along the way
Even if the myth is gone, there are still strange things
while on the train
Every time you breathe in, you breathe in an unfathomable number of atoms of oxygen.
while sitting in a chair
Even though I know the chair is made of atoms and full of cracks, I feel comfortable.
When I look out my window, I realize that every time I stop and look out of my window, no matter where I am, the view out of that window has more life than all life in the universe we know.
If you go to a safari park on Saturn or Jupiter, you'll only be disappointed.
We think about these things in our brains, which are the most complex organs we know.
that's great
maybe that's enough
In the words of Nobel laureate Steve Weinberg, "The more we understand the universe, the more meaningless it seems."
Some people associate it with nihilism.
but i don't think so this is great
I'm glad that the universe is meaningless
When I reach the end of my life, the universe won't say, "You idiot.
what are you doing It's off the mark."
i can set goals for myself
so are you
We have the individual power to say, "This is what I want to do."
In a meaningless universe this is great
It was a silly joke about quantum mechanics and the Copenhagen interpretation.
you can do something more meaningful
thank you very much goodbye
(applause)
[Taunting from Danny Hillis] [Now is the time to start talking about manipulating the Earth's climate] What if there was a way to build a thermostat that could lower the temperature of the Earth at any time?
If someone had a plausible idea about how to implement it, I think everyone would be enthusiastic about that idea and actively research how to implement it.
But the truth is, many people know how to do it.
But the reality is that research in this area is not very well supported.
Part of the reason, I believe, is due to a fundamental misunderstanding of this idea.
So today, I'm not trying to convince you that this is a good idea.
Instead, I'm trying to pique your interest and clear up some of the misconceptions about working on this idea.
The basic idea of ​​solar geoengineering is that you can cool things down just by bouncing a little bit more of the sun's light back into space.
And the idea of ​​how to do it has literally existed for decades.
Clouds like low clouds like this are the best way to do that.
We all know that temperatures are cold under the clouds.
I like this cloud because it has exactly the same moisture content as the clear air around it.
As you can see from this, even the slightest change in airflow can create clouds.
We're making artificial clouds all the time.
This is a contrail, an artificial cloud of water vapour, created by passing jet engines.
So we're already changing the clouds on Earth.
Is it a coincidence
Whether it's a government conspiracy that received a super-secret mission is up to you.
(Laughter) But we're already doing a lot of this.
This is a sea lane taken by NASA
In fact, the movement of ships causes cloud formation, and it's effective enough to help reduce global warming by a whopping 1 degree.
We're already doing solar engineering.
There are many ways to implement ideas
People have been thinking about everything from putting giant parasols in space to foaming seawater.
And some of these proposals actually make a lot of sense.
Recently, Dr. David Keith of Harvard published a proposal to sprinkle lime dust in the stratosphere to repel sunlight.
This is a pretty good idea, because lime is the most common mineral on earth, and it's so safe that it's even in baby food.
Also, basically, if you put lime in the stratosphere, after a few years, it all dissolves in rainwater and falls back down.
Now, before we start worrying about lime in rainwater, let me explain that it's very minimal.
the calculation is very easy
This is a rough calculation I literally did behind the envelope.
(Laughter) (Applause) Of course, a much more painstaking calculation yielded the same answer, which is to offset the impact of CO2 that we've had in the past by adding lime to the stratosphere at a rate of 10 million tons per year. The fact that you have to spray -- this is just temperature, and it doesn't offset all effects.
What does it look like when you run it?
I can't imagine 10 million tons per year.
So we enlisted the help of the Cambridge Fire Department and Taylor Milthal.
This is a hose that releases 10 million tons of water a year.
This tells us how much we need to release into the stratosphere to cool the planet down to pre-industrial levels.
It's a surprisingly small amount, because one hose is the whole planet.
Now, of course, you're actually going to be in the air without a hose, in a plane or something.
But the amount is so small, it's like putting a handful of lime into a full cup of rainwater in an Olympic swimming pool.
it's an insignificant amount
So why is this idea not accepted?
Why can't you take me seriously?
There are some very good reasons
A lot of people don't think this should be discussed.
And some very close friends of mine in the audience today, who I admire so much, don't think I should be talking about this.
The reason people hold this view is that they fear that if we find an easy solution, people will stop wanting to end their dependence on fossil fuels.
i'm worried about it too
I think it's a really serious problem
But I think there are more serious problems. No one wants to ruin the whole planet.
i love the earth
I don't want to ruin the earth
But we're already altering the Earth's atmosphere, and we're already ruining the planet.
I think it makes sense for us to look for ways to mitigate its effects.
For that you have to research
need to be understood scientifically
I've noticed a theme, and it's a theme that's been inflated at TED.
of course you need both
So there is no sure way
This idea is certainly not a silver bullet.
But we need science to tell us what our options are. We need science to show us both ingenuity and warning.
So I'm optimistic about the future of humanity, but not because I think it's a trivial matter.
I'm optimistic because I believe that humanity's ability to solve problems is far greater than we imagine.
thank you very much
(Applause) [This talk caused a lot of controversy at TED2017] [I encourage you to watch the discussion online to see what others have to say]
I am so afraid I don't think it's possible
You've probably seen Al Gore's amazing speech
After I saw it, I had dinner with my friends and my family, and we were talking about global warming. We all agreed, this is a big problem.
the climate is in crisis
So we talked one by one about what to do.
Then it was my 15 year old daughter, Mary's turn.
She said, "I agree with everything they said.
I'm scared and angry." And he turned to me and said, "This is a problem of your generation, so please fix it."
Everyone froze. eyes are looking at me
(Laughter) I couldn't think of anything to say back.
(Laughter) And the time has finally come. This issue cannot be taken lightly.In the face of irreversible and devastating consequences, we must act, and decisively.
To be honest, that night changed everything for me.
So I started a mission to learn more with my partner and try to do more. And we rallied and got on the plane
I went to Brazil. In China, in India, in Bentonville, Arkansas, in Washington D.C., in Sacramento
So I'd like to share with you what we've learned on this journey.
The more we learned, the more our worries grew.
As you may know, Kleiner's partners are obsessed networkers, so when we see a big problem or opportunity, whether it's bird flu or personal medicine, we gather the smartest people we know.
This climate crisis has truly created a network of superstars, from policy activists to scientists, entrepreneurs and business leaders. 50 people
So I'd like to share what we've learned about four lessons we learned last year.
The first lesson is that companies are very powerful and this is very important. This story tells how Walmart went green and what it means
Two years ago, CEO Lee Scott believed that going green was the next big thing and made going green a top priority for Walmart.
We promised to reduce the energy consumption of existing stores by 20% and new stores by 30% within seven years.
The three major energy consumption items in stores were air conditioning, lighting, and refrigerators.
let's see what they did
First, I painted the roofs of all the stores white.
We placed natural lighting in the ceiling to take advantage of natural light and reduce the need for lighting.
And third, they placed items that needed to be refrigerated behind closed doors with LED lights.
You don't need to refrigerate your entire store, do you?
It's a very simple, clever way to use existing technology.
Why Walmart Matters because it's huge
America's largest private employer
It is also the largest private consumer of electricity.
It is also the owner of the second largest fleet of vehicles
We have the world's best supply chain of 60,000 suppliers. If Walmart were a country, it would be China's sixth largest trading partner.
Perhaps most importantly, having a significant impact on other companies
When Walmart declares it's going to be green and profitable, it's going to have a powerful impact on other big organizations.
The point here is that if Walmart achieves 20 percent energy savings, that would be a big deal. but it's not enough
All companies other than Walmart must do the same.
The second lesson is that individuals matter, and they matter tremendously.
One more Walmart story, okay?
Walmart has 125 million customers in the US
one-third of the population of the United States
65 million compact fluorescent lamps were sold last year
They say they're going to sell another 100 million units this year, and that's not going to be easy.
Customers aren't particularly fond of this light bulb.
The light is a bit of a strange color and it can't be dimmed and it takes a while to turn on.
but the effect is huge
100 million compact fluorescent bulbs save $600 million in electricity costs each year, and 20 million tons of carbon dioxide each year. every year
It seems very difficult to get consumers to do the right thing
It's stupid to take two tons of steel, glass and plastic to transport your body to the mall.
It's silly in Fiji to put water in a plastic bottle and bring it here.
(Laughter) It's hard to change consumer behavior because consumers don't know how much it costs. Do you know?
Do you know how much carbon dioxide you put out to get here?
I don't know, I should know
People who care about these things will act smarter once they know what the real costs are.
But as long as carbon dioxide pretends to be free and is almost invisible when used, can we expect it to change?
I'm really scared, because the change that we can reasonably expect from individuals is clearly not enough.
The third lesson is that policies really matter
Policy is actually the most important
There's a story behind the green tech network I mentioned earlier.
At the end of the first meeting, we talked about what the next action items would be and how we would follow up.
So Bob Epstein raised his hand and stood up.
Bob is a Berkeley tech guy who started a company called Sybase.
He said the most important thing we can do now is go to Sacramento, the capital of California, and find out that we need a market-based system of directives to limit and reduce California's greenhouse gas emissions. That's it
It's necessary, but it's also good for California's economy.
So eight of us went to Sacramento in August to meet with seven undecided congressmen and lobby for AB32.
Six out of seven voted in favor of the bill, which passed by a vote of 47 to 32.
(Applause) Thank you.
I think it's the most important law of 2006. because
Because California became the first state in the country to mandate a 25% reduction in greenhouse gases by 2020.
And that will result in 83,000 new jobs, $4 billion in annual revenue, and 174 million tons of carbon emissions saved each year.
California's carbon footprint is only 7% that of the US
That is only 1.5% of the country's emissions. Great start, but let me repeat what I said at the beginning. i am really afraid
In fact, California alone is not enough
There's a story about national policy we can learn
You know what Tom Friedman said, "you never know until you go"?
We went to Brazil and met Dr. Jose Goldenberg
father of the ethanol revolution
According to him, the Brazilian government has made it mandatory for all petrol stations in Brazil to sell ethanol.
In addition, new vehicles are required to be compatible with alternative fuels.
It runs on both ethanol and regular gasoline.
And this is what happened in Brazil
There are now 29,000 ethanol-capable pumps, compared to 700 in the United States and just two in California, and within three years, the percentage of new cars that are fuel-alternative has gone from 4% to 85%.
5 percent in the US
And hey, most owners don't even know that.
And what's even more happening in Brazil is that ethanol has replaced 40 percent of the gasoline used in cars.
$59 billion since 1975, the money they haven't sent to the Middle East.
It has created a million jobs in the country and saved 32 million tons of carbon dioxide. is quite
10% of national emissions
However, Brazil's carbon footprint is only 1.3% of the world's
Brazil's Ethanol Miracle, Unfortunately, Isn't Enough
In fact, even the best policies are not enough.
The fourth and final lesson is about the potential for radical innovation.
Now, I'd like to talk to you about a tragic problem and a breakthrough technology.
As many as 1.5 million people die each year from a completely preventable disease: malaria. 6,000 people a day
Because we don't have drugs worth only two dollars, which we can buy at the corner drug store.
It's two dollars. Two dollars is too much for Africa
So a team of Berkeley researchers, with $15 million from the Gates Foundation, are working to develop and design a radical new method to create a key ingredient called artemisinin, to make it one-tenth the cost. doing
It saves millions of lives -- at least millions, every year. a million lives
Their breakthrough technology is called synthetic biology.
It's about taking advantage of millions of years of biological evolution to redesign microbes to create useful products.
What it does is get inside a microbe and change its metabolic pathway to create a living chemical factory.
You might have a question John, what does that have to do with green and climate issues? Tone
No, actually that's a big deal
We built a company called Amyris, and the technology they use is making better biofuels.
Please explain in a little more detail. Better biofuels are very important
It's about being able to rigorously design the fuel's molecular structure and optimize it in the process.
If all goes well, designer microbes in thermal containers will eat and digest the sugar and secrete better biofuels.
Isn't life better with insects
Alan Kay famously said that the best way to predict the future is to invent it.
And of course, at Kleiner, we say, with some trepidation, that the next best thing is finance.
And that's why we're investing $200 million in a wide range of disruptive new technologies that are green technology innovations.
and encourage others to do the same
We talk a lot about this subject
In 2005, we invested $600 million in new technology like the one you see here, doubled to $1.2 billion in 2006.
Still, I think I need more and more money
Here are some reference values. First fact: Exxon's sales were $1 billion a day in 2005
Did you know they invest only 0.2% of their sales in R&D?
Fact number two: The president's new budget for renewable energy totals barely $1 billion.
That's less than Exxon's daily sales.
Fact number three: I bet you don't know, but there's enough energy in the hot rock beneath our country to meet America's energy needs for thousands of years. And yet the federal budget calls for only $20 million for geothermal energy research and development.
It's almost criminal not to invest more money in domestic energy research.
I really don't think this is enough
As a result of studying over a year, I discovered many surprises
Who would have thought mass retailers could make money by going green? Who would have thought database entrepreneurs could change California with legislation?
Who would have thought that the ethanol biofuel miracle would come from a developing country in South America?
And who would have thought that a malaria cure scientist would find a breakthrough in biofuels?
And who would have thought that all this would still not be enough?
It's still not enough to stabilize the climate.
It's still not enough to keep Greenland's ice from melting and sinking into the ocean.
Scientists are telling us -- and they're just guessing -- that we have to cut our greenhouse gas emissions in half, and we have to do it as soon as possible.
Today, there may be the political will to do this in the United States, but remember, there is only one atmosphere. China has a wild card
Looking at the magnitude of the problem, China's carbon footprint is currently 3.3 gigatons while the United States is 5.8. If the current trend continues, China will have 23 gigatonnes by 2050.
about the same amount of carbon dioxide in the world today
If this activity continues, we will go bankrupt.
When I went to the Davos conference, when the mayor of Dalian, China, was pressed about his carbon strategy, he said, "Americans use seven times as much carbon per capita as China does."
Then I asked, "Why should China sacrifice its own growth to allow the West to remain a spendthrift and a fool?"
can anyone answer this? i can't answer
We have to make this economically viable, so that all people and all nations can get the right results, the beneficial results, and therefore the results can be real.
Energy is a $6 trillion business worldwide
It is the mother of all markets. Remember the Internet?
Let me tell you something good. Green technology, greening is bigger than the internet.
Could be the biggest economic opportunity of the 21st century
Moreover, if successful, it would be the most significant change for life on Earth since, as Bill Joy puts it, methane in the atmosphere was converted to oxygen.
So here's the difficult question: if companies, individuals, policies, and innovations around the world aren't going in that direction enough, what are we going to do? I do not know
All of you here are interested in changing the world, and you've made a difference in some way.
So what we want to vote on - my request to you - is to make going green your next big thing, your job.
What can you do? Become personally carbon neutral
You can buy carbon credits by going to ClimateCrisis.org or CarbonCalculator.com. You can also join the lobbying campaign for cap-and-trade mandates to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the United States.
There are currently six bills in the Senate. let's go through one of them
And the most important thing you can do is use your personal power and your business card file and lead your company, your organization green.
Take Walmart's footsteps Go green for your customers, your suppliers, and yourself
Think outside the existing framework
Can you imagine what would happen if Amazon, eBay, Google, Microsoft, Apple really went green and you caused it?
Bigger than Walmart
I can't wait for you at TED to do something about this crisis
And I really, really hope that we can all use our energy, our talents, our influence to solve this problem.
Because if I can do that, I can look forward to the conversations I'll have with my daughter 20 years from now.
(applause)
There's something I want to talk to you about, it's important
let's start
Sixty-five million years ago, it was an unfortunate day for the dinosaurs.
(Laughter) A large meteorite, 10 kilometers in diameter, hit the Earth at about 50 times the speed of a rifle.
That energy radiated in an instant, and it exploded in a big explosion, and it was all over.
Even if you collected all the nuclear weapons built during the Cold War and detonated them all at once, you'd only get a millionth of the energy that the meteor would have produced on impact.
A very unlucky day for the dinosaurs
May I?
A meteorite with a diameter of 10 kilometers is very large
we live in boulder
Longspeak outside the window is a familiar sight, so scoop up Longspeak
I'll put it aside, take Mount Meeker and put it together
Everest and K2 (Mountain)
Indian Peaks too
Let's keep it together Let's think about it
How many mountains have we talked about?
The size of the meteorite is evident from its impact and crater.
The meteor hit the Yucatan in the Gulf of Mexico.
Here you can see the Yucatan peninsula, and the island of Cozumel is off the east coast.
You can see the size of the crater
It was gigantic in its scale
here
The size is 80 km at the top
The base is 100 km.A huge crater with a diameter of 300 km (about 200 miles) carved a large amount of earth and scattered it all over the world, turning the whole earth into a sea of ​​fire with dust enough to block the sunlight.
75% of all life on earth went extinct
Not all asteroids are this big
some are small
This is the meteorite that fell on America in October 1992.
it was friday night
Why is it important?
Video cameras were just starting to become popular at the time, and everyone was carrying a video camera and filming their kids' football games because it fell on Friday.
This amazing footage was filmed all over West Virginia, Maryland, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, even in New York cars.
(Laughter) It's not 300 kilometers in diameter, but even a football-sized meteor like the one you see here can damage a car when it hits it.
This meteorite was probably originally the size of a school bus.
Atmospheric pressure would have shattered it into pieces, and the pieces would have fallen and caused damage.
If a meteor like this fell on your feet or on your head, you'd be in big trouble.
But it's okay because all life on Earth won't go extinct.
But a catastrophe can happen even if it's less than 10 kilometers in diameter.
Meteorites are not only small and large, but also medium-sized. If you go to Winslow, Arizona, you'll find a very iconic crater in the desert called the "Arizona Meteor Crater."
It measures 1.5 kilometers in diameter.
The summit is a parking lot, and RVs are also parked.
It is about 1,5 kilometers in diameter and 200 meters deep
The size of the object that created this crater is about 30 to 45 meters, about the size of this McKay Auditorium.
It came at a tremendous speed, hit the ground, shattered, and exploded with about 20 megatons of nuclear bomb energy, a very large bomb.
50,000 years ago, that meteorite wiped out life like a buffalo or antelope from the desert, but it didn't seem to cause a global disaster.
The following examples show that catastrophes can occur even if an asteroid does not hit.
The Tunguska explosion of 1908. If you watch "Ghostbusters," Dan Aykroyd says it's the first paranormal event since the 1909 Tunguska explosion.
It's okay, even if you make mistakes, you can live on (laughs).
At this point, the asteroid entered the atmosphere and exploded several kilometers above the ground.
The heat from the explosion set the forest ablaze, and the airwaves knocked down thousands of square kilometers of trees.
This was a very large scale of destruction
Again, this is probably the work of this auditorium-sized asteroid.
The Arizona meteorite crater was formed by the impact of a very robust meteorite containing iron gold.
As for Tunguska, it's probably the work of a very fragile asteroid.
So it broke up in the air.In both cases, it was a massive explosion of 20 megatons.
An explosion of this magnitude would not have a global ecological impact.
It won't be like the dinosaurs went extinct.
there is no such destructive power
But it does hurt the global economy, and it can hurt even if it doesn't hit the surface.
Doesn't have to be a global disaster
If a meteor were to fall somewhere, it would cause panic, if this was the most important city-
Every city is important, but if a meteor were to hit a city that supports the global economy, it would have a huge impact on our civilization and our way of life.
You're all scared and shivering. (Laughter) What can we do?
this is a potential threat
In the last 65 million years, there hasn't been a giant impact that wiped out the dinosaurs, which is rare.
Small meteorite impacts do happen often, but they're probably once every 1,000 years, every few centuries or even thousands of years.
Still something to pay attention to
Well what do we do?
The first thing is to find
This is an asteroid that passed close to Earth in 2009.
here
it's very hard to see
can you see what's behind
these are just stars
It's about 30 meters in diameter, so it's probably about the same size as the objects that hit Tunguska and Arizona.
only faintly visible
It's hard to see and the sky is vast
we must not miss these
fortunately we are always on the lookout
NASA is funding this oversight, and the National Science Foundation and other countries are very interested in this.
We're building telescopes to spot these threats.
It's an important first step. What's next?
Detect objects heading towards Earth
What are you going to do? You know the asteroid Apophis?
Even if you don't know it, you'll hear it someday
If you're familiar with the Mayan prophecies of 2012, then you're familiar with Apophis, because the information about the end of the world is interconnected.
Apophis was discovered in 2004
It's about 250 meters in diameter, and it's pretty big, an object bigger than a football field.
will pass near Earth in April 2029
As for how close it is, it's believed to pass closer than a weather satellite.
Earth's gravitational pull bends Apophis's orbit. If Apophis passes through this bean-shaped "keyhole," Earth's gravity will change its orbit, and then seven years later, on April 13, 2036... By the way, it's Friday the 13th.
It's 250 meters in diameter and the impact will be beyond your imagination.
Luckily for me, the odds of it going through the keyhole and hitting the Earth are one in a million, which is very low, so personally I don't think so.
There is no worry that keeps you awake at night
Apophis is no problem Apophis is a blessing in misfortune
Because it has awakened our sense of crisis about these things.
This was discovered only a few years ago and could have collided years later.
It doesn't actually collide, but that's what started the search for this kind of asteroid.
I didn't know about keyholes before, but now I do know that they are very important in how we stop asteroid impacts.
Let me ask you, if you're standing in the middle of the road
What do you do when a car comes towards you?
You can dodge, right? the car passes
Earth doesn't move easily, but asteroids can.
it's already done
In 2005, NASA launched a probe called "Deep Impact" and sent part of it crashing into the nucleus of a comet.
Comets look a lot like asteroids
The goal wasn't to change the orbit, the goal was to crater the comet, dig out the comet's constituents, and study its internal structure, and it had a lot to do with it.
We moved the comet just a little bit, but that's not the point.
Think about it, this is going around the sun at 15 to 30 kilometers per second.
Hit a comet with a bullet from a probe
You've done something very difficult
It means you can do it again
If you see an asteroid heading for Earth and it's very close, if you want, go there in two years, Boom! hit
Well... when you watch a movie, you think, I wish we had nuclear weapons.
You can try, but the timing is difficult
If you launch a nuclear warhead into an asteroid, you have to detonate it within milliseconds or it will fail, and there are many other problems.
difficult to implement
it's very easy to hit something
I think even NASA can do it.
(Laughter) The problem is when you put a bullet in an asteroid, change its trajectory, take a new trajectory, and you find that the asteroid is in the keyhole, and it's going to hit the Earth in three years.
If you ask me, it's okay
If you don't have a conflict in six months, you're good.You have three years to tackle the problem.
you can shoot asteroids again
You might end up in another keyhole, so don't do that. Now here's my favorite part.
(Laughter) Bravely saying, "Burning bang! I'm going to shoot a bullet right in the middle," and then take a gentler approach.
(Laughter) A group of scientists and engineers and astronauts call themselves the "B612" Foundation.
If you've read "The Little Prince", you know something, don't you? The asteroid where the Little Prince lived was called B612.
B612 has great men and women, like I said, astronauts and engineers.
Apollo 9's Russell Schweickert
It belongs here, and my friend Dan Dalda, who made this video, is one of them, and he works at the Southwest Research Institute.
He's the creator of this video, and he's working on the plan I'm talking about.
one of the astronomers
If there's an asteroid coming toward Earth, given enough time, we can fire the bullets in and correct the trajectory, but we should rather do it.
to launch a 1.2 ton probe
It doesn't have to be gigantic, it can carry something like two tons up to the asteroid.
landing on a spinning asteroid
It's difficult, so I won't land, but when I get close,
The asteroid's gravity pulls the probe, even for a probe that weighs about two tons.
There's just a tiny bit of gravity, and that gravity can pull the asteroid, and we've got a rocket on board to do that, and you can see the faint smoke from the rocket. With gentle movements, it's easy to put an asteroid into a safe orbit.
We could put it in Earth orbit and mine it, but that's another story, so I won't do it right now.
(Laughter) But you can get rich by doing it.
(Laughter) Imagine
Let's say three giant meteorites fall, and if they hit the Earth, they're going to do some damage, but we already know how to deal with it.
We are fully prepared for that
Astronomers keep an eye on it with their telescopes
There are some very smart people who are interested in this and have come up with solutions to this problem, and we have the technology to do that.
This probe cannot use chemical fuels.
Chemical fuels have too much propulsion, and the rover flies away.
We are Aeon Drive
developed a very low-thrust engine
It puts out as little energy as a piece of paper pushing on your hand, but you can keep putting out that little thrust for months and years.
In the original "Star Trek," there was an alien ship with an ion engine, and Spock said, "They're so technologically advanced.
It's an engine that's 100 years ahead of us."
The ion engine has already been realized (laughs).
We don't have spacecraft like them, but we do have ion engines.
(Applause) Do you understand, Mr. Spock?
(laughs)
This is the difference between us and dinosaurs.
Dinosaurs became extinct in a meteorite
we will not
The difference between dinosaurs and us is the space program and elections, we can change the future.
(Laughter) We have the ability to change the future.
In 65 million years, we won't have to put our dusty bones in museums.
thank you
(applause)
Introducing Rezero
This little robot was developed by 10 undergraduate students at the Autonomous Systems Laboratory at ETH Zurich.
This is a type of robot called a "ballbot".
Instead of using tires, we're balancing on a single ball.
The peculiarity of such a system is that there is only one ground point.
So this robot is inherently unstable.
Just like someone standing on one leg Just like someone standing on one leg
You might wonder what the use of such an unstable robot would be.
I'll tell you about that in a moment.
But before that, let's talk about how Rezero balances.
Rezero constantly measures the degree of tilt with a sensor
And depending on that result, it drives the motor to keep it from tipping over.
I'm doing it 160 times a second, and if something goes wrong somewhere along the line, I'm going to collapse.
You have to roll the ball to move and keep your balance.
There are three discs that move the ball around, and you can roll the ball in any direction, and you can even spin it while it's moving.
Because of its instability, it's always on the move, but that's where it matters.
It's exactly this instability that makes robots so dynamic.
let's do a little
You may be wondering what would happen if someone pushed me.
Now it's in "current position hold mode"
For the next demonstration, let's bring in two of my colleagues, Michael, who works the computer, and Thomas, who helps with the stage.
Next, in "passive mode," you can move it around.
You can change your position and speed with just a small amount of force.
You can also spin
Next is "Follow Mode," where it follows people.
I keep my distance from him
I'm using the laser sensor on the top.
You can also make it go around people in the same way.
We call it "orbital mode".
thank you thomas
(Applause) What could this technology be used for?
It's still experimental, but let me show you some potential future applications.
At fairgrounds and amusement parks
It would be fun to provide services such as information display and guidance by attaching a display.
In hospitals, it could be used to carry medical equipment.
Due to the nature of the ball bot, it does not take up much space and can be easily moved.
Of course it is possible to ride
All of them have practical uses
There's a certain beauty in this technology itself.
(Music) (Applause) Hello everyone—
(Thank you for applause
everyone please gather
let everyone tell a story
Once upon a time, in 19th-century Germany, there were books.
At this time, the book was the king of storytelling.
dignified
was everywhere
but it was kinda boring
Because for 400 years, storytellers didn't evolve the book as a narrative tool.
But then an artist came along and brought about a revolution.
(music) The man's name was Lothar Lothar Meggendorfer.
Lothor was adamant and said, "Genug ist genug!"
Lotor grabbed the pen and pulled out a pair of scissors.
I didn't want to fold the normal way, so I decided to fold paper.
Lothar Meggendorfer, after all, became known as the inventor of the world's first pop-up picture book.
(music) People rejoiced in this fun and fun.
(Applause) Stories kept being told, the world kept spinning, people were happy.
Lothar Meggendorfer wasn't the only one to evolve storytelling.
Whether consciously or not, the storytellers took Meggendorfer's spirit and turned opera into theater, radio news into radio plays, photography into motion pictures, and sound, color, and 3D movies on VHS and DVD.
There didn't seem to be any medicine for this Meggendorfer fever.
And with the advent of the Internet, things got even more interesting.
(Laughter) Because not only can you share your story with the world, but you can use an endless array of tools to do so.
For example, one company uses its search engine to tell love stories.
A Taiwanese production studio is bringing American politics to life in 3D.
(Laughter) And then there's this man who's using the platform Twitter to tell him what his father says and does to vent his frustration.
When we got this far people stopped and looked back
I realized that the 6,000-year history of storytelling has evolved from hunting pictures on cave walls to Shakespeare on Facebook walls.
this was a blessing
The aesthetics of storytelling hasn't changed
And most of the time, stories are told over and over again.
But the way people tell stories has evolved all the time, with a very consistent novelty.
And people remembered a man, a great German, with every new narrative tool.
In this way, the audience, cheerful and good-natured, lived happily ever after.
(applause)
After I left UCLA, I moved from Los Angeles to Northern California in a small town called Elk on the Mendocino coast.
I lived without a telephone or television, but I still received mail.
It was a good time, as far as I can remember.
You can go to the general store, have coffee and brownies, send the film to San Francisco, and two days later it's ready and you'll be back in good shape, rather than exhausted in Hollywood traffic.
It was a lot better. I didn't have the money, but I had the time and curiosity.
So I started doing time-lapse photography.
It took me a whole month to make a four-minute film, but all I had was time.
I've been doing time-lapse photography of flowers nonstop, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, for 30 years.
The way the flowers move is a dance that you never get tired of seeing.
The beauty of flowers fills us with their colors, tastes and textures.
Flowers also provide a third of our food.
Beauty and seduction are tools for survival in nature, because we protect what we love.
It opens our hearts and allows us to realize that we are part of nature and not separate from it.
When you put yourself in nature, it's clear that we're all connected, we're all connected.
People who see my videos often say "Oh my God"
Have you ever wondered what this word means?
"Oh" means you've been given attention and it brings your attention to the present moment.
“my” means connecting with what is deep inside you
A gateway is created to hear the voice of the heart.
What is "God"?
God is a journey we all want to follow, a journey we all want to be empowered by, a personal journey we all want to feel connected to a world where life is celebrated.
Did you know that 80% of the information we receive comes through our eyes? If you compare the energy of light to a musical scale, the naked eye can only see the middle octave.
Wouldn't it be great if our brains could explore the world by creating images from the electrical signals of light energy?
Aren't we grateful that we have hearts that can feel the joy and the beauty of nature from this vibration?
The beauty of nature is a gift that fosters gratitude.
I have a gift for you today in a project I'm working on called Happiness Revealed.
It's about trying to unlock happiness by glimpsing it from the perspective of children and the elderly.
What you see on TV is just fake and pretending
If you explore on your own, you'll be more imaginative than you are now When you're imaginative, you'll want to go deeper And you'll see more wonderful things Like a road - if it's a road, it leads to the beach or something, and it's beautiful Music of)
Do you think today is just another day in your life?
no this was given to you today
it's a special day
It's a gift—it's a gift.
With the one and only gift entrusted to you now
Thank you.
If you try to develop the ability to respond to the wonderful gift of this special day If you learn to respond as if it were your first and last day, you're going to make the most of that day. probably
It starts with opening your eyes and feeling amazement, in the abundance of colors that constantly bring pure joy to having eyes to open.
look up at the sky
People rarely look up at the sky
With clouds coming and going, we rarely notice how much the sky changes from moment to moment.
We just care about the weather. Even the weather doesn't care that it's so nuanced.
It's just good weather or bad weather
Today, at this moment in time, the weather is so special that it will never be exactly the same again.
You'll never see the exact same clouds in the sky again.
open your eyes and see
the faces of the people you meet
Behind every face is an incredible story, a story impossible to comprehend in its entirety. The story is not only connected to the person himself, but also to their ancestors.
Back there, and in this moment, in this moment, through generations of life-links of all the people you meet on this day, together from many parts of the world, they flow to you like the water of life, just your heart. if you just open and drink
Let's open our hearts to the wonderful gifts that civilization gives us.
Just press the switch to turn it on
You just turn on the faucet and you get hot or cold water, and it's drinkable.
It's a gift that millions of people in the world will never get.
These are just a few of the myriad gifts to open your heart to.
So open your heart to all these blessings and let them flow through you May they reach everyone you meet today Just from your eyes From your smile From your hands Just that you are there from
To everyone around me, so that gratitude becomes a blessing and overflows
Then today will be a really good day
(Applause) Hi
thank you
(applause)
Like many people here, I live in an urban area on the planet.
I'm one of 2 billion people. I know this may not apply to some of you, but there are times when I realize how much I depend on other people for my life.
Sometimes I find it a little scary
But what I'm going to talk to you about today is that this interdependence is actually a very powerful infrastructure, and that open source collaboration can help alleviate some of the most deeply rooted societal problems.
A few years ago, I read an article in The New York Times by Michael Pollan about how growing even a fraction of your own food can do a tremendous amount of good for the environment.
It was the middle of winter when I read that article, and my apartment in New York City didn't have room for dirt.
So I figured I'd just wait for the next issue of Wired magazine to read the experts' perspectives on these future issues.
But I realized that's exactly what Mr. Pollan was pointing out in his article, which is that handing over all responsibility to the experts is what's causing the kind of food-related chaos we're experiencing.
By chance, I found out that NASA was doing hydroponics to find out how to grow food in space, because of work.
High-quality liquid fertilizer flowed around plant roots yields nutrient-rich crops.
My apartment is as bad a place as the universe to build a farm.
But you get some natural light and you can control the temperature all year round, and the two years fly by.
Finally, we have a farm by the window using vertical hydroponics equipment that can grow food indoors.
Here's how it works: A pump at the bottom of the device periodically pumps nutrient solution up to the top, where it drips onto the roots of the plant, which is supported by granules of clay, without soil.
Now, because light and temperature depend on the local environment around the window, the window farm needs a farmer, and it's the farmer who decides what crops to plant in the window farm, and whether or not to grow them organically. is
Initially, window farms were thought to be technically complex and would require a lot of trial and error.
So we wanted it to be a public project, because hydroponics is currently the fastest growing area of ​​patents in the United States, and it could become an area where companies, like Monsanto, own a lot of intellectual property on food. because there is a nature
So instead of building a product, I decided to open this technology up to all of my collaborators.
The device I built in the early days worked just fine
I was able to harvest about one serving of salad a week on the windowsill of a typical New York apartment.
I was able to grow a variety of vegetables, such as cherry tomatoes and cucumbers, but the early equipment had leaks.
It was so loud and so power hungry that Martha Stewart would never have approved it.
(Laughter) In an effort to get more people involved in the development, we set up a social media site where we published the design, explained how it worked, and even published all the problems with the device. rice field
And he invited people all over the world to build this device and try it out with him.
There are now 18,000 people registered on this website.
Window farms spread all over the world
What we're doing is what NASA and big corporations call R&amp;D, research and development.
We call it R&amp;D-I-Y, which means do-it-yourself research and development.
For example, Jackson recommended using an air pump instead of a water pump.
It required a complete rebuild of the device, but when completed, the carbon footprint was almost halved.
After a lot of trial and error, Tony from Chicago managed to make it possible to harvest strawberries nine months out of the year, even in low light conditions, by changing the composition of the organic fertilizer.
A Finnish window farmer fitted LED grow lights into his installation for the dark Nordic winters, and it's now open to the public and part of the project.
The farm by the window is constantly being upgraded and evolving like software.
So the real benefit of an open-source project is the interaction that takes place between people who are improving the device based on their personal interests, and people who are interested in the whole thing.
So I can work with my core team to focus on making improvements that will benefit everyone.
We can also take care of the needs of beginners
We offer a free, tried-and-true guidebook for DIY enthusiasts, so anyone in the world can create a window farm with no registration fees.
Our community has applied for a patent on this device.
In order to fund the project, we contract with schools and individuals who don't have the time to build their own devices to build the devices on their behalf.
A culture is born within the community.
It's a culture where it's better not just to come up with an idea, but to support someone else's idea and be its experimenter.
Through this project, we have received support for our farm, but we can do more to help the environment than just changing light bulbs.
But what we really get out of this is, as Eileen puts it, the joy of collaboration.
She says it's wonderful when your ideas are transformed and developed by someone else who lives far away and who appreciates your contribution.
In the words of environmentalists and people in the food industry, if we want to really change consumer behavior, we have to put aside the notion of "consumer" and support those who are taking action.
Open source projects have their own impetus
The spread of spontaneous research and development is not limited to window farms and LED lighting, but can also be seen in solar power generation and aquaponics, in which fish are cultivated using the nutrient solution used to grow vegetables.
We have continued to innovate on top of what our predecessors have built.
For future generations, now is the time to change the way we live.
Come on guys, join us in rediscovering the value of human connection and proclaiming that we are still pioneers.
(applause)
If your life were a book, and you were the author, how would you want the story to progress?
This was the question that changed my life forever
Growing up in the hot Las Vegas desert, all I wanted was to be free.
I dreamed of traveling the world and living in a town where it snowed, and I envisioned all the stories I would tell.
When I was 19, fresh out of high school, I moved to a snowy town and became a massage therapist.
All I needed for this job was my hands and a massage table, and I could go anywhere.
For the first time in my life, I felt free, independent, and in control of my life.
But then the detour of life began.
I came home from work one day feeling sick with the flu, and less than 24 hours later, I was rushed to the hospital, on life support, with less than a 2 percent chance of survival.
Within days of me slipping into a coma, doctors diagnosed me with bacterial meningitis, a vaccine-preventable blood infection.
After two and a half months of treatment, I lost my spleen and kidneys, the hearing in my left ear, and both legs below the knee.
As I walked out of the hospital in a wheelchair pushed by my parents, I felt like a doll that had been pieced together from a dismembered body.
I thought the worst was over, until a few weeks later I saw new legs for the first time.
The calves were made of thick chunks of metal, the pipes that held the ankles in place were left exposed, and the yellow rubber feet had raised lines from the toes to the ankles to make them look like blood vessels.
I had no idea what was coming, but when I saw it, I was stunned.
My mother, who was by my side, couldn't stop crying. I put on these thick legs and stood up.
It was excruciatingly painful and cramped, and I thought I would never be able to travel the world with these legs.
I thought I wouldn't be able to live the life full of adventures and stories I always dreamed of.
I thought I might not be able to snowboard anymore.
I went home that day and crawled into bed, and it stayed like this for a few months.
Completely debilitated physically and mentally
But in order to move forward, I had to let go of the old Amy and embrace the new Amy.
And that's when I realized I didn't have to stay 167 cm tall.
You can grow as tall as you like!
(Laughter) (Applause) Or smaller, depending on who you date.
(Laughter) And when I snowboard, my feet don't feel cold.
(Laughter) And the best thing is that I can fit my feet in the shoe size that's on sale. (Laughter) I did!
There are also many good things
At this moment, I asked myself the question of the meaning of life. If my life were a book, and if I were the author, how would I want the story to progress?
i started daydreaming
I fantasized like when I was little And I imagined myself walking gracefully Helping someone through my journey Snowboarding again
Not only did I imagine myself, but I definitely felt the sensation of gliding over the powder on the mountain.
I could feel the wind rushing through me and my heartbeat thumping, as if it was happening right now.
At this moment, a new chapter in my life began.
Four months later, I started snowboarding again. When I fell, my foot was still stuck to the snowboard board. (Laughter) My foot and board rolled off the mountain, leaving my knees and up on the summit.
I think everyone was shocked, and I was shocked and disappointed, but I knew that if I could find the right pair of feet, I could do it.
And I've learned that limits and obstacles give us two choices: give up and stand still, or let our imagination run wild.
I spent a year trying to find the right pair of feet for me, but I couldn't find one, not even helpful information.
So I decided to make my own legs.
With the help of a prosthesis maker, we combined parts to complete a leg that can be used for snowboarding.
As you can see, rusty bolts, rubber, wood, and neon pink sticky tape.
And of course toenails
These legs and the best gift my dad gave me for my 21st birthday, a new kidney, have inspired me to pursue my dreams again.
I started snowboarding again, and then I went back to work and school.
In 2005, I founded a non-profit organization that aims to enable young people with physical disabilities to participate in sports.
My work there gave me the opportunity to go to South Africa, where I provided thousands of children with shoes so they could go to school.
And in February of this year, I won two gold medals at the World Cup.
When I lost my leg 11 years ago, I had no hope for the future.
But if you ask me if I want to change my life now, I'd say no.
Because there are so many things that being disabled has made possible.
I've lived my life believing in possibilities, using my imagination to overcome obstacles And I believe that our imaginations are tools to break down our limits, because in our hearts we can do and be anything. is
Believing in these dreams, and facing the fears in front of us, allows us to push our limits and live our lives.
They say that there are no boundaries to technological innovation today, but in my life, I believe that innovation is possible because we have boundaries within ourselves.
I've learned that boundaries aren't just the limits of physical possibilities, they're also where imaginations and stories begin.
So what I want to share with you today is that instead of seeing challenges and limitations as negative and bad things, we should see them as gifts that have been given to us. give
It's not about breaking boundaries
It allows us to expand our boundaries and meet wonderful places.
thank you
I'll tell you the story of my student Tony.
He's not much older than me. He's in San Quentin State Penitentiary.
When Tony was 16, one day, one moment, he said, "That's Mom's gun.
Trying to frighten a thug...
I was robbed of my money, so I thought I'd get it back
I thought, ``I'm wrong.'' But to my friend who hurriedly said, ``Let's do it,'' I replied, ``Let's do it. increase
In a sea of ​​blood lay a rogue
Murder - it's a felony 25 years in prison If you're lucky, parole at age 50 Tony was out of luck.
I ran into Tony in prison philosophy class, and I said, "This class is going to cover the basics of morality," Tony grumbled.
"Good and bad? What's the matter?
I've committed a crime
'Cause every day people tell me through the wall, 'You're wrong'
Even if I get out of prison, I will live with my sins on my shoulders.
All my life I'm a criminal What can you tell me about good and evil? "
I replied to Tony, "It's worse than you think.
do you know what's wrong
Then can you tell me?
I'm not asking you to give me an example
I want to understand the very concept of "delinquency"
What the hell is this?
What separates good from evil?
The line between good and evil is so vague, isn't it?
Even our notion of "delinquency"
I may be wrong, I don't want to exchange opinions
I need solid "knowledge"
Carelessness is the enemy, this is philosophy."
Something has changed for Tony
"I'm tired of going astray
what is evil? I-
what do you want to know I want to know that."
In his doubts Tony found a philosophical projection: "The starry sky above me, and the moral law within me - I am in awe of these two things." Kant's teaching
What can we know?
This is a project that asks about the meaning of existence, and corresponds to Heidegger's "comprehension of existence."
Furthermore, it is also a projection of what people believe and why, which is the "spiral in life" that Socrates preached.
Socrates was a wise man who admitted his ignorance
Socrates died in prison, but his philosophy never changed.
Tony started doing his homework
His own doubts, assertions, and interrelationships—by realizing logic and fallacy
Developed the basic physical strength of philosophy
My body was in prison, but my heart was free
Tony is Plato's ontological confusion Descartes' epistemological anxiety Nietzsche's ethical question and Bill Clinton's
I learned a lot about metaphysical absurdity. (Laughter)
In his final report, he argued that the unconditional nature of categorical imperatives' actions did not reduce conflicts in everyday life, and explained to me that this would lead to denunciations of those who committed moral wrongs. I asked Tony and I replied
"I don't know. Why don't we think about it together?"
Tony was spotless, it wasn't the professor and the criminals there.
They were just two thinking reeds trying to learn philosophy.
I said to Tony, "Let's do it."
thank you
(applause)
Yes, as you can see, it's Johnny Depp.
And this is Johnny Depp's shoulder.
And here is the famous tattoo on Johnny Depp's shoulder.
As some of you may know, Depp got engaged to Winona Ryder in 1990 and got a tattoo on his right shoulder. "Winona Forever"
And three years later -- three years is a long time by Hollywood standards -- they broke up and Johnny made a little rework.
Now it's "drinkers forever"
(audience laughter) Like Johnny Depp, like 25% of Americans between the ages of 16 and 50, I got a tattoo.
I came up with the idea in my mid-twenties, but I didn't act right away, I thought about it carefully.
We all know people who got a tattoo when they were 17, whether they were 19 or 23, regretted it by the time they were 30.
It didn't apply to me.
I got a tattoo when I was 29 and immediately regretted it.
"I regretted it" means I stepped out of the tattoo shop -- just a few miles from here, down the Lower East Side -- and it's broad daylight and the thread of emotion has been cut on East Broadway. and Canal Street.
(audience laughter) It was just the right place. nobody cares.
(audience laughter) When I got home that night, I was overwhelmed by an even bigger wave of emotions, but I'll talk about that later.
To tell the truth, it was quite a shock. Because up until that point, I was proud that I had nothing to regret.
I make a lot of mistakes, and of course I make stupid choices.
It happens many times a day.
But I always thought that it was the best choice I could make, given my situation at the time and the information I had at the time.
I also learned from my mistakes.
My mistakes are what make me what I am today.
So it's ok, it's okay to be wrong.
In other words, we were led to believe that regretting what happened in the past is a complete waste of time, that we should always be positive, not negative, the highest and best we can do. The point is to try to live a life without regrets.
This way of thinking is often expressed in this line: "There's no point in thinking about things that can't be undone. What's over is over."
At first glance, it seems like a great idea -- everyone would sign a consent form...
Until I found out whose line this is.
Yes, that's what Lady Macbeth said to her husband, who was depressed about killing people.
There is some Shakespeare intention here, as Shakespeare always does.
Because feeling no regret is actually a diagnostic trait of psychosis.
It is also characteristic of certain types of brain damage.
People with damage to the orbitofrontal cortex of the brain are unable to feel regret, even in the face of clearly poor decisions.
So if you really want to live a life with no regrets, there are options for that as well.
I call it a lobotomy.
But if we want to be fully human and fully humane with a fully functioning brain, we need to learn to live with regret, not without it.
Let's start by defining the term, shall we?
What is regret?
Regret is the emotion that accompanies you to wonder if your current situation would have been more satisfying had you done something different in the past.
In other words, regret requires two things.
First of all, you need an object -- making some decisions.
And secondly, you need imagination.
Being able to imagine going back in time and making a different choice, and then replaying that choice in your mind and imagining what it would have been like if you had made a different choice.
In fact, the more decisions you make -- and the more you imagine different pasts -- the more sharply your regrets grow.
Let's take an example.You're on your way to the airport to attend your best friend's wedding, and you're stuck in a terrible traffic jam. And when I finally got to the gate, the plane had already taken off.
You'll regret it more when you're three minutes late than when you're twenty minutes late.
I wonder why?
Well, three minutes later, sadly, it's easier to imagine that I could have made a different decision that would have resulted in a better outcome.
"I should have crossed the bridge instead of the tunnel.
I wish I hadn't stopped at the yellow light. "
This is a typical regret condition.
We regret it when we think it's our fault that the decision ended up badly, and it could have been better.
In this framework, we naturally have many regrets.
Today's talk is about behavioral economics.
Most of what we know about regret is based on behavioral economics.
There is a vast amount of literature available. It's about consumer and financial decisions and the regrets that come with them -- basically buyer remorse.
By the way, some researchers have asked what is the biggest regret in life, in the bigger picture.
Here is the answer.
Top 6 Regrets -- By far the number one regret in our lives is education.
33% of all regrets are related to decisions made about education.
I wish I had studied more.
I wish I could have made more use of the education I received.
I wish I had studied a different subject.
Other top regrets on the list are career, relationship, parenting, and personal decisions and choices How to spend my leisure time -- or, more specifically, how to avoid wasting my leisure time.
The rest of the regrets are related to things like money, family issues other than love and parenting, health, friendships, mental health and community.
Looking only at financial research, it is easy to think that the only regrets are financial.
When you look at the bigger picture of regrets in life, you see, financial decisions are out of the ranks.
Less than 3% of all regrets.
So you don't have to worry about whether you're stressed about large or small stocks, company A or company B, Subaru or Prius.
5 years later it doesn't matter.
But what does it feel like when we deeply regret the things we really care about?
Everyone knows the answer.
It's miserable. Regret is the worst feeling.
There are four universal elements that make regret feel the worst.
Now, the first component of regret is basically denial.
The night I got my tattoo and went home, I barely slept.
And for the first few hours, there was only one thing on my mind.
It is, "Disappear and disappear!"
This is an incredibly primitive emotional response.
It's the same as "Uhm! Mama!"
I am not trying to solve the problem.
I'm not trying to think why the problem happened.
I just want it to disappear.
The second characteristic element of regret is confusion.
The other thing I was thinking about in my bedroom that night was, "Why did I do this?
What the hell was I thinking " is.
It feels like you've cut off something inside of you that you've made a decision you regret.
I don't know who it is.
You can't even understand it.
There is no room for empathy -- and this is the third element of regret, which is a strong desire to punish yourself.
So regretful people always say, "I want to kick myself."
The fourth component is regret, which psychologists call persistence.
To "persist" means to repeat the exact same thing over and over again.
The job of perseveration here is to take the first three elements of regret and create a loop that repeats infinitely.
So what I was thinking about in my bedroom that night wasn't "go away",
I was thinking, "Disappear and disappear, disappear and disappear,
Disappear and disappear, disappear and disappear"
According to the psychological literature, these are the four characteristic elements of regret.
But I would like to suggest a fifth here.
Through the experience of regret, one reaches a kind of "awareness."
After I kicked myself out of my apartment that night, I lay in bed thinking about skin grafts for a long time.
Then I thought, if travel insurance doesn't cover the realm of God, like natural disasters, then my health insurance doesn't work in the realm of stupidity, either.
In fact, there is no insurance that covers stupidity.
Acting foolishly is essentially the same as staying uninsured. You expose yourself to the world defenseless and show your weaknesses and faults to a fair and just world, squarely and squarely.
Needless to say, this is very painful.
And especially for those of us in modern society who have grown accustomed to Ctrl+Z -- the computer's undo command, Ctrl+Z.
We are, in some ways, incredibly unfamiliar with facing the harsh realities of life.
I think if you have a problem you can throw money or use technology -- you can 'undo' or 'unfriend' or 'unfollow'.
The problem is that there are some things that happen in life that you can't change no matter how much you want to change them.
Sometimes "Ctrl+Z" doesn't work at all.
Control addicts and perfectionists -- I'm one of them -- have a hard time dealing with this situation because they want to be in control and have control.
Here's a good example Control addicts and perfectionists shouldn't get tattoos. We'll talk more about this in a few minutes.
The first thing I would like to mention is the intensity and persistence with which we experience the emotional element of regret, which of course depends on what we regret at the time.
For example, here is my favorite Modern Society Auto Regret Maker.
(crowd laughter) "Reply to all."
The great thing about this very insidious innovation is that it allows you to experience so many different levels of regret with just this one thing.
Hitting "Reply All" by mistake can wreck a relationship.
You might feel awkward at work that day
That day could be your last day at work.
And this is far from the real deepest regrets of life.
Because we make decisions that sometimes have irreversible and disastrous consequences. In some cases, it can even be life threatening.
Yes, obviously this kind of regret is painful and lasting.
Even those silly “Reply All” regrets can leave you in excruciating pain for a few days.
So how do we live with this suffering?
I have three suggestions that should help you come to terms with your regrets.
First, find solace in the universality of regret.
A Google search for "regret" or "tattoo" will return 11.5 million hits.
(audience laughter) The FDA estimates that 17% of Americans with tattoos regret it.
It's Johnny Depp and I and seven million guys.
A friend who regrets tattoos.
We are all the same.
A second way to deal with regret is to laugh at yourself.
In my case, this was fine, because in fact, isn't it funny that you're 29 and crying because you don't like your new tattoo?
But this might sound mean and frivolous proposition in the case of deeper regrets.
But I don't think so.
Everyone who has ever regretted experiences real pain and real sorrow. Understanding humor and sometimes black jokes is very important in life.
The positive and negative poles of life, connect the two extremes together and bring back the flow of life that seems to fall apart.
The third way to reconcile regret, I think, is with the help of time.As you know, any wound can heal--but tattoos don't.
It's been years since I got a tattoo.
Shall I show you?
Good.
But you know, let me tell you, you might be disappointed.
I thought it wasn't that bad.
It's not like I put Marilyn Manson's face in the wrong place.
When people show this tattoo, they usually get compliments.
It's just that I don't like it myself.
Like I said, I'm a perfectionist.
Well let me show you anyway.
this is my tattoo
I can imagine what you all think.
So don't worry.
Your regrets may not be as ugly as you think.
I got this tattoo because I spent most of my 20s living and traveling abroad.
After that, when I returned to New York to settle down, I was afraid that I would forget something very important that I had learned abroad.
In particular, the two things I've learned about myself that I'll miss the most are the importance of keeping exploring and, at the same time, the importance of staying true to your core.
I liked this compass design because I thought it was two things in one simple picture.
I thought this would keep my memory forever.
Well, you were right.
But the result is that it repeatedly reminds me of something different than I expected.
It reminds me of the most important thing regret can teach me, which is also the most important thing life can teach me.
Ironically, I think it's so important that I want to engrave it on my body as a tattoo. Not only as a writer, but simply as a human being.
I mean, if you have a purpose, if you have a dream, if you try to do your best, and if you love someone and don't want to hurt or lose them, then it's natural to feel pain when things go wrong. .
The important thing is not to live without regrets,
It's about not hating yourself for regret.
Finally, I want to say goodbye to everyone today by sharing the lessons I learned from tattoos. Love the imperfections you create, forgive yourself for creating them.
Regret reminds us not of failure itself
I could have done better on my own.
thank you very much.
(crowd applauds)
In 1994, I met a 12-year-old boy in a Cambodian prison who had been tortured and was not allowed access to a lawyer.
And then, looking into his eyes, I realized that while I had written hundreds of letters to political prisoners, I had never written to him, because he was. Because he wasn't a 12-year-old boy who had committed some serious crime.
he is not a political prisoner
It was a 12-year-old boy who stole a bicycle.
At the time, I also learned that torture was being practiced in 113 developing countries, not just Cambodia. was recognized in
And what I realized was that if the international community worked together, there would be tremendous potential to end torture as a method of interrogation.
When we hear the word "torture," we tend to think of it as a last resort for political prisoners and thugs when all other options have been exhausted, but the truth is that 95 percent of torture today is against people who aren't political prisoners. is
In countries where the legal system is broken, torture has become the simplest and least expensive form of interrogation, and that's why it's being done to ordinary people -- it's easier than having a legal system, lawyers. It's easier than arranging for a quick meeting -- it's happening on a daily basis.
But what I now believe is that if the international community decides to work together to end torture as an interrogation technique, we can do it in our generation.
The first is to develop, empower and connect with lawyers globally.
The second is to ensure prompt organization of meetings with counsel.
And the third is dedication.
In 2000 I wondered what would happen if we were one?
The question is, can we really do anything to change these 93 countries?
Therefore, the organization "International Bridges to Justice" has the clear purpose of eliminating torture as a method of interrogation and enforcing proper legal procedures by arranging lawyers trained in the police stations and courts of these 93 countries at an early stage. ” was established
My first assignment was in Cambodia, and when I first went there in 1994, there were still less than 10 lawyers in Cambodia, because the Khmer Rouge had taken so many lives.
And nearly 20 years later, that number is still just 10. As a result, it's not just 12-year-old boys that you see in prison today. Are you there?" and she said, "I have been detained for 10 years on behalf of my husband who has been missing since he committed a crime."
It's an area where the rule of law doesn't apply.
When the first group of lawyers came together, I remember being on a training mission, and I said, "How do you do your research?"
After silence in the room, a woman (of obscure name) stands up and says "Khrew" which means "teacher"
"I've worked with over 100 people, and I've never had to do an investigation. They all confess," he said.
So we all discussed, firstly, the confession may not be credible, and secondly, we can't encourage the police to continue to torture, especially now that it's against the law.
It takes a lot of courage for lawyers to decide to take action to enforce these laws and to help each other.
I still remember the first trial, there were 25 lawyers in all, and the woman stood up, and the other lawyers were behind her to support her, and the judge said, "No, no, we are. We will continue to proceed in the same way as before,” he said.
But one time there was a wonderful example, when a woman selling vegetables was sitting outside her house.
I testified that I actually saw someone run away who I thought had stolen some kind of jewelry, but the police caught the woman, and she didn't have anything.
She was pregnant at the time, but she burned herself with cigarettes and had a miscarriage.
When defense attorneys brought the case to trial, the judge stood up and said for the first time, "There is no evidence of any kind other than your statement that you were tortured, so I am releasing you."
Since then, the defense attorneys have brought cases to court time and time again, and you will see that, little by little, they are changing the course of Cambodian history.
But it wasn't just Cambodia
I wondered if there were other countries like this before.
I was wondering
it is done in most countries
In a prison in Burundi, I met not a 12-year-old boy, but an 8-year-old boy who stole a cell phone.
It was a woman with a really cute baby.
I'm 3 years old so I'm not a baby
She said, "Yeah, but I'm here for this girl," because she was in jail, accused of stealing two diapers and an iron for her.
I walked up to the prison director and said, 'You should release her.
If you're a judge, you'll do that."
The man said, "Well, let's talk, but 80% of the 2,000 people in this prison don't have a lawyer. What do we do?"
So lawyers began to bravely work together to create a system that would allow them to go to court.
But what we've found is that it's not just the training of lawyers, it's the connections between lawyers that make the difference.
In Cambodia, for example, [unintelligible name] wasn't alone. She took action with 24 lawyers. It's like a refreshing breeze blowing in the desert."
Also, in Zimbabwe, there was a man named Innocent, who was working with me on training missions, and he said to all the prisoners, "We've been here for a year, eight years, 12 years without a lawyer." When he got out of prison, he said, ``What I have been asking -- he was listening to people murmuring and grumbling -- 'I have been asking, 'We can't It's a conversation that says, 'I can't bring justice because I don't have what it takes'."
"But I want you to understand that just because you don't have those qualities doesn't make you an excuse for wrongdoing."
And he's done an amazing job of organizing 68 lawyers and organizing the trial.
But the key is lawyer training and early access to lawyers.
I had a meeting with another group of lawyers in Egypt the other day, and they said to me, "Look, there are no police on the streets here, and we're pushing for change. One of the main reasons is the police, they were torturing everyone around the clock."
I said, "But tens of millions of dollars have been spent recently to improve the legal system. What's going on?"
I asked
I had a meeting with one of the law enforcement agencies, and they were prosecutors and judges who seemed to be trained as opposed to defense attorneys.
In fact, the manual they showed me was very good.
I just said, "I have to copy this."
Everything was documented and the lawyer was able to visit the police station, perfect.
Prosecutors were well trained
But I said, "I would like to ask you one thing. What was the state of the prisoners when they came to the prosecutor's office?"
After a moment of silence, the prosecutors and judges said, "I was being tortured."
So what's needed is not just training lawyers, but finding ways to organize rapid access to lawyers, because in this system, lawyers are the safeguards for those who are being tortured.
And I know that when I bring this up, the reaction is, "Well, it sounds like it could be done, but how does it actually work?"
It sounds magnificent
There are many reasons why I think this is feasible.
The first reason is the people on the ground who are committed to doing great things.
And it's not just Mr. Innocent from Zimbabwe, who I mentioned earlier, but also lawyers around the world who are trying to find a way to make it happen.
We have a program called "JusticeMakers," which is a group of people who are passionate and want to do something but don't know how to support them. in light of
An online contest that offers a $5,000 reward for innovative ideas that do justice.
From Sri Lanka and Swaziland to the Democratic Republic of the Congo, 30 Justice Creators around the world are doing amazing things with $5,000, whether it's texting services, legal services, or whatever they can do.
And it's not just the creators of justice, it's the people who are trying to find connections and ways to act as we stare intensely.
For example, China passed a wonderful law that forbids torture by the police and punishes those who commit torture.
As I sat next to one of the very spirited lawyers, I asked, "How are we going to spread this law? How are we going to make sure this law is enforced?
And he said, "Well, do you have the money?" I said, "No."
And on December 4th, he led 3,000 members of the Youth Communist League from the top 14 law schools, each of them self-disciplined, created posters announcing the new law, went to the police station, and declared citizens' rights. To protect it, he began what he called a non-violent legal revolution.
So I would like to talk about the need for training and supporting defense attorneys.
And I talked about the need to organize the conduct of expedited meetings with counsel.
The third and most important thing is to be committed.
People often say, "Yeah, it's a great story, but it's pretty idealistic.
It's not realistic."
What I find interesting is that these are the same words that were said by those who committed themselves to abolishing slavery and apartheid.
It all started with a small group of people who decided to commit to it.
One of my favorite poems that has been passed down among lawyers, and they have taught me one, and it is, "My friend, be brave. The road is often long, the road is chaotic, the steepness is great, but deep inside you are. is not alone
I believe that by working together with the international community to support not just defense attorneys, but those who are trying to improve these situations, we can end torture as a method of interrogation.
I'm always happy to answer the question, "But what do I actually do?"
I always end my talks by saying, "I'm sure you know this yourself," and then I'll tell you about a child named Vishna, who actually inspired me to start an organization called "International Bridges to Justice." it's a boy
Vishna was four years old when I met him. He was born in a Cambodian prison in Kandal province. was allowed
As you know, there are iron bars, and as Vishna grows, his face grows.
He climbed from the bottom grate to the second, third highest grate, slowly moved his face sideways, passed through the grate, and then came down to the bottom grate and grabbed my little finger. because he always wanted to go to the other prisoners.
I can't visit everyone every day, but he wanted to visit all 156 prisoners, and when I picked him up, he would put his fingers behind the bars.
I can stick my fingers through dark cells that look like they're made out of corrugated iron.
Many of the prisoners in custody said that he was their supreme joy and their sunshine, and they looked forward to meeting him. Vishna is a four-year-old boy.
When he was born in prison, he didn't have anything of the kind. is limited
As a human being, I can do something
That's why I'm doing what I can."
So we thank you for your prescient imagination to envision a new world with us, and we invite you to join us on this journey.
thank you
(Applause) Thank you.
(Applause) Thank you.
(applause)
my topic today is learning
Since it's "learning," I'm going to give you a quiz here.
Are you ready?
When do you start learning?
This question may have made you think of the first day of preschool or kindergarten, when you enter a class for the first time and are taught by a teacher.
Or maybe you're thinking about when you were a toddler, when you started walking, when you started talking, when you started using a fork.
Or if you're familiar with zerotothree.org, you might think that the first few years of life are important in human learning.
If so, your answer is that learning begins at birth.
The idea I'm going to share with you today may seem very surprising or improbable, but it's proven by modern psychological and biological experiments.
The idea is that our most important learning happens in the womb before we are even born.
I am a science reporter
I have written articles for numerous books and magazines.
and i am a single mother
These two roles of mine intersected when I was writing the book "Origins."
"Origins" is a collection of cutting-edge results from the emerging field of fetal origins.
Fetal origins is a scientific discipline that began almost 20 years ago, based on the hypothesis that human lifespan and health are greatly influenced by the nine months a fetus spends in the womb.
This theory not only piqued my intellectual curiosity
While researching this book, I was pregnant.
What I've learned from doing this work is that we learn about a world before we even enter it.
When you hold your child for the first time, it's easy to think they're a blank slate, unwritten, but they're actually made up of us and the world around us. is
I want to talk to you today about some of the most amazing discoveries scientists are unraveling about how fetuses learn.
First, the fetus learns the mother's voice.
Because the sounds of the outside world travel through the mother's abdominal tissue and through the amniotic fluid that surrounds the fetus, the voice that the fetus hears from the fourth month onwards is very muffled, very muffled.
One researcher says the voice that the fetus hears might sound like Charlie Brown's teacher in the cartoon "Peanuts."
But the mother's voice echoes through her body and reaches the fetus immediately.
And the fetus, who is always with the mother, hears a lot of the mother's voice.
From birth, babies perceive their mother's voice and prefer it to that of others.
How did you find out?
Newborn infants often cannot, but they are good at sucking.
The researchers took advantage of this fact by providing two rubber pacifiers so that when you sucked on one, your mother's voice would come out of your headphones, and when you sucked on the other one, you'd hear another woman's voice.
Babies choose the first pacifier right away.
The researchers also incorporated the fact that babies suck less when they're interested in something, and suck more when they're bored.
Under these experimental conditions, babies who were read to Dr. Seuss's "The Cat in the Hut" (a famous American picture book) as fetuses continued to be read to this picture book even after they were born. It was clarified that they recognize that they are familiar when they hear it.
Of all these experiments, my favorite is one in which pregnant newborns recognized the theme song of a soap opera if they watched it every day.
And fetuses are also learning the language spoken in the environment in which they are born.
A paper published last year showed that from birth, babies cry in ways that accentuate their mother tongue.
French babies have a higher pitch, German babies have a lower pitch, and the way they cry follows the melodic contours of their mother tongue.
Now, what's the use of this kind of fetal learning?
It may have evolved to improve the survival of babies
From the moment they are born, babies are sensitive to the voice of their caregiver, their mother.
Moreover, it even cries along the melodic contours of the mother's language, making the mother love her baby even more. maybe
But sounds aren't the only things fetuses learn in the womb.
I can taste and smell
By the time the fetus is seven months old, its taste buds are fully developed, and the olfactory organs it needs to smell are functioning.
The taste of the food a pregnant woman eats passes through to the amniotic fluid that the fetus is constantly swallowing.
Babies seem to remember and like this taste when they are born into this world.
In one experiment, one group of pregnant women drank a lot of carrot juice during the third trimester of pregnancy, and another group of pregnant women drank only water.
Six months later, we gave these pregnant babies cereals with carrot juice and watched their facial expressions as they ate.
Pregnant children who drank carrot juice ate more carrot-juice-flavored cereals, and when they looked at their faces, they seemed happy to eat it.
A French version of this experiment was conducted in the city of Dijon, France, and the researchers found that children of pregnant women who frequently ate foods and drinks containing licorice-flavored anise, both on the day they were born and four days later, had no anise. announced that he liked the taste
Babies of pregnant women who did not eat anise during pregnancy reacted to it by saying, "It sucks!"
What this means is that the fetus is being taught by its mother what is safe and good to eat.
And the fetus is taught the culture of the environment in which it is born through the food culture, which is the special symbol of that culture.
They are introduced to the unique flavors and spices that are essential to their food culture before they are even born.
In fact, the fetus is learning something even more important than this.
Before I get to that, let me tell you what you're wondering about.
The concept of prenatal learning might inspire you to start prenatal training, like putting headphones on a pregnant woman's belly and playing Mozart.
But the process of shaping the fetus during the first nine months of pregnancy is much more instinctive and inevitable.
Everything that a pregnant woman encounters in her daily life — the air she breathes, the food and drink she consumes, the chemicals she is exposed to, even the emotions that arouse her — is all shared with the fetus in some way.
The combination of all these influences is as individual and unique as the pregnant woman.
The fetus takes all of these things into her body and makes them part of her flesh and blood.
and most of the time do more
The fetus perceives what it receives from its mother as information -- I call these "biological postcards" from the outside world.
So what the fetus is learning in the womb isn't Mozart's "The Magic Flute," but it's very important knowledge for survival.
Will the world you are born into be wealthy or poor?
Is it a safe and protected environment, or is it an environment of danger and intimidation?
Will it be a long and fruitful life or will it be a short and troubled one?
Pregnant women's diet and stress levels, in particular, are clues to reading the state of the fetus.
The state of health of the pregnant woman fine-tunes the brain and other organs of the fetus, giving us a unique resilience, the ability to adapt and thrive in a variety of environments, whether rural or urban, tundra or desert.
Finally, I want to talk about how pregnant women teach their unborn children about society.
In the fall of 1944, during the dark days of World War II, the Germans blockaded West Holland, halting food supplies.
During the Nazi siege of Holland, the winter was so harsh that the canals froze.
Food soon ran out, and most Dutch people were getting by on 500 calories, a quarter of what they used to eat a day.
Food shortages lasted for months, and we had no choice but to eat tulip bulbs.
By early May, the food reserves that the country had planned and distributed were completely depleted.
suffered a great famine
And on May 5th, 1945, the Nazi siege ended abruptly, and Holland was liberated by the allies.
Ten thousand people died of hunger and thousands fell ill during what was known as the "winter of hunger."
Another 40,000 fetuses were severely affected during the Nazi siege.
Malnutrition during pregnancy has resulted in numerous stillbirths, birth defects, low birth weight and high infant mortality.
And then there were the effects that would show up decades later.
Decades after the "hunger winter," researchers found that mothers who were pregnant during starvation were much more likely to develop obesity, diabetes and heart disease later in life.
Prenatal hunger changed these people's bodies in huge ways.
It can lead to high blood pressure, abnormal cholesterol levels, and diabetes due to poor glucose tolerance.
Why does malnutrition in the womb cause disease later in life?
Some theories say that fetuses are doing their best under the worst of circumstances.
During times of food shortage, it delivers vital nutrients to the most important organ, the brain, and prevents them from reaching other organs, such as the heart and liver.
This allows the fetus to survive for a short period of time, but other organs that were malnourished are more susceptible to disease later on.
But that's not all.
The fetus senses the environment inside the mother's womb and adjusts its own physiology.
The fetus prepares itself for the environment in which it will be born inside the mother's womb.
The fetus regulates its metabolism and various physiological functions according to the environment.
The fetus infers the environment from the diet of the pregnant woman.
The diet of a pregnant woman constitutes a kind of story - a fairy tale wrapped in wealth or a ruthless chronicle of famine.
This story is packed with information that a fetus needs to adjust its body and internal systems to adapt to the environment in which it's born and to make the critical adjustments needed to survive.
When faced with extreme resource scarcity, smaller children have lower energy needs and are more likely to survive into adulthood.
The problem arises when a pregnant woman who narrates a story experiences malnutrition during pregnancy, but is born into an environment rich in nutrients.
The children of "Famine Winter" faced this problem.
High rates of obesity, diabetes and heart disease are the result.
The body, adapted to handle every calorie with care, was suddenly thrown into the post-war era of satiety.
The environment the fetus assumed was different from the environment it was born into.
move on to the next story
At 8:46 a.m. on September 11, 2001, tens of thousands of people were in the vicinity of the World Trade Center in New York - commuters pouring out of the subway Waitresses busy setting up tables in the morning rush Busy phone calls and work. Wall Street brokers
1700 of them were pregnant
After the plane crashed and crashed, many pregnant women experienced the same terror as other survivors - immense confusion and confusion, toxic dust and debris in the air, hearts trembling with fear and anxiety.
A year after 9/11, researchers surveyed women who were pregnant at the time.
Of these, we found biological markers of PTSD susceptibility in the babies of women with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) - fetuses in the third trimester at the time of 9/11. The impact on us is very strong.
In other words, a pregnant woman who had PTSD passed on her susceptibility to PTSD to her unborn child.
Just imagine, PTSD is an exaggerated and abnormal response to stress that causes tremendous suffering to its patients.
But if you change your perspective
This seemingly pathological process may be a useful adaptation in some cases.
In a highly dangerous environment, the signature behaviors of PTSD -- alertness and alertness, rapid reaction to danger -- can save lives.
I'm still not sure if PTSD risk communication is adaptive, but it resonated very strongly with me.
If that's true, then even before birth, mothers warn their children to be careful in a noisy world.
let me be clear
Fetal origin research doesn't blame pregnant women for what happens during pregnancy.
It explores how we can improve the health of future generations.
It's important to pay attention to what the fetus learns in the womb during those nine months.
Learning is the most important behavior in life, and it actually started earlier than we thought.
Thank you
(applause)
First, let me quickly show you the underlying technology, a new technology that we brought to Microsoft exactly one year ago as part of an acquisition.
This is Seadragon, an environment that allows us to manipulate vast amounts of visual data, either locally or remotely.
As you can see, you can zoom in, pan, and rearrange at will in a smooth, continuous way through gigabytes of digital photos.
It doesn't matter how much information you're looking at, how big your collection is, how big your images are.
Most of the pictures are taken with a digital camera, but this one was scanned from the Library of Congress, and it's about 300 megapixels.
But it makes no difference, because the only thing that limits the performance of this system is the number of pixels on the screen.
It also has a very flexible architecture.
This is a whole book, an example of data that isn't an image.
It's Dickens' Bleak House, each column is a chapter.
This is really text, it's not an image. To prove that it's text, you can do something like this: it's not an image.
It could also be a way to read e-books,
not recommended
Here's a more practical example, one piece of data from The Guardian.
All large pictures are the beginning of the item
It gives me the joy of reading real print magazines and newspapers, which are inherently multiscale media.
I made a little trick in the corner of this page
I made up a very high resolution fake ad, much higher resolution than a normal ad, and added some extra content.
You can see the features of the car here
Other models or even technical specifications are available
Ideas like these help eliminate the limitations of screen size.
I hope this eliminates unnecessary clutter like popups.
Of course, we can apply this technology to maps as well.
I don't have much time at this time, but I'll just say that it can be used in this area as well.
This is on a NASA satellite image
It's a superimposition of all the roads in the United States.
let's see what else
This is now available on the web so check it out
It's called Photosynth, and it's made up of two technologies.
One is Seadragon, the other is Noah Sneveri, a graduate student at the University of Washington, with Steve Seitz of the same university.
Computer vision research under the direction of Rick Seriski at Microsoft Research.
Published on the web and uses Seadragon
You can jump inside the image and see it this way, and you can experience multiple scales.
The spatial arrangement of this image has meaning.
This computer vision algorithm registers images like this, corresponding to the actual location where they were taken, all taken at Grassy Lake in the Canadian Rockies.
If you look at the elements in a sequence slideshow or panoramic imagery, everything is spatially related.
I don't think I have time to look elsewhere
There are also examples that make it feel more spacious.
Let's move on to one of Noah's original datasets. This is from an early prototype of Photosynth that I started working on that summer. Then maybe I don't understand very well
because there are legal restrictions
A computer reconstruction of Notre Dame from a Flickr image
If you type "Notre Dame" on Flickr, you'll get images of people in T-shirts and campuses.
Each small orange cone represents an image found to fit this model.
They're all Flickr images, so they're all spatially related.
easy to navigate
(Applause) I never thought I'd be working for Microsoft either.
I'm surprised that it's been so popular
(Laughter) As you might have guessed, there are different types of cameras, from cell phone cameras to professional SLRs, and we've stitched together dozens of photos in this environment.
Let's look for oddities.There are many photos with faces.
I'm pretty sure it was in the pictures around here...
It's a poster for Notre Dame.
You can jump into this environment from this poster
It's important to note that this is a social environment, and we're getting data from everyone.
It takes data from the entire collective memory of what the Earth looks like and links it all together.
And when all the photos are linked, something new emerges, something more valuable than a collection of parts.
I have a model that emerges from all over the planet.
It's kind of a continuation of Stephen Lawler's "Virtual Earth."
Complexity grows as people use it Benefits grow as users use it
User's own photo entered by someone else
Metadata is embedded. If someone embeds data about the saints, my photos of Notre Dame will be enriched with that data. In space, you can have a social experience that transcends the boundaries of styles and users.
The by-product, of course, is an extremely rich virtual model of all the interesting places on Earth, not just a collection of aerial photographs and satellite images, but a collection of collective memories.
thank you
(Applause) Is my understanding correct? in your software
Will it be possible in the next couple of years for anyone in the world to be able to share and link all of their photos?
Well, what I'm trying to do is actually discovery, creating hyperlinks between images.
do it based on the content of the image
Given the richness of semantic information that many photographs carry, this is pretty impressive.
For example, when you search the web for an image, you enter a word. Text on the web has a lot of information about what the image is. What if all the photos linked together?
The interconnectedness of meaning and the richness that comes out of it is really great, and it's a classic network effect.
Mr. Brace, you really did a great job.
thank you
(music) Hello
As you know, we are facing an economic crisis.
So I'm proposing a modest way to ease the financial burden.
I came up with this idea when I was talking to a physicist friend of mine at MIT.
What he did his best to explain was the brilliant experiment of using laser light to lower the temperature of matter.
I was suddenly confused, because light heats matter.
You shouldn't lower it, let me show you
As I stand on stage, I can see it because this space is filled with 10 to the 20th power photons, which are randomly flying around at almost the speed of light.
Each one is a different color and has a different frequency. Photons bounce off the surface of any object, including me, and some enter your eyes, and your brain creates an image of me on stage.
laser light is different
If the photons have a constant frequency and are focused into a beam, it can be used as a useful tool.
Lasers can be controlled with precision, so they can be used for surgery inside the eyeball, for storing vast amounts of data, and for some cool experiments that my friend had a hard time explaining.
First, we confine the atoms in a special container.
The container uses an electromagnetic field to isolate the atoms from environmental noise.
Atoms move wildly, but when you hit them with a laser of a certain frequency, they temporarily absorb the photons, slowing them down.
Atoms cool little by little, approaching absolute zero.
When you cool certain atoms down enough, something really strange happens.
Atoms are no longer solids, liquids, or gases.
It will be in a new state called "superfluid".
Atoms lose their unique characteristics and follow the rules of the quantum world, which is responsible for the eerie nature of superfluids.
For example, if you shine light into a superfluid, you can slow photons down to 60 kilometers per hour.
Another eerie property is that it has zero viscosity and zero friction, so if you take the lid off the container, the superfluid will come out.
It becomes a thin film and climbs up the walls of the container - over the rim and out.
As soon as it's exposed to the outside environment and the temperature rises even slightly, it's back to normal in no time.
It's the most precarious entity we know of.
That's the fun of science, the fun of experimenting and betraying your intuition.
But we don't end with experiments, we need to disseminate our knowledge. But we don't stop with experiments, we need to disseminate our knowledge.
I have a PhD in molecular biology.
Still, it's hard to understand what scientists are saying.
Even when my friend tried to explain this experiment to me, the more I talked about it, the more I felt like I didn't understand.
If you're trying to capture the essence of a complex concept and give it a broad outline - keep it as short as possible.
No, it may be ideal not to use words
I thought - maybe I should have explained it with a dance?
Of course, dancers aren't always around.
But the idea isn't that crazy
That's why I started the "Dance Your Ph.D" contest four years ago.
In competitions, scientists explain their research through dance instead of words.
surprisingly it works
Dance makes science easier to understand.
before you take my word for it
search on the internet
You can see a lot of scientists dancing
And one of the things that surprised me when I ran the contest was that there was a scientist working with the dancers.
At the University of Minnesota, biomedical engineer David Audie studies cell migration with dancers.
Cells change shape and move
If a chemical signal comes from one direction, the cell will grow in that direction because the cell is in constant communication with its environment.
As a result, it moves slowly in the right direction.
From the outside it looks like a graceful movement, but on the inside it's chaotic. Cells control their morphology with fibers of skeletal proteins that break apart.
Soon the protein sticks and grows, meaning it's constantly changing to keep the same shape.
Normally, he would build a mathematical model and then experiment with it, but he works with the dancers first to figure out what kind of model he's going to do.
It's like brainstorming.
This experience gave me a humble suggestion.
Wasted PowerPoint presentations are a serious threat to the global economy.
(Laughter) (Applause) Depending on how you calculate it, one estimate is about 250 million dollars lost per day.
Assume a 30-minute presentation to an audience with an annual income of $35,000 -- to an average of four people -- A conservative estimate is that a quarter of your presentation is a waste of time. It's a whopping $100 billion
Of course, this is what the audience loses - the value of their time.
There are other possible losses as well. PowerPoint is a tool -- any tool can be abused.
We tame them, as our CIA often does.
Distract attention with attractive images and irrelevant data.
You can make them think you're competent, or you can make them think you're simple, or even scarier, you can make them think you understand.
Our country has $15 trillion in debt
Leaders are desperately looking for ways to save money.
One way is to drastically cut back on the arts.
If you have, say, a budget of $150 million -- say, a budget of $150 million -- and you abolish the National Endowment for the Arts, you can reduce the national debt all at once -- by a factor of 1,000.
numbers are not debatable
But cutting public funding for the arts also creates problems.
The number of unemployed people will rise because of the artists who have lost their jobs.
Many will turn to drugs and prostitution, and urban land prices will fall as a result.
The savings from abolishing the arts fund may be wiped out.
So I respectfully propose
If we cut public funding for artists, why not use them instead of PowerPoint?
Why don't we try it with an American dancer as a starter?
He's one of the most endangered artists, and he's injured a lot, and because of the health care system, he's healing slowly.
Don't explain your dissertation in dance, use it to explain all sorts of thorny issues.
Imagine politicians using dance to explain why they should invade a foreign country or why they should bail out investment banks with their tax dollars.
I'm sure it will be useful
Of course, there may come a day in the distant future when a persuasion technique far superior to PowerPoint will be developed, displacing the dancer as an explanatory tool.
But by then, financial troubles will be a thing of the past.
Perhaps by that time, we will be allowed the luxury of enjoying human movements as spectators.
(music) (applause)
Have you ever had a conversation with someone and you didn't actually read the paper they mentioned?
(Laughter) A friend and I were having coffee the other day, and I said, "I read a recent study that said coffee reduces the risk of depression in women."
But really, I just read your tweet.
(Laughter) The tweet said (Laughter) "New study suggests coffee may lower risk of depression in women."
(Laughter) In this tweet, there's a link to a blog on the New York Times, where a guest blogger based an article on the site Live Science, which got its information from the Harvard School of Public Health's news site. But there was a link to the actual study abstract, which was a summary of the actual paper published in the journal.
(Laughter) It's like "six degrees of separation," but it's about research, not people.
(Laughter) When I said I "read" the research, I was actually just reading a 59-character summary of 10 years of research.
(Laughter) So when I say I "read" a study, I read only a fraction of the study, and it has been manipulated by four writers who weren't the original authors before I received it. It was something
Something weird, right?
But getting access to the original literature is not easy, because scholars don't usually interact with popular media.
You may be wondering, why aren't academics involved in popular media?
Academics seem like a better source of information than media gurus.
don't you
(Laughter) In a country with 4,100 colleges and universities, that seems to be the way it should be.
it's not happening
How did this happen?
To understand why academics don't engage with mass media, we first have to understand how universities work.
For the last six years, I've taught at seven colleges in four states.
It's a part-time job
(Laughter) I'm also doing a PhD at the same time.
All of these different universities have the same structure for research and publication.
First, scholars conduct research in their respective fields of expertise.
They apply for public and private grants to fund their research, and when they're done, they publish their findings.
Then submit the paper to the relevant journal.
And then it's peer-reviewed, which is another expert's confirmation of the accuracy and credibility of the paper.
And once the article is published, the profit-seeking company sells that information, in turn, to universities and public libraries in the form of journals and database services.
this is the current system
It's research, writing, peer-reviewing, and publishing.
My friends and I say it's like feeding a monster.
Let's see what kind of problems this causes
The first problem is that much of the academic research is publicly funded, but the distribution is not public.
Every year, the U.S. government spends $60 billion on research.
According to the National Science Foundation, 29 percent of that goes to public research universities.
If you do a little math, that's $17.4 billion.
tax is used
Most publicly funded research is distributed through just five companies.
In 2014, just one of them had a profit of $1.5 billion.
it's a big business
Sounds ironic, right?
If the public is funding academic research, why are we paying to see the results? It seems that you are paying twice
Another big problem is that many scholars don't have much incentive to publish outside of these subscription-based, authoritative journals.
The tenure and promotion system in universities is based on the number of papers published by scholars.
So publication in books and journals is like currency for scholars.
Publication of papers can lead to tenure and further research grants.
But writing for the mass media doesn't get you those rewards.
this is the situation
Today's university ecosystem
But I don't think this is the right way to be.
To turn the situation upside down, you just have to change your approach.
First, let's think about how we access information.
Universities can change the status quo by allowing not only subscription-based academic journals, but also open access journals and mass media to publish their work in accreditation.
Today, the open access movement is starting to spread in many fields, and fortunately, some big companies are starting to realize this.
Google Scholar makes open access research searchable and discoverable.
Congress also introduced a bill last year that calls for an open-access policy for academic research projects funded in excess of $100 million.
NASA opened its entire research library to the public this year.
This idea is gaining popularity.
But access doesn't just mean having access to literature and articles.
It's also about making literature and papers easier to understand.
So let's talk about breaking it down.
I'm not thinking of something like the "six degrees of separation" that I talked about at the beginning.
Instead, what if academics could take the work they do, explain it through the mass media, and engage with the public?
If academics could do this, it would greatly reduce the degree of gulf between the public and research.
It's not about stupidly simplifying your research.
By making research reports accessible to the public, by changing the way information is delivered, and by focusing on communicating in plain language, so that the people who pay for research can understand it.
This approach has other advantages as well.
By letting the public know how their tax money is being spent on research, the identity of each university will change. Make sure it includes the research that's being done.
A healthy relationship between the public and academics can encourage public participation in research.
Can you imagine what that would be like?
What if sociologists could help redesign community police sensitivity training and co-write a manual for future training?
Or what if an education professor consults with a local public school to decide how to engage with students in need and puts it in the local newspaper?
Because for democracy to work, people need to be well educated and informed.
Wouldn't it be better for research to take place in front of everyone's eyes, rather than behind paid sites and bureaucracies?
Somehow, I realized that I was criticizing the world I was entering in my Ph.D.
(Laughter) It's risky, because in a few years you'll be looking for a college job.
But if the current state of academic research means publishing in the murky society of profit-seeking academic journals, which is inaccessible to the general public, then you know that I have no choice but to say no, right?
I believe in inclusive, democratic research that works in the community and has dialogue with the public.
The research and university culture I want to work in is one in which the public is not only treated as an important spectator, but also a member, a participant.
It's a place that is sometimes even seen as an expert.
Not only does this give everyone access to information,
It's about transforming university culture from publication to practice, from discussion to action.
And please know that these thoughts and wishes are not mine alone.
I stand on the shoulders of many scholars, teachers, librarians and people in the community, people who want more people to join them.
I want you to join us in our conversation.
thank you
(applause)
So let's get started. When we think about our five senses, we probably don't think about why we developed those senses from a biological perspective.
We don't really think that sensory self-defense was necessary for evolution, but perhaps our five senses evolved for self-defense to keep us safe.
When we think of our five senses, or that we lose one of our senses, we're actually thinking of the ability to feel good to touch, to feel good to eat, to smell good, to see and feel beauty, to be able to feel them. it's ability
We look to the senses for this capacity.
In other words, we are looking for the ability to feel beauty rather than just function.
But when it comes to restoring the senses, we're still far from feeling the beauty.
That's the theme I'm going to talk to you about today.
Hearing recovery is equally far off.
When you think about what the ability to hear is for, few people imagine the ability to hear alarms and sirens, even though it's important.
what we really want to hear is music
(Music) As you know, it's Beethoven's 7th Symphony.
When he wrote this symphony, he was in a serious state of deafness.
Now I want to show you how extraordinary it is to be able to understand music.
Music is one of the most magical things in the world
Waves of energy traveling through the air stimulate the eardrums, and music is sound vibrations traveling through the air.
When the eardrum is stimulated, the eardrum carries energy from the middle ear to the back through bone conduction, and that energy is converted into fluid waves in the cochlea. It reaches the brain as melodic music, and we can perceive it.
very esoteric and very interesting
How do we hear sound? How can we perceive sound as just vibrations in the air?
When people lose their hearing, it's usually caused by a problem with a part of the ear called the cochlea.
It's a problem at the hair cell level.
If I had to pick one sense that you would lose, I would honestly say, "Medicine can restore the ability to hear, hearing, more than any other sense."
In terms of recovery, other sensory recovery falls short of hearing recovery.
If my patients had to choose one sense to lose, I would confidently tell them that, from my perspective as a physician and a surgeon, hearing is the most recoverable sense, both medically and surgically.
But I'm a performer myself, and if I end up getting a cochlear implant, I'm going to be deeply hurt, because I know I'll never hear music the same way again.
I'm going to show you a video of a girl who was born deaf.
she is in a very privileged environment
mother does all she can
let's see
(Video) Mother: That's an owl
yes owl
owl owl
yes yes yes
this is a cute baby
take it
(Kisses) This little girl had the full support of her family and the commitment to her studies. opportunities are limited
I'm not saying you can't have a great, fun life.
And what I'm trying to say here is that deaf children face challenges that they don't face with normal hearing.
Hearing loss and its treatments have evolved over the last 200 years.
As you can see from the slide, in the old days, you would put an ear-shaped stick in the ear, and then put a funnel-shaped stick in there.
At the time this was all I could do
I couldn't even see my eardrum
In this situation, I wouldn't be too surprised if there weren't any effective treatments to restore hearing.
Today we have multichannel cochlear implants, which is a surgical procedure.
The cochlea is surgically implanted in the inner ear
Depending on the implantation site, the operation takes 1.5 to 2 hours under general anesthesia.
The result is an array of electrodes embedded in the inner ear, and I'd like to explain.
This technology is relatively underdeveloped compared to the normal human inner ear.
But look, the girl from earlier got an implant.
Let's see what she looks like in 10 years
This video was shot by Dr. John Nipperco, who was a preceptor and a surgeon.
please give me a video
(Video) You wrote two books?
Girl: That's right (Mother: Isn't one book more like a book or a diary?) Girl: No, it's a book too (Mother: That's right) Doctor: Well, this book has 7 chapters and it's the end. The name of the chapter in
Remember writing this chapter?
Girl: Yeah I remember all the chapters
Doctor: Then what?
Girl: Sometimes my little sister gets annoyed
I don't have to be annoyed, it's convenient
Doctor: I see. By the way, who is this?
Girl: It's Holly (Doctor: That's right) Mother: It's my sister (Doctor: I see) Girl: Yes, my sister
Doctor: How are you going to dodge your little sister?
Girl: Just take out the CI (cochlear implant) and you won't hear anything
(Laughter) This is very helpful.
Doctor: So you don't want to hear all the sounds around you, do you?
girl: yeah
Lim: Her accomplishments are phenomenal
Everyone will see this figure of her as a great example of success.
Yes, this is the great success story of modern medicine.
However, even with these wonderful cochlear implants that allow users to perceive language, if you turn on the radio and listen to music, you won't enjoy the music at all.
In fact, cochlear implant users hate music because it sounds terrible and they have a hard time listening to music.
In terms of bringing beauty back into someone's life like this, there's still a lot to overcome before we can enjoy music.
There are many reasons, as I said earlier.
Music is an esoteric, abstract, and special ability, whereas language is quite different.
language is very clear actually
We use language precisely to convey narrowly specific meanings.
When humans say words, it's important to get them to recognize the words correctly.
I don't care if the word sounds pretty.
But music is completely different.
What's music for if it's not pretty?
If music doesn't sound comfortable, then there's no point in listening to it anymore.
Sounds in music are much more difficult than sounds in language.
Take a look at this analysis chart, which is the frequency range and pressure decibel range of music and language. Music has a much wider range of frequencies and pressures.
If we're going to design the perfect cochlear implant, we have to work hard to make sure that music can be transmitted.
I have always positioned music as the pinnacle of hearing.
If you can listen to music, you can listen to anything.
The problem starts with recognizing pitch, or intervals.
Pitch is a fundamental building block in music
So if you can't feel the pitch well, it's very difficult to feel the music, the melody, of course the harmony and other musical elements.
This is the Rachmaninoff Prelude played on MIDI
please listen
(Music) Now, given that music sounds two octaves off-pitch with a cochlear implant, let's try the same piece of music randomly shifted by one semitone and see what it sounds like.
If you hear the sound that a cochlear implant user is hearing that's a semitone apart, you're going to shiver.
I'll try running it
(Music) The reason I'm showing you is to show that music isn't strong, it's degrading.
Especially when the pitch is slightly distorted, the quality of the music changes.
You might like it
It's like hypnosis
But it's certainly not what was originally intended.
You don't hear the music the way people with normal hearing hear it.
Another problem is that we don't know the difference, not just the pitch deviation, but the sound itself.
Most cochlear implant users cannot hear different instruments
Listen to two instruments in succession
(Trumpet) It's a trumpet
and the other is
(Violin) It's a violin
The waveforms are similar. It's an instrument with a continuous tone.
People with cochlear implants can't tell the difference between these instruments.
You can't feel the quality of the sound, the way you hear it, or what is commonly called timbre.
Cochlear implants can't deliver the sonic elements that add warmth to music.
Now let's look at the state of the brains of cochlear implant users when listening to speech, when listening to prosody, when listening to music.
You might think that cochlear implants were optimized and designed for speech.
But when listening to melodies, we find that the cortex is significantly less active than in people with normal hearing.
So far, for some reason, the cochlear implant isn't stimulating the auditory cortex correctly in the melody recognition process.
So let's move on to the next question: What does it sound like to someone with a cochlear implant?
We've done some research to see how sound quality is for people with cochlear implants.
Play two clips of Usher One is the normal version The other contains very little highs, lows and mids
let's listen
(music) (music with a limited range) When I asked users to listen to it, they said it sounded the same.
Users cannot perceive any difference in sound between clips
Again, it's a really long way to get to where we want to go.
And here comes the question: is there hope?
I will answer that there is hope
does anyone know who this is
This is.. anyone know?
this is beethoven
How do we know it's Beethoven's skull?
because he dug out his grave
It turns out that the temporal part of his head had been removed to find out why he was deaf after his death, and that's why the skull was molded out of clay and the temporal part was bulging out.
But he continued to compose music long after he lost his hearing.
What this tells us is that even if you lose your hearing, you still have the ability to understand music.
The brain continues to have musical circuits, and I am very honored.
I was working with Dr. David Lugo, doing a study of deaf white cats to see what would happen if we gave them cochlear implants.
This cat is trained to get food when the trumpet sounds
(music) Cats don't wake up in Beethoven
(music) Overture 1812 not enough to happen
(Trumpet) But the sound of the trumpet makes the cat jump up and react.
(Trumpet) This doesn't mean that cats hear trumpets in the same way that we do.
What I'm trying to say here is that with training, even cats can be instilled with musical sonic differences.
Given that there is currently no focus on training to enjoy music, no policies for restoring musical hearing, and no breakthroughs in technology to improve musical performance, if cochlear implant users do focus on training to enjoy music. Overcome barriers and overcome many things
next is the last video
This is a video of Joseph, who I teach music to, and I've been lucky enough to work with him in the lab for three years.
He's deaf, but after a cochlear implant he learned to play the piano.
Watch Joseph's video
(Music) (Joseph) I was born in 1986
When I was four months old, I was diagnosed with hearing loss.
After a while, I put on hearing aids.
That hearing aid was the most effective hearing aid available at the time, but it didn't really help much.
I ended up having to resort to lip reading, because I couldn't hear what people were saying.
At the age of 12, I was one of the first few people in Singapore to undergo inner ear implant surgery.
I started learning to play the piano not long after I had a cochlear implant.
really nice and then
I no longer look back
Lim: Joseph is truly phenomenal and wonderful
Now he's a medical student at Yale University, aspiring to be a surgeon.
There are very few deaf surgeons anywhere in the world.
I think it's unprecedented and thanks to modern technology.
The fact that he can play the piano like this also shows his ability.
You can actually play the piano without a cochlear implant, just by pressing the keys at the right time.
You can play without hearing the sound
I know he can't hear well because I heard him at karaoke.
(Laughter) It was really bad.
(Laughter) As I said, we certainly have great hopes, but we still have a lot to achieve.
I would like to conclude this speech by saying
We've come a long, long way, a very long way, in terms of hearing recovery.
And there's still a long way to go in the quest for full hearing recovery.
Now let me tell you one thing, as long as you're satisfied with just hearing the speech, that's fine.
But if we lose our hearing, if we lose our hearing, we all want to have full hearing back.
You want perfect hearing, not just average hearing
Restoration of basic sensory functions is essential
I don't mean to underestimate the importance of restoring basic function.
But true hearing recovery means that we can perceive beauty that moves us.
I don't think you should give up on beauty.
Thank you for your attention
(applause)
i'm looking at the moon the moon is looking at me
The moon is looking at someone I can't see
god bless the moon god bless me
God bless someone I don't see
If I go to heaven first, I'll make a hole to pull you in
I'll write your name on each star and the world won't feel so far away
Astronaut won't go to work today
I called you when you were sick
Turn off your cell phone, your computer, your pager, your alarm clock
On his couch a fat yellow cat is sleeping Raindrops run down the window And there's not even a hint of coffee in the kitchen
everyone is upset
Engineers on the 15th floor stopped using particle accelerators.
The anti-gravity chamber is leaking His only job is to take out the garbage Even the freckled boy with the glasses got worried and dropped the garbage bag, spilling banana peels and paper cups
nobody notices
Everyone is busy recalculating what this has to do with lost time.
How many galaxies are lost every second
How long will it take to launch the next rocket
Somewhere, an electron jumps out of the energy cloud
black hole explodes
mother finished cooking dinner
The "Law & Order" marathon begins
astronaut is sleeping
The watch I forgot to turn off is ticking away on my wrist like an iron heartbeat
he can't hear
I'm dreaming of coral reefs and plankton
his fingers find the mast of the pillowcase
Roll over and open your eyes at once
I think being a scuba diver must be the coolest job in the world.
Because there's so much water you can slip into
(Applause) Hi
When I was little, I didn't understand that I could only live one life.
not as a metaphor
I literally thought I was going to do everything that was supposed to be done and be everything that was supposed to be.
it's just a matter of time
I thought age, gender, race, and even era weren't limiting.
I just thought I was going to experience what it was like: a civil rights leader, a 10-year-old Dust Bowl farm boy, a Tang emperor.
My mother told me that when she asked me what I wanted to be in the future, I would say, "Princess ballerina astronaut."
What my mother didn't realize was that I wasn't trying to create some new, amazing profession.
I mean, I was enumerating what I thought I was going to be: a princess, a ballerina, and an astronaut.
This list was probably longer
I just cut it there.
It wasn't a matter of if it could be, it was just a question of when.
If you want to do everything
So my life has always been a rush
I was always afraid of being late
I think it's pretty normal for someone who grew up in New York to run fast.
But as I grew older, I came to understand that I could only live one life.
All I know is what a teenage girl in New York looks like, not a teenage boy in New Zealand, or Miss Kansas.
I can only see through my lens
From that point on, I became fascinated by stories, because it's through stories that you see through other people's lenses, no matter how short and imperfect they are.
I felt a strong desire to hear other people's experiences.
And when I changed my perspective, I realized that some people never got to experience what it's like to be a teenage girl in New York.
That means you don't know what it's like to be on the subway after your first kiss, or how quiet it is when it snows.
I want to teach you
I was obsessed, and I was busy telling stories, sharing stories, collecting stories.
But I've recently realized that poetry isn't something you can do in a hurry.
In April, we had National Poetry Month, and many people in the poetry community took on the challenge, the 30/30 challenge.
What it does is, I write a new poem every day for the entire month of April.
I attended for the first time last year, and I was thrilled to be able to write poetry so quickly.
But at the end of the month, when I looked back at the 30 poems I had written, I realized that they were all trying to tell the same story. i just did it again
I realized that this is true on a much larger scale in other stories as well.
There's a story I've been trying to tell for years, and I'm rewriting it over and over, constantly trying to find the right words.
French poet and essayist Paul Valéry said, "Poetry is never finished, it is simply abandoned."
And this scares me, because it means that you can revise and rewrite and keep going as long as you like, and it's just up to you to decide when to finish the poem and walk away.
This goes against my paranoid nature of trying to find the right answer, the perfect word, the right form.
I use poetry to help steer and guide my life.
But finishing a poem doesn't mean you've solved the problem you've been working on.
I like to go back to the poems I wrote a long time ago, and they give me a clear picture of what I was like, how I was trying to get through it, and what words I chose to help me.
There's a story that I've been dragging around for years, and I don't know if we've found the perfect shape, or if this is just another attempt to find a better way to tell it and rewrite it.
But when you look back later, I'm sure you'll know where I was and how I was trying to get through this moment, right here, right here with you.
then laugh
It didn't always go like this
There were times when I had to get my hands dirty
If you're in the dark, most of the time you're groping
If you need more contrast, more saturation, darker darkness, brighter brightness, you say long development, but that's what it means.
It means inhaling chemicals for a long time and rolling up your sleeves.
not always easy
Grandpa Stuart was a Navy photographer.
Young, red-faced, with sleeves rolled up, fingers thick like stacks of coins, like a live-action version of "Popeye."
Came to World War II as a hobby, grinning with a frown and a bushy chest
When they asked me if I knew anything about photography I lied and learned how to read Europe like a map Turned upside down From the height of a fighter plane Cameras whine and eyes blink Darkness in darkness Light in light
I learned war so I could read my way home
Others put down their weapons when the war ended, but my grandfather brought back his lenses and camera.
opened a store and made it a family business
My father was born in this black and white world
Lenses in frames Films in cameras Chemicals in plastic containers
My father's father knew tools, but he didn't know art.
I knew the darkness, but I didn't know the light
My father spent his time learning magic and chasing the light
I once chased wildfires across the country for a week with a camera in hand.
"Follow the light," he said
"Follow the light"
There's a part of me that I only know from pictures
A loft in a creaking building on Worcester Street Four-meter ceilings, white walls and cold floors
That was my mother's house before she became a mother
Before I became a wife, my mother was an artist.
There were only two rooms in the house with walls that reached the ceiling and doors that opened and closed, and that was the bathroom and the darkroom.
The darkroom was built by my mother with a custom stainless steel sink and an 8x10 enlarger that was raised and lowered by a large crank.
my mother installed it herself
made my place
Falling in love with a man who knows how to see the light with hands for basketball
They got married and had a child
moved to a house near the park
But I've reserved the Worcester Street loft for birthday parties and treasure hunts.
Babies changed grayscale and filled their parents' photo albums with red balloons and yellow icing.
The baby grew into a freckle-free girl with a scowl She wondered why there was no darkroom in her friend's house Never saw her parents kiss And they held hands never seen
One day another baby showed up
The boy has perfectly straight hair and bubblegum cheeks
named sweet potato
When he laughed, he laughed so loudly that he frightened the pigeons on the fire escape.The four of them lived in a house near that park.
A girl without freckles and a sweet potato boy A basketball dad and a darkroom mom Light a candle and say a prayer The corners of the picture are curled
One day the tower fell
The house near the park was home under the ashes We all fled Rucksacks and bikes to the darkroom But Worcester Street lofts are for artists, not for sweet families Walls don't reach the ceiling Cry Untrapped, the man with basketball hands laid down his weapon
He couldn't fight this battle The map didn't point home
His hand no longer fits the camera, his wife's hand no longer fits, his body no longer fits.
The sweet potato boy shoved his fist into his mouth so he could say nothing more
The girl without freckles went treasure hunting alone
In a 4-meter-ceilinged loft in a building with creaking hallways on Worcester Street Under the tinted lighting of a dark room with too many sinks, a girl found a note Pinned to the wall, a baby before the tower fell. before you were born
The note read, "Man definitely loves the woman who works in the darkroom."
That was a year before my father picked up the camera again.
On his first day off, chasing the lights of Christmas A little light that dotted the trees of New York twinkled at him from the darkness within the darkness.
A year later, he followed wildfires across the country for a week, camera in hand, fires wreaked havoc on the West Coast and swallowed up an 18-wheeler truck.
On the other side of the country, I was writing poetry in the corner of my notebook in class.
we both learned to catch
Or maybe we were learning the art of hugging
Or maybe we've learned how to forget
(applause)
Hello, I am honored to speak at TEDxKrakow today.
Today, I'm going to talk to you about a phenomenon that has the power to change the world: the power of the people.
For the Monty Python fans out there today, let's open the curtain with a Monty Python-esque anecdote.
December 15, 2010
You're challenged to make a bet like this, "If you look into a crystal ball, you can see the future. It's the exact future.
We just have to tell the world about that future."
Unable to suppress your curiosity, you take a gamble.
I'm talking about what I saw on a talk show on a national television program.
"By the end of 2011, Ben Ali, Mubarak and Gaddafi will be overthrown and prosecuted."
“Saleh in Yemen and Assad in Syria will also be confronted by the people, or they will already be ousted.”
"Osama bin Laden is dead and Ratko Mladich will be on trial in The Hague."
The show's host looks at you curiously.
You add, "Thousands of young people in Athens, Madrid and New York will demonstrate for social justice, inspired by the Arab peoples."
The next moment, two men dressed in white appear and put on these strange shirts and take them to a psychiatric hospital.
So let's talk in detail about one phenomenon that poses a great threat to the bad guys: the power of the people.
"People's Power" has been around for a long time
He helped Gandhi drive the British Empire out of India and helped Martin Luther King's historic victory over racism.
People's power made it possible for Lech Walesa to expel a million Soviet troops from here in Poland, which, as we all know, was the beginning of the end of the Soviet Union.
On the other hand, the new elements in the power of the modern people
What I want to share with you today is that there are rules and skills that can be taught and taught to win in nonviolent struggle.
If this is true, we can be part of that movement too.
The first is analytical skills.
Let's look at the Middle East first.
We've got a completely wrong image of the Middle East.
I thought it was a frozen region like a refrigerator
Also, there are only two types of food in the refrigerator.
Steaks that symbolize military dictators like Mubarak and Ben Ali, or steaks that symbolize military dictators like Mubarak and Ben Ali, or Tehran-style theocracy potatoes.
But what surprised the world when that refrigerator popped open was millions of mostly secular young people seeking change.
The average age of Egyptians is 24.
Mubarak took power 31 years ago
his regime expired
The young people of the Arab countries realized it one morning, and they realized the power they had.
And then the revolution happened
The same goes for the rules, the tools, the strategies, the language of young people in other Arab countries who stand up to dictators.
What about the ages of the young protesters in Europe?
Similar to young people in Arab countries
Let's take another example
I meet people all over the world, academics, professors, PhDs, etc. They always list the following conditions:
"Popular power is effective only when regime repression is not too strong."
"The power of the people works when the annual income of the population is between X and Y."
“For the power of the people to work, it needs impetus from outside the country.”
"The power of the people works only when there is no oil"
Of course, there will be certain conditions, but those conditions are more than the abilities that people have in this kind of struggle.
I have come to realize that it is more important
That capacity is cohesion, planning, and maintaining non-violent principles.
Let me give you an example
I come from a country called Serbia
In our country, it took 10 years for 18 ambitious opposition leaders to come together under one unified candidate against Balkan dictator Slobodan Milosevic.
The day it was achieved became the day of our victory
When Egyptians gathered in Tahrir Square, they protested by erasing their individual symbols and instead hoisting only the Egyptian flag.
As a contrasting example
Nine candidates vying against President Lukashenko, it's clear what's going to happen.
So cohesion is both important and achievable.
A spontaneous non-violent revolution
If there's a story of success, it's a lie
there is no such thing
There's always a plan behind the young people on the front lines who try to forge ties with the police and the military.
Finally, the principle of non-violence
This is probably the key to the big change
Adhering to the policy of non-violence will eventually win the battle.
In a non-violent march of 100,000 people, if there's just one silly agitator throwing stones
Of course, the camera focuses on that one person.
A single act of violence can ruin an entire movement.
next story
How to choose strategies and tactics
There are rules to follow in nonviolent struggle.
start with small activities
Next, choose a battle that you can win and act
There are only 200 people in this room
You can't plan a march of a million people with this number.
Spray paint all over Krakow in the middle of the night and make a statement, and the whole city will notice it.
Choose a strategy that fits your event, especially the little tricks that drive adoption.
effective against violent oppression
The picture you're seeing is one of the greatest strategies of all time.
Here's a picture of Tahrir Square, where the international community has long feared that the revolution will be hijacked by Islamists, where Christians
It protected the Muslims praying in the square, and it organized a Coptic wedding to be celebrated by thousands of Muslims.
So there's a lot more we can do than just gather in one place and yell and show off in front of the police force.
There are also other very important dynamics at work.
It's a dynamic that is overlooked in situational analysis.
One side of the balance is fear and indifference, the other is passion and humor.
imagine a video game
Start at the point of greatest fear
But when passion rises, fear declines.
On the second day, instead of running away from the police, people are running towards the police.
Clearly, there is something special at work in Egypt.
It's the power of humor, and it's a powerful ingredient that's key to a revolution.
The power was overwhelming in Poland as well.
One day, me and a few of my friends, who were eccentric students in Serbia, pulled a big prank.
Stick a photo of the president at the time on a big oil drum.
I put it in the center of the city with a hole in the top
People could put money in it and hit the president in the face with a bat.
We were watching it at a nearby cafe
The sound it makes is so loud that within minutes a long line of people wanted to hit it.
The highlight of the event is not
It started when the police showed up
We were just watching from a distant cafe
The police can't arrest us or find us.
We can't arrest shoppers with children
and they acted the stupidest
I arrested the oil drum, and then
We saw the police dragging a drum with the president's smashed face into the patrol car, a perfect photo opportunity for a newspaper photographer.
this kind of thing is easy
use the power of humor
The power of humor can actually wreak havoc on those in power.
Because I'm a person who thinks of myself too rigidly
Those in power get hurt when they're ridiculed
Now, people are crazy about the Internet, it's useful, of course, but Facebook,
Don't jump to conclusions about Twitter as the center of the revolution
Don't confuse substance with utensils
It's true that new media like the Internet are useful because they make things faster and cheaper.
Anonymity also has a considerable protective effect on the participants, and anonymity has a considerable protective effect on the participants.
I brought another example of the power of the Internet to the screen.
Non-violent activism can shine a spotlight on government violence.
This is a group called "We are all Khalid Said," founded by Wael Ghonim and his friends from Egypt.
This is a picture of a boy who was severely beaten by the police.
This made him known to the world, and was probably the last move to oust the powerful.
but there is a downside
Nonviolent struggle pays off in the real world
It's not enough to just stare at a screen and click to make a difference in society in terms of democratization and economic structure.
There are risks that have to be taken, and there are people who have actually won by doing so.
Everyone wants to know about the future of the Arab world
The young people of the Arab world overthrew three dictators, persuaded the clever kings of Jordan and Morocco, and with their help, brought about regional revolutions, but the future is still uncertain.
Will the people of Egypt and Tunisia be able to persevere in their revolutions? Will the revolutions end in brutal ethnic or regional conflicts? While the brutal violence that has already killed thousands continues daily, the Syrian people will be able to continue their non-violent struggle. Or will it take violent measures and turn into an ugly civil war?
Will these revolutions bring about democracy, or will they be hijacked by the military and extremists? No one knows the answers to these questions.
It's the same thing in the Western world, where young people are taking over every corner of the world and continuing to demonstrate.
Will they develop into international movements?
Can you find the technology, the passion and the strategy to realize your true purpose, and bring about a revolution?
This will be the difference between the two revolutions.
how about looking at the stats
If you look at a book about violence and non-violent struggle by my friend Maria Stephan, there's some amazing data.
Of the 67 cases of societal transitions from dictatorships to democracies over the last 35 years, 50 of the 67 cases of societal transitions from dictatorships to democracies were key to nonviolent strategies. Non-violent strategies were key
This is a good reason to look at the phenomenon of "power of the people" and the younger generation in Arab countries.
It's also why I can say with confidence and hope that they will find the skills and courage to engage in nonviolent struggle, and that they will at least make amends for the mistakes of our generation.
thank you
Has anyone ever filled out a form reading distorted text like this? Who did you find so annoying?
After all, everyone is like that, isn't it?
I was the one who invented it. (Laughter)
Well, one of the inventors, it's called a CAPTCHA.
The purpose of this is that you are typing
To make sure it's human and not a program designed to submit the form a million times.
Because a sighted person can read this kind of distorted text just fine, but a computer can't do that yet.
For example, Ticketmaster, a ticketing site, forces users to read distorted text so that they can't order millions of tickets at once -- so scalpers don't program them.
CAPTCHAs are used everywhere on the net.
It's so common that randomly chosen strings can have bad luck. Here's an example of a Yahoo user registration page.
A random string of characters just happens to be the meaningful word "W A I T."
The masterpiece here is the message that Yahoo's helpdesk received 20 minutes later.
"What's going on? I waited for more than 20 minutes and nothing happened?" "What's going on? I waited for more than 20 minutes and nothing happened?" seemed to think
But that wouldn't be as bad luck as this guy.
"RESTART." (Laughter) CAPTCHA was developed by us here at Carnegie Mellon University over a decade ago, and it's been widely used.
Now let's talk about an evolution of CAPTCHA that we made years later, which we call reCAPTCHA.
We started it here at Carnegie Mellon University and turned it into a venture company, and about a year and a half ago.
Google bought the company
As for how the project got started, it all started when I realized something amazing.
It turns out that CAPTCHAs are entered 200 million times a day by people all over the world.
When I first heard about this, I was pretty proud of the impact of my research.
Then I felt sorry
That's because the input for CAPTCHA is
You'll end up wasting about 10 seconds each time.
Multiply that by 200 million times, and the human race as a whole wastes 500,000 hours a day typing in these annoying CAPTCHAs.
I feel sorry (laughs).
We can't just get rid of CAPTCHAs, which in some ways contribute to the security of the web, but we can use this effort to do something useful for humanity.
i thought i couldn't use it
what do you mean
In the 10 seconds you spend typing CAPTCHAs, your brain is actually doing amazing things.
Computers can't do it yet. Can't we get the user to do something useful in those 10 seconds?
In other words
I thought, why not take a huge problem that today's computers can't solve, and break it up into 10-second chunks, and have a human solve it for CAPTCHA input.
The answer is yes, and that's what we're doing right now.
Not only does it prove you're human, it's also helping to digitize books.
There are various book digitization projects
Google does it, the Internet Archive does it.
Amazon is now digitizing books on the Kindle.
To do that, first pick up an old book...
It's something like this...
Have you seen that?
You mean a book? (smile)
First you pick a book and you scan it.
Take a digital photo of each page
For every page, we're turning the text into an image.
Then the words in the image
It needs to be decoded by a computer for that OCR (Optical Character Recognition)
It's a technique that takes a picture of the text and tries to read the text in the photo.
The problem is that OCR isn't perfect
Especially in old books with faint letters and yellow pages, there are many words that cannot be read by OCR.
In a book that was printed more than 50 years ago, 30% of the words cannot be read by a computer.
So what we're doing is having the CAPTCHA input read the words that the computer doesn't recognize.
The characters that appear when you enter the CAPTCHA are the parts of the book that were being digitized that the computer could not recognize.
These days, instead of one word, you're getting two words, one that the system has taken from the book and that the computer couldn't read.
I don't know the correct answer, so I don't know if the user's input is correct
So, just to make sure, I'll give you another problem that you know the correct answer to.
I won't say which is which, but I'll ask you to enter both.
If the correct answer is typed in, you can expect that it's a human typing it and that the other input is also correct.
If all the inputs match, one word of the book is newly digitized, and that's how this system works.
The system was released three or four years ago.
So many websites are already switching from the old time-wasting CAPTCHAs to the new CAPTCHAs that digitize books, so when you buy tickets on Ticketmaster.
You're contributing to the digitization of books, even when you add a friend or say hello on Facebook.
It contributes to the digitization of some kind of book. 350,000 sites, including Twitter, use reCAPTCHA.
There are so many sites that use reCAPTCHA that the number of words that are digitized every day is quite large. 100 million words per day.
That's 2.5 million books in a year, and that's all—
It's all done by people typing CAPCHA, one word at a time. It's all done by people typing CAPCHA, one word at a time. (Applause)
We deal with so many -- so many words every day, that some weird things happen. Now they're randomly chosen.
Because I'm putting two words together, it's easier for weird things to happen.
For example, one time the word "Christian" came up.
There's nothing wrong with this per se
When combined with another randomly chosen word
It can go wrong like this (Bad Christian)
And even more unfortunately, it just happened to be on a website called "Embassy of God's Country." (Laughter)
first
(Laughter) Another example that tripped me up was Democratic Rep. John Edwards' website.
(Liberal site labeled "Fuck liberal") (Laughter) (Liberal site labeled "Fuck liberal") (Laughter) They go around insulting everyone.
Of course, it's not all about insults, because it's two randomly chosen words.
Sometimes it turns into something interesting, actually this is on the internet.
It's become a big meme, and tens of thousands of people are playing with this "captcha art."
Some of you may have heard
what to do
Let's say you're on the Internet and your CAPTCHA shows something weird, like "invisible toaster."
First of all, take a screen copy, and then of course enter the CAPTCHA.
First of all, to contribute to the digitization of books.
And then I'll add a picture related to the CAPTCHA image, "Invisible Toaster." (Laughter)
this is how to play
There are hundreds of thousands of such works
Some of them are cute
"I grabbed it."
"Laughing Founders" (Laughter) Like this "paleontological shovel."
Rappers sometimes appear
(Buddy, get me that shovel) (Laughter) And then this number is about reCAPTCHA.
in that I am very pleased
Over 750 million people have contributed to the digitization of books through reCAPTCHA, more than 10 percent of the world's population, contributing to the digitization of human knowledge.
It's these big numbers that drive my research.
It made me question, when you look at the great things that humans have accomplished, the great things in history that have been done by people working together, whether it's the pyramids of Egypt, the Panama Canal, or sending people to the moon. There's an interesting commonality: they all involve the same number of people, and strangely enough, they're all accomplished by 100,000 people.
The reason is that in the pre-internet era,
Coordinating more than 100,000 people, with or without funding, was simply not possible.
But thanks to the Internet, 750 million people are participating in the digitization of human knowledge.
The question that prompted my research was, if 100,000 people could put a man on the moon, what could a thousand times that number, 100 million, do?
Starting with this question, I've worked on a number of different projects.
Let's talk about what we're most excited about
I've been working on it quietly for about a year and a half, and it hasn't been released yet, but it's called Duolingo.
It's not public, so please keep it confidential
(smile)
I trust you all, so this project started
To graduate student Severin Hacker
It was when I threw a question
This is Severin Hacker, my graduate student.
By the way, you didn't hear me wrong.
My name is actually "Hacker"
I asked him, "What if you want 100 million people to translate the web into every major language for free?"
There's a lot to think about with this question, first of all, translating the web.
There are many languages ​​used on the web today.
English is a big part
If you don't know English, you can't access that information.
But there are also many parts in other languages
If you don't know the language, you can't access it, so the whole web, at least most of it.
I want to translate into all major languages
that's what i want to do
Some people may think that it is good to translate by computer. Why not use machine translation?
Machine translation is everywhere now. What if you translate the whole web with it?
The problem is that the precision is insufficient.
It won't be good for the next 15-20 years.I make a lot of mistakes.
Even if I'm not wrong, I'm always wrong, so I don't know if I can trust you.
Let me give you an example of what machine translation looks like in a forum post.
I have a question about JavaScript
Machine translated from Japanese to English
I hope you read
This person first apologizes for being a machine translation.
The following sentence prefaces the question
I'm explaining something. Remember, it's a JavaScript question.
(I often get puke when I install it when I'm goat) (laughs) Then comes the first part of the question.
(How many times can you be like the wind or the pole or the dragon?) (Laughter) Next is my favorite part.
(Is this an insult to my father's stone?) (Laughter) And last but not least (please apologize for your stupidity, thank you so much)
(Laughter) Machine translation is still not good enough.
I need someone to translate the whole web
Now the next question would be, "Why not just pay a professional translator to translate the whole web?"
maybe you can do that
Unfortunately it costs a lot of money
For example, let's say you're translating the English version of Wikipedia into Spanish, which is just a small part of the whole giant web.
Wikipedia also has a Spanish version, but it's much smaller than the English version, about 20% of the size.
If you want to translate the remaining 80% into Spanish
It costs at least fifty million dollars, especially if you outsource it to a country that is extremely exploitative, and professional translation is expensive.
So what we are trying to do is
It's about getting 100 million people to translate the web into their languages ​​for free.
There are two big walls you immediately face when you do that.
One is the lack of bilingual
I don't know if there are 100 million people who are bilingual enough to translate for Internet users.
this is a big problem
Another problem is lack of motivation
How can I be motivated to translate the web for free?
I usually pay money to have it translated
How do you want to do it for free?
As soon as I started thinking about translating the web, I ran into these two problems, and then I was able to solve both problems at the same time.
I realized there is a way, there is a way to kill two birds with one stone.
Turn translation into something that millions of people want to do
That it will also solve the problem of bilingual shortage, that is language education.
There are over 1.2 billion people learning foreign languages ​​today.
People really want to learn a foreign language, and not just because they're forced to learn it in school.
For example, only in America
Over 5 million people spend $500 or more on language learning software
People really want to learn foreign languages, so what we've been working on for the past year and a half is
It's a website called Duolingo, and the basic idea is that people learn foreign languages ​​for free, and they translate the web at the same time.
So you learn by doing.
present a very simple sentence
There are, of course, a lot of sentences on the web that you can use, very simple sentences and
The meaning of each word is presented
As you translate, you learn how other people translate, and you learn a foreign language as you improve.
More complex sentences will be presented
But the point of learning by doing is always the same.
The great thing about this method is that it actually works very well.
Above all, people really want to learn foreign languages.
The system has been built and is being tested
You can really learn a foreign language, and you'll do just as well as you would with a good language learning software.
really mastering a foreign language
And not only can you improve as well
much more fun to learn
Because with Duolingo you learn with real content
It's inherently more interesting to learn from real content than from fake texts.
You can really learn a foreign language, but what's even more amazing is
It's amazing that the translations you get from this site, even though they're beginners, are as accurate as professional translators. Let me give you an example.
This is the text translated from German to English German is at the top
In the middle is the English translation by a professional translator, paying 20 cents per word, and in the bottom is the English translation by a Duolingo user.
They didn't know German at all originally.
I think you'll find that it's almost perfect
There are some tricks to make the translations like professional translators.
I am combining
But despite the combination, this site does the translation very quickly.
So I estimated the time it would take to translate Wikipedia from English to Spanish, and remember, this is a job worth 50 million dollars.
Translate Wikipedia into Spanish with 100,000 active users in 5 weeks
80 hours for 1 million active users
All my projects so far have had millions of users, so I'm hoping that this project will also be able to translate very quickly.
The most exciting thing about Duolingo is that it's a business model that brings equity to language education.
The traditional business model for language education is to get the learner to pay, which is $500 to Rosetta Stone. (Laughter)
That's the current business model.
95% of the world's population cannot afford $500.
very unfair to the poor
It's a model specifically for the rich, while Duolingo
You translate as you learn, and you create value, so you can, for example, have someone pay you for the translation, and that's how you make money.
Because learners create value while learning, they don't need tuition, they pay for it in hours.
And the great thing about that time is that it's not a waste of time because it's necessary in any way to learn a language.
The beauty of Duolingo is that it's a fair model that doesn't put the poor at a disadvantage. Here's the Duolingo address.
(applause)
This site isn't officially open, but you can go here and sign up for the private beta, which should start in three or four weeks. Wait for Duolingo to launch.
I'm the only one talking here
Duolingo is developed by a great team including the people listed here. Thank you very much.
(applause)
I'm going to tell you about the splendor of spiders and how much we can learn from their traits.
spiders really live all over the world
We know there are spiders almost everywhere on earth.
The red dot on the screen is North America's Great Basin National Park, where I'm studying alpine biodiversity with my collaborators.
This is one of the research sites. See that blue blurry dot? If you say that's one of the researchers, can you give me a sense of the vastness?
Even these rocky, barren areas are home to many species of spiders.
If you turn the rock over, you'll find a crab spider grappling with a beetle.
Spiders are not only distributed in many different environments around the world, they are also very diverse.
Over 40,000 species have been discovered to date.
There are about 400 species of primates, while there are 40,000 species of spiders.
There are more spiders than primates when the numbers are two digits apart.
Spiders are a very ancient species
Below this table is the timeline from the birth of the Earth, the numbers on the scale are from 4 million years ago to the present, and the zero in the lower right is the present.
As this table shows, the origin of spiders dates back to 380 million years ago.
If you look at it as a whole, the red vertical bar on the bottom right is the origin of the human race. Humans and chimpanzees diverged only seven million years ago.
All spiders produce silk during their lives.
Most spiders use a lot of silk to survive and reproduce, and this silk is essential, it's very important.
Even ancient spiders used silk, and we can see some sort of spigot in this fossil spider.
This means that both spiders and spider silk have been around for 380 million years.
Research quickly reveals that silk is a necessity in just about everything in a spider's life.
They are used for a variety of purposes, such as to hang from draglines, to cover eggs during breeding, to create hideouts, and to catch prey.
There are many types of thread
For example, the wild spider on the screen can produce seven types of silk.
If you look at a spider's web, you see a variety of silk fibers.
The frame threads and radial warp threads of the nest are made of one thread type, and the helical traps (weft threads) are made of two thread types. They are made of line-like filaments and sticky balls.
How could a single spider produce so many different types of silk?
In order to find the answer, it is necessary to observe the spigot part
The thread is ejected from the spigot. We spider silk scholars refer to this part as the "sales window (tip)" (laughs).
Don't laugh a little, I'm seriously working on it (laughs)
Now, don't laugh, I'm serious.
I see this on my screen
You can see that there are multiple fibers coming out of the spinneret. Each spinneret has many warts (shooting holes).
Different types of thread fibers come out of the warts, and if you trace them all the way to the base of the fibres, you can see that each wart is connected to a separate thread gland, which is shaped like a bag. The cage is filled with silk proteins
If you ever get the chance to dissect a web-building spider, no, do it.
There are hundreds, sometimes thousands, of secretory glands.
Secretory glands can be classified into 7 types
They differ in size, shape and even color.
Spiders that build spider webs have seven types of silk glands, which are illustrated on the screen, starting at 1 o'clock on the upper right.
Next, the collecting and whiplash glands mix to form the cohesive threads (the transverse lines) of the spider's helix.
The pyriform gland makes an attachment that keeps the thread attached to the substrate.
The vine threads are used to entangle food.
Threads of small pituitary glands are used for nests
And it's the magnolia gland that has received the most research.
The threads here form a spider's web with the frame (frame thread) and the radial (weft thread) and also act as a dragline for safety when hanging.
So what is the thread made of?
spider silk is a protein
Most of these proteins are made up of a single gene family, which means that all of today's diverse genes are integrated into a single gene family, and it's likely that the original spider species had only one type of silk. During the course of 380 million years of evolution, the silk genes were replicated and diverged to form the characteristic silks, and this process was repeated over and over again to produce the enormous diversity of species that exist today. came to
There are a few things that all the threads have in common. First, the design. The protein lengths are consistently and surprisingly long.
They form very repetitive sequences rich in amino acids like glycine and alanine.
I'm going to show you what a spider silk protein looks like, and this is just a small part of the black widow spider's dragline protein.
I can't wait to go through this sequence day and night. It can be seen that G occupies
And can you see the same short motif repeated over and over and over again, for example, there's the repeated A, which we call polyalanine, the AAAAA, and the GGQ, and the GGY.
It's as if this repeating motif is a word that appears over and over again in a sentence.
For example, if this is one sentence, the part with a lot of green and the repetition of red polyalanine will appear over and over again. I'm coming
Even the threads produced by the same spider are surprisingly different in arrangement.
What you see at the top of the screen is the arrayed repeating unit of the dragline that the argiope spider produced, and in this case, the length of one unit is shorter.
What you can see at the bottom of the image is the repetitive sequence of the protein in the silk that wraps the egg, called the tubular silk. That's the beauty of spider silk
You can see that not only the length of the repeat unit, but also the sequence is different.
To show the sequence, I've colored glycine in green, alanine in red, and serine in purple with S. The repeating units at the top of the screen are almost entirely green and red, and purple dominates the bottom.
Thromologists look to see if sequences within these repeats, or amino acid sequences, are related to the mechanical properties of the filament.
It's very convenient that spiders use their silk entirely outside the body.
This property makes it easier to experiment with spider silk in the lab, because you can do it in the exact same environment that spiders use their silk proteins in.
It makes it easier to create an environment in which to measure the properties of spider silk using methods such as the tension test, where one side of the fiber is fixed and pulled.
This figure shows the stress-strain curves of the spider we just tested in tension on five types of fibers.
You can see that each of the five types of fibers has different properties.
Specifically, I've plotted stress on the vertical axis. Look at the maximum stress for each fiber on that axis.
Scholars believe that dragline is the strongest because it needs to be very strong in order for the frame and radial weft threads to form a spider's web.
Another force. Let's look at the strain, how far we can stretch it. When we look at the maximum strain, there is again a large difference between the fibres. Flagella or wefts clearly dominate.
Flagellar filaments can actually grow to more than twice their original length.
So yarn fibers are very different in terms of stress and strain.
The spiral weft must be fairly flexible so that it can absorb the impact of incoming bait.
Without this flexibility, even if an insect does get caught in the nest, it will bounce off and escape quickly.
If you build a nest with only dragline, the insects will just bounce off, but it has spiral wefts that are very flexible and stretchable, so the nest can absorb the impact of the bait on it.
The types of fibers that spiders produce are extremely diverse.
I call it the spider's toolbox.
Spiders use these differently depending on the environment.
So how different are spider species from one another? Do the properties of the same type of silk differ according to the type of spider?
This area of ​​research is not very advanced yet, but I'll show you a little bit.
Here's a chart comparing the toughness (strength) of dragline silks of 21 spiders.
Includes both nesting and non-nesting species
There is a hypothesis that spiders that build webs, like the argiope, have the toughest dragline silks, because they need to catch incoming prey.
This table shows the tenacity of the thread.The higher the point, the less likely the thread will break.
The 21 spider species shown here are genetically linked according to the phylogenetic evolutionary tree.
The two red arrows point to the coordinates of the toughness (toughness) of the dragline silks of the Nephila and the Orchid spider.
Most of the major funding and time is focused on synthetically synthesizing the protein composition of the dragline silks produced by these two species of spiders.
But it's not that these two types of spider dragline are the strongest.
In fact, the strongest dragline in this study was the non-web-building spider species in the upper left white background.
This is a dragline thread spun by the venomous spiders, the family of the spitting spider.
Porcupine spiders do not use nets to catch their prey, but instead sneak into their nets to get close to their prey and spray a string of venom on the insects, immobilizing them.
It's like hunting with a "spider silk toy"
This is how this spider gathers food
Academics don't know why the white spider needs such a powerful dragline, but it's the unexpected results that make biological research so exciting and rewarding.
By studying living things, we can push the limits of human imagination.
Next, I drew a line on the diagram based on the toughness (difficulty to cut) of various fibers. From top to bottom, the lines are nylon, silkworm, wool, Kevlar fiber, and carbon fiber.
Almost all spider silks are superior in toughness.
It's the combination of stress, strain, and toughness that makes spider silk so special, and it's what attracts the attention of biomimetic scientists, and many of them are trying to find new ways from nature.
Because spider silk has stress, strain, and toughness, but at the same time is free from immune responses, there's been a lot of interest in biomedical applications, such as using it as part of artificial tendons to reconstruct nerve tissue. There can be applications such as using it as a base on which
Spider silk has a lot of potential as a ballistic resistant material.
Yarn fibers can be incorporated into body armor and body armor to create lighter and more flexible armor than any existing armor.
In addition to these biomimetic applications, I personally find the study of spider silk, and the spider silk itself fascinating.
I can't wait to discover an arrangement of spider silk that I've never seen before in the lab.
(Laughter) At that moment, it was like the spider was telling me an ancient secret, and that's why I'm going to study spider silk for the rest of my life.
Next time you see a spider web, stop and take a closer look.
You're going to see one of the most powerful materials known to mankind.
As Charlotte the spider in "Charlotte's Gift" spun, spider silk is "wonderful."
Thank you. (Applause) (Applause)
For the last 13 years, I've spent the last 13 years working as part of an amazing team at Insitec in Israel and our partners around the world to develop the concept of research non-invasive surgery into general clinical use.
this is what i am going to talk to you about today
13 years, some of you may know
For me, today is like my second Jewish coming-of-age ceremony.
(Laughter) Now, this dream is made possible thanks to the integration of two well-known technologies.
One is focused ultrasound, and the other is magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which provides the operating field.
So let's talk first about focused ultrasound.
What I have in my hand is a simulated model of human tissue.
made of silicon
Made transparent so you can see inside
As you can see, it's clean. It's completely transparent.
I'll show you the acoustic experiment equipment.
There is a model in the experimental tank
It's a device I made in the physics lab.
There's an ultrasonic transmitter on the right.
In a nutshell, an ultrasound transmitter emits focused ultrasound into the interior of the model.
Now, when you hear the click, the energy begins to hit, and you can see the formation of tiny flaws in the model.
Yes, this way the surroundings remain undamaged.
It's just the damage that's formed inside
Imagine this inside your brain
Must reach targets inside the brain
Can be done without damaging surrounding tissue
It is the first surgical method that complies with the Jewish precepts and the Hippocratic oath of non-harm.
(Laughter) So let's talk a little bit about ultrasound and its dynamics.
I'm sure you're all familiar with ultrasound imaging.
You also know about lithotripsy, which destroys kidney stones.
But ultrasound can be tuned anywhere between these extremes because of its mechanical properties.
It's all about the forces that act through the tissue.
So you can change the intensity, the frequency, the duration, the pulse shape to create anything from an airbrush to a hammer.
So what I'm going to show you are some applications in the medical field that can be used just by focusing: physical focusing.
The idea of ​​using focused ultrasound to treat lesions in the brain is nothing new.
By the time I was born, it had already been invented by pioneers like the Frey brothers and Lars Rexel, the inventor of the Gamma Knife.
In case you didn't know, in the 1950s he attempted to perform non-invasive lobotomies using focused ultrasound.
It didn't work, so he later invented the Gamma Knife.
It makes me wonder why these pioneers failed.
There was actually something fundamentally missing.
I couldn't see the surgical field.
It wasn't until magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was invented and integrated with focused ultrasound that we were able to see the anatomical and physiological response, allowing us to perform completely non-invasive surgeries with confirmation of results. was
Now, the next generation operating room looks like this today.
This is an MRI machine with a focused ultrasound machine.
Let me give you some examples
The first example is the brain
One of the neurological disorders that can be treated with focused ultrasound is movement disorders, such as Parkinson's disease and essential tremor.
Typical of these disorders, such as essential tremor, is the inability to eat cereal or drink or drink soup without spilling it all over the place, the inability to write in a way that others can read, and the inability to be independent without the help of others. the inability to live a normal life
I would like to introduce John here.
John was from Virginia and was a history professor.
I have suffered from essential tremor for many years.
could not be managed with drug therapy
Many of these patients refuse surgery to cut into the brain.
And about four or five months ago, John underwent an investigational surgery.
An investigational device FDA-cleared treatment at the University of Virginia in Charlottesville that uses focused ultrasound to ablate a portion of the thalamus.
This is the letter that John wrote
I don't know if you can read it, but it says "June 20, 2011."
This is his handwriting on the morning of his surgery, before he went into the MR machine. So I'd like to show you what this surgical procedure usually looks like, what this non-invasive surgery looks like.
First, put the patient on the MR examination table.
We put transducers on the head, and we connect different dedicated transducers to the patient for different organ treatments.
Then the doctor takes a normal MR image.
Its purpose is to say
I can't point to the screen, but there's a green rectangle, or a trapezoid-like part, right?
This area is the general therapeutic field.
It's the perimeter that surrounds the target's safe area.
target in the thalamus
Now, the doctor takes the entire image, draws the necessary safe zone lines, and when he's done with the necessary preparations, he selects a point, the round point in the middle where the cursor is, and he presses this blue button that says, "Sound." increase
This energy injection is called sonication.
The only manual thing the doctor has to do here is move the mouse.
The only tool the doctor uses is the mouse
Now, what happens when you press the sonication button?
I have a light blue transducer
There's water between this transducer and the skull.
energy is delivered all at once
raise the temperature
First we need to make sure the target is in focus.
So the first sonication is done at a lower energy.
It doesn't hurt the cells at all, but it raises the temperature by a few degrees.
One of the unique features of MR that we're leveraging here is non-invasive temperature measurement.
This is actually a feature unique to MR.
Not used in routine diagnostic imaging
But here we have both the anatomical image and the temperature map in real time.
You can see the temperature on the lower right line graph
The temperature briefly rose to 43 degrees,
No harm to cells
But I know the focus is right
Once the focus is on the selected target, the doctor performs the ablation procedure at maximum energy, as seen in the lower right corner of the screen.
You can see the temperature rise to 55 to 60 degrees.
A little over a second of irradiation is usually enough to destroy the proteins in the cell.
The results from the patient's perspective are -- the handwriting after treatment on the same day.
this was immediate
(Applause) Thank you.
John is one of a dozen very heroic and courageous people who volunteered to participate in this study.
We have to understand the feelings of people who are willing to take these kinds of risks.
After writing this, John said
It was a "miracle"
His wife also said, "I've never been so happy in my life."
I wonder why
So one of the messages I want to convey is that we need to protect quality of life.
When you can no longer live independently
become dependent on others
John is now living a fully independent life.
returned to the normal pattern of life
I also play golf, because in Virginia, it's normal to play golf when you retire.
Now you can see the dots here
It's about 3mm and it's in the middle of the brain
No damage other than the treated area
No neurological deficit symptoms
No post-surgery recovery required
back to normal life
Now let's move on to more painful diseases.
Pain can make life miserable
There are many different types of pain that plague people: neuropathic pain, low back pain, cancer pain due to bone metastasis, and when cancer spreads to the bone, it can be very painful.
All of these things that I've listed have been proven to be effectively treated with focused ultrasound, and again, they provide very rapid pain relief.
So I'd like to introduce you to PJ.
PJ is a 78-year-old farmer - how can I describe it, had a pain in his butt.
I had cancer that had spread to my right hip, and I couldn't sit up, even on medication.
All agricultural work must be given up
I had state-of-the-art radiation therapy, but it didn't work.
Many patients in similar situations seek radiation therapy.
But PJ volunteered to participate in our pivotal research, which we did in the United States and around the world.
It was his wife who actually sent PJ
We drove three hours from the farm to the hospital.
PJ had to sit still on the cushion because it was so painful.
But after receiving treatment, I drove my own truck home.
This also had immediate effect.
We have to think about how these people felt and what their families experienced when they had these effects.
PJ has resumed his daily farm work.
ride a tractor
I regularly go out on horseback to mountain lodges.
Post-surgery PJ is very satisfied
But you might be wondering what's going on in the fight against cancer itself.
Does it work for primary cancer?
What can we do in this field? and
i have good news and bad news
The good news is there's a lot you can do
Proven outside of the US
Doing this in the US
very difficult
I don't think this will ever happen unless we appeal to the nation as a consensus or act as a national goal.
This is not just about regulation, but about the amount of funding and large-scale clinical trials that are needed to make it happen in today's evidence-based medicine.
The first two applications are breast cancer and prostate cancer.
These cancers were the first to be treated with focused ultrasound.
It's been better than surgery for breast cancer.
What would you like to say to the men at the venue?
Yesterday, Mr. Chuen told me about the side effects of nerve damage from prostate cancer surgery.
Now there's a unique opportunity with MR-guided focused ultrasound because we can actually look at prostate lumpectomy, treating local lesions instead of removing the entire prostate gland. Avoid all capacity and incontinence issues
Now, there are other cancerous tumors that can grow in the abdomen, including cancers of the pancreas, liver, and kidney, which have a very high fatality rate.
In our treatment, the patients are all awake and conscious, and they talk to the doctor, but they're breathing, they're conscious, and in order to do this surgery, we need to add real-time radiation technology to MR.
this takes time
it will take two years
What would you like to tell women next?
In 2004, the FDA approved MR-guided focused ultrasound therapy for symptomatic uterine fibroids.
This disease afflicts women
The tumor causes heavy menstrual bleeding, abdominal pressure, back pain, and frequent urination.
You can't even get pregnant because of uterine fibroids.
this is francis
as big as a grapefruit
Uterine fibroids found
I was advised to have a hysterectomy, but it's an unthinkable proposition for someone who wants to preserve the chances of getting pregnant.
So in 2008, she decided to undergo focused ultrasound surgery.
And in 2010, I became a mother for the first time with a healthy baby.
a new life was born
(Applause) So in conclusion, I would like to leave you with four messages.
The first is that I want you to think about how much less suffering a patient undergoing noninvasive surgery would take, and how much the financial and emotional burden would be on the patient's family, the community, and society as a whole. I want you to think about whether you can solve it.
Another thing I want you to think about is the new relationship between doctors and patients, where the patient is conscious on the operating table and can even monitor the treatment.
In our treatments, the patient always has a stop button for the sonication.
Allows surgery to be stopped at any time
Thank you for your attention.
(applause)
Now what shall we play?
In fact, you won't know until the performance starts.
I never thought I would play here
I'm going to let it happen
(Music) (Applause) Let me introduce you to Jamaiah Williams on drums (Applause), Bernice Travis on bass (Applause) and Chris Sands on piano.
(Applause) We call it "Bandstand," but the stage is so sacred.
it's a wonderful space
One of the sacred reasons is the loss of the opportunity to think about the future or the past.
Now -- this very moment -- is important.
So many decisions are made when you step onto the bandstand.
I haven't decided what kind of tone to play
Halfway through the performance, we led ourselves to a song called "Titi Boom."
That may or may not be the case...
Everyone will listen, so I will respond
I don't have time to think
There's the concept of a mistake, but from a jazz player's point of view, mistakes in other professions are more obvious.
The way we treat mistakes on bandstand is that we don't treat them as mistakes in the first place.
My only mistake is not accepting other people's playing.
In jazz every mistake is an opportunity
It's hard to even describe a deviating sound.
For example, if I play a tone that I like, it will sound like this
(music) When Chris hits the "fa" sound...
(music) See, they're both the right tone
Next time I hit "mi"...
In the emotional world, all sounds are correct.
But when you play "F#"... (cacophony) Most people take this sound as a mistake.
Let's do a little experiment
During the performance, Chris
Add the missing sound
but we don't react
If he puts in a harsh sound, stop playing and we'll talk a little bit.
let's see what happens
(music) Some of you may have taken this passage as a conceptual mistake.
The only thing that can be considered a mistake is that it didn't respond.
I missed my chance
Opportunity comes suddenly, I'll play it again
Now I want to react to the cacophony
We're all open to Chris' ideas, if only we could.
(music) Listen to Chris
I made a melody out of it
The sound of the drum was changed
And reacting to that sound made the music more rhythmic and a little more passionate.
There are no mistakes in the performance itself
The only mistake that any musician, myself included, is that we don't accept our members' ideas and we don't recognize their creativity.
jazz and bandstand are really great
It's a very clear experience.
let me tell you it's a very special experience
I'm really happy to be able to play on the bandstand
So what does this have to do with behavioral finance?
Well, we're jazz musicians, so you guessed it, it doesn't really matter.
(Laughter) Anyway, I just wanted to point out how to deal with mistakes.
Another point is that in jazz, we don't micromanage, but in society,
some people do that
But it limits your artistic possibilities.
For example, if I take control of the band and say, "I want to do this! Music is like this! We're going strong!"
are you ready
Yes
(music) For imposing ideas
Good example of confusion
When I really want to play music, I try to listen.
This is the power of listening
There's so much more I can learn from others than I can.
So if I want to make passionate music, the first thing I do is be patient, listen to what's around me, and try to get something out of it.
The members are encouraged and give us even more strength, and the music is gradually completed.
Let's go ichi nino san hai
(music) more organic and more delicate by coordinating with surroundings
I had a completely different experience
I'm not imposing my fantasies
Instead, we're here right now to embrace each other and unleash our creativity.
thank you
(applause)
hello everyone thank you for inviting me here
I'm a little injured, but getting hit by a car doesn't stop me from talking.
(Laughter) (Applause) If it was a tank, I might have stopped.
So today, I'm going to talk to you about microprinters, about my work, about how it all started, and about my motivations for creating the world's smallest 3D printer.
Let me start with my daily work
My usual field of work is two-photon polymerization.
You're so nerdy
(Laughter) What does it take to make this?
It's a complex laser system, called a femtosecond laser system, which focuses a very small, tiny spot. It's a very expensive laser system, but it's not very durable (Laughter). I need a device
It's very heavy, so we named it "Agathe" because we thought Agathe was a nice name.
(Laughter) For example, to pass a laser through with a precision of about 200 nanometers (one part in 5,000,000 of a meter), you need this device, which is very precise.
Now what can you do with this?
can be invisible to the naked eye
You can print out anything you like, even the Tower Bridge, even Agathe's husband.
(Laughter) Now, why is this groundbreaking?
If you can see the scale bar, Tower Bridge is 100 microns, Fat Man is 20 microns.
For comparison, a human hair is about 50 microns in diameter.
These objects are the size of a particle of dust or smaller, and are barely visible to the naked eye.
You can do it, I mean, what we're working on right now is improving the equipment and resins that we use to catch things like tiny earthworms.
When you pass a laser through the resin, it polymerizes and catches a living animal, here a special kind of earthworm.
So what we're working on, the next step is to make biocompatible polymers to write something inside humans or earthworms, or stick cells to body tissue, and so on.
But well, that's my usual field of work.
Today I want to tell you the story behind the microprinter.
what was my motivation
It all started at 6:30 am on Monday
No, I'm lying. It was probably 10 o'clock.
(Laughter) I went to my laser lab, not far from Karlsplatz, at the Freihaus campus of the Vienna University of Technology.
I went inside and the laser device was broken, so I tried to fix it.
It took me a few hours at work that took half a day.
That's when I realized there was a big problem with the pump source.
I couldn't fix it myself, so I had to call in a maintenance technician.
At that point, I realized that I had time to think.
What should I do now? Shall I start writing my doctoral dissertation? thought
(Laughter) Not a good idea at all.
So what about scientific papers? I started thinking
that's not a good idea either
After thinking about it for a week, on Saturday, I came up with the idea to build the world's smallest 3D microprinter.
(Laughter) Let's make it the world's smallest 3D printer.
(Applause) I called my professor about it.
"Let's make it. Do you have time? OK?"
"Do it and make it"
So I went to college and put all the ideas in my head into a computer, and I had a CAD schematic of the whole thing.
A few months later, we did the first commissioning of the system.
From the first run it worked great, with the same resolution as the €60,000 machine, which cost just €1,500 to build, not including my labor, but that's not a big expense.
(Laughter) So let me explain how this works.
I have prepared a video. You can input a 3D file like this.
This video was made by my friend Junior Veloso.
Look, the set stage is moving upwards.
There's a liquid under the set stage that's solidified by the light.
Slice by slice, it builds a model, and it really looks like it's being pulled out of the liquid.
depending on the size of the model
Slice planes can be 100, 1000 or 10000
this is how it works
Of course, this is a much larger machine than a microprinter, but it uses pretty much the same principle, so you've seen this.
Now, this alien head-like piece is attached to the production platform, and when you're done printing, you simply remove the head from the supporting structure, and you're all set.
Then
What does a real microprinter look like?
Some of you may have already seen this image.
I brought it with me, so I'll share it with you. This is a 3D microprinter, and it looks like this.
It's very small and it's meant for desktops.
Affordable price
We're actually proud of this -- (Laughter) -- it's a small device, but there's a big one.
What can you do with inexpensive, affordable equipment?
For example, how about this hearing aid that you all know?
Hearing aids have to be personalized, so this is a perfect example of how we use this technology to create the outer shell of a hearing aid.
Normally, you would go to a store, have your ears scanned, and the store would email the data back to Germany -- (Laughter) and print it out. (Applause) Thank you.
(Applause) There, you print it out on a big machine, and then you're ready to send it back to Vienna, or wherever the recipient is, or you use the mail, and then you put the electronics in there.
But if you have a microprinter in the store, you can go to the store, have your ear scanned, hit the "print" button, and the 3D model will be sliced, and you can go for coffee, to college, wherever you want, to your hearing aids. It took me less than five days to get my ear molds to use, I got them in just one day.
This is just one example of how small machines like this and other inexpensive 3D printers can change the way we live our daily lives.
Thanks everyone, whatever you want, whatever you need, start printing it out in 3D.
(applause)
Frank Gehry: About this morning
Hearing Dr. Maris talk about his experiments reminded me that I once tried to be a scientist.
When I was 14, my parents bought me a chemistry set and I decided to make water.
(Laughter) So I built a hydrogen generator and an oxygen generator, put two of each tube in a beaker, struck a match, and threw it in.
(Laughter) So the glass -- luckily I turned my back and got it on my back and it was about five meters away.
Debris covered all over the walls - there was an explosion.
Debris covered all over the walls - there was an explosion.
Richard Warman: Really?
Gary: People on the street knocked on the door to see what was going on.
Wurman: ...Huh (Laughter) Well, I'm going to start this session again. Well, I'm going to start this session again.
The man next to me is the famous, no, very famous Frank Gehry.
(Laughter) (Applause) (Laughter) (Applause) And Frank -- you've reached an amazing place in your life.
In other words, to become a symbol or a legend while living as an artist or an architect.
You might laugh, I mean, it's funny and strange You might laugh, I mean, it's funny and strange Because your building itself is a symbol - if you draw a little picture of that building, that's it It's even become an advertisement Because your building itself is a symbol If you draw a little picture of that building it's even an advertisement You're not rock star but you've got celebrity status And you've done what you want for the rest of your life
And I know the road was so hard
Even if you can't see it, at least whatever your success is, it's a big deal Even if you can't see it, at least your success is a big deal
I've kept moving forward by working for someone I've kept moving forward by working for someone
But this is interesting as a creative person.
Many of us work for someone and are in their hands Many of us work for someone and are in their hands
So that's one of the big dilemmas -- because this is a meeting about creativity -- one of the big dilemmas in creativity is how to do big things without being massy and cheesy.
You did it and it doubled and tripled your success.
It doesn't sound like a question
Can I have a comment? It's a big topic.
Gary: Well I always-
I never went looking for a job
I've always been waiting for something that pops in my head
So in the beginning, I thought architecture was a service industry, you have to please the client, and things like that.
One day, I realized I was in a meeting, and I brought some wavy metal and chains, and people looked at me like I was from Mars, and they looked at me like I was from Mars.
But I had no other way
That's how people treated people back then
It was dealing with a client who didn't have much money and couldn't afford it Dealing with a client who didn't have much money and couldn't afford it
Considering the situation, I think it was
Until I got home and this time my wife became a client.
We bought a little bungalow in Santa Monica For about $50,000 we built a little house next door.
people were excited
I went to the Las Vegas desert to visit the artist Michael Heiser I went to the Las Vegas desert to visit the artist Michael Heiser
he's building a big concrete building
It was late at night, we drank a lot, we were standing alone in the desert
It was late at night and we drank a lot and we were standing alone in the desert thinking about our house when he said... "If we build something more permanent, in 2000 years... someone will like it." Have you thought about it?" I said
(Laughter) And then I thought, "Oh, that might be a good idea."
Luckily, I started getting more and more clients with a little more money, so the architecture became more durable.
But I've learned that this world won't last that long, someone told me the other day.
What should I do then?
I'm back in a world where everything is temporary
yes? I don't feel like you say
Every day is new to me
I approach every project with a new sense of unease It's like my first project Even though I'm in a cold sweat and don't know where it's going I start working If I knew where it was going I wouldn't do it
I don't do things that I can predict or plan
I give up
So work with the same tension
Of course, with time I became more confident
I have a kind of business, and I have 120 people, and I have to pay them. bring the
The other day, a playwright said something that resonated with me: "We don't understand."
When Bilbao was completed and I looked up, I could see all the mistakes I made.
I saw everything I did wrong No, it wasn't "wrong"... I saw what I should have changed and felt embarrassed I saw what I should have changed and felt embarrassed
I felt embarrassed, "Why did you do this?
Why did you do that shape and that kind of thing? "
Years later, if you separate yourself from that building, you turn a corner and you see that it has a good relationship with the street, and you turn a corner and you see that it has a good relationship with the street. I finally started to like it when I saw it
Warman: How about the New York project?
Gary: I don't know
Tom Cleans came with me to Bilbao and explained everything to me, but he thought it was crazy.
Don't know what he's doing, but he got it done
He's the kind of guy who's both Icarus and a phoenix at the same time.
(Laughter) He goes up in the sky and falls down...he comes back.
They're still debating...
9/11 got my attention, I'm absolutely against moving that building over ground zero.
I don't feel like talking or building anything about Ground Zero, it's been a long time.
Wurman: The picture on the screen is…is this Disney?
Gary: yes
Wurman: How far along is it and when will it be finished? Wurman: How far along is it and when will it be finished?
Gary: September or October of 2003 I hope all the cue harvey yo-yos come and play with you I hope all the cue harvey yo-yos come and play with you
Luckily, the people I work with these days are all people I love.
Especially thanks to Richard Koshalek I can say that I heard about Disney Hall Especially thanks to Richard Koshalek I can say that I heard about Disney Hall
he's been my cheerleader for a long time
Not too many clients really engage with architecture Not too many clients really engage with architecture
If you think about the world, just in this audience, most of us are involved with buildings.
You're not involved in architecture, are you?
So if you find someone like him, don't let go
He became the head of the Arts Center, which houses Craig Ellwood's building.
I'm an old friend of Craig, and I respect him.
They want to add something to it, which is hard to do...because it's a beautiful, minimal black steel building, and Richard wants to add a library and student facilities, and it's a large lot.
I persuaded him to invite another architect, and brought in Alvaro Cisa from Portugal.
Warman: What made you want to do that?
Gary: I thought you'd ask that question.
intuition
(Laughter) Alvaro Ciesa was born and raised in Portugal, and he's a central figure in Portuguese architecture.
When I visited him a few years ago, he showed me his early work, and his early work was similar to mine.
I came out of college trying to do something Southern California-ish I got out of college trying to do something Southern California-ish I got into the logic of Spanish Colonial tile roofs and all that Spanish Colonial tile. I leaned into the logic of the roof or something
I used that as a starting point to understand its logic. … But I just followed the construction company’s instructions and there were a lot of boring things like this…
i stopped
Charles Moore did a lot of that and it didn't feel right for me Charles Moore did a lot of that and it didn't feel right for me
Cesa, on the other hand, continued in Portugal, where the real thing was, while Cesa kept it in Portugal, where the real thing was, developing that historical logic by relating it to a modern one.
He always felt that he should do architecture in Southern California.
I tried several times to change my job, but it didn't go well.
I like collaborating with people like that because it elevates me
I've worked with Claes Oldenburg and Richard Serra, who doesn't think architecture is art.
did you see that?
Worman: No, what is he?
Gary: He called architecture "plumbing."
(Laughter) Okay, let's talk about Caesar.
I had a better experience here
It's kind of like Cue doing with musicians I imagine it's close to that What can I say...you?
Audience: Liquid Architecture
Gary: Ah, Liquid Architecture.
(Laughter) How to say... improvise like jazz, play together, do each other, I make something, they make something.
I think for me this is a way of trying to understand the city and... what can happen in the city.
Warman: Is it near the campus now? Or more...
Warman: Is it near the campus now? Or more...
Gary: No, it's near our current campus.
Well he's kind of a patron
It's not his money, but of course
(laughs) Warman: What's his schedule like?
Gary: I don't know
What's Richard's schedule?
Richard Koshalek: [unintelligible] started in 2004
Gary: It's 2004.
Come to the opening, I'll invite you
So... the challenges of City Hall under a democracy create interesting chaos, don't they?
If everyone does their own thing, it creates a very chaotic situation, but if everyone understands what they're doing, they'll respect each other's work, and if there's a lot of people who can compete with each other. If there are a lot of people who want to carve it out, we might be able to create a good model.
When you build a city, don't let one architect take over you... like the case of Rockefeller Center, but from a different era.
Worman: I just realized something really cool.
My expectations for Bilbao were: A magnificent building... Once inside, a very large space appears.
I saw you introduce drawings at TED
No, what's remarkable about Bilbao is how it interacts with the city.
The surprise when you cross the river, the feeling of running on the highway around you, the things you find when you walk through the city
That was a real surprise in Bilbao.
Gary: But, Richard, a lot of the architects we know, when they're presenting their work... they're like telling everyone they're a good guy, and saying, "Look at this situation, I'm worried about this city. I'm worried about the customer, I'm worried about the budget, so I'll stick to the deadline."
or something
This is to polish myself up and show
I'm trying to say that my work is good.
Me, everyone... I mean, that's a fact as clear as gravity.
gravity can't be denied
I have to work with the construction department
You can't get extra work if you don't fit in the budget
If it leaks... Bilbao didn't leak
I was so proud
(Laughter) I had an interview for an MIT project.
I met them in Bilbao for three days.
I met them in Bilbao for three days.
Wurman: You mean that computer building?
Gary: yeah that
We stayed for three days, every day in the rain, they kept walking around - I noticed they were looking down, looking for them, I guess they wanted to know where the bucket was hidden.
I'm perfect, no leaks, it was great
But until then, all the buildings were leaking-
(Laughter) Werman: Frank is the-
Gary: Just ask Miriam
-In that building, you were famous in LA for a while.
(laughs) Gary: Do you know the story of Frank Lloyd Wright? A woman called me, "Mr. Wright, I'm sitting on the couch and my head is dripping water."
"Ma'am, please move the chair." (Laughter)
"Ma'am, please move your chair." (Laughter) So a few years later, when I was building Norton Simon's beach house, and a few years later, when I was building Norton Simon's beach house. But she said on the phone, and then a very successful female secretary said on the phone, "Mr. Simon is sitting at his desk and his head is dripping with water." is dripping."
and told her about frank lloyd wright
Worman: You didn't like it, did you?
Gary: Yeah same as now
(Laughter) What I'm saying is, "So what?" I solved the problem.
All I want to say is "So what?"
But "So what?"
What did I contribute?
That's what I've always been interested in Personal expression, that's what I've always been interested in Personal expression
I think Bilbao is able to do this "individual expression" - and at the same time, with the prerequisite of being integrated in the city, and at the same time with the requirement of being integrated in the city.
Bilbao reminds me of this
And it's also a challenge. Architects should be hired for this "and what?" -- but most of the time clients don't think so.
Hire me to finish the job on budget, let me be polite Hire me to finish the job on budget, let me be polite They miss the real value of an architect
Werman: A few years ago, when Michael Graves was popular, before the teapot— Werman: A few years ago, when Michael Graves was popular, before the teapot—
Gary: I did a teapot too, but no one bought it.
(laughter) Werman: Was there a water leak?
Gary: no
(Laughter) Warman: People wanted the Michael Graves building.
Is it a curse that people want a building like Bilbao?
Gary: yeah
I think it's been four or five years since Bilbao opened, and both Cleans and I were invited and we had over 100 opportunities - China, Brazil, and went to other areas of Spain and had over 100 opportunities - China, Brazil, Spain. I want you to go to another area of
Some of them were like that
I don't always turn down jobs right away Some of them came from good referrals Sounded like good intentions Some came from good referrals Sounded like good intentions One or two is called to a meeting
Once, with the team, I flew far away to Málaga, because the documents were full of signatures and various official city seals. They asked me to do the building they were going to build
I asked what kind of building it was.
"I'll explain when I get there."
So four of us went
And they took us to a fine hotel After we looked out over the bay, they put us on a boat and we went out to sea After we looked out at the bay, we put us in a boat and we went out to sea Showed us all the sights of the harbour. gave me
Everything was a scenery that competed for beauty
Then I had lunch with the mayor, and then I had dinner, and then I had lunch with the mayor, and then I had dinner with the dignitaries of Málaga.
I went to the harbor supervisor just before lunch with the mayor.
There was a table as long as this carpet, and the harbor supervisor was there, and me and my team.
Sit down, drink water, everyone shut up
And then the supervisor said to me, "Gary, what can I do for you?"
(laughs) Worman: Oh my god.
Gary: So I got up
I told the team, "Let's go"
and left
The man who brought me here followed me and said, "Would you like to have lunch with the mayor?"
"None"
"And dinner too?"
They called us to fire up the dignitaries, you know, to create the project.
this kind of thing happens
Luckily I'm old enough to say I can't travel Luckily I'm old enough to say I can't travel
(Laughter) I don't have a private jet yet.
Wurman: Well, I think I'll wrap it up around here, but it's been quite a long time.
I would like to add two or three words
can i have a minute?
Gary: Is it me or you?
(Laughter) (Applause) Worman: The bad guy will never go away!
Gary: I want to get a standing ovation like everyone else.
Warman: You have one too! You have it too!
(laughs) I'll let you do it for you!
Gary: No no! wait a minute!
(applause)
thank you.
What a wonderful night!
It feels like the Vima Sutra to me. An old story from ancient India. Buddha appears first. Subsequently, many people from the nearby metropolis of Vaisali come to meet the Buddha, offering parasols decorated with jewels.
Young people from all over the city come here.
The stubborn old people won't come because they are angry with the Buddha. That's because when he accepts an invitation, he accepts the first invitation, regardless of who the other person is. That's why geisha and movie stars, as we now call them, raced to invite the city's magnates in fancy carriages.
That's why they didn't like him hanging out with movie stars. "Is that what preachers do?
What are you doing at Amrapalli with 500 monks? "They all complained and ignored him.
I don't want to go and listen.
But all the young people have come.
Then he brought out a jeweled parasol and put it on the ground.
Once placed, the mountain of jeweled parasols used in ancient India was transformed into a giant planetarium using special effects to reveal the mysteries of the universe. All the life in the universe was perfectly connected there where everyone looked.
And of course, in the Buddhist cosmology, there are millions and millions of planets with human life on them. The Enlightened One can see life on all other planets.
So when they see a glowing light in the sky, they don't just see pieces of matter burning, or rocks or fire or gas exploding.
They actually see landscapes, people, gods, dragons, snakes and goddesses.
He was the first to create special effects to make people think about their connection to each other. It also made me think about how all living things are interconnected.
And Lele -- I know his other names -- he's how we're all connected, how we're all related here, how we got to know each other. I told you. And of course, in the Buddhist universe, in countless past lifetimes, we have done this billions of times.
Me, Chiho, Lele, and Jim weren't always the talkers. Sometimes you spoke and we listened.
And we're all striving to be "TED stars." It's a modern form of enlightenment.
I think so. Because TED stars connect computers and everything together to create public awareness so that people can know what's happening anywhere on the planet.
And that's why it becomes unbearable. Compassion means that it becomes unbearable for us. It becomes intolerable to relax and enjoy the joys of life. There are people who are afflicted with disease, there are people who have nothing to eat and no place to live, and there are people who are mercilessly abused.
It becomes intolerable.
It's kind of forced by technology, but we all know everything, like a Buddha or something, we get enlightened.
And of course, when that happens, we will all be deeply disappointed.
Because we get fed up with the things that bother us.
In a way we are content with our misery.
We do many things to distract ourselves from our misery, but we have a common misery of being trapped in our own skin and separated from others.
Sometimes we get together with another person trapped under our skin and we both have fun with each other, each trying to break free from ourselves, failing, and we're back together again.
In our self-centered perception - misperception from the Buddha's point of view - we are inside the skin.
And inside is inside, outside is outside, outside is completely different.
All of you, more or less, have this kind of perception habitually.
If someone sits next to you, you're fine in the theater, but if you're sitting on a park bench and someone sits so close to you, you'll be surprised.
what do you want Who are you? Oh my God
So you don't sit so close to other people, do you? Because of the idea of ​​yourself versus the world. It was there that the Buddha noticed.
The basic idea is that we are all one and we are all different. That puts us in a desperate situation.
Who will get enough attention from the world?
Who will receive enough grace from the world?
Who will not be trampled by countless others? What if we are all separate beings?
Through art, meditation, understanding, and knowledge, through knowing that there are no boundaries and that everything is connected, compassion emerges when we are surprised to find ourselves empty.
Through the delusion of being cut off from others, we can experience ourselves as other beings.
Then you will feel what they feel.
Luckily - I don't know if it really is - Luckily, when you reach the state described in the scriptures Oh, who would really want to have compassion? they say.
Horrible! I'm in such a terrible situation myself. I get headaches and
my bones hurt. From birth to death, never satisfied.
It's not enough, I'm a millionaire and it's still not enough.
I need a hundred billion, that's how I am.
What if I had to feel the suffering of a hundred other people as well?
It's hard.
However, this is a strange contradiction of life.
Wisdom, intelligence, and scientific knowledge about nature and the world will open your mind, strengthen your basic human capacity of empathy, and help you feel different when we stop being trapped within ourselves. It makes us aware of our existence, and that liberation allows us to see deeply into the providence of life, to break free from the dreaded steel cycle of I, Me, Mine that The Beatles used to sing.
We learned everything in the 60's.
Unfortunately no one noticed it and they've been keeping it to themselves ever since.
I, me, mine. It's just the perfect song. Perfect teaching.
However, when they are released from it, they somehow become interested in other beings.
And we feel ourselves differently. Totally strange.
Totally strange.
The Dalai Lama has often said that when the thought of compassion arises in your mind, you realize that you, your pain and your joy, are a stage too small for your intellect.
It's really boring to be like this or that, and the more you focus on how you feel, the worse it gets.
For example, when you are having fun, you may wonder when the fun will end.
The good times are over when you think about how much fun it actually is.
Moreover, it is never enough.
I like Lele's words that the way to help those in pain is to have fun, by having fun.
I wish the Dalai Lama was here and listening.
He used to say sadly He worries about what he has and what he doesn't have.
He started talking sadly. A hundred years ago—they took everything they had.
It is a big communist revolution that happened in Russia, China, etc.
They took everything away with violence. Say we'll all share Then the situation got even worse.
They were of no help at all.
How can we change the huge inequalities in the world today?
Saying that, he looked at me.
I said "You know, the answer is generosity." That was the only thing I could think of. What is virtue?
I think the key to saving the world, the key to mercy, is that it's more fun.
You should enjoy it. Generosity is fun. That's the key.
Everyone has a wrong perception. I thought that Buddha was a very boring person, but when I met the Dalai Lama, I was surprised to find that he was a very cheerful person.
It may be hard to believe that his own people are being slaughtered, but every time an old nun is hit in the head in a Chinese prison, he feels the same pain.
I can feel the yaks being sheared at this time of year.
I didn't even tell them what they were doing, but he felt it.
Yet he is very cheerful. He's downright cheerful.
Because when you open up like that, what good does it do to layer your own misery on someone else's misery?
We need to find out how hopeful and how change is possible.
Take a look at the beautiful things Chiho showed us. She threatened us with Lava Man.
She threatened that Lava Man would come, then a tsunami, but what finally appeared was a beautiful sight of blossoming trees.
That's really cool.
So compassion is feeling what others feel, and human beings are really compassionate beings.
Humans have changed.
Humans have mercy. Otherwise what are the brains for?
Jim's brain is now memorizing the almanac-
He can remember anything that his entire existence needs in the present, past and future.
You can remember all the wonderful things that benefit everyone.
And he will get tremendous pleasure from doing so.
So the first people to be happy are those who stop being self-centered. Pursuing your own happiness will never satisfy you. As Mick Jagger said, you'll never get satisfaction that way.
And if you think you're fed up with yourself
Think about how you can make other people happy.
I wake up in the morning and think, what can I do for just one person, even for a dog, my dog, my cat, my pet, my butterfly.
When you do that, the first thing that makes you happy is to make yourself happy, even if you can't do something for others. Because your awareness expands and you suddenly see the whole world and the people in it.
And we realize that this is what it is - being with these people - that's the garden that Chi-ho showed us.
That is the state of Nirvana.
Your time is up. It's a TED commandment.
Thank you very much.
Let's talk about "Thrift"
Thrift is the concept of reducing, reusing, and recycling waste, but I believe there is still room for economic improvement.
My grandmother knew thrifty
This is my grandmother's string jar
grandma didn't buy the string
I recovered
Strings come with meat wrappers and gifts
My grandmother used to keep it in a jar and use it as needed.
Bundled roses Bundled my bicycle parts Bundled roses Bundled my bicycle parts And when I was done, I put them back in the jar. messenger
You save money because you don't actually buy anything
It's an idea that children are born with.
When you try to throw away a cardboard box, a normal child will say, "Don't throw it away, I'm going to make a robot head," or "I'm going to build a canoe and go down a river."
Children understand the value of giving things a second life.
I believe that thrift is the antithesis of the times we live in.
All modern products are replaceable
Buying a shiny new toy usually means getting rid of the old one.
Of course, this idea is fine for the moment, but the complication is that if you continue with it, you'll run into problems.
it's going to be hopeless
Discarded things are usually used in landfills
What you landfill, for the most part, stays there forever and continues to grow.
Currently, about 1.3 billion tons are buried in landfills each year.
By 2100 there will be four billion tonnes per year.
I want to start thrifting so that it doesn't happen.
What I mean by that is, when you're producing something, or when it's worn out and the product has reached the end of its life, you think, "Where can I reuse this material?"
It's a concept that's going to completely change the way we think about waste, and waste is no longer a dirty word, it's a concept that's trying to get rid of the word itself.
see everything as a resource
Products are made from resources, and other products are made from them, and so on.
We used to be good at thrift
Going back to my grandmother, she used seed wrappers to wallpaper her bathroom.
Of course, there are companies that understand this value and encourage reuse.
Many of the technologies that have been developed for the smart age can also be applied to reduce, reuse, and become more thrifty.
As a materials scientist, what I've been tracking for the last 20 years or so is how companies are getting better at thrift, understanding the above concepts, and making money.
I'll give you two examples
One is a good example and the other is a bad example.
The first is the automobile industry.
It's not an industry that's necessarily known for its innovation and originality, but it turns out that it's doing a very good job of recycling its products.
95% of the cars on the road are recycled
Approximately 75% of the car body is reused.
Of course, that includes old steel and aluminum, but it also includes fenders, interior plastics, windshields, window glass tires.
There's a mature and successful old car industry that recycles cars and puts them back into new cars and other new products.
Even as we move into the era of electric vehicles, some companies claim that up to 90% of the 11 million tons of batteries produced by 2020 can be recycled.
I don't think it's perfect, but it's pretty good and improved.
A not so good example is the construction industry.
One of the constant problems in the building industry is not building in case it's demolished --
To dismantle, to destroy without dismantling
That's the problem, because one-third of the waste that goes to landfills in America is building material.
I have to change my mind about this
We have programs that can definitely reduce some of the building materials that are thrown away.
One good example is
Bricks made from old scrap wood from demolition, including glass, rubble, and concrete.
You can break it all up, mix it all up, heat it up, and make bricks from which you can build more buildings.
but that's not enough
My hope is that big data and geotagging will improve the status quo and allow us to be more frugal in building construction.
If there's a building being demolished right next door, can't we use the building materials from that building for our new building?
Can you still use the building materials you get from demolished buildings? If you know it, can you use it?
And during the demolition process, can it be incorporated into a new building without compromising the value of the building material?
Think about other industries
What are other industries doing to practice frugality?
In fact, many in the industry are also thinking about the waste produced by producers and what to do with it on the consumer side.
A simple example is the waste produced as part of an industrial process.
Most metal smelting furnaces emit large amounts of CO2.
A company called Land Detector, which is already in operation in China and will soon be in South Africa, can take 700,000 tons of exhaust gas per blast furnace and turn it into 400,000 tons of ethanol, which is 250,000 passenger cars. equivalent to a year's worth of fuel for
It's a very effective use of waste.
But what about products closer to home?
Here is a simple solution
Here, too, ideas are being adopted that reduce and reuse, while also having economic benefits.
The change process was simple, going from a large piece of cut-and-sew fabric, cutting out 20 or 30 pieces and then stitching them together or gluing them together, to making a shoe entirely from knitting.
The advantage of doing this is not only the simplification of the process, but also the fact that it's one material and there's no waste, and there's also the possibility that the product can be recycled at the end of its life.
The digitization of the manufacturing process also contributes to frugality.
Here we're creating a theoretical limit of strength for a single material, which means you can't get stronger than this shape with the same amount of material.
It's a simple block, but the idea is that you can extend it to make something bigger, like buildings, bridges, airplane wings, shoes, and so on.
The idea here is to minimize the amount of material.
Let me give you a good example in the field of architecture
Metal nodes like this are usually used to make big tents.
in this case in the Hague shopping center
1600 left parts were used
By changing to the part on the right, we were able to reduce the seven steps to one, because the one on the left is currently made by welding, and the one on the right is just 3D printed.
It also reduces waste to zero, reduces costs, and because it's made of steel, you can recycle it when you're done with it.
nature is also very thrifty
Think about it, the natural world is zero waste.
everything is useful for another process
This nanocellulose is basically one of the thinnest building blocks of cellulose, and that's what makes wood so tough. If you separate it out, it can perform as well as carbon fiber.
So if you take it out of the tree and turn it into a fiber, you can use that fiber to reinforce things like airplanes, buildings, and cars.
The advantage of this is not only that it's a renewable bio-based resource, but the advantage of this is that it's not only a renewable bio-based source, but it's a transparent material, so it can be used in electronics and food packaging.
Not bad for something that's basically backyard.
Other biological sources include man-made spider webs.
In fact, it's very difficult to make spider silk naturally.
Basically, you can get it from spiders, but if you keep them in large numbers, they'll kill each other or cannibalize each other, so it's hard to make spider silk the way you make normal silk. hand
Can be incorporated into various
For example, you can put it in bacteria, yeast and milk You can put it in for example bacteria, yeast and milk
Then you can produce a lot of it from the milk and the bacteria, and you can spin it into yarn to make fabrics and cords.
It is also of biological origin and has excellent strength comparable to that of Kevlar fiber, so it is used in bulletproof vests, helmets, outdoor jackets, etc.
Excellent performance
And because it's biologically sourced, it could eventually be put back into the soil for composting, or it could be used again as a new material.
Finally, I'd like to introduce you to one more biomaterial, which I consider to be the ultimate in frugality.
What is representative of conspicuous consumption?
it's a bottle of water
There are so many of them that they end up everywhere and pollute the oceans.
what should i do with this?
The process I'm going to talk about is not only recyclable, it's infinitely recyclable.
why is that interesting?
When we think about reuse and recycling, it's things like metal and glass that can be recycled over and over again.
The metal in your car could be recycled 1950s cars, because metal can be recycled indefinitely without degradation.
You only recycle plastic once or twice. Whether it's a bottle, a chair, a carpet, whether it's recycled into a chair or not, if you recycle it twice, it loses its strength and becomes unusable.
But with a few enzymes, you can make it infinitely recyclable.
Bottles, chairs, and other plastics are usually broken down into pieces by a few enzymes and put back into their original molecules.
We can make chairs, carpets, bottles from the molecules that have been put back together.
this cycle is endless
The advantage of this, of course, is that no resource material is lost.
This is also a perfect thrifty idea.
And the last thing I want you to think about is if you're making things -- if you're involved in a design company -- if you're thinking about remodeling your home -- if you're going to make something in any way, how will that product be the second time, the third time, the fourth time? Think about whether it could be used for
Design your product so that it can be disassembled into pieces
That's the ultimate in frugality for me, and I think my grandmother would have liked it if she was still alive.
(applause)
(Jamie Oliver) My wish is
Together, we can support a strong, sustained movement to teach every child about food.
(music) Home cooking again, empowering everyone to fight obesity.
I'm here to start a food revolution that I truly believe in.
(Applause) [Great Big Story x TED] (Narration) They had a big idea that could change the world—
I couldn't do it alone
(Overlapped voices) My wish is... my wish... my...
this is my wish-
[Drivers of the times] [Ideas realized] (knife sound) (music) (Jamie Oliver) Food is a simple ingredient
It is also the leading cause of death
As a human right, children have the right to be told where food comes from and how it affects their bodies.
It should be taught in schools, because that's the front line in the fight against obesity.
[London, England] [Charlton Manor Elementary School] At Charlton Manor Elementary School, a wonderful principal has taken it to a new level.
[Principal Timothy Baker] (Principal) In the past, kids weren't eating the right things.
Jamie inspired me to tell my school that we're feeding our kids the wrong food.
But the timetable is already tight, and there's a lot to teach in elementary school.
How can I add a new subject?
Looking at Japanese, mathematics, science, history, and geography, I wondered if food could be placed at the center of it.
(children's laughter) (Elizabeth) When it comes to cooking, we're all curious.
(Male teacher) Today we're going to do a little science experiment in the kitchen.
(female teacher) We will learn the story of Diwali in combination with shapes and symmetry.
(Male teacher) Is this a physical change? Is it a chemical change?
(Student) Physical change!
(Male teacher) Yes
Principal: In history, we talk about the history of chocolate and learn a lot about chocolate.
(Male teacher) In the Aztecs, they used to cook with chocolate.
Some children like the taste, some don't.
(Laughter) In math, we measure.
(Female teacher) Let's weigh things.
JM: By putting food at the center of education, the principal has filled the hearts and stomachs of children.
(Children cheering) (Principal) This is a public school.
80% of the children come from poor neighborhoods.
Children rarely had the opportunity to go out to the countryside and watch the food grow.
I've been able to make a vegetable garden
(Children screaming) (Student) Welcome to the Secret Garden!
(Kehinde) This is a greenhouse.
this is a compost bin
make compost with worms
(music) It's a vegetable garden
it's a chicken
(Sean) The chickens are coming out and chasing after you.
I ran away desperately
(Principal) There are two vinyl greenhouses in the allotment, so we can grow crops all year round.
SH: Harvest onions and broccoli and carrots because they're good for you, they make you stronger, they make you happier.
(Birds singing) (Principal) Twelve, three years ago, there was resistance to this kind of curriculum.
A lot of people don't know what we're aiming for or what we're trying to do.
Obesity rates weren't as high as they are now.
children are much healthier
I am also more focused
There are far fewer problematic behaviors than in the past.
CA: What a wonderful thing these teachers have done is to introduce them to the world of healthy food.
(Kehinde) I used to be very picky
SHAWN: I feel better when I eat healthy food.
Principal: Just because you can't do math doesn't mean your life expectancy will be shortened by 10 years.
Jamie: You won't die if you don't do your geography homework.
If you don't know what to eat, you will die prematurely.
The teachers here will be an inspiration to teachers and parents around the world.
Any teacher can be as good as him.
I want to spread the word here, but I have a lot of work to do.
Principal: Jamie has truly transformed the diet of this school and made a profound impact on all of the many children that will serve them well for the rest of their lives.
Changing a child's life in that way is rewarding.
On behalf of everyone at school, I would like to say thank you to Jamie.
(Student) Thank you Jamie
(Student) Thank you Jamie
[Join the food revolution JamiesFoodRevolution.org]
It's been a long time since I started traveling to Afghanistan, a country on the eastern border of my country, Poland.
I was walking through the forest in my grandmother's fairy tales
Wherever you step on the ground, there's a tomb beneath it, where millions of people were exiled and killed in the 20th century.
In the shadow of destruction I found my soul's place
I met people who lived modestly
I heard their prayers I lived with them
And for 20 years, I traveled through Eastern Europe, Central Asia, the Caucasus Mountains, the Middle East, North Africa, and Russia.
But I've never met people so humble
prayed and ate with them
That's why I went to Afghanistan
One day, I was crossing a bridge over the Oxus River.
i was walking alone
Afghan warriors were so surprised to see me they forgot to stamp my passport
but he gave me tea
And I knew his surprise was proof of safety.
So I continued my journey on horses, yaks, trucks and hitchhiking down the Iranian border. to the end of the Wakhan Corridor
On my way here, Noah, I found a hidden light in Afghanistan.
My only weapons were my notebook and my Leica.
I heard Sufi prayers, humble Muslims, hated by the Taliban.
This hidden river connects mysticism from Gibraltar to India.
It is the mosque that blesses polite foreigners with tears and accepts me as a gift.
All we know is this country and people and villages that we pretend to protect Is opium the only medicine that can cure pain and hunger?
These are opium addicts and they're sitting on the roof of a house in Kabul, 10 years after the war started.
These are nomadic girls who became prostitutes for Afghan businessmen.
What do we know about these women ten years after the war ended?
Wearing this nylon bag, made in China, it's called a burqa.
One day, the biggest school in Afghanistan, a girls' school.
There are 13,000 girls studying here, and the classrooms in the basement are full of scorpions.
Their love for studying was so strong that I cried.
What do we know about the Taliban's death warnings? Who would dare send their daughter to school when the doors are often nailed shut?
This area is dangerous and full of Taliban, but they dare
My aim is to give voice to the voiceless, to show the hidden light, the small world hidden behind the tactics and ignored by the media, the future of global conflict.
thank you
(applause)
(JR) They say art doesn't change the world.
art can change the way you see the world
(music) I wish—
To empower people to stand up for what they care about through participation in global art projects
And together we can turn the world upside down
[Great Big Story x TED] (Narration) They had a great idea that would change the world...
I couldn't do it alone
(Overlapped voices) My wish is... my wish... my...
this is my wish-
[Drivers of the times] [Realized ideas] (shutter sound) (JR) I am a JR artist
There are two ways of looking at my work.
Simply put, it's a black-and-white photo on the wall.
I believe that the essence of my work is to bring people together.
It's the power that brings everyone together
When I went to the community to do an art project
I found that people in the community wanted more art projects than I did.
So I started thinking, why don't I take a step back and let them do it themselves.
My wish was simple: to create a website where people could send in their pictures -- for whatever they believed or fought for -- and we would send those pictures anywhere in the world. I will make a big poster and send it back to
Every day, photo tubes are sent all over the world.
This project extends to places I've never been before and shows the power of art.
The secret is the Speed ​​Photo Track.
(Music) (Luana) Four of us traveling in a truck, Josh Bazelle, Jamie and me.
(Jamie) When you pose, you do it like this
(Laughter) I have two trucks like this to drive around 30 cities across the country.
Luana: We're tools that people who want to spread a positive message can use.
(Jamie) Come in and take a seat here
Anyone can come when the truck is ready.
the flash will shine
(music) (shutter sound) Touch the screen, take a photo, enter information
After about a minute, a 120 x 90 cm print will come out from the side.
You've never seen your face so stretched out
(Woman) I'll show you my funny face
Jamie: This track has the magical power to bring your photos back to print.
Then put the resulting poster on the wall
Use wallpaper paste to paste and voila
We have printed over 300,000 faces so far.
Sent to over 130 countries
(Music) (Luana) This is an art project for everyone.
We don't decide the message
There is also a political one to draw attention to the issue.
CA: I like the idea of ​​using photography to encourage change.
The Dreamers Project is about bringing attention to the situation of young immigrants.
(Karina Lewis) For someone like me who came to America young and dreamed of a better future, the INSIDE OUT project offers a chance to come out and give this issue a face.
Vianney Pérez: People who drive past and see so many faces are intrigued and wonder who they are.
that is the face of this problem
It makes me feel human
(music) (JR) You may think that just putting up a picture won't do you much, but it's a big power.
I don't know when or how, but it's worth trying.
(Jamie) It starts with believing
Change won't happen unless you believe you can change it
Even one small change is a positive change.
This is no longer just for JR
It's for everyone who believes art can change the world.
(JR) Art can definitely change the way people see the world.
And when everyone started to see the world differently, the world would start to change.
[Join the INSIDE OUT project InsideOutProject.net]
I want to talk to you today about one of the great misconceptions in medicine, which is the belief that if only medical breakthroughs continued, all our problems would be solved.
Our society is so dreamy A scientist alone late one night makes a world-shattering discovery Jah! Everything can change overnight.
It's a very tempting imagination, but it's not really.
The reality is that modern medicine is a team sport.
in many ways it's always been
Let me tell you about a time when I experienced it firsthand.
I'm a surgeon, and we surgeons have always had a close relationship with light.
[Let there be light!] When the incision is made, the inside of the patient's body is very dark.
I need light to see what I'm doing
That's why surgery traditionally started early in the morning to take advantage of the sunlight.
If you look at this old painting, you can see that the early operating theaters were usually located at the top of the building.
The oldest operating theater in the West is in London, and this operating room sits on top of a church, and it's designed to let in the sun.
And this is one of America's most famous hospitals.
Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston
Where is the operating room?
Right here, at the top of the building, with lots of windows letting in light.
Today's operating room no longer needs sunlight.
Because instead of using sunlight, they use lighting fixtures made for operating rooms.
Instead of the light that we can see with the naked eye, we can bring a different kind of light that allows us to see things that were previously invisible.
This is my idea of ​​light, the magic of fluorescence.
Let me add a little bit, in my medical school class, we learned anatomy graphically, like on a screen, and everything was color-coded.
Nerves are yellow, arteries are red, and veins are blue.
Anyone can become a surgeon
But this is the same part of the neck that you see, but it's not so easy to tell the difference when you see it in an actual surgery.
Over the past few days, we've heard how urgent cancer is and how urgent it is in our society and how desperately we need to end the situation where one person dies of cancer every minute.
If the cancer is caught early and can be surgically removed, it doesn't matter what genes or proteins the cancer cell contains, it's already in the bottle.
The extraction is complete and the cancer is cured.
I'm going to tell you about cancer resection. Doctors, through their training, look at how cancer looks, feel it, touch it, connect it to other tissues, and do their best to say, "Okay, the cancer is gone."
Successful extraction done."
When the patient is still on the operating table, the surgeon says,
I don't know yet if I actually removed all of them.
We need to take several specimens from the patient's surgical site, and send them to the pathology lab.
During the examination, the patient is on the operating table
Nurses, anesthesiologists, surgeons and assistants are waiting.
We have to wait, and the pathologist freezes the specimen, cuts it up, examines it one by one under a microscope, and sends the results back to the operating room.
20 minutes per specimen
If you have three samples, it will take an hour.
And the pathologist says, "Actually, A and B are fine, but C still has cancer.
Please remove that part."
In surgery, this examination and excision are repeated many times.
Only after this step can you say, "I'm done.
I think all the tumors have been removed."
A few days later, the patient goes home, but we, the doctors, get a call and say, "Unfortunately, when we were doing the final pathology on the last specimen, there was cancer in the margins, and the patient still has cancer. is told
It's a story that happens often
Doctors then have to tell their patients that they may need another operation or that they need additional treatments, such as radiation or chemotherapy.
So, wouldn't it be nice if the surgeon could know with certainty whether there was cancer remaining in the surgical field during surgery?
In many ways, we're still operating in the dark.
In 2004, during my surgical training, I had the good fortune to meet Dr. Roger Chen.
This is the winner, Roger and his team, who are working on how to find cancer, and they're making very smart molecules.
They were developing a molecule that they developed that is made up of three parts.
The main part is the blue part, the polycation, which is very sticky to any tissue in the body.
If you give a cancer patient a solution containing only this ingredient, everything will glow.
there is nothing peculiar
there is no peculiarity at all
So they added two more ingredients.
The first is the red part, the polyanion, which acts like the back of a seal to prevent sticking.
When you put the two together, the molecule becomes neutral and won't stick to anything.
These two molecules are held together by a third substance that can only be cut by certain "molecular scissors," such as proteolytic enzymes produced by tumors.
Here's how you can make a solution containing this three-part molecule and inject it into a cancer patient's vein, along with the dye shown in green, and normal tissue won't scissor.
molecules pass through the body and are excreted
But if there is a tumor, there are molecular scissors that cut this molecule at the cleavable site.
And this is what happens: the tumor becomes labeled and fluoresces.
This is an example of a tumor growing around a nerve.
Can you tell where the tumor is?
i didn't know during my research
But hey, it's fluorescent.
It looks green, yes, now you all know where the cancer is.
Even in the operating room, in the surgical field, at the molecular level, we know where the cancer is, how the surgeon should cut it, and how much around it, to get it out.
Also, the great thing about fluorescence is that it's not only bright, but it also shines through tissue.
The light emitted by fluorescence can pass through tissue.
So even if the tumor isn't on the surface, you can still see it.
In this video, you can see the tumor glowing green.
It's actually a normal muscle overlaying it. Can you see it?
let's rip that muscle off
But even before I peeled back the muscle, I could see the tumor underneath.
This is the advantage of fluorescently labeling tumors.
Not only can you see the boundary at the molecular level, but you can see it even if it's not on the surface, where it's normally invisible.
It can also be used to detect lymph node metastasis.
Sentinel lymph node resection has revolutionized the treatment of breast cancer and melanoma.
Previously, it required a debilitating surgery to remove all the underarm lymph nodes.
Now that sentinel lymphadenectomy has become a standard surgical procedure, surgeons only need to look for the first lymph node downstream of the cancer.
If there was cancer in that lymph node, the woman would have surgery to remove the underarm lymph node.
So if no cancer is found in her lymph nodes, she doesn't have to undergo unnecessary surgery.
But with today's surgical methods, the sentinel lymph node is just a map showing where to go.
For example, if you're driving on a highway and you want to know the next gas station, and you have a map, you can find the gas station down the road.
But we don't even know if there's gasoline in there.
You cut it out, you take it home, you slice it, you look inside, and you finally know there's gas.
This method requires a lot of time
The patient is still on the operating table during the examination.
Anesthesiologists and surgeons are waiting
it takes time
If you use our technology, you can find out on the spot
You can see a lot of small round bumps
Inside this is an enlarged lymph node, just a little bit bigger than the others.
Enlarged lymph nodes can also be seen in colds
Being overweight doesn't mean you have cancer
With our technology, surgeons can instantly tell where the cancer is.
I won't go into too much detail, but our technology not only fluorescently labels tumors and metastatic lymph nodes, but we can also use the same tripartite molecule to label gadolinium, which can be used for non-invasive testing.
For cancer patients, determine if the lymph nodes are affected by cancer.
If you want to know before surgery, you can see it on an MRI.
Knowing what to remove in surgery is important.
But it's equally important to preserve what's important for bodily function.
It is very important to avoid unintentional damage
I'm talking about nerves here.
When nerves are damaged, they cause numbness and pain.
Take prostate cancer, for example, 60% of men develop urinary incontinence and erectile dysfunction after prostate cancer surgery.
It can cause a lot of problems for a lot of people.
In prostate cancer, these nerves are so thin that you can't really see them.
It just follows the anatomical pathways that are known to follow blood vessels.
I know this because someone's researched it, but it's just that the actual location is still being researched.
Are you okay with this kind of surgery? You don't know where the cancer is and you're trying to remove it.
They don't know where the nerve is, but they're trying to preserve it.
Wouldn't it be great if, as I said, we could visualize neurons with fluorescence?
Not very popular at first
People say, "I've been doing it this way for many years.
There are no problems, there are not many complications," he said.
Despite this, I proceeded with my research
Roger helped me
brought the whole team
You can see the need for team sports here as well.
And finally, we found a molecule that specifically labels nerves.
We made this solution, labeled it with fluorescence, and when we administered it to mice, their nerves literally lit up.
You can see where the nerve is. This is the mouse sciatic nerve.
But where I'm making the incision right now, there's a very fine branch.
You can't really see it. You can see what looks like a little Medusa head.
You can see facial expressions and movements, you can see each of the nerves involved in breathing, and even the urinary nerves around the prostate.
You can see each nerve
Let me show you what happens when you use these two fluorescent reagents together.
I have a tumor here
Can you see the margins of this tumor?
You can see this
What about the nerve that's going into this tumor?
The white part is easy to see.
What about the part inside the tumor?
do you know where it is?
So you see, basically, we've developed a way to stain the tissue and color-code the surgical field.
this is a little breakthrough
I'm thinking of changing the way I do surgery.
We published our findings in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences and Nature Biotechnology.
I've got commentary on Discover and The Economist.
Shown to many fellow surgeons
"Great, my patients will benefit from this method of surgery.
Better results and fewer complications," he said.
What is now awaited is the further development of this technology and the development of instruments that will allow us to see this fluorescence in a normal operating room.
The ultimate goal is to apply these to patients.
But it turns out that there is no simple way to develop single-use fluorescent molecules.
Not surprisingly, the focus in the pharmaceutical industry is on things like multi-use drugs that are taken daily for long periods of time.
We are dedicated to developing this technology.
We're also focused on developing new drugs and using growth factors to kill the nerves that cause the problem without harming the surrounding cells.
We believe this is possible, it's something we should be committed to.
I have one last thing to tell you.
Successful innovation cannot be achieved with just one breakthrough.
not a sprint
it's not an individual sport
Successful innovation requires team sports, relay sports.
One team makes a breakthrough, and the other team takes it in and adapts.
It requires long-term, day-and-night, constant courage to educate, persuade, and be accepted.
It's this light that I want to cast in health and medicine today.
Thank you very much. (Applause)
I'm going to talk about nature's invisible economy.
Inconveniently, nature does not issue bills to mankind.
However, it is a problem that cannot be left unattended.
I started my career as a marketer, and I'm still interested in it, but more recently I've focused on the value of the unpriced benefits that nature brings to humanity.
TEEB was launched in 2007 as a project by G8+5 environment ministers.
Inspired by Lord Stern's Stern Review.
They wondered, if economic factors drive environmental action so quickly, shouldn't environmental protection do the same?
Can't we do the same for nature conservation?
Answer: Yes
But it's not that easy
Biodiversity The ecosystem that the earth weaves
It's layered and layered, like ecosystems, species and genes on an international, national and local scale. What Lord Stern and his team have accomplished is no easy feat.
Although
The project started, we put together an interim report, and countless pieces of information came in from many researchers.
Some of the findings include startling information about how humans are benefiting from nature – natural resources are depleting at an alarming rate.
It's being lost -- and it's lost two to four trillion dollars in value.
The report was made in 2008, and as you know, the year of the Lehman Brothers collapse, the year that a whopping 2.5 trillion dollars of financial capital disappeared.
That's how big the damage is
Since then, the research has continued and we've been reporting - to the international community, to governments, to the communities themselves, to businesses and to the public at large. rice field
I will explain
The familiar Amazon rainforest -
It's a treasure trove of carbon and biodiversity, but what many people don't know is that it also produces rain.
The northeast trade winds efficiently absorb water vapor as they pass through the Amazon.
A whopping 20 billion tons of water vapor per day are absorbed by the northeast trade winds, which condense and bring rain to the La Plata Basin.
These rain cycles are worth $240 billion to Latin American agriculture.
So here's the question: How much are countries like Uruguay, Paraguay, Argentina and Brazil paying for the Amazon rain?
Answer: Zero Absolute Zero
This is the invisible economy of nature
It's a problem we can't ignore because the economic effect is very impactful.
Factors in policy decisions
Until we make this invisible economy visible, we will not be able to stop the ongoing loss of our precious natural assets.
It's not just about the Amazon or the rainforest
No matter what level you look at this problem -- the ecosystem, the species, or even the genetic level -- you see the same problem at every level.
Management of Rainfall Cycles and Water Volumes by Tropical Rainforests at the Ecosystem Level
At the species level, insect pollination of things like fruit is worth 190 billion dollars.
This accounts for 8% of the value produced by agriculture on the planet.
These values ​​are completely off-the-books
A bee never brings you a bill, right?
Incidentally, at the genetic level, 60 percent of the drug molecules were sought and found in the rainforest.
Mother Nature does not make these claims
And another way to look at the problem is who should get paid?
If this genetic material belongs to someone, it's likely to belong to the local poor, who lead researchers to these molecules and make medicines.
they also haven't received payment
Now let's look at the species level.
Today, the depletion of fish stocks is devastating, devastating the poor, the traditional fishermen and those who rely on fishing for a living and to support their families.
About a billion people depend on the seafood that the ocean provides.
A billion people get their animal protein from seafood.
The rapid decline of seafood is in many ways a human problem and poses unprecedented health threats.
And finally, at the ecosystem level, where forests provide protection against floods and droughts, and how poor farmers collect leaves for fodder and mulch for fuel, the poor benefit the most from ecosystems.
Our calculations show that in countries like Brazil, India, and Indonesia, ecosystem benefits -- free from nature to humans -- relative to GDP -- range from 2 to 5 percent -- but the percentage of impact for the poor is much lower. 45% 75% and even 90%
there is such a difference
These benefits are important for the poor
On the one hand, we are destroying the most important development resource, the ecological infrastructure, and on the other hand, we cannot hope for optimal development.
how serious is it?
This is a diagram of biodiversity.
Tigers, frogs, ticks, etc. It represents the average value of biodiversity.
if it's green
in the sense of 80-100%
40-60% for yellow
Percentage based on 1,750 years pre-industrial conditions
See how economic activity is
India, China, Europe, sub-Saharan Africa, biodiversity is being lost at a rate that is unsustainable for humans.
Please look
Areas that remain green - not good news - these are the Gobi desert, the tundra, the Sahara desert, etc.
It's just a region with almost no life to begin with.
it's a big problem
Ultimately, the problem lies in our inability to recognize the difference between public and private interests.
We tend to neglect the common good because it's shared and belongs to everyone.
Let's take Thailand as an example. The value of mangroves over the nine years we've studied -- it's not that much at about $600 -- and if you convert it to a shrimp farm, it's worth $9,600. and are being converted into shrimp farms.
Of course, if you do the math, $8,000 is a subsidy.
Now let's compare $1,200 to $600 now.
there is not much difference
On the other hand, how much would it cost to turn a farm back into a productive mangrove?
Once the salt and chemicals are deposited and after their impact, the answer is a whopping $12,000.
Benefits of mangroves – protection from natural disasters like storms and cyclones Bringing fish to the poor Fish farm value $11,000
Looking at it another way
Comparing private interests from the standpoint of the public interest yields a completely different calculation: environmental protection makes much more sense than environmental destruction.
Are you talking about Thailand only?
no global scale
Let's look at a similar case in a recent study -- over the last decade -- by an organization called TRUCOST.
We conducted an environmental cost survey of the top 3,000 companies
the cost of maintaining a business
CO2, which is bad for the environment, is emitted even in normal business, not illegal, and leads to economic damage.
Pollutants are also generated, causing not only economic damage but also health damage and so on.
e.g. water use
Digging a well for cola near the village's fields is legal, but the village will be affected.
how do i stop
First, we need to have an awareness of natural resources.
Nature is fundamentally a natural resource that needs to be recognized and integrated into society.
When you calculate GDP, you measure the actual state of the economy, but you don't include the largest assets at the national level.
When we measure a company's performance, we don't take into account the impact it has on the environment, nor the impact it has on society.
I have to change
This is what prompted me to start working on this issue.
The first initiative was the Green Accounting Project
Early 2000s India rushed to grow GDP – just seeing China's impressive 8-10% growth and ourselves! It was around that time that I was inspired by
A few friends and I agree that this growth is for society
concluded that it was costly and costly
So we tackled a lot of calculations and started green accounting in India.
And so my journey began and led to TEEB.
These calculations at the national level began
And the World Bank also recognized this problem and launched the WAVES project Wealth Accounting and Valuation of Ecosystem Services.
Next level work in the business area is important
Started as part of TEEB
We also tackled the difficult area of ​​deforestation in China.
It's an important issue, because in 1997, the Yellow River dried up for nine months, causing a lot of agricultural damage and losses in the region.
The following year, the Yangtze River flooded, killing about 5,500 people.
The damage of deforestation is obvious
Mostly caused by the construction industry
The Chinese government acted wisely by banning logging.
If you look back over the last 40 years, the costs of deforestation – runoff of topsoil, loss of waterways, loss of productivity, and the damage these losses cause to communities, desertification, etc. – these costs are a whopping double the market price of timber. Become
So the price in Beijing's timber market should have been three times that amount, including all the damage done to society.
Of course, once you get hurt, you become wiser.
Enterprise-level implementation requires companies to take the initiative to disclose costs in key sectors.
“Which Unilever and P&amp;G put more pressure on the Indonesian jungle?”
I don't know, because they don't do these calculations and they don't disclose any information.
On the other hand, Puma -- CEO and Chairman Seitz once told me that they're going to do this project before I do.
I think it was the same
Calculated environmental costs
Puma has a profit of $300 million on a gross profit of 27 billion yen, a profit after tax of $200 million, and an environmental cost of $94 million.
It's not a great situation, but they are proud to say, "Put it into the numbers.
We calculated the environmental costs to keep it under control."
I am encouraged by these cases.
The more companies that participate, the more people in many sectors, the more consumers and non-governmental organizations like us can analyze businesses and compare companies side-by-side in terms of their contribution to society.
I'm not quite there yet
it's not impossible
Organizations such as the Institute of Chartered Accountants
I am pleased to say that we are building an international cooperation system.
Next is my favorite, creating a green carbon market.
By the way, my favorites are -- the environmental costs and the green carbon market.
TEEB has groups for different issues, such as protected area assessment, ecosystem investment and eco-certification, and my favorite is this one.
So what is green carbon?
There is now a brown carbon market
about energy emissions
ETS in E.U. is the main market
Inflation due to oversupply
It's not going well, we're seeing a drop in prices
This is about energy and industry
What is lacking is the consideration of other emissions Black carbon from soot emissions
And ocean blue carbon, which is the largest source of carbon - a whopping 55%.
Fortunately, the flow of supply from the ocean to the atmosphere and vice versa is well balanced.
About 25% of our emissions are acidified or slightly alkaline in the ocean.
in just a minute
Finally, from deforestation and agriculture, emissions from methane
Green carbon -- emissions from deforestation and agriculture, and blue carbon, together account for 25% of global warming gases.
We already have a solution, through a system called REDD Plus, which is designed to reduce emissions from deforestation.
Norway has already given Indonesia and Brazil a billion dollars each to implement REDD Plus.
Efforts are already underway
But that's not the only problem
Will the economy solve everything?
it doesn't work
There are areas in the sea where coral reefs spread
As you can see, all over the globe, from Micronesia to Indonesia to Malaysia to Madagascar to the Western Caribbean.
In the red dot areas, coral reefs provide livelihoods for more than 500 million people.
a whopping one-eighth of the total people
The tragedy is that these coral reefs are disappearing - experts say that atmospheric carbon dioxide above a certain level is too toxic for coral reefs - we are not only endangering coral reefs, but also the marine life that lives in our oceans. It's annihilating a quarter of the world's population, and it's also endangering half a billion poor people in the developing world.
We made an ethical decision to compromise our carbon dioxide concentration target to 450 ppm and a temperature increase of up to 2 degrees.
That is, do not maintain coral reefs in these areas.
Although all this was done unknowingly,
What does that mean? let's not do this anymore
Mother Nature has no more environmental infrastructure and natural resources left.
I can't afford any more
thank you
(applause)
Ben Rochet: I'm Ben
Homaro Cantu: I am Homaro
Ben: We're chefs and we opened "Moto" in 2004, and it's often mistaken for a Japanese restaurant. We had a lot of requests for Japanese food. After about 10,000 orders for sushi rolls, we decided to try to fulfill the request. The ingredients and all the flavors are printed on this little piece of paper.
Homaro: Customers soon got bored with the idea, so we thought we'd serve the same dish twice, and we took pictures of the dish the same way we printed sushi rolls and served it with the actual dish.
This dish is basically just seafood and champagne.
The champagne you see is actually carbonated grapes, and this dish with seafood and whipped cream tastes exactly the same as this picture. (Laughter) Ben: It's not just edible pictures.
We did something a little different with the ingredients to transform it into a flavor we're familiar with, like carrot cake.
Put this in a blender to make carrot cake juice, pour it into a balloon and freeze it in liquid nitrogen.
We change materials to create unknown ingredients.
Homaro: Another thing we've never had before Cuban cigars made from a Cuban pork sandwich Shaped the spices for the shoulder into ash and wrapped the Cuban pork in collard leaves. I'll put an edible label on it that mimics the Cohiba cigar label, put it in a $2 ashtray, and charge me $20. (Laughter) Homaro: It's delicious.
Ben: That's not all
Instead of just making food that looks like something we can't eat, we decided to make food that looks like food that we are familiar with.
this is nachos
The difference between our nachos and other nachos is that this is a dessert.
The chips are candy-covered, the beef is chocolate, and the cheese is mango sherbet, thinly sliced ​​and hardened with liquid nitrogen.
I found it really cool to be able to break and reshape ingredients to do things like this. When you serve it to a customer, the food looks like the real thing, and the cheese melts --
When this is served at your table, you'll have the illusion that you're serving real nachos.
(Laughter) Homaro: We've been making these dishes in a kitchen that's more like a garage than a kitchen.
I put it in my basement and got serious about my food research.
Ben: Our lab is great not only because we have a science lab in our kitchen, but also because it allows us to experiment with new equipment and methods that we never dreamed possible and creatively explore the experiments, the ingredients and the dishes that we challenge. little by little it became something different
Homaro: Here, I'll talk about interesting dishes that change tastes and try to make them.
the cow is sticking its tongue out
I'm trying to eat something delicious
What is a feast for cows?
Cow feed is basically corn, beets, and barley, and I always give my staff a crazy challenge: can you make a hamburger without beef, just with beef feed?
(Laughter) Ben: He's chef Chris Jones.
It's hard to understand right away
All cooking requires a lot of research and trial and error, and especially a lot of mistakes are inevitable.It takes a lot of time to explain to people.
Homaro: Chris and I have been butting heads all day and we've come up with something close to a real hamburger patty.
It's made from three ingredients: beets, barley, and corn. It's grilled like a hamburger. It looks and tastes just like it.
Our goal is to recreate the ingredients with other ingredients and take them to the next level in this way.
(Applause) Ben: Yes, it's the world's first bloody veggie burger. Cool effect, don't you think?
And the "miracle berry" is a natural material with special characteristics.
It contains a glycoprotein called miraculin, and it still confuses me every time I eat it.
Homaro: If you eat lemon, it will taste like lemonade.
Let's think for a moment about the economic impact of such technology.
We may be able to replace the sugars in sweets and sodas with completely natural fruits.
Ben: This is a watermelon being cut, and with this watermelon idea, we wanted to reduce the distance food travels, the energy wastage, and the overfishing of tuna. I cook and cook this watermelon from Wisconsin.
Homaro: "Miracle Berry" turns sourness into sweetness, but if you sprinkle this "fairy powder" on watermelon, the sweetness turns into umami.
After that, put it in a vacuum bag, add a little seaweed and spices, and roll it up to make it look like a tuna.
Next is a trick to get closer to the real thing
Ben: A quick dip in liquid nitrogen gives it a nice char, and it tastes and has the same texture as the real thing.
Homaro: Remember, it doesn't really matter what this tuna actually is.
As long as it's friendly to people and the environment, it doesn't matter.
What's the end of this idea?
What would be the revolution in food technology if we developed more techniques to trick our taste buds?
Now for the next challenge
I told the staff to pick a lot of wild plants and use them as ingredients.As long as they're not toxic to humans, let's mix up the plants from the sidewalks of Chicago, bake them, and let's all taste them at Moto.
We're going to charge our customers a lot of money and ask them what they think -- (Laughter) Ben: You know the staff won't like you for doing such a hard job, but you have to change the way you think about food from the start. No, these ingredients are unfamiliar plants, and we didn't know how to cook them because we don't usually eat them.
I had to come up with creative ways to cook it, how to season it, how to change the texture, and that was the biggest problem.
Homaro: Now is the time to step into the future and make the leap.
Imagine if developing and developed countries ate more wild plants, the distance that food would be transported would change from kilometers to meters.
If we could radically change what we mean by "ingredients," and open up a new encyclopedia of ingredients -- say, if we replaced flour with one of these ingredients -- we would save energy and we'd be less wasteful.
Here's an example of what we've served to our customers, this is a bale of straw and wild apples.
I made barbecue sauce from these two ingredients.
People believed it was real, but they only used materials they got for free.
Ben: thank you very much
(applause)
I haven't told this story to anyone for over ten years, but I want to share it with you.
So please listen until the end of this story.
I was 22 at the time, and I was coming home from work and going for a run with my dog.
Little did I know then that my life would change forever.
While I was getting the dog ready, a man left the bar, got the car keys, got in the car, and was going somewhere I don't know. As I cross the street
It felt like a bomb had exploded in my head.
And all I remember is that my hands were on the ground, and blood was flowing from my neck, mouth, and all over my body.
What happened was the man ignored the traffic lights and ran over me and the dog.
The dog died under the car.
I was blown in front of the car and he ran over my leg.
My left leg got entangled in the wheel, so I spun around.
The bumper of the car grazed my neck and was torn open.
My chest also hit hard.
The aorta had gone to the back of the heart, and an important blood vessel had been cut, so blood was pouring out of his mouth.
It was bubbly and the worst was about to happen.
I don't know what happened, but someone close to me kept my heart beating.
My heart was trembling, so I was trying to get it to work again.
Others stuck ballpoint pens down their throats to clear the airways so they could breathe.
My lungs were also damaged, so they cut open my lungs and put pins in them to prevent a catastrophe.
Somehow I was taken to the hospital,
I was wrapped in ice and ended up in a drugged coma.
18 months later, I woke up.
I couldn't see, I couldn't speak, I couldn't even walk.
I weighed 64lbs at the time.
The hospital did not know what to do with such a patient.
In fact, they called me a hypochondriac.
I won't mention this because it's a different story.
I had many surgeries to fix my neck and fix my heart.
Sometimes it went well and sometimes it didn't. Putting something artificial in your body
I even transplanted the bones of dead people so that my legs would move properly.
In the end, I just transplanted a plastic nose, dentures, and so on.
But now it looks more like a human.
Talking about these things can be hard at times, but bear with me.
I have had over 50 surgeries.
I don't think anyone counts.
The hospital finally decided that I could be discharged.
The bed must have been vacated to take care of someone else who needed treatment.
No one thought I would recover.
They hung the map on the wall, threw a dart, and the arrow hit a nursing home here in Colorado.
“A nursing home? Why do you need to go there?” you may wonder.
But now I'm in this room
Skills and wisdom exist in nursing homes. In nursing homes, elderly people have
There was a wealth of skill and wisdom.
They are better than us because they have the wisdom that they have cultivated over a long life.
I needed that wisdom back then. But when I appear in front of them
what did they think
By that time I was back up to 68lbs.
With no hair and wearing hospital clothes,
I was wearing tennis shoes that someone gave me.
He held a white cane in one hand and a suitcase full of medical papers in the other.
Then I realized that the elderly people needed to have an emergency meeting.
(Laughter) They went back and looked at each other and said, 'So what can we do with this kid?
This is the most important thing,” he said.
They began to combine their wisdom and skills to suit me. But the first thing they had to do was
It was about figuring out what to do. i'm like a normal human
I had to learn how to eat. Because at that time I was getting nourishment through a blood vessel through a tube in my chest.
So I had to learn how to eat.
they taught me how to do it. And they said, "This child
I need some furniture. 'Cause this kid
You're sleeping in the corner of the room," I realized.
So they went to the warehouse, collected the surplus furniture, and gave me everything: pots, pans, blankets.
The next thing I needed to learn was fashion.
I took off my green hospital gown and put on a flower-patterned dress instead.
(Laughter) I'm not going to talk about the hairstyles they tried to force on me when I got my hair back.
But I refused to make it blue. (smile)
After much, they decided to teach me how to speak.
If you can't talk or see, you can't live as a human being.
Aside from seeing, I needed to be able to speak anyway.
Sally, the office manager, took care of me during the day. But since we cannot learn unconsciously like children,
It was so hard.
As an adult, I was embarrassed to learn. And I had to learn not only how to adjust my new throat and tongue, new teeth and lips, but also how to breathe and speak.
I behaved like a child and refused to learn.
But someone had an idea.
They tried to make learning fun. So they taught me dirty words at night.
(Laughter) He actually taught me how to swear like a sailor.
I'll leave it to your imagination as to my first words when Sally decided that I was already recovered.
(Laughter) It all started there.
A former teacher who happened to have Alzheimer's taught me how to write.
This tranquility was actually good for me.
So I would like to move on.
(Laughter) The biggest hurdle for me was learning to cross traffic lights again as a blind person.
Try closing your eyes.
You have to cross the signal. I don't know how wide the road is
I don't know if I'm going straight.
Cars are constantly coming and going, and you've had an accident there that nearly killed you.
I had to overcome two obstacles.
One is post-traumatic stress disorder.
At that time, I used to panic every time I approached a corner or curve.
The other was figuring out how to cross the signal.
So an old man came up to me, pushed me to the corner and said, “If you think you can go, stick out your cane.
If it hits a car, don't cross the road."
(Laughter) It certainly was.
But when the third wand failed in this attempt, they realized something. It means that I need to learn tricks in Braille school so that I can live as a blind person. And I needed to get a guide dog for me that changed my life. the old men who helped me, and
Thanks to my guide dog and the skills I learned, I was able to return to college.
After 10 years my eyesight was restored.
It's not magic. I had three surgeries, one of which was experimental.
It was actually a robotic surgery. A hematoma was removed from the back of my eye.
The biggest change for me was that the world was progressing and there were all sorts of innovations being made that I didn't know about, like mobile phones and laptops.
I couldn't see it with my eyes, so my visual memory faded and was replaced by what it felt like to touch it, what it sounded like, what it smelled like.
One day I found something in my room. It felt like a monster.
So go around it and
Try saying, "Just touch it."
When I actually touched it, I knew what it was, and I said, "Oh no, this is not a laundry basket." (smile)
For sighted people, it's natural, so everything looks different. But if you can't see
We can only remember things through our senses.
Looking at my hands, I realized that 10 years of my life had been lost.
For some reason, I thought that time had stopped and that time was moving only within my family and friends.
But when I looked at my hand, I realized that time had passed and I had to catch up.
I started moving.
When I had my accident, we didn't know a word like crowdsourcing. But one fact, namely
It is true that everyone worked together to get me back on my feet and to re-educate me.
If it weren't for everyone's cooperation, I wouldn't be here.
Thank you for your attention.
(applause)
When I was in fifth grade, I found DC Comics volume 57 on a magazine stand at my local bookstore and bought it, and that comic changed my life.
The combination of text and pictures sparked something in my head that I hadn't experienced before, and I quickly fell in love with the medium of comics.
I read comic books randomly, but I never took them to school.
Instinctively, I knew that cartoons weren't appropriate for the classroom.
My parents clearly didn't like cartoons, and I figured my teachers probably wouldn't like them either.
There were no teachers who used comics as teaching materials, no comics of any kind were ever allowed during reading time, and no comics were ever on display at the annual book fair.
Despite this, I continued to read comics, and even began to draw my own.
Eventually, I made my debut as a cartoonist, drawing cartoons for a living.
I also became a high school teacher.
This is Bishop O'Dowd High School in Oakland, California, where I work.
I taught mostly computer science for 17 years, with a bit of math and art.
When I was still new, I brought a manga to the classroom.
On the first day of every class, I always told my students that I was also a cartoonist.
Not because I wanted to teach using comics, but because I thought I would be thought of as a cool teacher who understood comics.
(Laughter) It was a mistake.
Back in the '90s, cartoons weren't as prominent as they are today.
It seems that the students thought I was a lame teacher rather than cool.
Moreover, when the class becomes difficult, students use cartoons to try to distract me.
He raises his hand and asks, "Doctor, if Superman and the Hulk fought, who would win?"
(Laughter) It wasn't long before I realized that education and comics should be kept separate.
It seemed like my fifth grade intuition was right.
Manga is not suitable for the classroom
but this was also a mistake
After a few years as a teacher, I first realized the potential of cartoons in education.
One semester, I was asked to represent an Algebra 2 class.
I'm a long-term representative.
I was also in charge of technology at the school at the time, so every two or three weeks, I had to miss one or two classes in Algebra 2 to support other computer-based classes.
For algebra 2 students, this was terrible.
It's not good to have a proxy for a long period of time, and having another proxy after another is the worst.
Still, in an attempt to make the class somehow consistent, I decided to videotape my lectures.
And I'm going to have a substitute teacher play it
I wanted the video to be as engaging as possible.
I also added some special effects
For example, when you're done explaining a problem, clap your hands and the blackboard will magically disappear.
(Laughter) I thought it was pretty cool.
I had high hopes that my students would like it, but it didn't.
(Laughter) The video lecture was a disaster.
A student came up to me and said, "Teacher, you thought the live class was boring, but please don't watch that video."
(Laughter) So, in desperation, I tried again, turning the lesson into a cartoon.
Directly with a felt-tip pen
One frame at a time, I drew smoothly.As I drew, what I wanted to convey became clear.
The cartoon version of the lecture was four to six pages long, so I copied it and had a proxy pass it out to the students.
Surprisingly, the cartoon lecture was a success.
My students have asked me to draw cartoons for classes that I teach directly.
It was like I was better in the cartoon than I was in real life.
(Laughter) I was surprised by this, because I thought that the generation of students who were used to screens would prefer to learn on a screen rather than on paper.
But when I asked my students why cartoons were so good in their classrooms, I began to see the power of cartoons in education.
First, unlike algebra textbooks, cartoon lectures are visually appealing.
Students are of a visual culture generation, so they're used to receiving information visually.
But I think comics, as a visual medium, have permanence, unlike movies, television, animations and videos.
In manga, the past, present, and future are drawn side by side on the same page.
This means that the speed at which information travels is entirely up to the reader.
If there is a part in the manga material that you don't understand, you can read it again at the speed you need.
It's like giving students a remote control of information.
Not so with video classes Not so with face-to-face classes
It is up to me, the speaker, to convey information quickly or slowly.
But when it comes to conveying certain kinds of information to certain kinds of students, cartoons, with their dual aspect of visual character and permanence, are incredibly powerful teaching aids.
While I was teaching this Algebra 2 class, I was doing a master's degree in education at California State University at the same time.
The experience I had with comics teaching materials was so interesting that I decided to include comics in my master's thesis.
I tried to find out why American educators didn't try to use cartoons in the classroom.
and this is what i found out
Comic books first became mass media in the 1940s, selling millions of copies each month and drawing attention from educators of the day.
Many innovative educators have begun experimenting with cartoons in their classrooms.
In 1944, the sociology of education journal even featured an entire volume on this endeavor.
It was like a tailwind was blowing
Educators have also learned how to use cartoons.
But then this person appeared
This is Dr. Fredrick Wertham, a child psychiatrist who wrote "Seduction of the Innocent" in 1954 and argued that cartoons induce juvenile delinquency.
(Laughter) I was wrong.
Now, Dr. Wertham was actually a very fine man.
He devoted most of his career to the issue of juvenile delinquency, and in doing so, he realized that many juvenile delinquents read comics.
What he missed was that in the 1940s and 1950s, nearly every child in America read cartoons.
The method in which he substantiated his theory was highly questionable, but the book shocked the United States Senate, and a series of hearings were held to find out whether cartoons cause juvenile delinquency.
It's been nearly two months
Although no definite conclusion was reached, it resulted in a significant damage to the nation's reputation for comics.
After this, prominent American educators shunned cartoons and stayed away for decades.
It wasn't until the 1970s that some courageous educators reintroduced cartoons.
And it wasn't until really recently, about a decade ago or so, that cartoons finally gained wide acceptance among American educators.
Cartoons are finally making their way back into American classrooms, and Bishop O'Dowd High School, where I taught, is no exception.
One of my colleagues, Miss Smith, uses Scott MacLeod's "Cartoon Studies" in her Literature and Film class because it helps students learn expressions to discuss the relationship between words and images.
Mr. Burns has his students draw comic essays every year.
By constructing sentences with pictures, students are forced to think not only about the flow of the story, but also about how to tell the story.
In addition, Mr. Malloch uses my cartoon, "America-born Chinese," as his teaching material for English 1.
For Mr. Malloch, cartoons are a great way to achieve a "common standard."
The criteria state that they can analyze how visual elements affect the meaning, tone and aesthetics of text.
Mr. Counts has set up a rather impressive comic book collection in one corner of the library.
Ms. Counts and other library librarians have been at the forefront of the comics movement since the early '80s, when an article was published in a school library magazine that simply put comic novels in the library, and the number of uses. reported an 80% increase in rentals, and a 30% increase in non-manga rentals.
As educators in the U.S. took a renewed interest in cartoons, cartoonists in the country began to draw content with clear educational content, targeting children from kindergarten to high school.
A lot of cartoons are aimed at language subjects, but more and more cartoons are tackling the fields of mathematics and science.
Educational comics in the STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics) field are still unexplored, but I'm looking forward to the future.
America has finally come to terms with the fact that cartoons don't cause juvenile delinquency.
(Laughter) Cartoons are one tool that every educator can use.
There is no reason why cartoons should not be used in education from kindergarten through high school.
Teaching visually, putting the remote control in the hands of the students.
The potential in education is waiting to be harnessed by creative people like you.
thank you
(applause)
My name is Roger Dwaron and I'm plotting to overthrow the world.
(Laughter) (Applause) It's such a radical subversion that it has the potential to upend the balance of power, not just in our country, but around the world.
Now I just realized this is (Laughter) looks like Dr. Evil.
I understand
But believe me — I have a little in common with Dr. Evil.
All of the doctor's conspiracies are about destruction and cover-up, but mine is about creation and transparency.
The truth is, my strategy is only going to work if I share the information with as many people as possible.
So here I am sharing my strategy, and in return please make sure you share it with others.
Have a look at this
No big deal, right?
There's nothing radical or revolutionary about a patch of grass.
What gets interesting is when you turn it like this
What I want to suggest to you is gardening, a subversive activity.
(Laughter) Think about it. Food is a form of energy.
Food is not only the body's source of energy, but also power.
Encouraging people to become partially self-sufficient in what they eat is an act of encouraging power seizures: power over their diet, power over their health, and some power over their finances.
So this is dissident, because it's also necessarily taking power away from someone else, someone else who has power over food and health in today's society.
Think about who this other person is.
I see gardening as a healthy entry-level drug into new food freedom, so to speak.
As soon as you plant something in your garden, they'll start saying things like, "I need to learn how to cook."
(Laughter) "Maybe I should look into how to store food," or "Let's find out where the local farmer's market is."
Now, of course, there's no telling who else to plant in your garden, especially if it's on the sunny, south-facing lawn in the front yard of the White House.
(Laughter) Now, I'm not quite sure what effect my White House garden has had on the First Lady. It's huge
It's -- (Laughter) not in fashion.
The first lady is so special that I don't even want to compete.
But she really inspired me to think more boldly about what role I wanted to play in the garden movement.
that's what i'm aiming for here
(Laughter) See, pretty humble, right?
it's a picture i like
It's a picture that captures me in a way. It's not that I have a connection with God. Not because there are some pretty heavy themes that occupy my mind.
I'm going to show you some of them now. First of all, it's a very short video that I made, which I've done my best to summarize the history of gastronomy -- 15 seconds.
("2001: A Space Odyssey" theme) (laughs) What do you think?
(Applause) It was a funny short video, but it would have been more funny if it was less tragic and less believable.
The truth is that we're in the middle of an obesity epidemic, and it's not just this country.
It is now spreading all over the world
And it's like we're looking at a parallel universe, and hunger is on the rise.
More than 900 million people are suffering from hunger right now.
That's three times the population of the United States.
But at the same time, global food prices are rising, and the world's population is growing, likely to reach 10 billion by the end of the century.
Another problem with population is that even though we know it's growing, many people don't realize it's changing.
It's a transformational change
In 2007, Earth transitioned from being a predominantly rural planet to being a predominantly urban planet, and the envisioned problem is: How do we feed our people? How will food be delivered to the population of the city? is
Now, I'm sure some of you are fans of Stephen King, and I'm one of them.
But I can tell you, I've never read anything more terrifying than this, and that's the statistic: Sustaining a growing population over the next half-century is more than we've gotten in the last 10,000 years. must get food for
What makes this even more difficult is the fact that we need to grow and feed that food with fewer resources than we have today, and there are many different types of scarce resources.
For example, crude oil
Most prominent geologists believe that world oil production has already peaked.
You might not think that oil and food are related, but there is actually a very strong relationship between the two.
In modern, highly industrialized food production, one calorie of food requires 10 calories of fossil fuel.
And you'll have to grow crops with less water.
Here's a picture of three different locations on Earth, but all of them show the same situation: a devastating drought.
And you're going to have to grow crops on less land.
Types of problems vary by region
Developing countries are experiencing desertification, while developed countries are experiencing urban sprawl.
We will also have to grow crops with less genetic diversity in a climate that is more erratic than it is today.
this is very important
Because genetic diversity is essential as insurance against climate change.
In my last talk, I said, "Don't put all your eggs in one basket."
The same goes for tomatoes.
It will also reduce the amount of time you can spend growing crops.
What I'm talking about here is not just a switched time bomb called world population.
I'm talking all about the time it takes to put a proper meal on the table.
That "31" is not an arbitrary number
It's the average amount of time an American family spends preparing, eating, and cleaning up a meal each day.
31 minutes
We have to somehow include the time spent growing crops in this.
do you understand?
I think that having to do so also means that you have to sacrifice something in the process.
So we may feel like
(laughs) How is it?
Now may be the time to leave the city, let alone the earth.
But where should I go?
There's only one planet to live on, where should I go?
Where do you want me to go when it's so hard to get there?
We would simply go shopping rather than listen to the legions of politicians for years.
Right?
Because we have a firm belief in American political culture that money can solve any problem.
But the reality is a little different.
If you want to solve food problems or health problems, simply replacing regular Coke with the green Coke of the future won't get you there.
And the big food companies want us to believe that if we give our kids the vitamins, minerals, and immune-boosting substances they need, we can do all our shopping at the chocolate cereal counter (Laughter).
I think what's become more of an issue these days is that foods that should be healthy aren't necessarily healthy, and that we're starting to lose faith in our food system.
The larger the food system, the more complex it becomes.
i've seen this over and over again
Here's a picture of the recent outbreak of pathogenic E. coli.
In this case, in Europe, the epidemic is more likely caused by sprouts than by sprouts.
Now we're in this sort of "shopper's dilemma."
We have all kinds of -- 30,000 kinds of foods available at your average big-box grocery store -- but our trust in these foods has waned, and the people who put these foods on the shelves. trust is shaken
I think we need to redefine "good food."
Here's an interesting picture from Berlin, Germany, where someone started planting vegetables in shopping carts and putting them all over the place.
By the way, this is a potato.
But I think we need to redefine not only what "good food" is, but also where we live.
Instead of looking at this as a garden, we need to think of it as a "full-service food supply."
Actually, this is my garden, and that's how I see it.
I transformed my garden in this way, and I think the really important message is this: "Gardens grow good food."
When I say good food, I mean a lot of things.
It's safe food, it's healthy food, it's food that's undeniably gorgeous and delicious.
Another important message is, "Gardens foster healthy children and families."
These are my two sons. They look healthy, they're actually healthy, and I think this has to do with the fact that they both grew up in a garden and know where good food comes from. I am
In fact, my sons know how to grow some crops.
But a particularly important message in today's economy is that a garden can also be an important source of money savings for families.
Take my word for it, because a couple of years ago, while devouring vegetables, my wife and I worked out these numbers and finally realized that we could grow our own vegetables. You say you saved $2,000 easily
So you might ask, if the garden has all these wonderful benefits, how can we grow it? and
In fact, that's the question that my organization, Kitchen Gardens International, asks and answers.
The answer, ultimately, is, "To grow more crops and inspire people, we need to harness the resources and power of the available, the gardens and the people who grow them."
Like I said, you have no way of knowing who you're influencing.
(Laughter) If this campaign has been successful, it's not just because the visionary First Lady took up residence in the White House -- and yes, that's a big part of it -- because famous chefs and authors said it was a good idea. It's not just because you gave me
Ultimately, I think this was possible because so many people wanted it to happen.
It's all thanks to the movement that made this possible.
My organization's attempt is to direct the energy of this movement to the White House.
And we were lucky that the message was picked up by the media.
I shared the petition on Facebook and gathered 110,000 signatures.
Images and videos became famous, and they did crazy things like putting the White House lawn up for sale on eBay in a symbolic way.
But that's not enough, and what my organization is doing now is trying to connect people, not just online, but in real life.
This is a picture of our little holiday, World Kitchen Garden Day.
Every year on the last Sunday in August, it's a day where we just gather in the garden to learn from each other and experience the garden as a community experience.
We also need to raise the next generation of gardeners, and we're doing this in the United States and abroad.
But there's still a lot more work to be done, and in some ways this slide really points us in the right direction.
I need a road map, and I chose this slide for a reason.
On the left is a picture of the "Bicycle Garden" and on the right is a map of Holland.
Earlier this year, in the Netherlands, I was really blown away by the number of bicycles on the roads. In the Netherlands, 26 percent of all transportation is by bicycle. ?
How can we harvest 26% of our food from home gardens? "and
26% might seem like a lot, because right now it's about 2%.
But if you consider the wartime peak of the last century, when home gardening was at its peak, 40 percent of all crops were grown in gardens.
It may be possible to get there
i think this is a really good start
The White House garden is certainly very moving.
This is what the garden looked like when I planted it early this spring, and it has a lot of diverse and healthy crops.
But this is not a good representation of the government's agricultural policy.
(Laughter) If you take this schematic of the White House garden and translate it into the government's agricultural policy, this is how billions of dollars go to subsidize a handful of commercial crops, and fruits and vegetables are just a tiny fraction of the top. there will only be
this is a serious situation
i have to do something about this
If anything to start with, you could look at tax law.
Because we already have tax incentives for green transportation and green homes.
Earth-friendly food should also be given preferential treatment.
We are also discussing other industrial stimulus measures.
What about the tax law for preferential treatment for home gardens?
nice one?
(Applause) Another thing we need to do is go down to the state law level and make sure home gardens are legal.
Home gardening was illegal, at least before.
Here's a picture of Michigan earlier this year.
This garden was planted by a mother of four, and she nearly served 93 days in prison because she planted it in her front yard.
the law is still in the 20th century
We need to bring the law closer to the realities we face today.
We need to devise new ways to bring people who don't have gardens into them.
I think we should liberalize garden entrepreneurship, and as Maines, I'm happy to say that we're one step ahead in this area.
Earlier this year, a number of Maine towns passed local food sovereignty laws, meaning that townspeople would not only be able to grow their produce where they wanted, but how and with whom they wanted. can sell
I think this will be an incentive
There are many horticulturists who would be interested in scaling up production given the economic incentives.
I also think we need to examine what the current movement is about.
(Laughter) If this movement were a 1960s beach movie, it would be a parody of "Boy Hunt."
(Laughter) So let me give you guys a task.
It is neither justice nor fair to leave the burden of feeding this country and the world to women alone.
May I?
(Applause) So I challenge the women to come up with super creative and clever ways to lure the guys out into the garden.
(Laughter) Wearing a bathing suit?
(Laughter) But more than that, I think we need to rethink our garden infrastructure.
I think we need to build new infrastructure.
And this is one of my group's current initiatives, a community communications infrastructure that's very community-based, where people in the same community can connect with each other and help each other.
(Laughter) But we can do it.
there is enough technology
In addition, I think we need another type of infrastructure.
It would be great if we could come together
If we've learned anything from the TED experience, it's that there's power in gathering people, and I think we need to bring people together at the local level.
Also, I think we can take some cues from our previous work, which is the farmer's mutual aid movement, a rural movement that brought farmers together in one building, where they figured out how to be better farmers. I learned
I think we need a network of suburban farmers now.
I think that the most important thing we must not lose is the enjoyment of food.
The most important thing about food is that it tastes good, but if you share it with everyone as part of a community, I think the garden will bring back the vitality of the community.
So I'm going to show you one last video, and I'd like you to watch the first video again, but I'd like to suggest a different ending.
And this outcome is well within our reach, but we have to work together to make it happen.
So this is a new gastronomic history.
(Theme from 2001: A Space Odyssey) (Applause) [Today's summary] [Increasing access to food that is good for people and the planet is] [the biggest challenge we face] [home gardens? It will be a key part of the solution] [will represent a cost-effective investment] [Everyone has a role to play in the activity and promotion of home gardening] [Let's get to work! ] (Applause and cheers) Thank you very much Thank you everyone
Will blight kill chestnut trees?
farmers don't think so
Smoldering in the roots and sending out new shoots until another parasite appeared and put an end to the blight [Robert Frost, 1936]
At the beginning of the 20th century, four billion chestnut trees on the east coast of the United States were wiped out by a fungal infection.
Fungi are among the most destructive pathogens for plants, including economically important crops.
Can you imagine that the world's crop losses due to fungal infections amount to billions of dollars a year?
That's enough calories to feed 500 million people.
This has major consequences Famine in developing countries Drastic reductions in income for farmers and traders Higher prices for consumers Risk of exposure to mycotoxins, toxins produced by fungi
The problem we face is that current methods to prevent and treat these dreaded diseases, whether they're genetic controls that harness natural resistance, crop rotation, seed treatments, or whatever, are limited and short-term. is
must be repeated constantly
We need to rapidly develop more efficient methods, and to do that, we need to identify the biological mechanisms that new antifungal methods can target.
One of the hallmarks of fungi is that they cannot move, they just stretch and grow, forming a highly reticulated structure called the mycelium.
In 1884, Anton de Barry, the father of plant pathology, wondered if fungi might be guided by signals from their hosts. Hosts are the plants in which the fungi settle. After all, the fungi find plants, grow on them, reach them, invade and dominate them.
Barry knew that finding such signals would be key to developing ways to disrupt the communication between fungi and plants.
But at the time, we didn't have the right tools to do that, and we couldn't understand the mechanism at the molecular level.
Now, 130 years later, my team and I are happy to report that we have finally identified such a plant signal, using a purification and mutagenesis approach and a method that allows us to measure the direction of mycelial growth. These are the results from a study of the interaction between the fungus Fusarium oxysporum and its host, the tomato plant.
We've also been able to identify the fungal receptors that receive those signals and some of the responses that occur in the fungi that promote plant growth.
(Applause) Thank you. (Applause)
Our understanding of such molecular processes can tell us about a variety of molecules that can be used to create new antifungal strategies.
Such treatments interfere with communication between fungi and plants by blocking the plant signal or the fungal receptor system that receives the signal.
Fungal infections have wreaked havoc on crops.
In addition, we are in a time when we need to significantly increase agricultural production.
Because of population growth, economic development, climate change, demand for biofuels, etc.
Understanding the mechanisms of interaction between fungi and host plants, such as tomato plants, at the molecular level could lead to the development of more efficient strategies to combat fungal plant diseases, which could benefit people's livelihoods, food security and economic growth. It could be a big step towards solving the problem that affects us.
thank you
(applause)
I'm going to talk to you about the wonders and mysteries of the conscious mind.
What's amazing is that every morning when I wake up, my conscious mind always comes back.
The mind is restored to a full sense of self and a full sense of its own presence in this marvel that goes largely unnoticed.
I want you to realize that without this possibility of a conscious mind, I would never have had any knowledge of humanity, nor would I have had any knowledge of the world.
no pain, no joy
No way to get love, no ability to create it
Fitzgerald famously said, "Whoever invented consciousness should be greatly condemned."
But what even he overlooked was that without consciousness there was no way of true happiness, no possibility of real enlightenment.
The wonder moves to the mystery at this place
This mystery has been extremely difficult to solve so far.
Dating back to early philosophies and throughout the history of neuroscience, this one mystery has always refused to be solved and has been the subject of great debate.
And there are many who say that this mystery should not be touched.
I don't think so. I think things are changing.
I'm not saying it's outrageous that we know how consciousness is formed in the brain, but we can definitely start working on that question, and we're beginning to see the outlines of the answer.
Another blessing is that imaging technology now allows us to visualize the inside of the human brain, for example, as I'm showing you.
Taken in the Hannah Damasio lab, this video is a recreation of a living brain.
this is a living person
It's not footage from an autopsy of a corpse.
And what's even more amazing is that, as I'm going to show you, you can see from the surface of the brain to the inside, by looking at the living brain and showing the real connections and pathways.
All of these colored lines correspond to axonal bundles and represent the fibers that connect the nerve cell bodies to the synapses.
Unfortunately there is no actual color
Anyway I have this structure
The colors represent the orientation of the fibers, and they're labeled front-back, left-right, and up-down.
what is consciousness
what is a conscious mind
In a very simplistic way, we can say that consciousness is something that is lost when we are in deep, dreamless sleep or under anesthesia, and then regained when we wake from sleep or anesthesia.
What is really lost under anesthesia and in deep, dreamless sleep?
First and foremost, it's the mind, the stream of mental images.
It's an image that we perceive as a pattern of perception, that is, the visual image of the stage that you now perceive, the visual image of me, the auditory image of my words.
This stream of mental images is the mind.
But right now, we're all experiencing something else.
Humans aren't just passive observers of sight, hearing, and touch.
our self exists
"I" still exists naturally in our hearts.
we have our own hearts
I believe that each and every one of us has experienced this. No one has the heart of their neighbor.
In order to have a conscious mind, there must be a self within it.
A conscious mind is a mind that has a self in it.
The self gives the mind a subjective view, and consciousness is complete only when the self is in the mind.
To answer this question, we need to know, first, how consciousness is spun in the brain, and second, how the self is formed.
The first problem is relatively easy, not at all easy, but it's being tackled bit by bit in the realm of neuroscience.
The obvious thing is that in order to organize the mind, we have to create a neural map.
Think of a grid like the one I'm showing you, and then within that grid, within that two-dimensional plane, think of a neuron.
Now imagine an electronic billboard for billboards, where each pixel can be turned on or off.
The pattern of digital pixels -- exactly the neurons in the plane -- will make up the map.
What I'm showing you now is a map of vision, which can be applied to any neural map, and if it's hearing, it maps sound frequencies, or if it's something we touch, it maps skin sensations.
The important point is that I will tell you in a personal episode that the grid of neurons and the spatial map of neuronal activity and the spatial map of neuronal activity and the psychological experience are closely related.
If I cover my left eye -- this is a personal example, not for you -- if you cover your left eye and look at the grid.
Everything is orderly and orthogonal
But one day, I realized [right] that if I covered my eyes, I could see this picture instead.
If you look at the grid, it's distorted, in the middle left part of the field of view.
It's strange, after looking into it for a while
Eventually, I got help from an ophthalmologist and colleague, Carmen Priafeet, who developed a laser scanner of the retina, and this is what I found out.
If you look at my retina in a horizontal plane, like you can see in this corner, it looks like this.
The retina of the right eye is perfectly symmetrical
Heading towards the central fossa where the optic nerve begins
There's a bulge in the retina of the left eye, which is indicated by the red arrow.
This is the bulge created by the underlying cyst.
This is what was distorting my vision.
Think of it this way: when you have a grid of neurons and you have a purely mechanical deformation, it affects the shape of the grid and distorts your psychological experience.
It shows how intimately there is a connection between psychological experience and neuronal activity in the retina, which is like a part of the brain placed on the eyeball, which is part of the planar visual cortex.
If you go to the visual cortex connected from the retina,
In the brain, there's a lot more information, like what's happening around you, that adds to the signals coming from the retina.
This diagram of the brain shows a number of island-like regions, called the image-producing regions of the brain.
For example, the green area handles tactile information, and the blue area handles auditory information.
This is also happening. As I've mentioned, the image-forming regions, which can be described as neural maps, send out signals that travel to a large area around them, shown in purple, which is the association cortex. a place to record things
And here's the wonderful thing: based on these memories in the associative cortex, we can generate images again using exactly the same perceptual regions.
The brain is really good at it, and it doesn't waste anything.
So there are areas that are used for perception and image generation.
And that very same area is used to generate images when playing back information.
So the mystery of consciousness has been narrowed down a little bit, because we now know a lot more about how images are produced.
what about self?
Self is a really elusive matter
For a long time, it's been considered an embarrassing problem. People used to say things like, "We need stability above all in order to maintain the continuity of our selves from day to day, but what is the point of reference?"
I tried to think of an answer for this question
This is the answer
Create a brain map of the inside of your body and use that as a reference for other maps.
I'll explain how I came to this idea.
I thought about it in this way. The reference for ourselves is called the self or myself. As a reference for our signal processing system, we need something that is unshakable, something that is less biased from day to day.
It just so happens that our bodies are single.
One body, not two or three
this is the starting point
The only reference point is the body
Of course, the body is made up of many parts that grow at different rates and are different sizes for different people, but the inside of the body isn't like that.
It's called the internal environment, it's called the internal environment. For example, the chemical composition of the body is strictly maintained, not changing from day to day, and there's an important reason for that.
If the parameters are off by a large amount, if the parameters are by a large amount out of the middle of the viability range, then sickness and death await.
So our lives have a built-in mechanism that guarantees some sort of continuity.
Let's say, as if the same days last forever
When that physiological constancy is lost, we get sick and die.
Another aspect of this continuity is
And finally, there's a very tight connection between the physical regulation that happens in the brain and the body like no other.
For example, I can see you, but I don't have a physiological connection between you in the audience and my brain.
On the other hand, there are tight, permanent connections between the brain regions that control physical regulation and the body.
Let me show you, this is a diagram of a region of the brain.
The brainstem lies between the cerebral cortex and the spinal cord
And it's that region, which I'm going to highlight now, that contains all of the neural functions that control life in the body.
This is a very specific region. Take, for example, the upper part of the brainstem, shown in red. If you damage this region, for example in a stroke, you can go into a coma or a vegetative state. and lose consciousness
And when that happens, you really lose your ground, you become insensitive to your own existence, you can continue to form images in your cerebral cortex, but you don't know it anymore.
If you damage this red part of the brainstem, you're effectively losing consciousness.
But what about the part of the brainstem shown in green?
The difference is so clear
In the case of the green part of the brainstem, which is often the case, damage results in complete paralysis, but consciousness is preserved.
It can indirectly tell you that you're feeling it, you're aware of it, you're fully conscious.
This is a horrible situation that I don't want to see
Now you're trapped in your own body, but you're certainly conscious.
There was a very interesting film, a rare film that did a good job of portraying this situation.
I will show you a diagram
I'm not going to explain anything other than that pictures like this frighten you.
What this diagram shows is that inside the red part of the brainstem, there are these little squares of modules, roughly speaking, that make up the brain mapping of different functions in our bodies.
The modules are carefully arranged and repeatedly interconnected.
And I believe that this tight connection between the brainstem and the body creates a mapping of the body and provides the basis for the self - maybe I'm wrong, but I'm not wrong - in the form of sensations - primordial. It's a feeling, but I believe it happens.
What have we learned so far?
When I looked into the cerebral cortex, I looked into the brain stem, I looked into the body, and I found these interconnected connections, and it's this connection that the brain stem is so tightly bound to the body that it provides the foundation for the self.
And the cerebral cortex is responsible for the vivid imagery of our minds, which are drawn out of the flood of information. It's a movie that unfolds
But also notice the arrow
It wasn't put there for looks
It's put there because there's a very strong interaction.
Without the interaction between the brainstem and the cerebral cortex, consciousness would be lost.
Without the interaction between the brainstem and the body, consciousness would be lost.
Another interesting thing is that we have a brainstem, a part of the brain that is common to many species.
In all vertebrates, the structure of the brainstem is very similar to ours, which is one of the reasons I think other species have consciousness.
It's probably not as rich in consciousness as we are, because it doesn't have a cerebral cortex like ours.
that's the difference
I strongly disagree with the idea that consciousness is the great product of the cerebral cortex.
The richness of our hearts has brought us the ability to refer to our own existence, the sense of having a self and being human.
Not only, I think there are three levels of self: the proto-self, the core self, and the autobiographical self.
The first two are common to many species, and most of them arise from the brainstem and the cerebral cortex that the species has.
I think the autobiographical self is something that only a limited number of species have.
Cetaceans and primates also have some autobiographical selves.
Even the dog that you have at home possesses a degree of autobiographical self.
here's something new
The autobiographical self is built on memories of the past and memories of the plans we make: the past we experience and the future we anticipate.
The autobiographical self gave rise to extended memory, reasoning, imagination, creativity and language.
And from that came the means of culture, and so did religion, justice, commerce, art, science and technology.
What we really get in that culture -- and here's something new -- is that it's not just what's dictated by biology.
it is cultivated in culture
nurtured in a human collective
This is, of course, the culture, the sociocultural regulation that has been created within it.
Finally, a good question: what is it good for?
What is the use of studying the structure of the brainstem, cerebral cortex, and consciousness? What is the use of studying the structure of the brainstem, cerebral cortex, and consciousness?
There are three reasons. First, curiosity.
Primates are extremely curious, especially humans.
If you're interested in, say, the anti-gravity that is pulling the galaxy and the Earth apart, why not be interested in what's going on inside of you?
Second is the understanding of society and culture.
There's a lot of research going on about what happens to society and culture in this sociocultural adjustment.
and finally medicine
And let's not forget that some of the worst diseases of humankind include depression, Alzheimer's disease, drug addiction.
A stroke destroys the mind, or puts it in an unconscious state.
Without understanding how these diseases work, we can't hope to advance treatment effectively and in a non-accidental manner.
So we're doing this research with a clear purpose that goes beyond mere curiosity, and that's why we're interested in what's happening in the brain.
Thank you for your attention
(applause)
I study information processing in the brain, where it receives information from the outside world and converts it into patterns of electrical activity that we use to see, hear, and reach for things.
I'm taking action. I'm a basic scientist, not a clinician, and I've applied the knowledge I've gained over the past year and a half of activity patterns to the development of prostheses. To do
this is for blindness
It's our first attempt to use a prosthesis.
people suffering from blindness
retinal conditions such as macular degeneration
There are 10 million people in the United States who are at risk of blindness due to disease, and there are many more around the world, and there is little we can do for these people right now.
There are medications available, but they only work in a handful of patients, so prosthetic vision restoration is often the last resort.
The problem is that the devices on the market today don't work very well, and there's a huge limitation in the amount of vision that can be restored.
For example, we can see bright lights and objects with high-contrast edges, but this is the limit and is far from normal vision.
Today, I'd like to introduce you to a device that we've been working on to be more effective and potentially a turning point in the treatment of blindness. So let me give you a quick rundown of how a healthy retina works.
The right side is the brain, like this baby in the eyes.
When an image comes in, it's picked up by the photoreceptors in the front row of the retina.
Then the middle retinal circuit kicks in, computing the information it receives, extracting the information and translating it into code.
A pattern of electrical pulses, in the form of a code, is sent to the brain, and it's important to note that this is where the image ends up being encoded -- literally, the encoding.
The pattern of pulses on the screen represents a "baby face," and when the brain receives this pattern, it recognizes what it sees as a baby face, and when it receives a different pattern, it's a different image, such as a dog or a house. recognize
This is roughly where
Everything in the real world is dynamic and ever-changing, and just as the world we see is ever-changing, so are the pulse patterns.
Well, it's a little bit more complicated. Pulse patterns are sent from your eyes in milliseconds to tell your brain what you're looking at.
So what happens to the retina when you have a retinal degenerative disease like macular degeneration? Over time, not only do the front row of photoreceptor cells die, but so do the cells and retinal circuits that connect them.
They all die, and in the end, all that's left are the output cells, which send information to the brain, but they also stop sending signals after degeneration.
Because there's no input, the visual information that was supposed to be sent to the brain is lost, and that's what we call blindness.
Now, the solution is to create a device that mimics the function of the retinal photoreceptors and retinal circuits, and send signals to the retinal output cells to restore the transmission of visual information to the brain.
This was our research question, and this is what prostheses do.
encoder and transducer
It's made up of two parts. This encoder receives the image in front of the retina and encodes it.
The process is superseded, and the transducer then passes the code to the output cells, which in turn sends the code to the brain, and this prosthesis thus reproduces normal retinal output.
This way, even if you're blind, where you've lost the photoreceptors and the pre-retinal circuitry, you can still send normal signals that your brain can interpret.
This is something that no device has ever done before.
Now let's talk a little bit more about the heart of this device, the encoder, which is interesting and cool.
I don't know if "cool" is the right word, but you know what I mean.
It's actually an electronic chip that recreates the complex calculations that go on inside it.
It's purely computational, so it's not replacing the cells that make up the retina.
We're not building microdevices for every cell's different role.
It abstracts the workings of the retina as a set of mathematical equations.
In a sense, this formula acts as a code table: an image is received, a series of calculations are performed, and the sequence is translated into a stream of electrical pulses, just as the normal retina does.
I'm very confident that this device can be used to produce normal output, and I'm confident in what this advance means, and I'm going to show you that.
Here are three types of neural firing patterns. The top one is from a non-blind animal, the middle one is from a blind animal treated with our prosthesis, and the bottom one is a blind animal with a conventional prosthesis. This is a signal recording from
Below is a recording of the signal using one of the most advanced instruments in use today, using a photodetector without an encoder. For each one, we showed them images of people, babies, park benches, and other things they see in everyday life. We recorded the retinal response in the three conditions described earlier.
The three figures show the firing patterns of a few retinal cells in each condition, and as in the previous slide, we show the patterns from the different cells in the horizontal direction. is displayed
As you can see, the firing pattern for the second blind group using encoders and transducers is not perfect, but it's not very different from normal, and the third group using conventional prostheses has very little signal match.
In other words, the traditional method does transmit, but it's not properly coded, so it can't generate the normal firing pattern.
How important is that?
What effect does it have on the patient's visual ability?
I'm going to show you one definitive experiment that answers this question. I have a lot of other data, and I'll share it with you if you're interested.
It's called extracting a portion of the pattern record and seeing what the retina was seeing there.
Now, can we reconstruct what the retina saw from the firing pattern?
In this experiment, we confirmed the remodeling force in both our device and the conventional device.
So here's the result, for the conventional device,
It's pretty limited. The firing pattern isn't coded correctly, so you know there's something there, but you don't know what it is. What was the actual image? it's a baby face
Now what about our approach to translating into code? It's so much better. Not only can you recognize it as a baby's face, but you can recognize it as the same baby as the original image.
On the left is an image using just the encoder, and on the right is an image from a blind retina using both the encoder and the transducer.
But the key here is the encoder-only case, because encoders can be paired with different transducers, and this is actually my first experiment.
Let's also comment on the conventional method
I was really excited when it was announced that you could make your blind retinas react even a little.
But there were limitations, problems with the code to get the cells to respond better and to elicit normal responses, which we solved.
In summary, today, in the brain's own language, I've given you some basic ideas about what it is possible to communicate to the brain, and the potential of that possibility. teeth
I'm going to show you, this prosthesis doesn't send signals from the brain to the machine like a motor system does.
The last thing I want to emphasize is that this idea can be generalized.
We can use the procedure that we used to unravel the retinal code to find the code that corresponds to the auditory and motor systems, and we can treat hearing and movement disorders as well.
In the same way that we jumped over damaged retinal circuits to reach output cells beyond, we can also jump over damaged cochleae to reach auditory nerves, or bridge stroke-damaged areas in the motor cortex.
Finally, remember that understanding the code is very important. If you can unravel this language of the brain, the code, you can do things that seemed impossible before. Thank you for listening.
(applause)
I think computer interfaces are still in the "cave painting" era.
It lacks depth and is not emotionally engaging, so I want to change all that.
please switch
Now this is a familiar interface, right?
It feels very flat and rigid.
So, if only I could make this guy sexier and make it a candy Mac UI... but it's no different than crap, and not much has changed since 30 years ago.
(Laughter) (Applause) We live with computer shortcomings.
So point & click, menus, icons, all the same.
The information space that inspires me is the actual desk
Desks are more subtle, more intuitive – both visible and invisible.
I want to recreate that experience on my desktop
That's why I made this BumpTop
A New Approach to Desktop Computing
You can bump things into each other, which means they can be physically manipulated.
Instead of pointing and clicking, you push and pull Objects collide as you would expect You can catch them and stack them just like you would on a real desk Instead of putting them in folders
So, when you stack them up, you can arrange them in a grid and look at them, you can flip them around like a book, or you can spread them out like a deck of cards.
In the unfolded state, you can change the order, delete, and sort everything in just a second, right?
Runs with smooth animations without the jarringness of current interfaces
What if I want to add to the mountain?
If you throw it, it will be added to the top Nice way
The other thing we can do is, can't we expand on the idea of ​​icons and make them more fun?
One thing you can do is make it bigger - if you want to emphasize that it's important
But what's really cool is that you're doing a physics simulation, and it's actually going to be heavy, so you can't move it with light things, but what happens when you throw this thing at light people?
(Laughter) It's cute, but you could also say it's a subtle channel of information, right?
It's heavy so it feels more important that's why it's cool
Computers are everywhere, but paper isn't going away because paper has many important properties.
I wanted to express that with icons in this system.
These icons can be crumpled or folded like paper to help you remember something later.
If you want to mess it up, you can crumple it up and throw it in the corner
At work, I stick a piece of paper to the wall so that I can remember it later. You can do the same thing here.
Remove from the wall when using
So, I've been criticized for this kind of organizational approach, saying, "Well, my desk is messy, and I don't want my computer to be cluttered either."
For that kind of thing, you can arrange it in a grid and you can do it like a desktop so far It's arranged in a grid.
The grid view is a bit boring, but you can still hit it
You can also enjoy creating a bookshelf on your desktop
Let's break the bookshelf
There are some really cool applications for this software beyond the idea of ​​icons.In addition to being used as just icons and desktops, you can also use it to view your photos.
I think it really enriches the way you look at your photos, and you can spread out your photos on the kitchen table with your family and look at them.
You can throw it away and it feels like the real thing. Double click if you want to take a closer look.
You can also do something like I showed you earlier.
So, pile it up, flip it over, put this picture in the back, erase this one, bring this here... I think that's a richer way of approaching information.
That's all for BumpTop Thank you for your attention
Do you remember the story of Odysseus and the Sirens? You probably read it when you were a student.
The hero of this story, Odysseus, was returning home after the Trojan War.
He stood on the deck of the ship and spoke to the chief officer. "Tomorrow we will pass near that rocky place. There will be beautiful women called sirens.
They sing enchanting songs. It's an enchanting song. It is said that everyone who hears the song will die by hitting a rock. "
From the way he talks, you would normally think that this sea route should be avoided. Odysseus says: "I want to hear that song.
So I think I'll do this. Plug the ears of everyone on board with wax. (Listen and follow) This way they can't hear you singing. And I listen to the song by being strapped to the mast. Now we can sail without problems.”
Because in this way the captain can hear a song that is to risk the lives of all the sailors.
In these cases, they should have rehearsed several times. Odysseus may have said this.
"Let's start rehearsals now.
When I am strapped to the mast, I will beg you to untie me.
But whatever I say, don't untie the rope.
Got it. Now tie me to the mast. "
So the navigator brought a rope and tied him tight to the mast.
Then Odysseus began his realistic performance. "Untie the rope! Set me free!
I want to hear that song! "
The first mate obeyed his orders faithfully and did not untie the rope.
Then Odysseus said, "Well done, that's all right.
Untie the rope. Let's have dinner. "Is called.
The first mate was lost.
"Are you still practicing, or is it already over?" After much hesitation, he said, "I've already practiced.
I thought it was over," and untied the rope. Then Odysseus became furious
I grabbed the first mate by the collar.
"You idiot!
If I do the same thing tomorrow, I'll die, you, the rest of the crew will all die!
Under no circumstances should you untie my rope. Got it! "
Saying this, I pushed him to the floor.
This rehearsal ended up lasting all night. Many times the poor navigator tied Odysseus to the mast while everyone around him laughed, deceived each time by his performance,
I was beaten mercilessly.
Like this Odysseus, this way of restricting your movement is what psychologists call the backwaters.
By calmly restraining yourself You can make wise decisions. It's a way to avoid regrets later, even when you're in a fit of rage.
When it comes to thinking, we humans have two kinds of brains.
Scholars have always invoked metaphors for these two kinds of brains when discussing seduction.
The first is the “current self”.
Odysseus hears the song,
An example is this psychology that makes you want to approach Siren.
On the spot, at that moment, only the satisfaction of that moment is everything.
But at the same time, there is also a "future self"
The future Odysseus wishes to spend his old age in a warm place with his wife Penelope. Somewhere in the suburbs of Ithaca would be nice.
So why do we need a backwater formation?
It's hard to successfully resist temptation, says the 19th-century British economist Nassau William Sr. “To abstain from revitalizing pleasures, or to seek long-term quests without easy answers, is the most difficult of human wills.” Like many others. ,
Suppose you also set some goals for yourself. Then you will surely notice. It turns out that the reason why we struggle to reach our goals is not because the goal is physically impossible, but because we lack self-control.
It is physically possible to lose weight and
You can even exercise more often.
The hard part is self-restraint from temptation.
There is another reason why this is difficult. Because restraint from temptation is an unequal battle between your present self and your future self.
Let's talk in more detail. The present self always exists,
We have the initiative and the right to make decisions.
Even carrying a donut to your mouth is easy.
At this time, the future self does not appear at all.
My future self is in a weak position,
I can't afford to hire a lawyer now.
No one will support you.
So the present me shatters all dreams of achieving goals in the future.
Battles between present and future selves occur so often that we need a backwater formation to equalize the battlefield.
I actually like this idea a lot.
There are other ways to tie yourself to the mast. For example, you can put your credit cards in the safe, keep junk food out of the house, and unplug the internet. That way you won't waste your time surfing the net.
Before, I didn't know about the backwater formation yet, but I personally made the backwater formation.
When I was struggling to get my Ph.D.
It's time to endure the pressure. I had to write 5 pages every day, so I set a rule that if I couldn't, I would give up $5.
If you actually try to implement this backwater formation, you will find that demons are everywhere.
Because it's not as easy as you think to get rid of $5.
You can't burn it because it's illegal.
So I decided to donate to charity. Or give it to your wife.
But something felt different. because
Not writing is bad, but donating is good.
Now I can justify not writing.
I tried to think of other things. For example, I could give my $5 to the Nazis.
But this is evil beyond the level of right and wrong to write or not to write. This is not a story.
So I ended up deciding to simply leave the envelope on the train.
Sometimes good people pick it up, sometimes bad people find it.
All in all, this was a completely fruitless exchange. I regret it now.
LOL The backwater formation can be used like this.
I like this idea, but I have two concerns every time I use it. If you use this backwater formation I think you will feel it.
First of all, let's say you all started a backwater formation like me. But this is just a periodic notification feature with no self-control.
"I can't do anything without my backwaters, and I don't have a lot of self-control."
Nothing will happen if you say something like that. When you find yourself in a situation where this method doesn't apply, you say something like, "Oh, I got a donut, but there was no way to protect it from the backwaters..." and eat it.
I don't like that this method takes away authority from the person.
I think of self-control as a muscle.
The more you train your muscles, the stronger they become.
The second problem is that we can always escape this backwater formation.
"I can't write five pages today because I have to give a TEDTalk speech and five other interviews. After that I'm going to a cocktail party...I can't write if I'm drunk.
As you can see, I can't possibly start working on a thesis today! "
This is effectively like having Odysseus and the first mate inside you.
You think about your situation and try to escape, even though you encourage self-restraint. And in the end, I blame myself.
So for the past decade, I've been trying to find other ways to change the way I relate to my future self without using the backwaters. without relying on any device.
Of particular interest is the relationship with future economic conditions.
This is a very timely issue.
Let's talk about savings.
There are two typical problems here.
First of all, I don't want to save money right now.
I want to consume it anyway. on the other hand
My future self wants my present self to save money.
This is a really timely issue.
Looking at the changes in the savings rate, we can see that it has been declining since the 1950s.
At the same time, the National Retirement Risk Index shows that the odds of not saving enough for retirement are increasing.
The McKinsey-Global Agency already predicts that two out of three baby boomers will not be adequately financially prepared for the years ahead.
What should we do?
A friend and I were inspired by the words of a philosopher named Derek Parfitt:
“Sometimes, by believing and imagining failure, we may underestimate our future selves.
In other words, we have a hard time believing that we are getting older, or we cannot imagine that we will ever get old.
This may sound silly.
Of course, we know the reality of aging.
However, there are many things in the world that you can't believe even if you believe it.
So my buddy and I used the most amazing tool of our time, the computer, to help people imagine what their future might look like.
Let's take a look at some tools. The first is
It is a distribution table called distribution = builder.
You show people what their future looks like by presenting them with 100 possible outcomes that the future might contain.
Each result is a column represented by such a marker. This shows the level of wealth and retirement.
The higher up you go, the more likely you are to enjoy retirement with a higher income.
Conversely, the further down you go, the more you struggle to make ends meet.
When you make an investment, you probably say: "Let me accept that one of these 100 will be my future and will determine my future wealth."
Let's move the marker around.
This way you can control your destiny. But it also takes effort.
The hassle is saving more now.
Once you have found an investment that you are happy with, click the "Done Button". These markers will then disappear. Slowly but surely one by one.
It simulates the impact of an investment made and determines whether the investment will be successful or not.
At the end, there is only one marker left, representing your wealth in old age.
So, for example, this person's retirement income is 150 percent of what he or she is earning while working.
They make more money after retirement than when they are still working.
If you, like so many people, just want something that brings you a little gratification or joy right now, consider simply making 50% more income in retirement than you do now.
But if you end up in the lowest position, you will feel hopelessness, nausea, and anguish about surviving old age.
By repeatedly using this tool and simulating different results, people will understand. We know that the investments and savings we make today will determine a more prosperous future.
People with hopes and fears about the future are motivated and each finds something to work on.
This is a graphical simulation. For those who feel motivated by what money can buy, not by numbers,
Instead of a numerical income, I created a distribution table that shows the property corresponding to each income. Let me show you the rooms you could buy if you had $3000, $2500, $2000... a month in retirement respectively.
If you look at the rooms one by one by income level, you can see that the quality is getting worse and worse.
Some are as spartan as the room I lived in when I was a graduate student.
And if you go to the bottom, you will see a very unfortunate reality. If you don't have any savings for retirement, you can't even buy a house in the first place.
These are pictures of existing rooms found on the internet at reasonable rents for each income.
The last thing I'm going to show you is a time machine that tells you what you're going to do at the end of your life. It was devised with Hersh-Field, a financial behavior expert introduced to us by our project buddy mentioned earlier.
This is a virtual reality diagnosis.
What I do is I take pictures of people. Here are people of college age. And use software to make them old. And show them what they'll be like when they're 60, 70, 80.
You can change your investment posture for your future By looking at your future face, you can actually help you imagine your future.
This is one of our attempts.
On the left is the young subject's face.
He is free to adjust his savings rate.
When he lowers his savings rate and this scale goes all the way to the left, it means he has zero savings.
This number is a percentage of his take home. You can see that the current take home is very high at 91%. But his old age income is very low.
When he retires, he will earn only 44% of his working income.
If he saves as much as possible, his retirement income will rise. However, he seems to be dissatisfied because he has less money to spend now.
Other situations also show people their future.
Also, from the perspective of my future self, everything is reversed.
If you have really saved very little, you will be very unhappy in the future. Because I have to live on 44% of my previous income.
But if you have a lot of savings today and you can earn almost the same income as now, you will be very happy in the future.
I've been working with Hal and Allianz on building this time machine to get more people to use the table tool. So that we can not only see our future selves, but also our predicted emotional reactions to the level of our retirement wealth.
For example, let's use this tool.
Watch the expression change as you move the knob left and right.
The young man's expression is getting more and more happy,
Since the savings are zero, the old man's expression is really pathetic.
Gradually move the knob to a reasonable savings rate.
and increasing the savings rate
The youth's countenance grew sadder and sadder,
How happy the old man is! By using this tool we
You can see the impact of your actions.
The nice thing about this tool is that it doesn't use smiles and frowns to stigmatize people. Which way should I move the knob for this
It is not an instruction. This time machine tool is a reminder that you are inextricably linked to your future self.
The decisions we make today will determine the prosperity of the future.
But people tend to forget this fact.
Also, this virtual experience is not just about seeing your old age face.
What happens if you smoke, what happens if you get too much sun, what happens if you gain weight, and so on.
The good thing about this is that unlike the program I ran with Hal and Russ-Smith, you don't have to do any programming yourself to experience this virtual reality.
There are smartphone apps you can install for a few bucks that do the same thing.
This is a picture of my buddy Haru.
He is also mentioned in my speech.
Just kidding, I used software to make him look bald, old and fat. Seeing this picture of him we
I think they felt anew that they don't want things to turn out like this in the future, and their determination to invest in the future has strengthened.
I would like to end here.
On behalf of Haru and myself, I wish you all the best in your present and future lives.
thank you very much.
applause
It's been 21 years since I came to Afghanistan.
I'm a physical therapist working for the Red Cross.
My job is to make prosthetic limbs -- and that's not all.
do more than that
We're the patients, the war-wounded, first to recover their bodies, then to reintegrate them into society.
It seems like a natural arrangement, but it wasn't from the beginning.
For many years, we've been just making prosthetic limbs for them.
It took a long time for the program to become what it is today.
Today, I'm going to tell you about the turning point in the plan, the story of the people who made it happen.
I was sent to Afghanistan in 1990 to help the war wounded in hospitals.
No, not just the war wounded, I saw all sorts of patients.
I was also in charge of the orthopedic center at the same time.
The center makes prosthetic limbs
At that time, I was in a situation where I didn't know what was what.
I wasn't ready to start working for the center.
too much to learn
It was the first time
But it was a rewarding job
Fighting soon escalated and functional recovery training was discontinued.
I had too much else to do
Orthopedic centers were closed because rehabilitation training was not a priority.
it was a strange feeling
Whenever I talk about this, the feeling I had at that time
I'm coming back from the past
Even though 21 years have passed, I remember it clearly
In 1992 the Mujahideen took control of Afghanistan.
the orthopedic center was closed
I ended up caring for people who were internally displaced within the country.
one day something happened
I was on my way back from a food distribution in a mosque, where a very large number of people had taken refuge in poor conditions.
I was driving home in a hurry
You know, when you want to forget something, you don't want to look around, you want to lock yourself in your room, and you want to scream, "No more."
A bomb exploded near my car, far away with a roar.
The figure disappeared from the street
the car disappeared
I stooped too
there was someone in the middle of the road
It was a man in a wheelchair desperately trying to escape.
To be honest, I'm not particularly brave, but I couldn't ignore this guy.
So I stopped the car and went to help.
The man had no legs and only one arm.
Behind him was a small child, his son, red in the face, pushing a wheelchair.
i took him to a safe place
I asked, "What are you doing on the street at a time like this?" I asked, "What are you doing on the street at a time like this?"
"It is the job"
what kind of work would that be?
I heard even more silly things like, "What happened to your prosthetic leg? Why aren't you wearing it?"
"What happened to your prosthetic leg? Why don't you wear prosthetic legs?"
"Red Cross closed"
Without thinking too much, I said to him, "I'm coming tomorrow. I'll make you a prosthetic leg."
"I'm coming tomorrow. I'll make you a prosthetic leg."
With that said, I parted ways with this man named Mahmud and his son Rafi.
"Oh, what did you say?"
Even though the center is closed and nobody's there
the machine will be broken
Who will make his prosthetic leg?"
I prayed that he would not come
This is Kabul at the time, during the ravages of war.
"Give him a little money."
the next day i went to the center
meet the gatekeeper
I was going to say, "When this guy comes along, tell him what I said was wrong.
i can't do anything now
Give me some money
Mahmoud and his son had already come
not only them
There were 15, maybe 20 patients like him.
The staff was there too.
Among them was my right-hand man, Nazimuddin.
The gatekeeper told me, "They come every day to see if the center will open."
"No, go home. You mustn't be here."
"No, go home. You mustn't be here."
Artillery fire continued, explosions were heard
"It's no good here, it's too dangerous
It's not a safe place here."
Nazimuddin said, "Please, I'm sorry.
Let's at least fix the broken prosthetic limb, maybe we can do something for Mahmud and the others."
"No you can't
it's really dangerous
I have to do something else.”
they were stubborn
I had to face 20 people face-to-face to make a decision. . .
I decided to start the repair.
One physiotherapist reported that Mahmoud could be fitted with a prosthetic leg, but not immediately.
My legs were swollen and my knees were stiff.
I was worried because I broke the rules
What I'm doing is what I shouldn't be doing
That night, I went to report to my bosses at headquarters, and I lied.
You may have a boss here.
(Laughter) I started working.
I went to work every day and worked for refugees.
Nazimuddin was with us, doing all the work and reporting the patients.
"Patients keep coming."
I didn't think that many would come, but because the ravages of war continue,
Patients keep coming
Mahmoud also visited every day
Gradually, week after week, his leg got better.
A mold of the prosthesis has been taken. Full-scale functional recovery training has begun.
Every day he passed through the front lines
I've been through the front line that Mahmoud and his son go through.
It was a terrifying experience.
The long-awaited day has finally come
The time has come for Mahmoud to leave the hospital with a new prosthetic leg.
it was april with great weather
April in Kabul is really beautiful with roses and flowers blooming
I can't be trapped indoors with sandbags piled up on the windows.
It's gloomy and dark inside
find a spot in the garden
Mahmoud put on a prosthetic leg, and other patients did the same, doing their final gait training before they were discharged from the hospital.
Suddenly two guerrilla legions
started fighting
I heard the sound of a bullet cutting through the air
we started running towards the trenches
Mahmoud my son I grabbed someone
everyone grabbing something
I ran desperately
With no obstructions, 50 meters feels like a long distance.
As we entered, we all gasped, and as we sat down, we heard Rafi say to his father, "Dad, you can run faster than me."
(Laughter) "Of course I can run.
you can't go to school
I don't have to push my dad's wheelchair all day long."
when I sent them home
I will never forget the sight of Mahmoud and his son pushing an empty wheelchair together.
That's when I realized that I should prioritize physical rehabilitation training.
Restoration of dignity should be a top priority
Since that day, the center has been non-stop.
There were times when we stopped working for a few hours, but we never closed the center.
I met Mahmoud again after a year.
he was fine and a little slimmer
I had to replace the prosthetic limb with a new prosthetic leg.
when i ask about my son
"I'm going to school. I'm doing well."
I think Mahmoud said something
When asked "What is it?"
he is sweating
plainly embarrassed
stood in front of me with its head bowed
"Thanks to the teacher, I can now walk.
I am very grateful for that
One more thing, save me from being a beggar."
that was his job
"Children grow up
I am embarrassed
I don't want my children to be teased at school by other children."
"Okay" I replied
How much was in your pocket?
doing money
it's easy
Mahmoud was reading my mind "I want a job"
And he continued, I will never forget those words for the rest of my life.
"I'm a piece of shit, but if you help me, I'll do anything, even crawl on the ground."
Saying that, he sat down
I got goosebumps all over my body as I sat down.
A man with no legs, one arm, no literacy, no technical training—what kind of job?
Nazimuddin said, "I need someone in the carpentry."
"What?"
“We have to produce more prostheses.
You have to hire someone to stick the soles and screw them
We need to grow.”
"What?"
I couldn't believe it
He went on to say, "Modify your workbench, put in a custom chair, put in a custom anvil and a vise, put in a power screwdriver."
"Hey, that's insane
and too strict
It's a very fast production line, isn't it?
It's cruel to give you a job you can't do."
Nazimuddin is Ittetsu
All I was able to do was pull out a small compromise.
It was a one-week, one-week trial hire.
A week later, Mahmoud was the fastest worker on the production line.
To Nazimuddin, "You're lying.
I can't believe it,' said
20% increase in productivity
"This is a lie, it must be a lie"
i asked for proof
Productivity gains were real
Nazimuddin saw something shiny in Mahmud
i realized i was wrong again
Mahmoud seemed to grow
I remember smiling across the workbench
He was born again, he looked even bigger
Of course, it was the prosthetic leg that made him look bigger, but of course, in the beginning anyway, it was dignity that made him look bigger.
By getting a job, he regained his dignity as a human being.
Therefore
We've come up with a new policy, it's a novel policy.
It's about hiring as many people with disabilities as possible to get jobs they can do.
We call this a “positive discrimination” policy.
This policy
it's for everyone
Everyone benefits People who are hired get jobs and dignity
new patients benefit
7,000 new patients arrive each year.
I can't believe the look on their faces when they found out that the people who helped me were just like me.
Patients' "Oh" faces
looking at that face
Surprise turns into hope
It's more profitable for me to train people who have experienced disability.
It's true. It's a quick thing to learn.
There is no such thing as scum in humans
People like Mahmoud change the world.
Once you start changing, you can't stop
That's how we keep hiring people, but we're also starting new projects, small, low-interest loans, and education.
once you start you can't stop
We also provide vocational training, home education for those who cannot go to school.
Physiotherapy can be done outside the center or in the home.
looking for a better way
Nazimuddin is wearing a white coat.
That's the dreaded Nazimuddin
I learned a lot from people like Nazimuddin, Mahmud, Rafi I learned a lot from people like Nazimuddin, Mahmud, Rafi
they are my teachers
I have a dream, I have a big dream, and that is to see activities like this, ideas like this spread to other countries.
There are many war-torn countries like Afghanistan.
Spreading exercise is possible and not difficult
What we need to do is listen to the people we need to help, and involve them in the decision-making process, and involve them in the movement.
this is my big dream
Change in Afghanistan is not enough, it's not, it's still on the way
I recently started a program, a sports program, which puts patients in wheelchairs to play basketball.
carry a wheelchair around
Created several teams in major cities in Afghanistan
At first, when Nazimuddin said to me, "I want to do it," I was hesitant.
My answer is of course "no"
"No, no, no, no, absolutely no"
I asked the usual question, "Is this a priority?
Is this really necessary?"
see me now
Don't miss a single practice
I get nervous the night before the game
me during the game
Screaming like a native Italian
(laughs) What's next? What will you change next?
I don't know yet, but Nazimuddin and his friends are up to something.
this is my story thank you very much
(applause)
For the last 10 years, I've been inflicting pain and humiliation on myself in the name of self-improvement.
We did this in three areas
first started with improving intelligence
I decided to become smarter by reading everything from A to Z in the Encyclopædia Britannica, everything from "a-ak" to "Zywiec."
This is a picture of that time
this year was a great year
It was a really interesting period.
It was painful at the time, but especially for the people around me.
My wife started taking a $1 fine for every fact I threw into a conversation that had nothing to do with it.
Yes, there were bad points.
Then I worked on improving my psyche.
As I mentioned last year, I grew up without a religion.
I'm Jewish, and that's like saying "Olive Garden" is an Italian restaurant.
(Laughter) It's not real.
But I decided to study the Bible and my tradition, and I really wanted to dive into it and immerse myself in the religion.
So I tried to follow all the rules written in the Bible.
I followed the Ten Commandments and started growing my beard because Leviticus says not to shave.
Finally it looked like this
thank you for laughing
(Laughter) Maybe Moses or maybe a bomber.
He looks like Ted Kaczynski
and this is a picture of that time
there are sheep too
Now, as the final challenge of the three disciplines, I set out to improve my body, trying to become the healthiest person on the planet.
I've been doing this for the last two years
I finished it a few months ago
I'm sorry
Because I was about to be killed by an overly healthy lifestyle
(Laughter) I was really overwhelmed, because the amount of stuff I had to do was daunting.
I listened to all the experts, and I talked to people in the medical field.
they taught me everything i should do
Eat right, exercise, meditate, pet your dog because it lowers blood pressure.
I wrote while on a treadmill, and by the time I finished writing the book, I had run about a thousand miles.
I had to apply sunscreen
This was hard because, according to the dermatologist, I applied a shot of sunscreen.
because you have to repeat it every two hours
So I ended up spending half my book advance on sunscreen.
I spent most of the year looking like sugared donuts
I also washed my hands
I had to do my best
Immunologists told me that things like remote controls and iPhones were full of germs and had to be wiped down.
this took a lot of time
Also, I've been very careful about safety, because that's part of health.
I was enlightened by the Danish Safety Board.
They had a public campaign called "Wear a walking helmet."
According to it, helmets should be worn not only when riding two-wheeled vehicles, but also when walking on the road.
In this poster, a helmet is worn while shopping.
(Laughter) Yeah, I tried that too.
You're going a little too far
But think about it, according to the authors of Bad Economics, the mortality rate per mile is actually higher for drunk walking than for drunk driving.
Think about this after a few drinks tonight
And I've done these, and in a way it was a success.
All laboratory values ​​were improving
My cholesterol is down, I'm losing weight, and my wife doesn't think I look pregnant.
so it was good
I would say almost successful
But I've learned that being too healthy is unhealthy.
I was so focused on doing all this that I was estranged from my friends and family.
As Dan Buittner said, having strong connections with people is very important to our health.
That's why I gave up on health law
A week after I finished this project, I did whatever I wanted in reaction.
I fell to the dark side and indulged in debauchery
It was like the movie Caligula
(Laughter) Except for sex.
I have three children, so I didn't do that.
But of course I did binge eating and drinking
and finally regained composure
Now, I'm back on track. I no longer wear helmets, but I've adopted many of the wellness practices I've practiced.
This was indeed a life-changing project
Of course I don't have time to tell you everything.
I would like to briefly tell you two things.
First, to my own surprise, I didn't expect this to happen, but now I live a quieter life than I used to.
we live in a very noisy world
Trains, planes, cars, and [Fox News] Bill O'Reilly, yes, he's certainly loud.
(Laughter) And this is a really underrated health hazard because it actually triggers a fight-or-flight response, not to mention impairing hearing.
Attack/flight response due to loud noise
Over the years, it can have real health consequences, damaging your cardiovascular system.
The World Health Organization conducted a large study on noise pollution, and the results were published this year.
This study was conducted in Europe
The WHO estimates that noise pollution impairs the health of 1.6 million people in Europe each year.
It's actually considered very harmful.
And noise also has a very bad effect on your brain.
it impairs cognitive function
America's founding fathers knew this
When drafting the constitution, they spread dirt on the cobblestones outside the parliament to help them focus.
So without technology to reduce noise, our country wouldn't exist.
As a patriot, I thought this was important, because wearing all sorts of earplugs and earphones actually improved my quality of life in ways I never thought possible.
And the second, and this is actually the last one, which is also the theme of the TEDMED, is that joy is very important to health.
Let me give you just one example: food.
The junk food industry is very good at pushing our pleasure points and finding ways to satisfy them.
But we can also apply this technology to healthy foods.
To give just one example, we love crunchy textures.
That's why I incorporate this texture into a lot of recipes by adding sunflower seeds.
Now you can almost fool yourself into thinking you're eating Doritos.
(Laughter) It made me healthier.
that's all
There will be a book about this in April
It's titled "Deadly Healthy"
I hope I don't get sick during the book tour
that's my biggest wish right now
thank you
(applause)
The 20th century saw many great changes, perhaps the most important of which was the longevity revolution.
Our life expectancy is now 34 years longer than it was three generations ago.
As an adult, my life has doubled.
But our culture hasn't handled this change very well.
We're still stuck in the old idea that life is like an arch.
Arch is an old parable
It peaks in the middle of life and then declines.
(Laughter) People think of aging as a disease, but now a lot of people -
From philosophers and artists to doctors and scientists -- we're looking at what I call the third act, the last 30 years of life, in a new way.
They realize that this period is an important developmental period in its own right, and just as adolescence is different from childhood, the third act of life is different from middle age.
I have to think about how I'm going to spend this time.
how do you get along
What is getting older like?
I spent a year researching this topic.
I've come to believe it's fair to think of aging as climbing a flight of stairs, where spiritual growth leads to intelligence, wholeness, and reliability.
getting old is not a disease
it's future-proof
and this future
not just for the lucky few
We know that many people over the age of 50 have better mental health, less stress, less hostility and less anxiety.
People over the age of 50 look more at commonalities than differences.
Some studies even show that people over 50 are happier.
I didn't expect this. I've been depressed for a long time.
By the time I hit my late 40s, the first thing I thought when I woke up in the morning was all pessimism, and I was scared.
oh my god
I'm trying to be a bigoted old man
But now I'm in the middle of the third act of my life, and I've never been happier.
filled with great happiness
I found that as I approached old age, my fears subsided in contrast to what I was seeing from the outside.
You're still who you are, and you may become even more who you are.
Picasso once said, "It takes time to grow young."
(Laughter) I don't mean to glorify aging.
Old age will be a time of fruitful growth
genetics also come into play
genetic factors account for one-third
there's not much you can do about it
But two-thirds of the determinants of happiness in old age are things you can control.
Let's talk about what you can do to make the most of your extended old age and use it to make a difference.
First, let's talk about the staircase model. Older people often struggle with stairs, so you might think it's weird to use a staircase analogy.
(Laughter) I'm not good at stairs either.
As you may know, the world rests on a universal law: entropy, the second law of thermodynamics.
Entropy means that everything decays and decays, like the arch I was talking about earlier.
There is one exception to this basic law: the human spirit.
let me give you an example
This rise can occur even in the face of physical hardship.
About three years ago, I read an article in the New York Times.
It was about Neil Selinger, a 57-year-old retired lawyer who attended a writer's course at Sarah Lawrence College, where he discovered his inner voice as a writer.
Two years later he contracted amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, known as Lou Gehrig's disease.
It is a life-threatening disease
This disease eats the body, but not the mind.
In the article, Mr. Selinger described what was happening to him:
Quote: "As my muscles abated, my writing grew stronger.
I got my own voice as I lost the ability to speak
I grow as I fade
While I lost many things, I finally began to find myself."
For me, Neil Selinger personified the third act of climbing the stairs.
We are all born full of life, but sometimes it gets stifled by the challenges of life, such as violence, abuse, and neglect.
Parents may have struggled with depression.
Maybe I could only love you from my point of view
We may still be suffering from heartache and wounds.
And you may feel that many of these relationships have no ending and are not over yet.
Perhaps the role of the third act of life is to put the finishing touches on life's end.
As I hit my 60th birthday and was about to enter the third act of my life, I realized this.
How should I spend my time from now on?
What should I accomplish in this final chapter of my life?
I realized that in order to know which way to go, I had to know the path I had taken.
So I looked back at the first two acts of my life, trying to figure out who I was then, who I was, how my parents and other people talked about me and how they treated me. It doesn't matter Who was I?
What were your parents like, not as parents, but as human beings?
what about my grandparents
How did you get in touch with your parents?
that's what i wanted to know
Years later, I learned that the process I went through was called "reminiscence" among psychologists.
It is said to give a person's life new meaning, clarity and meaning.
If you try, you might find that a lot of the things you thought were your fault and the things you thought about yourself all along actually had nothing to do with you.
When you know it's not your fault and that everything's fine
People think about those days, both the other person and themselves
i can forgive i can free myself from the past
You can, to change your relationship with your past.
there is something you can do
As I was putting this together, I came across "Night and Fog" by Viktor Frankl, an Austrian psychiatrist.
He spent five years in a Nazi concentration camp.
He says that when he was in the camp, he was able to distinguish between those who, if released, would have no problem reintegrating into society, and those who wouldn't.
He wrote, "Everything you gain in life can be taken away from you, with one exception: the freedom to choose how you behave in any given situation.
That's what determines the quality of our lives.The quality of life isn't defined by whether we're rich or poor, famous or unknown, healthy or sick.
What determines the quality of life is how we relate these realities, what meanings we give them, what attitudes we face, and what emotions we evoke.”
I believe that the core purpose of the third act of life is to change our relationship with the past when necessary.
Cognitive research suggests that when we can change our relationship with the past, we also experience neurological changes and create neural pathways in our brains.
If you've been dealing with past events and people negatively for many years, chemical and electrical signals from your brain create neural pathways for negative thoughts.
That neural circuit hardens over time and becomes normal.
But that's not what you want, it's a source of stress and anxiety.
But if we can go back in time and change and reconstruct our relationships with people and events from the past, our neural pathways change.
If we can maintain a more positive sense of the past, it will become the new normal.
It's like resetting a thermostat
It's not about renewing experiences that make us smarter.
By embracing the experiences that have made us smarter, we become more whole and help us to become more intelligent and trustworthy.
It helps you realize your potential
Females are complete until puberty
As a little girl, you're in good spirits - "Hey, who said that?"
He's an executive and he's the hero of his own life.
but often
As we hit puberty, we start worrying about fitting in and doing well.
You become the main or supporting role in someone else's life.
But now, when I enter the third act of my life, maybe I'll be able to circle back to where I started and realize for the first time that it's my life to live, if I can.
it will be for others as well
older women are the largest population group in the world
If we can go back in time and redefine ourselves and become fully human, we will change the culture of the world and provide a model for young people to redefine their lives.
thank you very much
(applause)
There's a poem written by a very famous English poet in the late 19th century.
This poem is said to have been running through Churchill's mind in the 1930s.
The poem is like this: "On the languid hills of summer, with the drowsiness of the flowing water, I hear the drummer's drum in the distance, and the noise of the drum in my dreams, far, near, soft, Growing louder, the sound passes by the road Hey friends, prey to gunpowder Soldiers march All to death
This is a poem by A.E. Hausman called "Youth from Shropshire"
But what Hausmann understood, and what you feel from Nielsen's symphonies, is that the long, hot, country summers of a peaceful nineteenth century came to an end as power shifted, and then plunged into a dreadful era. about it
Yes, folks, there are always turbulent times, and often blood is spilled.
What I want to tell you is that we are destined to live in such an era, when the revolving table that underpins the power order is starting to turn, a new way of looking at the world, a new kind of power in the world. increase
As we are very aware, these are very turbulent times, very difficult times and very violent times.
A change like this happens roughly once a century.
The last time this transformation happened, as Churchill and Hausman predicted, was when power moved from the former great powers of Europe across the Atlantic to the new emerging nation of the United States, at the dawn of the American era.
And this languishing European nation ended up in, as we all know, two horrifying and bloody tragedies of the 20th century: the two world wars, Part I and Part II.
If Mao Zedong called it a civil war in Europe, well, yes, it might have been.
Well folks, we live in such a time of change.
Today I want to talk about three factors.
The first one or two of them are about power transitions.
And then I'd like to talk about a new phase that we're entering in an unprecedented way.
So let's talk first about power shifts.
It's something that's happening in the world right now, and it's something that's never been seen before, and it's really scary.
There was a horizontal shift in power, from Greece to Rome, and then in Europe, when culture flourished, there was a horizontal shift in power, but the shift we're witnessing today is different.
Hegemony isn't just moving horizontally from country to country.
It's also shifting vertically at the same time.
Once upon a time, hegemony was housed in the institutions of nation-states, which are subject to accountability for action and the rule of law. Now, on a global scale, there are many different actors of hegemony.
Globalization of hegemony -- we talk about globalization of markets, but it's actually globalization of real power.
If the hegemon was a nation-state, it would have been subject to legal liability, but that's not the case at the international level.
Now, globally, this power has been garnered by the Internet, satellite broadcasting, and the foreign exchange market. There's an enormous amount of money in circulation, more than 32 times the amount of money needed for trade. Forex marketers, no, speculators. Should they? They've been bringing us to our knees lately. Multinationals sometimes have bigger budgets than medium-sized nations.
These things are happening in a global space where there is no rule of law, there is no control, and people may act unfettered.
This is useful for those in power.
Those with the most power have always acted with impunity, but as history teaches us, sooner or later this unregulated space without the rule of law is only good things like international trade and the Internet. It doesn't create international crime or terrorism either.
The terrorist attacks of 9/11 showed that even though you are in the most powerful country in the world, you can still be attacked on one bright September morning by someone in that uncontrolled space.
It is said that 60% of the 9/11 terrorist financing of $4 million was traded through the Twin Towers destroyed by the terrorist attacks.
You see, we share this space with our enemies, the popularization of travel, the internet, satellite broadcasting, and their venomous fangs that are trying to disrupt our systems and ways of doing things right next to us. is
Sooner or later, it's just a matter of time. The laws of history dictate that where power goes, sovereignty must follow.
And as power becomes more globalized, as is happening right now, we need to expand the scope of our governance into the global space.
And while the next few decades will bring more or less turmoil, I hope we can somehow achieve our goal of bringing governance to this global space.
i'm not talking about the government
Nor am I proposing to create an international democratic institution.
In my own opinion, creating institutions like the United Nations will not solve any problems.
Although we need institutions like the United Nations,
The world needs an international forum
We need a way to legalize international action.
I don't think the governance of international space can be achieved by increasing the number of UN agencies.
A group of powerful people, a treaty-based system, a treaty-based agreement, will govern the global space.
This movement is already underway.
For example, the World Trade Organization, a purely treaty-based organization that is said to be powerful enough to hold back the United States, the most powerful of all, if need be.
The Kyoto Protocol was the beginning of an attempt to create a body based on the treaty.
And the G20, we are now aware of the need for institutions to govern the financial space in which speculators operate.
So the G20 is a treaty-based body.
And there's one problem, which I'll return to later, and if those with power set the rules in a treaty-based body, what happens to the rest of those without power?
It's a very big problem. We'll come back to this later.
So my first message is that as you go through these turbulent times with more or less turmoil, if you are to thrive, it is important that you bring intelligent tools of governance into the international space. is the key
face it's actually happening
And my second message, to an audience like you, maybe I don't need to say this: power isn't just moving vertically, it's moving horizontally.
The history of civilization's development has been centered around the sea, yes, first around the Mediterranean, and then the dominance of the West around the Atlantic.
And, broadly speaking, it looks like a fundamental shift in power is happening right now, from countries around the Atlantic to countries around the Pacific.
As always, it starts with the shift in economic power.
I'm sure you've already seen emerging nations advance their foreign policies and increase their military spending.
I think this isn't just a shift of power from west to east, something else is also happening.
My prediction is that the United States will continue to be the most powerful country on earth for the next 10, 15 years, but the circumstances in which American power holds power have changed dramatically.
We're coming to the end of one of the rarest 50 years in history, 50 years of magnetic needles for or against America, 50 years dominated by the giant that is America. historically
it was very rare
In fact, what is happening now is historically the more normal situation.
You are about to witness an era of multipolar world.
Until now, America has been the dominant player in the world.
It will continue to be the most powerful country in the world, but it is the most powerful country in an increasingly multipolar world.
A number of alternative centers of power will emerge, including China, of course, but I don't think it will be all that smooth.
China will face difficulties in liberalizing its economy and democratizing its society.
Well that's another story
India and Brazil
To us Europeans, the world today may look like Europe in the 19th century.
Europe in the 19th Century British Foreign Secretary Charles Canning once said, "Europe is like a symphony of powers."
There was a balance between five European countries.
Britain was always adjusting that balance.
When France joined Germany, England joined Austria and Italy to balance the balance.
Yes, in the age of a unipolar world, there are fixed alliances: NATO, the Warsaw Pact, etc.
An age of fixed power calls for fixed alliances.
But in an age of multipolar power, alliances are constantly shifting.
Unlocked alliances are the hallmark of the multipolar world we're entering.
British Foreign Secretary Canning said, "Britain has common national interests, but no common allies."
If we want to achieve something in this world, why don't we stay inside this cozy circle of Atlantic nations and go out into the world and make pacts with other people? must
When Europe intervened in Libya, Western countries alone weren't enough; other countries had to get involved.
In this case it was the Arab League.
Iraq and Afghanistan will be the last cases where the West tries to do everything on its own, without success so far.
I believe we are nearing the end of an era that has lasted for 400 years, the 400 years since the fall of the Ottoman Empire, where Western powers, institutions and values ​​took the lead.
As you all know, until now, the West has arbitrarily proposed various matters around the world and negotiated various matters.
but that can't happen anymore
Take the financial crisis after World War II, for example.
If the West got together, the Bretton Woods agreement, the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, the problem would have been solved.
But now we have to reach out to other countries as well.
We must launch the G20 now.
Now we have to get out of our cozy circle of Western friends.
Now I want to share with you one more, even more amazing prediction.
The 400 years in which the power of Western countries was sufficient is about to end.
People say to me, ``Chinese people don't want to contribute at all to creating a multi-faceted world of peace.''
What so?
How many Chinese soldiers do you think there are in the world today serving under the name of the United Nations?
3700 people
America has only 11 people.
Which country do you think has the largest navy to solve Somalia's piracy problem?
it's china
they are mercantilist
I want to secure sea lanes.
More and more, we will have to deal with people who do not share the same values, but who do have temporary common interests.
You will see the world in a completely different way
And the third factor, which is completely different from the first two.
In today's society, the Internet and the technology that others were talking about here today, everything is connected.
we are dependent on each other
We're interconnected now, at a national level and at an individual level, and this has never happened before, it's never happened before.
Of course, relations between nations have always existed.
Diplomacy is about maintaining relations between these countries.
But today we are very closely related.
If a swine flu epidemic hits Mexico, it could affect Charles de Gaulle International Airport in France in 24 hours.
The Lehman Shock was about all of us
There's a fire in the steppe in Russia, there's a riot in Africa for food.
Now we are deeply, deeply, deeply involved.
No relationship, no desire to work with others, independent nations will be impossible in the future.
A nation's actions can't stay at home, and that's not enough to protect their territories, because what's happening abroad is starting to affect us at home.
I was once a young soldier during England's last war.
In those days, when we thought about national defense, we only had to think about one thing: how strong our army, our air force, our navy and our allies were.
That's when the enemy was outside the wall
now the enemy is inside the wall
If today we were to talk about national defense, I would have to go to the Ministry of Health, because epidemics pose a danger to my safety. And also the Minister of Industry, because high-tech infrastructure is now a target for enemy attacks in terms of cyber warfare. Because, as you can see from the bombings that happened in London that day, those who enter my country and those who live in terraced houses in the city have a direct impact on my country.
Gone are the days when national security was just a matter of soldiers and the Ministry of Defense.
all ministries are involved
And it's very important
The hierarchy and division of labor in our government, based on the economic model of the industrial revolution, is completely wrong.
Business people will realize that what we need in our time is the network.
The capabilities of this network will become important in the future, both inside and outside government.
I'd like to introduce you to Ashdown's Third Law.
Don't ask me about Laws 1 and 2. I haven't figured it out yet.
Ashdown's Third Law: In today's world where everything is connected, the most important ability is the ability to work with others.
Whether you're a government official, an infantryman, or an entrepreneur, what matters is your connection points, your means of connection, your ability to network.
This is understood in the economic world, but governments don't understand this.
and one last
As I've told you, we're more interconnected than ever before, and we share a shared destiny.
Suddenly and for the first time, the mass defense we thought we had come to protect our country was no longer enough.
Until now, if my tribe is stronger than other tribes, I'm safe If my country is stronger than theirs, I'm safe Pacts like NATO are stronger than their pacts I was safe if I had
It will be different from now on
It shows that interrelationships and weapons of mass destruction mean that increasingly we share the fate of our enemies.
When I was a diplomat in Geneva in the 1970s, I was able to successfully negotiate disarmament with the Soviet Union because of the realization that we were destined for one another.
Collective security alone is not enough
Peace came to Northern Ireland when both sides realized that a zero-sum game wouldn't work.
they shared their fate with their enemies
A major obstacle to peace in the Middle East is that neither Israel nor Palestine understand that they share a common destiny.
Ladies and gentlemen, what the dreamers and poets of yesteryear were saying is suddenly what we have to take seriously as social policy.
I started my speech with a poem, and I'm going to end it with a poem.
Great poem by John Donne
"For Whom the Bell Tolls"
It's a poem that says, "Everyone is not an island."
It goes on to say, "Everyone's death means something to me, because I am part of humanity too, so don't ask, for whom the bell will ring, if it will ring for you."
For John Donne, it may have been a moral exhortation.
But to us, it's like a rule we need to live by.
thank you
(applause)
TED now has over 1,000 TED talks.
And I think most of you here would think it's great, except me.
i think there is a problem here
1,000 TED Talks means 1,000+ ideas worth spreading.
How the hell do you spread 1,000 ideas?
Even if you watched all the TED talks and tried to get all the ideas in your head, it would take you over 250 hours to do this.
I did a little math, the economic loss per person doing this is
about $15,000
Seeing this crisis, I realized that I need to find a solution to this problem.
Let's see what's going on
There are 1,000 TED Talks
The average length of a TED talk is roughly 2,300 words.
Now, if you do the math, that's 2.3 million TED talks, which is equivalent to about three Bibles.
The question is clear: do you need 2,300 words for a TED Talk?
Shouldn't it be shorter? If there is one "idea worth spreading"
I'm sure it can be shorter than 2,300 words.
The question is "how short can it be"
What is the minimum word count required to speak at TED?
When I was thinking about this problem, I thought of Hemingway's urban legend, and his masterpiece was a newspaper ad that said, "Sell baby shoes unused."
I also learned about a project called "Autobiography in 6 Words," which summarizes life in six words.
the latter is my favorite
If a novel fits in six words, and an autobiography fits in six words, six words should be enough for a TED talk.
Then it will be open before lunch.
If we apply this to all TED talks, we can shrink from 2.3 million words to 6,000 words.
I thought it would be worthwhile, so I asked all my friends to
I picked my favorite TED talk and asked them to make it into 6 words
I'm going to show you some of the results, like Daniel Pink's story of motivation.
The six-word version of this is, "Drop the carrot, drop the stick, make sense." And that's roughly what he was talking about for 18 and a half minutes.
I also had a friend who rated the speaker himself.
A good example is Nathan Myrvold's narrative, or Tim Ferris' experience of a very arduous effort.
In the end, I'd be left with a lot of summaries and a few friends, so I thought of an alternative.
I tried to involve others as much as possible.
Luckily, I found a site called Mechanical Turk, which is a website where you get someone else to do the work you don't want to do yourself.
This time, I declined to hire someone from a less expensive country, but it turned out that they could do a six-word summary for just 10 cents.
It's impossible to summarize every single TED talk.
You pay 10 cents each for 1,000 TED Talks, and that doesn't necessarily mean you can get away with just one summary, because you could end up with a terrible failure.
You end up paying hundreds of dollars.
So I thought of another way.
So instead of summarizing the talks individually in six words, we give them 10 talks together and say, "Please summarize this in six words."
Cut your costs by 90% for $60 spent
You can take 1,000 TED talks and turn them into 600 summaries, which sounds pretty cool, doesn't it?
Now, some of you might be thinking right now that it's crazy to have 10 talks in 6 words.
But it's actually different, and there's a real-life example from Professor Rosling of Statistics.
You know some of his talks, eight of them on TED.
These eight talks can roughly be summed up in four words, because basically what he's saying is, "Intuition is unreliable."
Prove every time, "We're not right." Well, part of this work didn't work.
When I asked for a summary of 10 talks, someone cut corners.
And another, and this is cheeky, was to ask me, in six words from the worker himself, "Aren't you too immersed in Google?"
And another sent me a six-word theory: "Ebay and Amazon don't sell wholesomeness."
I don't know of any TED talks with this content
but in the end
It's been great. I've got a meaningful summary for each of the 10 talks. These are my favorites.
Summarize all the food talk
"Food shapes your body, brain, and environment." That's pretty good, sums up all the talk about happiness.
"Chasing happiness = chasing misfortune" Let's get back to the main topic
Start with 1,000 TED Talks
We got 600 six-word summaries for this.
It sounded nice at first, but 600 summaries was a lot, and it turned out to be a huge list.
So I thought I needed to take it a step further, so I actually created "Summary of Abstracts."
We took 600 summaries, sorted them into nine categories based on ratings on TED.com, and asked workers to summarize those summaries.
There was also a misunderstanding
When I handed him a collection of "beautiful talks" summaries, he misunderstood that I was looking for the ultimate pick-up line.
They did it for "brave talk."
"People are dying (worried) choosing easy solutions" for "surprised talk"
"Flickr Photographs of Intergalactic Classical Music Composers"
i think i got the point
Now, I've narrowed it down to nine categories.
But of course you won't be satisfied yet.
I wanted to go all out, starting with 1,000 talks.
That means 99.9997% of the talk content has been reduced
And I paid less than $100, just $99.50, and I finished 50 summaries in total.
I paid 25 cents this time
Because I thought the work was a little difficult.
When I first received the summaries, and here are six summaries, I was a little bit depressed.
You can see that all of these summaries are aspects of TED, but to me they seemed mediocre, just showing one aspect.
So I was about to give up, and one night I was rearranging these things, and I came across this wonderful answer.
So here we go. We crowdsourced six-word summaries of 1,000 TED talks. We paid $99.50.
(applause)
I've been asked to tell a lot of "stories" today, but instead I'm going to tell you why I'm skeptical and concerned about "stories," stories.
In fact, all too often, the more inspiring a story is, the more curious it is.
(Laughter) Especially great stories are often very clever ones.
This is both an advantage and a disadvantage, but stories are a kind of filter.
A story takes in a lot of information, leaves out some, and leaves some.
But what this filter leaves behind is always the same.
What's left is a limited set of simple narratives
There's an old saying, but any story is essentially "A stranger came to town."
Christopher Booker said in his book that there are only seven kinds of stories.
A story of monsters, tales, adventures, journeys and returns, comedy, tragedy, and rebirth.
There may be other taxonomies, but the important thing is that when you think in terms of stories, you're telling yourself you're repeating yourself.
Here's a survey that asked people to describe their lives in words.
Interestingly, very few people describe their lives as "messy."
(Laughter) That's the best answer, and I don't mean it in a bad way.
"Rumble" leads to freedom and confidence, and "rumble" can also make use of various strengths.
But people like to say, "My life is a journey."
51% of people said they want their life to be a story.
11% said, "Life is a battle." That's another kind of story.
8% "It's a novel" 5% "It's a drama"
You wouldn't have answered, "It's a reality show."
(Laughter) Anyway, we impose order on the chaos of reality, and that order follows the same pattern.
How many of you know the story of George Washington and the cherry tree?
I don't really know
It's not clear if the Paul Revere story is true either.
So it's better to doubt the story
We are biologically programmed to be drawn to stories.
Stories contain a lot of information, and they also have social power.
Stories connect people
So a story is like the candy you put in your mouth when you're looking for political information or reading a novel.
Even if you read a non-fiction book, you're taking in the story.
Nonfiction is a new type of fiction, so to speak.
What you read in the book may be true, but in the end it all comes down to the same story.
So what's wrong with relying too much on stories?
Despite the chaos of reality, you see things like, "This is how my life is going."
More specifically, I think there are some serious problems with overly narrative thinking.
First, stories tend to be too simplistic. The point of a story is to strip it down. Instead of fitting it into 18 minutes, most of the time you can do it in one or two sentences.
When you strip away the details, whether you're telling a story about your life or a story about politics, you tend to tell it in "good vs. evil."
Well, there are actually "good vs. bad" things, right?
But all in all, I think we're all too inclined to talk about good versus evil.
As a quick rule of thumb, imagine that every time you say "Good vs. Evil," you lower your IQ by about 10 points.
If you keep this method secretly in your mind, I think you'll get smarter pretty quickly.
no need to read a book
All you have to do is imagine that you're pressing a button every time you tell "Good vs. Evil," and every time you press that button, you lower your IQ by about 10 points.
Another type of story that's popular is the movies of Oliver Stone and Michael Moore.
There's always a conspiracy.
Stories are different from spontaneous order and complex human societies, which are the product of human action but unintentional.
It's not the story, it's what the bad guys are up to.
If there's a plot involved in the story you're hearing, even if it's a story contrived by the good guys, it's just as cause for suspicion as watching a movie.
There's a good way to ask the question, "When should I be particularly suspicious when hearing a story?"
If you listen to the story and think, "Wow, this is going to make a great movie."
(Laughter) So let's learn to respond to those situations by saying, "This sucks." In that case, it's probably better to assume that the whole picture is pretty messed up.
Another common story line is the claim that "you have to be tough."
you'll hear it in different contexts
“We need to be tough on banks.” “We need to be tough on unions.”
"We need to be bullish against other countries and foreign dictators and negotiating partners."
I'm not against being harsh
There are times when you have to be tough
Taking a tough stance against the Nazis was a good thing.
But this is another story that we fall into too easily and too quickly.
When we don't really know what happened, we pick someone up and say, "We have to be tough on them!"
Bring up the idea of ​​"hit hard," as if no one had ever done that before.
I see this as a kind of mental laziness.
It's an easy-to-understand story: "Now is the time to be tough" "We should have been tough"
Most of the time it's a sign to be vigilant.
There's another problem with stories: you can only hold a limited number of stories in your head at any one time, in a day, or throughout your life.
So you end up reusing your story for different purposes.
For example, when I get out of bed in the morning, I tell myself a story, "My job is really important. What I'm doing is really important." I am telling myself
'Cause this story works
thanks to you i can get out of bed
It's a technique to trick yourself.
The point is that I can get out of bed by grabbing this story and holding onto it.
So when I'm in the hustle and bustle of my life doing things that are really just a waste of time, I'm bound by my own stories that get me out of bed. Combinations in my head. And it would be ideal if there was a way to deal with very complex stories that used matrix math, but stories don't work that way.
For a story to work, it has to be simple, easy to understand, easy to tell and easy to remember.
So stories serve two opposing purposes and often lead us in the wrong direction.
I used to think that I belonged to the good group of economists, allied with other good guys to fight together against the schemes of the bad guys.
I thought so
maybe i was wrong
There may be times when I'm a good guy, but one day I finally realized, "Hey, I wasn't a good guy."
I don't know if he's a bad guy in the sense of malicious, but it's been very difficult for me to get away from that story.
It's interesting, a lot of books these days are about cognitive biases.
Every single-word book, like Nudge, Sway, or Blink, tells us how we fail. deals with
There are many mechanisms that fail, but what I find strange is that what I believe to be the essence of the mechanism is not in any of these books, and that is that we are too easily narrative, and we are so easily drawn to narratives. about it
Why don't books tell us?
That's because these books are stories in themselves.
This kind of book, the more you read, the more you learn about your own biases, but at the same time, you're effectively exacerbating your other biases.
So this kind of book is itself part of your bias.
People often buy these books as talismans, saying, "I bought this book, so I'm not predictably irrational."
(Laughter) It's like asking for the worst, to prepare yourself and protect yourself from the worst.
This is why pessimism sells
But the idea that buying a book will fix it may be a more serious fallacy.
It's like the anecdotal evidence that the most dangerous people were those who studied financial literacy.
They're the ones who go out and make the worst mistakes.
In the end, the ones who did well were those who knew they had no idea.
The third problem with stories is that there are people who use stories to manipulate us. We tend to think, "I'm the only one immune to advertising." It affects us too
If you can't escape the story, when you come across a product and a story being sold together
"The story comes with it for free!"
I will buy that product because the product and the story are a set.
(Laughter) If you think about how capitalism works, there's a bias there.
Let's think of two different stories about cars.
The first story goes like this: "If you buy this car, you will have a beautiful and passionate spouse and live an enchanting life."
(Laughter) There are a lot of people who get financial incentives to sell these kinds of stories.
But the second story is this: "You don't have to buy a luxury car just because you can afford it.
Normally, you would look at your friends and imitate them, right?
That method is useful in many situations, but when it comes to choosing a car, you should buy a Toyota."
(Laughter) That might be good publicity for Toyota, but even Toyota has higher profit margins on luxury cars and less profit on cheap cars.
So when it comes to what kind of stories you're going to hear, it's the stories that come out that are colorful and compelling.
Someone is using your love of storytelling to manipulate you.
Let's take a step back and say, "What's the point?"
Ask yourself this question and see if it changes your judgment.
it's really simple
It's impossible to break out of the narrative thought pattern, but it is possible to improve the degree to which we think in narratives and make better decisions.
For example, in this talk today, the natural question is, what kind of message do you get from the talk?
What story would you like to receive from Tyler Cohen?
One possibility would be a quest story
"Tyler came with a mission
He urged us to refrain from thinking in terms of stories."
As a story to tell this lecture, it would be Ali.
(Laughter) It fits a familiar pattern.
It's easy to remember and easy to pass on to others.
"This weirdo said to me today, 'Don't think in terms of stories.' Ask me what happened." (Laughter) That's how you tell a story.
(Laughter) Another possibility would be a rebirth story.
"I used to think too much in stories." (Laughter) "But I listened to Tyler Cohen -- (Laughter).
This is another story that is easy to remember, easy to tell, and easy to remember.
Or it can be a tale of great tragedy.
"A guy named Tyler Cohen came up (Laughter) and told me not to think in stories, but he could only tell stories. It was just
(Laughter) So what is today's talk? quest? reproduction? tragedy?
Is it a combination of the three?
I don't know, and I'm not telling you to burn your DVD player or throw out Tolstoy.
Humanity is at the root of narrative thinking.
According to Gabriel García Márquez's autobiography, Live and Tell, we use memories in the form of stories to make sense of our past behaviors, give meaning to our lives, and relate to others. to build
None of them will disappear.
But I'm also an economist, so I think about making the best decisions at the moment.
Should we do more or less narrative thinking?
Should I be more suspicious when I hear the story?
What story should we suspect?
As I said earlier, the stories you should question are often the ones you like the most, find the most rewarding, and are the most motivating.
It's a story that doesn't focus on making the best choices, and doesn't take into account the complex and unpredictable consequences of human actions, because it's usually not a good story to include.
That's why there are so many stories of triumph and stories of struggle. There are counter forces of evil and ignorance, there are explorers, people who travel, and strangers come to town.
It's going to be a pattern like this, but please don't get caught up in this.
(Laughter) Instead, you don't have to burn Tolstoy in your decision, but you have to accept a little more chaos.
If I really had to live my life on the journey, on the quest, on the battlefield, it would be crazy.
It's messy and mediocre—I know it's presumptuous to call it glory, but shouldn't I just live a life that makes me happy?
Does it have to follow some kind of story?
Is it okay to live normally?
Think more lighthearted about the mess
Please be more relaxed about the unknowable.
It's easy to ignore if you pick a few areas you don't care about, like "I don't know anything about religion" or "I don't know much about politics."
It's kind of like building a portfolio, leaving out areas where you're going to be stubborn.
(Laughter) Sometimes the most intelligent, most trustworthy people in their field are the most self-righteous, the hard-headed, the irrational, and they do things that make you think, "How can you believe that?"
All their stubbornness is spent in one area, so they tend to be flexible in other areas.
But just because there are things you don't understand, don't assume you're self-deceptive or that you're inherently rational about your stories and flexibility.
(Laughter) Keep in mind the idea of ​​being epistemologically wandering, confused and incomplete.
You're here in a complicated way, and you don't know why. Maybe I don't know, but anyway, I'm glad you invited me. Thank you for your kind attention.
(Laughter) (Applause)
This is a graveyard of equipment
It's a typical final disposal site for medical equipment from African hospitals.
Why is this?
Most of the medical equipment used in Africa is imported and often not suitable for local conditions.
Because they require trained technicians, they may not have the personnel to operate, maintain, or repair them; they also may not withstand hot and humid environments;
One example of a medical device that may have ended up in a device graveyard is an ultrasound machine for measuring the heart rate of a fetus.
This is a common medical practice in wealthy countries.
The standard practice in low-resource settings is for a midwife to listen to the fetal heartbeat with a stethoscope.
This method has been around for over a century.
It relies heavily on the skill and experience of midwives.
Two young Ugandan inventors visited a local hospital's antenatal clinic a few years ago when they were students in information technology.
They often saw midwives using a stethoscope to listen to the heartbeat, but they couldn't hear it at all.
So they invented their own fetal heart rate monitor.
They modified the stethoscope so that it could connect to a smartphone.
An app on a smartphone records heart rate, analyzes it, and gives midwives a lot of information about the condition of the fetus.
These inventors are -- (Applause) Aaron Tashebe and Joshua Okello.
Another inventor, Tendekai Katsiga, worked for an NGO that developed hearing aids in Botswana.
Hearing aids needed batteries to power them, and batteries needed to be replaced, and they were just too expensive and hard to come by for people he knew.
In response, Tendekai, an engineer, invented a solar charger with a rechargeable battery that could be built into hearing aids like this one.
He co-founded Deaftronics, which manufactures hearing aids based on his invention -- the "Solar Ear."
My colleague Sudhesh Shivaras invented a smart glove for leprosy patients.
Even when leprosy is cured, it often leaves neuropathy and numbness in the hands.
This increases your risk of injury
This glove has temperature and pressure sensors that can also alert the user.
Works effectively as an artificial haptic to prevent injury
Sudesh invented this glove by first observing how people with a history of leprosy go about their daily lives, learning about the risks and dangers of their living environment.
The inventors I've talked about have integrated engineering into medicine.
That's what biomedical engineers do.
We are running a course at the University of Cape Town called "Health Innovation and Design."
Many graduate students in biomedical engineering are attending
The purpose of this course is to introduce students to the philosophy of the design world.
It encourages students to get involved in their communities and find solutions to health-related problems.
One of the communities that we're working with is a group of senior citizens in Cape Town.
Recently, I did a course project on hearing loss in the elderly.
Many of the students were engineers, and they believed they could design better hearing aids.
I spent time with older people and talked to their health care providers and caregivers.
Students soon realized that the right hearing aids already existed, but many older people who needed and could afford hearing aids did not have them.
Even if they have them, many older people don't wear them.
What the students found was that many older people with hearing loss denied that fact.
Wearing hearing aids is considered shameful.
The students also found that the environments in which older people live are not adapted for hearing loss.
Elderly residences and community centers, for example, were flooded with echoes that disturbed the hearing of the elderly.
So instead of reinventing and designing better hearing aids, the students surveyed the environment with a view to improving their acoustic properties.
They also devised a campaign to raise awareness of hearing loss and counter the negative public perceptions of wearing hearing aids.
If you want to do a lot of this stuff, pay attention to your users, in this case older people, their needs and circumstances.
It's often necessary to reframe the problem without focusing on the technology.
The approach of understanding problems through listening and engagement is not new, but it's often lacking in engineers working in technology development.
This is the story of a student with a background in software engineering.
Customers often didn't like his software.
When a customer rejected the software, his company usually attributed it to the customer's lack of understanding of what they wanted.
At the end of the course, the student gave us feedback that he realized he was the one who didn't understand what the customer wanted.
Another student's feedback is that what she's learned is to design for empathy, as opposed to designing for function, as she was taught in her engineering education.
What these examples show is that in our pursuit of technology, we are often unaware of our real needs.
But we need technology
I need hearing aids I need a fetal heart rate monitor
So how can we create more medical device success stories in Africa?
Sensing and Responding to Real Needs — Can We Create More Inventors? Don't rely on the exceptional few individuals Don't rely on the exceptional few individuals
We focus on needs and people and circumstances
You might say, "Of course," or "Of course circumstances matter."
But Africa is a continent of diversity, with huge disparities in health and wealth, income and education.
If you think that African engineers and inventors already have a good understanding of various African situations and can solve the problems of various communities and the most neglected regions, you are mistaken.
And if those of us in Africa don't necessarily understand that kind of diversity, inventing for Africa can be anyone with the right skills and dedication, and they can get into Africa and find out what's going on. Maybe it's enough just to listen, work, and leave.
But understanding a situation isn't about superficial dialogue.
It's about being deeply involved, about immersing yourself in the reality and the complexity of the situation we find ourselves in.
We in Africa are already immersed.
We have a strong and rich knowledge base from which we seek solutions to our own problems.
Let's not rely too much on people from other continents as we live in this continent of raw talent.
thank you
(applause)
(Lauren Hodge) If you were to eat healthier food at a restaurant, would you rather have grilled chicken or fried chicken?
A lot of people would say grilled chicken, because grilled chicken has less fat and fewer calories.
But grilled chicken has hidden dangers.
It's a heterocyclic amine, specifically methyl-phenyl-imidazopyridine, also known as PhIP... specifically methyl-phenyl-imidazopyridine, also known as PhIP... (Laughter) It's an immunogenic carcinogen.
Carcinogenicity is a substance or agent that can cause cells to grow abnormally, and the abnormal cells that grow can metastasize and spread throughout the body.
Heterocyclic amines are organic compounds in which one or more of the hydrogens in ammonia are replaced by complex substituents.
Antioxidants are known to reduce this heterocyclic amine.
But how and why is still unknown
This is the result of carcinogenic risk classification by five organizations.
As you can see, no body has judged PhIP to be safe, indicating the need to cut it out of food.
It may be strange for a 13-year-old to think this way.
A lot of things happened
The first was an article about a lawsuit I saw at a doctor's (Laughter) lawsuit between the Physicians for Responsible Medicine and seven -- fast food restaurants.
They weren't sued because the chicken contained carcinogens, they were sued because of California law, Prop 65, which requires explicit warnings if a product is dangerous.
I was surprised to hear this
It made me wonder why people didn't know about the dangers of the seemingly harmless grilled chicken.
Then one night, I watched my mom make grilled chicken, and I noticed that the lemon juice marinade had turned white around the edges of the chicken.
I learned later in biology class that this is a phenomenon called denaturation, where proteins change shape and lose their chemical properties.
Combining these two things, I hypothesized that maybe marinating might make it less carcinogenic? Could it be because of the difference in pH?
So the idea was born, the project, the hypothesis, what's the next step?
I had to find a lab because my school didn't have one.
I thought it would be easy, but I emailed about 200 people within five hours of my house and only got one response saying they could help.
Many others either didn't respond or said they couldn't help because they didn't have the time or the facilities.
Although it was difficult to drive to the research facility many times,
It's a chance to work in a real research facility, and that's how I started my research.
The first stage was at home, marinating the chicken and hoarding the grilled stuff ready to take to the research facility.
The second step was the extraction of the chemicals at the University of Pennsylvania's Main Campus research facility, where the pH was adjusted so that we could run it through a device and separate the desired material from the chicken.
The final step was high-performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry of the sample to isolate and analyze the compounds to determine exactly how much carcinogen the chicken contained.
When I looked at the data, I was surprised to find that four of the five ingredients in the marinade were less likely to form carcinogens.
Lemon juice was the most effective, with 98 percent less carcinogens than the control, unmarinated chicken.
Salt water and brown sugar marinades also worked quite well, reducing carcinogens by 60 percent.
Olive oil slightly reduced PhIP formation, but it was almost negligible.
The data for soy sauce varied widely, so we could not come to any conclusions, but it seemed to increase carcinogens.
Another important factor that I didn't consider at first was the heating time.
As the heating time increased, the amount of carcinogen increased rapidly.
Evidence suggests that the best way to grill chicken is not undercooked, but never charred, never overcooked, and marinated in lemon juice, brown sugar, or salt water.
(Applause) I have a question for you about this discovery.
Would you consider making a simple recipe change that might save your life?
I'm not saying that if you eat unmarinated grilled chicken, you'll probably get cancer and die.
Anything we can do to reduce the potential danger of carcinogens will certainly improve our quality of life.
Do you think it's worth doing?
How will you cook chicken in the future?
(Applause) Hello, this is Sri Bose.
I won the 17-18 year old class and won the grand prize.
Ladies and gentlemen, imagine a little girl holding a shriveled green spinach.
How would you feel if the child insisted that if you changed the colors, they would eat more vegetables?
that's funny
that's what i used to be
It was my first science fair project
Now I'm doing something a little more elaborate
My brother, Panaki Bose, spent a lot of time trying to explain to me, who didn't even know the basics of algebra, what an atom was.
I always bothered my parents with science fair projects, including a remote-controlled trash can.
(Laughter) At the end of my senior year in high school, my grandfather passed away from cancer.
As I watched my family immerse themselves in their grief, I knew that I didn't want to make this happen to other families.
Armed with my first year of high school knowledge of biology, I decided to go into cancer research when I was 15.
Good plan, right?
So I started emailing professors at a nearby university asking if I could be mentored in their lab.
All but one were turned down
And the following summer, I went to work for Dr. Bass at the University of North Texas Health Center in Fort Worth, Texas.
That is the beginning of this research.
Ovarian cancer is a cancer that many people don't know about or care very little about.
But it's the fifth leading cause of cancer deaths in women in America.
1 in 70 women will be diagnosed with ovarian cancer
1 in 100 will die from ovarian cancer
Chemotherapy is the most effective way to treat cancer today, and it administers large doses of chemicals to kill cancer cells.
Cisplatin, a drug commonly used in chemotherapy for ovarian cancer, is a relatively simple molecule that can be made in the lab, damaging the DNA of cancer cells and causing them to commit suicide.
It is good, is not it?
But there's a problem, and often drug resistance develops, when you're told your cancer is gone, and years later it comes back.
The medicine is no longer working
this is a big problem
Probably the biggest problem with chemotherapy today.
So we wanted to understand how ovarian cancer cells become resistant to cisplatin.
If we can figure it out, we might even be able to prevent that kind of resistance from developing.
that was the challenge we had
And we thought it might have something to do with a protein called AMP kinase.
So, when we experimented with inhibiting this protein, there was a big change.
On the left side of the slide, on the non-tolerant side, the cells respond to the drug, but inhibiting this protein reduces the number of colored dots that represent dying cells.
On the other hand, in the resistant side on the right, more cells die to the same treatment.
What exactly do these dots on the screen mean?
This protein turns non-resistant cells into resistant cells.
We may actually be altering the cells themselves so that they become resistant.
this is amazing
When a patient comes in and is resistant to this drug, giving them a chemical that inhibits this protein allows them to be treated again with the same drug.
This has major implications for chemotherapy efficacy, and may also apply to many other types of cancer.
So this is my research, and it's made me think about future research, to figure out exactly what this protein does, and even to the future efficacy of chemotherapy, including grandparents with cancer. You may have more time to spend with your grandchildren
But for me, it's not just about research.
It was also about discovering my passion.
That's what it means to win the Grand Prize at the Google Global Science Fair. Nice photo, right? I was so excited and it was such an honor.
Since then, a lot of wonderful things have happened, including meeting the president and getting to stand on this stage and speak in front of you all.
But my journey isn't all about research. It's about finding something you're passionate about, opening up your possibilities even if you don't know what you're doing at the time.
Keep learning and growing with inspiration, will and interest in science
Anyway, my story started with a shriveled spinach, and it can't get any worse.
thank you
(Applause) Hello everyone, I'm Neomi Shah, and today I'd like to talk to you about my research on the relationship between indoor air quality and asthma.
Asthma kills 1.6 million people a year worldwide
1 person every 20 seconds
People spend more than 90% of their time indoors
And the economic burden of asthma is greater than HIV and tuberculosis combined.
These statistics struck a chord with me, but what really pushed me to do research was seeing my father and my brother suffer from chronic allergies all the time.
I wondered why my allergy symptoms persisted past the pollen season.
With that question in mind, I set out to do some research, and it quickly became apparent that indoor pollutants were questionable.
As soon as we realized this, we looked at four major pollutants and their effects on lung health in asthmatics.
At first, we were simply trying to figure out which of the four had the greatest impact on lung health in people with asthma.
But he soon developed a new computational model to quantitatively assess the impact of environmental pollutants on the lung health of asthmatics.
I was surprised that there hadn't been a model to quantitatively assess the impact of environmental factors on lung health, because this seemed very important.
With that in mind, I continued my research and research, and I became completely immersed.
I thought that if I could figure out how to identify areas for improvement in the environment, maybe I could find a more effective way to treat people with asthma.
Volatile organic compounds, for example, are chemical pollutants found in schools and workplaces.
it's everywhere
Volatile organic compounds are not currently regulated by the US Clean Air Act.
This is surprising, because research has shown that volatile organic compounds have a very negative effect on lung health in people with asthma, and this should be regulated.
Today I'd like to show you an interactive software model that I built.
it's in my laptop
Today, as a volunteer, I asked Julie in the audience to help me.
My software is pre-populated with Julie's data.
this works for everyone
I'd like to ask you to put yourself in Julie's shoes, or put yourself in the shoes of someone close to you who has asthma or lung disease.
When Julie went to the doctor for asthma treatment,
The doctor sits Julie down and measures her peak expiratory rate, which is the amount of air she can exhale in one breath.
I entered this maximum expiratory rate into the software.
Then add her age, gender and height
Suppose you live in an average pollutant level.
And if you click the button that says "Lung Function Report," it will generate a report that looks like this.
This report gives you a good idea of ​​the main points of my research.
What this shows is that if you look at the graph on the top right, Julie's actual maximum expiratory velocity is shown as the yellow bar.
Measured by a doctor
The blue bar at the bottom is what her maximal expiratory velocity should be in healthy lungs based on her age, sex and height.
A doctor who sees the difference between the yellow stick and the blue stick will say, "Oh, I have to prescribe steroids, drugs, and an inhaler."
Everyone, imagine a world like this, where instead of prescribing steroids, drugs and inhalers, the doctor says to Julie, "You should clean the air filter when you get home.
Clean the air ducts in your home, work and school
Do not use incense or candles
If you're renovating your house, get rid of the carpet and replace it with flooring."
This solution is a more natural, sustainable, long-term investment, not just for us, but for generations to come.
When Julie works on environmental solutions at home, at work, at school, it affects everyone around her.
I'm passionate about this research and hope to continue to expand it to respiratory diseases other than asthma and to more pollutants.
There are a few words I would like you to remember as we end today's talk.
"It's genetics that load a gun, but it's the environment that pulls the trigger."
While doing this research, I was very inspired by this quote.
Because I felt that a lot of people think that the environment is a macro thing, that you can't change the quality of the air or the weather.
But if each one of us takes initiative at home, at school, at work, we can make a big difference in air quality.
We spend 90% of our time indoors
And air quality and airborne pollutants have a huge impact on the lung health of everyone, including those with asthma and respiratory disease.
So I want you to imagine a world where everyone has cleaner air and a better quality of life, including future generations.
thank you
(Applause) (Lisa Lin) How's it going?
Will Shree and Lauren come too?
Google Science Fair Champion
we are the winners
(applause)
Of all the dysfunctions we face today -- financial and economic come to mind first -- the one that worries me the most is the lack of political dialogue that we face in recent conflict situations. It's the ability to figure out what's going on, find out the root cause of it, understand the central figures, and negotiate with them.
We diplomats are trained to deal with conflicts and problems between nations.
And I can say that the work is piling up.
We have to deal with things like cross-border issues of trade and disarmament.
But things are changing, and in recent years new central figures have emerged.
We loosely refer to them as "groups"
Each of them represents a social, religious, political, economic, or military interest.
we are struggling to deal with them
The principles of engagement are when and how we interact and how we do business.
Take a look at this slide, which shows the character of the conflict from 1946 to today.
The green area represents conflicts between nations that are traditionally familiar to us.
The red areas represent modern conflicts, internal conflicts.
It's so different from traditional conflicts that it's beyond the scope of modern foreign policy.
And at the heart of these conflicts are groups of people representing different interests within these countries.
Depending on their actions, the conflict will spread rapidly to other countries.
In other words, this is a problem that affects all of us.
And another realization that we've encountered in recent years is that very few civil wars and interstate conflicts have been resolved by force these days.
We may have to resort to military means, but military means cannot solve the problem.
need a political solution
So the problem is that these groups are outside the realm of traditional diplomacy.
And many countries are reluctant to deal with such problems.
And what's more, for the past decade, we've considered it conventionally and politically dangerous to negotiate with such groups.
After the 9/11 terrorist attacks, the world was divided into friends and foes.
categorized as white or black
These groups were often quickly labeled terrorists.
Who will then interact with the terrorists?
I think the Western world has weakened over the last decade because it didn't understand these groups.
We've spent years making excuses why we shouldn't talk to them instead of finding ways to have a dialogue.
i am not naive
You can't always talk to anyone
Sometimes you have to leave your seat
Military intervention may be necessary
I believe that intervention in Libya was necessary, and so was Afghanistan.
It's clear that our security depends on military alliances.
But we still have major deficiencies in how we deal with and understand modern conflict.
Look at Afghanistan
Ten years after the military intervention, the country is far from stable.
Frankly speaking, the situation is extremely serious.
Some countries need a military presence, but the military alone won't solve the problem.
In 2005, during my first visit to Afghanistan as foreign minister, I met with the commander of the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF).
The commander at the time said, "Foreign Minister, if we persevere,
A military victory is possible."
Then the fourth commander said something different, "You can't win militarily.
We need a military presence, but we need a political solution.
Only a political solution can bring an end to this.
And it is the Afghans, not us, who will solve this problem."
But that requires their own political system, not the one we imposed in 2001 and 2002.
We need a holistic process of people who are at the heart of a very complex society who can deal with their own problems.
Now everyone seems to agree
Three to five years ago, opinions were divided.
now everyone agrees
But when we try to have a dialogue, we realize how little we know.
because we didn't talk
because they do not understand the current situation
The International Committee of the Red Cross, the ICRC, is neutral, so we talk to everyone.
And I think that's one of the reasons why the ICRC is one of the most important and informed bodies for understanding conflicts in recent years, because they have a dialogue.
But you don't have to be neutral when you're having a dialogue.
You don't have to agree when you're at the same table with your opponent.
You can leave your seat at any time
But you can't engage with the other side without the dialogue itself.
And the people you're trying to have a dialogue with are people who completely disagree with you.
When former Prime Minister Rabin was involved in the Oslo process, he said, "Peace is not made with friends. Peace is made with enemies."
It's difficult, but it's necessary.
Take a step back and think
this is tahrir square
A revolution is underway here
The Arab Spring turned into autumn and into winter
This movement will continue
Whatever this revolution will ultimately be called
it's not important
The important thing is that this is probably the first time we've seen, perhaps, the first bottom-up revolution in the history of the Arab world, the first democratic revolution.
Social groups staged demonstrations in the streets
And they realized that the West had very little idea of ​​what was going on.
Because I've never had a dialogue with people from these countries.
Most governments have distanced themselves from these groups, following narratives by their authoritarian leaders that they are terrorists.
But as the Egyptians flocked to the streets and cheered for the democratic revolution, we realized that we knew very little.
Today, the debate continues, "Should we have a dialogue with the Muslim Brotherhood?
Should we talk to Hamas?
If we had a dialogue, wouldn't we recognize them?"
i think this is wrong
The right way to have a dialogue makes it clear that there is a difference between dialogue and agreement.
And above all, if we don't respect the rights of the majority, how can we tell the Muslim Brotherhood that we should respect the rights of minorities?
because they may now be in the majority
If we preach democracy but don't negotiate with the groups that represent them, then it's fair to say that we have a double standard.
Can we now be called negotiators?
Now our diplomats are directed to talk to all these groups.
Dialogue can take many forms
We distinguish between dialogue at the diplomatic level and dialogue at the political level.
There are dialogues with and without assistance.
There are inclusive and non-inclusive dialogues
There are so many ways to deal with these things.
What happens if we refuse to interact with these new groups -- groups that will become headlines in the future?
It makes the path more difficult to channel violent activism into politics.
What if we can't show these groups that there are benefits to moving to democracy and becoming part of normal, civilized relations between nations?
The paradox here is that the last decade was perhaps the lost decade of foreign policy.
Why it's a paradox?
It was because of what Nelson Mandela in South Africa did.
When he was released from 27 years of imprisonment, when he told the people, "Now is the time to take up arms and fight," the people would have supported him.
And the international community also said they had the right to fight.
you thought
But as you know, he didn't
According to his autobiography, The Long Walk to Freedom, he survived his long imprisonment because he always forced himself to think, "The oppressors are human too." The oppressor is also the same human being."
He used dialogue as a political process not as a strategy for the weak, but as a strategy for the strong.
He solved some very difficult problems and actively engaged in dialogue through the truth and reconciliation process where people came together to talk.
South Africans will find it a very painful process.
What we learn from here
Dialogue is not easy, neither between individuals, groups, or governments, but dialogue is absolutely necessary.
If we work on the political resolution of conflicts, if we try to understand new groups emerging from the masses, fueled by technology that is available to all, then we diplomats can sit at dinner parties and understand international relations. It's not the time to be conceited that you're building
As diplomats, we should be involved in these meaningful changes.
And what is dialogue all about?
When I engage in dialogue, I sincerely hope that the other side will understand my point of view, and when doing so, I try to impress them with my own opinions and values.
To do this, you have to demonstrate an attitude of openness and listening.
It takes a lot of practice to put these things into practice, and it takes practice to advance problem-solving through dialogue.
I know from my own personal experience that sometimes it's easier just to get out of your seat, and sometimes you have to fight.
I can't say this is bad in all situations.
Sometimes there's no other way
But with these strategies, it's hard to see progress.
So a strategy for engagement and a principled dialogue can work.
I think we need to strengthen this approach in modern diplomacy, not only in dialogue between nations, but also within nations.
We are seeing new signs
The anti-personnel mine ban treaty and the cluster munition ban treaty would not have been possible without a shift from traditional foreign policy to involve civil society.
Suddenly one day, NGOs were not just shouting slogans in the streets, they were participating in the negotiations, in part because they represented the victims of these weapons.
and their knowledge helped
Here was born the exchange of diplomacy and the power of the people.
This is probably the first sign of change.
In the future, we need to draw on these successes, not foreign policies that are disconnected from people and civil society.
We also need to move beyond existing foreign policy frameworks to address climate change, which is a matter of life and death for us today.
Negotiations will not solve the climate change problem unless we can involve people and civil society as part of the solution, not part of the problem.
We need a holistic approach that is different from the traditional diplomatic process. At this difficult time in the climate negotiations, we have to move towards ways that allow us to mobilize more people. is
I think this is something we absolutely have to understand, because technology and globalization are changing society from the people.
We diplomats need to know the social capital of our communities.
What is it that makes people trust each other, not only between nations, but also within nations?
What is legitimacy in diplomacy? What is the legitimacy of the problem-solving that we diplomats produce if we cannot understand and reflect in diplomacy what we vaguely call groups that have broad power in the region?
fortunately we are not helpless
Never before in history have we had so many ways to communicate. We have ways to connect, ways to communicate, ways to work together.
There are actually many tools in the diplomatic toolbox that can be used to enhance communication.
It's just that I've been afraid to use these techniques for the last 10 years.
I believe that in the coming years, by setting some solid examples, we can make fears lessen and have the courage to work with civil society organizations in different countries to help them solve their problems in Afghanistan. Between citizens, between Palestinian citizens, Palestinian and Israeli issues.
And we are not helpless in understanding the broader movement across the Arab world.
You just need to develop the necessary skills and have the courage to use them.
In our country, representatives of Muslim and Christian groups are taking the initiative rather than being led by the government to come together and have open dialogue, if they're doing it when tensions are low.
When tensions rise, they already have a dialogue that can help them deal with a variety of issues.
Western societies today are more complex than ever before, in the age of immigration.
Unless we improve our communication skills, we can't create a larger "us" to address our problems.
Now, I've given you a lot of reasons, but for all of these reasons, now is the time for us to have a dialogue.
Thank you for your attention
(applause)
June 2014
When I was 30, I got a call from the hospital saying they had a diagnosis.
I went to see my doctor during my lunch break, and he said, "I'm sorry, but you have breast cancer."
I didn't want to believe it, I didn't believe it at first
As a lawyer, I thought I needed proof first.
So, very embarrassingly, I got up and went over to her desk and looked over her back at her paperwork.
(laughs) "Malignant tumor."
But I didn't want to believe it yet, so I said, "Do you have any proof that a 'malignant tumor' is cancer?"
(Laughter) She said sure
When I got back to work, while I was running tests to see if the cancer had spread, I took over the urgent task.
But at that time, work was not a priority.
I was trying to figure out how to tell my family and friends that I had cancer.
How do I answer their questions, how advanced the cancer is, how likely it is to be cured, and I don't know myself.
Will I be able to have a husband and children
I was thinking about how to tell my mother that she had breast cancer when she was pregnant with me.
My mother must have understood how I felt, and she could have imagined what I was about to face.
But I didn't want my mother to be reminded of her cancer experience.
What I didn't realize at the time was that work had a huge impact on the treatment and recovery of illness.
When I feel like I'm nothing more than a statistic, that my colleagues and my work remind me of my worth and what it feels like to be human.
And when you're faced with a lot of difficult personal decisions and uncertainties about which breast reconstruction surgery to have.
The job was to give me routine and stability.
When that happens, you'd think my family and friends would be the ones I would turn to for support.
of course i did
But my work colleagues are a big part of my day-to-day life.
they make me laugh
We were a close team, and we were joking around among our pals I didn't know it was a wig I heard someone ask me how I got my perfect shiny hair By the way, it was a very nice wig and made getting ready in the morning so much easier.
(Laughter) But in those little moments, I wondered what I would have done without everyone's support, without that network.
I've spoken to many people, especially women, who weren't given the option of continuing to work while undergoing treatment.
There are several reasons for this
But I think the problem is mainly with overprotective employers.
they ask to take time off and focus on healing
Tell me to come back when you're healed
say such a word
These reactions were well-intentioned and helped by it, but when people wanted to and were physically able to do so, and were told they couldn't or shouldn't have continued to work, I felt genuinely frustrated. feel
So I decided to look at the employer's obligations when an employee is diagnosed with cancer.
In Australia, cancer was legally defined as a disability.
Disability discrimination laws require employers to make reasonable accommodations for their employees so that they can continue to work if they find it difficult to perform their usual duties.
What would be a reasonable accommodation for me?
I could predict how the diagnosis would affect my work.
I had to go to the hospital during work hours, and I had to give myself time to recover after surgery.
Again, being a typical lawyer, I did my homework on treatment.
Most of the information came from Google searches.It's not the best thing to do, and I wouldn't recommend it.
(Laughter) I was mentally prepared for all the physical side effects, but the one that scared me the most was "chymobrain."
The chymobrain causes memory problems, poor concentration, and poor problem-solving skills.
I wondered how I would be able to do my job as a lawyer if that happened to me.
I wonder if I'll get fired?
I didn't even know how it would affect me, and I wondered how I could discuss such things as reasonable accommodations for my work environment with my boss.
Luckily, I had a boss who cared about me, and instead of deciding everything first, I decided to monitor the situation and deal with it as it happened.
I was lucky, even though he didn't know the concept of reasonable accommodation, it came naturally to him.
But I've learned over time that this isn't necessarily the case for everyone.
Everyone undergoing treatment learns progressively about its effects and limitations.
learn to adapt
In my case, I knew a lot about the treatment itself, like staying well hydrated before chemotherapy, and staying warm so the nurses could find the blood vessels.
Like not eating your favorite foods before or after chemotherapy—because you end up throwing up and never wanting to see it again.
(Laughter) I learned it through hands-on experience.
I also improved the management of my work flow.
I scheduled chemotherapy first thing Monday morning.
Because you have about four hours after you leave the cancer treatment unit before you get into that foggy state, and then you feel sick.
So in the meantime, I cleared my email inbox and decided to make an urgent phone call.
The worst physical condition will get better in 48 hours
Then I will work from home
The treatment continued, because I knew what the effects would be.
I was able to work with my business partners to determine what we could realistically expect, what we could do, and how long we could do it.
But still, when you ask me for a job or set a deadline,
I remember everyone's hesitant voices
They were the kind of people who were willing to set really tight deadlines.
(Laughter) I felt that they were very considerate, not wanting to put any extra pressure on me while I was in treatment.
I appreciated that concern, but the deadline was just what I needed.
It was something I could take ownership of and stay in control of when a lot of things were getting out of hand.
While working from home, I wondered how employers could apply the concept of reasonable accommodation in a time when one in two Australian men and women will be diagnosed with cancer by the age of 85.
As we get older, we continue to work longer and are more likely to get seriously ill while working.
Because technology allows us to work anywhere, anytime, reasonable accommodations no longer depend on whether a patient can actually come to the office.
Reasonable accommodations aren't like taking a little longer break or providing a comfy chair, but of course those things help --
At the very least, we should take advantage of the flexible rules and strategies that we've created with scenarios for workers with families.
But how do you manage to come up with a discussion about what reasonable accommodation might look like to you with a boss who says, "You don't have to come back to work until you're healed?"
and had an epiphany
It should be the responsibility of the superiors in the workplace to discuss such matters with their subordinates.
The lessons learned from people like me who have been saved by continuing to work through treatment should be shared more widely.
I started thinking about how I could pilot those stories, and my wonderful colleague Camilla Gunn created a toolkit called "How Cancer Patients Work."
This kit provides a framework for people diagnosed with cancer, their supervisors, carers and colleagues to discuss cancer and the support available at work.
Camilla and I have presented this toolkit to a number of organizations over the years, and shown how it can facilitate what could otherwise be a difficult consultation.
The good news is that this toolkit is being adopted more and more.
So what should you do, as a manager, when someone at work is sick and you have no idea how it's going to affect your work?
We should say, "Let's work together to find reasonable accommodation in the workplace that will allow you to continue working while receiving treatment as long as you can and wish to do so."
It's time to join forces with people who are seriously ill to keep them working, instead of overprotecting them and pushing them out of the workplace.
I'm telling you this because I want you to know what I gained from continuing to work while undergoing cancer treatment.
And maybe you want to change your perception of people undergoing cancer treatment as being bored, weak, and vomiting all the time.
Sure, sometimes it was, but it wasn't always, but I was determined to carry on with my work.
I was able to do that because my boss let me choose.
Most importantly, it seems like the obvious choice to be given, but it's not always offered willingly.
but it should be
thank you
(applause)
What I'm going to show you is the amazing molecular machine that makes the living tissue of the human body.
molecules are very, very small
it's really pretty small
It's smaller than the wavelength of light, so you can't see it directly.
But thanks to science, we know quite a bit about what's going on in the world of small molecules.
But while we can talk about molecules, there's no direct way to show them.
How to express invisible things in pictures
nothing new
Scientists have long used pictures in their thinking and discoveries.
I drew pictures of what I saw through telescopes and microscopes and what I was thinking in my head.
Here are two famous examples of representing science in art.
Galileo was the first man to see the moon through a telescope.
Changed my knowledge of the moon
In the 17th century, the moon was thought to be a perfect, beautiful sphere.
What Galileo saw was rugged and barren, and he represented it in watercolors.
The other is Charles Darwin, a biology star who had big ideas.
In the upper left corner of this famous sketch, "In my opinion," and then the first Tree of Life, which represents his theory of how all life on Earth is connected in the evolutionary process, from our ancestors. Diversification and the origin of species by natural selection are expressed.
By the way, even I, a scientist, often felt that when I took molecular biology lectures, the explanations of research were often filled with technical terms and special terms, and I could not understand the content at all. I came across a work
His paintings are accurate in shape and scale.
His work gave me an understanding of how the molecular world works inside the body.
For example, a cross section of blood.
There's a yellow-green area in the upper left corner.
This is the fluid part of the blood, mostly water, but it also contains antibodies, sugar hormones, etc.
The red part is the cross section of the red blood cell.
The red molecule is hemoglobin
This is why blood is red
Hemoglobin acts as a molecular sponge, absorbing oxygen in the lungs and carrying it throughout the body.
Many years ago, I was inspired by this painting to see if computer graphics could be used to represent the world of molecules.
what would it look like
That's where I started. Let's go.
Double helix DNA as you know
Here is an X-ray analysis of an accurate model of DNA.
If you unroll the helix and untie the two strands, you'll find something that looks like a tooth, which is a string of genetic code.
25,000 human genes written on DNA
You hear a lot about the genetic code, and what you're seeing is exactly that. Here's a different side of DNA science --
I'm going to tell you the physical properties of DNA, which is two strands lying in opposite directions.
I won't go into the details of why
Because the orientation of the strands is reversed, it causes inconveniences for our cells, especially during DNA replication, which you'll see later.
The next image is an accurate model of DNA replication that's happening in your body right now, biology in 2002.
DNA enters the production line from the left and reaches a small biochemical machine that splits the two strands of DNA and makes identical copies.
When the DNA comes in and hits the donut-shaped blue part, it pulls the strands apart.
One strand is directly duplicated, curls up and falls downwards.
It's not so simple on the other strand, because it has to replicate in the opposite direction.
Repeatedly looped like this, each piece is duplicated to create two new DNA molecules.
As we sit here, billions of these machines are at work in your body, making elaborate and perfect replicas.
It's very accurate, and the copying speed is about the same, and I'm omitting error correction and other things here.
(Laughter) This is from a few years ago. Thank you. (Applause)
This was a long time ago, but what I'm going to show you now is a more advanced expression of new scientific knowledge.
Let's start again with DNA
It's normally oscillating, influenced by surrounding liquid molecules, but I've removed the liquid to make it easier to see, and the DNA is about two nanometers wide.
very small
The DNA in our cells is 30 to 40 million nanometers long.
To organize the structure and control access to the genetic code, DNA wraps around the protein, which is shown here in purple.
bundled together
It's a single molecule of DNA that spreads across the screen.
This huge piece of DNA is a chromosome
I'll talk about chromosomes later.
Let's zoom out to see the nucleus, which contains all the DNA, and exit through the nuclear pores.
By the way, what you see here is worth a semester's worth of biology class, but it's only seven minutes, so I can't tell you all about it today, right?
It says "no"
This is what a living cell looks like under a light microscope.
I can see it moving because of the time-lapse photography
nuclear membrane disappeared
The sausage-like shapes are the chromosomes, and I'm going to focus on this one.
The parts are concentrated in the red part
when the cell is ready for division
Chromosomes split in two, one set of DNA goes to one, the other to the other, identical copies of the same DNA.
and the cells separate in the middle
Again, billions of cells in our bodies are still dividing in this way.
So let's rewind a little bit and just look at the chromosomes and look at the structure and explain.
returned to metaphase
Chromosomes are lined up
Let's take one chromosome and look at its structure.
This is one of the largest molecular structures in the body in modern biology.
this is one chromosome
A mitotic chromosome contains two strands of DNA.
one side for one sausage
the other is bundled with another
You can see these whisker-like things sticking out on either side, and these are called microtubules, and they're the important framework of the cell.
name doesn't matter
Let's focus on the areas colored red, where new microtubules are synthesized and where chromosomes join.
It's clearly the center of chromosome movement.
It's not clear how this movement works.
This is called the kinetochore, and it has been studied quite meticulously for over 100 years, and we are finally beginning to understand its function little by little.
It is made up of about 200 types of proteins totaling several thousand in total.
The kinetochore is a system of signaling.
When everything is lined up and ready, it sends a chemical signal to the rest of the cell that the chromosome is ready to detach.
Kinetochores can bind to stretching microtubules
It's involved in the elongation of microtubules, and it can also bind transiently.
It's also a detection system
You know when the chromosomes are lined up correctly and the cell is ready.
This will turn green when everything is ready.
Here's a small one that's still red in one area.
The red part walks away from the microtubule
This is the originating system signaling "stop."
walking away is a purely mechanical action.
fine and precise movements
This is how the world of molecules works.
One molecule that looks a little interesting is kinesin, which is orange.
Small molecule courier going left
This is dynein, and it's responsible for the transmission system.
Dynein uses its long legs to dodge obstacles, and this is informed by science.
exactly as pictured
It's the only way to visually describe it You can't see it any other way
Exploring the cutting edge of science and the cutting edge of human knowledge is intense and inspiring.
It's true that discoveries like this are what motivate scientists.
But for most medical researchers, making discoveries like this is just a stepping stone to the big goal, which is to end disease, to end the suffering and grief of disease, to end poverty.
thank you
(applause)
(music) ♫ In the TV ♫ ♫ Under the trees in the tall grass ♫ ♫ They stood side by side ♫ ♫ Telling the world their ♫ ♫ stories ♫ ♫ We wandered ♫ ♫ Disappeared ♫ ♫ Soldiers at dawn ♫ ♫ They stole my husband ♫ ♫ We will live ♫ ♫ And we will fade away ♫ ♫ Soldiers at dawn ♫ ♫ ♫ ♫ A woman in hope ♫ ♫ A woman in desire for change ♫ ♫ A woman in war and pain ♫ ♫ I believe ♫ ♫ Almighty God knows the names of all of us ♫ ♫ ♫ ♫ A woman of hope ♫ ♫ A woman of change ♫ ♫ A woman of love and joy ♫ ♫ Life is short ♫ ♫ Some things must be kept ♫ ♫ Children at your side ♫ ♫ Those who run through the darkness of night ♫ ♫ Oh God, won't you give them a robe of light ♫ ♫ Oh God, ♫ ♫ Will you give them a robe of light ♫ ♫ Dawn is new A sign of life ♫ ♫ Gives me the strength to stand up ♫ ♫ Let's cross the border ♫ ♫ She said ``Live free in this country'' ♫ ♫ A woman who hopes ♫ ♫ A woman who wants change ♫ ♫ War and A woman in pain ♫ ♫ I felt your ♫ ♫ strength in her words ♫ ♫ If you feel helpless ♫ ♫ Help someone ♫ ♫ If you feel helpless ♫ ♫ Help someone ♫ ♫ How long can I live ♫ ♫ No one knows ♫ ♫ Nowhere ♫ ♫ How much I can serve ♫ ♫ How much I can forgive ♫ ♫ No one knows ♫ ♫ Nowhere ♫ ♫ Aung San Suu Kyi ♫ ♫ For working for peace ♫ ♫ Under house arrest ♫ ♫ For working for peace ♫ ♫ Under house arrest ♫ ♫ To a supporter who asked for a word ♫ ♫ She replied ♫ ♫ Disabling herself ♫ ♫ If you feel helpless ♫ ♫ Help someone ♫ ♫ If you feel helpless ♫ ♫ Help someone ♫ ♫ If you feel helpless ♫ ♫ Help someone ♫ ♫ If you feel helpless ♫ ♫ Help someone do ♫ you know the lyrics let's sing
♫ If you feel helpless ♫ ♫ Help someone ♫ ♫ If you feel helpless ♫ ♫ Help someone ♫ ♫ If you feel helpless ♫ ♫ Help someone ♫ ♫ If you feel helpless ♫ ♫ Help someone ♫ ♫ People who have hope ♫ ♫ People who want change ♫ ♫ People who are full of love and joy ♫ ♫ I believe ♫ ♫ Almighty God knows all of us ♫ ♫ ♫ ♫ Thank you ♫
(applause)
Almost everyone belongs to some community, big or small.
And every community needs something similar.
Light, heat, air conditioning, etc.
We can't function well when it's too hot or too cold.
We also need food production and its supply, distribution and safe storage.
Waste must be collected, removed and treated
people need to be able to move as fast as possible within the community
And the supply of energy is the basis for these activities.
Converting energy into electricity can provide lighting and cooling.
If you turn energy into heat, you can keep warm
If you turn it into a chemical, you can turn it into fertilizer, you can power agricultural machinery, you can use it for transportation.
Well, I worked for NASA for 10 years.
When I started working here in 2000, I was interested in community.
But the community I was thinking of is a community on the moon, and what you need here is all the same as a community on Earth, but with its own set of limitations.
We had to figure out how to energize this unique community.
there is no coal on the moon
no oil
no natural gas
there is no atmosphere
no wind blows
Solar power is particularly problematic because the moon circles the earth once a month.
The sun stays down for two weeks, so the solar panels don't generate electricity during that time.
It's just not practical to store two weeks' worth of power in a battery.
So nuclear power is the only option.
Back in 2000, I didn't know much about nuclear power, so I started studying.
Almost all nuclear power plants use water as their primary coolant.
This has its advantages, but it also has many disadvantages.
To generate electricity, the water needs to be at a much higher temperature than normal.
At normal atmospheric pressure water boils at 100°C
That's a long way from generating electricity efficiently.
So water-cooled reactors have to operate at pressures much higher than atmospheric pressure.
Some water-cooled reactors operate at 70 atmospheres or more, and some operate at pressures as high as 150 atmospheres.
This is an unavoidable reality when it comes to generating electricity using water-cooled reactors.
Therefore, the water-cooled reactor must be a steel pressure vessel with a thickness of more than 20 centimeters.
It may sound heavy, but it's actually heavy.
Things get even worse when there's an accident where you lose pressure in the reactor.
When water at 300°C suddenly loses its pressure, it can no longer remain in its liquid state and instantly vaporizes.
So a water-cooled reactor is housed inside a large, thick concrete-clad reactor containment vessel, so that in the event of a depressurization accident, all the steam escaping from the reactor can be contained.
Steam has about 1,000 times the volume of liquid water, so a reactor containment vessel would be very large for a reactor.
Another problem arises when the pressure is lost and the water blows out as steam.
If the emergency coolant to cool the fuel inside the reactor runs out, it will overheat and melt.
Current nuclear reactors use uranium oxide as fuel.
It's a ceramic material that has properties similar to the bricks you use in coffee cups, utensils and fireplaces.
This is chemically stable, but has the disadvantage of being a poor conductor of heat.
When it loses pressure, it loses water, melts the fuel, and releases the fission products inside.
Producing solid nuclear fuel is a complex and expensive process.
And by the time nuclear fuel is spent, less than 1% of the energy can be extracted.
Water-cooled reactors present another challenge: they require large amounts of water nearby to cool and condense the steam produced.
Otherwise, we cannot generate electricity.
By the way, there are no lakes or rivers on the Moon, and all of this means that water-cooled reactors are not well suited for communities on the Moon, and I would probably agree with you.
(Laughter) I've been lucky enough to learn about a different type of nuclear power that doesn't have this problem.
Surprisingly, this uses salt.
One day, in my friend's office, I noticed a book called "Fluid Fuel Reactors."
I was intrigued, so I asked if I could borrow it.
From that book, I learned about research done in the United States in the 1950s on nuclear reactors that didn't require solid fuel or water cooling.
This method doesn't have the problems that water-cooled reactors have, but the reason is really amazing.
It uses a mixture of fluoride salts as nuclear fuel, specifically fluorides of lithium, beryllium, uranium and thorium.
Fluoride salts are chemically very stable
Does not react with air or water
Does not melt until 400°C
But in reality, this is what makes it convenient for generating electricity in a nuclear reactor.
The secret is that it doesn't have to run at high pressure.
this makes a huge difference
It means you don't have to put it in a heavy, thick steel pressure vessel. You don't have to use water as a coolant, so there's nothing inside the furnace.
Reactor containment can be much smaller and more compact.
Unlike solid fuels, which dissolve when cooling stops, liquid fuels, which are fluorides, already dissolve at much lower temperatures.
Under normal operating conditions, the bottom of the reactor vessel has a small plug.
This plug is made of a block of frozen salt, and it's kept frozen by spraying cooling gas onto the outside of the pipe.
If an emergency occurs and all power to the nuclear power plant is lost, the cooling gas injection stops, the frozen salt plug melts, and the molten salt fuel inside the reactor flows out of the vessel, down the tube, into another vessel called the drain tank. be discharged
The interior of the drain tank is designed to maximize heat transfer, allowing it to cool naturally as heat generation decreases over time.
In general, water-cooled reactors require constant circulation of water to power the plant and prevent core meltdowns like what happened in Japan.
In this reactor, even if power is lost, it will shut itself off without human intervention and come to a safe and controlled state.
I think it's an amazing setup, and I was really excited about the possibility of using molten salt reactors to power lunar communities.
As we learned about thorium, we learned even better.
Thorium is a naturally occurring nuclear fuel, four times more abundant in the earth's crust than uranium.
It can be used in molten salt reactors to produce electricity, heat and other valuables.
Thorium has such a high energy density that a lifetime's worth of fuel fits in the palm of your hand.
Thorium is also present on the moon and is easy to find.
Here's a real map of the location of thorium on the moon.
Thorium exhibits unique electromagnetic properties, making it easy to spot in spacecraft.
The energy generated by molten salt reactors can be used to recycle air, water, and waste within lunar communities, which, in fact, would be absolutely essential for life on the moon.
With the light and power that a nuclear reactor provides, we could grow crops to feed our inhabitants on two moonlit nights.
A molten salt reactor, abbreviated LFTR, could lead to a self-sufficient lunar colony.
If it's great for communities on the moon, could it help future communities on Earth with self-sustaining and independent energy sources?
The methods of power generation and recycling that make a big difference to survival on the Moon may also make a big difference to survival on Earth.
Today we burn fossil fuels because they are easy to obtain and easy to use.
Unfortunately, fossil fuels are turning some regions of the planet into lunar surfaces.
Fossil fuels drag people into conflicts in fragile regions of the world, stealing money and lives.
With thorium, things could change quite a bit.
The LFTR can use thorium 200 times more efficiently than uranium.
LFTR can almost fully harness the energy of thorium, so it produces hundreds of times less waste than uranium and millions of times less than fossil fuels.
We still need liquid fuels to power our cars and machines, but it might be possible to produce these fuels from atmospheric carbon dioxide and water, just as nature does.
If we split water to produce hydrogen and combine it with carbon extracted from atmospheric carbon dioxide to produce methanol, ammonia and dimethyl ether, we may be able to create fuels that can replace diesel oil.
Imagine carbon-neutral, sustainable and recyclable petrol and diesel
Is thorium abundant?
the answer is yes
In fact, there are 3,200 tons of thorium in the United States, which were stockpiled 50 years ago and are now buried in shallow trenches in Nevada.
Using this for the LFTR, we can produce almost three years' worth of energy for the United States.
And thorium is not a rare substance.
There are many thorium mines the size of a football field, like this one in Idaho, that can supply the world's electricity needs.
Thorium molten-salt reactor technology could do away with uranium-based nuclear power, which relies on expensive and cumbersome water cooling and solid fuels.
You don't need a large, high-pressure reactor and a large containment vessel to cover it.
You don't need big, inefficient steam turbines.
You don't have to install a lot of long-distance power lines because thorium power plants are ubiquitous and can be placed near where you need electricity.
A molten salt reactor would be a compact facility that would be very energy efficient, safe, and capable of producing energy day and night, regardless of weather conditions.
In 2007, we used 65,000 tons of uranium, along with 5 billion tons of coal, 31 billion barrels of oil and 5 trillion cubic meters of natural gas, to meet the world's energy needs.
Thorium can do the same thing with 7,000 tons that can be mined from a single location.
If you're interested, visit our website to find out how our growing and passionate online community of thorium advocates can help power a green, safe and sustainable energy future with thorium around the world. I am trying to spread the word to
Thank you. (Applause)
I remember the first time I saw someone injecting drugs.
I had just arrived in Vancouver to lead a research project, an HIV prevention project in the infamous Downtown East District.
It was the lobby of the Portland Hotel, a facility that strives to provide rooms for the city's most marginalized populations, known as the "homeless."
I will never forget that scene, a young woman standing on the stairs, stabbing herself with needles, screaming, "I can't find a vein." Fresh blood was splattered on the walls.
In 1997, the city of Vancouver declared a public health emergency to deal with desperate problems, namely drug abuse, poverty, violence, and a surge in HIV cases.
It has allowed us to implement a variety of harm reduction practices, such as distributing needles, making methadone more readily available, and even setting up controlled drug use rooms.
It expanded measures to reduce the dangers of drug use.
However, even today, 20 years later, harm reduction is considered a fairly radical idea.
In some areas, even possession of clean needles is still a crime.
Drug users are much more likely to be arrested than offered methadone therapy.
Recently, drug use rooms have been proposed in Seattle, Baltimore, New York, and elsewhere, but they've met with strong opposition to everything we know about drug addiction.
Why?
Why do we think this way? "Stopping drug use is the only way. No drug use should be tolerated."
Why ignore the individual circumstances and the strong scientific evidence that harm reduction works?
Critics say that harm reduction doesn't end illicit drug use.
that's exactly the point
So far, no amount of punishment or social sanction has stopped drug use, and many people have died.
Some people criticize us for abandoning them because we're not focusing on addiction treatment and recovery.
actually quite the opposite
we haven't abandoned them
If we're going to recover from addiction, we have to save their lives first.
Providing clean needles and providing safe drug use rooms are the first steps in treatment and recovery.
Another criticism is that harm reduction sends the wrong message to children.
But the drug addict I met recently was a child.
The message Harm Reduction sends is that while drugs are harmful, we need to help drug addicts.
Offering needles does not promote drug use
Same with methadone therapy and drug use rooms
It's people who are sick and hurting that we should care about, and we're not endorsing drug use in any way.
Let's take the drug room as an example.
It's probably the most misunderstood medical intervention ever.
What we're advocating is that it's much better to inject in a clean, dry place with an unused needle, in the presence of someone watching, than in a dingy alleyway with a contaminated needle. Reuse Rather than inject while hiding from the cops
it's better for everyone
Vancouver's first drug use room was at 327 Carroll Street, a small room with a concrete floor and a few chairs and a box of clean needles.
It was often blocked by the police, but for some reason it always mysteriously reopened, or was pried open with a crowbar.
I used to go there sometimes at night to see drug users.
I was always impressed by the sense of responsibility and the depth of empathy of the operators and users.
No criticism, no harassment, no worries, many profound conversations.
I learned that despite the unimaginable trauma, physical pain, and mental illness, everyone there thought things were going to get better.
Most of us were convinced that one day we would all quit drugs together.
That room was the first government-approved pioneering drug use room in North America, named INSITE.
It was launched in September 2003 as a three-year research project.
The conservative government intended to close it down after the research was finished.
Eight years later, the battle over INSITE's closure has reached the Supreme Court of Canada.
Confronting the Canadian government were Dean Wilson and Sherry Tomic, two longtime drug users who know firsthand the benefits of INSITE.
Court upheld INSITE with a 9-0 verdict.
The judges reacted acrimoniously to this government trial.
"The denial of services provided by INSITE to its users, and the resulting increased risk of death and disease among drug users, stems from the Canadian government's uniform stance on drug possession. It's totally worthless in comparison with any possible benefits."
It was a moment of hope for harm reduction.
However, even with this powerful message from the Supreme Court, until very recently, no new facilities could be opened in Canada.
An interesting thing happened in December 2016, when drug overdose deaths were on the rise, so the government of British Columbia allowed the opening of an overdose facility.
In effect, in defiance of Canada's federal licensing process, community groups have opened 22 de facto illegal drug use rooms across the province.
Almost overnight, thousands of people were able to use drugs under control.
Hundreds of overdoses have recovered from naloxone, and no one has died.
This is exactly what has happened at INSITE for the last 14 years: 75,000 people have injected illegal drugs at INSITE, more than 3.5 million times, and no one has died. plug
No one has ever died in INSITE.
you already know
We've got the science behind the needles, the methadone, the drug rooms, and we've had success.
It's a common understanding among all of us that by staying close to drug use, we can improve health, strengthen relationships, and significantly reduce suffering and death.
So why hasn't harm reduction become more popular?
Why do we still think of drug use as criminal?
Our contempt for drugs and drug users runs deep.
We're bombarded with images and media stories about the horrors of drugs.
It stigmatizes anyone who does drugs.
Applaud the military's efforts to crack down on drug dealers
We take for granted the expansion of prisons to hold people held on drug charges only.
Millions of people are stuck in a hopeless cycle of imprisonment, violence and poverty that has been caused not by the drugs themselves, but by the laws of drugs.
How can we convince people that drug users have the right to care, support and enjoy life? When people think of drugs, they think of guns and handcuffs and prisons.
Let's be clear: criminalization is just a way to institutionalize stigma.
You can't stop drug use by outlawing drugs.
It's also because we have completely false perceptions about drugs that lead us to think-stopping.
We've been led to believe that people who use drugs are irresponsible and just want to get high, and because of their own mistakes, they end up in crime and poverty, lose their jobs, their families, and ultimately their lives. If you're a human being
The reality is that most drug users have stories of childhood trauma, sexual abuse, mental illness, or personal tragedy.
Drugs are used to make you feel no pain.
If you work with people who are deeply traumatized, you have to understand that.
The bottom line is that our fight against drugs is a matter of social justice.
The media focuses on overdose accidents, like Prince and Michael Jackson, but the majority of those who suffer are those who live marginalized lives, the poor and the vulnerable.
they don't go to elections they are often lonely
I am socially abandoned
Even with medical care, drug use is highly stigmatized.
drug users avoid medical care
Because I know that when I go to the doctor or go to the hospital to get medical care, I'm treated rudely.
Also, heroin, cocaine, and meth will be unavailable.
Moreover, they are subjected to a relentless barrage of questions that only reveal their losses and humiliations.
"What drugs are you using?"
"How long have you been homeless?"
"Where are the children?"
"When was the last time you were in jail?"
In short, what I'm trying to say is, "Why the hell aren't you going off drugs?"
In fact, the current medical approach to drug use is completely wrong.
For some reason, people assume that the best way to treat drug addiction is to give up drugs.
If you're lucky, you'll get a drug withdrawal program.
If you live in an environment where saboxone and methadone are readily available, you may be eligible for a drug substitution program.
But they rarely get the safe opioid prescriptions they so desperately need to survive.
Trying to get people to give up drugs all of a sudden is like telling a new diabetic to give up sugar, or telling someone with severe asthma to run a marathon, or telling a depressed person to just be happy.
If you were to treat any other disease, you wouldn't start with the most extreme methods.
So why would we think that such extreme methods would work for a complex disease like addiction?
The problem of unintentional overdose has been around for a long time, but the current crisis is nothing compared to the past.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates that 64,000 Americans died from drug overdoses in 2016, far more than from car accidents and homicides.
Drugs are now the number one killer of men and women between the ages of 20 and 50 in North America.
Why and why are we in this situation now?
In fact, this is the scourge of opioids.
Drugs like OxyContin, Percocet, and Dilaudid have been in uncontrolled circulation for decades to control all kinds of pain.
An estimated 2 million Americans use opioids daily, and more than 60 million Americans were prescribed at least one opioid in the last year.
The flood of prescription drugs on the streets has become a reliable source of medicine for people who want it without going to the doctor.
To combat this form of the opioid epidemic, prescribing has been restricted, the street trade in opioids has declined significantly, and the unintended but predictable result is the epidemic of drug overdoses.
Many who were so dependent on the reliable supply of prescription drugs turned to heroin.
Then, tragically, the illicit drug epicenter turned to synthetic drugs like fentanyl.
These new drugs are cheap, powerful, and tricky.
people are literally poisoned
Consider the case of other types of poisons
What if thousands of people started dying from poisoned meat, powdered milk and coffee?
I would definitely treat it as an emergency.
and will soon provide a safer alternative.
We will also change the law to support victims and their families.
But nothing has been done about the drug overdose problem.
On the contrary, we continue to loathe drugs and those who use them, and blindly squander our resources on legal crackdowns.
So what should we do now?
First, harm reduction should be fully embraced, funded, scaled, and widely adopted across North America.
I know that in places like Vancouver, harm reduction has become a lifeline for care and treatment.
Drug overdose deaths could be much higher without harm reduction.
And I personally know hundreds of people who are still alive today because of harm reduction.
But this is just the beginning
If we really want to do something about the drug problem, we need to have a serious conversation about drug prohibition and punishment.
We need to recognize that drug use is first and foremost a public health problem, and we need to find comprehensive social and health solutions.
We already have a model to achieve this
In 2001 there was a drug crisis in Portugal.
Many people were using drugs, crime was high, and overdoses were rampant.
So Portugal decriminalized drug possession in defiance of international treaties.
Money that used to be used for drug enforcement is now being used for treatment and rehabilitation programs.
the results are good
Overall drug use has fallen dramatically
Overdose has become rare
Increased number of people receiving treatment
and they're getting their lives back
We've been treating drugs with prohibitions, penalties and stigma all along, and we've become complacent about the suffering we inflict on the most vulnerable people in our society.
This year, many more people will be caught in the illegal drug trade.
Thousands of children will find their parents sent to prison for drug use.
And too many parents will be told that their child died of a drug overdose.
But it's not necessary
thank you
(applause)
Music is the most universal language we have, it surpasses all dialects and languages.
A melody can be played to children in China, and the same melody can be played to children in South Africa.
Although these two children are very different, they still derive some of the same truths from their melodies.
Now, why is music so universal, that it's the way it speaks to these two people, or to everyone else? The reason seems to be that music holds up a mirror for us and reflects us back, which is more or less ourselves. to clarify the nature of
A logical extension of this is that if music is such a universal force, then a group of musicians, an orchestra, if you will, should certainly reflect all aspects of a community.
logically yes, but not necessarily true
Joining us at TEDxBrussels today, we're excited about the future, and these were 50 years from now.
Now, I'm going to ask you all to go backwards for a moment, and join me in going back 50 years, to the early 1960s, to be exact.
If you took a snapshot of all the great orchestras in the world at the time, how many women do you think you'd find playing in those orchestras?
the answer is practically zero
Now, 50 years later, in 2011, every orchestra in the world has a wonderful, healthy gender balance.
You'll think, "Of course! It's perfectly logical."
But what about the other side of the community?
people with disabilities
Are they properly reflected in the world's best orchestras?
As a conductor, I can tell you that in all my years of working with orchestras all over the world, I've only met so many disabled musicians that I could count on one hand, in any orchestra, in any orchestra.
Why is this?
There are millions of musicians around the world with disabilities who are exceptionally talented, that's for sure.
where will they play?
Where are the venues for them to play music with other great musicians?
So everyone, as you've probably noticed, I have a mission.
That mission has personal roots
I have four children and my youngest was born with cerebral palsy.
Now that I'm five years old, through her radiant presence, I feel I'm now a full member of this dizzyingly wonderful community of people with disabilities.
And as I watch the Paralympics, I find myself thinking that this is a very good model.
In fact, it took 50 years, but I swear that when the Paralympics come to London next year, anyone who doesn't truly believe in the legitimacy of athletes with disabilities will not be considered intelligent.
What a wonderful situation!
So, ladies and gentlemen, where does music fit in here?
Sorry sports fans, but music is far more universal than sports.
where is the place? Where can they have a voice?
So here in the UK, we're in the very beginning of building the UK's first national disability orchestra.
The world's eyes will be on London next year, especially the Paralympic Games.
where is the otaku oke? "
Every country should have a paraorchestra of all shapes and sizes, no doubt about it.
Now, today is a very special day for me, because for the first time from my fledgling paraorchestra, the first four members will be performing in front of a large audience. will increase
I'd like to eventually have this para-orchestra have a capacity of 50 people.
What I'm listening to today is a little sonic adventure.
So improvisation doesn't take a set shape.
What we decided to share with you as the core of this improvisation is a melody that the British love.
It's one of the folk songs still known in our culture.
Interestingly, folk songs can tell us a great deal about the cultural DNA of the country that produced them.
Those of us who live in the UK are prone to quiet depression.
you know it's gonna rain
food is not so good
(Laughter) I tend to be quietly depressed.
Not in a bad way, just quietly
As Shakespeare so brilliantly put it in "Twelfth Night," he likes music that "disappears."
This melody from Greensleeves is chock-full of vanishing
Do you know this melody
(singing) da da da da da I'm getting weaker...
(laughs) da da da da da oh no...
da da da da da it's down... ah ah ah ah ah
Ladies and gentlemen, the sun shines for a moment and it's the chorus.
(laughs) (singing) Da da da da da da I'm getting weaker...
Da da da da down...
Do you understand?
It seems our culture needs a musical Viagra.
(Laughter) (Applause) Needless to say, we're just getting started with this project.
We need your support. Please help spread this dream around the world, and this orchestra will be at full steam ahead in the summer of 2012.
If there is anything we can do to help, please feel free to contact us.
It is my great honor, pleasure and pleasure to present to you, I am pleased to present to you a short improvisation from that most melancholy tune, "Greensleeves," the first four members of the British Paraorchestra.
(Applause) (Cheers) (Music) (Applause) (Cheers) (Applause)
Haiti had its first case of cholera in 50 years last October.
We had no way of predicting how much it would spread through the water, or how much worse it would get.
If you can't identify where help is needed, then inevitably there will be shortages of supplies in those areas where help is needed.
We're pretty good at predicting storms, and we can take action before they do irreparable damage, which we can't do with water.
Today, water testing requires trained technicians and expensive equipment, plus you have to wait a little less than a day for chemical changes to occur before the results are available.
It's too time-consuming to get a picture of the water quality in all the places that need to be surveyed, and it can change the quality of the water, and it's also pretty expensive.
Securing drinking water, which we need first and foremost, has been put on the back burner.
We got most of our information about the cholera epidemic outside of water surveys, and we used forms like this to get information from people who didn't get help.
Canaries have saved countless lives in mines, a simple but important way for miners to make sure they're safe.
I'm impressed by the simplicity of this, and I've been working with some of the best people I know to solve this problem.
The solution was a simple device that could be used by people living in places that required routine water testing.
It's still early days, but I'm going to show you now.
We call it water canary
It's an inexpensive device that instantly answers the critical question, "Is this water polluted or not?"
No special training required
The device uses light, so there's no need to wait for a chemical reaction.
So with this device, without waiting for a chemical reaction, without using reagents, without an expert, you can get the information you need.
All you have to do is add a sample, and after a few seconds you'll see a red light for contamination or a green light for safety.
With this device, not only can anyone have life-saving information, but they can also monitor changing water quality.
In addition, the device has built-in GPS and GSM,
It can also transfer information to a server in real time and display it on a map.
Given enough users, creating a map like this could allow us to take action before it becomes an emergency that could take years to recover from.
The information is sent automatically, so you don't have to spend time manually sending it to the people who need it.
Distributed networks and large amounts of data and information have the power to change society.
Now is the time to apply this to water.
Our next goal is to open source Water Canary, create an environment where anyone can play a part in its improvement and evolution, and work together to solve problems.
thank you
(applause)
Perhaps one of the most common ways to divide the world is between believers and non-believers, believers and atheists.
For the last decade or so, it's been pretty clear what an atheist is.
There are some very vocal atheists who say that religion is not just wrong, it's ridiculous.
Many of these people are in North Oxford, and they tell me that believing in God is like believing in fairies, it's childish play.
the whole religion
It's easy to cut and throw away like that
It's like shooting a fish in a barrel
What I'd like to talk to you about today is a new way of being atheists, and if you want, I'd like to call that new atheism "Atheism 2.0."
What is Atheism 2.0?
First, a very basic premise: there is no God, of course.
There are no gods, no supernatural spirits, no angels.
Let's move on. This isn't the end of the story, it's the beginning.
I'm interested in people who think, "I don't believe in any religion.
don't believe in dogma
I don't think that kind of doctrine is correct."
"But..." This is an important "but" "...I love Christmas carols.
Nice painting of Mantegna
i like to see old churches
I enjoy reading the Old Testament."
Whatever you call it, you know what I'm talking about: a person who is attracted to the ritual, moral, and communal aspects of religion, but can't stand dogma.
Until now, such people have made unsatisfactory choices
They were forced to either accept the doctrine and get all the good stuff, or reject the doctrine and live in mental barrenness and follow CNN and Walmart's lead.
It's a difficult choice, but make that choice
i don't think you need to
there is another way
The way is to steal from religion with total disbelief and respect.
If you don't believe in religion, there's no reason why you shouldn't just pick the good parts of religion and mix them.
To me, atheism 2.0 is about looking at religions with respect and disbelief and thinking, "What can I use in this?"
The secular world is full of holes
I failed to secularize
A good study of religion gives us all sorts of insight into the less successful aspects of life.
Let's take a quick look at some of them today
First is education
Education is something secular society strongly believes in.
When we think about how we can make the world a better place, we think about education and invest a lot in it.
Education not only gives you commercial and technical skills, but it also makes you a better person.
You know what the graduation ceremony is like? It's such a poetic claim that education, especially the process of higher education, makes us human beings of dignity and character.
That's a nice idea. Where did it come from—
It's interesting to think that you're coming
In the early 19th century, church-going numbers in Western Europe plummeted, causing panic.
they asked themselves
Where are you going to find morality? Where are you going to find a source of guidance and comfort?
An influential voice gives an answer—
I said, "That's culture."
We should look to culture for guidance, comfort, and morality.
Watch a Shakespeare play Read Plato's Dialogue Read a Jane Austen novel
You'll find the truth there that you once found in the gospel of John
I think this is a very good idea and a very good idea.
They wanted to replace the Bible with culture.
I think it was a good idea
has been forgotten
If you go to a prestigious university, like Harvard, or Oxford, or even Cambridge, and you say, "I'm looking for morality, guidance, and solace, and I want to know how to live," they'll tell you to go to a mental institution. probably
That's not what the world's most prestigious educational institutions are for.
why? because i don't think it's necessary
They don't think we need desperate help.
Seeing us as rational adults
Information and data are needed
i think it's not salvation
Religion, on the other hand, starts in a completely different place.
All major religions call us "children" from time to time.
And like a child, I think I need a lot of help.
we are barely holding out
I don't know if it's just me or you
Either way we're barely holding out
need help
And we need guidance, we need didactic learning.
England's greatest preacher of the 18th century, Sean Wesley, traveled around the country preaching, telling people how to live.
Taught the responsibilities of parents to their children, of children to their parents, and taught them of the responsibilities between the rich and the poor.
I tried to tell people how to live through preaching, the traditional medium of spreading religion.
But the method of preaching was abandoned
If you ask a modern liberal individualist, "Would you like a sermon?"
You'll say, "No need, I'm an independent individual."
You'll say, "No need, I'm an independent individual."
What's the difference between a sermon and a modern secular way of communicating, a lecture?
A sermon tries to change a person's life, a lecture tries to give a tidbit of information.
I think we need to go back to the preaching tradition.
The preaching tradition is very valuable. We need guidance, we need morality, we need comfort, and religion understands that.
There's one more thing about education. In today's secular society, it's assumed that once you teach someone something, it's enough.
If you learn about Plato at the age of 20, even after 40 years of management consulting work, you'll still remember what you learned.
Religion will say "nonsense"
"The teaching must be repeated ten times a day
Kneel down and repeat."
That's what all religions say, "Kneel down and repeat 10 or 20 times a day."
the human head is like a colander
Religion is a culture of repetition
revolving around great truths
On the other hand, we find repetition boring.
I always say, "I like the new one."
"New is better than old"
How do you feel when you hear this?
"At TED we don't do new stuff anymore let's watch old stuff over and over again
Watch Elizabeth Gilbert speak five times, because it's true, and she's saying it very well."
I don't feel that way in a religious setting.
Religion also sets the time
All major religions have calendars
What is the calendar?
A calendar is a way to ensure that you encounter various important thoughts throughout the year.
Catholic Chronology In the Catholic calendar, at the end of March, we think of Hieronymus, his humble and good character, and his giving to the poor.
This is not a coincidence, we do it because we are led to do so.
On the other hand, the secular world thinks that
"If the thought is important
Even if you leave it alone, it should come across."
A religious worldview would say it's nonsense.
From a religious point of view, you need a calendar, you need a schedule, you need to organize an encounter.
This is also seen in the way religions create rituals around important senses.
Let's take the moon as an example. Seeing the moon is very important.
When I look at the moon, I think, "I'm so small, what's my problem?"
You learn to put things in perspective
I should look at the moon more often
why not? Because no one says "look at the moon"
But Zen Buddhists are told to celebrate the moon viewing in mid-September, when they step out of their homes and stand on the porch, read poems in praise of the moon, and reflect on the passing of time and the transience of life. is the
and get a cake
The moon and the thoughts of the moon will be firmly rooted in the heart
this is very nice
Another thing that religion knows very well is to speak well, and I'm not very good at it, but rhetoric is key to religion.
In the secular world, you can be a bad public speaker with a college education and still get the job done.
But the world of religion is not
What you say must be supported by a compelling narrative.
There's an African-American Pentecostal church in the south of the United States, and listen to what they're saying.
Audience chanting "Amen Amen" at a strong point
At the end of the impassioned verse, they would all stand up and say, "Thank you Jesus, thank you Christ, thank you Savior."
If we do what they do, we don't do it now, but if we did, it would be something like, "Culture should replace the Bible."
And everyone responded, "Amen amen."
At the end of the talk, everyone stands up and says, "Thank you Plato, thank you Shakespeare, thank you Jane Austen."
and really feel the rhythm
good it's great this is what it is
(Applause) Religion is well aware that we don't just have a head, we also have a body.
When they teach, they teach through their bodies.
Consider, for example, Jewish forgiveness.
Forgiveness and a fresh start are very important to Jews.
preach about it
not just give books and words
tell me to take a bath
Every Friday in the Orthodox Jewish community
You go to mikwah and you immerse yourself in the water, and the physical action underpins your philosophical ideas.
we don't do that
Thought and physical activity are separate in that they combine.
i think religion is great
Now let's turn to art
art is highly valued in the secular world art is considered very important
Much of the surplus of wealth goes to museums etc.
Museums are our new cathedrals, they say, our new churches.
you've heard
The potential is there, but we've let ourselves down
The reason they're disappointed is that they haven't really learned how religion treats art.
There are two very wrong ideas that haunt our society today that hinder our ability to draw power from art. One is that art is for art's sake. It is said that we should not get involved with the turbulent world.
i am totally against
Another myth is that art shouldn't explain itself, and the artist shouldn't explain, because that would be unenchanting and too easy.
That's why you get that feeling you get in museums.
Serious people don't want to admit
That sense of confusion is a structural problem of contemporary art.
Religious attitudes to art are much more decent
I don't hesitate to explain the meaning of art
Art has two roles in major faiths
Remind me of the things I love in the first place
Second, it reminds us of things we should fear and hate.
That's art. Art is—
It's an experience that allows you to feel from the bottom of your heart the key ideas of faith.
What I'm trying to do as I walk around a church or a mosque or a shrine is to see through my eyes and absorb through my senses the truths that I normally perceive in my head.
Actually this is propaganda
Rembrandt was propaganda for a Christian worldview.
When people hear the word "propaganda," they are wary.
Reminds me of Hitler and Stalin
Propaganda is essentially a method of preaching while wearing a hat.
If it's good then there's nothing wrong
Museums should emulate religion
When I walk into a museum... if I were to build a room of love, a room of tolerance.
All works of art tell us something
If you can organize your exhibition space in such a way that you can encounter different works, be spoken to, and have ideas come to mind through the works, then you will get more out of art.
We will be able to reclaim the role of art that has been neglected due to misconceptions.
Art should also be a tool to improve society.
art should be preachy
let's think of something else
In today's secular world, people who are interested in things of the soul, things of the spirit, things of the higher spirituality, etc., tend to be isolated.
Poets, philosophers, photographers, filmmakers, etc.
they tend to do it on their own
I'm a cottage industry, a weak individual.
I tend to despair and pessimism when I'm alone
and not very influential
Now consider organized religion
What does an organized religion do?
come together to form an organization
this has all the advantages
First, there is size and power.
According to The Wall Street Journal, the Catholic Church made $97 billion last year.
It's a great organization
Collaborative, branded, transnational and highly disciplined.
These are all very good qualities
It's a trait that we see in companies, and in fact—
Corporations, in many ways, are like religions, but they cater to the needs at the bottom of Maslow's pyramid.
The difference is that it sells shoes and cars
On the other hand, the people who sell the more advanced things, the therapists and the poets, are on their own and they don't have the power.
Religion is at the forefront of organizations that compete for anything that concerns the mind.
Even if you don't agree with what the religions are trying to teach you, I think you'll be impressed with the way they're organized.
A book written by an isolated individual doesn't change anything.
must be a group
If we want to change the world, we have to come together and work together.
that's what religion does
Religion is transnational, branded, and has a distinct identity in a world that's ever-changing—and it's never lost.
There is something we can learn from this
I would like to summarize
What I'm really trying to say is that all of you who work in many different spheres, even if you don't believe in religion, can learn from your example.
If you're involved in something communal, in large groups -- doing things together, religion has something to offer.
If you're involved in any way in the travel industry, look to the pilgrimage.
to observe carefully
We only have a superficial understanding of what travel can be like, because we don't see what religion does with travel.
If you're in the art world, look at what religion is doing with art.
If you're an educator, look at how religion spreads ideas.
Even setting aside the content of ideas, religion is a very effective mechanism for disseminating ideas.
So my conclusion is that even if you don't agree with religion, religion is so clever and complex and intelligent in so many ways that it's a waste to keep it for the believers only. It should be for all of us.
thank you
(Applause) I think this is a very courageous speech, because you're putting yourself in a position to be ridiculed by some.
you'll get shot from both sides
From hardline atheists and devout people
Missiles coming from North Oxford anytime.
I don't know if he'll come (Botton: Absolutely)
But you haven't touched on one aspect of religion that many people think they can take on. In fact, perhaps the most important spiritual experience for a religious person is the kind of connection with something bigger than oneself. teeth
Is there a place in Atheism 2.0?
Well, I often meet people who say, "But isn't there something bigger than us?"
"Of course," I answered, "So you're religious too, aren't you?"
And I say, "No." Why should you add an air of mystique to that sense of cosmic mystery, your sense of dizzying scale?
Science and mere observation can give you a sense of the great without the mystery.I don't think it's necessary.
The universe is big, we are small, and it's clear even without the religious superstructure.
You don't have to believe in spirits to experience spiritual moments
let me ask you one question
Who among you said that religion is important to you?
Is there a similar process for bridging what you are being told and what you are telling them?
There are many gaps in worldly life that can be closed.
As I said before, it's not a choice between having a religion and accepting everything, or having no religion and being cut off from all that wonderful stuff.
It's too sad when people always say, "You can't join a community because you don't have faith, you're cut off from your morals, you can't even go on a pilgrimage."
I think, "What's wrong with that?"
that's the gist of my story
You can absorb a lot from religion
Atheism should not cut itself off from the rich source of religion.
There seems to be a lot of atheists in the TED community.
But most people don't think religion is going away any time soon, and they want to find a language in which they can have constructive discussions, talk to each other, and share what they have in common.
Is it foolish to be optimistic about religion's potential to bridge divisions and wars rather than be the voice of division and war?
no we should be respectful of our differences
Respect is a virtue that is often overlooked
looks like hypocrisy
But if you're an atheist and someone says, "You prayed the other day," you politely ignore it and move on --
need to reach the stage
Because we can agree on 90% of the things, so we share our thoughts on a lot of things, and we're respectful when we disagree.
I think it's because we haven't been able to do that that causes religious conflicts.
ignoring the possibility of harmonious disagreement
Finally, this new thing you're proposing isn't a religion, but it needs a leader, right? Do you want to buy that guru?
(Laughter) What we all think is shady is the cult of personality.
it is not necessary
What I was trying to explain, hopefully you can fill in the frameworks.
I drew the outline
Depending on where you are
If it's a community, we should learn from religion what is communal.
So this is kind of—
It's a Wiki project. (Laughter) Alan, thank you very much for opening the conversation.
(applause)
In the 1980s, in communist East Germany, to own a typewriter you had to register it with the government.
I needed to register a typewriter output sample.
It was so that the government could trace the origin of documents written with bad ideas.
so that when a document is found, its author can be traced
It was hard for us Westerners to imagine how much this would limit free speech.
This has never happened in our country
But today, in 2011, if you buy a color laser printer from any major manufacturer and print a page, you'll find faint yellow dots on every page, and the pattern is unique to each individual printer. is
this is what is happening to us today
But no one seems to make a fuss about it
This is just one example of how governments are using technology against us, our citizens.
And this is one of the three main sources of online problems today.
If you look closely at what's happening online, attacks can be categorized by attacker.
There are 3 main groups
First, there are online criminals.
The motives of online criminals like Dmitri Golubov of the city of Kyiv, Ukraine,
It's very easy to understand
they are making money
I'm making money with online attacks, a lot of money.
In fact, there are several billionaires who have made their fortunes through online attacks.
This is Vladimir Chastin from the city of Tartu, Estonia
This is Alfred Gonzalez Stephen Watt
bjorn sandeen
Matthew Anderson and Tarik Aldeua are still here.
They made their fortunes online through illegal means, using Trojan horses to steal money from online banking users, using keyloggers to steal credit card information from people who shopped online on infected computers. I am removing
Two months ago, the U.S. Secret Service froze Sam Jain's Swiss bank account, which contained $14.9 million in U.S. dollars. Jain himself is at large.
no one knows where i am
As of today, we already believe that we are more likely to be victims of online crime than to be crimes in the real world.
And, of course, the situation is only going to get worse.
In the future, most of the crime will probably happen online.
The second major group of online attackers we see today are not motivated by money.
They're acting for some other reason, protesting something, advocating for something, or playing a practical joke.
A group called Anonymous has been booming for the last 12 months and has become a big player in online attacks.
So there are three main types of attackers: criminals who are doing it for money, hacktivists who are protesting like Anonymous, and then the last group, the state, which is attacking the government.
Take DigiNotar for example
This is a good example of what happens when a government launches an attack on its own people.
It's a certificate authority, no, it was a certificate authority, because it was hacked.
It went bankrupt this fall. Someone invaded it.
thoroughly hacked
When I met with Dutch government officials last week, I asked their representatives if they believed the DigiNotar hack had caused deaths.
the answer was yes
How could someone die as a result of a hack like this?
DigiNotar is a Certificate Authority
they issue a certificate
What are certificates used for?
For a website to use https it needs a certificate it's an SSL encrypted service Gmail is an example
Many of us use services like Gmail, but these services are especially popular in totalitarian countries like Iran, and dissidents use foreign services like Gmail, which are more domestic. More reliable than other services SSL encrypted so no government spying
Unless the certificate authority is hacked and issued a fake certificate.
And that's exactly what happened with DigiNotar.
What about the Arab Spring? For example, what is happening in Egypt?
In Egypt, in April 2011, a mob took over the headquarters of the secret police, and they found a lot of documents.
Among them was a binder called "FINFISHER"
In that binder were documents from a German-based company that sold the Egyptian government tools for interception -- a very large-scale interception of the communications of all citizens.
The company sold the interception tool to the Egyptian government for 280,000 euros.
The picture you're seeing now is the company's headquarters.
Western governments are providing tools that totalitarian states use on their citizens.
But Western governments are also doing the same thing to their own people.
For example, in Germany, just a couple of weeks ago, we discovered a Trojan called "State Trojan," which the German government uses to investigate its own people.
If you're a criminal suspect, your phone will be tapped, but today it's more than that.
break into your internet connection
Make your computer look like a State Trojan
They infect it with a Trojan horse and use it to monitor all communications and spy on online conversations to extract passwords.
When people think about things like this, the typical reaction is something like, "It sounds bad, but it doesn't really matter. We're following the law, so why should we worry?"
I have nothing to hide."
such a discussion is pointless
Privacy is an implied right
Privacy is not an issue
This isn't about privacy versus security.
It's a question of freedom versus control.
We may trust our government as it is in 2011, but when you give up your rights, you give them up forever.
Will we all blindly trust future governments? What about the government 50 years from now?
This is a question that we will have to worry about for the next 50 years.
let's start with this photo
I saw this a few years ago at a cake shop near my house in Brooklyn -- a handwritten notice that the shop had.
There was a machine that printed on sugar slabs.
So I would put the children's drawings on sugar slabs and put them on top of the birthday cake.
Children often like to draw things that appear in cartoons
It was the Little Mermaid and the Smurfs and Mickey Mouse.
But it turns out that it's illegal to print a child's drawing of Mickey Mouse onto a sugar slab.
it would be copyright infringement
Checking for copyright infringement for a child's birthday cake is too cumbersome, so College Bakery said, "This service will be discontinued.
Machines are no longer available for amateurs
If you want a cake with a picture of sugar, choose from ready-made, professionally drawn pictures."
There are two bills currently before Congress.
One is SOPA and the other is PIPA
SOPA came out of the House of Representatives
"Online Piracy Prevention Bill"
PIPA is an abbreviation for PROTECTIP (intellectual property protection), which itself stands for "prevention of real threats to economic creativity and intellectual property theft on the Internet" and "prevention of real threats to economic creativity and intellectual property theft on the Internet." It stands for "prevention." Thinking of names for things like this, the congressman's aide must have a lot of free time on his hands.
What SOPA and PIPA are trying to do is this
It's about raising the cost of copyright compliance and making amateur production impossible.
The means to do so is to identify the infringing website -- the exact method of which is not clearly defined in the bill -- and remove that website from the domain name system.
is to remove
The Domain Name System is the mechanism that translates human-readable names, like google.com, into addresses that computers use, like 74.125.226.212.
The problem with this censorship model of identifying websites and excluding them from the domain name system is that it doesn't work.
You'd think that would be problematic as a law, but Congress doesn't seem to care much.
The reason it doesn't work is that you have to type 74.125.226.212 directly into your browser, or make it a link, or use Google, or something else.
The regulatory layers around the problem are the real threat of this bill.
To understand why Congress enacted a bill that failed to achieve its intended purpose and had harmful side effects, you need to understand the context.
The reason behind this is that SOPA and PIPA bills were drafted by 20th century media companies.
The 20th century was a good time for media companies, all they needed was scarcity.
When you were making a TV show, you didn't have to make it better than any other show that was ever made. As long as it was better than the other two shows at the same time, that's fine, in terms of how hard it is to compete. It was a very low hurdle
What that means is that if you could build something average, you could have one-third of the American population, and you could have tens of millions of users just because it wasn't terrible.
It's like having a license to issue money and a free keg of ink.
But technology advances
Gradually, toward the end of the 20th century, scarcity was eroded, not by digital technology, but by analog technology.
Cassette tapes, video recorders, even copiers gave us the opportunity to do things that surprised media companies.
Turns out we're not couch potatoes
I didn't want to just consume
Consuming is good, but every time a new tool like that comes along, it turns out that we also like to create and share.
Each time, the media companies were frustrated.
Jack Valenti, chief lobbyist for the Motion Picture Association of America, used to liken the dreaded videocassette recorder to Jack the Ripper, and fragile Hollywood to a woman alone at home.
what a story
The media industry begged Congress to do something about it.
and parliament moved
In the early '90s, Congress passed a bill that changed everything.
The Audio Home Recording Act of 1992.
Under the Audio Home Recording Act, it's not a crime to record the radio and make a mixtape for a friend. It was legal.
It's okay to record it, remix it, and have fun with your friends.
It's a problem to make a lot of high-quality copies and sell them.
freedom of recording was granted
This seemed to clarify the problem, because it made the distinction between legal and illegal copies.
But this wasn't what the media companies wanted.
They wanted Congress to outlaw all copying.
So when the Audio Home Recording Act of 1992 passed, media companies gave up on the question of what is legal and what is illegal in reproduction, because moving forward in this framework would actually increase the right of the public to participate in the media environment. It's from
So they thought of their next move
it took a while
The next move came with the Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1998 (DMCA).
It's a complicated law with many elements.
The point of the law, the DMCA, is to make it legal to sell non-reproducible digital goods.
As Ed Fulton once said, it's like "dry water."
Digital data is something that can be replicated. Reproduction is—
It's something that happens as a side effect of the computer's normal operation.
To make it look like you can sell data that can't be replicated, the DMCA also makes it legal to force you to use a system that impairs your device's ability to replicate.
DVD players, game consoles, televisions, computers, regardless of how you bought them, can be destroyed by the content industry when they make it a condition to sell their content.
And it also made it illegal to try to reset the reproducibility of content so that consumers would never notice it and turn on its function as a general-purpose computing device.
The DMCA is the moment the media industry stopped relying on the law to distinguish between legal and illegal copying and tried to prevent copying through technological means.
The DMCA has created complicated effects, but it's largely ineffective at preventing sharing.
The main reason is that the Internet has been much more popular and much more powerful than anyone expected.
Mixtapes and doujinshi are nothing compared to what we're seeing online today.
We live in a world where most Americans over the age of 12 share something with each other online.
We share text, we share images, we share music, we share videos.
Some things I share are my own
I found something
Some were made from what they found, all of which shook the media industry.
So PIPA and SOPA are the second round.
The DMCA was like surgery, we got into your computer, into your TV, into your game console, and made you not be able to do what the store said you could do, while PIPA and SOPA are nuclear weapons. Where to censor content
The mechanism for doing this is to get rid of anything that points to the offending IP address.
From search engines From online directories Remove from user lists
We're the biggest producers of content on the Internet, not Google or Yahoo, so we're the ones being cracked down.
Ultimately, what the enactment of PIPA and SOPA threatens is our shared capabilities.
What's dangerous about PIPA and SOPA is that it reverses the centuries-old legal notion of innocent until proven guilty and makes you guilty until proven innocent.
You can't share anything until you show that you don't share what we don't want.
All of a sudden, the burden of proving legality and illegality fell on us and on the services that bring new capabilities to people.
Even if the cost of checking a single user is small, services with hundreds of millions of users just won't work.
This is the internet they think
Imagine all those cake shop announcements on YouTube, on Facebook, on Twitter.
Even TED...because it's impossible to monitor comments at an acceptable cost.
The real effects of SOPA and PIPA are different from their advertised effects.
What's scary is that the burden of proof is reversed, and suddenly we're all thieves everywhere we have the freedom to create, create, and share.
The things that give us that ability, YouTube, Facebook, Twitter, and TED, also, if they don't keep an eye on us, they're going to get into trouble for aiding and abetting copyright infringement.
There are two things you can do to stop this: simple and complicated, easy and hard.
It's simple and easy, but if you're an American citizen, please call your congressman.
Lawmakers who signed SOPA and PIPA bills have cumulatively received millions of dollars from the media industry.
You don't have millions of dollars, but you can call your legislators and tell them that you're a voter and that you don't want them to treat you like a thief and you don't want them to break the Internet.
If you're not an American citizen, please reach out to any Americans you know and encourage them to do what I just said.
This may look like a domestic problem in America, but it's not.
The media industry will not be satisfied with just destroying America's Internet.
After the United States, we will do it in the world
this is easier
I'm a simple person
The difficult part is to be prepared, because this is not the end.
SOPA is a rehash of COICA, which was proposed and rejected last year.
And it goes back to the DMCA's failure to technically keep people from sharing it.
And the DMCA goes back to the Audio Home Recording Act, which horrified the media industry.
Because when someone breaks the law, collecting evidence and proving it is very cumbersome.
"We don't want to do that," the content industry thinks.
what they want is a way to avoid that
No distinction between legal and illegal sharing
I want to get rid of sharing itself
PIPA and SOPA are not special, exceptional, one-time things.
It's just the next turn of a screw that has been moving forward for 20 years.
Even if we're lucky enough to be crushed here, there's the next one.
We need to convince Congress that the way to deal with copyright infringement is to show all the evidence, do what Napster and YouTube did, and go to court to argue and assess damages, and that's democracy. is the way of society
it's the right way
Until then we must be prepared
The real message of PIPA and SOPA is
What Time Warner wants is for us to go back to being couch potatoes and just consuming and not creating or sharing. We need to say no to that.
thank you
(applause)
Do you know how many choices you make each day?
Do you know how many choices you make in a typical week?
In a recent study of more than 2,000 Americans, the typical American made an average of about 70 decisions in a typical day.
We also recently did a survey of CEOs, which was a week-long survey of CEOs.
The researchers documented all the different jobs that CEOs held and the time they spent making decisions related to these.
And it turns out that the average CEO has about 139 jobs a week.
Of course, each job consists of many detailed options.
50% of CEO decisions are made within 9 minutes
Only about 12% of decisions that CEOs spend more than an hour on
What about your own choices?
Do you know how many of your choices are within 9 minutes and how many are over an hour?
How well do you think you are doing with these options?
What I want to talk about today is one of the biggest problems of choice in our time: the problem of excess choice.
I'd like to talk about this problem and some possible solutions.
Now, as we talk about this problem, I'm going to ask you a few questions, and I want to know your answers.
If I ask you a question, I'm blind, so please raise your hand only if you want to burn calories.
(Laughter) Otherwise, if I ask a question and the answer is yes, clap your hands.
So today's first question: Shall we start talking about the problem of overchoice?
(Applause) Thank you.
When I was a graduate student at Stanford, I used to go to this very fancy grocery store, or at least it was really fancy back then.
It was a store called Draeger's
Well, going to this store was like going to an amusement park
The store had 250 mustards and vinegars, over 500 fruits and vegetables, and over 20 bottles of mineral water, and this was back when people were still drinking tap water.
I used to love going to this store, but then I wondered, why am I not buying anything?
This is the olive oil corner of this store.
There were more than 75 varieties of olive oil, including olive oil from thousand-year-old olive trees in a locked case.
So one day, I met with the store manager and asked, Can you sell in a way that offers so many choices?
And the store manager pointed at the crowd of tourists who come every day with their cameras.
We decided to do a little experiment, and we chose jam.
This is the jam corner
There were 348 kinds of jam
We set up a small tasting booth right near the entrance of the store.
So we put out either six or 24 different flavors of jam, and we observed two things, first of all, in which setting more people would stop and sample the jam.
We found that about 60% of people sampled the 24 varieties, compared to 40% of the 6 varieties.
The next thing we observed was which setting was more likely to buy jam.
Then the numbers were opposite.
Only 3% of those who sampled the 24 varieties actually purchased the jam.
And among those who stopped at six different times, a whopping 30 percent actually bought the jam.
So if you do a little math here, people are at least six times more likely to buy jams when they see six flavors than when they see 24.
Choosing not to buy jam is probably a good thing, at least for your belly fat, but it turns out that the problem of over-choice like this also influences all-important decisions.
Even if it is disadvantageous to me, I give up making a choice.
That is why savings are a hot topic these days.
Guru Huberman, Emil Kamenika, Wei Zhang, and I'd like to share with you a study we conducted on retirement savings decisions of nearly a million Americans in about 650 retirement savings plans, all in the United States.
We looked at whether the number of mutual funds available in 401(k) retirement savings plans influences people's propensity to save for their future.
And it turns out that there's actually a correlation.
There were 657 plans, but the number of funds available to people ranged from two to 59.
And what we found was that the more fund options we had, the lower the actual participation rate.
So if you look at the extremes, the plan with two funds has roughly 75% coverage, even though it's less than ideal.
When it comes to plans with nearly 60 choices, enrollment drops to about 60%.
Also, it turns out that joining up isn't a good outcome when there are too many options.
Among those who do decide to join, the more options available, the more likely they are to avoid stocks and equity funds entirely.
The more options available, the more likely you are to put the full amount in your money market account.
Neither of these extreme decisions is something I would recommend to anyone when it comes to future financial security.
Over the last decade, we've seen three main negative effects of giving people more choice.
Increased tendency to procrastinate and delay choices even though it is to your detriment
Increased tendency to make poor financial and medical choices
Increased tendency to make less satisfying choices that are objectively good
The main reason for this is that while it's fun to look at giant shelves of mayonnaise, mustard, vinegar, jams, you can't actually do a side-by-side analysis and make a selection from that gorgeous display.
So today, I'd like to propose to you four simple techniques, all of which we've tested in some way in various research studies, and which you can easily apply in your own work.
1st: to cut
You've probably heard that "too much is less" is truer than ever.
I always get indignant when I say "please cut"
It's just that the planogram is reduced
It worries me, but what I'm seeing is actually a trend that's actually quite common is that if you're willing to cut and eliminate pointless redundant selections, you'll see higher sales, lower costs, and a better selection experience.
Sales increased 10% when P&amp;G reduced h&amp;s hair products from 26 to 15
When Golden Cat removed 10 deadly cat litter products, profits increased by 87%, a combination of increased sales and lower costs.
A typical grocery store today sells 45,000 products.
Walmart sells 100,000 items
But the ninth largest retailer, Aldi, the ninth largest retailer in the world, Aldi sells only 1,400 items, one can of tomato sauce.
Now, in the world of financial savings, I think one of the best recent examples of best-choice management is a program at Harvard University that David Raveson was heavily involved in designing.
All Harvard employees are now automatically enrolled in the Lifecycle Fund.
People who actually want to choose a fund are presented with 20 options instead of a huge number.
"I don't know how to cut it. All of them are important choices."
people often say
The first thing I do is ask employees, "How are these options different?"
Consumers can't distinguish what their employees can't distinguish.
Well, before starting this session this afternoon, I spoke with Gary.
He offered to invite everyone in the audience for a free, all-inclusive trip to the most beautiful road in the world.
Here is the description of the way
everyone please read
I'm going to wait a minute, so read on, and clap your hands if you want to accept Gary's offer.
(slight applause) So who wants to take his offer?
only this?
Okay, let me give you some more details.
(Laughter) You knew it was a trick, didn't you?
(honking) Who wants to go on this trip after seeing this?
(Applause) (Laughter) Did the applause increase?
Yes, thank you
Now, objectively, the former actually gave us more information than the latter, but I dare say that the latter felt more realistic.
Because the photos made it look real.
So this is the second way to address the problem of over-choice, and that's to embody it.
In order for people to understand the difference between their choices, they must be able to understand the implications of each choice, and they must be able to tangibly feel these effects.
Why do people spend an average of 15 to 30 percent more money when using bank cards and credit cards?
because it doesn't look like real money
It turns out that more tangible experiences are actually a very good tool for getting people to save money.
In a study I did with Shlomo Benalci and Alessandro Previtello, we looked at employees who work at ING, and they were just enrolling in a 401(k) plan.
The enrollment session was exactly the same as before, with one small change.
One small change we added was to ask you to think about what good things would happen to your life if you saved more money.
This alone increased enrollment by 20 percent and increased the amount of money people were willing to save and put into their savings accounts by 4 percent.
The third method is classification
It will be easier to respond if the number of categories increases rather than the number of options increases.
For example, we did a survey of magazine corners.
It turned out that the magazine section of the Wegmans grocery store near the Northeast Corridor had between 331 and 664 magazines.
just listen
If you show 600 types of magazines divided into 10 categories and 400 types of magazines divided into 20 categories, people think that 400 types offer more choices than 600 types, making it easier to shop. I think
Because categories make it easy to distinguish
This is a display of two kinds of jewelry
One is called "jazz" and the other is called "swing"
If you think the display on the left is swing and the display on the right is jazz, clap your hands.
(slight applause) How many are there?
So if you think the left is jazz and the right is swing, clap your hands.
This is a little more
the correct answer was the second
Jazz on the left, swing on the right, but to put it bluntly
It's a very nonsensical taxonomy.
(Laughter) Categories have to have meaning for the chooser, not the choice provider.
This problem is also present in a long list of financial funds.
Who is this information for?
The fourth way is to get them accustomed to complexity.
People tend to process a lot more information than they realize, just make it a little easier.
Difficulty must be increased gradually
I'll give you an example of what
Let's look at a very complicated decision: buying a car.
This is a German car maker that can make a complete custom car
It takes 60 decisions to completely design your own car.
There are many decisions, and the number of options that come with them is different.
56 car body colors to choose from
Four engine and shift lever options
Now what I'm going to do is change the order in which these decisions are displayed.
For half of the customers, those who have many choices: 56 car body colors and 4 types of levers are considered in order.
For the other half, starting with the least choice: 4 types of levers and 56 car body colors.
my attention is
how aggressive the customer is
If you're clicking the defaults all the time, it's a sign that you're overwhelmed with options, and your customers aren't interested.
What it turns out is that in the order of many to few options, people will only click on defaults.
I'm in trouble
If the order is from a few to many choices, I'll do my best to choose.
Same information, same number of choices
The only thing that changed is the order in which the information is displayed.
If you start with the simple things, you'll learn how to make choices.
Even if the selection of the shift lever is not related to your interior preference, you can get used to the selection method.
It excites me that it's a big product that I'm setting the specs for, and that's what motivates me and makes me want to do it.
Let's summarize
We talked about four ways to alleviate the problem of excess choices: cut: removing nonsensical choices materialization: making things realistic categorizing: people are more likely to respond to fewer choices and more categories. and get used to the difficulty
These methods that I'm sharing with you today are designed to help you better manage your choices, and you can apply them to yourself and the customers you serve.
Because I think the key to making the most of your options is choosing how you choose.
Because I think the more you care about how you make choices, the better you'll be at making choices.
thank you very much
(applause)
What makes music beautiful?
Many musicologists would say that repetition is a key element of beauty. You choose a melody, a motif, a musical idea, and by repeating it, you anticipate the repetition and either fulfill or subvert that anticipation.
that's the key to beauty
If repetition and pattern are important to beauty, then what does music without patterns sound like if you write a song that contains no repetition at all?
this is a very interesting math problem
Is it possible to write a song that contains no repetition at all?
Not bullshit - bullshit is easy
No iteration turns out to be very difficult, and it's possible thanks to one person who was tracking the submarine.
In trying to develop the perfect sonar sound for sonar, he solved the conundrum of writing non-repetitive songs.
that's what i'm talking about today
So what it was like was, you sent a sound out of the ship into the water, and you listened for the echo.
The sound goes on and echoes come back
The time it takes for the sound to return tells us how far it is from the object.
So how do you design the perfect sonar sound?
In the 1960s, someone named John Costas was working on a very expensive sonar system for the Navy.
It didn't work. The sonar sounds weren't right.
That sonar sound was like
Think of it like a musical score, with time on the horizontal axis.
(High to low piano notes) This is the sonar sound they were using, the down chirp.
this was useless
Why? because it matches the shifted frequency
The relationship between the first two notes and the second two notes is the same, and so on after that.
So he designed a completely different kind of sonar sound, and what you see below is the bullshit.
The dots seem to be randomly arranged, but they're not.
If you look carefully, you can see that the distances between each pair of points are all different.
there is no repetition
The first two tones and every other pair of two tones have different relationships.
Such patterns are not common
John Costas is the inventor of this pattern.
This is a picture we took together in 2006, shortly before he passed away.
He worked in the Navy as a sonar engineer.
After thinking about patterns like this, I was able to create a 12-by-12 pattern by hand.
He got stuck there and thought that there might not be anything larger than 12.
So he wrote a letter to the person in the middle picture, Solomon Golomb, a young mathematician from California.
In fact, Solomon Golomb was one of the greatest discrete mathematicians of our time.
John asked Solomon if he had any good resources to find such patterns.
there was no such material
No one thought deeply about structures without repetitions and patterns.
So Solomon Golom spent the summer thinking about this problem.
And I decided to rely on the mathematics that the person on the left had studied, Evaristo Galois.
Galois is a very famous mathematician
He created a branch of mathematics that bears his name called Galois theory.
it's mathematics dealing with prime numbers
He's also famous for the way he ended his life.
It's a story about standing up for the honor of a young woman.
He was challenged to a duel and accepted.
Shortly before the duel, I wrote down all my mathematical ideas and sent letters to all my friends, 200 years ago, saying, "Please, please, publish this idea."
Then he was shot in a duel and died at the age of 20.
All the mathematics that makes cell phones and Internet DVDs that enable us to communicate with each other come from the mind of Evaristo Galois, who died at the age of 20.
Think about what kind of legacy you could leave—
Of course, he himself would never have imagined that his theory would be used in this way.
Fortunately, his mathematical theory was eventually published.
Solomon Golomb realized that this theory of mathematics was what he needed to create pattern-free structures.
I wrote back to John, "It turns out that such patterns can be generated using prime number theory."
And John continued his research and solved the Navy's sonar problem.
So what is that pattern?
Here is an example
88x88 Costas array
made in a very simple way
Elementary school math is enough to solve this problem.
Keep multiplying by 3 to get 1, 3, 9, 27, 81, 243,...
If we get a number greater than the prime number 89, we subtract 89 so that it becomes less than 89.
And in the end it fills an 88x88 square.
By the way, the piano has 88 notes.
Today, I will present the world premiere of a piano sonata without a pattern.
Back to the question of music, what makes music beautiful?
One of the most beautiful pieces ever written, Beethoven's Fifth Symphony, famous for its motif "Dada Dadarn."
That motif appears hundreds of times in the song, it appears hundreds of times in the first movement alone, and it appears in other movements.
Structures that use repetition are an important part of what makes a song beautiful.
If there are songs around here that sound random, and if there are songs around here that have patterns like Beethoven's No. 5, then songs that have no patterns at all would be a long way off.
At the other end of musical beauty lies structure without patterns.
The music represented by the squares above is something completely different from bullshit.
there is no pattern at all
Musicologists and the famous composer Arnold Schoenberg were thinking about this in the 1930s, '40s and '50s.
His goal as a composer was to free music from tonal structures.
He called it 'dissonance liberation'
They created a structure called a "string of notes."
that's the string
sounds like a costas array
Unfortunately, he died 10 years before Costas discovered that such structures could be generated mathematically.
What you're hearing today is the world premiere of full sonar sound music.
It's an 88x88 Costas array with piano notes, and it's played using a rule called the Golomb ruler for rhythm.
mathematically impossible
It's computationally impossible to create.
With the help of mathematics that was invented 200 years ago and the wisdom of another recent mathematician and engineer, I was able to compose or compose this using moduli of three.
The thing to keep in mind when listening to this song is that it wasn't made to be beautiful.
It's the most unbearable music in the world.
A song that only mathematicians can write
(Laughter) As you listen to this song, I'd like to ask you to try to find the repetitions.
Look for something you enjoy and enjoy the fact that you can't find it.
(Laughter) So much for the introduction, the New World Symphony Orchestra's Chamber Orchestra, Michael Linville, will perform the world's first perfect sonar-sounding music.
(music) (end of music) (Scott off screen) Thank you.
(applause)
Have you ever been to a bar?
(Laughter) But have you ever made a $200 million business from going to a bar?
That's what happened to us 10 years ago.
it was one bad day
We were about to be cut from a big customer.
We're an IT consulting company, and we weren't able to figure out the programming skills that would allow our customers to deploy a state-of-the-art cloud system.
There are many engineers, but none of them could satisfy the customer.
and I was about to lose my contract
So I went to the bar, and I chatted with my friend, Jeff, who was a bartender, and he did what a good bartender does: He took pity on us, he comforted us, he understood our troubles, and he said, "I'm going to exaggerate a little bit. I'm just watching
Don't worry."
Then he put on a serious face and said, "Please send me in.
I'll do something about it."
The next day, we were in a corporate conference room, and we were all a little dazed.
(Laughter) I suggested it half-jokingly.
"It's likely to be cut anyway
Why don't you send in Jeff the bartender? "
(Laughter) There was silence for a while, and there was a look of disgust.
Then my boss said, "That's a good idea."
(Laughter) "Jeff is worldly and smart.
maybe i can do something
Let's send him over."
Jeff is not a programmer
I dropped out of the Philosophy Department at the University of Pennsylvania.
He was smart and able to hit the essentials, and we were about to be cut.
That's why I sent him in.
I spent two days on edge, and Jeff was still working over there.
did not turn away
I couldn't believe it
"What the hell is he doing?"
This is what I found out
Jeff unlocked customer obsessions about programming skills.
He changed the subject, even changed what we should build.
Now the debate is about what to build and for what.
And Jeff found a technical solution, and the customer became our number one recommender.
At the time, we had 200 employees, and half of them were majoring in computer science or engineering.
So we changed the way we recruit and train.
We're still looking for software engineers and computer science majors, but now we're also looking for painters, musicians and writers.
Jeff's example was to be replicated over and over again throughout the company.
Our chief technology officer was a Japanese language major and was a bike delivery guy in Manhattan.
Now, we have a thousand employees, but less than a hundred were computer science or engineering majors.
We are still an IT consulting company
Number one company in this field
Has the fastest growing software package with annual revenue of $10 billion
This method was successful
On the other hand, the push for STEM education in the United States, centered around science, technology, engineering, and mathematics, has been tremendous.
unavoidable for anyone
and i think it's a big mistake
Since 2009, the number of STEM majors in the United States has increased by 43%, while the number of humanities majors has remained the same.
Former President Obama poured more than $1 billion into STEM education at the expense of other areas, and current President Trump recently decided to allocate $200 million of the Department of Education's budget to computer science.
Company CEOs are constantly lamenting a shortage of tech talent
With all of this and the undeniable economic success of technology -- let's admit it, seven of the 10 most valuable companies in the world are technology companies, and that's why the workforce of the future is in the STEM sector. creates the expectation that it will be filled with
I understand that
It makes sense
interesting idea
a little too much
It's like playing soccer where everyone on the team is chasing the ball in one direction.
STEM should not be overrated
Science shouldn't be given more weight than the humanities.
There are several reasons for that
First, today's technology is very intuitive.
The reason we can hire people from all walks of life and leave them with technical expertise is because modern systems can work without writing code.
Like Lego bricks, they're easy to build, easy to learn, even easy to program, because there's so much information to learn.
It's true that they require specialized skills, but those skills require far less rigorous, formal education than they used to.
Second, in the world of intuitive technology, the essential differentiating skill is the ability to work together as humans. It takes experience, judgment and historical context.
What Jeff's story taught us is that customers are getting caught up in the wrong things.
It's often the case that tech people don't communicate well with business people and end users, and business people can't articulate what they need.
I see things like that all the time
We still haven't really tapped into our human capacity to communicate and co-create. While science can tell us how to make things, it's the humanities that tell us what to make and why.
both are equally important and equally difficult
Tired of—
That's when I heard that the humanities were said to be an easy path inferior to something else.
there is no such thing
The humanities give us context in the world.
teaches you how to think critically
Science is intentionally structured, while the humanities are intentionally unstructured.
Teach me how to persuade, give me the words, so that we can turn our emotions into thoughts and actions.
We need to give the humanities an equal status with the sciences.
You can hire a bunch of artists, build a technology company, and do amazing things.
I'm not trying to say that STEM is bad.
I'm not saying that girls shouldn't do programming.
(laughter) no
So when you're trying to drive over a bridge or get into an elevator, make sure it's in the hands of a technician.
(Laughter) But the assumption that the jobs of the future will be dominated by people in STEM fields is simply ludicrous.
If you have friends, children, relatives, grandchildren, nieces, nephews
Say "Be what you want to be"
(Applause) There are jobs.
Do you know who tech CEOs who are looking for STEM graduates are hiring?
Google, Apple, Facebook
Sixty-five percent of the jobs available at these companies are non-technical: marketers, designers, project managers, program managers, product managers, legal representatives, HR specialists, trainers, coaches, sales representatives, purchasers, and more.
That's the kind of job that's in demand
If there's one thing we're looking for in the workforce of the future, and I think you'll agree with me on this one, it's diversity.
Diversity isn't limited to gender or race.
We need diversity in backgrounds and skills, we need introverts and extroverts, we need leaders and followers.
that's the man of the future
As technology becomes easier and easier to use, people can learn whatever they want.
thank you
(applause)
What I'm about to describe is the Ultimate Green Concept developed at NASA's Glenn Research Center in Cleveland, Ohio.
So before we begin, let's define what green is, because different people define green differently.
Green is a product that is made with environmental and social considerations.
There are tons of things called green
what does our mean?
Green can be defined by three criteria
First criterion: Is it sustainable?
I mean, are you saving it for future generations?
alternative? Is it different from what you are using today? Or does it have a lower carbon footprint than its predecessor?
Third: Is it playable?
Is it a naturally replenishing resource like the sun, wind or water?
My job at NASA is to develop the next generation of aviation fuel.
Why the ultimate green for aviation?
Airplanes use more fuel than anything else, so it's hard to find alternative fuels.
It's an official NASA guideline.
NASA's goal is to develop the next generation of fuels -- biofuels that are domestically produced, safe and environmentally friendly.
What we're trying to do now is meet all three of the criteria I mentioned earlier, which is our ultimate green.
The Big Three at the Glenn Research Center (GRC) is another definition.
97% of the world's water is salt water
What about using salt water? combine with the third
Do not use arable land
Because land suitable for arable land is already being exploited and is in short supply all over the world.
Second: Do not compete with crops
Arable land is already established, no new ones need to be added.
And finally, we don't use fresh water, the most precious resource on earth.
If 97.5% of the world's water is salt water, 2.5% is fresh water, and less than 0.5% of that is usable by humans.
60% of the population lives within 1% of the Earth's water.
My challenge is to be the ultimate green and meet these big three criteria. Welcome to the Green Lab.
We're dedicated to researching the next generation of aviation fuels, using halophytes.
Halophytes are plants that are tolerant of salt
Unlike many plants, it can grow in salty soil.
Sometimes we work with weeds, sometimes we work with algae.
3,600 people have visited our laboratory in the last two years.
Why did so many people visit?
because we are working on a special study
Green Lab below, and you can see a photo of algae on the right.
Algae is a good choice if you want to get into the next generation aviation fuel business, and it's well funded right now, and the lab has an algae fuel program.
I'm currently cultivating two types of algae.
One of these pictures is a closed photobioreactor, and on the other side you can see a type of algae that we're growing called Sucenedesmus dymorphus.
Our work at NASA is to take an experimental, computational approach to mixing well in a closed photobioreactor.
The problem with closed photobioreactors is that they're very expensive, automated, inflexible, and difficult to grow on a large scale.
So what do you use for large-scale culture?
Now, all over the world, algae are being grown in open pond systems, and it's an elliptical one with a waterwheel that looks like the stadium track you see here. flow becomes worse in
there is a solution
The open pond system in the lab uses naturally occurring "waves."
Open pound system uses wave technology
It's 95% mixed and the lipid content is higher than in closed photobioreactors, which I think is very important.
But algae has one drawback: it's very expensive.
Is it possible to produce algae inexpensively?
the answer is yes
We do the same thing that we do with halophytes: climate adaptation.
Our lab has six major ecosystems, from freshwater to saltwater.
If you start with a potential seed in fresh water and add salt little by little, the next tank will have the same ecosystem as Brazil, and you can grow this plant right next to a sugar cane field. is Florida, and next to it is a similar environment to California or the open ocean.
What we're trying to do is find species that can adapt to barren places like deserts anywhere in the world.
so far it's going very well
but there is one problem
There are five conditions for success in agriculture: seed, soil, water, sunlight and finally fertilizer.
Chemical fertilizers are often used
we don't use chemical fertilizers
If there are so many plants, they must be using chemical fertilizers.
You might think that, but according to the analysis of the saline ecology, 80% of what we need is in these tanks.
The missing 20% ​​are nitrogen and phosphorus.
We solve this with something in nature: fish.
Put it in the tank as it is without sashimi
Using fish droppings, using freshwater molly, we've been using climate adaptation technology from freshwater to saltwater.
Tamsui mollies are cheap, they love to have babies (Laughter), they love to poop.
The more they poop, the more manure they get and the better it works, believe it or not.
For the soil, I use regular beach sand and fossilized coral.
"How did you get started?" people ask.
It started in a seed lab called an indoor biofuel lab.
We have 26 species of halophyte, and we're left with five species. What we're doing here is putting the seedlings in a harsh environment, and some of them die, so maybe we should call it a "death lab." No I'll come to Green Lab next
What you see in the bottom corner is a wastewater treatment plant experiment growing macroalgae, which I'll explain later.
Finally, you can see that I do work in the lab, and I need to show you that I'm working. (Laughter)
It is a kind called Kabuda Sakkenso
A wonderful plant that I love
No matter where you go, you see it all over the country. We love this plant.
Next up is Salicornia Bigelovi, one of the rarest plants in the world.
It's the most lipid plant, but it has a drawback: it's too short.
Then there's the europea, the largest and tallest plant.
What we're trying to achieve here is to use natural selection, or biological adaptation, to create tall, high-fat plants that combine all three conditions.
Soybean fields were lost when a hurricane hit the Delaware coast, and that's when a new idea was born. Could there be a plant that could restore Delaware? Of course the answer is yes
Kosteretschia virginica, a mallow family - sounds like a tongue twister -
It's a 100% useful plant, the seeds for biofuel and the rest for livestock feed.
It's been 10 years and it's been going great
Now let's take a look at Juzmo
Some of you may know that macroalgae, which have a thirst for excess nutrients, are used to purify turbid water in aquariums.
this kind is very important
The properties of this plant are similar to plastic
I'm trying to convert this to bioplastic.
If successful, it will revolutionize the plastics manufacturing industry.
So we have seeds for the fuel program.
We have to do something about this biomass.
In order to find aviation fuel specialized for next-generation aviation, we will perform detection using gas chromatography and optimization of lipids.
So far, we've talked about water and fuel, but during my research, I discovered something interesting about Salicornia, which can also be eaten.
This is an idea worth spreading, isn't it?
Sub-Saharan Africa What if we could plant it in a salty, barren desert next to the sea and use it for food and fuel?
And it's cheap to make.
Here in a greenhouse in Germany, it's being sold as a health food like this.
This is the harvest, but in the center is a dish of salted shrimp.
Just kidding, Salicornia is called the sea bean, sea asparagus pickleweed.
In other words, we are pickling pickle weed.
(Laughter) What you see below is mustard, and when you combine mustard with this halophyte, you get a really nice snack.
Lastly, Salicornia with garlic is my favourite.
Securing water, fuel and food
It wouldn't be possible without the Green Lab team.
Like Miami Heat's Big Three, NASA GRC Has Big Three
It's me, our leader, Professor Hendricks, and Dr. Shayt.
Students are the core of the Green Lab
Over the past two years, 35 students from all over the world have worked at the Green Lab.
Department heads often say, "You are a green university."
I say, "That's fine, because it's important to develop the next generation of ultimate green contributors."
At the beginning of my speech, what we were thinking about was the solution to the world's food, fuel and water problems.
Something is missing to achieve that goal
We use electricity, but there's a solution to that, we're using clean energy like this.
We have two wind turbines hooked up to our lab, and we're planning to add four or five more.
We're also using something very interesting, the solar cell site at NASA's Glenn Research Center, which hasn't been used for 15 years.
My electrical engineering colleague and I found this to still work, so we're now fixing it up.
You'll be able to connect to the Green Lab in 30 days.
Let me explain what the red and yellow box is. Many people think NASA people have Saturdays off, but this was taken on Saturday.
All you see is a yellow truck, but this is me. I work on Saturdays.
Like most people, I do my job.
Here's an initiative to use the Green Lab as a microgrid test bed for Ohio's smart grid initiative.
We believe we have the ability to do it, and we believe we can do it.
Feasible for Green Lab
Today, I introduced you to a self-sustainable renewable energy ecosystem.
I really hope that this concept will spread all over the world.
The perfect solution for food, water, fuel and energy is here
Ultimate Green, Sustainable, Alternative Renewable, Meets the three criteria of GRC, does not use arable land, does not compete with crops, and most importantly, does not use fresh water.
A lot of people ask me, "What do you do in the lab?"
And then I say, "I'm doing something that has nothing to do with you."
Does the "true self" exist?
This may seem like a very strange question
Because you're probably asking yourself, how do I find my true self? How do I know my true self?
Various other
But the idea that there must be a "real self" is self-evident.
If there's anything in the world that feels real, it's you.
but i'm not sure
At least we need to understand a little more what it means
Indeed, there are many things in the culture around us that in some ways reinforce the idea that each of us has a certain core, an essential element.
"There is something that defines who you are, and it's permanent and unchanging."
The simplest of these is a kind of astrology.
People are really into these things
I put it meaningfully on my Facebook profile. I put it meaningfully on my Facebook profile. Maybe some of you know Chinese astrology.
There's also a more scientific version of this, which is all sorts of things that map out personality types, like the MBTI.
have you ever tried
Many companies use this when hiring
As you answer a number of questions, this is supposed to reveal your core personality.
And of course it looks very attractive to the public.
Every issue of these magazines has an advertisement in the bottom left corner called Personality.
Isn't it hard to resist when you pick up a magazine like this?
It's about taking tests to explore your learning style, your love patterns, your working style.
Are you this type of person?
I think we have the common sense that there is a core or essential part of ourselves that we can discover.
They also seem to think that this is the eternal truth about themselves, the same throughout their lives.
Actually, that's the idea that I want to try.
For now, and I'll get back to this in a bit, I'm not crazy for taking on this challenge, it's actually quite old.
Common sense thinks like this
you are
You are who you are as an individual and you have this core
And, of course, we're accumulating experiences that happen in life.
These become your memories. These memories help you to be who you are.
You have a desire, it could be a cookie, it could be something you were afraid to say at 11 a.m. school, it could be something you were afraid to say at 11 a.m.
you will have faith
This is someone's license plate
I don't know if this "Messiah 1" license plate means that the driver believes in the Messiah or that he is the Messiah.
Either way, they have beliefs about the Messiah.
we have knowledge
I have feelings and experiences as well.
not just intellectual
I think what I just presented is a common sense model for thinking about who you are.
So the idea is that there is one person who has all the experiences of life.
But what I want to suggest to you today is that this model is fundamentally flawed.
Show me what's wrong with one click
There's really no "you" at the center of this whole experience.
Strange idea? no
So what do you say there?
Memories, desires, intentions, sensations, and so on clearly exist.
But in reality, these things exist, and they're all integrated in some way, they overlap, they're connected in many ways.
Connections can be partial or mostly, because they all belong to one body, one brain.
But we make stories about ourselves, which is what we do when we remember things from the past.
We do some things because we were influenced by other things.
Our desires are also the result of our beliefs, and what we remember also reflects our knowledge.
That is why all beliefs, desires, sensations, and experiences exist in relation to each other, and that way of being is none other than you.
In some cases, it is not much different from common sense understanding
may differ significantly
It's a shift from seeing yourself as the being with all the experiences of life, from seeing yourself as the being with all the experiences of life, to seeing yourself as just a collection of all the experiences of life. It's a shift towards seeing it as a collection of all experiences.
You are the assembly of the parts that make you
Of course, this also means parts of the body, like the brain, the torso, the legs, but they're actually not very important parts.
If you get a heart transplant, you're still the same person.
What if memories were transplanted?
Are you still the same person after receiving a belief transplant?
In terms of this "who am I?" or how I understand myself, it might sound kind of strange to think of myself as a collection of experiences, instead of thinking of myself as a permanent being with experiences.
but i don't think so
In a way this is common sense
I just want you to think not of the most primal power, but of how things in the world are in general.
Consider water for example
I'm not very good at science
In our terms, water has two hydrogens and one oxygen, right?
we know it well
You guys here don't define that something called "water" exists first and then has hydrogen and oxygen attached to it.
of course
We take it for granted that water is nothing more than hydrogen and oxygen molecules properly arranged. Water is nothing more than hydrogen and oxygen molecules properly arranged. I am
everything in the world is the same
This clock, for example, isn't mysterious at all.
In our terms, a watch is made up of the dial, the hands, the mechanics, and the battery.
We understand very clearly that watches are made by taking parts and putting them together.
Now, if everything is made this way, how can you say that you are different?
Why not see yourself as just a collection of parts, but as an independent, permanent entity with those parts?
This view is actually not particularly new.
There is a long history of this
We see it in Buddhism, in philosophies such as Locke and Hume, which began in the 17th and 18th centuries and continue to the present day.
But the interesting thing is that this view is gaining more support from neuroscience.
This is Paul Brooks, a clinical neuropsychologist, and he says, "We have this deep instinct that there's a core, an essential ingredient, that's hard, maybe impossible, to shake off.
But it's true that neuroscience shows that the brain has no center where everything converges."
So when you look at your brain and how you create your sense of self, you'll see that there is no central point of control in your brain.
There is no such thing as a center where everything happens.
There are so many different processes going on in the brain, and each process runs distinctly and independently, so to speak.
But it's precisely how these processes relate to each other that gives us a sense of who we are.
This is what I call the "ego trick" in my book.
It's like a mechanical trick
It doesn't mean we don't exist. It's a trick that makes us feel that there's something inside of us that's more integral than it really is.
Now you might be worried about this idea.
If that idea is correct, that is, that no one has a core or enduring essence of self, does that mean that our existence is an illusion?
Does that mean I don't exist?
There's no "real you"
A lot of people actually talk about this illusion and things like that.
These three are psychologists Thomas Metzinger, Bruce Hood, and Susan Blackmore.
But I don't really see this as a useful perspective.
back to the clock
This watch is nothing more than a collection of parts, but that doesn't mean it's an illusion.
In the same way, we are not illusions either.
Just because you're in many ways just a very complex and well-ordered collection of things doesn't mean you don't exist in reality.
Let me give you a little analogy about this.
Consider a waterfall
This is Ignas Falls in Argentina.
If you look at these things now, you'll realize that in many ways, there's nothing permanent here.
First, this is constantly changing.
Water is always carving out new channels.
Because of these changes, the tides, the weather, some things dry up and new things are created.
Of course, the water flowing down the waterfall is different from moment to moment.
But even so, this Iguazu Falls is an illusion
it doesn't mean it's not real
What this means is that while it should be viewed as a unity with a history, we also have to understand that it's a process, that it's fluid, that it's perpetually changing.
And I think this is a model for understanding yourself. I think this is a liberating model.
Because if you think that you have this fixed, permanent, lifelong, always-same essence of whatever it is, then in a sense you're a prisoner.
You were born with certain essentials, and you are who you are until you die, and if you believe in life after death, it will still be.
But if you don't think of yourself as such, but as some kind of process, something that keeps changing, that's very liberating.
Because, unlike waterfalls, we have some power to decide where we want to go.
We have to be careful here, right?
If you put too much emphasis on your hidden potential, you will believe that you can be whoever you want to be.
it's not true
I heard an amazing musician play this morning, and I never thought I could do it that well.
If you practice hard, you may get better, but I don't have that natural talent.
There are limits to what people can accomplish
There are limits to who you can be
Nevertheless, we have a kind of power to shape ourselves.
The "true self" is not, as it used to be said, something of a discoverable nature. You can't find your true self by looking inside your mind. I am creating it myself
I think that's extremely meaningful, especially at your stage in life.
You can see how many parts of you have changed in the last few years.
If you saw a video of yourself from three or four years ago, you'd be embarrassed, because you wouldn't recognize yourself.
So what I want to say to you is that we need to see ourselves as beings that we can shape, we can shape, we can change ourselves.
Again, these are the words of the Buddha: "The well-maker competently directs the water, the fletcher competently straightens the arrow, the carpenter competently straightens the log, the wise man competently shapes himself."
I want you all to remember that your true self is not something mysterious that you can search for and never find.
When we say that your true self exists, it's partly due to your discoveries, but partly it's something you create.
I think this is a liberating and exciting perspective.
thank you
What I'm doing is a thought experiment
You may know or have read about this book written by this man
Probably the first and only best-selling book ever written about economics.
You probably know a little bit about what it's about.
This book discusses how nations around the world prosper through the pursuit of individual profit.
Individual gain becomes the mechanism by which the world thrives.
The funny thing about a man named Adam Smith is that he was the homeless type.
From Edinburgh, where he lived, he would only go as far as France or Switzerland.
So my thought experiment is to imagine, what would have happened if Adam Smith had visited Africa?
Luckily, the answer is actually quite easy, because Ibn Battuta, an Arab jurist and traveler, traveled to the east coast of Africa in the 14th century, and what he discovered in Mogadishu was a market. I am writing about it
Basically, merchant ships weren't even allowed to land when they arrived in port.
They had to drop anchor in the harbour, and the boats came to them, and the locals called the merchants and said, "You are the guest and I am the broker."
And they had to do business through a local middleman.
In the end, everyone profited from this mechanism.
If that merchant had been Adam Smith, he might have looked like this and said, "Oh! It's a mutual aid society.
It's a free market to share the wealth."
When I asked Christian Benimana, who started the session, about this, he said, "If Adam Smith had come to Africa, the sharing economy would have existed long before Airbnb and Uber."
that's certainly true
So it would be very interesting to do something like that in this day and age.
There will be a lot of money flowing into the countries
This is just 10% of the export value of these countries.
The interesting thing is that mutual aid economies like this still exist, and you can find examples of them in the most unlikely places.
This is the Arava International Market
It's the largest electronics market in West Africa.
There are 10,000 merchants with annual sales of about $4 billion.
They call themselves Adam Smith diehards. "Competition is great. Everyone participates as individuals. The government doesn't help."
But the reality is, it's an interesting one, and when I ask more questions, it's not the competition that makes the market grow.
There are hidden principles that enable the growth of markets in this region.
They claim, "Listen, this is as interesting as the King James Version of the Bible and 'Why does this way of speaking work?'"
This is the word of God as the merchants call it.
But the reality is that the market here is governed by the principle of sharing.
If you ask a merchant, "How did you start international trade?"
"It's because my parents took care of me," everyone says.
When I finally understood the term and asked, "What do you mean by 'taking care of'?" I understood that when the master-apprentice relationship ended after serving someone, the master had an obligation to let the apprentice stand on his own.
So, for a couple of years, the master pays the "rent" and puts in the money so that he can go out into the world on his own and start a business.
This is locally generated venture capital, isn't it?
I can say with almost certainty that the Igbo apprenticeship system that dominates the Arava International Market is the world's largest start-up development system.
There's another sharing economy that we're looking for, called the merry-go-round, which you can find in almost every ghetto.
That's what it's called in Kenya, and it has other names in other cultures.
a means of raising cash
It's a communal reserve, where people put their money in a jar once a week, and once a week one person in the group gets that money and can spend it as needed.
There's also the word "acequias," which is a Spanish word that has its roots in the Arabic language of North Africa.
Acekias is a system for sharing scarce water.
It was passed from North Africa to Spain, and then from Spain to the western United States, where it is still used.
Water is distributed according to need, not whether you were there before.
I'm sorry to seem to echo what Liu Klaasen said yesterday, but contrary to what he said about blockchain and cryptocurrencies, there is no "tragedy of the commons" in Asequias.
The people who use Acequias have worked together for hundreds and hundreds of years to manage scarce water resources.
So I wanted to take this thought experiment a little further and propose that these systems are managed by communities that care about their little capital, their little cash, their scarce resources.
It seems to me that there are actually two kinds of capitalism.
First, there is the upper layer of capitalism.
Here's a very interesting statistic: 3/1,000 of the 1% of Nigeria's population controls the wealth of a quarter of the country's GDP.
One-hundredth of one percent of Kenya's population controls wealth equal to 75 percent of the country's GDP.
This is upper class capitalism
And the rest of the people are like the man in this picture, selling board games and bodybuilding equipment in the slow zone on the highway in Lagos.
If you're selling board games and bodybuilding equipment in a slow zone, then traffic is really, really bad, right?
We in this economy are trapped in what I call corrupt capitalism, and there is no way to crawl out of it, because we lack the resources of the shared economy that I was talking about earlier.
They're trapped under the hood of cassava and the proposition of capitalism. To make cassava non-toxic, we need to do something. I have to add
So we have to think about what I call the "lower tier economy."
This is the sharing economy model that exists in the world that needs to be popularized, used and scaled up.
May I?
If these mechanisms were expanded, they would be able to provide infrastructure for everyone, and that would ensure that communities would develop on their own. I would like to say that
I wanted to quote Steve Biko, because I thought it was very important, because next month, September 12th, it will be exactly 40 years since he was killed by the country of South Africa. is
here is the quote
The point is, we're not here to compete.
I really like this part: "...to make us a community of peers who engage together in the search for complex solutions to life's problems."
He also said, "The great powers of the world have done us wonders industrially and militarily..."
We don't have to emulate the military-industrial complex, because Africa can bring humanity back to the world in a different way.
And what I want to tell you now is that we have an opportunity, that we all have a common vision that things can be done, and that the journey starts now.
thank you
(applause)
It's finally becoming a reality -- you can download a product, I mean... product data from the web, and you can tweak and customize it to your liking and send it to some desktop device, and you can The product is completed on the spot.
We can quickly build whatever you want for us.
This is possible thanks to a new technology called additive manufacturing, or 3D printing.
this is a 3d printer
This device has been around for almost 30 years, which is amazing when you think about it, but it's only been very recently that it's become widely known.
This, of course, requires data. Let's upload the data for this pen. The data is meant to describe the shape in 3D.
We're going to process this layer by layer in the printer.
That's how you get a finished product, or a modeled product that's part of something.
But with 30 years of these things out there, why haven't we known about them?
They were generally inefficient, hard to come by, slow to process, and very expensive, so they didn't get a lot of attention.
But today, many barriers have been removed and 3D printers have
becoming a reality
And if not right now, you'll have access to 3D printers in the near future.
3D printers will transform manufacturing, and they will transform our lives, businesses, and the lives of our children.
How do 3D printers work?
Basically, CAD data, which is product design data created by a commercial product design program, is loaded.
He's an engineer, but he's also an architect, a product designer, etc., making 3D products.
And then it sends this data to a printer, and it slices the whole thing into 2D cross-sections, like slicing salami.
This data is transferred one by one, and the molding starts from the bottom of the product, and from there it goes up and up, in other words, it's a stacking process where the next layer is layered on top of the previous layer.
As for the ingredients, we use either liquids or powders.
Next is the bonding process, either melt and stack or stack and melt.
This is an EOS laser sintering machine.
It actually uses a laser to sinter a new layer onto an old layer.
Fast forward -- a few hours later, we have a working product.
Such a great idea is becoming a reality.
Everything on the screen is the same way--
made with a 3D printer
As you can see, we've got shoes, stainless steel rings, plastic phone covers, spinal implants made out of medical grade titanium, and even engine parts.
As you've probably noticed, these are all very intricate and complex products.
An extraordinary structure
Because the 3D data is sliced ​​into 2D before it's sent to the machine, it's possible to create more complex structures than other modeling techniques. I can't
Not only that, but you can also make parts that have moving parts, like hinges, parts within parts.
It means that there will come a time when the need for manual work will be completely eliminated.
That's amazing
it's really amazing
Today's 3D printers can make things like this
It reaches a height of less than 3m
It's made by slowly layering slices of artificial sandstone, 5 to 10 mm thick, one on top of the other.
This is the work of an architectural firm called Shiro.
You can actually walk inside
Quite the opposite, you can make tiny things too.
The thickness of one layer of this part is 4 μm.
This delicacy is a masterpiece
Reproduces surprisingly fine details
Well who will use it?
It's been used a lot by product designers because of the very fast nature of products, or when they want to prototype a product, or when they want to quickly iteratively refine a design.
The great thing about this technology is that you can mass-produce custom-made products.
Economies of scale are irrelevant
Customized products can now be made easily
Others, for example, architects want to build models.
This is the Free University of Berlin, designed by Foster and Partner.
I can't make this model without a 3D printer
Assembling it by hand would be very difficult.
This is the engine part
It was co-produced by Within Technologies and a company called 3T RPD.
The internal structure is also really, really delicate.
3D printing technology removes design barriers and makes mass production possible.
Here's the engine disassembled, and you can see a huge number of cooling paths, which means it's an efficient product.
This part cannot be made by hand, let alone by normal production techniques.
Efficiency is achieved by creating a path inside the part for cooling the cooling water.
Applications also extend to the aerospace and automotive industries
The parts are lighter, and there is less material wastage.
So you can be more productive and efficient than traditional mass production.
This ability to create complex structures like this can be applied to honeycomb structures to create implants.
Porous implants are usually ideal because they allow body tissue to grow into the gaps.
Less worry about rejection
But traditional methods don't work
With the advent of 3D printers, we can now make better implants.
In fact, the ability to mass-produce custom-made products means that we can create personalized implants for each individual.
As you can see, the quality of this printer and the products it produces is amazing.
It will also be used to manufacture the final product.
In fact, it's getting faster and cheaper because it's got more detail and quality.
And it's getting even smaller, so you can even put it on your desk.
The prefabricated ones are currently selling for about $300, which is absolutely amazing.
But here comes the question: why don't you have one at home?
The reason is simple: you can't create data for a 3D printer.
Even if you have a 3D printer, you don't know how to operate it to make what you want.
But with improvements in technology, software and work processes, these barriers are disappearing.
We're getting to the point where 3D printers are inevitable.
In fact, this technology is going to change the manufacturing industry in a big way, and I think there will be even more revolutions.
Today, you can drop product data from the web, like pens, whistles, lemon squeezers, things like that on your desk.
Software like Google SketchUp makes it super easy to design a product from scratch.
3D printers can also be used to drop spare parts from the web
Imagine this: think of your vacuum cleaner in your home, and if it breaks down, you'll need spare parts, but you've stopped manufacturing that product.
But the fact is, you can go to the internet, search the design database for a part that's no longer manufactured, and download it, so you can 3D print it at home, and it's ready to go.
The fact that you can actually make parts means that machines can literally make themselves.
It's a machine that builds itself
It's a kind of desktop printer, part of something called RepRap.
But what we're most interested in is mass production of customized products for individual needs.
No more extensive product inspections, no more sending products to China for assembly.
Everything is made right in front of your eyes
In other words, the next generation of bespoke is now available.
Anyone could design the finished product to their liking.
We're all familiar with the idea of ​​bespoke and customization.
Custom-made by major companies such as Nike
Anyone can do it on the web
In fact, big brands often give their customers a chance to interact with their products, like Smart, Prada, Ray Ban, to name a few.
This isn't true custom mass production, it's just the same product that's been tweaked a little bit.
But with the advent of 3D printers, we can change the shape at will.
Have you ever experienced this? When I went to buy a lamp the other day, I had a perfect idea of ​​the shape of the lamp and where to place it. I couldn't find it when I looked for
Imagine yourself partnering with a brand to buy products that reflect your tastes.
With software like this, you can download 3D products.
This is an example of the data the printer reads
this is for the lamp
Of course it is possible to design many times
You can decide not only the color of the finished product, but also the material.
You can even manipulate the shape of the product, as long as it's safe, of course.
Of course, not everyone is a professional designer.
This software is set up so that you can't change the design that deviates from safety.
When the product you designed is ready for purchase, click Enter to convert it into data specifically for the 3D printer and send it to the 3D printer.Maybe the printer is on your desk.
but right now this
i don't think it will be available
In terms of feasibility, the most likely option is to send the data to a local manufacturing center.
It also helps reduce your carbon footprint
Instead of shipping products around the world, we can just exchange data over the internet.
this is just completed
As you can see, the lamp itself is complete, all that's left is to make it conduct electricity.
That's it
So if you have the data, you can make parts when you need them.
In addition, 3D printers can be used not only for cosmetic customization, but also for functional customization, where you can scan your body and create a perfect fit.
This means that we can create prosthetic devices for a wide variety of disabilities.
Or we can create a custom-made prosthesis for each individual case.
Today, you can scan a tooth and get an exact replacement.
While you're waiting at the dentist, a 3D printer quietly works its way to create a ready-to-use crown.
As for implants, the ability to convert MRI data into 3D data has made it possible to create custom-made implants.
This technique can also be applied to organs inside the body.
This is the lung and bronchial tree
It's very precise
Impossible without a 3D printer
If you have MRI data, you can make very elaborate sculpts.
Today, industry pioneers are using this process to layer cells.
One of them is Dr. Anthony Atala, who has been working on 3D printing of organs like bladders, valves and kidneys.
Not available at this stage, but under development
Finally, all people are different.
likes and needs
varies for each individual
body size varies
It's the same with companies, and business needs are different.
Without a doubt, the manufacturing industry as we know it will be radically changed by the advent of 3D printing technology.
thank you
(applause)
I turned 60 two years ago I hate being 60
(Laughter) At my age, I started to feel anxious. What the hell have I been doing all this time?
It's not about breaking my own record, it's about what I've become.
How did you spend your precious time?
How fast time went by
And I couldn't forgive myself. I've wasted countless hours in negativity. I've been blaming myself for my failed marriages. and more
I asked myself many times why this happened
Around that time, my mother passed away at the age of 82.
I've come to realize that it's not enough to just carry an unfortunate past on your shoulders.
What should I do with the rest of my life
no matter what i am now
I made up my mind that this is the only antidote for this pain in my heart To set high goals and pursue the highest dreams To do so, you must have absolute faith and unwavering passion That is the ideal It guides you in every aspect of your life, in every moment of your day, because dreams so big cannot come true without action and belief.
I decided to reinvent an old dream, a dream I had a long time ago. Thirty years ago, when I was in my 20s, I tried to swim from Cuba to Florida for an international-level swim, but it didn't work out.
I've always been fascinated by
No one has ever swum without a shark barrier
it's a difficult challenge
It's very difficult to swim over 100 miles of sea.
Maybe at my age and at my current speed -- anyone at any age -- I'd be swimming for 60 hours, maybe 70 hours without ever getting in a boat.
and started training
I haven't swam in 31 years
I kept in shape
It's different when it comes to swimming.
you're laughing
You don't usually laugh during training, do you?
(Laughter) Swimming is a tough sport. Have you ever done anything funny while swimming?
I'm also interested in other sports, and I compare swimming to other sports -- exploration sports, like cycling or mountaineering -- but swimming puts you in a state of sensory deprivation -- your body is bound.
Since I started training, I've increased my swimming time to 8 hours, 10 hours, 12 hours, 14 hours, 15 hours, 24 hours, and I thought I could definitely do it because I've been doing it without problems.
If I decide to go swimming for 15 hours, after a long workout, we all come back to the dock, and even though it's all night, after 14 hours and 58 minutes, when I'm on the dock, it's over.
14 hours 58 minutes 2 minutes I don't care"
I said, "You have to be 15 hours," and I swam out to sea for a minute, then came back for another minute, and made it 15 hours.
and planned an expedition
I'm not saying I didn't help anyone, but I was the team leader.
It's already hard to get into Cuba to get government permission, as the newspapers say.
Like a fleet of ships, 50 people, five boats, with a CNN crew.
sailing is difficult
There's a strong ocean current called the Gulf Stream that pushes you in the wrong direction to where you want to go.
I think I'm swimming north, but I'm facing east
this is annoying
Other symptoms of dehydration and
hypothermia
there are sharks
there are many other obstacles
I have gathered as many talented professionals as I can from all over the world.
And a month ago, on September 23rd, I stood on the beach looking out into the distance on the horizon and asked myself, are you ready?
Are your shoulders ready?
I trained my shoulders well.
I was ready
Are you ready?
When you're swimming 60 strokes a minute with foggy goggles, you're not focusing on anything, you can't see very well.
To prevent hypothermia, if you cover your ears with a tight swimming cap to keep your head warm, you can barely hear it.
I feel like I'm left in my own world
I learned how to count in different languages ​​English German Spanish French
i like french
There was a song that was always playing in my head, not through my headphones, but 65 songs in my head.
I couldn't wait for midnight darkness because Neil Young was coming.
(Laughter) Isn't that funny?
Don't you think Leonard Cohen's "Hallelujah" is better for the ocean than New York's heroin addiction song?
But for some reason I loved to sing in the dark of night ♫ You knocked on my basement door ♫ ​​♫ I love you, give me more ♫ ♫ Oh, you've come so far ♫ ( (Applause) At night, before you start swimming, read Stephen Hawking's Hawking Talks About Space and Man.
I was so excited when I read
After about 50 hours of swimming, I thought I was going to think about the end of the universe.
Is there an end to the universe?
Is space-time limited? Will it never end?
If you haven't swam 50 hours in the ocean, you're not in the mood to think about these things.
I wanted to prove to the world as an athlete that I could swim for the first time in history as soon as possible.
i was sure i could
As I jumped into the ocean, I shouted in my mother's French, "Go for it!"
When I started swimming, oh, it was so calm
The fifty people on the ship knew, of course, that it was our time.
Ever since I started swimming, I've told myself that sport is like a microcosm of life.
Obstacles are always waiting
Even when things are going well, be careful, be careful because pain and suffering are always waiting for you
You can't swim well like that all the time.
You might get hypothermia, you might get a sore shoulder, or you might vomit because you're in the seawater.
The body becomes soggy in the water
Seawater is not good for the human body
After a few days of swimming, your body stops responding in many ways.
But this time, two hours after I started, I felt a sharp pain that I had never experienced before...
I knew that there were electric jellyfish, water jellyfish, and so on in that ocean, but I had no idea that the box jellyfish, which lives in the Southern Ocean, was also in this ocean.
The pain was burning and unbearable.
can you see? This is the scar of that time
These giant tentacles have 100,000 spines, each of which not only stings, but also injects poison.
The Most Dangerous Poisonous Animal Lurking In The Sea Is The Box Jellyfish
The toxins released by all these spines wreak havoc on the central nervous system.
First of all, it feels like being put in boiling oil.
I shouted, "Hot! Hot! Hot!
help! somebody help! "
then the body becomes paralyzed
My back and chest are paralyzed and I can't breathe.
And it becomes difficult to swim, and it moves like a crab.
and jerking
EMTs jumped into the sea to rescue
he was also stabbed
He was pulled into the boat, and I didn't see him, but I think he was laying in the boat, on adrenaline, and crying.
He is 29 years old, a well-built young man, 180 cm tall and weighs 120 kg, but he went down.
I was crying and screaming at my coach trying to help me.
"Bonnie I'm dying
I can barely breathe I can only breathe 3 times a minute
Help me, I can't help Diana."
This was at 8:00 pm
It was five o'clock in the morning when the medical team arrived from the University of Miami.
I've been swimming all night, even at dawn
I was put on prednisone and tranquilizers in the water without leaving the ocean, and an oxygen mask on my face.
It was like an underwater ICU.
(Laughter) If you get stung by a box jellyfish, even Navy SEALs are no exception.
either die or go to the hospital
I kept swimming all night and the next day
The next evening I was hit again!
It's a box jellyfish. The whole neck was hit.
But this time, reluctantly - it's different whether I go non-stop to the goal or swim along a course -
I had no choice but to give up non-stop and decided to take a break in the middle.
I was quickly pulled onto the boat and treated with adrenaline, prednisone, oxygen, everything that was on the boat.
i recover
I kept swimming all night until the next day.
41 hours after the start, my body didn't move anymore
A box jellyfish sting hits my respiratory system, and I can't go any further.
my dreams are gone
It's strange, it was put together by some very smart people and world-class experts.
I knew about jellyfish, but I was a little pretentious.
Many competitors consider themselves invincible
my team cares about me
I just swim for my goal
There was allergy medicine on board, so even if I got stung by a jellyfish,
I should have just endured it for a while
In fact, the best advice I ever got was from a Caribbean elementary school student.
I gathered 120 children in an elementary school gymnasium and I talked to them about jellyfish, their jelly-like bodies, and how they're barely visible at night.
Jellyfish tentacles are 10 to 15 meters long.
when it bites
I told you that poison circulates in the body
a boy raised his hand
by the name of henry
"Henry, what's your question?"
"It's not a question, but I have a suggestion."
He went on to say, "Some people wear bombs for what they believe in, right?"
I said, "I don't want you to think I'm good, but there are people like that."
"So what does Auntie need?
It's about having something like a school of fish swim in front of you like this."
(Laughter) "That way, when a jellyfish comes out, it can pass by because it's intent on stinging whatever is swimming in front of it."
I said, "It's like kamikaze."
"That's right, if you have this, you'll be fine."
I should have followed what this eight-year-old said.
When I started, I was wearing a normal bathing suit, no kidding, I learned from Shark Diver.
When I gave up swimming
I wore it like this
I was really afraid of jellyfish
So what do we do now?
If you don't mind, I'd like to invite you all to come up on stage and talk about how you overcame the biggest setbacks in your life.
It's an experience that everyone has, isn't it?
Everyone should have a bitter experience
I'm on a journey looking for the rewards that can come in the face of setbacks.
I'm staring at this journey instead of just heading towards a goal.
I stand here tonight with pride, "I was brave."
you can say that
(Applause) Thank you.
I can say from the bottom of my heart that I am satisfied with what I have been trying to do these past two years.
If you live with passion like this, there's no time for regrets, there's only progress.
I want to live like this until I die, swimming or not swimming
But accepting a setback like this one is not like this. If you have cancer and you're on the verge of dying, you need to accept the facts gracefully.
But the sea is still there
hope will live on
I'm not going to spend years trying and failing like crazy to reach my goals, but I'm pretty sure I can swim from Cuba to Florida, and someday I'll do it.
thank you
thank you
(Applause) Thank you.
(Applause) And then what?
Transatlantic?
it doesn't
my goal is one
but i'm ready
A reporter called me and said that he looked up Wikipedia and said that my birthday was August 22, 1949, and that, oddly enough, it also listed the date of my death.
(laughs) "Did you know that you will die in New York, where you were born, in January 2035?"
"Oh, I didn't know"
Then you can live to be 85
Three years longer than expected
So I ask myself, I've been asking myself before I started chasing this crazy dream, and I'm asking myself, but I want to ask you all about the meaning of this poem. What do you have? It's a once-in-a-lifetime, rich and precious life."
thank you
(Applause) Thank you, thank you.
thanks so much
(Applause) Enjoy life to the fullest.
I think there's something in the medical culture that needs to change, and something needs to be done.
If it starts with a doctor, it starts with me.
I've been a doctor for a long time, and I'm willing to sacrifice some of the reputation I've built up over the years to help.
Before we get to the main topic, let me tell you a little bit about baseball.
do you mind
The season is coming to an end and the World Series is just around the corner
Do you like baseball too?
(Laughter) There are a lot of interesting statistics about baseball.
there are hundreds of data
"Money Ball" with the theme of data baseball is also about to be released. It is a movie that uses data to create a strong team.
I'm going to focus on one piece of data that I'm sure you've all heard of.
It's called batting average
A 30% hitter is a player who hits 30%.
If this player goes to bat 10 times, he hits 3 times and gets to base.
If the ball flies to the outfield and rolls without being caught, even if the ball is thrown to first base, it is safe for the batter if it reaches first base.
3 times in 10 at-bats
Do you know what a 30% hitter is called in the major leagues?
Good hitter All-star class good hitter
Do you know what a 40% hitter is called?
A player who gets 4 hits in 10 at-bats
Legendary virtuoso — No major league player has finished a 40% season since Ted Williams.
Now, let's get back to health care. It's by far the easiest topic for me to talk about, but I'm a little bit uncomfortable with the things I'm about to tell you.
Now, what if the appendectomy success rate for surgeons who treat patients with appendicitis was 40 percent?
(laughs) This is bad.
What if you lived somewhere in the middle of nowhere, and a dear family member had two coronary arteries blocked, and your family doctor referred you to a heart surgeon who had a 20% success rate for angioplasty?
no but good news
This season has been strong and has made a spectacular comeback
It's getting better to 20% 5 minutes 7 rins—
it's impossible
I'll ask
What would you say is the average grade for a heart surgeon, senior nurse, orthopedic surgeon, obstetrician-gynecologist, and paramedic?
10% very good answer
But the truth is, no one in medicine knows what the success rate is for surgeons, physicians, and paramedics.
Yet each person, myself included, is sent out into the world with the admonition to be perfect.
"Never, never fail, pay attention to the details, pay attention to the signs of failure"
When I was in medical school, I learned that
I was a perfectionist student
When I was in high school, a classmate said to me, "I think I'm going to study for a blood test."
(Laughter) I was that kind of student.
I studied in my little room in the attic of the nurses' dormitory at Toronto General Hospital near here.
I memorized everything
In anatomy class, I remember every muscle end-to-end, the names of all the arteries that branch off from the aorta, and the differential diagnoses from hard to easy.
Differentiate types of renal tubular acidosis I also learned differential diagnosis
I learned more and more and gained more knowledge
I worked hard and won an award — I graduated with honors.
When I graduated from medical school, I thought, at least as long as I could -- remember everything, as long as I could -- know everything, and the vaccines would work and not fail.
It was actually going well for a while, but then I met Mr. Drucker.
Mr. Drucker was brought into the emergency department of the hospital where he was working as an intern in Toronto.
At that time, I belonged to the cardiology department and was on duty.
When the person in charge of emergency calls the cardiology department, it is best to examine the patient and report it to the preceptor.
was my job
When I examined Mr. Drucker, I couldn't breathe.
making a wheezing sound
When I put the stethoscope to my chest, I heard a crackling sound on both sides, and I knew I had congestive heart failure.
It's a problem with the heart, and it can't pump all the blood back up into the lungs, filling the lungs with blood, and she's having trouble breathing.
Making this diagnosis was not difficult
After making the diagnosis, I started treatment.
I gave him aspirin, he gave him a heart-relieving drug.
I gave him a diuretic to help him get rid of the water in his body.
After an hour and a half to two hours, the patient began to recover,
i was feeling good
And that's when I made my first mistake, sending her home.
On top of that, I made two more mistakes.
I sent her home without informing my attending physician.
I didn't do my part to call the prescribing doctor and explain what was going on, and the prescribing doctor would have examined himself.
The preceptor knew the patient and should have been given that information.
I did it with good intentions
I don't want to be a labor intensive resident
I wanted to be able to pull it off and be entrusted with the practice.
The second failure is even worse.
When I let her go, I didn't listen to that little murmur in the back of my mind, 'Goldman sucks, don't do it.'
I wasn't sure myself, so I asked the nurse who was tending to Mr. Drucker, "Do you think it's safe to go home?"
The nurse thought for a moment and calmly replied, "I think you'll be fine."
I remember this exchange like it was yesterday
She signed the discharge papers, and when the ambulance arrived, the paramedics came and let her go.
I went back to work on the ward
And then all day, all afternoon, I felt unsettled in my stomach.
But I kept working
After the day was over, I packed up to go home, and as I walked to the parking lot where my car was parked, I did something different.
I stopped at the emergency department on my way home.
In the emergency department, another nurse -- a different nurse than the one who was tending to Mr. Drucker -- just said, "Every emergency doctor I know dreads that one word."
Everyone in medicine dreads that word, but it's even more special in emergency medicine, because you see patient after patient.
A word like this, "Do you remember?"
"Do you remember the patient you sent home?"
Another nurse asked indifferently
"He's been brought back," he continued in the same tone.
Despite coming back
I came back in a moribund state
About an hour after she got home from the hospital, she collapsed and her family called 911. When paramedics took her to the emergency room, her blood pressure was only 50, which is severe shock.
I'm out of breath and turning pale
The ambulance team did their best
give medicine to raise blood pressure
inhaled oxygen
I was in shock and my body trembled to the core.
It's a roller coaster you can't get off. When she stabilized, she was sent to intensive care. Her recovery was my only hope.
After a few days, it became clear that she could no longer get up.
brain damage was irreversible
family gathering
From that day to nine days, while watching the patient's condition, the family also made up their minds.
On the ninth day she died. Mr. Drucker was a wife, mother and grandmother.
He says he will never forget the name of the patient who died.
This was the first time I felt this
Over the next few weeks, I continued to torment myself, and for the first time, I realized that shame in the medical culture is not healthy. I didn't feel a healthy sense of shame because I couldn't talk about it with my colleagues.
What is a healthy sense of shame? I betrayed a secret my best friend told me to keep absolutely, and then my best friend found out about it. something you swear you won't do
Apologize and never repeat the mistake
There is a lesson to be learned from this sense of shame
The unwholesomeness of shame I'm talking about drives people down mentally.
It's the voice of my heart that broods over, "It's not that what you did was wrong, you're the worst."
i was just thinking about that
It's not my tutor's fault, he's very caring.
Talking to the bereaved family worked things out and kept me from being sued.
I kept asking myself
Why didn't you ask the instructor Why did you let me go home?
At my worst, I thought, why did I make such a stupid mistake?
why did you go into medicine
Slowly but steadily, this feeling subsided.
Little by little I started to be positive
One cloudy day, when the sun began to break through the clouds, I thought to myself, maybe I could start over.
I made a promise to myself, "I'll double my efforts to be perfect, I'll never make a mistake again, my heart, please shut up."
Then the voice stopped
i went back to work
and failed again
Two years later, I was assigned to the emergency department at a community hospital just north of Toronto, and I saw a 25-year-old man with a sore throat.
It was a busy day and I was in a hurry
he kept pointing to his throat
I looked at my throat and it was red.
I sent him home with a prescription for penicillin.
He was still pointing at his throat as he walked out of the exam room.
Two days later, the next emergency shift came around.
The manager said the usual phrase, "Do you remember?"
Do you remember seeing a patient who said he had a sore throat?
Turns out, it wasn't pharyngitis.
He had a potentially life-threatening disease called epiglottitis.
If you google it, it's an infection, it's not a throat disease, it's an upper respiratory tract disease, and it can block your airways.
luckily he didn't die
He received intravenous antibiotics and recovered within a few days.
And then I went through another period of shame and self-criticism, and I managed to shake it off and get back to work, repeating the cycle over and over again.
I missed two cases of appendicitis in one emergency shift.
Something has to be done about this, especially when the hospital where I work has 14 emergency cases overnight.
But this time I didn't let them go home.
one suspected kidney stones
A colleague who examined the patient again found tenderness in the lower right abdomen and called the surgeon when the x-rays showed no abnormalities.
Another had severe diarrhea.
I ordered an IV for hydration and asked my colleague to see me again.
When he examined a patient, he found tenderness in the lower right abdomen and called a surgeon.
I called, and both patients underwent surgery and successfully recovered.
But every time that voice haunted me
I'd like to say, like many of my colleagues, that I made my worst mistakes in the first five years, but that's a big lie.
(Laughter) Over the last five years, I've made a few painful mistakes.
lonely and ashamed and unsupported
Here's the problem: if you can't tell the story of your failure, if you can't hear the whispering voice telling you what happened, how can you tell your co-workers?
How should I communicate my experience to others so that they do not repeat the same mistakes?
I wonder how everyone will react if I gather people somewhere like today and talk about this.
Have you ever heard someone talk about failure after failure like this?
Sure, at a cocktail party, you might hear a terrible doctor talk, but it's not about the mistakes you made.
I went to a room full of doctors asking them to help me with this activity, and even when I tried to talk about things like today, about halfway through the second episode, the doctors started feeling uncomfortable, and someone started joking. I changed the subject and nothing changed
If I knew that my orthopedic colleague had amputated the opposite leg, it would be difficult for me and my colleagues to look him in the eye.
our system is like that
Failure is completely denied
In this system, people are divided into two groups: those who fail and those who don't, those who can tolerate lack of sleep and those who can't, those who do poorly and those who do great.
It's almost like a political prejudice, like antibodies starting to attack the body they're supposed to protect.
We have this idea that if we banish repeat failures from the medical world, we'll be left with a system of safe people.
There are two problems with this idea
In my nearly 20 years of medical broadcasting and journalism, I've personally done as much research as I can about medical malpractice and malpractice, starting with an article in the Toronto Star and a show called "White Coats and Black Magic." I made
What I've learned is that mistakes are really everywhere.
In the system that we work in, mistakes happen every day, and one out of every 10 drugs given to hospitals is either the wrong drug or the wrong dose, and the number of nosocomial infections is skyrocketing. It's been devastating and even fatal.
24,000 Canadians died from avoidable medical errors in Canada.
According to the Institute of Medicine, 100,000 victims in the United States.
Both numbers would be gross underestimations, because they're hiding issues that should be public.
I also have this problem
The hospital system itself cannot keep up with the doubling of medical knowledge every two or three years.
Doctors' sleep deprivation is everywhere
can't avoid it
There's also cognitive bias.
However, if the same patient complains of chest pain and cries and repeats it, and if the patient's breath smells a little alcoholic, a sense of contempt is mixed with the understanding of the medical history.
The medical history cannot be grasped in the same way
I'm not a robot. I don't always work the same way.
And patients aren't cars, they don't always describe their symptoms in the same way.
For all these reasons mistakes are inevitable
If you follow the system that I've been taught to weed out the failing health care workers, there will be no one left.
In such a profession, people don't want to talk about their worst failures.
On my show, White Coats and Black Magic, I always told everyone, "This is my worst mistake." What are your mistakes?" Point the mic.
Then they'll open their eyes and start flinching, or they'll look down and swallow, and they'll start talking about their failures.
I wanted to talk, I wanted you to listen
I was hoping I could say, "Listen, don't make the same mistake."
We need an environment where we can do that.
We need to change the medical culture.
It starts with each doctor changing
Doctors, redefined, are humans, they know and accept themselves as humans, they don't brag about their failures, but they want to learn something from what they've done, and they want to teach it to others.
tell others about your experience
Encourage Others When They Share Their Mistakes
I also point out other people's mistakes. It doesn't mean that you don't overlook them. If you have a sincere desire to help, everyone will benefit.
In the culture in which these doctors work, they realize that it's the humans that run the system, and they admit that when humans run the system, they can make mistakes.
By doing so, the system will evolve and the system will be completed. It will make it easier for people to notice the mistakes that humans inevitably make. It's a place where you can point out things that can happen, and where those pointers are rewarded, especially when people like me come forward when they actually fail.
My name is Brian Goldman
This is the doctor, redefined.
I am human and can make mistakes
I'm sorry, but I'm a doctor trying to pass on the lessons I've learned from my mistakes to others.
I don't know what you think of me, but I have no regrets.
my last word i remember
(applause)
"Know thyself." This maxim has been known since ancient Greece.
Some people attribute this universal maxim to Plato, while others attribute it to Pythagoras.
But it doesn't really matter who said it first, because it's a wise man's teaching that still applies today.
"Know Thyself"
This word is so simple that it seems like it has no meaning, but doesn't it sound like a familiar and truthful word?
"Know Thyself"
I take this universal maxim to describe "the problem of consciousness," or more precisely, "disturbance of consciousness."
I have been fascinated by knowing myself
Following that fascination, I immersed myself in the arts, studied neuroscience, and eventually became a psychotherapist.
Now, as CEO of Interaxon, a thought-based computer technology company, my job is all about my passion.
My goal is very simple, I want people to be in harmony with themselves.
I set my goals based on this "know thyself"
Come to think of it, don't you think that the teachings of this maxim are like a unique characteristic of us humans?
So self-awareness is what separates us, Homo sapiens, from predecessors.
Today, we often spend so much time worrying about our iPhones and iPods that we don't stop and really understand ourselves.
A constant stream of exchanges of messages, e-mails, a vast amount of information exchanged through various media, passwords, apps, reminders, tags in tweets, we are buried in them, and the original role of noisy tools to serve ourselves is lost. I forgot to tell the world about myself
I spend a lot of time getting stuck in different ways,
We hardly have time to think deeply about ourselves.
I am distracted by many tools
I feel that the only way to escape is to drop all my tools and "retreat" to a distant, deserted place.
And then you go to the top of the mountain, far away, and you think that by resting your wings there, you're sure to get some rest, and you'll be able to organize your hectic days and reflect on yourself.
But even with such a mountain of great tranquility, what can you achieve?
just succeed in escaping
The word "withdrawal" is
A term used by the military when a battle is lost is to get out of where you are.
to know yourself
Are you feeling so much pressure from your world that you need to flee to the high hills?
And even if you step out of your daily life and think about it, eventually you have to come back to reality.
So when you think about it this way, we're like tourists who drop by to visit us.
After the holidays are over, it's all back to normal.
I ask all of you, is there any way to get to know your inner self without escaping?
Can we reframe how we interact with our tech-enhanced world to achieve the heightened self-awareness we seek?
Can we practice the age-old precept "Know thyself" while living in the connected modern world?
I think you can, and today I'm going to show you how.
This is the technology we're researching, a way to get to know yourself like never before, a technology that makes you who you are, furthering the age-old quest for self-knowledge.
This is called "computer manipulation by thought"
Look, I have a little electrode on my forehead.
This is an electroencephalogram sensor that picks up the electrical activity in my brain that occurs while I'm talking.
Brain waves are analyzed and drawn as waveforms.
let me show you what it's like
The blue line on the screen is my electroencephalogram
This is a signal measured from the head, rendered in real time.
The green and red vertical bars show the same signal in frequency bands, with low frequencies on the left and high frequencies on the right.
It's convincing, it's really wavy, but it doesn't really work for humans as it is.
So, I've been researching for a long time how this data can be useful to humans.
For example, what if data could tell you how relaxed you are at that moment?
Or what if we could take that information and display it in organic form on the screen?
And this shape on the right gives me an idea of ​​how the train of thought works in my head.
The more relaxed you are, the more energy will flow.
If you want to measure concentration, just look at the circuit on the left side.
The more you focus, the more energy fills your brain circuits.
Normally, there was no way to know specifically how focused or relaxed we were.
Sometimes we just don't understand our own emotions
Sometimes, without knowing it, stress can take over and we'll take the plunge, wishing we knew how we were feeling, only to regret it later when we've calmed down.
Greatly expands the potential for improvement in our lives and in ourselves
We're trying to build technology that allows us to work more efficiently, to be more relaxed in our breaks, to be more connected, to be more fulfilling.
I'll give you a little glimpse of the vision we're trying to bring to life, but before that, let's take a look at how we got there.
I don't mind if you watch my EEG anytime.
(Laughter) I've been working with the team at Interaxon on thinking manipulation applications for nearly a decade now.
At the beginning of development, my passion was to control something with thought.
I built something that could wake you up, turn on a light, and so on, just by thinking about it.
We've transcended the distances in our thoughts and devices.
We've created dozens of thought-controlled prototypes and products, like thought-controlled home appliances, slot car games, video games, and floating chairs.
And I've been really into creating technology and applications that require imagination.
And they asked me if I could do something big for the Olympics.
I was asked to do a large-scale installation for the 2010 Vancouver Winter Olympics, and while I was in Vancouver, I was able to control the lighting installed in the CN Tower, the Canadian Parliament Building, and Niagara Falls from a distance with just my thoughts.
Over the course of 17 days, 7,000 spectators from all over the world at the Olympics actually controlled the lights 3,000 kilometers away, in real time, all of them controlling the lighting of the CN Tower, the Capitol and Niagara Falls.
Thought control was pretty cool,
The team was more interested in multi-layered human interactions.
And then I set about inventing applications of thought manipulation in more complex frameworks than simple controls.
And then we got to the reaction of consciousness
I realized that I could create technology that knew who I was.
By interacting with technology, you become aware of your condition.
We created a sensitive room where the lights, the music, the blinds changed according to the state of the self.
Devices in the room respond to subtle changes in mental activity
For example, when you start relaxing on the couch in that room after a busy day, the music becomes mellow.
When I open the book, the light on the desk brightens.
If you're drowsy, the system will tell you to gradually dim the lights as you fall asleep.
I realized later that if there was technology that could understand me and I could use it for myself, there was a more valuable way to use it than the sensory room.
what you can know about yourself
You'll discover aspects of your personality that you didn't know about yourself, and you'll discover things you didn't know before.
let me show you an example
This is an application created for the iPad
"Zenbound" was originally a game in which a wooden pattern was wound with a rope.
Control this with a headset, wirelessly to your iPad or smartphone
The connected headset has cloth sensors on the forehead and above the ears.
The original "Zenbound" is operated by scrolling your finger on the pad
Even in the games we make, of course, your thoughts control the mold.
If you concentrate on the wooden pattern, the wooden pattern will rotate.
The more focused you are, the faster you spin.
the screen is real
Not made for demo
But what's really interesting is that at the end of the game, you get statistics and feedback on your thinking.
Graphs and charts tell you how your brain was working, not just how much rope you used or your high score, but what was going on in your mind.
This feedback is valuable because it allows you to understand what was going on inside of you.
I call this "intra-active"
We usually think of technology as interactive, or interactive.
This technology works inside
This technology builds a relationship that understands our inner selves and returns information to us, so that we can use that information to propel ourselves forward.
You can use that information in your reaction loop to understand yourself.
At Intraxon, intra-active technology is one of our unique mandates.
This technology allows us to understand what's inside of us and instantly reflect it in our external expression.
For example, thinking computer manipulation can teach children with ADD how to focus.
Children with ADD have a lower percentage of focused beta waves and a higher percentage of theta waves.
If you have an application that encourages a state of focused brain
Children will be able to control their own brain waves and improve their ADD symptoms by playing video games.
Expected to be as effective as Ritalin
Perhaps more importantly, thought-based computer manipulation allows children with ADD to feel their fluctuating mental states, to learn about themselves and how they learn best.
By recognizing one's condition and improving one's own symptoms, one can overcome the stigma of the public, that they are diagnosed and stigmatized as different.
We can look deep inside our heads and collaborate with things that were previously out of reach, mysterious and inaccessible.
EEG technology can understand us, predict our emotions, and provide the best solutions.
Imagine a collection of calculated and analyzed self-consciousness over a lifetime.
Imagine the insight into yourself that comes from an objective perspective.
It's like connecting to your own personal Google
Google lets you tag and search images based on what you think and how you feel when you look at them.
You could tag the happy emotion to any animal, even a baby animal, and search the database for that emotion, not for the keyword.
You can tag your photos on Facebook with the emotions that emanate from your memories, and they'll instantly sort them in the order they appeal to you, all by itself.
Bringing technology closer to humans is about integrating the way humans and technology interact that is already natural.
When applied to human behavior, it helps us understand what we should do and, more importantly, why we do it.
From all the important but tiny cues that shape us, we can get the big picture.
Using near-human technology, we can monitor the quality of our sleep cycles.
At times when productivity drops, we can analyze the data to find a more effective balance between work and rest.
Do you know what else causes fatigue, what keeps you energized, what triggers your depression, and what you can do to relieve your frustration?
Imagine if you had data, it would be possible to rank happiness. Who are you happiest with?
Do you spend more time with people who make you happy? Prioritize it?
So do you want a divorce?
The manipulation of computers by thought creates a multi-layered, colorful picture of life.
Now we can make sense of psychological events and create long-term behavioral stories.
We will be able to see the underlying messages that move us forward and tell us what is happening.
This allows us to change the course of our lives, our outcomes, our personalities, in our own hands.
2,000 years ago, Greek sages had keen insight.
I knew that if I lived by a short maxim and looked at myself, the important things would work out.
They saw the power of messages and human values ​​as things that change, evolve and grow.
But they also knew something more fundamental, the sheer joy that comes from discovery, the joy and excitement that comes from the world and being yourself in it, from looking at and feeling and knowing your own life. I understood richness
My mother was an artist, and when I was growing up, I used to watch her paintbrushes bring paintings to life.
In the beginning, a blank canvas could become any painting.
It soon came to life with my mother's colorful ideas and expressions.
Sitting beside my mother, watching painting after painting on canvas, I learned that I could create my own world.
We've learned that our inner ideas, our emotions, our imaginations are not bound by our brains or our bodies.
If you can think it, if you can discover it, you can do it.
For me, the manipulation of a computer by thought is as simple and powerful as a paintbrush, a tool that opens and activates the hidden world of the self.
I look forward to someday sitting by your side, opening up new toolboxes and discovering more about the world we create and about ourselves.
Thank you. (Applause)
You can't invest in the dead, only the survivors get invested.
More or less, when we think of victims, we think of women.
the invisible are not appreciated
No investment in the invisible
However, recovery looks like this
Six years ago, I started writing about women entrepreneurs before and after the conflict.
I had all the main characters, but I decided to write an exciting story about the economy that no one had touched.
The main character was none other than a woman
At 30, I quit my job at ABC News, which I loved, to go to business school in a completely different field.
None of my female friends in Maryland graduated from business school, let alone college.
Yet they work hard to feed their children and pay their rent.
Ever since I was little, I knew that having a steady income could transform the lives of even the poorest families.
Now, when we talk about work, we can't avoid talking about entrepreneurship.
And when we talk about entrepreneurship during and after conflict, women cannot be overlooked, because there are only women left.
In Rwanda immediately after the genocide, 77% of the total population was women.
Here's what I've learned from these entrepreneurs I've met along the way.
In 2005, when I visited Afghanistan for work, I met Camilla. Although she was young, she just recently turned down a job with an international organization that paid $2,000 a month.
He turned down an offer to start a new business of entrepreneurship counseling, teaching people all over Afghanistan business skills.
According to her, business has long been isolated from the international community.
It is essential for Afghanistan to maintain a safe and peaceful society.
Income creates respect and wealth creates power, which is why business is so much more important to women.
I was surprised
A girl who has never experienced peace is like a business person
(Laughter) "Why are you so business savvy?"
"Where does that passion come from?"
"This is my third time with Gale Business.
It started out in the clothing business under the Taliban.
In fact, I was able to provide jobs for the women in my neighborhood, and I'd say the business was a success.
That was the beginning of my entrepreneurial life.”
Imagine a woman risking her life to make money at a time when it was too dangerous to go outside.
When the economy collapsed, they sold dolls, shoelaces, windows, doors, whatever they had in order to survive.
I couldn't turn a blind eye to this topic, because wherever I went, I met these unknown, or rather ignored, women.
In Bosnia, I interviewed an IMF official who said, "Hey, Gail, I don't think there are any women in Bosnia who have a business. Well, I know one woman who sells cheese on the street.
Why don't you try talking to her? "
I decided to do so, and that same day I met Narcisa Cavazovic, who was opening a new factory on the former front in Sarajevo.
She started her business in an abandoned garage, sewing sheets and pillowcases and peddling around town, and she had a family of about 13 people to feed.
When we met, we had about 20 employees, mostly women, and they were sending their kids to school.
Beginning with Narcissa
I also met women who run essential oil businesses, wineries, and Bosnia's largest advertising agency.
These stories even made headlines in the Herald Tribune.
When I saw the post, I emailed an IMF official.
"If you're looking for the centerpiece of your next investment conference, how about these girls?"
(Applause) However,
Of course, it's not just the IMF staff who underestimate women.
These prejudices and false images are pervasive, whether intentionally or unintentionally.
“Microfinance” What image comes to mind?
Most people say "women"
By contrast, when it comes to "entrepreneurs," most say "men."
why?
Because of the false image of women as low-minded and small-scale.
Microfinance is a very powerful tool to enable self-sufficiency and improve self-esteem. Women have tremendous potential and we must move beyond our micro expectations and aspirations.
From micro to medium to bigger
they work all over the world
In America, women-owned businesses will create 5.5 million jobs by 2018.
About 500,000 companies in South Korea and Indonesia are owned by women.
China's micro-enterprise figure is a staggering 20%
What's more, globally, in developing countries, the percentage is as high as 40% to 50%.
Everywhere you go in the world, there are incredibly attractive entrepreneurs struggling to break into investments and markets and expand their businesses.
But more often than not, it's dismissed as too difficult to support women entrepreneurs.
The risk of investing $50,000 is much higher than investing $500.
As the World Bank recently announced, women are caught in a productivity trap.
Women owners of micro-enterprises are also hindered by the lack of funding to expand their businesses.
The other day, when I went to the State Department in Washington, I met a very powerful entrepreneur from Ghana.
I am in the chocolate business
Washington has not applied for grants or microloans,
They were looking to attract significant investment to build a factory and purchase machinery to expand their chocolate business, to export their products to Africa, Europe, the Middle East and the rest of the world, beyond their existing workforce of more than 20 people. She needs investments to create more jobs and boost her country's economy.
Fortunately, I already know how
from theory and practice from experience
We don't have to invent a solution -- we already have it. Loans based on cash flows, not assets. Loans based on contracts rather than collateral. Women rarely own land.
Microlending specialist Kiva.org is piloting crowdsourcing for small and midsize loans
These efforts are just beginning
It seems to be a trend these days to refer to women as "an emerging market within an emerging market."
wonderful!
Why?
As someone in the financial industry, I can tell you that over the last decade, 500 billion dollars have been poured into this emerging market.
Because even in this recession, investors expect a return on their investment, and that's how financial products and new financial products have been developed for this emerging market.
How wonderful it would be if we could invest $500 billion in women and realize their economic potential without any strings attached.
Imagine the jobs, productivity, employment, child support, maternal mortality, literacy, the benefits of this investment!
The World Economic Forum has announced that there is a direct relationship between the gender index and economic competitiveness.
Of course, there is no country in the world where there is no disparity in economic participation between men and women.
But on the upside, it offers us opportunities.
There is still room for growth
Do you understand? This isn't just charity, it's an opportunity for global economic growth and job creation.
It's about how we invest and how we think about women.
Women are no longer half the population or special benefits
(Applause) Reporters often say to me, "Gail, it's a very interesting story, but you're dealing with an exception."
I am at a loss for words in amazement
First, the number of women entrepreneurs is more than exceptional, and their importance cannot be ignored.
Next, when we talk about successful men, they're invariably identified as icons, pioneers, or even innovators to emulate.
Women, by contrast, are either treated as an exception or dismissed as crazy.
And finally, no other country in the world has experienced social change outside of this majority.
So instead of overlooking them, let's celebrate and nurture these women who are game changers and job creators.
These recovery stories touched my private life and have affected my life in many ways.
My mother was a single mother who worked for the phone company by day and sold Tupperware by night, all for my future.
I did everything I could to save money, including food discount coupons when my breast cancer was so advanced that I couldn't work.
I was only nine or ten and I felt sorry for myself, my mother said, "Your misfortune compared to the world's catastrophes.
It's so cute." I didn't know anyone who went to business school.
She said, "Don't let other people set your limits."
One time, when I complained to my grandmother -- she's a WWII veteran who worked in the film industry for half a century and has been feeding me since I was 13 -- she was turned down from my dream job abroad for ABC. She was lamenting that she couldn't find another job she wanted to do when she put it away She said, "Hey, remember two things.
First, no one would turn down a Fulbright Scholar. Second, McDonald's is always looking for part-time jobs."
(Laughs) "There's always work to do, do your best!"
The women in my family are no exception.
Ladies in this room, and L.A.
By extension, everyone listening all over the world is no exception.
We women are not niche
we are the majority
Enough is enough, women have underestimated themselves and been underestimated by those around them.
Now is the time to hold high expectations for women and to invest aggressively to benefit women around the world.
Women can change the world, and these changes will not only contribute to women, but to a tired global economy that needs women's power.
Together, the so-called exceptions take center stage.
If you change the way you see yourself, others will follow suit.
Now is the time to step beyond the boundaries of men and women and take a broader view.
thank you very much
(applause)
Today, I'd like to introduce you to a revolutionary approach to managing goods in warehouses.
Introducing the process from product selection to packaging and shipping
Just a hint, this solution involves hundreds of mobile robots, sometimes thousands of robots moving around a warehouse, and we can solve the problem.
Just imagine the last time you ordered something online.
You sit in your chair and think you really want this red T-shirt
-click! - and add to shopping cart
And then the green trousers are also very nice - click! -
Maybe even blue shoes - click! -
Then put together the order
I don't look back even a little, wondering if it doesn't suit me
Press the "Confirm Order" button
2 days later the parcel arrived at my door
You open the box and say, "Wow, I got the goods."
Have you ever wondered how these items were sorted out of the boxes in the warehouse?
That's exactly what I want to talk to you about today.
In the center of this picture is a traditional packing worker working in a shipping or order fulfillment field.
Typically, these packers spend 60 to 70 percent of their day looking around the warehouse.
I often walk 10 to 20 kilometers around the warehouse looking for products.
Not only is this an unproductive way of fulfilling orders, but sometimes we can't find inventory and fill orders.
Let me tell you the story of when I first encountered this problem.
I was in the San Francisco Bay Area in 1999 and 2000 during the dotcom boom.
I worked at Webvan, which was going to shut down with astonishing spectacle.
(Laughter) Webvan has raised billions of dollars with the concept of "perishables delivered online."
I've run into the reality that it can't be realized at a low cost.
Implementing e-commerce was difficult and very expensive.
In this case, we collected 30 items from the shelves, boxed them up, put them on a truck, and tried to deliver them to our homes.
And after looking into it, it cost me 30 bucks.
Think about it, it costs a dollar to find and box an 89-cent can of soup.
This is actually the cost before the truck leaves for home.
So in a nutshell, in the year I was at Webvan, I was talking to all the logistics companies, and what I realized was that none of them were able to handle the packaging of loose goods.
It's like putting red, green, and blue in one box.
We were talking that there must be a better way.
The way it was done back then was to put pallets and crates in warehouses for retailers to put their goods in.
Of course, Webvan went bankrupt, but for the next year and a half, this problem haunted me.
So I started thinking again
So let me tell you what I would want if I were a packer, my idealism.
(Laughter) Now let's focus on problem solving.
After receiving the order, all I have to do is put red, green and blue in this box.
I want to have a system where you can stretch out your hand and the products will appear and you can pack them.
This is what I need So what technology can solve the problem -
But as you can see, the orders are pouring in, the product is constantly flowing.
So the focus should be on putting workers at the center of this problem and giving them ways to be as productive as possible.
How did you arrive at this concept?
It's actually a result of brainstorming, which is probably the way you all use it, and it's a way of brainstorming your ideas.
Of course, we start with a clean slate, but we use extreme cases like infinity and zero to test our ideas.
In this case, we tried the following idea: what if we had a distribution center in China, what if we had a very low-cost market.
In other words, if labor and land were cheap,
Specifically, "What if you could build a million-square-foot distribution center at $0 an hour for direct labor?"
The natural conclusion in this case is, "Let's use more workers in the warehouse."
But I said, "Wait a minute, I'm paid zero hourly, but my job is hiring. I'm going to come to the warehouse at 8 o'clock every day, go into the warehouse, take one item from the inventory, and then hire 10,000 workers who are just standing around.
You're Captain Crunch You're Mountain Dew You're Diet Coke
I'll call you when you need me, otherwise please stand.
When I say Diet Coke, you talk to each other.
And then the Diet Coke walks forward, grabs it, puts it in the case and it's done
Oh, what if goods could walk and talk on their own?
This is a very interesting and powerful way to potentially organize your warehouse well.
Of course, there's a gap between reality and this ideal. Wages aren't free, are they?
(Laughter) We call this a "moving shelf" -- we put our products on the moving shelf.
Use mobile robots to move inventory
The idea was still incomplete at the time, but it was in 2008 when I was sitting on the couch.
Did you see the opening ceremony of the Beijing Olympics?
I almost fell off the couch when I saw this
This is it!
(Laughter) (Applause) Thousands of people on warehouse floors, stadium floors.
Interestingly, this ties in with the incredibly powerful and impressive digital art they created, though it's done without the use of computers and through individual collaboration.
you stand and i crouch
and it will be great art
When things start communicating with each other, the system gains new powers.
This is the beginning of a little journey
Of course, the idea must be practical.
there is a warehouse here
A sorting, packing and distribution center that handles 10,000 products
For example, a red pen, a green pen, and a yellow post-it note.
Send out a little orange robot to fetch a blue shelf.
And the shelf is delivered to the wall of the building
All packers are staying on the edge of the warehouse.
It's like a game, picking up a shelf and taking it down the highway to the packing crew.
This packer looks very different (unusual).
Instead of walking around the warehouse, she sits like this, and all the goods are delivered to her.
So the process is very productive.
Reach out, pick it up, scan the barcode, pack it up
When you're done and you turn around, other items are waiting to be picked up and packed next.
We've done away with the non-value added movement, searching, wasting and waiting. invented a way to ensure that
So it's a more productive, more accurate, and a better working environment for packing workers.
In fact they fulfill all orders
There we also sort red, green and blue.
So they feel more in control of their work environment than they used to.
We were really surprised by the side effects of this approach.
I thought it would be a more productive way
I didn't realize it spilled over into other functions in the warehouse.
This approach, successful in distribution centers, has been superseded by a multitude of parallel processing engines.
This is the synergy of ideas
This is the warehouse, and we're thinking about configuring it like a supercomputer with parallel processing.
In the case you see here, the 10 workers on the right side of the screen are independent packers.
If a worker at Station 3 decides to go to the restroom, the productivity of the remaining nine workers will not change.
In contrast, in the traditional conveyor method,
Someone tells you what to do, and you put something in a box and give it to the next worker.
Everyone needs to be in position for uninterrupted work.
And that's where we come up with ways to make our warehouses more stable.
And behind the scenes, there's an interesting mechanism for managing popular products.
We use dynamic, adaptive algorithms to optimize the warehouse floor.
For example, the week before Valentine's Day
All the pink dusted candies are placed in the front of the building, and the packing station fills the many orders.
Two days after Valentine's Day, the unsold candies are moved to the back of the warehouse and placed in a cooler area.
A side effect of this concurrent system is that it can scale up like crazy.
(Laughter) Whether it's two stations, or 20 stations, or 200 stations, the best route and inventory algorithms work.
In the example I'm presenting here, the stations are on the edge of the warehouse, so the inventory is also on the periphery.
These are self-organized
And to wrap things up, I'm going to show you one final video that shows how this setup actually impacts a packer's day.
As I told you, the inventory travels up and down the highway to the packing station.
Our software behind the scenes knows what's going on at each station. We traverse the highway. We direct fleets of robots. may be able to indicate
Interestingly, it can also be adapted to the speed of the worker.
Fast workers pick up more containers, but slow workers pick up fewer containers.
These workers are going through exactly the kind of experience I just told you about.
When she reaches out her hand, the product jumps into her hand,
just reach out and receive
Scan product and add to cart
All the technology is hidden behind the scenes
All she has to do is pick it up and pack it
No time wasted, no need to leave your mat
I think this method not only increases productivity, but it also allows us to fulfill orders more accurately.
We see this as a more reliable way to fulfill orders.
The reason is that the workers in the building are vying for the privilege of working in the Kiva zone that day.
Sometimes we have workers tell us in testimonial videos that they have time to play with their grandchildren after a day's work, or that they don't need to take high blood pressure medicine because the Kiva zone is stress-free. give
(Laughter) This was a pharmaceutical distributor, so they told me not to use the video.
(Laughter) So what I want to share with you today is that if you think and act and think for yourself, there are some interesting processes and productivity gains out there.
And the next time you order something over the Internet, pick it up at your doorstep, open the box, and look at the item, you'll be surprised to think that behind the scenes, a robot is finding the item you ordered and helping you pack it.
Thank you very much
(applause)
As Commander-in-Chief of the Dutch Armed Forces and on behalf of our units stationed around the world, I am very honored to be here with you.
As I look around, you're all very special here at TED Amsterdam.
In order to meet such people, I decided to come to this venue.
It's easy to see when you look around.
You're striving to make the world a better place. You're making scientific breakthroughs. You're doing inspiring artistic work. You're writing critical articles, inspiring books. You're starting a sustainable business. increase
And all of you are choosing different tools to fulfill your mission to create a better world.
Some chose a microscope as their tool of choice.
Others dance, paint, or compose the song you just heard.
Some people pick up pens
Some have chosen money as a tool
Ladies and gentlemen, I made a different choice.
thank you
ladies and gentlemen
(Laughter) (Applause) My goal is the same as yours.
my goals are the same as any other speaker
I chose no pen, no brush, no camera.
i chose this
i chose the gun
As you may have heard, having a gun so close might make you feel uneasy.
You'll even feel fear, real guns
it's right in front of me
Let's feel this anxiety together for a little while
you can hear
Let's take it seriously -- most of you probably haven't been near a gun before.
Because Holland is a peaceful country.
Holland is not at war.
Soldiers don't have to patrol our streets.
guns have nothing to do with our lives
The situation in many countries is different.
People in many countries are at gunpoint
they are oppressed they are frightened
It's run by warlords, terrorists, and criminals. Weapons are very dangerous.
Weapons cause pain
So why am I standing in front of you with this weapon in my hand?
Why did I choose this gun as my tool?
Today I'm going to tell you why. Let's talk.
Why did you choose guns, how do you want to make the world a better place?
And I'll tell you how this gun can help you.
The story begins in the city of Nijmegen, in the eastern part of the Netherlands, where I was born.
My father was a hardworking baker, and he would always tell me and my brothers stories after work.
I'm going to tell you what we talked about most often.
This story takes place early in World War II when my father served in the Dutch army as a conscript.
the nazis invaded the netherlands
their ruthless plans were clear
they were trying to control by repression
It was impossible to stop Germany with diplomatic efforts
there was only force
that was the last resort
my father gave that force
The son of a farmer, my father was a good hunter and an excellent marksman.
He never missed the target he set his sights on.
At this crucial moment in Dutch history, my father was stationed on the banks of the Waal near the city of Nijmegen.
From their position they could target the German soldiers without any hindrance.They came to occupy our country, the land of the free.
However, even if I shot it, it didn't hit.
shot again
Not a single German soldier was killed.
The old-fashioned gun my father was issued with didn't reach the other side of the river.
Hitler kept marching and there was nothing my father could do.
Until the day he died, my father regretted that the bullet had missed.
something must have happened to my father
But with the old guns, even the best shooters in the military couldn't hit their targets.
this story stuck in my mind
When I was in high school, I was moved by the stories of Allied soldiers who left the safety of their homes and risked their lives to fight to liberate an unknown country and people.
we liberated the city of my birth
I decided to pick up my gun, in awe of the Allied soldiers who set us free, and—
I've realized that sometimes only guns can cut the line between good and evil.
That's why I picked up a gun, not to shoot, not to kill, not to destroy, but just to stop the bad guys, to protect the weak, to protect the values ​​of democracy and freedom. To protect that freedom, and we're here today in Amsterdam to tell you what we can do for the world.
Ladies and gentlemen, today I will not talk about the wonders of weapons.
i hate guns
If you're under fire, it becomes even more obvious. Guns are never a macho tool or something to brag about.
Today, I'm going to share with you how we can use guns as tools for peace and stability.
Guns may be the most important tool for peace and stability.
sounds like a contradiction
But I've seen it with my own eyes, and my experience as a Dutch military commander in Lebanon and Sarajevo convinced me, both statistically and objectively.
Violence has declined dramatically in the last 500 years.
Contrary to what we see in the news every day, wars between developed nations are almost non-existent.
Murder rates in Europe have dropped 30 times since the Middle Ages.
Moreover, civil wars and repressions have declined since the end of the Cold War.
Statistics show that we live in a time of relative peace.
why why is there less violence
Have people changed their minds?
I just had a lecture this morning.
Have we abandoned our animal impulses Where have vengeance, violent rituals and outbursts of anger gone?
Or is there another factor
According to Harvard University Professor Steven Pinker's most recent writings and many thinkers over the years, the main factors that led to the formation of a less violent society were the spread of the rule of law, the monopoly of the use of legitimate force by many nations, and the use of force. is legitimized by a democratically elected government, checked and balanced, and legitimized by an independent judiciary.
In other words, state monopolies provided adequate control over the use of force.
One such monopoly on the use of force is security.
It cuts the temptation of an arms race between potentially hostile groups in our society.
Second, this trend is exacerbated by the presence of deterrents that outweigh the benefits of violence.
Ending violence brings greater benefits than starting war.
The flywheel of non-violence begins to turn
and promote peace
Trade flourishes without conflict
Trade is an important deterrent to violence.
Trade creates interdependence and mutual benefit between parties
Moreover, the existence of mutual benefits means that if there were to be a war, the losses would be greater than the gains.
War is no longer the best option, which is why violence is declining.
Ladies and gentlemen, this is the rationale for the existence of our military.
The military has a monopoly on the state's right to use force.
We act only by legitimate means and when democracy demands it.
This legal and regulated use of firearms has greatly contributed to wars, conflicts and violence around the world.
It's gone down, and many civil wars can be resolved by participating in peacekeeping operations.
Soldiers use guns as tools for peace
That means how dangerous a lawless country can be.
A lawless country cannot legitimately and democratically control the use of force.
Lawless nations don't know how to use guns as tools of peace and stability.
A lawless nation is pulling entire regions into chaos and conflict.
Propagating the concept of the rule of law is an important aspect of how we operate abroad.
That's why we're building a justice system in Afghanistan right now.
We train police officers, we train judges, we train prosecutors all over the world.
Also, for us, the Dutch Constitution clearly states that one of the main tasks of the armed forces is to enforce and promote international law.
Ladies and gentlemen, look at this gun, we are facing the ugly side of the human mind.
Every day, I hope that politicians, diplomats, development donors will transform conflict into peace, threat into hope.
And I hope that one day there will be no need for armed forces, that humanity will be free from violence and oppression, and find a way to live together.
But until that day comes, we have to find a compromise between ideals and people's failures.
Until that day comes, I will fight for my father who tried to shoot the Nazis with an old gun.
I will fight for a world without violence for the soldiers who risk themselves
I fight for this soldier. She has partial hearing loss and a permanent injury to her leg. She was hit by a rocket while operating in Afghanistan.
Ladies and Gentlemen, until the day comes when we can put our guns down, I hope we can all agree that our peace and stability don't come for free.
There's a tough job ahead of you behind the scenes.
We need good equipment and well-trained and dedicated soldiers.
I hope that you will support our troops like this young captain, and provide her with good guns, not the old guns my father issued.
We hope that you will support us - when our soldiers are out, when we are home, and when we are hurt and when we need our care.
They're risking their lives for us, for you, we can't abandon them.
I hope you can respect this soldier with this gun.
she wants a better world
She's making a positive contribution to making the world a better place, like all of you here today.
thank you
(applause)
No one in our society is unaffected by cancer, if not personally, but through loved ones, family, colleagues and friends.
And once you're familiar with cancer, you quickly realize that there are basically three weapons, or tools, in the fight against cancer: surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy.
Moreover, once involved in a treatment decision, whether for oneself or accompanying a loved one or family member, one quickly learns about the benefits, costs, and limitations of these modalities.
I'm very grateful to have Jay, Mark and the TEDMED team inviting me today to talk about a new tool, the fourth weapon, the tumor therapeutic field (TTF).
It's a treatment invented by Dr. Yoram Parthi, professor emeritus at the Israel Institute of Technology.
Using low-intensity electric fields to fight cancer
To understand how TTF works, we first need to understand what an electric field is.
Let me first clear up some common misconceptions.
First of all, an electric field is not a current that flows between tissues.
Electric fields aren't ionizing radiation like X-rays or proton beams, so they don't bombard tissue and disrupt DNA.
Also, electric fields are not magnetic.
An electric field is a field of force.
And these forces act by attracting anything with an electric charge.
The best way to imagine electric fields is to think about gravity.
Gravity is also a force field, acting on mass.
Imagine an astronaut in space
It floats freely in three dimensions without being acted upon by forces.
But when the space shuttle returns to Earth, and the astronauts enter Earth's gravitational field, they begin to experience the effects of gravity.
attracted to earth
When you land, you're perfectly aligned with the gravitational field.
Of course, we're all bound by the Earth's gravitational field.
It's what keeps me in my chair
That's why you can't stand up, walk around, or lift things without using muscle energy.
In cancer, the cells divide rapidly, leading to uncontrolled tumor growth.
We can liken the cell to a mini space station and think about it from an electrical perspective.
That space station has chromosomes, the genetic material, in the nucleus.
In addition, in the outer cytoplasmic soup, specialized proteins necessary for cell division float and move freely in either direction.
The important point is that these special proteins are one of the most highly charged substances in the human body.
At the onset of cell division, the structure of the nucleus is lost, the chromosomes line up in the center of the cell, and these specialized proteins line up, top to bottom, side to side, literally connecting end to end to form chains.
These chains extend and connect to the genetic material, pulling it apart from one cell into two cells.
This is exactly how one cancer cell becomes two, two cancer cells become four, and ultimately, uncontrolled growth of the tumor.
TTF places a transducer attached to an electric field generator outside the body to create an artificial electric field that acts on the space station.
And when the cell's space station enters the electric field, the electric field acts on the highly charged proteins and aligns them.
And it prevents proteins from forming chains, and these spindles are necessary for the separation of genetic material into daughter cells.
What happens is that for hours the cell tries to divide.
It can end in one of two ways: either programmed cell death, the so-called suicide of the cell, or, once divided, it forms defective daughter cells and undergoes apoptosis.
can actually see
I'm going to show you two in vitro experiments.
This is an exact same culture of cervical cancer cells.
These cultured cells are made to fluoresce green so that we can see the proteins that form the chains.
The first video is normal cell division without TTF.
The first thing you'll notice is that the cells in culture are very active.
I also see constant division.
Now, if we apply an electric field here -- the same cell culture, of course, on the same time scale -- we see a different picture.
Cells curl up to divide, in which state they don't move much.
You can see two cells about to divide -- at the top of the screen.
Circled cells manage to divide
But look at how many proteins are distributed throughout the nucleus, even in dividing cells.
the cells above cannot even divide
Furthermore, this foaming of the membrane is characteristic of the apoptosis seen in these cells.
Healthy spindle formation is necessary for any type of cell division.
We've applied TTF to more than 20 types of cancer cells in our labs, and this effect is seen in all cases.
Now, the point is that TTF has no effect on normal, nondividing cells.
Ten years ago, Dr. Parti founded a company called Novocure to turn his discoveries into practical treatments for patients.
Over the last decade, Novocure has developed two systems, one for cancers of the head and one for cancers of the trunk.
The first cancer we focused on was glioblastoma, a deadly brain tumor.
Glioblastoma affects about 10,000 people in the United States each year.
glioblastoma is a death sentence
Five-year survival rate is less than 5%
What's more, even with optimal therapy, the typical glioblastoma patient lives just a little over a year, and relapses and begins to grow just about seven months after the initial cancer treatment.
Novocure conducted three phase 1 randomized clinical trials in patients with recurrent glioblastoma
So these patients have already had surgery, they've also had high doses of radiation to their head, they've had their first round of chemotherapy, but it didn't work, and their tumors grew back.
The patients were divided into two groups
The first group received a second dose of chemotherapy, which is supposed to double their life expectancy compared to no treatment at all.
Then the second group was treated with TTF alone.
What this study found was that both groups had the same life expectancy -- that is, the chemotherapy group and the TTF group had the same life expectancy.
But the point is that the TTF arm didn't suffer from any of the typical side effects of chemotherapy patients.
No pain, no infections
There was no nausea, diarrhea, constipation, or fatigue associated with chemotherapy.
Based on this study, in April of this year, the US Food and Drug Administration approved TTF for patients with recurrent glioblastoma.
And it was the first time the Food and Drug Administration had included a quality-of-life claim in a cancer treatment approval.
I'm going to introduce you to one of the subjects in this trial.
Robert Dill Bundi is a famous Swiss cycling champion.
Won a gold medal in the 4,000m overtaking at the Moscow Olympics
And five years ago, Robert was diagnosed with glioblastoma.
receive standard treatment
undergo surgery
I received a lot of radiation in my head
I also had my first round of chemotherapy.
One year after this treatment - this is his baseline MRI.
You can see the black area in the upper right, and this is the area that was operated on.
A year after this treatment, his tumor grew again at a furious pace.
This cloudy white mass is a tumor recurrence.
At this point, doctors told him he had about three months to live.
joined our clinical trial
This is how he is being treated
First of all, these electrodes are non-invasive.
on the skin around the tumor
It's on, here's a technician applying it in the same way as a band-aid.
The patient learns to do this on their own, and then the patient is free to do any of their daily activities.
no fatigue at all
It doesn't slow down your brain like chemotherapy does.
without feeling
Does not interfere with computers or electronic devices
Treatment is continuous at home, without the need to go to the hospital on a regular or ongoing basis.
These are Robert's MRI's, again, just TTF.
This treatment takes time to take effect.
It's a medical device that works only when you're wearing it.
But what is clear is that by the sixth month, the tumor is responding and starting to shrink.
the tumor is still there
By the 12th month, there may still be a little bit left on the edges, but it's almost completely gone.
It's been five years since Robert's diagnosis, and he's still alive, and more importantly, he's doing well.
This very short video gives the patient an impression of the treatment.
In his own words (video) Roberto: The quality of my life.
i really am the happiest person in the world
every morning i am grateful for life
Every night I go to sleep comfortably I repeat I am the happiest man in the world And I am grateful to be alive
Bill: Novocure is also working on a second target, lung cancer.
We did a phase II clinical trial in Switzerland, also in relapsed patients, who received standard treatment but their cancer came back.
I'm going to show you another video of a woman named Lydia.
Lydia is a 66-year-old farm worker from Switzerland.
I was diagnosed with lung cancer five years ago.
She went through four different chemotherapy regimens over two years.
None worked, the cancer continued to grow.
Three years ago, I joined a Novocure lung cancer trial.
In her case, you can see she's wearing transducer arrays, one on her chest and one on her back, and a second set over her liver, flank to flank.
You can see the TTF generator, but the important thing is that she lives a normal life.
manage the farm
I interact with my children and grandchildren
When we spoke to her, she said, "When I was on chemotherapy, I had to go to the hospital every month for an IV.
The whole family had a hard time until the side effects occurred and they were cured.
Now I can control all the activities of my farm."
this is just the beginning
(Applause) Experimentally, we've seen a great synergistic effect between chemotherapy and TTF.
Research is currently underway at Harvard Medical School to find the optimal combination to maximize this effect.
We expect that TTF will also be effective in combination with radiation, blocking the cell's self-repair mechanisms.
A new research project is now underway in Karolinska, Sweden, to prove this hypothesis.
Other trials are planned Lung cancer Pancreatic cancer Ovarian cancer
And breast cancer, and I firmly believe that in the next decade, TTF will be available to physicians and patients as a weapon against all of the most difficult solid tumors to treat.
And I'm very hopeful that the next few decades will bring significant progress in reducing mortality, which has been a major problem with this disease.
thank you
(applause)
When I was 7 and my sister was 5, we were playing together on the bunk bed.
I was two years older than my sister at the time... I'm still two years older than you... but back then I was in charge of everything, and we ended up playing war.
so on the bunk bed
On one end are my G.I. Joe soldiers and weapons
On the other side, my little sister, My Little Pony, was preparing for a cavalry charge.
There's a lot of disagreement about what happened that afternoon, but my sister isn't here today, so I'll tell you the truth.
My brother didn't push or do anything, but suddenly disappeared from the bed and fell to the floor.
I looked down from the side of the bed and saw my sister landing on all fours in pain.
I was worried because my parents had told me to stay safe and play with my sister.
Especially since I just injured my sister's arm a week ago... (Laughter) I bravely pushed her away from an imaginary sniper. I tried desperately to help my sister. She didn't even notice the bullets. I've always acted like my brother.
Pain, suffering, and surprise, I was on the verge of crying, and I was about to wake my parents up from their long winter nap.
I did the only thing I could think of in my panicked seven-year-old mind to avoid the tragedy.
If you have kids, you'll see it a lot, and I said, "Amy, please don't cry.
Do you know how you landed?
Humans don't land on all fours
This means you're a unicorn."
(Laughter) It's a cunning move, because nothing could have been more appealing to my sister than the idea that she was a special unicorn instead of a pain-bearing five-year-old.
My poor sister's little head being manipulated
I could see that they were struggling to decide whether to let go of the pain and suffering and amazement they were going through, or to immerse themselves in their newfound unicorn self—and the latter won out.
I started crying and told my parents to stop playing
Instead of triggering the negative consequences that would have happened to me, she ran back onto her bed with a smile on her face, showing off the grace of a baby unicorn... (Laughter) . while 5 and 7 years old
What we experienced in this childhood -- we didn't understand it then -- was the harbinger of a scientific revolution that would change the way we see the human brain 20 years later.
What we experienced was something called positive psychology, and it's why I'm here, and it's what drives me every day.
When I started talking about this research outside of academia, in companies, in schools, I was told that I shouldn't start my talk with a graph.
What I want to show you is a graph
At first glance, it looks like a boring graph, but that's what got me excited and started working.
And this graph doesn't mean anything because it's made up data...
(Laughter) If this were your survey data, I'd be very excited, because we're seeing very clear trends, so it's going to be published in journals, and that's really all that matters.
The fact that there's a weird point off the curve... it's not a problem because there's some strange people in the mix... I know who I saw just now.
As you can see, no problem, you can just delete it.
We can remove it because it's obviously a measurement error.
The reason it's a measurement error is because it messes up my data.
In economics, statistics, psychology, the first thing we teach is how to eliminate outliers in a statistically sound way.
How can I remove the outliers so that I get the best curve?
If what I'm trying to find out is, "How many painkillers should the average person take?"
If what you're looking to discover is the secret of your potential, your happiness, your productivity, your energy, your creativity, then this approach is "average" worship in the name of science.
When asked about "how quickly children learn to read in the classroom," the scientist said,
I'd paraphrase it as "how quickly the average child learns to read in the classroom." I would paraphrase it as "how quickly the average child learns to read in the classroom."
If you get below average on this curve
Psychologists will be thrilled that you're either depressed or have a disability, it doesn't matter if it's both.
And I hope so, because the psychiatrist's business model is to make people who come to see me with one problem realize they have 10 problems, and then send them back and forth, even back to childhood, if necessary.
Ultimately, we want to bring the patient back to normal, but normal is just average.
Positive psychology points out that
If you're studying something that's just average, it's going to be just average.
Rather than dismissing the positive outliers, when you look at a distribution like that, you should be more proactive about asking why some people's abilities are -- why are they so far above the curve?
Intellectual ability, athleticism, musical taste, creativity, energy levels, resilience in the face of challenges, sense of humor, whatever it is, I want to study it, not just get rid of it.
so everyone
You might find out how to not only raise the average, but also raise the average of your own company and schools around the world.
This graph is important to me because when I look at the news, most of it is not positive, it's negative.
A lot of the news is about murder, corruption, disease and natural disasters.
So the brain assumes that reality is full of negativity, the colloquial term for medical school syndrome.
wake up
If you know anyone who's been to medical school, they know that in their first year of medical school, they read about different symptoms and illnesses, and all of a sudden they realize they all apply to them.
I have a brother-in-law named Bobo... On a different note, Bobo married Amy the Unicorn.
I got a call from Bobo, who is in Yale medical school, and he said, "Sean, I have leprosy."
(Laughter) I'm sure it's rare in Yale.
I didn't know how to comfort poor Bobo, after all, the menopause that's been bothering me for the last week.
(Laughter) What this shows us is that reality doesn't necessarily shape us, but the lens through which our brain views the world shapes our reality.
And if you change that lens, you can not only change your well-being, but you can change the outcome of all your studies and work. That's why I applied to Harvard.
I didn't think I could get in just by trying, and I didn't have the financial means to afford it.
Two weeks later, I got a military scholarship and was admitted.
Suddenly the impossibility became a reality
When I got into Harvard, everyone else took it as an honor.
I thought you must be excited, even if all the people around you were smarter than you.
I thought I would be happy just to be there... but I've come to realize that's not always the case.
After four years in college, I spent eight years in a dormitory with other students... Harvard asked me to.
I was asked to counsel a student who was having a problem.
Through the research and guidance I did at that time, I realized that even though I was happy at first with the success of getting into Harvard, after two weeks, all I could think about was how grateful I was to be at Harvard, but also about studying philosophy and physics. But it's the competition, the academic burden, the problems, the stress, the frustration.
I walked into the first grade cafeteria hall with a friend who had come to visit from my hometown in Texas.
"This diner looks like Hogwarts from Harry Potter." That's right.
Hogwarts and the Harvard diner from the movies, then my friend said,
"Aren't you wasting your time studying happiness at Harvard? Being a Harvard student?
I don't know why you feel unhappy."
This question hides the key to understanding the science of happiness.
We assume that we can tell by looking at a person's surroundings, but in reality, even if we knew everything about a person's surroundings, we would only be able to predict about 10% and 90% of their long-term well-being. is not the surrounding environment
It's all about how our brain processes the environment around us, and how we
If we can change the laws of happiness and success, we can change what we can do, and we can change our reality.
We found that IQ predicts only 25% of job success, and the remaining 75% depends on your level of optimism, your support, and your ability to see stress as a challenge rather than a threat.
When I spoke to some of the most prestigious boarding schools in New England, they said, "I know that, so we don't just teach studies, we have health weeks.
People are having fun.
Monday Night: "Adolescent Depression" Tuesday Night: "Violence and Bullying at School"
Wednesday night is an "eating disorder"
Thursday night is "substance abuse"
Friday night, it's either 'dangerous sex' or 'happy'
I'm still undecided." (laughs)
I said, "Most people do on Friday nights." (Laughter)
I said, "Most people do on Friday nights." (Laughter) (Applause) They didn't like it.
There was some silence on the phone and then I said
"I'm happy to tell you at your school that it's sick week rather than health week.
I'm going to explain all the negative things, but I'm not talking about the positive at all." Absence of disease is not health.
to be healthy
We need to invert the laws of happiness and success.
In the last three years, I've traveled to 45 countries, working with schools and businesses in recession.
What I've found is that the formula for success that most businesses and schools hold is, "If you work hard, you will succeed. If you succeed, you will be happy."
This is the basis of how many people parent, how they manage, how they motivate.
First, every time you succeed, your brain does
It's about redefining success: if you get good grades, you get better grades.
If you get into a good school, get into a better one If you get a good job, get a better job If you hit your sales goals, aim higher If happiness is on the other side of success, your brain will never get there.
What we've done is that society has come together to push happiness out of the realm of perception.
It means that we can be happy if we succeed.
But our brains work in the opposite order.
That person's brain begins to exhibit a "happiness advantage," which means that a positive brain performs much better than a negative or stressed brain: higher intelligence, greater creativity, increased energy.
practically any work result
found to improve the positive state of the brain
31% more productive than a negative brain 37% more successful in sales
Doctors are 19% faster to diagnose correctly when they're positive, not negative or neutral, which shows that the law can be reversed.
If only I could be positive about the current situation
The brain works harder, faster, and intelligently, and as a result, becomes more successful.
If you can turn the laws of happiness and success upside down, you'll see what your brain is really capable of.
Dopamine, which increases in the brain when we're positive, has two roles: not only does it cause us to feel euphoric.
We turn on all the learning features so that we can adapt to the world differently, so that our brains become more positive.
We've found a way to train for 21 days to do what you can do in just two and a half minutes.
You rewire your brain so that it works to be more optimistic and more successful in every company you go to now.
This is what I teach them: write down three new things you're grateful for every day for 21 days, and by the time you're done, there's nothing negative in the world.
You develop a pattern of trying to find the positive things first, by journaling your positive experiences in the last 24 hours.
Your brain will relive it. Exercise teaches your brain that action matters. Meditation.
We fall into trying to do multiple tasks at the same time
Overcome your cultural ADHD so that you can focus on the task at hand, and do conscious acts of kindness.
Every time I open my mail software, I feel admiration and gratitude for someone who supports me Every time I open my mail software, I feel admiration and gratitude for someone who supports me
Some people say that they write positive emails, and by doing this kind of activity, you train your brain as much as you train your body.
And we can flip the laws of happiness and success, and not just create ripples of positivity, but create real revolutions. Thank you. (Applause)
I'm going to talk to you today about designing medical technology in a resource-poor environment.
I am researching the medical system of low-resource countries.
Overall, without exception, one of the biggest differences is whether the surgery is safe.
One of the major bottlenecks that we've found is whether we can do the surgery in the first place, and if we can, how can we safely administer anesthesia during the surgery?
So what was expected of us was to be able to administer anesthesia in a harsh environment.
This is a typical operating room scene in the United States and other developed countries.
There's a very sophisticated anesthesia machine in the back.
This machine has the power to enable surgery and save lives, and it's sophisticated because it was designed for the environment of the developed world.
In order for this machine to work, the hospital has to make a lot of preparations.
The use of this complex machine requires an anesthesiologist with years of rigorous training, an anesthesia machine that can monitor gas flow throughout the procedure and keep the patient safely anesthetized.
Anesthesia machines are very delicate machines controlled by computer algorithms, and they break easily, so they need to be treated with extra care in order to be used for a long time.
When it breaks, we need a team of medical engineers who know the intricacies of the machine, who can fix it, who can source repair parts, who can keep it in a life-saving condition.
Anesthesia machines are pretty expensive machines.
It takes a hospital budget of $50,000 to $100,000 to maintain one anesthesia machine.
And perhaps the most obvious and most important of these, as you might have guessed from the functional concepts I've introduced, is that you need infrastructure, which allows you to have a constant supply of electricity, to run your anesthesia machines, like compressed oxygen and medical supplies, which is very, very difficult. provide the essentials for
In other words, anesthesia machines require a lot of resources that hospitals like imaging can't afford.
This image is the power supply to a rural hospital in Malawi.
We have one licensed anesthesiologist at this hospital, and she's had 12 to 18 months of anesthesia training.
There are no qualified medical engineers in this hospital or in the region as a whole.
When your anesthesia machine breaks down, when your anesthesia machine breaks down, you try to figure out what the problem is, but most of the time there's nothing you can do about it.
The cost of the anesthesia machine I mentioned earlier is probably a quarter or a third of the hospital's annual budget.
By this point, I think you can see that the infrastructure isn't that good.
The poor power grid that this hospital uses has frequent power outages.
So it often happens that an entire hospital depends on one emergency generator.
As expected, the generator fails and runs out of fuel.
The World Bank estimates that a hospital in such an environment in a low-income country could experience as many as 18 blackouts per month.
Similarly, compressed oxygen and other medical supplies are considered luxuries, and can sometimes run out of stock for months or even years.
It's a crazy situation, because the way we're helping out now is donating or selling anesthesia machines designed for environments in developed countries to hospitals in poor environments.
Not only is it inappropriate, it's also seriously unsafe.
About a year ago, collaborators at Johns Hopkins University Hospital investigated surgery in Sierra Leone.
The first operation of the day was an obstetric operation.
A woman was brought in, and a caesarean was needed to save the mother and child's life.
Surgery started well
The surgeon waited, washed, and entered the room.
the nurse was waiting
The nurse applied the anesthesia quickly, which was important given the nature of the emergency surgery.
Everything was smooth sailing until the power went out.
In the middle of an operation, the surgeon is racing to finish the operation, and the operating light in the head keeps him going.
Nurses run around in a pitch-black operating room, just running around trying to keep the patient under anesthesia, trying to find what they can find.
Because the anesthesia machine won't work if the power is cut off.
The surgery that all of you here have had, or have had people born with this procedure, has turned out to be a tragedy.
In the developing world, this isn't just a one-time coincidence, it's happening across the developing world.
35 million surgeries are performed each year without safe anesthesia.
A colleague, Dr. Paul Fenton,
I was in this situation, he's the chief anesthesiologist in a hospital in Malawi, and this hospital is a teaching hospital.
He goes to work every day in the hospital's on-screen operating room, anesthetizes him every day, and trains trainees, using the same type of unreliable, unsafe anesthesia machines in his hospital.
After countless surgeries and untold tragedies, he said, "No more, no more. I've had enough."
There must be a better way."
He walked down the corridors of the hospital and came to a dumping ground for the broken machines that had ruined all his surgeries.
He was trying to put pieces together from here and there to create a machine that would work in the real environment he was facing, and here is what he built.
It's a prototype of a "universal anesthesia machine," a machine that can operate and anesthetize patients in any hospital environment.
After 12 years, the hospital is back with a more or less advanced anesthesia machine, which is being used for pediatric and geriatric patients.
Now let me show you how this machine works.
jaan this is it
If there is power, all actions start at the bottom
There's a built-in oxygen compressor on the bottom.
I've already mentioned oxygen several times.
Anesthesia basically requires the purest possible oxygen, and ultimately that oxygen is the anesthetic gas.
Because it's mixed, and if the patient doesn't have a certain amount of oxygen when he inhales it, the gas can also be dangerous to the patient.
When this machine has power, the oxygen compressor draws in room air.
The air in the room turns out to be spectacularly free, and it's abundant and already contains the much-needed 21 percent oxygen.
What the compressor does is take the air in the operating room, clean it, and send 95 percent oxygen up and mix it with the anesthetic around here.
This mixture passes through this area before it enters the patient's lungs, and here, although you can't see it, there's an oxygen sensor that displays on a screen the level of oxygen being delivered.
If you don't have electricity, or hopefully you don't wake up, but if the power goes out during surgery, you don't have to do anything at all, it will automatically switch modes and take in room air from here. increase
No change other than air intake
The only difference is that we're dealing with 21 percent oxygen.
Air supply used to be guesswork and dangerous, because you didn't know you didn't have enough oxygen until something went wrong.
I made sure to put a high-capacity battery here.
Only here the battery is used as a backup power source
I added power as a backup, but because I have a densitometer, I can see the oxygen level during surgery, control the air supply, and adjust the oxygen level I'm giving to the patient, whether the power is on or not.
Patient ventilation may be required with or without power.
One of the problems with anesthesia is that it can paralyze your lungs.
Added this manual bellows
I've seen surgeries where you're forced to breathe with a manual pump for three hours, four hours.
This is a machine with no complicated mechanics.
It's simple, but I shudder.
That's how it was originally designed
This way, you don't need a highly trained anesthesiologist to use anesthesia machines, which is great for rural hospitals that don't have the training they need.
The anesthesia machine is made according to the environment in which it will be used.
This anesthesia machine is incredibly robust
Built to withstand the heat, abuse and damage of a local community hospital.
So it doesn't break that easily, and if it breaks, you can replace virtually any part with a hex wrench and a screwdriver.
Finally the price is affordable
You can buy an anesthesia machine for one-eighth the price of the conventional machine I showed you earlier.
So what I'm talking about here is a machine that can perform surgery and save lives, just like the conventional anesthesia machine that I started with, because it's built for the environment.
But so far I'm not satisfied
Will it work?
Can it be used on site?
Good results so far
The machines are in 13 hospitals in four countries, and have performed over 2,000 surgeries since 2010 with no clinical adverse events.
I am very happy
Anesthesia machines seem like a cost-effective, scalable solution to a pervasive problem.
But we want to be sure that this machine is the most effective and safest machine for hospital use.
To do this, we've started partnering with NGOs and universities to get information on how to operate it, what kind of surgeries it's good for, and how to improve the device itself.
One of our partnerships is with Johns Hopkins University Hospital here in Baltimore.
The hospital has a simulated anesthesia training facility in Baltimore.
So we're taking our anesthesia machines and replicating the critical situations that anesthesia machines would face in the operating room, where they're used in real hospitals, where they're evaluating their effectiveness in a controlled and safe environment. increase
We were able to compare the results of this study with our real-world experience, because Johns Hopkins has two machines in the hospital he collaborates with in Sierra Leone, and the hospital where he recently performed a caesarean section.
I said a lot about anesthesia, and that was my intention.
Anesthesia is an incredibly interesting and important component of health.
People think of it as a peripheral factor, but when you can't use it anymore, you realize for the first time that anesthesia is the difference between life and death.
Who gets surgery and who doesn't?
Who is safe and who is not?
But of course, it's just one of the many possibilities that good design can have for your health.
If more people in the health care industry, people trying to manage the challenges of low-income countries, how to design, how to find solutions, not as an off-the-shelf thing, but from the point of view of the hospital, not the object of aspirations, but actually much of the world. If we could design it for the environment that exists in the world, we could save a lot of lives.
thank you
(applause)
I usually spend a lot of time explaining how the new technologies that are coming out are going to be amazing, and today, in the company of my colleagues, I'd like to share with you what I'm seriously thinking about in terms of today's dizzying, spectacular leaps in technology. I want to look back and see what's really going on.
So, first, let me show you a mediocre slide about technology.
So... can you show the slides?
This is a random selection from my file
What I want to show you is not so much the details of the slides, but the overall shape.
Here's an analysis slide comparing the power of a RISC microprocessor to the power of a local area network.
What's interesting is that this slide, like the other technology slides, is kind of a straight line on a semi-log graph.
So the vertical scale is a "power" scale of performance.
It's nothing new to think of technological progress exponentially.
something very strange is happening here
That's the focus of today's talk
Can you lighten it up for me?
Could you please make it brighter? I want to use paper here
Why do we use semi-log graphs to show the evolution of technology?
If you draw a normal graph like this, if you put the horizontal axis in years, some sort of unit of time, and the vertical axis in some way of measuring technology, the graph doesn't make much sense.
It is like this
I don't understand anything
Conversely, if you plot the evolution of another technology, say transportation technology, on a semi-log graph, you end up with a flat line that's just a silly flat line.
But when things like this happen, things change qualitatively.
So, if transportation technology were to evolve as fast as microprocessors, the day after tomorrow, I'd be in a taxi and be in Tokyo in 30 seconds.
actually not
There's no precedent in the history of technological development, such as self-replicating growth by an order of magnitude every few years.
This raises the question: this kind of exponential growth won't last forever.
Things can't keep changing at this rate.
One of two things usually happens
Until something completely different happens, will we settle for this standard S-shaped curve, or will it become like this?
there is only that
I'm an optimist, so I think it's going to go like this.
If so, we're in the middle of a transition.
We're on this line, so to speak, and the world is in the process of transitioning from the way it used to be to something new.
The question here is that I've been asking myself, What does the new world look like?
What is the new state on the way? about it
Because the transition is hard to understand when you're in the middle of it.
When I was a kid, the future meant no more than around the year 2000, and people were talking about what would happen in the year 2000.
There's a conference going on here right now to discuss the future, and we realize that the "future" is still around the year 2000.
no one thinks too far
So the "future" is shrinking, so to speak, one year at a time, for the rest of my life.
I think the reason is that everyone feels that something is happening here.
I feel that a transition is taking place
Because we know it's pointless to think 30 or 50 years out.
So what I want to talk about is what exactly is the transition that we're going through.
And to do that, I have to tell a lot of stories about things that have nothing to do with technology or computers.
Because the only way to understand this is to really step back and look at things on a long time scale.
As a timeline to understand this, let's look at the history of life on Earth.
If you look at billions of years, you can understand the current situation.
2.5 billion years ago, the Earth was a big, barren mass of rock, with lots of chemicals floating around.
And when you think about how those chemicals came together, you begin to understand how they work.
The hypothesis that RNA was involved in the birth of life is beginning to emerge, but I'm going to talk briefly about it at the time -- there were tiny droplets of oil floating in the air, containing a diverse mix of chemicals.
Some of those droplets contained a specific combination of chemicals that allowed them to take in chemicals from the outside and grow the droplets.
Gradually, those with such properties began to split.
Although those tiny oil droplets are in some ways the most primitive of cells.
It doesn't fit today's definition of life, because they were all just random chemical combinations.
Each time it split, the chemicals it contained were divided disproportionately, so to speak.
Therefore, every Shizuku was slightly different.
But some of the different droplets became better at picking up the chemicals around them, and they grew, took in, and split more often.
So they tended to survive longer and express more.
This is life in a very simple chemical form, but what got interesting was when these drops learned how to abstract.
I learned how to write out information in some way that I don't really understand.
I learned how to record the basic information of the cell in a special chemical called DNA, in a special chemical called DNA.
In the process of evolution, we happened to learn how to write self-preservation, including how we preserve it.
What's amazing is that this way of writing hasn't changed since it was born 2.5 billion years ago.
In fact, our original genes are written in the same code, in the same way.
All other organisms are written with the exact same set of letters and the same code.
I did this as a prank, but now you can also write sentences with this symbol.
Here's 100 micrograms of white powder, which we don't let airport security guards see.
(Laughter) And inside this is a DNA code that has been written on a business card and amplified 10 to the power of 22 times.
If anyone wants a few million copies of my business card, I have enough to give to everyone.
(Laughter) If I was a vain man, I would put it in a virus and throw it in my room.
(Laughter) What was the next step?
writing down the DNA was an interesting advance
These cells were happy with that a billion years later.
Then came a very interesting development that changed things completely: the cells began to exchange and transfer information, and they began to form groups.
Bacteria and other things can actually exchange DNA.
This can lead to the evolution of antibiotic resistance.
One bacterium found a way to evade penicillin and did something like create a small piece of DNA with another bacterium, which is why we have so many penicillin-resistant bacteria today because of communication between them.
This communication allowed the formation of communities, interacting like communal destinies.
It survived and failed together. As a community flourished, members of that community were replicated more often, giving an evolutionary advantage.
The shift began when these communities got very close and collectively began to write down the raw material of the entire community into a single piece of DNA.
This next interesting step took another billion years.
At this stage, multicellular communities were born, communities of many different types of cells working together as one organism.
In fact, we are such a multicellular community.
many of our cells do not exist by themselves
Skin cells are completely useless without heart, muscle, brain and other __ cells.
Gradually, these communities began to evolve not at the level of individual cells, but at the level of communities of organisms.
Now, the next step happened within the community.
These cellular communities began to abstract information again.
And we started creating a special structure dedicated to information processing within the community.
this is the neural structure
Nerves are information processing organs created by those communities.
Gradually, within communities, we have specialists and professional structures that support memory, understanding, and learning.
They became the brain and nervous system of that community.
Now we're evolutionarily ahead
Because at that point, learning that had previously been done in the time frame of evolution could now be done in the length of an individual's lifespan.
You can learn things like not eating a particular fruit that tastes bad and makes you sick after eating it.
On the other hand, before the formation of such an information processing structure, it took hundreds of thousands of years for the individuals who ate such fruits to die out, resulting in an evolutionary evolutionary change. was learned by
The formation of this neural system, this specialized information structure, dramatically accelerated the entire evolutionary process.
Evolution within an individual becomes possible
Evolution began to progress in units of learning time
After that, creatures acquired the ability to communicate.
Human language, in its most sophisticated form, is an example.
Come to think of it, this is a great invention.
The complicated and confusing thoughts that I have in my head
If I say that I'm sitting here and making different sounds, I'm trying to create something in your head.
We're translating very complex things into sounds and syllables, and we're building very complex things in someone's brain.
Now we can begin to function as single creatures.
This is where we, as humans, started to abstract, we started to abstract.
We're abstracting the way we record, represent, and process information through steps similar to those that multicellular organisms go through.
The invention of language was an example of a small step in that direction.
Telephones, computers, videotapes, CD-ROMs, etc. are specialized systems that we have created in our society to handle that information.
All of these measures bind us together as being able to evolve bigger and faster and bigger and faster than before.
Evolution can now occur in microseconds.
As you saw earlier in Ty's convolution program, a little evolutionary example.
Again, the time axis accelerated here.
Each of the steps that I talked about at the beginning took billions of years.
The next stage involved the nervous system and the brain, and it took hundreds of millions of years.
The next step, language, etc., was less than a million years old.
And the next step, like electronics, seems to take only a few decades.
This process is self-replicating, and it's becoming something of an autocatalyst, where change itself enhances the rate of subsequent change.
The more you change, the faster you change.
This is exactly what's happening with the sudden change in the graph.
This process influences the next process.
My main job is computer design, and I know that computer design cannot be done without the very evolution of computers in recent years.
Especially these days, we're designing things that are so complex that we can't design them in the traditional sense.
I also don't know the individual roles of the transistors in the Connection Machine.
there are countless
Instead, I and the designers at Thinking Machines think about the design at some level of abstraction, and then hand it over to the machine. will give you
We do it in ways that we sometimes don't fully understand.
One particularly interesting method that I've been using a lot lately is "evolution" itself.
The way we do it is by putting evolutionary processes that happen in microseconds into machines.
For example, in the most extreme case, you can actually evolve a program from a random set of instructions.
"Computer" "Make 100 million random sets of instructions."
``Run them all'', command ``Run all the programs and pick the one that best suits my needs''
i.e. define my requirements here
Let's take a simple example that we've tried before, sorting numbers.
It finds the best program for sorting numbers.
Of course, no set of messed up instructions can ever rearrange numbers, so there's nothing that can really accomplish that.
But if by chance one of them aligns two numbers correctly,
I say, "Computer."
"Save them and erase the rest"
"And please re-produce what you rearranged the numbers well."
"And reproduce them by a process of recombination that mimics reproduction."
Create a child by exchanging subroutines of two programs The child inherits the characteristics of the subroutines of both parent programs
And here we have a new generation of programs, born out of the union of programs that did a little better.
"Repeat this process"
"Please re-evaluate"
"Built in a little mutation"
"Repeat this to create another generation," he orders.
It takes mere milliseconds to create the next generation.
In other words, the equivalent of an evolution that takes millions of years can be done by a computer in minutes, or even hours, if it's complex.
In the end, you'll have a program that does a perfect job of sorting numbers.
In fact, it's far more effective than any program I've ever written.
Looking at this program, I have no idea how it works
I can't even explain to you
Obscure and strange program
does the job properly
In fact, I'm pretty sure it's performing well, descended from hundreds of thousands of well-performing programs.
Their lives depended on their work.
(Laughter) One time, I was on a 747 with Marvin Minsky, and he took out his card and said, "Look at this!"
"This plane has hundreds of thousands of small parts working together to provide a safe flight, after all."
(Laughter) In fact, the more complex things get, the less successful the engineering process is.
So we're starting to rely on computers that do a process that's very different from engineering.
That way, you can do things that are much more complex than you can do with normal engineering.
However, I don't really understand the options
in some ways ahead of us
Now we're trying to use those programs to build even faster computers, so that we can do this process even faster.
In other words, it is self-propagating
I think it's hard to understand because things are going faster and faster.
All these technologies are advancing in a self-replicating way
something new is about to start
Now, we're at a point similar to when single-celled organisms were turning into multicellular organisms.
So we're amoebas, and we don't know what we're trying to create.
We're really at a transition point.
Something must surely come after us
It's very arrogant to assume that you are the final form of evolution.
And I think everyone here has a part to play in creating what's next.
Well, it's almost noon, so let's end it here before we're culled.
(applause)
Hello
I'm Sarah. I couldn't buy a house.
In fact, I'm one of many people in my generation who can't afford to buy a home.
In 2017, Australia's youth homeownership rate fell to an all-time low.
I foolishly decided to build my own house
But the outlook was bleak
Architects only care about the richest 1%, builders are in short supply, service is inconsistent and prices are high.
It's a once-in-a-lifetime purchase, and surprisingly, there was very little control, very little choice, and very little control.
What was even more surprising was that it left me with a strong sense of helplessness.
Frankly, I felt stuck.
So I've been thinking about this for quite some time.
And what I realized was that I wanted to democratize design and architecture.
That led me to a very naive question: What is building a house?
What does it mean?
Ultimately, building a house is about making decisions within a set of variables, some of which have physical consequences.
I've worked with software applications all my life, so it feels very familiar to me.
And I didn't understand why they built it locally.
No other assembled product in life is built this way.
Your car will be delivered piece by piece, with 10% surplus parts, and will not be assembled in the weather.
Why is it only the house?
I made a computer game there
In this game, I will deliver the house that I designed to you.
It puts homeowners back in the center of life's most expensive purchases, from bystanders to heroes.
The game visualizes all the costs and environmental impacts of each new attribute added.
Using modular components, players select items from their library and drag them into their world.
Each item, whether it's a wall, a solar cell, or an armchair, is given information that the system can use to calculate its cost and environmental impact, and it also counts the player's happiness.
83% of homeowners consider eco-friendliness to be the second most important feature after cost
That's why the solar cells are installed from the beginning.
Born eco-friendly
When we think of sustainable housing, we think of wealth and wealth, but that shouldn't be the case.
A truly sustainable home should be accessible and affordable.
And so I regained the power to control myself that I so desperately wanted, and found a way to give that power to others.
But there was still something that haunted me and kept me awake.
What about people who can't choose where to live in the first place?
Every hour, during your downtime, 4,000 new homes are needed around the world.
Please understand this number
We need a staggering 35 million homes in the world in one year.
There is a shortage of 250,000 homes in Australia alone.
On top of that, there are 190,000 families on the waiting list for public housing, and there are families who need houses.
It is said that by 2050, the world's population will grow from the current 7.6 billion to 9.8 billion people, and hundreds of millions of people will have problems with security, health and safety.
Can you imagine not feeling safe in your own home? It's not a crime, it's not theft, it's the building you're in. It might be structurally insecure, made of toxic materials, or doesn't meet local fire safety standards.
it's the 21st century
can't say enough
What if we could give people back their power and their dignity by giving them a home, but not just any house.
We're trying to add to this game that every time you build a house, you can contribute to people who need a house.
It may seem like a far-fetched goal, and I know it's ridiculously ambitious, but right now our operating model is operating at a 10-to-1 ratio.
So for every 10 houses we build, we can provide a home for people who need it.
(Applause) This is made possible by designing manufacturing and assembly, using lightweight steel construction, shipping components and assembling them locally, saving 20 percent in building costs and reducing environmental waste by 15 percent, time and money. because it saves a lot of waste and keeps a lot of waste out of landfills.
The power of modular construction is that you can build with confidence any time of the year, on your budget, on the quality you want, on your deadlines and construction deadlines.
Is it ridiculous? Isn't that amazing?
However, this alone will not achieve my goal.
My goal is a 1:1 ratio
So I'm traveling around the world looking at alternatives to architectural 3D printing, trying to find a technology that can make my ambition a reality.
3D printing is very promising, very exciting, 40 percent cost savings and almost no waste.
These are just a few examples of really exciting innovations happening in Italy, France, Dubai and Australia.
Use a robot arm to mold stone, concrete, wax, etc. with a 3D printer.
In Italy, we developed a technique using Sorel cement.
First invented in 1867, Sorel cement is a beautiful chemical combination of locally sourced sand and magnesium oxide used to 3D print stone walls.
And in France, there is an experiment, which has been approved by the authorities, where concrete is poured between two parallel sheets of foam insulation to create a stone block.
In Dubai, at the foot of the two majestic Emirates Towers, in the middle of the desert lies a vision of the future.
It's an experimental office of the future, built out of 3D-printed concrete, printed in China, assembled on site in Dubai.
And to keep up with the rest of the world, Australia is pioneering innovative technology, where it's possible to print wax molds and pour concrete into them to create very beautiful and cost-effective decorative architecture. Then in London. If you have the chance to ride the subway, you can see the real thing.
But those things are just tools, the hammers of the future, if you will.
The common thread that connects all of these things is CAD (Computer Aided Design).
To build using these technologies, you need models, like the ones players in our games are building.
I want anyone who wants a home to be able to live in a house of their own design.
There are many other application examples
It will bring a whole new experience to special needs and aged care facilities.
In addition, it is possible to quickly respond locally to sudden housing demand in an emergency.
In the words of one player, "I want to be an example of people actually taking care of themselves and populating them."
thank you
(applause)
I went to the grocery store one morning and the employee greeted me, "Good morning, sir, what are you looking for?"
When I answered "No, I'm fine"
he smiled and left
I bought some cereal and left the store.
Then at the local cafe drive-thru
After I placed my order, the clerk said, "Hello Ma'am, please turn now."
At this point, in less than an hour, I'm being called "master" and "wife."
To me, neither name is wrong, but it's not exactly right.
This sweet little boy is almost two years old, Elliott.
yeah yeah
Over the last two years, this kid has changed my mind about common sense and how to participate in society.
I am a transgender parent
It's transparent. (Laughter) (Applause) (Cheers) (Applause) You've captured my theme of the year head-on.
(Laughter) As all father jokes should be.
To be precise, I am genderqueer.
There are many ways to be conscious of it, and for me it's just that I don't think of myself as a man or a woman.
Sometimes I feel like I'm in the middle or don't fit into the gender dichotomy.
By not falling into the gender dichotomy, I mean being called "husband" and "wife" when I'm buying cereal, etc. But for me, I'm most comfortable in that middle ground.
Being able to be both male and female makes me feel most right and true to myself
But that doesn't mean I don't mind being called like this.
This discomfort can range from a minor annoyance to a feeling of personal danger.
When I was in college, I was thrown out of the women's restroom at a bar by a security guard who grabbed me by the back of my neck.
To me, being myself doesn't mean being comfortable.
It means "to manage and overcome everyday discomfort," even if it's dangerous.
It wasn't until my previous experience as a transgender collided with my new identity as a parent that I realized my vulnerability and how it prevented me from being the most myself.
For most of us, we don't really care what our children call us, whether it's a culturally specific name or a gendered "mom," "mom," "dad," or "papa."
But in my case, I was both terrified and excited about what this kid would call me in the rest of his life when he was a teenager and an adult.
Over the course of nine months, I imagined myself being called "Mama" and so on, but it didn't feel like me at all.
No matter how many times I tried to imagine it, it felt forced and very offensive.
For most people this is natural
Especially in the world we live in, having two moms is nothing new.
So I tried calling it differently
When I tried "Papa," I felt more comfortable than Mom.
Didn't fit perfectly
It was like a pair of shoes you love but take time to get used to.
Being born a woman and being called "Daddy" is a difficult road and a series of awkward moments.
But all too quickly, Elliot came into this world crying like a baby, and my new identity as a parent began.
I decided to become a dad, and my family faced the world.
The most common thing that happens when I meet someone is that they call me "Mama-san."
And then I'll use this diagram to explain what happens in the conversation afterwards.
(Laughter) The first option is to ignore the assumption that the term is an assumption and continue the conversation as "mommy." increase
In my case, I stop talking to people like that.
this is the first option
The second option is to stop the conversation and correct it. You say, "Actually, I'm Elliott's dad," or "Elliott calls me daddy."
The other person understands easily and says "Ah yes"
continue the conversation
I think I've done something very bad and apologize profusely
But most of the time, they're completely confused and stare at me and say, "You mean you want a sex change?"
"Do you want to be a man?"
"How can a woman be a daddy? Only a man can be a daddy"
It is a case of saying
The first option is usually easier
The second option is always closer to the truth.
And all of the scenarios I've presented are, at best, somewhat uncomfortable.
Over time, it became easier for me to navigate this complicated path.
but i still feel uncomfortable
I don't pretend I've mastered the art of being a trans dad because I'm a long way from there.
I still sometimes choose the first, because the second feels too difficult and dangerous.
It's impossible to predict with certainty how people will react, and I hope people are good and act with good intentions.
But in our society, other people's opinions of me can be a serious threat to my emotional and physical safety and that of my family.
So I weigh the costs and risks, sometimes prioritizing my family's safety over being myself.
But despite all these risks, as Elliot grows up, he'll become more intelligent and more verbal, and he'll correct people himself without me doing it.
I don't want my fears and anxieties to weigh on her, to break her heart, to cause her to question her own opinions.
You have to show an example of autonomy, of who you are, of vulnerability, which is to stand up and say, "I'm a father, because I can tell fatherly jokes." ”
(Laughter) Now, I've had enough of these uncomfortable moments, and I've had some tough times.
But on the other hand, in the space of just two years, I've had a lot of self-definition and sometimes self-transformation as I walked the path of fatherhood.
When we first saw the ultrasound images, we wanted to know the gender of the child.
The examiner who was able to see the female genitalia on the screen said, "It's a girl," and gave me a copy on the way home.
I think everyone does this, but as soon as I shared that picture, my mom came in with a bag full -- a bag full -- a bag this big, full of pink clothes and toys.
I was shoved with pink stuff and it was a little frustrating. As someone who has spent countless hours learning and teaching about gender, I am well versed in the social construction of gender, and sexism is masculinity. Because of that, I thought I knew that it would appear sometimes clearly and sometimes implicitly.
But in this situation where I can't hide my disgust in a bag full of pink, I've been forced to ponder the rejection I feel towards things that are feminine.
I realized that I was promoting the sexism and cultural norms that we teach people to be a problem.
No matter how much you know gender neutrality in your head, being unfeminine in reality is more masculine than androgynous.
If you only dress your child in blues and greens and grays, people won't think, "You're a cute, gender-neutral baby."
I think, "Oh, what a cute boy."
The theoretical understanding of gender and the world of parenting collided violently.
Of course, we want children to play with a variety of toys in a variety of colors.
I want you to experience a balanced environment and understand the world in your own way.
I even chose a neutral name for it.
But maintaining gender neutrality is much harder than it seems.
In my attempt to practice gender neutrality, I unconsciously gave masculinity the upper hand.
So we work together to celebrate, rather than eliminate or diminish, femininity in our lives.
There's pink among all the colors, and we try to balance cuteness and coolness, strength and cleverness, and try not to associate any language with gender.
I have a sharp critique of femininity and masculinity, but I value both.
I try my best not to confine my daughter to a gender role.
All of these efforts are meant to model healthy, independent relationships with gender to children.
Now, this initiative that I started for Elliot made me rethink how sexism manifests itself in my own gender identity.
In trying to embody an unhealthy masculinity, I began to reassess my rejection of femininity for something I wanted to pass on to my children.
This meant that we had to eliminate option 1.
can't live on by ignoring
I have no choice but to choose option 2
I had to face my worst part to be who I really am.
It was about confronting the discomfort I felt about my body.
Body discomfort for transgender people is common and can range from frustrating to severely draining.
I've spent my life learning to know my body and how to deal with being transgender.
I've always been troubled by areas that are considered feminine, such as my breasts, waist, and voice.
I made a decision that was both difficult and easy in some cases: not to take hormones or undergo surgery to achieve what society defines as masculinity.
I haven't quite gotten over my feelings of dissatisfaction, but I've come to realize that if I don't address my body discomfort, I'm furthering sexism, transphobia, and setting an example of body-degrading behavior.
If I, as a parent, dislike my own body, and especially the part that is socially considered feminine, it may narrow or negatively affect my child's own way of thinking about their own body and the feminine part.
If I, the parent, feel uncomfortable with my body and hate it, how can my child love my body?
It's easy to choose option 1. If your child asks you about your body, ignore it. Don't let your child see your body.
But I have to choose option 2 every day.
You have to face your own assumptions about what a fatherly body looks like
I try every day to feel comfortable with my body and how I express my femininity.
I'm looking for words that I can talk about more often, explore the deepest part of my sense of incongruity, and feel comfortable with myself.
Everyday discomfort helps build behaviors and identities in our bodies and genders.
I also try not to limit myself.
I want to show my daughter that it's okay for daddy to have a big butt and big breasts and no beard.
And when I'm old enough, I want to tell you how I dealt with my body.
Even if I have to show my clumsiness, I want you to know how I came to be myself
I have a wonderful pediatrician and I have a good relationship with him.
As you know, the same doctor has always been the same, but the nurses and nurse practitioners change.
Elliot was born, and I took him to pediatrics, and I met a nurse, let's say Sarah.
When we first met, I told him I was the father and my partner was the mother.
Sarah was the kind of person who didn't flinch when she heard that, and the rest of the visit went pretty smoothly.
About a year later, Sarah's hours changed and she got a new nurse, let's call her Becky.
It didn't go directly to "father," but one day Sarah came to see me.
He greeted us cheerfully, and then he said to Elliott, "Does Daddy have the toys?"
Out of the corner of my eye, I could see Becky spinning her chair around and staring at Sarah.
When we started talking to the doctor, the exchange between Sarah and Becky continued like this.
Becky shakes her head and (lip-syncs) "Mommy!"
Sara shakes her head and (lip-syncs) "Daddy!"
(Laughter) It's embarrassing, isn't it?
This silent exchange was repeated several times until we left the room.
Now I can't get this incident out of my head
Sarah could have chosen the first option and ignored Becky saying "mom."
i think it was easier
You could have put the blame on me and kept quiet
At that moment, I chose the second option.
I faced people's assumptions and declared my existence.
I insisted that the person who looked like me and had a voice like mine could be my dad.
They defended me and my family in small but meaningful ways.
Unfortunately, there are people in our society who do not recognize the existence of transgender people and their diversity.
I want a world where everyone acts like Sarah when the opportunity arises to stand up for someone, even if it's risky.
Being a genderqueer father can feel overwhelming at times.
The decision to become a father was really hard
This will undoubtedly remain one of the most difficult yet fulfilling experiences of your life.
Despite these difficulties, I feel 100% worth every day.
So every day I'm reminded of the same promise I made to Elliott and myself.
To love my daughter and myself with all my heart, with forgiveness and compassion, with stern love and generosity.
Leaving room for growth and moving beyond the comfort zone in the hope that we will be able to live a more meaningful life.
I know in my head and in my heart that there will be hard, painful and unpleasant days ahead.
And I hope that when I look back on those days in the future, I will have no regrets and lead to a richer, more personal life.
thank you
(applause)
It's an honor to be here
you have the power to change the world
I'm not saying it as a cliché, but you really do have the power to change the world.
Within each of you is the most powerful tool mankind has ever known.
is an "idea"
A single idea, born from a single mind, can shake the earth, spark a movement, and rewrite the future.
But ideas are powerless as long as they stay within you.
Ideas die if you don't expose them for others to work on.
I'm sure some of you have had the experience of trying to communicate your own ideas, only to find that they weren't accepted, that you were rejected, and that some mediocre idea was adopted instead.
The difference between the two is the way they communicate
If ideas can be communicated in a way that resonates with people, change can happen and change the world.
My family collects old European posters.
Every time I go to Maui, I stop by a poster store and ask the owner to show me the poster.
The beauty of a poster is that you have an idea and you have a clear visual representation of that idea.
With a big poster like a mattress
It's not as thick as a mattress, but it's really big.
The owner tells us the story while turning the pages.
One day, I was shown this with my two children, and I couldn't help but lean over the poster that came out from the bottom of the flipped page, and I said, "Wow, this poster looks great!" oh there's a mom
That's this poster lol
(Laughter) It's almost like they're calling out, "Get up!"
What I love about this poster is the irony.
A woman dares to go into battle, raises a flag, holds a small box of Swavitos brand spices, and would risk her limbs and even her life to advertise her humble product.
So if I replace this small box of swavitos with a presentation, I'm totally fired up.
It wasn't cool to be enthusiastic about presentations.
But I truly believe that presentations have the power to change the world, if they are delivered effectively.
it's hard to change the world
It can't be done by just one person with one idea.
An idea is useless unless it spreads.
Ideas have to get out of you, so that other people can see.
And ideas are most effectively communicated through stories.
For thousands of years, illiterate people have passed their stories on from generation to generation without compromising their values ​​and culture.
There's something magical about story structure, and when a story is put together, it's captured and remembered by the listener.
People react physically to the story: their chest rises, their eyes widen, they say things like, "I got chills down my spine," or "I feel like someone grabbed me in the stomach."
When you hear a story, your body literally reacts.
It's the same stage where the story is told, but when it comes to the presentation, it's completely monotonous.
I wanted to know why
Why is it that when I'm listening to a story, I'm completely absorbed in listening, but when I'm giving a presentation, I feel like I'm dead?
I wanted to know how I could incorporate stories into my presentations.
I have literally hundreds of thousands of presentations in my office, and I know what a really bad presentation looks like.
I decided to study film and literature and try to figure out what was going on and why it was.
I'd like to share with you some of the things I've discovered and a presentation format that I've arrived at.
Aristotle was the first to turn to him.
We've studied Poetics and Rhetoric, and many presentations don't even have this simplest form.
When I started researching hero archetypes, I thought, "Yes, the presenter is the hero of the story, the star of the show on stage."
Presenters tend to think they're the star of the moment
But I soon realized that this idea was wrong.
Even if you have an idea, if you keep it away for later life, it will never lead to anything and the world will not change.
So the presenter is not the protagonist, but the audience is the protagonist of the idea.
If you read Joseph Campbell's "The Hero's Journey," there's a very interesting insight at the beginning.
Our lovable protagonist lives a normal life, but is drawn into adventure.
So to speak, the balance of the world collapses.
The hero resists at first
"I don't know if I want to do this." Then a guide appears to help you move from the ordinary to the extraordinary.
That's the role of the presenter
It's the guide — it's Yoda, not Luke
That's the power of stories to help your audience move from where they are to new and specific ideas.
The simplest structure is this three-part structure.
The basic structure is that you have a lovable protagonist, you have hope, you face hardships, but in the end your true self emerges and transforms.
But then I came across Gustav Freitag's Pyramid, which he painted in 1863.
he is a german playwright
He was a German playwright who advocated a five-part structure: the exposition, the rise, the climax, the fall, and the denouement -- the climax of the story.
I like this shape It's about the shape
A story has an arc, and the arc is its shape.
In classical music we talk about good form,
I thought, if a presentation had a shape, what would it look like?
How do great communicators use shapes? Should we use shapes?
I will never forget it was one Saturday morning.
I've been studying these things for two years, and suddenly I draw a certain shape.
And I thought, "Oh, if this shape is true, it should be true even if I choose two completely different presentations."
The natural choice was to take Martin Luther King's "I have a dream" and Steve Jobs' 2007 iPhone unveiling presentation, and when I overlaid it, it fit perfectly.
surprised at work
It even brought tears to my eyes, because I felt, "This is an amazing gift." And that's what it looks like.
Isn't it amazing?
(Sniffles—laughter) I was crying.
I would like to show you that, I'm really surprised
I will follow the beginning, the middle and the end in order.
All of history's greatest communicators have followed this format in their speeches or whatever, even Lincoln's Gettysburg Address.
At the beginning of your presentation, you need to establish what you're talking about.
show what is happening
compare it to what it should be
And then we're going to make that gap as wide as possible.
The past is like this, the present is like this, but look at the future
I have this problem, but think about where it was solved
There's an obstacle like this, let's break it down
this gap needs to be highlighted
It's like a trigger event in a movie.
The audience suddenly sees a scene in front of them and thinks, "Should I just accept this and go with the story?"
I'll have to make up for that with the rest of my presentation.
So, in the middle section, we go back and forth between the current state and the ideal.
What I'm trying to do here is show you the madness and ugliness of the current situation, and pull you into a future where your ideas are realized.
When you try to change the world, people resist
They don't accept it, they want to stay in the status quo, so they meet resistance.
That's why you should go back and forth
Like a yacht—
When sailing upwind, there is wind resistance
You have to turn the ship left and right
That's how I catch the wind
As you sail, you have to catch the resistance that comes your way.
The funny thing is, if you get the wind right, the ship will go faster than the wind.
is a kind of physical phenomenon
By forcing people to resist between the status quo and the ideal, you can lead people to your ideas faster.
After going back and forth between what is and what should be, the final turning point is the call to action, which is what every presentation should have at the end.
As a utopia where my ideas come true
Paint the world in a new hope
This is what the world will look like when we all work together to solve big problems.
You have to make it look poetic and dramatic as an ending.
When I discovered this, I thought, "Maybe I can use it as an analysis tool."
And then I transcribed various speeches to see how well they fit.
Let me give you an example of that, the first two I tried.
steve jobs changed the world
We're changing the world of personal computers, changing the music industry, and now we're changing the mobile industry.
certainly changed the world
And this is the format of the speech at the iPhone unveiling in 2007.
It's a 90-minute presentation, and as you can see, it starts where it is, goes back and forth, and ends up where it should be.
Let's zoom in. The white line is where he's talking.
The green is the part showing the video.
I'm making changes Orange is the part of the demo
It's not like I keep talking to myself all the time.
These lines represent that
And the blue line towards the end is the guest speaker.
This is where it gets interesting, but this notch is where the audience laughs.
This notch is where the applause is happening
They're totally on board, they're physically reacting to what Jobs says, and that's great, because you know you're engaging with the audience.
He begins the story of what it should be like by saying, "Today is the day I've been waiting for for two and a half years."
So he's talking about a product that he's known for over two years.
it's nothing new to him
But here he shows surprise.
for your own product
He's more moved than the audience laughs and applauds.
"This is amazing, isn't it? Don't you think it's beautiful?"
He sets the example for what he wants his audience to feel.
You're inviting your audience to feel special.
He begins to talk about what it should be like, "Occasionally, a breakthrough product comes along that changes everything."
Then I start talking about my new product.
At first, the iPhone stays switched off.
So far the line is mostly white.
"This is my new phone, this is the worst competitor"
And here comes the moment that everyone will remember
Jobs flips on the iPhone
The audience sees the screen scroll for the first time, and everyone in the audience holds their breath.
It's as if the air has disappeared from the hall.
He creates memorable moments for everyone.
If you look at this model, you'll see a blue area, where another speaker appears, and then in the lower right corner, the line breaks.
It's because the remote control for the slide is broken.
what happened to him I don't want to break the excitement
So he tells a personal story, exactly when technology goes wrong.
A master communicator, he keeps his audience engaged with his stories.
The presentation ends with renewed joy in the upper right corner.
He leaves a promise that Apple will continue to create groundbreaking new products.
And then they say, "(Hockey player) Gretzky has a nice saying, 'Don't go where the puck is (hockey), go where the puck is going.' It will continue to exist." It concludes with a new hope.
Now let's look at Dr. King.
A clergyman with a great vision who dedicated his life to fighting for equality.
This is the form of the "I have a dream" speech.
You start out with what you are, you see it going back and forth between what you are and what you should be, and then you end with a very poetic ideal that we all know.
Let's stretch it out a little bit, and I've put the transcribed text on the side here so you can see it better.
I think it's too small to read
The line break is where he pauses to catch his breath.
He was a Southern Baptist minister, and he had a peculiar rhythm to his narration that was new to those who were listening.
Let's hide this text with a label, because we want to use this as an information tool.
let's see how he told the people
The blue label is where he uses repetition as an expression.
They repeat the same words and phrases over and over so that people remember them.
He also uses a lot of metaphors and visual representations.
It's a way for everyone to remember and understand difficult concepts.
He actually used the words as if to paint a scene, so people could picture what he was saying.
Then I use familiar songs and Bible verses.
What you're looking at now is the first half, and then the words that politicians promised to the people.
I quote a lot
At the end of the first state of affairs, people applauded and cheered really loudly.
He said, "America has given black people bad checks, checks marked as insufficient funds and turned back."
We all know what it's like to have no money in your account.
So he used a metaphor that everyone is familiar with.
But it's this part where people really got excited and shouted, "So we've come to redeem that check, a check that will give us the wealth of freedom and guarantee justice."
everyone cheers here
Here's how he contrasted what he was and what he should be.
As you move further into this model, the back-and-forth pace becomes intense.
Every time he goes back and forth, the audience goes wild.
everyone is excited
We're doing it to maintain that heightened state.
He says, "I have a dream that one day this country will wake up with the founding creed that all men are created equal.
It's a dream that can really come true." He's using this orange sentence to remind everyone of the promises that politicians and nations have made.
And then he goes back and forth, "I've got a dream, someday -- I've got a dream, someday -- I've got a dream, someday --"
There are four greens, and a lot of blues, so there's a lot of repetition, and the sense of repetition is very strong.
Green indicates songs and Bible verses.
The first part in green is a quote from Isaiah.
The second green is "My Country Tis of Zee"
It's a well-known song, and one that was especially important to black people at the time, and they changed the lyrics of the song and used it as a cry of protest against promises that weren't kept.
The third green is a verse from "My Country Theses of Thee"
And the fourth green is Negro Spiritual.
"Free at last! Free at last! Thank God! Free at last!"
What he did was touch the heart of the audience.
important bible verses
He pulled out the songs that people were singing and turned them into angry shouts and used them as a tool to connect with the audience.
And finally, we paint out a new ideal world, using what's sacred in the mind of the audience.
So he was a great man, he had big dreams
You all have big dreams [Put your picture here] (Laughter)
You have to get that very big idea out of you.
but we face difficulties
Changing the world isn't easy, it's a big job.
What he was like—his house was blown up, he was stabbed with a letter opener, and he ended up dying for what he believed in.
Most people don't have to make that kind of sacrifice.
Something like a basic story structure happens
life is going to be so
You are lovable people, you are hopeful, but you face difficulties and stop there.
"I have this idea, but let's put it away"
"I was rejected"
You've destroyed your own ideas, you've run into difficulties, and you've stopped.In the struggle, instead of changing yourself and choosing a path to move on, instead of continuing to dream and make it happen --
But if I can do it, anyone can do it
I grew up in a poor environment, both financially and emotionally.
The first time I went camping with my sister, I was bullied.
It's not the first time it's happened, but it's been really bad.
My parents have each been married three times.
my mother abandoned my family when i was 16
So I started taking care of my family and my siblings.
then got married
I met someone, I fell in love, and I went to college for a year.
I did what every bright young woman should do: get married at 18.
but, I
I thought I deserved a better life
And at this point in my life, I made a choice.
I could have been overwhelmed by that kind of thing, and the ideas had dried up in me.
"Life is too hard" "The world can't be changed
It's too difficult."
But I chose a different story for my life—
Yes that's it (laughs) [Swavitos poster] Yes that's that (laughter) [Swavitos poster]
I felt the same way as the people here, and I grabbed that little box of swavitos, it's not that big of a deal.
I'm not trying to change the whole world.
But if it's your world, you can change it
you can change your life
If it's within my reach, if it's my territory, I can change it
I encourage you to do the same
because
Because the future isn't where we're going
The future is where we make it
thank you so much bless you all
(applause)
I'd like to talk about one of the big questions, and maybe the biggest one: How should humans live together?
How can we collectively share and manage common resources, say, in the same city, or on the same continent, or even across the globe?
How should we make the rules that govern people?
This question has always been important
Today, it's even more important if we're dealing with large-scale problems like rising inequality, climate change, refugees.
This is also a very old question.
People have been asking themselves this question ever since they started living in organized societies.
For example, this person Plato
He believed that humanity needed a benevolent "guardian" who could make decisions for the common good.
Kings and queens thought they could be "guardians," but they tended to fall from power during various revolutions.
Also, you probably know this man
Citizens here in Hungary have spent many years trying to implement this man's answers about how to live together.
The answer was cruel, ruthless and inhumane.
But a different answer, a different kind of answer, has awakened from a "hibernation" that lasted for about 2,000 years with remarkable success in recent years.
The answer, of course, is democracy.
Here's a quick rundown of the modern history of democracy:
The horizontal axis is the last 200 years
When the vertical axis is the number of democratic countries
So the graph looks like this, and what's important about this graph is that it's been growing exponentially over the last 200 years. So some people believe that we've reached the end of human history, that we've got answers about how we can live together, and that's liberal democracy.
But let's test this claim.
let me know what you think
I'm going to ask you two questions. Raise your hand if you agree.
First, who thinks that living under a democracy is a good thing?
Who are in favor of democracy?
Those who think there are better systems out there keep their hands down
It doesn't matter if some people don't raise their hands, there must be a good reason.
The second question is, who thinks that democracy is working well enough?
Look, there must be at least one politician among them.
(Laughter) I don't think so.
But what I'm trying to say is that if liberal democracy is the end of human history, then there is a huge paradox or contradiction.
why is it?
The first question is about the ideals of democracy, all of which are attractive: equality, fairness, justice, legality, responsibility, stability.
but in practice it doesn't work
This is the intention of the second question.
Our politics is broken, our politicians can't be trusted, our political system is being distorted by powerful vested interests.
I believe there are two solutions to this paradox.
One is "quit democracy" because it's not working.
In elections, choose the demagogues, the people who ignore democratic norms, trample liberal freedoms, and just do their part.
The other is to "fix the currently broken political system," to bring "practice" closer to "ideal," to create a parliament that can pick up the diverse voices of society, and to create well-considered and evidence-based laws for the long-term public good. get it
It was here that I had an epiphany, an enlightenment.
Try to ask yourself an analytical question
"Why if it doesn't work?"
and come talk to me later
In political terms, this method is called a “lottery system.”
A common expression is "random sample"
It's actually a very simple idea: pick people at random and make them members of parliament.
(Laughter) Let's think about this for a few more minutes.
Now imagine that there, there, there, there, and there, and other randomly chosen people will serve in Congress for the next few years.
And of course, we're going to make sure that those who are elected are socio-economically and statistically representative of the nation as a whole, and that they're "true citizens' representatives."
then half of them are women
Many are young, some are old, some are wealthy, but the majority are ordinary people like you and me.
This is a "microcosm of society"
In this microcosm, if you have enough time, enough information and the right processes to get to the moral core of policy-making, you can simulate the thinking of an entire nation.
Even if you don't get elected, someone else who is the same age, the same gender, the same origin, the same background, is elected.
The decisions they make are based on "the wisdom of the people."
It becomes more than a collection of categories.
People who analyze things objectively, who have expert lines, who "serve" rather than "rule" the people.
And it proves that diversity trumps competence in the face of a wide range of societal challenges and problems.
This is not poll politics
It's not politics by referendum.
It's this informed and deliberating population that does more than public opinion in public decision-making.
But this has a big side effect: if we replace electoral systems with lottery systems, and Congress becomes a gathering of people who truly represent society, then politicians are useless.
It would be very sad for all of us to see such a situation
(Laughter) Interestingly enough, random sampling was an important part of democratic practice in ancient Athens.
This "device" or "tool" is called a "cleroteria".
It was a random sampling "tool" created by the ancient Athenians.
In ancient Athens, randomly elected citizens held the majority of political positions.
The Athenians also said that elections were tools designed by the nobility.
I also knew that veteran politicians were people I wanted to avoid.
as you all know
But what's even more interesting than ancient random sampling is that it's making a comeback.
The legitimacy of random sampling in politics is being rediscovered all over the place these days, too many examples to mention.
Of course, I am fully aware that it will be difficult to implement in our Congress.
So I went to a friend and said, "I think Congress should be made up of randomly selected people, right?"
"Are you serious about that?
What if the neighbors were chosen?
People who can't even sort garbage."
But all modern anecdotes point to perhaps surprising but overwhelming and compelling evidence that random sampling can be used.
When people are given responsibility, they act responsibly.
Don't get me wrong, this is not a panacea.
It's not a question of "Is this the perfect solution?"
of course not
Humans are fallible creatures, and their perverse influences will continue to exist.
The question is, "Will it improve?"
And at least my answer is "definitely yes"
Now back to the first question, how should humans live together?
Now you know the answer: a parliament created by lottery.
But how do we get from where we are now?
How can we fix our broken political system and rebuild democracy for the 21st century?
There are several things that can be done, and they're actually being done right now.
You should experiment with a lottery system
You can implement it in schools, in workplaces, in other organizations, like Democracy In Practice is doing in Bolivia.
We can also set up policy juries and civil councils, which is currently being done by the newDemocracy Foundation in Australia, the Jefferson Center in the United States, and the Irish government.
We could also start a social movement for change, like the sortition foundation is doing in the UK.
And someday it should be institutionalized
Perhaps the first step would be to make all the senators randomly selected citizens, so to speak, a "citizen's senate".
There's a political movement in France calling for a "civil senate," there's a similar movement in Scotland, and of course here in Hungary.
It's like sending a Trojan horse into the heart of government.
And when the shortcomings of the current system can no longer be compensated for, we have to use that as an opportunity to end the electoral system and move to a lottery system.
i have a wish
Here in Hungary, institutions have been built, broken and replaced before.
change can and will happen
The question is when and how
thank you (in Hungarian) thank you
(applause)
The digital divide is represented by a 45-year-old mother who can't get a job because she doesn't know how to use a computer.
immigrants who don't know they can call their families for free
So do children who can't solve homework because they can't access information.
The information divide is the new form of illiteracy
The digital divide is defined this way: the divide between individuals and groups who have access to information and communication technologies and those who do not.
Why is this happening? there are three reasons
First, because they can't afford to have access to such technology.
Because I don't know how to use the second
Third, because they don't know the benefits that such technology will bring.
Think about basic statistics
World population is approaching 7 billion
Of those, about 2 billion are in the digital world.
That's roughly 30 percent of the world's population, which means that the other 70 percent of the population -- nearly five billion people -- don't have access to computers or the Internet.
Let's think about this number for a moment
Five billion people, four times the population of India, have never even touched a computer or the Internet.
This is the digital abyss we're talking about, not the information divide.
If you look at this map by Chris Harrison, you can see the connectivity of the Internet around the world.
As we find that most Internet connections are concentrated in North America and Europe, the rest of the world is engulfed in the dark shadows of the digital divide.
We can also look at the connections between cities, and what we find is that most of the information is generated in North America and Europe, with no ideas or information coming from the rest of the world.
What does this mean?
The world we live in seems to be undergoing a digital revolution, and I'm sure everyone here thinks we're in it, but the 70 percent of the world's population who are alienated from the digital world are part of this revolution. is irrelevant
What's going on?
People marginalized by digitalization can't even compete in the future labor market because they can't connect, they can't be well informed, they can't be inspired, they can't be aroused, they can't be held accountable.
The Internet should not be a luxury, it should be a right, an essential and fundamental part of social life in the 21st century.
Society cannot run without it
(Applause) Thank you.
The Internet connects us to the world
energize us
It brings social participation, a necessary tool for change.
How can we bridge this information gap?
There are many models that try to bridge and solve the information divide, and there are models that try to solve it in a way that includes the entire population.
But the question is, is it working?
Everyone here knows about OLPC, which gives one computer to one child.
The problem with this idea is, do we really want our children to bring computers home, and to poor families?
You have to understand that it costs a lot of money to give a child a computer: internet connection, electricity, maintenance software and updates.
We have to create another model, one that doesn't burden the family, but rather helps.
And don't forget about your carbon footprint.
Imagine 5 billion laptops
What is the world like?
Let's think about computers becoming hazardous materials.
is a waste
If you give every person one computer, you'll have five billion times more waste -- a $100 laptop, $483 trillion.
This is only for young people, between the ages of 10 and 24.
approximately 30% of those who are digitally excluded
But it still costs $145 trillion.
Is there any country with such amount of money?
Not a very sustainable model
With this in mind, we created a different model.
We've created a network of community centers that use technology to develop education, which is called the RIA Learning and Innovation Network in Spanish.
We wanted to reduce per capita infrastructure costs in a way that increased the number of people using a single computer, and we wanted to bring education and technology to everyone in those communities.
See basic comparison
RIA owns 1,650 computers
If we were to use the OLPC model at a rate of one per person, that would benefit 1,650 users.
Instead, what we've done is set up a center that's available longer than schools, and it's open to all citizens, with the youngest user being 3 years old and the oldest being 86, in less than two years. We have 140,000 users, and out of those — (Applause) Thank you.
Of those, 34,000 have graduated from our course.
Another challenge with OLPC is that we can't limit the use of computers to education.
Technology is nothing without content
The utilization is not the end, it is the means of meaningful utilization.
So how did it come to have such a strong impact?
You can't just go out into a community and pretend to change it, you have to look at so many different factors.
What we worked on was a method called "urban needle art".
We start by observing the basic geography of the place.
Take Ecatepec for example
The most densely populated municipality in Mexico
Income level is very low
You look at basic geography, the roads and alleys, the flow of pedestrians and vehicles.
Then we turn to income levels and education.
Then we create a center where we can heal the whole body, and this is the fine needle that will change the whole city.
It is like this
So here are four basic elements to consider when leveraging education through technology.
First you have to make a place
We need to create a welcoming place for our community, so we need to create a place that is based on the needs of children, the elderly, and everyone else who lives in the community.
And we build all those places out of recycled materials.
use modular architecture to reduce environmental impact
The second is the connection
Connected doesn't just mean being connected to the internet, it's that easy.
We need to build connections between people
The Internet is a very complex organism, powered by human ideas, thoughts and emotions.
We have to create a network that supports the exchange of information.
The third is content.
Education cannot exist without content
You can't pretend to have a relationship with just one computer in one child.
To prevent that from happening, we've created a foundational course of study, a place that teaches people how to use computers, how to use the Internet, how to use office software, and where they can become digital citizens in 72 hours.
You can't just touch a computer and pretend you've been sucked into the digital world; you need a course of study.
After completing this course, you can take a longer course of study.
Fourth is training.
We need to train people who not only train users, but also facilitate user education.
When we talk about the digital divide, people are stigmatized and intimidated, and they don't understand how their lives are beneficial.
By training facilitators, you're helping them overcome digital barriers.
I explained that there are four elements: location, this is already created, there are connections, there is content, there is training.
we created a digital education community
But there's one more element, and it's all about the benefits that technology brings.
because it's dynamic and changeable
What we have to do is prepare the content, train it, analyze the user habits, and then we can improve the content further.
This creates a virtuous circle
Education according to different forms of knowledge We can deliver education according to different user needs.
With this in mind, we have to think of technology as modifiable as we grow.
there is a case
I came to live here in 2006
It's the poorest community in all of Mexico.
I went to shoot a documentary about people who depend on garbage for a living, and they rely on garbage for everything, they build houses on garbage, they eat garbage, they wear it.
After living with them for two months, watching their children, watching how they work, I understood that the only way to make a difference, the only way to break the cycle of poverty, is through education.
We can use technology to bring education to these communities.
another photo
The main message is that it's not technology that saves the world, it's ourselves, and technology can help.
I'm sure everyone here has experienced it: human energy drives technology.
Let's use that energy to make the world a better place.
thank you
(applause)
How do you remember where you parked your car in a huge parking lot?
Let Homer think
And let's try to understand what's going on in his brain.
First, the hippocampus, shown in yellow, is the organ of memory.
People with disabilities such as Alzheimer's disease can't remember where they parked.
The etymology is the Latin name for "seahorse," which has a similar shape.
The hippocampus is made up of nerve cells
The human brain has 100 billion neurons
They communicate by sending weak electrical pulses or spike signals to each other.
The hippocampus has two layers of cells that are tightly connected.
In recent years, we have begun to understand the mechanism of "spatial memory" by recording neuronal activity while mice and rats search for food in their cages.
Let's say we're recording a single neuron in the hippocampus of a rat.
When a cell emits an electrical signal, it creates a red dot and makes a popping sound.
As you can see, these cells are active only when the rat goes to a specific location.
It then sends electrical signals to other parts of the brain.
Depending on where the rat is, it can indicate the frequency of firing.
As we recorded more cells in this way, we found that different cells were active in each place the rat moved.
In this way, neurons create a map that keeps telling the whole brain where we are.
This "place cell" has also been found in humans
When people with epilepsy have regular brain scans
I once played a game where you drive around a small town
When you drive around a particular place in the city, the "place cells" in your hippocampus activate and start sending out electrical signals.
So how do place cells know where they are in the environment?
These two cells demonstrate the importance of "boundary" in the environment.
The top cell seems to get excited when the rat is in the middle of the box wall.
The bigger the box, the wider the range of ignition.
The bottom cells seem to get excited when they're close to the south wall.
So if you put a new wall inside the box, when the animal walks around the box, that cell will only excite when the wall is on the south side.
This shows that sensing the distance and direction of things like buildings around you is very important for the hippocampus.
In fact, cells have been discovered in the input region of the hippocampus that accurately sense the distance and direction to boundaries and rims when rats and mice walk around, and transmit them to the hippocampus.
The cells on the left respond when the animal approaches the eastern boundary or wall, whether it's the edge of something, the wall of a square box, or the curved wall of a round box, the edge of a table. even if
And the cells on the right respond when there's a southern border, whether it's a wall, the edge of a table, or a gap in a distant table.
This is thought to be one of the means by which "place cells" know their own location.
We also did a test to determine the location of the object Where is the flag in a simple location? It's like the position of a car in a parking lot.
First, I ask them to explore the places they're going to experiment, and then they see the places they need to remember.
A little later, when you return to the same place again, most people can pinpoint where the flag or the car was with a good degree of accuracy.
Now, in our next experiment, we change the shape and size of the room from what we see at first, like in the place cell experiment.
Even in this case, we can see how when we change the shape and size of the environment, the place where we think the flag is is changing.
Okay, let's say you have a little square with a flag in the X, and you ask where the flag is, and now if you make the square bigger, they think the flag will be located in the same way that the activation area of ​​the place cell expands. to expand
In other words, it seems that memory of where the flag is is driven by memory of the activation pattern of the place cells at that location, so when you return to that location a little later, you can best combine the memorized pattern with the current activation pattern of the place cells. move around to match
You can come back to the place you wanted to remember
On the other hand, you can also know your position by moving.
When you leave the parking lot, park and walk a little off, right? We know that if we move around, we can integrate roughly which direction to go to come back to later.
Place cells get these path integration signals from "grid cells."
Grid cells are cells in the input part of the hippocampus that have similar properties to place cells.
But when we examine the activity of certain grid cells as rats move around, we find that they are activated at different locations on a surprisingly regular triangular grid in the environment.
If you record a few grid cells, shown here in different colors, you can see that each cell's grid-like activation pattern is spread throughout the environment and slightly offset.
The red cells are activated with a lattice like this, the green ones like this, and the blue cells like this.
So in summary, rats seem to have a virtual grid in space, basically like the lines of longitude and latitude on a map, but in triangles.
As rats move around, they know where they are by passing electrical activity from one cell to another, so they can use their movements to tell them where they are.
Is that true of humans too?
First of all, all grid patterns have a common axis of symmetry, which is directional, shown in orange, so if we're heading in one of six directions, or in between, the brain. The total amount of electrical activity of grid cells at a particular location in
So I had a few people walk into the MRI scanner and play a game like the one I showed you earlier, looking for this signal.
And we found it in the brain's entorhinal cortex, the same place where rat grid cells are.
See you again, Mr. Homer
He probably remembers where he parked his car based on the distance and direction from the surrounding buildings and walls.
It is expressed by cells that sense the "boundary"
Also, he remembers the way out of the parking lot, which is represented by grid cells.
These two cells activate place cells.
And when he comes back, he can go back to where he parked his car by moving to the location that best matches the pattern recorded by the place cells.
And Homer was led to the location without any visual clues, the car.
The car must have been towed
But he remembers where he was and can get there.
Now, if we look for regions across the brain that show a grid-like pattern of activation, not just spatial memory, they're activated whenever we're doing an autobiographical memory task, like remembering the last wedding we had. A lattice-like activation pattern was seen in many places where
So, the mechanisms we use to perceive space may also be used to create visual images, so that when we try to recall events from the past, we can recreate that spatial scene.
If this is true, your memory may begin with this dense interaction of place cells activating each other and boundary cells activating to construct the space around your point of view.
And grid cells change your perspective.
The head-facing cells, which I haven't mentioned yet, activate like a compass depending on which direction you're facing.
They orient themselves according to the visual image you want to create, so that you can remember what happened at the wedding.
All of this is about a new era of cognitive neuroscience that is beginning to understand psychological processes such as how we remember, imagine, and think based on the activity of the billions of neurons that make up our brains. is just one example of
thank you
(applause)
The under-30 age group that my brother and I belong to, Pat said 70%, but our statistics show that it's 60% of the population in this area.
Qatar is no exception
It's a very young nation led by young people.
We're all familiar with the latest technology and the iPod, but I've been thinking about this traditional abaya dress that I'm wearing right now.
Actually, this is not a Muslim garment, and it has no religious significance.
Rather, they wear it voluntarily as a sign of cultural diversity.
Now, a few years ago, a journalist asked Dr. Sheikh, the president of Qatar University, who is here with us, and by the way, Dr. Sheikh is a woman. was
The doctor's answer was quite the opposite.
"If you're wearing an abaya, you can wear anything underneath, so you have more freedom."
If I wear my pajamas to work, no one will notice.
(Laughter) The doctor didn't say that.
(Laughter) What's important is that you can choose what you're going to wear, just like an Indian woman wears a sari or a Japanese woman wears a kimono.
We're changing our culture from the inside, but at the same time we're also trying to get in touch with our own traditions.
modernization is really happening
Of course, Qatar wants that too.
At the same time, we are familiar with Arab traditions and trying to make them ours again.
It's important for us to keep our traditions alive and grow.
We are always making conscious decisions to balance tradition and modernity.
In fact, research shows that as globalization increases, or, in the words of Thomas Friedman, the flatter cultures become, the more people want individuality.
We young people are searching for identity as we search for differences.
That's why I like the idea that Richard Wilk put forward, "globalizing the region, regionalizing the world."
We don't all want to be the same, we want to respect and understand each other.
So the importance of tradition isn't diminished, it's made even more important.
We need a universal world, but we also think it's necessary to protect the individuality of each region.
And our local leaders are also working on this.
While trying to be part of the world, we're also reinventing ourselves through the conventions and cultural developments of our culture.
I am the very example
I'm sure many of you here are in the same position as me.
I haven't met you in Washington, but I'm pretty sure it's the same.
We move between different worlds and different cultures, trying to answer the different expectations of ourselves and others.
Let me ask you a question: What should culture be like in the 21st century?
In today's world of personalization -- where cellphones and even hamburgers have personality -- how do we perceive ourselves and others?
How will it affect our desert culture?
I don't know how many people in Washington know about the cultural development of the Arab region, but in Qatar, the Museum of Islamic Art opened in 2008.
As a patron myself, I'm involved in these cultural developments, and I believe that these things should be done by people.
Of course, we have all the ingredients to create new cultural values, but even more than that, we've been blessed with leaders who understand that this transformation has to come from within, not from outside. I think so
did you know?
The majority of cultural leaders in the Gulf region are women. Isn't that amazing?
Why do you think?
Is it because it's an easy option? Because women have nothing else to do?
no it's not
I think it's because Arab women recognize that culture is one of the most important things that brings people together, both locally and regionally.
Like here at TED, culture is one of the natural ways to bring people together and exchange ideas.
This is where you become part of the community, share ideas and discuss.
Art has become an important part of Qatar's identity.
The existential, social and political impact of an artist on the shaping of a country's cultural identity is of great importance.
Culture and art is big business
about art me
Chairman of Sotheby's and CEO of Christie's
And ask Charles Saatchi
art makes a lot of money
Women leaders are emerging in our societies because they see the importance of preserving and preserving cultural identities for future generations.
This is why Greece is demanding the return of the Elgin Marbles.
And it's the same reason why there's so much uproar when private collectors try to sell their work to foreign museums.
That's why it takes months to get an export license to send art from London or New York to Iran.
In a few hours, there will also be a talk from a very important Iranian artist and a friend of mine, Shrin Neshat.
Living in New York, she didn't aim to be a Western artist.
Rather, it takes an approach that emphasizes Iran's culture, nation and traditions.
She engages in artistic dialogue through the medium of photography and film.
Similarly, in Qatar, we're working with people to build a national museum.
Our mission is cultural integration and independence
Western Europe itself and its works
Instead of just taking
We want to establish our own identities and foundations, open the door to cultural exchange, and share ideas with each other.
In a few days, the Arab Museum of Contemporary Art will open.
We've done extensive research, and we've collected works from both Arab and Muslim artists, as well as non-Muslim Arab artists -- some of whom are non-Muslim Arabs -- and we're putting them all together.
This facility is government-sponsored and has been in preparation for 30 years.
We will open in a few days, so please make a reservation with Qatar Airways and come visit us.
(Laughter) This museum is as important to us as it is to the West.
Some of you may know the Algerian artist Baya Mahideen, but not many know that she worked in Picasso's studio in Paris in the 1930s.
i didn't even know about this
From now on, the popularity of Picasso Léger and Cézanne in the Arab world will increase greatly.
There are artists in the Arab world, but many of them are still undiscovered.
Now, pictorial expression is just one form of culture.
In recent years, more and more people are telling stories, sharing photos, and telling their own stories through YouTube and social media.
To help with this, we set up the Doha Film Institute.
I teach movies and filmmaking here.
Until last year, there wasn't a single female filmmaker.
We've taught more than 66 female filmmakers how to edit and how to tell stories in their own voice, and we're proud of that.
(Applause) I'd like to show you a minute-long film, this short 60-second video, which is as powerful as a Japanese haiku poem.
This movie is made by our student
Hey! Did you know the stock price went up?
Who are you imitating?
Uncle Carred, wear this scarf
why do i have to roll
(In uncle's tone) Daughter, do as you are told.
You play the mother, I'll play the father (Girl: It's my game) Then stop
(In uncle's tone) She's just angry...
useless
(To the puppet audience) Thank you, thank you.
(Applause) Back to East-West travel, last month the second Doha Tribeca Film Festival was held here in Doha.
The venue was Qatar, a base for new cultural dissemination.
The audience was 42,000, and 51 films were screened.
The Doha Tribeca Film Festival itself isn't international, but it plays an important role between New York and Doha.
there are two reasons
First of all, we can bring the voices of our Arab filmmakers and creators to New York City, which represents the world's greatest cities.
At the same time, it will be an opportunity for New Yorkers to get to know Arabs.
Knowing about Arab culture, language and traditions will make you realize not only how they differ from the West, but also what they have in common.
There's been an argument for years that we need a bridge of mutual understanding, but honestly, my goal is beyond that.
It's about breaking down the wall of ignorance that separates East from West. Instead of using the soft options I was talking about, let's use the soft power that Joseph Nye was talking about.
Culture is an important tool that unites people
don't underestimate this
"Know thyself" is a life journey of self-expression and realization.
I don't pretend to know anything, but as an individual and as a nation, I would like to welcome TED to spread valuable ideas.
It will be a very interesting journey
I'm excited to share with all of you how we can bring people together through cultural initiative and interaction.
Knowledge beats fear, put it into practice
thank you for listening
(applause)
August 5, 2010
A massive collapse at the San José mine in northern Chile left 33 people 800 meters underground -- twice as deep as the Empire State Building -- and under the hardest bedrock in the world.
The miners managed to reach a small emergency shelter, but it was extremely hot, filthy, and had barely enough food to keep two people alive for 10 days.
Experts on the ground soon realized there was no way to get them out.
Nowhere in the world can you find the technology to drill such hard rock to that depth in their lifetime.
The exact location of the shelter is uncertain
I don't even know if the miners are safe
It's not clear who will lead
But within 70 days, all 33 of them had returned to earth.
This story is a remarkable example of the power of teaming.
What is "teaming"
it's about impromptu teamwork
It's about people connecting and collaborating with each other, getting things done across all boundaries, whether it's discipline, distance, time zone, whatever.
Think of your favorite sports team. This is not teaming.
In a sports team, everyone cooperates and makes a super play that leads to victory.
Sports teams win because they practice
However, the condition for practicing is that the members do not change.
Teaming is right
If you think about sports teams, you can see the traditional definition of a team.
fixed, bounded, moderately small group, interdependent in achieving a common goal
Think of teaming as an impromptu team made up in a park, as opposed to a formal team with lots of practice.
Who will win in the championship game
the answer is obvious
So why do I study teaming?
because more and more people are working this way now.
A busy, 24/7 global business, an ever-changing schedule, increasingly fragmented specialties, and more and more people needing constant collaboration to get their jobs done.
We can't afford to form a fixed team
If you can afford to do so, please do so.
But with so much work to do these days, that's simply not possible.
hospitals are a good example
I've been doing research in hospitals for many years.
The hospital is open all year round.
and patients are not the same
Each person has a unique and complex personality
Each patient is cared for by an average of 60 staff throughout the hospital stay.
They have different shifts, different responsibilities, different areas of expertise, and they may not even know each other's names.
But we still have to work together for good care.
otherwise the results can be disastrous
Of course, teaming isn't always a matter of life and death.
What does it take to make an animated movie? An award-winning animated movie.
I had the privilege of visiting Disney Animation Studios, where I surveyed more than 900 scientists, artists, screenwriters, computer scientists, and they formed an ever-changing teaming structure, like Frozen. created a wonderful work
They work together single-mindedly, always in different groups, in unpredictable situations.
Obviously, treating patients in the emergency room and making an animated film are two very different jobs.
But despite their superficial differences, they have a lot in common.
There are no set roles, no set deliverables, and you're going to be working on a lot of unprecedented things that you can't do in a static team.
It's not easy, but like I said, there are more and more occasions when we need this method, so we need to understand it.
This method is needed most when doing complex, unpredictable tasks and when solving large-scale problems.
Unilever CEO Paul Polman put it very well: "The challenges we face today are so huge and daunting that it's clear that we can't solve them alone. That's why we need the humility to invite others in."
You can't solve food and water shortages by yourself, you can't do it by a single company, you can't do it by a single sector.
So let's join hands and do big teaming, big teaming.
Take smart cities for example.
You may have seen these expressions: mixed-use design, energy-saving buildings, smart mobility, green, livable, wonderful cities.
There are words to express, there are ideas, and of course there is demand.
there is technology
There are two major trends: urbanization, the rapid expansion of cities across the globe, and climate change. These trends point to the imperative of innovation in urban design.
In many places around the world, people have come together to try to design smart cities that are green and livable.
A challenge for grand innovation
To get a deeper understanding of this, we surveyed a start-up company in smart city software, and they worked with real estate developers and involved private sector engineers, mayors, architects, carpenters, technology companies.
The goal was to create an experimental smart city from scratch.
Now, five years into the project, there hasn't been much progress.
Six years later, construction had not even begun.
Apparently, cross-industry teaming was very difficult.
Then-
We stumbled across a phenomenon I call "professional culture clash."
A software engineer thinks differently than a real estate developer. They don't think the same way. They have different values. They have different senses of time.
So we don't always agree
I think this is a bigger problem than most people realize.
In reality, professional culture clash is a major barrier to achieving the future we want.
So it's a challenge that we need to understand and find solutions for.
How do you make teaming successful, especially at scale?
This is the question that I've been working on as a research topic in many settings over the years.
Before we take a peek at the answer, let's go back to Chile.
Teaming took place in Chile for 10 weeks, with hundreds of members from different professions, different companies, different sectors, even different nationalities.
During this process, they tried many ideas, they tried, they failed, they failed miserably every day, but they persevered and kept going.
And that's exactly what they were doing in the face of real challenges, but they were still humble, and they kept their curiosity. I was genuinely interested in the ideas brought by
And they were quick to learn ideas that they could use without fear of taking risks.
Finally, after 17 days, we had ideas from everyone.
From the brilliant mining engineer appointed by the government to lead the rescue - André Soulgaret
Also from NASA
From the Chilean Special Forces
Ideas came from volunteers around the world.
With many people watching from afar, including myself, they struggled to dig through the bedrock little by little.
On the 17th day, they opened up to the evacuation center.
it's a really special moment
Through countless trials and errors, I was able to open the tunnel through a small crack in the rock.
And for the next 53 days, food and medicine were transported and communications were made through this narrow lifeline, while the people on the ground spent those 53 days teaming up, trying to figure out how to make a bigger hole, and trying to design a capsule at the same time.
this is the capsule
And on the 69th day, after more than 22 hours of painstaking rescue work, they managed to lift the miners one by one.
How did they overcome professional culture clashes?
Leadership in a nutshell. Let's be more specific.
Whenever teaming works, there are leaders at every level who are very aware that there is no right answer.
Let's call this "situational humility"
proper humility
i don't know how
And inevitably, members are curious. This combination of situational humility and curiosity creates psychological safety, which allows us to take bold actions with others, because we don't know them very well. speak out against
ask for help
You're reluctant to suggest ideas that might be off the mark.
It requires psychological safety
They've overcome what I call "the basic human challenge." It's hard to learn as long as you think you know.
Unfortunately, humans are wired to think we know by nature.
So I have to remind myself that to be curious, be interested in other people's ideas.
Interest creates latitude in interpretation.
But there are other barriers, you know.
If you didn't know, you wouldn't be here
Let me explain with a quote from the movie "The Paper Chase."
By the way, this is what Hollywood thinks of a Harvard professor.
I'll leave it up to you to decide
In this famous scene, the professor welcomes new students in and says, "Look left and right.
Neither will be there next year."
How did the new students receive it?
For your own success, you must kick others down
Nowadays, I don't think there are many organizations that welcome newcomers like this, but there are still many people who bring in such insults.
do it or be done
It's very difficult to work together as long as you think of others as enemies unwisely.
So we need to overcome this barrier as well, and if we can do that, the results could be great.
Abraham Lincoln said, "I don't like the man very much, so I need to get to know him better."
I don't like him because I don't know him very well.
Surprise, isn't it?
And that's exactly how effective teaming works.
You can also complete things in a closed world
But if you take a step back and reach out into the outside world, miracles can happen.
Rescue miners, help patients, maybe make a beautiful movie.
I don't have any more advice for that. Look left and right.
How quickly can you spot the unique talents, skills and ambitions of those around you, and conversely, how quickly can you communicate your ideas to others?
This is the kind of mindset we need to achieve what no one can do alone: ​​together we can build the future we dream of.
thank you
(applause)
Imagine a stranger -- sometimes countless others challenging your right to life because of what you've posted online -- and you're frightened and embarrassed by angry emails sent to you. of
Welcome to the world of cyber harassment
This kind of harassment faced by women in Pakistan is very serious and sometimes life threatening.
This kind of harassment prevents women from accessing the Internet, essentially from acquiring knowledge.
this is a kind of oppression
Pakistan is the sixth most populous country in the world, with 140 million people having mobile phones and 15 percent of the population with internet access.
Looking at these numbers, I don't think new technological advances are being embraced.
Pakistan also produced the youngest recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize, Malala Yousafzai.
But that's just one side of Pakistan.
On the other side, a twisted notion of "honor" is tied to women and their bodies, allowing men to disrespect and even kill women in the name of so-called "family honor." are being kicked out of their homes and left to die in the name of "family honor" for talking to men on their cell phones.
Let me be clear, this is not honor, it's cold-blooded murder.
I come from a very small village in the Punjab province of Pakistan, where women are not allowed to pursue higher education.
My family elders did not allow women to pursue higher education or pursue professional careers.
However, unlike the other male guardians of the family, my father was a man who wholeheartedly supported my aspirations.
It was, of course, very difficult for me to get my law degree, but there was criticism and backlash.
But in the end, I realized that I had to choose between me and my family, and I chose me.
(Applause) Traditionally, women in my family weren't allowed to have cell phones until they were married.
Even after I got married, it became a tool to monitor myself.
After defying surveillance by my ex-husband, he actually didn't approve of this and kicked my six-month-old son Abdullah and me out of the house.
That was the first time I asked myself, "Why?
Why are women not allowed to enjoy the 'equality' enshrined in the Constitution?
The law says that women have equal access to information, so why is it that it's always the men -- the brothers, the fathers, the husbands -- who grant this right to women, effectively rendering the law meaningless? will it end? "
So I decided to move forward, instead of continuing to challenge these patriarchal structures and social norms.
In 2012, we launched the Digital Rights Foundation to tackle all issues, including women's experiences in the online space and cyber harassment.
From lobbying for a free and safe internet, to convincing young women that safe internet access is a fundamental human right, in dealing with a problem that has bothered me for years. I'm going to do my part to light the fire.
With hope in my heart, to create a solution to this threat, I started the first cyber harassment phone call in Pakistan and the surrounding region in December 2016. (Applause) When faced with a serious online threat who. It is an activity to expand support to women who do not know whether to rely on
I think of women who feel unsafe in the online space, who live in fear of rape threats in their inboxes, who are traumatized but who don't get the support they need. is
Secure access to the Internet is access to knowledge, and knowledge means freedom from oppression.
Fighting for women's rights online is fighting for equality.
Thank you
(applause)
So let's ask each generation to raise their hands or clap their hands.
How many children are there between the ages of 3 and 12?
(laughs) I don't think so.
No problem, let's talk about dinosaurs.
Do you remember your favorite dinosaurs when you were a child?
(Applause) Dinosaurs are a little funny.
(Laughter) It's going in an unexpected direction, but you know what I mean?
I'm telling you up front, please don't go away. (Laughter)
That's all
(Laughter) People ask me all sorts of questions, but one of the most common is, why do kids love dinosaurs?
what's the appeal?
The answer is, "Because dinosaurs were big, they were different, they were extinct."
already extinct
Not really, but we'll talk about that later.
So the theme of my talk is "great diversity extinction."
The title of the talk is ``Transforming Dinosaurs - On Human Extinction''
imagine a dinosaur
its shape is different
There are many kinds
A long time ago, in the early 20th century, museums were digging for dinosaurs.
collecting dinosaur fossils
It's funny, but museums are vying for bigger and better things.
was trying to dig
When a museum in Toronto went to a dig site and found a large Tyrannosaurus rex fossil, the museum in Ottawa wanted something bigger and better.
All museums are the same
I went out looking for something bigger and better than anywhere else
this was in the early 20th century
Around 1970, some scientists thought, "What the hell is this? All the dinosaurs you see are big.
where's the little one "
And I thought about this and wrote a paper, "Where's the Little Dinosaur?"
(Laughter) Now, when you go to a museum, how many baby dinosaurs are there?
People would think -- this "assuming," which was actually the problem -- "if you have a small dinosaur or a juvenile dinosaur, you'll be able to easily tell them apart because they're similar to adults."
You'll have both big dinosaurs and little dinosaurs.
But the museum got only the big ones
and i found out a few things
One is that scientists are selfish and want to name dinosaurs.
Scientists love to name anything
We all name our pets
(Laughter) They discovered things that looked different and gave them different names.
Of course, the competition ended with many dinosaur names.
1975 I had an epiphany in someone's head.
Dr. Peter Dodson, of the University of Pennsylvania, has noticed something: Dinosaurs grow like birds, but not like reptiles.
In fact, the doctor used cassowaries to find out.
It's a pretty good study -- any bird with a crest on its head, like the cassowary, grows to 80 percent adult size before the crest develops.
Animals of this species are basically
It retains its juvenile characteristics until very late in ontogeny.
The allometry of the skull in ontogeny is the relative growth of the skull.
You've probably noticed by now that if you find a cassowary that's already 80 percent grown (because it doesn't have a crest), you won't think of it as an adult cassowary, you'll think it's two different animals.
This is the problem, and Dr. Dodson used Hypacrosaurus, a duck-billed dinosaur, to point this out.
What he did prove was that if you looked at the appearance of juveniles and adults and plotted the averages on a graph, if the growth rates were directly proportional, you would expect to have a crest by the time you reach 50 percent of adulthood.
But in fact, even at the subadult stage, which is 65 percent mature,
No crest yet this is interesting
This is the reason why everyone misunderstands
In other words, if they had continued to do research like Dr. Dodson's, there would have been fewer dinosaurs.
But scientists are selfish, and they like to give names.
Each dinosaur is different, so we kept naming them.
Now we can find out whether dinosaurs and other animals were juveniles or adults.
I'm going to cut a dinosaur bone and examine it.
This is a tricky one, and as you can imagine, dinosaur bones are very valuable in museums.
The museum is very well maintained
placed on a cushion in a small container
very important
If you cut the bone and say you want to look inside, they'll hate you.
(Laughter) Usually they don't let me do that.
But I have a museum, and I collect dinosaurs, so I can open it up and look inside, and that's my policy.
(applause)
If you cut a baby dinosaur bone and look inside, it will look like a sponge like A. If you cut an adult bone,
A lump with no gaps
You could say it's a mature bone.
very easy to spot
That's why I want to show you this
Where the northern plains of North America and the southern plains of Canada are located, is the Hell Creek Formation, a fossil locality where fossils of nearly extinct dinosaurs can be found.
Here are 12 dinosaurs that we all know, 12 representative dinosaurs that are said to be extinct.
So let's find out about this
This is one of the things I've been researching with my students and staff.
I cut open a dinosaur bone
As you can imagine, cutting through the leg bones sounds easy, but if you go to a museum and say, "Can you cut open the skull of a dinosaur?"
It is said, "Get out!"
(Laughter) Here are 12 dinosaurs.
Take a look at these three first
These are called pachycephalosaurs
As you know, they belong to the same lineage
They are thought to be related like cousins.
But no one thought they were more closely related.
In other words, people were judging people based solely on how they looked.
You know, when you're trying to tell if you're a brother or a sister, you can't tell by how they look.
The only thing that can be judged by visual similarity is that they are similar.
People looked at these and talked about how different they were.
Pachycephalosaurus has a large, thick dome on its head, a small ridge on the back of its head, and many bumps on the tip of its nose.
And a similar dinosaur from the same period, the same age, Stygimoloch, had horns on the back of its head.
It had a very small dome on its head and a lot of bumps on its nose.
And this is called Dracorex Hogwartsia.
What is the origin of this name? it's a dragon
on the head of this dinosaur
It has horns, no dome, and a hump on its nose.
no one thought this hump looked alike
Looking at these three, they said, "These are three different kinds of dinosaurs, and Dracorex would be the oldest dinosaur.
And the other one will be older than the other." I'm not sure.
How would you classify these three?
But if you just put these skulls together, it looks like this.
Dracorex is the smallest, Stygimoloch is medium, and Pachycephalosaurus is the largest.
As you can imagine, this gave me a hint.
(Laughter) It didn't help them.
I know why
Because scientists like to name
So I cut open the Dracorex, and when I cut it open, it was spongy inside, just like a sponge.
So this means that it grows rapidly in a child's bones.
It's going to get bigger and bigger as we cut open Stygimoloch
the same can be said
A small dome grows quickly
inflates very quickly
Interestingly, Dracorex's occipital horns also grow rapidly, while Stygimoloch's occipital horns
It shrinks, so as the dome grows, the corners get smaller.
Pachycephalosaurus had a stout dome, and a small projection on the back of its head also contracted.
With just these three dinosaurs, I can easily -- as a scientist -- assume that this is just the same animal growing up.
The flow of this story tells us that Stygimoloch and Dracorex are extinct.
(laughs) okay
So here are 10 representative dinosaur species.
At Berkeley, a colleague and I were doing research on Triceratops.
Before the turn of the 21st century -- I think between the first discovery of a Triceratops in the 19th century and the turn into the 21st century -- no Triceratops baby fossils were found.
Triceratops are in museums all over the world, but no one has collected a baby fossil.
I can understand why, because I wanted a big dinosaur.
Every museum had a big display, so we collected a lot of fossils.
We found tons of baby fossils, because baby fossils were everywhere.
exhibited a large number of fossils
(Laughter) Because my museum is small.
It is said that they will exhibit a small dinosaur
(Laughter) If you look at a triceratops, you can see that it changes shape as the child grows.
corners curve backwards
And when they reach adulthood, their horns grow forward.
it's really interesting
If you look at the edge of the frill, there are little triangular bones that grow into large triangles and then flatten out along the frill, much like the pachycephalosaurus projections.
I have a child fossil, cut it open
I looked inside
Baby fossils look a lot like sponges
When it becomes a subadult, it becomes more like a sponge
Interestingly, the adult Triceratops was also sponge-like.
This skull is two meters long.
it's a very big skull
There's a much larger dinosaur that looks a lot like the Triceratops skull, and it's called Torosaurus.
When you cut open a Torosaurus, it's mature inside.
ruffles have big holes
It's been said, "Triceratops and Torosaurus are different dinosaurs because they're different sizes."
(Laughter) "And there's a hole in the frill." "Do you have a Torosaurus child?"
"Of course not, but there's a hole in the frill," they said.
My student, John Scanella, went through all the fossils he had collected and discovered that even Triceratops (the frill) was starting to have small holes. I discovered an interesting growth process in
As you can see, Torosaurus is just an adult Triceratops.
If you're going to name a dinosaur, whatever name you're going to name it, just keep the first name and discard the others.
So the Torosaurus is extinct, and many newscasters have been talking about this news.
No more triceratops
I misunderstood that Torosaurus would stay, but it doesn't.
(Laughter) This is true of other dinosaurs as well.
This is Edmontosaurus and Anatotitan.
Anatotitan: giant duck
A hadrosaurid dinosaur
This is Edmontosaurus
When we look at the histology of bone, we can see that
Edmontosaurus is a juvenile, or at least a subadult, and Anatotitan is an adult.
We don't need Anatotitan's name, let's continue.
So let's finally talk about Tyrannosaurus.
I'm going to talk about Tyrannosaurus and Nanotyrannus.
(Laughter) It's also strange.
(Laughter) But that was a good question.
"One has 17 teeth and the big one has 12. This is total nonsense.
I've never seen a dinosaur grow teeth as it grows.
So the truth is that the two are different kinds."
I cut it and looked inside, and sure enough
Nanotyrannus was a child's bone, and the larger one was an adult's bone.
it still seemed to grow
The Rockies Museum where we work has four Tyrannosaurus rexes, so you can cut as many as you want and look inside.
But you don't have to cut anything. If you look at these jaws side by side, the largest one has 12 teeth, the next largest has 13 teeth, the next largest has 14.
And there were 17 Nanotyrannus, and I checked other museums.
Its jaw had 15 teeth
And this also goes like this: Nanotyrannus is part of the growth process of Tyrannosaurus Rex, so it eliminates Nanotyrannus.
(Laughter) So the bottom line is, here are seven dinosaurs from the end of the Cretaceous period.
it's a good number
I think it's just the right number to go extinct.
Now, as you can imagine, this is not a funny story for fourth graders.
4th grade kids love dinosaurs and remember their names.
(Laughter)
Thank you. (Applause)
If there's one city where it's hard to buy or rent a house, it's Sydney.
If you've been home hunting in this city recently, this problem will be familiar to you.
When you walk into a home for sale, you know what's available, but when you walk away, you risk missing out on the best bargains.
How do you know when it's time to stop looking and move on to a contract?
This is such a heartless and common problem that you might be surprised to hear that there is a simple answer.
37%
(Laughter) If you want to maximize your chances of finding the best, you can look at 37 percent of the listings and decide next time you come across the best one ever.
37% of the time, if you're looking for a month, you have 11 days to set standards and prepare to take action.
I say this because finding a house is an example of the "optimal stopping problem."
This is a problem that is well studied by mathematicians and computer scientists.
I am a computational cognitive scientist
I spend my time trying to understand the workings of the human mind, which can be both astonishingly feats and terribly dysfunctional.
To do this, we consider the computational structure of everyday problems, and then compare the ideal solution to that problem with what we actually do.
As a by-product, we've found that a little bit of computer science can make human decision-making easier.
There are personal motives for this
Growing up in Perth as a big-headed kid, I—
(Laughter) I was always looking for ways to make sense, to rationalize every decision, to figure out the best course of action to take.
But this approach doesn't quite address the problems that arise in adult life.
I even thought about breaking up with my girlfriend because of it, because I'm tired of trying to figure out the perfect answer based on what we both like -- (Laughter).
(Laughter) She used to point out that I was taking the wrong approach to this problem, who later became my wife.
(Laughter) (Applause) From the simple problem of deciding which restaurant to go to, to the serious problem of deciding who to spend the rest of your life with, life is full of computational problems that you simply try to solve with guts. is too difficult
On such matters, it's good to get an expert's opinion, a computer scientist.
(Laughter) When you're looking for life advice, a computer scientist probably isn't the first person you think of.
Living like a computer, stereotypically accurate, exhaustive, clockwork, not fun.
But when we look at human decision-making in terms of computer science, we find the opposite.
When applied to difficult problems, such as those found in human life, computers solve problems in a way very similar to how humans behave.
For example, let's say you're trying to decide which restaurant to go to.
This is a problem with a certain computational structure.
You have a series of options, choose one, and you're faced with the same problem tomorrow.
This situation creates what computer scientists call the explore-exploit trade-off, and what computer scientists call the explore-exploit trade-off.
You have to make a decision, either to try something new, to "explore" to gather information that you can use in the future, or to go where you already know it's pretty good and "exploit" the information you've gathered so far. mosquito
The trade-off between exploration and exploitation comes when you choose to try something new or try something that you know is pretty good, whether it's when you listen to music or decide who to spend time with.
This is also the problem that technology companies face when deciding which ads to put on their websites.
Should I run new ads and learn from them, or should I run ads that I know many people will click on, or should I run ads that I know many people will click on?
Over the last 60 years, computer scientists have gained a better understanding of the trade-offs between exploration and exploitation, and some surprising insights.
When you're trying to decide which restaurant to go to, the first question to ask is how long will you be in the city?
If you're only there for a short period of time, you should choose Leverage.
There is no point in collecting information
go where you know it's good
But if you're going to stay longer, let's explore.
You can try new things and the information you gain will help you make better choices in the future.
The value of information increases as the number of opportunities to use that information increases.
This principle also gives us insight into the course of human life.
Babies don't have a very good reputation for being sensible.
Always try new things, put everything in your mouth
But this is exactly what babies should do.
You're in the exploratory phase of your life, and some of the things you've tried will be delicious.
On the other hand, if you're an old person, and you always go to the same restaurant and eat the same thing all the time, this isn't boring, it's optimized.
(Laughter) I'm using the knowledge I've gained through life's experiences.
In general, understanding the trade-off between exploration and exploitation can help you feel more comfortable with yourself when making decisions.
You don't have to go to the best restaurants every night
Dare to try something new and explore
you might learn something
The information you get that way will be worth more than one delicious dinner.
Computer science also makes things easier at home and at work.
You may have had to make difficult decisions when you had to organize your clothes. You have to decide which ones to keep and which ones to let go.
Martha Stewart seems to have put a lot of thought into this question (Laughter), and she has good advice.
She said, "Ask yourself four things: How long have you had it?
Can I still use it properly?
Does it overlap with other things you have?
When was the last time you used it? "
There are experts who are thinking about this issue even more intensely, and will point out that one of these questions is more important than the other three.
Who are the experts?
I'm a designer of computer memory systems.
Most computers have two types of storage systems: fast storage systems -- expensive, limited-capacity storage systems like memory chips, and much larger, slower storage systems.
In order for a computer to operate as efficiently as possible, the data you use should be in a fast storage system so that you can retrieve it quickly.
Each time you access it, the data is pulled into a fast storage system, but with limited capacity, you have to decide which data to remove instead.
Over the years, computer scientists have experimented with different ways of determining which data to remove from fast memory.
There's also a random selection, or a method called "first in, first out," which removes the one that's been in memory the longest.
But the most effective way is to pick the one that has been least used.
So when you're trying to remove something from memory, you pick the one that was last used the oldest.
there is a reason for this
If it's been a long time since you last used that data, you can expect it to be a long time before you need it again.
A wardrobe is like a computer memory.
I have a limited amount of space and want to put the things I'm most likely to need there for quick access.
If so, it might be a good idea to apply this "least unused principle" to organizing your wardrobe.
Going back to Martha's four questions, computer scientists would say that the last question is the most important.
The idea of ​​organizing things so that the things you're most likely to need are where they're most accessible can also apply to the workplace.
Japanese economist Yukio Noguchi devised a document organization method that has exactly this property.
Take a cardboard box and put the documents in the left end of the box.
When you add a document, shift the original one to the right and put it on the far left.
When using the document, take it out of the box, and after using it, put it back to the left end of the box.
That way, the documents will be arranged from left to right in order of most recently used.
He found that when searching for documents, he found them more quickly by looking from left to right.
Before you rush home and try to build this document system -- (Laughter) I should point out that you probably already have this.
(Laughter) A stack of papers on my desk.
People say it's messy and disorganized, but the stack of papers is actually perfectly organized. They are arranged in the order in which they were received. If you look from the top, you will quickly find the document you are looking for.
Organizing your wardrobe and your desk probably isn't the most pressing issue in your life.
Sometimes the problems we have to solve are just too hard.
Even in those cases, computer science can provide some strategy and solace in those cases.
The best algorithms do the most meaningful things in the least amount of time.
When computers are faced with hard problems, they deal with them by simplifying them, by introducing randomness, by removing constraints, by making approximations.
Simplified problems give clues to difficult problems, and can even be pretty good solutions in their own right.
Knowing these things can make you feel better about making decisions.
For example, when looking for a house, you can use the 37% rule.
You can't consider all options, so you have to bet.
Even with the best strategy, there is no guarantee of perfect results.
If you follow the 37% rule, your odds of getting the best deal are --
(Laughter) 37%.
often fail
that's the best you can do
Computer science helps us become more tolerant of our limitations.
You can't control the outcome, you can only control the process
If you're using the best process, you've done your best.
Sometimes the best process involves betting, which is that you don't consider all your options and just hit a pretty good answer.
This isn't a compromise you make when you can't do it rationally, it's what it means to be rational.
thank you
(applause)
I will show you my photos today
But I don't know if I can call it a photo
This photo, of course, cannot be taken with a camera.
I got interested in photography when I got my first camera when I was 15 and it's been around for a long time.
It was mixed with my passion for painting, but there was a difference.
If you take a picture with your camera, the process ends the moment you press the shutter.
So photography is mostly about being in the right place at the right time.
I thought anyone could do it.
I wanted to create something different, something where the moment you click the shutter, the process begins.
For example, here's a photo on a busy street.
Construction is underway, but with an unexpected twist.
Yet it still retains its realism.
Or a picture like this, which can be dark or colorful, but what they have in common is that they maintain a certain degree of realism.
When I say real, I mean photorealistic.
Of course, I can't really capture something like this, but I always want to give it the feeling that something was really shot with a camera.
It's the kind of picture that makes you think for a second before you realize the trick.
So it's more like capturing an idea than capturing a moment.
So what makes this look real?
Is it the detail or is it the color?
Or is it light?
What creates the illusion?
Sometimes the appearance is an illusion
Ultimately, it comes down to how we interpret the world and how we can represent it on a two-dimensional plane.
The point is not what is real, but what looks real.
the basics are pretty simple
Combining separate pieces of reality to create new realities -- it's like a puzzle.
Let me show you a simple example
So here are three imaginary objects that you can think of as objects in a three-dimensional world.
But in a certain combination, it's still three-dimensional—while seemingly probable.
can do things that don't exist
The brain is tricked because it refuses to accept the fact that it doesn't make sense.
We also take advantage of this phenomenon when combining photos.
It's important to combine different realities
What makes a photograph look real is something we don't even think about, things that surround us every day.
You have to think about this when you're combining photos, because otherwise it'll look kind of weird.
I think there are three simple rules to get realistic results.
There is nothing special about these images
But when combined, you get something like this
The first rule is that the photos you combine must have the same perspective.
Second, the combined photos must have the same lighting conditions.
These two photos meet both criteria, they're taken from the same height and the lighting conditions are the same.
The third rule is to have no seams so you don't know where another image starts.
It obscures how the images were put together.
You can add effects to the photo, such as matching the color, contrast, and brightness of the borders, reducing the depth of field and saturation, adding noise, etc., and erasing the borders between images, even though there are actually hundreds of layers. It makes it look like it's a single photograph.
this is another example
(Laughter) It looks like you just manipulated the lower part of the landscape photo.
It's actually made up of many photos taken in different locations.
I think it's easier to create a place than to find it, because that way you can take the ideas you have in your head and make them happen.
But you have to think well
This idea came to me in the winter, but it took me months to figure out where to find the puzzle piece.
For example, the fish were caught on a fishing trip.
The shore was taken at a different location
The underwater part is the quarry
And I made the house on the island red and made it look Swedish.
Conception is important to get realistic results.
I always start with a sketch of an idea
then combine another photo
Each part is very well thought out.
If the photography is done well, the results can be very nice and very realistic.
You have all the tools you need, and the only limit to what you can do is your own imagination.
thank you
(applause)
First of all, I would like to ask you: How many of you here can confidently call yourself a leader?
I've asked this question in various places, but no matter where I ask this question, most people won't raise their hands.
We see "leadership" as something extraordinary. We see "leadership" as something extraordinary. We see "leadership" as something extraordinary that changes the world.
I think it's something extraordinary that will change the world.
The title of leader will come to suit me someday, but
I feel arrogant and impertinent given to me right now.
What worries me is that we waste a lot of time admiring things that no one else can do. I think that only such things are worthy of praise.
Even if you neglect what you can do on a daily basis and truly become a leader, you don't feel happy that you were useful in doing so.
Over the last decade, I've been very fortunate to have worked with some amazing people who have helped me redefine leadership, and some amazing people who have helped me redefine leadership today. I want to talk to you in time
It's probably the most important story in redefining leadership.
I went to a small college in Canada called Mount Allison College.
On my last day at college, a girl came up to me and said, "I remember the first time I met you."
And he told me what happened four years ago.
"The day before I started college, I was in a hotel room with my mom and dad, and I suddenly started crying because I was scared to go to college.
my parents are very nice people
"I know you're scared but tomorrow I'm going to college Try it and if you still feel like you're not good then it's okay tell us I'll take you home I love you no matter what happens I from"
And the next day, while queuing for admission procedures
I looked around and thought, I can't do it myself, I'm going to quit.
As soon as I made that decision I felt at ease As soon as I made that decision I felt at ease
When I was about to tell my parents to go home, when I was about to tell my parents to go home, you came out of the student union with a really weird hat. (Laughter)
it was very impressive
I had a big billboard advertising Shinerama, a group of students fighting cystic fibrosis (a charity I've been doing for a few years). (It's a charity activity.) And then I'll bring a bucket full of candies, and I'll pass them out to people in line as I walk.
I was talking about Shinerama
suddenly stopped at me and stared at me
It was creepy.” (laughs)
You know what I'm talking about. (Laughter)
"And he looked at the man next to me, and he smiled, took out a candy from his bucket, handed it to him, and said, 'I have to give candy to the beautiful woman next to me.' was
he blushes and doesn't even look at me
He gave me candy like this (laughs)
I feel sorry for this person, so when I receive the candy
Immediately you turned serious and looked at my father and mother and said, 'Look at me.
It's your first day out of the house, but you're getting candy from people you don't even know? ! (laughs) People around me couldn't help but laugh.
everyone started laughing
I don't know why you're telling me this nonsense, but the moment I saw everyone laughing, I knew I had to quit college.
Since that day four years ago
i'm not talking to you
When I heard that you were leaving the university, there was something I really wanted to tell you.You are a very important person in my life.I will miss you.
With that said she walked away I'm taken aback
She walks about two meters, turns around, smiles, and says, "I forgot to mention that I'm still dating that guy from four years ago."
A year and a half after we moved to Toronto, I was invited to their wedding.
This is important, I have no memory of it.
This is important, I have no memory of it.
It's an interesting story, so I can remember it, but I can't remember it even if I try to trace my memory
It was an eye-opener for a woman to walk up to a stranger she met four years ago and say, "You're such an important person in my life." I don't even remember a moment that had such a huge impact on my life that I would say, I don't even remember a moment that had a huge impact on my life
Has anyone experienced such a moment? Did someone's words or actions fundamentally change your life for the better? Has anyone told him that?
why not? you celebrate your birthday
I just haven't died in 365 days.
Each and every one of you is a bridge in a life-changing moment Each and every one of you is a bridge in a life-changing moment
Even if you don't think so, by what you say or do
you're making someone's life better
It's just that people haven't told me
But it's scary to think you have that kind of influence, isn't it? But it's scary to think you have that kind of influence.
If we define leadership as something that's amazing, something that's beyond our reach, or something that changes the world, we end up believing it's not something we can do every day.
According to Marianne Williamson, man's greatest fear is
Not to be inadequate, but to have immeasurable impact
It is said that it is not the darkness of oneself that is scary, but the light
Today's theme is overcoming it. Overcoming the fear of how much it will affect other people's lives. Overcoming the fear of how much it will affect other people's lives.
Once you get over it, you can move on. When your little brothers and sisters, and eventually your children, see how influential what they can do for each other, they'll come to see it as more important than money, power, or titles.
We need to redefine leadership as life-changing moments, and how many of them are we creating, recognizing, reaping the rewards, or saying thank you?
They say leadership changes the world, but there's no world, just the way six billion people think about the world.
If you can change the mindset of one of them, what they think they can do, how much they know they are loved, how much influence they have in this world, then everything changes. increase
If everyone could think and redefine leadership this way, if everyone could think and redefine leadership this way, I think we could change everything.
It's simple, but I don't think it's a silly idea.
Thank you very much for listening to me today.
Excuse me, please call the doctor
no i'm kidding
Six years ago, when I was pregnant with my first child, I discovered something strange: one of the most common preservatives in baby care products, when ingested, mimics estrogen.
In fact, the chemicals in our products are very easy to get through your skin and into your body.
These preservatives have been found in breast cancer tumors.
This is what inspired me to make the movie "Contaminated Babies."
I soon found some amazing statistics on this problem.
Between 30,000 and 50,000 of the chemicals in our bodies weren't in our grandparents' bodies.
Many of these chemicals have been linked to the rapid rise in chronic childhood diseases common in industrialized countries.
let me show you the stats
For example, in England, childhood leukemia increased by 20 percent in one generation.
Childhood cancer statistics in the United States are very similar.
1 in 10 children in Canada has asthma
four times more
It's the same all over the world
Perhaps the most startling statistic in the United States is that autism, autism spectrum disorders and other learning disabilities have increased sevenfold.
We also see this trend in Europe and North America.
In one part of Europe, there is a four-fold increase in congenital genital abnormalities.
Interestingly, in the United States, certain diseases have tripled.
Chronic childhood diseases, including obesity, juvenile diabetes, and precocious puberty, are on the rise at an alarming rate.
I'd like to introduce you to an unexpected person who can talk about these things, who can discuss toxicity to babies, and probably one of the most important people in the world -- a frog expert.
(Laughter) I was surprised, too, that I was going to talk about pesticides and sanitation, because I wasn't doing anything useful.
(Laughter) Because it's a frog.
I'm actually surprised that I got involved in this pesticide problem, because the world's largest chemical manufacturer asked me to study the effects of atrazine on amphibians and frogs.
Atrazine was a hot-selling product from the world's largest chemical manufacturer.
It was the most polluting chemical in groundwater, drinking water, and rainwater.
It was banned in Europe in 2003, the same year the US Environmental Protection Agency re-registered the chemical.
I was a little bit surprised by the results of the study, when I put the frogs in a very low dose of atrazine -- one part per billion -- and this is what happened.
If you dissect the gonad, you'll find two testicles, two ovaries, and enlarged testicles and ovaries -- that's not normal, is it?
(Laughter) Even amphibians --
Some males of the northern leopard frog had eggs in their testes.
This overgrown egg bursts out of the male's testicle.
My wife and I'm sure Penelope agrees, but nothing hurts more than childbirth.
(Laughter) In a recent study we published, some of the male organisms exposed to atrazine became fully female.
Two males are mating like this
Despite being genetically male, not only can they mate, they can actually lay eggs.
What we put forward, and which is now widely supported, is the fact that atrazine throws your hormones out of balance.
Normally, the testicles make the male sex hormone, testosterone.
But atrazine activates an enzyme called aromatase, which converts testosterone into estrogen.
As a result, the male lost its testosterone, was chemically castrated, and began producing female hormones, becoming a female.
I also looked at human problems
Because it turns out that the most common form of breast cancer in women is caused by estrogen and enzyme aromatase.
When cancer cells form in the breast, aromatase converts androgens to estrogens, which allows the cancer to grow and spread into a tumor.
In fact, aromatose is the leading cause of breast cancer, but the newest treatment, using a chemical called letrozole, blocks aromatase and estrogen, so even if cells mutate, they won't turn into tumors.
Strangely enough, 36,000 tons of atrazine are still in use. It's the most polluting water source, but it also increases aromatase and estrogen, causes tumors in rats, and is associated with human tumors and breast cancer.
The funny thing is that this company that sells 36,000 tons of atrazine, which causes breast cancer, is the same company that sells breast cancer blockers.
Isn't it strange that instead of avoiding this chemical and preventing disease, we are putting more chemicals into the environment?
And speaking of estrogen, there's been a lot of recent mention of a chemical called bisphenol A, BPA, which Tyrone mentioned in the movie.
this is a plasticizer
It's a substance that's mixed into polycarbonate resin, and it's also used in baby bottles.
The interesting thing about BPA is that it does the same thing as estrogen, and was actually once considered a synthetic estrogen for use in hormone replacement therapy.
So many studies now prove that BPA seeps out of the bottle, dissolves in the milk, and gets into the baby's body.
We give synthetic estrogens to newborns and infants.
A little over two weeks ago, the European Union passed legislation banning the use of BPA in baby bottles and baby cups.
A baby cup is a plastic cup that infants use when they are out of bottle feeding.
But just two weeks earlier, the U.S. Senate had refused to even discuss banning BPA in baby bottles and baby cups.
So you can see that it's the responsibility of parents to regulate and protect their own lives, and it's amazing.
We know that many baby bottles leach a chemical called bisphenol A, and only parents can protect their children from chemicals.
As the baby bottle example shows, it can be prevented from entering the body.
But if parents aren't careful, there's no one to protect their children.
What Penelope says is absolutely true.
we are on the brink of mass extinction
Scientists now agree
Many species are going extinct faster than the dinosaurs, and amphibians will be gone.
80% of amphibians are at risk of extinction
Scientists and I both believe that pesticides are the main culprit.
Amphibians are also very sensitive, which is a good indicator, because they are not protected by shells or membranes or placenta, and they cannot protect themselves from pollution in the water.
In fact, one of our greatest mammalian inventions is the placenta, but so are mammals.
Origin is an aquatic animal
And this ancient tissue, a mammalian placenta that is unique to no other animal, has not evolved or adapted to the speed at which we create new chemicals.
Studies in rats have shown that the hormonal imbalance caused by atrazine causes miscarriage.
Because you need hormones to keep you pregnant.
Atrazine causes males to develop geriatric disease, prostate disease, even if they are born without miscarriage.
And females in utero are exposed to atrazine, which causes mammary failure.
When the rat grows up and doesn't get enough milk for the offspring, the offspring will also be developmentally disabled.
When grandmothers are exposed to atrazine, their grandchildren are also affected.
Generations and decades of exposure to so many chemicals will affect the health of our grandchildren and their generations by the chemicals we use today.
It's not just theoretical, we know that things like estrogen, PCBs, and DDT can cross the placenta and increase the chances of developing breast cancer, obesity, and diabetes in a fetus in the womb.
We mammals also continue to nourish our offspring after birth.
Chemicals like DDT, DES, and atrazine can affect you through your milk even after your baby is born.
When Tyrone said the placenta was an ancient organ, how were we going to show it?
thought
I think that if you make a video like this, you can visualize what you can't see.
I tried to personify
(video) (phone rings) Grandpa: This is the Placenta Authority.
what is it?
picture?
(Snoring) (Goo-Goo) What? What? Perpel... what is it?
perfluorooctanoic acid
how well
It's a substance I've never heard of
I hadn't even heard of it until I started making this video.
When I learned that fetuses also absorb chemicals from their mother's placenta, I started thinking, what would my baby say?
What will a baby who is exposed to pollution day after day tell us?
(music) (video) Child: Today I was given octylphenol and artificial flavors and bisphenol A.
Help me
It's so important that we women are at the forefront of this concern.
This is our big problem: we spend our lives storing these compounds in our bodies, and then we end up loading them into the fetus.
I'm polluting my own children
I realized this fact a year ago when I found out I was pregnant. The first ultrasound revealed that the baby had a birth defect due to exposure to an estrogen-like substance. There was no
Losing a child of my own really made me feel the need to deliver a message through this film.
It's strange that the narrator became part of the narrative, unintentionally.
Tyrone told me that the fetus is trapped in a contaminated environment, and this is my contaminated environment.
my contaminated baby
How sad, but surprisingly little is known about this.
One of the reasons why I'm so excited and honored to be at TEDWomen is summed up in a speech from someone at the dinner table last night: "Tell the man sitting next to you, we women will always protect you men. In fact, women have been protecting men all along, from Carson's "Silent Spring" to Thea Colborn's "The Stolen Future" to Sandra Steingraver's book "Cancer and the Environment" to "Trust." have 'also
Maybe because of the connection to the next generation, like my wife and daughter 13 years ago - maybe that connection is why women often become activists in this field.
But it's not just women and children who are at risk.
Frogs exposed to atrazine, due to a hormonal imbalance, have more holes in their testicles, can't produce sperm, empty testicular ducts, and a 50% drop in fertility.
Not just in my amphibian studies, but in Europe, we see similar results in fish studies, and in South America, we see azoospermic reptiles with holes in their testicles, and rats with no sperm in their testicles.
Although it cannot be studied in humans, one researcher accidentally discovered that men with low sperm counts and quality had significantly higher levels of urinary atrazine.
This is a man who lives in an agricultural area.
In fact, men who work in agriculture have higher levels of atrazine.
The urine of men with direct skin contact with atrazine has 24,000 times higher levels of atrazine than the average person.
Of course, 90% are Mexican.
More than just atrazine
They've also been exposed to chemicals like chloropicrin, which was originally used as a nerve agent.
The average life expectancy for many workers is only 50.
What's happening to wildlife is a warning to us, according to Rachel Carson and others.
At Lake Navgabo in Uganda, agricultural wastewater from crops is eventually collected in buckets and used for the village's only drinking water, cooking and bathing.
If I could teach the men in this village that frogs have weakened immune systems and that their testicles contain eggs, they would understand the relationship between the environment and human health.
You wouldn't drink water if you knew it was having a bad effect on aquatic life.
Even in my village of Auckland, most people are unaware of this relationship.
When we turn on the faucet, we have safe water, and we end up thinking that we are the masters of our environment, not part of it.
You'll soon find out that this is an environmental issue.
I am concerned about this issue and have been thinking about it for a long time.
We know a lot about global warming and climate change, but we don't think about protecting the environment inside our bodies.
We know the effects of the things we put out into the world, but we lack knowledge of the effects when we put them into our bodies.
I'd like to share my personal thoughts here. The role of us women is not just to act as communicators, but to bear and raise children. advance the work of the scientists of
Remember, environmental problems aren't just about melting glaciers and permafrost, they're also about our children.
thank you
(applause)
straw like a whip
sharp scissors
pointed needle
About 100 million species of insects are known to exist in the world, but many insects have only one of five different mouths.
This is very useful for scientists, because when scientists discover an insect they've never seen before, they can learn a lot just by looking at how the insect eats.
Scientific taxonomy, or taxonomy, classifies all living things into seven classes: Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Shu)
The characteristics of an insect's mouth are key to distinguishing which "order" it belongs to, and can give clues to how it grows and what it feeds on.
The chewing mouth shape is the most common
And it's also the most primitive. All other mouth shapes are thought to have started like this and evolved into something else.
These pincer-like features, called mandibles, have teeth inside to chew solid matter such as leaves and other insects.
This mouth shape is found in ants of the order Hymenoptera, grasshoppers of the order Locustidae, crickets, dragonflies of the order Odondae, and beetles of the order Coleoptera.
The stinging mouthpiece consists of a long tube called the beak.
It pierces plant and animal tissue and sucks up sap and blood.
They also secrete saliva containing digestive enzymes to liquefy food and make it easier to inhale.
Insects belonging to the order Stinkbugs have this mouthpiece, a family that includes bedbugs, cicadas, aphids, leafhoppers, and more.
The siphon-like sucking mouth is the non-hostile type of the stabbing mouth. increase
Insects belonging to the order Lepidoptera, butterflies and moths have their proboscis curled under their heads when not feeding, and extend it when near sweet nectar.
The spongy mouth has another hose that ends in two spongy spheres filled with tiny tubes called pseudoorgans.
Pseudoorgans secrete an enzyme-filled saliva that absorbs fluids and breaks down food by capillary action.
House flies, fruit flies, and other non-biting flies belonging to Diptera are the only insects that use this method.
but there are exceptions
Some flies also have bites, like mosquitoes, bullflies, blindflies, etc., which have stinging and sucking mouths instead of spongy mouths.
The final biting and licking mouth is a combination of a mandible and a proboscis, and the tip of the proboscis has a tongue-like object that is used when licking honey.
The mandibles themselves in this type are not used for eating.
Bees and wasps, members of the order Hymenoptera, use it as a tool to collect pollen and build nests out of beeswax.
Of course, there are insects in nature that defy this law.
For example, some larvae and adults have completely different mouths. For example, caterpillars chomp on leaves with their chewing mouths, before emerging into butterflies and moths with siphon-like mouthpieces.
But still, the shape of the mouth can tell us a lot, and it can help scientists—and you, too—to identify insects.
Why don't you pull out your magnifying glass and see what kind of insects are eating leaves in your fields, pricking your arms, or flying by your ears?
In the United States alone, for example, more than 2.07 million couples each year make legal and religious decisions to spend the rest of their lives together.
I'm taking an oath
The groom buys a ring, the bride buys a dress
Go shopping and have everything you need
She takes him to Arthur Murray to learn ballroom dancing.
And finally this day will come
We exchange vows of love before God, our family, and the father of the bride's old business partners. Neither abject poverty, nor life-threatening disease, nor unimaginable difficulties can ever stand in the way of our everlasting love. what?
(Laughter) These kind of optimistic foolish young people say that they will respect each other and love each other until their partner goes to sleep, through menopause, into menopause, and even deliberately gaining 20 pounds or more.
I've made a vow, so I can't hear you snoring
And the two who are drowning in alcohol bury their faces in the cake and are in a macarena state of love
And the guests give towels, toasters, etc. to the bride and groom, and they just drink and swear at the bride and groom.
You know, statistically, half of them will be divorced within 10 years.
(Laughs) In other words, you don't do half of it, do you?
Anniversaries are forgotten Every day we quarrel over vacation destinations and argue about the direction the toilet paper rolls
But surprisingly, some couples enjoy their marriage until both of them can't chew on anything solid.
Of course, researchers want to know why.
But you don't need double-blind or placebo-controlled trials to study marriage.
But it's also the other way around: admiration for insatiable excitement, broken internet connections, sickening monogamy, but even in these cases, things can change.
So what are the conditions for a happy ending?
What do the people who write the scenarios where the two of you go to the grave have in common? What is the secret to success?
What lessons can be drawn from it?
To all of you who are still sleeping happily alone What's the point in stopping this and working hard to find a special partner with whom you can argue for the rest of your life?
Researchers are using billions of dollars of your tax dollars to find the answer to this question.
We closely follow happy couples and analyze all kinds of behaviors and habits.
It explores the differences between happy couples and miserable neighbors and friends.
It turns out that happy couples have more in common than just not having an affair.
For example, the happiest people were those whose wives were slimmer and better-looking than their husbands. (Laughter)
This result is normal
We women care so much about staying in shape and looking good, but in men's heads, it's sex, sex, sex... and hopefully with women who are slimmer and prettier than us.
But the beauty of this study is that it doesn't define female happiness as being thin.
If you're thinner than your husband, that's enough.
I mean, you don't have to go on a diet and exercise, you don't have to encourage yourself to do these things, you just have to wait until your husband gets fat.
It's not difficult and it's worth knowing
Another study found that positive-minded couples were the happiest.
An optimistic wife is an example of this, taunting her husband's bulging abdomen.
Instead of rushing into a run, why not say, "Oh, you're doing this on purpose to make me look skinnier."
This is the ideal couple who can live happily ever after
"I really lost everything because of the fire,
It's not bad to snuggle up with you under the starry sky like this
I'm warm and happy with the meat you've saved me."
One of my favorite studies found that the more a husband was involved in housework, the more attractive the wife was to him.
I had to prove this with research.
Well, here's how the karakuri works
The more attractive a husband is, the more often he has sex, and as a result, the husband will be kinder to his wife. I will live in
I mean, men, why don't you try your hand at housework?
The next one is also interesting
A study found that people who smiled in their childhood photos were less likely to get divorced, which is a valid study.
Let me emphasize once again that the researchers did not look at self-reported childhood happiness questionnaires, let alone diaries.
Whether or not my childhood photos look happy, this is the only point
Now, I don't know how old you all are, but when I was a kid, I used to use a special camera to take pictures, and it contained something called film.
And this film is very expensive.
Cameras back then couldn't take 300 high-speed burst shots for a Christmas card and pick out just one shot.
There's no way I can do it.
As instructed, I can't help but smile at the camera This is what should have been a fun birthday party but ruined the photo with a fake smile
I have so many. I never hoped these pictures would save me from my divorce.
Now, what else can you do to protect a happy marriage?
to give up the Oscar for Best Actress
(laughs) I'm not kidding.
Betty Davis, Joan Crawford, Hailey Berry, Hilary Swank, Sandra Bullock, Reese Witherspoon, they're all divorced as soon as they take home the Oscar trophy.
Some call it the Oscar curse Oscar put an end to his marriage
A risk factor that must be avoided
It's not just being in a movie and giving a realistic performance.
It's also been revealed that just watching a romantic comedy can put an end to a harmonious relationship.
(Laughter) This has never happened to me and my husband, and I think we'll be fine, but these worst-case scenarios make life incredibly bleak.
In theory, you'd be more likely to leave the theater feeling refreshed if you saw a movie about a brutal murder or someone dying in a burning car.
I saw a headline the other day that said, "Drinking is a nuisance to marriage."
I'm in trouble, but I didn't read after the headline.
I don't know more than this, and the next is also scary
"Divorce is an infectious disease.
That's right, when a good friend divorces, you're 75% more likely to get divorced yourself."
Isn't it actually the exact opposite?
In this era of sex and Viagra and online dating, we know all too well of couples who split their assets, quarreled, and divorced.
No one wants us to succeed more than they do.
Now, you may be wondering, why do we get married?
In the United States, being someone's spouse gives you countless benefits from the government.
That includes permission to see an inmate with an inmate, a right you don't want to exercise.
In addition to these government perks, married people earn more than unmarried people, and they are physically and mentally
Married people are said to be healthier
It seems that many children are born stable, happy and well-behaved.
Believe it or not, you'll have more sex than your unmarried friends who are likely to like nightlife, which means you'll live longer.
It can be the first and most powerful incentive to consider marrying the person you love.
Now, for those of you who aren't benefiting from a joint tax return, I can't tell you how to find the ideal man who loves housework, who has the ideal body and appearance, who also loves horror movies, who has few friends who are on the brink of divorce. But as I said, the benefits are more than enough, so let's just encourage marriage itself, whether you're married or want to get married.
I think the bottom line is that marriage is worth it.
Now, using the information you've learned today, consider the benefits of marriage in light of the risk factors.
For example, me and my husband, I have no problem.
But my husband is ridiculously thin and surprisingly handsome.
Of course there will be a need to fatten him up.
As I said earlier, I had a friend who secretly wanted a divorce from us and got a divorce.
You have to be careful of your surroundings
Sometimes I want a cocktail or two
And yet, I still have a photograph of false happiness.
Plus, my husband not only does a lot of housework, but he's also kindly agreed not to watch romantic comedies anymore, so there's nothing to worry about.
But just in case, I vowed to do my best not to win an Oscar.
I encourage everyone to do this for building good relationships. See you at the bar.
(applause)
thank you
i am a journalist
My job is to meet and talk to people from all walks of life.
I want to talk to you today about how I got into this profession and what I've learned since then.
The story begins in my hometown of Caracas, Venezuela, South America, a place that has always been a place of magic and wonder for me.
From an early age, my parents wanted me to have a broader perspective.
I remember, one day, when I was about seven years old, my father said to me, "Mariana, I'm going to send you and your sister to a place."
―My sister was only 6 years old at the time.
I want you to experience a different culture."
Over the course of a summer, my father would go on and on about the benefits of attending summer camps in the United States, and he emphasized that "no one knows what the future holds."
On the other hand, in my young seven-year-old mind, all I could think about was that I could go camping in Miami.
(Laughter) I thought it would be even better if I could go a little further north to Orlando, because that's where Mickey Mouse lives.
(Laughter) I was very excited.
But my father had a slightly different plan.
Caracas sent us to Brainerd, Minnesota.
(Laughter) There was no Mickey Mouse there. (Laughter) There were no cell phones, no Snapchat Instagram, no information.
When I got there, one of the things I noticed was that the other kids had different shades of blond hair, and most of them had blue eyes.
By the way, this is how we were dressed
The first night, the camp overseer gathered everyone around the campfire and said, "Guys, this year's camp is very international. We have Sister Atencio from Venezuela."
(Laughter) Other children looked at us as if we were from another planet.
They asked me questions like, "Do you know what a hamburger is?"
"Do you go to school by donkey or canoe?"
(Laughter) I tried to answer in my poor English, but people just laughed.
I don't think they were trying to be mean, but they wanted to understand who we are and connect them with the world they know.
We could act like them, or we could be characters in, say, Aladdin or The Jungle Book.
Yes, we looked different, we spoke different languages, we were different.
It's hard for a 7 year old
But I had a sister who cried every day that I had to look after at summer camp.
So I mustered up the courage and decided to embrace the American way of life, no matter what.
Over the next eight years, we experimented with so-called "summer camp experiments" in cities that even Americans had never heard of.
What I remember most is that someone finally hit it off
Making friends was a special reward
We all want to be loved and accepted, so we think friends are natural, but they're not.
If you're different, you have to find your place
To do that, you have to be very caring, smart, funny, and cool to the people you want to hang out with.
Then, when I was in high school, my dad expanded his plans for the summer vacation, and we were sent from Caracas to Wallingford, Connecticut, for our final year of high school.
At the time, I was on the plane thinking about high school life in America with lockers.
It's gonna be my best year, just like my favorite show Saved by the Bell
(Laughter) And after arriving, I was told that my assigned roommate wanted to see me.
When I opened the door to the room, there was her sitting on the bed with a scarf covering her head.
The name was Fatima, a Muslim from Bahrain, not the roommate image I had in mind.
I think she probably sensed my disappointment, because I didn't hide my feelings very well.
As a teenager, I wanted to fit in and be popular, maybe even have a boyfriend to take me to prom, and I thought Fatima would get in the way because she's shy and dresses harshly. because there was a rule of
Little did I know I was making her feel the way I felt at summer camp.
I was doing the equivalent of asking, "Do you know what a hamburger is?"
I was so selfish that I couldn't put myself in her shoes.
To be honest, it only lasted a few months as roommates, and later she ended up living with a counselor instead of other students.
At that time, "She's fine, she's just different from us."
I thought
In a way, when you label someone as different, you don't see them as the same person.
they become "strangers"
We become irrelevant and not worth our time. In fact, thinking of the outsider may be the cause of our problems.
So how can we be aware of this blind spot?
The first step is to understand and accept the traits that characterize you.
And for the first time, we begin to understand the characteristics of others.
I found out that
It was two or three months after the incident
When you found a prom boyfriend and formed a friend group and forgot about Fatima, everyone entered a talent show for charity.
We competed for special skills in an auction method
Everyone seemed to have a special skill that could be announced.
One child played the violin, another recited a monologue from a play, and I thought, "In Venezuela, you don't show your talent like this."
But I was determined to find something of value.
And on the day of the talent show, I walked up to the stage with a little boombox, put it on the side of the stage, hit play, and played my favorite Shakira song, a new artist at the time.
I sang along "We'll always be together everywhere" And said "My name is Mariana I'm going to auction my dance class"
And then it looked like the whole school raised their hands to bid.
My dance class really stood out compared to the tenth violin class offered that day.
Back in my dorm, I'm not just different
felt really special
That's when I thought of Fatima, who I didn't think was special when I first met her.
She's from the Middle East, like Shakira's family.
If I had shown an interest in belly dancing, I might have taught you something.
So folks, get those stickers that I gave you earlier today, and they've got something special about you on them, and I want you to see them.
If you're at home, write down what makes you special on a piece of paper.
When you look at it, you might feel a bit embarrassed, a little embarrassed, a little proud.
but you have to start accepting it
May I? It's the first step to understanding other people's strengths.
When I returned to Venezuela, I began to realize how much these experiences had changed me.
Being able to speak multiple languages ​​while traveling through different places with people who are different from me gave me a special sensibility.
What I'm finally starting to understand is the importance of putting yourself in someone else's shoes.
That was the big reason why I wanted to become a journalist.
My hometown, in particular, is called the "backyard," and it's labeled "illegal," "third world," and "stranger," and I wanted to do something about it.
But a golden opportunity came just as the Venezuelan government shut down the country's biggest television station.
The censorship got really intense, and my father came back and said, "Do you think you can be a journalist in this country?
You should leave the country
then i realized
Everything my father has done for me was for this moment.
this was my future path
And in 2008, I packed up and went to America with only a one-way ticket.
What struck me then was that at 24, again, and this time forever, I was becoming a kind of refugee, an immigrant, an outsider.
I was able to get a scholarship to study journalism.
The first assignment I remember was Barack Obama's historic presidential election report.
At that time, I was filled with hope that I was blessed.
"This is it
I came to a post-segregation America, and I felt that the idea of ​​racism had quieted down, and maybe in my lifetime it would disappear completely."
but that was a big mistake
Why has President Obama failed to defuse racial tensions in this country?
Why do people still feel threatened by immigrants and LGBTQ minorities? They're just looking for a place to live, and here in America, that's a right given to every citizen, right?
At the time, I didn't know why, and on November 8, 2016, when Donald Trump became the new president, it became clear that many voters thought immigrants were "outsiders."
Immigrants are seen as terrorists who come to the United States and steal jobs or who speak another language.
Minorities, on the other hand, often receive nothing but hatred, intolerance, and narrow-mindedness by their adversaries.
It's like being trapped in a bubble that no one wants to burst.
The only way you can get out of it is by understanding that the other person thinks differently.
It takes courage to respect
Voltaire said, I may not agree with what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to express yourself.
If you can't see the good in others, that means you can't have a dialogue.
Without dialogue, we repeat the same mistakes, because we can't learn anything new from them.
I covered the 2016 election on NBC News.
It was my first assignment at a major TV station, moving from a Spanish-language TV station.
i wanted to do something different
I was watching the election results with an illegal immigrant family.
Few were willing to cover the moment they were with non-citizens who would be devastated if they were defeated that night.
When Donald Trump almost won the election, an eight-year-old girl named Angelina ran up to me in tears.
I sobbed and asked, "Will your mother be deported?"
I hugged her and said, "I'm fine," but I didn't really understand.
This picture was taken that night, but it will stay with me forever.
This is the girl, about the same age as I was when I went camping in Brainerd.
she already knows she's a stranger
Every day when I walk home from school, I worry and tremble.
So how can you put yourself in her shoes?
How can I convince her that she's special and not someone who doesn't deserve to live with her family?
As I pointed my camera at her and other family members in a similar situation, I tried to make people see them as people, not as illegal immigrants.
Yes, they're breaking the law and they should be penalized, but like other immigrants in the past, they worked hard for this country.
I've told you before how my path to personal growth began.
Finally, I'd like to tell you about the biggest stumbling block I've encountered along the way.
On that day, April 10th, 2014, I was on my way to the studio when my parents called me.
"Are you on the air?" my parents asked
I immediately thought something bad had happened
"What happened?" I asked
"Your sister was in a car accident."
my heart seemed to stop
I grabbed the steering wheel and I heard, "She probably won't be able to walk anymore."
It's often said that life can change in an instant.
That very moment my life changed
My sister, who was a year older than me and who had been successful with me, has become someone who can't move her legs or stand up or dress herself.
Unlike that summer camp when everything magically changed for the better
it was a horrible experience
In the last two years, my sister has had 15 surgeries and spent most of her time in a wheelchair.
But that wasn't all
The worst thing was that even now, it's so painful that I can't even put it into words.
It changed the way people looked at her and us.
People don't see her as a competent lawyer or a smart, warm-hearted millennial.
Everywhere people saw her as a poor young woman in a wheelchair.
I couldn't think of anything else
She fought like a warrior, and thanks to you, today she can walk, and her recovery has far exceeded her expectations.
(Applause) Thank you very much.
But what I've learned during the unimaginable ordeal is that there's a difference between just thinking things are bad and struggling to find the good in them.
My sister is having a hard time living because of an accident.
You taught me don't let your differences dictate who you are
Looking beyond what others see of you is the hardest thing, but it's also the most amazing thing.
Do you understand? we were all born with a physical body
People with physical or neurological disabilities Communities in poor conditions Immigrants, boys and girls Boys who want to dress like girls Girls in veils Women who have been sexually assaulted Kneeling to the national anthem Protesting sports Athletes Black, White, Asian, Native American My Sister, You, and Me
We all share the same desire to dream and succeed.
But sometimes, people tell me that I don't fit in, and I convince myself that I don't fit in.
From the stories I've told you about my upbringing in a different culture, to belly dancing in high school, to covering stories you don't usually see on TV, it's because I'm different that I've been able to stand out and succeed.
I have traveled the world and met and talked to many different people.
What do you think you learned?
The only thing we all have in common is that we're all human
So let's stand up to protect our common humanity.
and sue
Above all, be a humanist
Finally, everyone, please pick up that sticker from above, the piece of paper that describes what makes you different from everyone else.
I also want you to be curious about what other people have written on paper.
what is unique to other people
Celebrate the imperfections that make us special
And I want you to know that no one can say they're "normal."
we all have something different
We're all quirky and unique, and that's what makes us wonderfully human.
Thank you
(applause)
Hello San Francisco, welcome to visit us.
TEDx Well, the lights are bright!
Guys, how do you do
(cheers) "How are you?"
My name is Mel Robbins, and for the past 17 years, I've been dedicated to helping people achieve everything they want.
It's the right way. My husband is here today.
I work in the courtroom, in the boardroom, in the bedroom, in the living room.
For the past three years, I've been hosting a national radio program.
Five days a week, live in 40 cities, I talk to men and women across the country who feel stuck.
Did you know that one in three Americans are currently dissatisfied with their lives?
That means 100 million people
it can't be
And that's what we're really addressing in our new show, which, again, can't be, and it's called "Family in Law."
We're going to be living with families all over the country. (Laughter) You can imagine that.
I live with my in-laws and people who are at war.
Let them all live under one roof and I'll yell at them all Open up Pandora's box What's wrong with the donuts and who's going to make Thanksgiving dinner? let me talk
that's the theme for today
I'm here to help you
In 18 minutes, I'll tell you everything I know about how to make your wishes come true.
just think about what you want
it's yours
think only of yourself
Ignore Simon's "everyone", it's about me now
(Laughter) (Applause) Sorry, Simon.
what's your wish? here's what's important
please stop saying nice things
Health isn't the reason you go to the gym, right?
Do you want to tighten your sagging pectoral muscles and make a lover? (Laughter) So tell me, what do you want?
Want to thin? Want to triple your income?
Want to start a nonprofit? do you want a lover
what is it? decide now
There will be, you can choose without thinking too much
That's also a problem, don't choose
I'm going to talk to you about how to make your wishes come true.
In fact, it's as simple as making a wish come true.
But I'm not saying it's easy.
very simple
'Cause just think about it, we're living in a hell of a time.
Whatever comes to your mind right now -- whether it's curing diabetes with a healthy diet, figuring out how to care for the elderly and starting a new hospice, or going to Africa and building a school -- all right?
All you have to do is go to the bookstore Right now! And buy at least 10 books written by trusted experts on how to do it.
Search is fine
You'll probably find 1000's of blogs detailing the transformational steps that other people have taken.
It's okay to chase after someone you find on the internet
(Laughter) Follow in his footsteps, follow in his footsteps, and use the science of drafting.
Follow in what others have done, because some are ahead!
why don't you try to get it? You have all the information you need, you have all the connections you need, but you can start a business with free tools on the internet, get hired, and get anything you want?
It all boils down to this one word [words starting with "F"]
You better shut the door. You know what I'm talking about?
It's that word that starts with the letter "F."
You'll hear it all year long
To be honest, I don't know what this word means.
People who say those words don't seem smart, do they?
And this word doesn't express my true feelings
It's a sneaky way to say it
Of course you know what word it is, it's "Fine"
"How are you?" "Ah, I'm fine."
Really? are you okay?
Are you okay with 20 kilos of extra meat?
Is it okay for husbands and wives to be like housemates?
Four months without sex, are you okay?
Really?
it won't be okay
There's a reason why you say "it's okay" It's actually genius wisdom
Because if you say "it's okay," you don't have to do anything.
But think about it, the word "okay" makes me so angry.
Are you going to come to a conference about living and dismiss the experience of living with "it's okay"?
What a flimsy and poor word
If it's the worst, you can say it's the worst
If it's the best, you can say it's the best
tell me the truth
There's also the social construct, like, "I know life sucks, but I don't want to burden you."
But there's a bigger problem, and the bigger problem is that you're telling yourself, "I'm fine."
I assure you that if you don't get what you want, you're telling yourself it's okay.
That's why you don't try hard
That's the part of my life I gave up on—
It's the part where I tell myself, "It's okay, my mother won't change anyway, so I can't talk like that."
"It's okay. We'll have to wait until the kids graduate before we get divorced. Until then, we'll live in separate bedrooms."
"I'm fine. I'm unemployed and barely making a living, but it's hard to get a job anyway."
One of the reasons why this statement irritates me so much is that scientists have calculated that -- here we are, down.
That's what I calculated.
I've done the math. Everyone who's standing, please keep your cool.
I calculated the probability that you were born.
The calculations take into account wars, natural disasters -- dinosaurs and all that shit.
Do you see the odds of -- uh, you over there, put your computer down and stand up Doug (Laughter) Doug here -- say hello to everyone in the back -- the odds of Doug being born at the moment he was born. The odds of being born with his parents' current DNA is 1 in 400 trillion!
Isn't that amazing? (Doug) I'm lucky
(Mel) Yes! It's more than "okay" You're so wonderful!
You have an idea that will change your life with reason, it's not something that tortures you
Doug: Thank you very much.
Because you - we're all going in here.
1 in 400 trillion
Day in and day out, you've got ideas that change your life, ideas that change your world, ideas that change your mindset, what do you do with those ideas? nothing!
(Laughter) You didn't pay for that. I'm coming up with some great ideas
You observe people around you, and ideas pop up like ping-pong balls. What do you do when that happens? hit the snooze button
What was the first decision you made when you woke up this morning?
I should have gone back to bed
"Well, I'm 1 in 400 trillion, so the first thing I do today is go back to bed and go back to sleep."
You know, the bed is comfortable, isn't it? It's nice and warm
If you're lucky, you'll have someone you love next to you, and in my case, my husband, my two kids, and the occasional dog.
The reason why I'm talking about my first decision today and my "mind snooze button" is that whatever you want to change in your life, there's only one thing you need to know. it's a fact
This is it, you never get motivated
you must
No help, no motivation, no desire at all
Scientists call this "activation energy."
It's about the power you need to make that change, from what you're currently doing with self-driving cars to doing something new.
try this test tomorrow
You're all fine people, right? You've even attended TED
(Laughter) Try it.
Tomorrow morning, I'm going to set my alarm 30 minutes earlier than usual.
When the alarm goes off, I take off my sheets, get out of bed, get up and start my day.
Snooze is prohibited. Don't delay. "Mel's not here, so let's put it off for 5 seconds" is also prohibited.
And here's why I want you to do it, because you're actually going to witness physical forces, and those forces will change the way you behave.
Do you think people who want to lose weight will want to go on a diet?
there is no reason
Would you like to eat boiled chicken or beans instead of croissants?
you won't
Activation energy is the power it takes to get you, the talker, off your computer and take you outside for a walk, but it takes that exact same power to drag you out of bed and into a cold room.
This is the fun part about being an adult. When I turned 18, no one told me, but from that point onwards, it's your job to discipline yourself.
Disciplining yourself means making yourself do things you wouldn't want to do in death, that's what your job is, so that you can be whatever you want to be.
But you're just waiting for me to motivate you
I can't be motivated to do it!
My son doesn't want to quit DS, I'll make him quit.
"Stop DS"
"Put away the Kendall Barbie doll."
"If you have a nude party in my bathroom, at least clean it up."
(Laughter) "Keep your mouth shut when stuff is in. Please, this is not a barn."
"It's time for dinner. Get out of the pantry."
Parents force children to do things they don't want to do
Because I don't do it myself Never
Whether it's now or when, I'll never do it
Even if you can do one thing, you will find another thing you don't want to do.
My work hits a ceiling and I'm bored
So if you ask me if I'm looking for something new, I won't do that, I'll just complain
It's so simple to make a wish come true
but it's not easy
must be forced
it's forced
The reason I use the word "forced" is because when Roz was on this stage earlier, when he was talking about emotion tracking, you showed me images of the left and right sides of the brain.
But I would describe one side of my brain as "self-driving" and the other side as "emergency braking."
There's only one, self-driving or emergency braking.
Which would your brain prefer? Autonomous driving.
Have you ever had an experience where you drove to work and said, "Oh, I don't remember driving."
(Laughter) I wasn't drunk, my brain was on autopilot.
It worked, but it was at this low level.
The problem is, what does your head do when you do something out of the ordinary? emergency brake
That's how I react to anything, to anything
When I go to the kitchen, after breakfast, I see the dishes my family left behind.
This is the 100th time "I won't forgive you anymore"
"Leave it here and let them wash it."
But that's something you don't usually do, right?
Then your head goes, "Emergency brake!"
and it will be automatic
"I'll do it, but it's pissing me off and I don't have sex
That's my life." (Laughter) (Applause) I say "forced" because it takes force to stop doing what you normally do.
Think about your life. It's funny, isn't it? We go from children to adults, and we spend a lot of time trying to fit our lives into a static mold, and we're tired of it.
Wake up at the same time every day, eat the same breakfast, take the same route to work, show up at work, look busy, avoid phone calls, update Facebook, doodle throughout the meeting, come back and update Facebook. Make a plan for the night Make it look even busier Take the same route home Eat roughly the same dinner Check the same media and go to bed Repeat the same thing
I'm tired of that
I'm doing the same thing, so it hurts
I made a theory about why people get stuck in life.
Most of you have taken an introductory class in basic psychology and learned about Abraham Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, right?
Your body is doing pretty well. You have basic needs.
Your body is designed to send you signals.
How do you feel when you need food?
How do you feel when you need water?
How do you feel when you need sex? Thank you smile)
When I feel stuck or dissatisfied with my life, I think that's a signal.
I am not announcing the ruin of life.
It's telling us that one of our most basic needs is not being met.
a desire to explore
Everything in your life, everything in your body grows
Cells regenerate, and as long as hair and nails are alive, everything will continue to grow.
your mind needs exploration and growth
And the only way to satisfy that is to force them to be uncomfortable.
Force yourself out, stop thinking
It's dangerous to fantasize
It's not a message from God
If you put up speakers and broadcast what you're talking to yourself, you're probably going to be in an institution.
Don't just think about it
Your Emotions
It doesn't matter how you feel, what matters is what you do
If you listen to your emotions, you won't get what you want
'Cause you never want to
I have to get out of my comfort zone
It's not about taking risks, it's about getting out of the lukewarm water.
The first three seconds out of bed are the worst, aren't they?
But once you wake up it's great
The first three seconds are the same when you're sitting in a room like this. When someone says, "Let's get up and dance," you think, "Oh, let's dance."
The experience of wanting to do something, but not being able to give yourself a push because you didn't have the activation energy.
"I can't be with such a crazy person, I don't want to dance"
As for what happened to me, I met Rachel here and we started talking and she tweeted right away.
We became friends in no time.
the magic awaits
It's where 1 in 400 trillion is.
Everything I do is- oh, that's the last part.
One more thing you can use, I call it the "five second rule."
Your head reads a person's facial expression in 33 milliseconds.
It's amazingly fast
There's one more thing that you can do pretty quickly. When you have a sudden urge to do something, and you don't act in five seconds, you put the emergency brake on and kill the idea.
It's a second kill
You get up while the music is playing, and even if you feel like dancing, if you don't get up in five seconds, you'll hit the emergency brake.
Even if someone's talk inspired you to do something today, you have five seconds to do it -- take notes, text yourself, put the idea into physical action -- put the emergency brake on the idea. I'm going to crush
The problem is not the idea The problem is not taking action
It's you who broke it, it's not my fault or anyone else's fault
I'm doing it myself, let's stop
I expect from you, 1 in 400 trillion.
you all have work to do
Nothing will happen even if you think with your head
I want you to practice this today.
Luckily, we're having a party soon after this, and you all want to have cocktails, so I want you to follow the five-second rule.
When I meet someone and feel moved, when I find someone who seems interesting, I approach them.
If you were impressed by the lecture and would like to ask
I'm going to ask
that's what you came for
Try it out, you'll be amazed at the results
And one more thing, I want to tell you that everything I do, whether it's a radio show, a TV show, a book or a column I'm writing, is for you.
If there's anything I can do To force myself to do something I'm reluctant to do
But in order to do that, I have to take the initiative, use my mouth, and ask for it myself.
Did you understand? okay now do it
(Applause) Thank you. Please stand up.
Thank you.
You probably don't realize it, but you're actually seeing something very unusual right now.
Because I'm a millennial computer scientist and author on the TEDx stage, and I've never had a social media account.
It's actually kind of a coincidence that this happened.
When I was a sophomore in college, I was introduced to social media for the first time when Facebook came to campus.
This was right after the first Internet bubble burst, and I was running a student business, and I had to close down when the bubble burst. people were crazy
I was inexperienced in my expertise, so I was jealous and said, "I don't use this kind of thing.
I don't want to support the business of deceiving children, no matter how much it takes," I thought.
And it wasn't too long before I looked up and everyone I knew was hooked on Facebook.
But from an objective, holistic perspective, I've come to see it as a little dangerous.
So I never registered
I have never signed up for social media since.
Now, I'm here for two reasons. I want to deliver two messages.
The first message I want to send is that I've never had a social media account, but that's absolutely fine and nothing to worry about.
I have friends, and as a computer scientist, I know what's going on in the world. Rarely
Beyond saying it's okay, I'd also like to say that not only is it okay, but it's also making my life better without it.
And because I don't use social media, I feel happier, more comfortable with my life, and more successful as a professional.
So my second goal at this stage is to convince as many of you as possible to do the same.
Let's see if I can really convince you that your life will be better if you quit social media.
The theme of this TEDx event is "Future Tense," but in other words, this is my vision for the future, and I'm assuming that in the future there will be fewer social media users than there are now.
I said something a little big, but I have to explain it.
Now, let's take a look at the three most common objections to suggestions to quit social media, and let's see if we can take each one of those objections out of the air and really make them real.
This is the most common objection I hear
You're not Hermit, you're probably a hipster web developer on 8th Street.
Hipster or Hermit? It's sometimes difficult to tell
The first objection is this: "Cal, social media is one of the must-have technologies of the 21st century.
Rejecting social media is an act of extreme nostalgia
It's like riding a horse to work or using a dial phone.
You can't prepare yourself like that in your daily life."
My reaction to that objection is that it's nonsense.
Social media is not a must-have technology
Social media influences indispensable technology, but it's better understood this way.
So it's the seed of entertainment, it's the product of entertainment.
Technologist Jaron Lanier put it this way: "Social media companies are offering you a few minutes of your attention and a good time in exchange for your personal information that can be packaged and sold."
So, not using social media isn't socially hard-line, it's just that you're denying yourself one form of entertainment for other people.
It's not as controversial as saying, "I hate newspapers, I get my information from magazines," or "I prefer cable to network."
Saying "I don't use this product" doesn't turn into a serious attitude with political or social implications.
It's not a coincidence that I've used a picture of a slot machine here, because if you look a little more closely at technology like this, it's not just a kind of entertainment, it's a sort of morally unsavory kind of entertainment.
Today, many of the major social media companies are hiring what they call "attention engineers" to apply the principles of casino gambling, especially in Las Vegas, to make their products as addictive as possible.
Social media companies want you to rely on social media because they can maximize the benefits of your attention and your data.
So social media isn't an indispensable technology, it's just one of many forms of entertainment, and if you look closely, it's kind of morally unsound.
Now, here's the second counter-argument that's often heard when people suggest quitting social media.
The counter-argument goes something like this: "Cal, social media is essential to success in the 21st century economy. I can't stop.
If I don't have a well-developed social media brand, people won't know who I am, they won't find me, the opportunities won't come, and I will disappear from the market."
Again, this objection is nonsense.
I recently published this book and argued, based on some evidence, that in the competitive 21st-century economy, the market value is the ability to create something rare and valuable.
If you can create something rare and profitable, the market appreciates it.
It's the easy, low-value activities that most people do that are thrown out of the market.
Using social media is the epitome of non-value-added activity that anyone can do, even a six-year-old with a smartphone.
By definition, the market will not give this kind of behavior a high value.
Instead, they will appreciate the deep, focused work of using solid technology to produce rare and valuable goods - like a craftsman.
In other words - if you write a sophisticated algorithm - if you write a legal brief - if you write a thousand words of prose that keep the reader going until the end - if you write an ambiguous data If you can look at the ocean and use statistics to generate insights that change business strategy, if you can do these kinds of activities that require "deep work" to produce rare and useful results, people will find you.
You can choose a career you love and lay the foundation for a meaningful and successful professional life, regardless of how many followers you have on Instagram.
Now, here's the third counterargument that I hear whenever I suggest people stop using social media.
The counterargument goes something like this: "I agree with you, Cal, and I think you're right. Social media isn't a must-have technology.
Social Media Use Is Not Core to Professional Success
But you know
It's harmless and fun, isn't it? Weird Twitter is also interesting, and I don't use it that much, and I'm a fanboy, so it's fun to try it.
What's wrong with you? "
Thinking back to myself, this objection is also nonsense.
What we're missing in this case is a very important fact that we need to be more honest about: the well-documented reality that social media poses complex and significant harm.
These are the threats we have to face as we decide whether to embrace social media technology and integrate it into our lives.
One of the harms this technology does is to our professional success.
I argued earlier that the ability to focus deeply to produce something scarce and useful, to develop skills that are valued by the market, are important in a market economy.
But before making this claim, I said that social media tools are designed to be highly addictive.
In fact, the way the designers aim to use social media is to distract you as much as possible while you're awake, and that's the way social media works.
A growing body of research shows that if you spend most of your day with your attention fragmented, interrupting it to catch a glimpse of, "Let's just take a look at Instagram," can permanently damage your can reduce concentration
In other words, it can permanently diminish their ability to do the "deep effort" that is increasingly needed in an increasingly competitive economy.
So social media use isn't harmless, and can actually have a significant negative impact on your ability to survive in the economy.
This is especially worrisome when I see younger generations immersed in these technologies.
If you lose the ability to sustain your attention, you will become less and less involved with the economy.
It's also well known about the negative psychological effects of social media, which we have to address above all.
Research literature shows that the more we use social media, the more lonely and isolated we feel.
Constant exposure to your friends' hand-picked pictures of your happy life can make you feel unsuitable and increase the frequency of depression.
And a problem that will likely receive more attention in the near future is that there is a fundamental mismatch between the brain's natural functioning during waking hours and the behavior of exposing oneself to intermittent reward stimuli.
Spending a few hours at a slot machine in Las Vegas is temporary, but if you're walking around with a slot machine and pulling the wheel all day from the moment you wake up to the moment you go to sleep -- we're not made for that.
It short-circuits the brain, and we're finding that it has cognitive consequences, one of which is the background noise of anxiety creeping in.
Warnings to this have appeared on college campuses.
If you talk to a college mental health professional, they'll tell you that the prevalence of smartphone and social media use among college students is leading to a spike in anxiety disorders on campus.
this is the warning
This kind of behavior conflicts with the way your brain functions and makes you feel pathetic.
Using social media comes at a real cost, and when you're trying to decide whether to use it or not, it's not enough to just be "harmless."
We really have to find meaningful and tangible benefits that outweigh these possibilities and the non-trivial harms.
People often ask me, "Okay, but what would life be like without social media?"
It's a little worrying to actually think about it
People who have actually gone through this process say it can take weeks of difficulty.
It's like a real detoxification process
For the first two weeks, you may feel restless, a little anxious and feeling like you've lost a limb.
But after that, it's going to settle down, and actually life without social media is going to be a lot more positive.
I can tell you two things about a world without social media.
The first is that it can be very productive.
I'm a research professor, I've written five books, and I rarely work past five on weekdays.
Part of the way you can do that successfully is if you take care of your focus -- if you keep your focus holistically rather than fragmented -- then when it's time to work, you can do one task after another. Concentrate and finish Concentration saves time
If you can focus intensely on one thing after another, you'll be amazed at how much work you can do in eight hours.
Another thing I can tell you about life without social media is that I feel very calm outside of work.
"It's like being a farmer in the 1930s and being comfortable," I joke sometimes. When I look at my spare time, when the sun comes up, I read the newspaper, I listen to baseball on the radio, and my kids go to bed. Afterwards, I sit firmly in a leather chair and read a hardcover book.
It sounds old-fashioned, but it might have been back then.
It's a peaceful way to unwind after work and pass the time.
There is no background noise of constant irritating sounds and the anxiety that accompanies it.
Life without social media isn't really that bad
If you follow all these lines, you'll understand the argument that more people, if not everyone, shouldn't be using social media.
That is why we must first adopt the idea that “social media is a technology that we must use.”
Nonsense can be truncated
It also eliminates the idea of ​​not getting a job.
There is no market value in what a 6-year-old with a smartphone can do.
I also emphasized that there is real harm.
it's not just harmless
For this trade-off to be worth it, we need to find a clear benefit.
And finally, I talked about life without social media, which is wonderfully beneficial.
That's why I want many of you to actually consider these facts, and at least think about the thinking that I'm doing right now, which is that not using social media technology works better for more people.
Of course, there will be people who will disagree, and there will be people who will be harsh but accurate critiques of me and my views, and I, of course, welcome negative feedback.
Comment on Twitter
thank you
(applause)
Hello everyone
I'm Sam and I just turned 17
A few years ago, before I even started high school, playing the snare drum in the marching band at Foxborough High School was a dream I desperately wanted to pursue.
But the snare drum and the braces weigh 18 kilos together.
For your information, I weigh only 23 kilos.
So physically, I can't have a normal-sized snare drum, so my band coach asked me to play in the pits during the halftime show.
playing pitt is fun
Pit has a really cool variety of percussion instruments: bongos, timpani, timbales, cowbells.
So it was fun, but I was very disappointed because I couldn't march.
But that doesn't mean I've given up on my dream of marching to the halftime show with my bandmates playing the snare drum.
So my family and I teamed up with an engineer to develop a snare drum harness that was lighter and easier for me to carry.
After a lot of trial and error, I finally made a snare drum and fitting that weighed only three kilograms.
(Applause) Now let me tell you a little bit more about Progeria.
Currently, 350 children worldwide have the disease.
It's a very rare disease. Progeria causes hard skin, slow weight gain, stunted growth, and heart disease.
Last year, because my mother (a pediatrician) and a team of scientists published the first successful treatment for Progeria, I was interviewed by NPR and John Hamilton asked me this question. "What is the most important thing we should know about you?"
My answer is plain and simple, "I'm living a very happy life."
(Applause) I have a lot of obstacles in my life, and many of them are caused by progeria, but I don't want you to feel sorry for me.
I don't always think about what I can't do, and I can overcome most obstacles.
So here today is my view of a happy life
I will share with you all three aspects of this philosophy.
This is a famous quote by Ferris Buehler.
My philosophy #1 is that even if there are things you can't do, it's okay because there are so many things you can do.
People around me sometimes ask me, "Isn't it difficult to have Progeria?" "How does Progeria interfere with your daily life?"
My answer to this question is, "I have Progeria, and most of the things I think about in my day-to-day life have nothing to do with Progeria."
It doesn't mean that we ignore the obstacles that stand in our way.
I know it's frustrating when I'm faced with something I can't do -- a long run or a hard roller coaster ride.
But instead, I try to focus on what I can do through the things I'm passionate about: Boy Scouts, music, comics, and my favorite sports team in Boston.
So -- (Laughter) but sometimes it's good to find a different way of doing things with adjustments, and I'd like to put these in the "can do" category.
It's like the drum you saw earlier.
I'm going to show you a video of me playing Spider-Man in the marching band at Foxborough High School at halftime a couple of years ago.
(Video) ♫ Spider-Man theme song ♫ (Applause) Thank you.
Well -- that was pretty good, because it allowed me to achieve my dream of playing the snare drum in a marching band, and I believe I can achieve all of my other dreams.
From this point of view, I hope that you too can make your own dreams come true.
My philosophy number two is to be with people you want to be with, great people.
I feel very lucky to have an amazing family around me who has always supported me in my life.
And what's really blessed are my very close friends at school.
We're a bit out there and band geeks a lot, but we really enjoy being together and help each other out when we need to.
We are connected on the inside, not on the outside.
this is where we're fooling around a little
We're now in our sophomore year of high school, and now we can coach new band members, as a team.
The great thing about being in a group like this is that the music we create together is authentic and sincere and beats Progeria.
So when you play music and feel good, you don't have to worry about getting sick.
Even if I've been in a documentary or a few TV shows, the best part of my life is when I'm with the people who surround me every day.
They have had a really positive impact on my life and I hope to have a positive impact on their lives as well.
(Applause) Thank you.
What I'm trying to say is, everyone, thank and take care of your family, take care of your friends, love your peers for your own sake, thank those who give you advice, and take care of your community, because People are the cornerstone of our daily lives, and they make a really great, positive impact.
My philosophy #3 is to keep moving forward
My favorite quote from Walt Disney [Don't dwell on the past, keep moving forward, open new doors, and face new things] My favorite quote from Walt Disney [Don't dwell on the past, keep moving forward, open new doors] Open up, let's head towards new things]
I always have something to look forward to and enrich my life with
I try to have something that I can do my best as a goal
It doesn't have to be a big goal
Whether it's looking forward to the next installment of your favorite cartoon, going on vacation with your extended family, hanging out with your friends, or going to cheer for your next high school soccer game.
Things like this keep me from thinking about useless things and make me think that I have a bright future ahead of me.
This mentality also includes staying positive.
I try not to waste my energy by practicing self-pity. When I feel like that, I find myself in a paradox where there is no room for happiness or any other emotion to enter.
When I don't feel good, it's not like I ignore it. It's more like I accept it. By acknowledging it, I acknowledge it and do what I need to do to get over it.
When I was little I wanted to be an engineer
I wanted to be an inventor to make the world a better place.
This dream may have come from my Lego love, and when I built Lego, I experienced the feeling of being able to express myself freely.
My family and people who gave me advice always cheered me up and gave me confidence.
Now, my goals have changed slightly. I want to go into biology, and I'm interested in cell biology, genetics, biochemistry, whatever.
This is my friend and admirer, Francis Collins, director of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), speaking with me at last year's TEDMED.
What I feel is that I believe that whatever career you choose to pursue in the future, you can change the world.
Trying to change the world will make me happy
About four years ago, HBO started a documentary about me and my family called "Life According to Sam."
It was an amazing experience, but that was four years ago.
Like all of you, my perspective on things has changed, and I hope I've matured enough to reflect on my future career path.
But some things haven't changed in the meantime.
It's my mentality and my outlook on life.
Now, what I want you to see is me as a young man on the show, and you can see my philosophy.
(Video) I know the disease is genetic.
image changed
I used to see them as barriers to doing things, why children die, and vague "things" that make people suffer, but now I see them as "abnormal proteins in our body" that stop cells from growing. became
So this is a weight off my shoulders, because I no longer have to think of Progeria as an abstraction.
Good for you, right?
(Applause) Thank you.
As you can see, this is my view of life for many years.
But I didn't need all of these philosophies until I was challenged last January.
I became very ill and had to be hospitalized for several days with bronchitis, which isolated me from the many aspects of life that gave me my identity.
But knowing that I'm recovering and looking forward to feeling better again has pushed me forward.
Sometimes you have to be brave, but it's not always easy.
Some days I cringe and some days I cringe, but I've come to realize that being brave isn't always easy.
For me, I feel that this is the key to moving forward.
After all, I don't waste my energy on self-pity.
Surrounded by people I want to spend time with, I keep moving forward
So in my philosophy, I hope that you, too, can live a very happy life, no matter how big your barriers are.
Oh wait, I have one more piece of advice for you. (Laughter) Go to parties as much as possible
My high school's homecoming day dance party will be held tomorrow and I'll be there.
thank you very much
(applause)
You're brave, you're talented, and you're beautiful
There's no other woman like you
you have the power
The flab on my back is on top of my bra today, but I'm fine
i'm gonna love you
And your thighs are so sexy I can't help but rub them together
(laughs) But it's okay, I won't let go
And cellulite I never forgot
I'm going to love you It's like you're taking up half my ass But it's part of me
i love you
this is my honest feeling
Once I decided that I wasn't going to fit into the narrow confines of society's expectations, I began to feel free.
I was never as perfect as an industry that defines perfection by its looks.
but that's okay
The fat, the roundness of the body, the cellulite, everything
i love all my parts
My name is Ashley Graham and I'm a model and body activist.
Over the last 15 years, I've come to the conclusion that there is no such thing as a perfect body.
Because I, like you, have a wonderfully unique and different body.
Today's fashion industry might classify me as "plus size," but I like to think of it as "my size."
Did you know? The plus-size fashion industry started with an American size 8.
And there are up to No. 16 (XL size)
So what I'm saying is that most people in this room right now are considered plus size.
How does it feel to be classified as such?
I feel strongly that we need to move beyond the boundaries of plus-size modeling and start looking at what it means to be a model in 2015.
My journey here started in Lincoln, Nebraska.
When I was 12, I was scouted at a mall.
At the age of 13, she signed a contract with a major modeling agency and toured the world.
Before I even graduated from high school, I had already visited a lot of countries because I was hired for a big campaign.
I graduated when I was 17 and moved to New York City, and while most young people in college are on the self-discovery stage, my self-discovery stage was runway and catalog auditions.
I was working full time as a plus size model.
She was known in her hometown of Nebraska as the "fat model."
She was a pretty girl for a big girl
I was tired of answering the question, "What do you do?"
Because when I say, "I'm a model," they raise their eyebrows in surprise.
I had to make up for it immediately. "Well... I'm a plus-size model."
Well, this is my first article in YM magazine.
It literally says "melon-sized breasts"
At the age of 15, I was promoting women all over America to dress up with big boobs.
But what do you think the kids at school pointed out first? In addition to what you can see right away
It was "steps" above the knee
The fat was gradual
My confidence as a young model shattered.
I struggled to find real confidence
When I go home and stand in front of the mirror, I just feel disgust at what I see
In order to fill the emptiness, I started to try my hand at various bad habits.
Even though I was addicted to night outs, men's hangouts, and drinking, I had a desire to love myself and to be recognized by others, but in reality, I didn't like myself as a person, and I wasn't able to self-manage my weight.
I started to face my inferiority complex head-on,
In the end, I filled my days with temporary pleasures.
Like many young women, I struggled to love myself.
The Dove report on "beauty" actually features surveys of thousands of women in 10 countries.
What do you think stood out the most in the survey results?
2% of women feel they are beautiful
2%!
Together, we need to redefine beauty on a global scale.
The first is that you become a role model for yourself.
Chubby women are supposed to look up to Marilyn Monroe and Jennifer Lopez, mostly because they're two of the most famous chubby women admired by the public for their voluptuousness.
But they're not my role models.
The truth is, the woman I admire the most is my mother.
My mother said I was beautiful, but she never put herself down.
Why me?
My mother taught me that true beauty comes from within, and that recognition and self-affirmation must also come from within.
During my lowest point of inferiority complex, I realized for the first time that I had to reclaim my body and my image of it as my own.
Plus size fashion is an $18 billion industry
IMG, now the number one modeling agency in the world, has signed me and other models who are size-defying.
Like my confidence, my body was being abused, manipulated, and dominated by people who didn't really understand it.
I had to learn to take back my body as my own.
In the process, I realized that I had a more important purpose as a woman.
It means redefining beauty
beauty as a woman
Chubby models are speaking out more than ever about the racism of the word "plus size."
And we call ourselves what we want to be called, "women with their own style."
beauty is more than size
In a world where body shape and appearance are so overemphasized, it's no surprise that we all struggle internally.
In fact, people in the fashion industry told me that I would never be able to appear in a magazine or be on the cover alone.
But I think I've proven it wrong.
In less than a year, I made five magazine covers.
In addition, I was selected as a chubby model for the first time as a swimsuit feature of Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Edition.
(Applause) Thank you.
Don't let anyone tell you "You can't do it"
I did it, and I continue to achieve seemingly impossible goals.
My goal is to give young women a voice.
I want to empower young women who are struggling to find someone they admire.
For the girls who can't look at themselves in the mirror and say "I love you"
For women who are hesitant to show their hidden confidence
For the women who gave away their rights
It's all about creating an environment where both men and women can feel positive about their body.
Lift up the women you care about
Create a safe space to express your body and beauty, not for someone else, but for yourself.
be yourself be honest be yourself
be the woman you want to be
Do not hand over the role to someone else
Don't forget that we live in an era where various body types play an active role.
The tides of the world are changing
Everyone at the venue, please attach the #TEDxBV15 tag and send compliments to yourself
I don't have a mirror in front of each of you today, but think about what you want to say to yourself in front of the mirror.
thank you
(applause)
Hello
I have a question for you. How many of you can draw?
(Laughter) Only 1-2% raised their hands. Isn't that interesting?
This is a bit like what people think about spelling and singing.
"Either you can or you can't"
but i think you can do it
Because when people say, "I can't draw," I think it has a lot more to do with belief than talent or ability.
So most people who say they can't draw are just an illusion, and today I want to prove it to you.
When I say "paint," I don't mean that everyone can draw like Michelangelo.
You're not painting the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, are you?
But at the end of this session, wouldn't it be nice if you could draw something like this?
(audience murmurs) Yeah yeah!
(Laughter) Or something like this?
(Laughter) Actually, it takes only two things to get here.
The first is to open up.
(Audience) Yes!
Second, just make up your mind and go for it.
Get your pen and paper ready
OK, so let's proceed like this.
I'll go
just watch
this will be my first work
A character named Spike
Please draw with me
I'll draw it first, and you'll draw it, and when you're done, look up, and I'll feel safe enough to walk you through the next steps.
ok let's go
first nose
eyes next
Like "66" or quotation marks
I was able
Next, let's make the mouth smile with a pleasant feeling
now ear here
next is spiky hair
Now put the pen on the left side of your mouth and draw this little line
Draw a line like this with a pen under your ear
From the left side of the neck to the neck of the T-shirt
Line to the left Line to the right
Take your drawing and show it to everyone
(Laughter) How about you?
(laughs) OK
ok great
Everyone, it seems like you've learned how to draw a manga, but in fact, you've learned more than that. Now that you've learned the basics of drawing, you can draw a hundred or a thousand different manga. It's just a slight variation on the procedure for
let's do this
please draw with me
nose
eye
Smile
did it
then hair
From the left side of the mouth From under the hair V neck Line to the left Line to the right
Another character is ready, let's call it Selma
(Laughter) Now we have Spike and Selma.
Let's try one more, let's go
You know another variation, right?
nose at first
But this time let's change our eyes a little
Look, put the two circles together like this
did it
Then little dots in the eyes
And this time, let's change the mouth a little.
small filled circle here
let's go with this
next ear
Please take a look at my hair
nice curly hair
Then also draw a short line from the left side of the mouth like this
Draw a line from under the ear
T-shirt neck
Line to the left Line to the right
let's call him jeff
(laughs) Let's go one more time.
I have one more.
now you know
(Laughter) Again, the nose
I'll add some variation.
I'll change my eyes this time.
Draw a small dot like this
Next, the mouth is also slightly different.
Make a V like this
make a triangle
Make a short line across and fill in a little bit inside.
Look carefully here, it's your hair
here we go put a short line here
and a little more here
And see, I'm going to tie two triangles into a little bow.
The bottom triangle is the rest of the hair
Put the pen to the left of your mouth again.
neck line
Then V
Line to the left Line to the right
now it's done
let her be pam
(laughs) So everyone...
(Laughter) I drew four. Now let's take a break.
(laughs) break
You see, I'm going to make small variations.
let me show you two more
You can do it in a day
I can draw people who look a little unhappy, and maybe if I try a little, I can draw people like this... People who are a little tired of just adding straight lines.
or it doesn't matter, try it
How about this
You can do anything
Shall I draw just one more? I'll teach you one more.
This is a small but great trick
do this person with glasses
Draw a nose like a spike
Next is a frame. Draw two circles like this and connect them.
Dots like this in my eyes
next ear
Yes, it's similar to what we did earlier, but this time with a frame.
voila, just take a look
(Laughter) What if
(Laughter) And then
Line down from under the beard Shirt neck Left Right
It's done, it looks like it can be continued
Is that enough? In fact, we can all draw.
You're not the only ones here. I'd like to share with you three other examples of people who were able to draw, and they were surprised.
I'll save my favorite and most surprising example for last.
First example, I've worked a lot with students in school.
In fact, when they're little, they draw well, but by the time they're 15 or 16, most kids think they can't draw.
But I've been involved with them
At one school I went to this week, they taught people to draw pictures to help them remember things.
One girl, trying to learn how red blood cells work, drew this little picture of a red blood cell with an oxygen-filled handbag.
that's a great example
And I've also worked a lot with adults from all walks of life, especially those in the business world, who often want their presentations to be memorable.
Again, even simple cartoons and sketches can have a big effect.
I've said that people usually think they're artless, but let's look at this example.
A small boat with some squiggles to show that we're all here together
Don't you think it would be very memorable if this was drawn in the presentation?
isn't it
But the third example is -- maybe that's not a good way to put it.
this is my favorite
Have you ever been asked what you do at a party?
Most people give me a puzzled look when I answer.
But this woman was a little different. I said, "I'm doing a little training and teaching you how to draw."
She was volunteering and helping stroke patients rehabilitate.
I said, "Of course I have time."
I immediately set a date and time to visit her.
Have you ever experienced something like this?
At times like this, you probably think, "What can I do?"
"I wonder if I can do that myself."
"What can we do with them?" I thought.
"If you draw manga, you'll like it."
But then, as the day wore on, I became more concerned, because I thought, "I've worked with children and adults in all walks of life, but I've never worked with this group of people."
Turns out it was part of a charity called TALK.
TALK is a great charity that helps people who have had a stroke, especially those who suffer from aphasia.
You may have heard of aphasia or speech impediment.
The point is that the ability to communicate is impaired.
So what these people struggle with is things like reading, writing, speaking, understanding what other people are saying.
Patients are in a very lonely situation, which can be very frustrating and can lead to a loss of self-confidence.
Anyway, I made all the necessary preparations for this session, two hours in total, with a tea break in between, and my anxiety was increasing.
But actually, it was nothing to worry about. I'll show you how it works.
this is one of the best I've ever had
this is the first slide
I taught Spike, just like you do.
(audience) Oh!
Here are two people who have had a stroke, right and left, and in the middle is a volunteer helper.
We have about 36 patients, and we have the same number of volunteers, and each of us has one helper.
Can you see how happy I am?
let's see another photo
A man named David has a painting he's made. This is Spike, isn't it?
I think his spikes are better
But I didn't realize it until after the session, but in this session, David and quite a few other people were drawing with their non-dominant hand.
David has a permanent disability on his right side, so he drew with his left hand, and there were many others.
But no one told me that, no one complained
they did it
This session was a personal discovery for me.
I learned a lot, one of the best experiences I've ever had.
Finally, I got a nice email from Dr. Mike Jordan, who is also the chair of TALK, or rather, the doctor and the chair of this group.
To quote him, "Our patient learned today that he can paint.
It was much more than that: activities like this help build self-confidence.”
I was happy, he was happy, everyone was happy. They invited me back.
Great, I thought this was a great example to share.
Do you want me to draw another one?
(audience) Yes!
let's go get a pen
I'm going, that's good
I think you'll notice who I'm drawing
First, a big nose, a bit like a spike
Next is the eyes, what do you think?
please see next
I'm getting motivated
let's do this
draw a short line
here too
Small V Line to the left Line to the right
The completion of Albert Einstein
(Laughter) Now that you've made drawing your own, you've proven that you can draw.
Now you love drawing Practice at home Show it to someone
But actually, there's one last thing I want you to think about.
When you came here today, many of you had no idea that you could paint.
I have a question about this
How many other beliefs or frameworks of thought do you get stuck in every day?
It's a concept that can be re-questioned and viewed from a different angle.
If we challenge those assumptions and think differently -- what can we do beyond just painting?
thank you
(applause)
I'll tell you why the e-health promotion movement doesn't work.
The most important reason why advocacy fails is that patients are no longer listened to.
One of the things we did at Ratboud University was to have a CLO.
In a far from scientific way, you brew coffee or tea and kindly ask the patient, the family, the relatives, "How are you doing these days? Is there anything we can do for you?"
Lack of listening to patients is one of the main, if not the whole, problems and causes of the failure of most e-health initiatives.
It's my WiFi scale. It's a simple machine.
There is only one on/off switch
Jumping on every morning
Yes, as you can see, I'm trying my best to manage my weight.
I'm working towards the 95 kilos where the line is drawn.
But the nice thing about this is that it's so easy that you can just hop on and it will send your results to Google Health as well.
I'm also sent to my GP in the city where I'm seen, so he knows if I have a weight problem. to take the initiative
There are other benefits, as you may know.
Over 4000 people follow us on Twitter
So every morning, when I weigh myself and leave the house, before I even get in the car, I'm already getting tweets like, "Maybe I should have a smaller lunch today." (Laughter)
It is the best thing as a treatment that people around you will scold and encourage you.
It's peer pressure, it's used to improve chronic patients, it's used to treat obesity, it's used to treat smoking.
On the other hand, this method is about taking a break from the status quo, playing a game, working with your peers, and getting more in control of your health.
There's a product coming out next week that uses this method, and it's a little blood pressure monitor that connects to an iPhone or other device.
You'll be able to take your blood pressure at home and send it to your doctor, and for as little as $100, you'll be able to share information more broadly as a result.
If the environment is prepared to this point, patients will not only be able to tally numbers and manage their own health, and be able to steer as the captain of their own ship. It's also useful for health care problems that are facing the problem of stagnation.
You can do it with technology like a blood pressure monitor, but you can also put it in the cloud, and you can do what we've done.
First of all, I would like to introduce you to this video
(music) The car has a navigation system that will guide you in the direction.
You can even put navigation on your cell phone
Use your navigation to locate all ATMs in Maastricht
Besides fast food restaurants
You can also see the location information of the gas station
But where is the nearest AED that can save the patient in this video?
I asked but no one knew
Now you can find out where AEDs save lives that no one knew about!
Yes, I've taken Holland into the cloud. I've created a new site and put it in the "cloud (people)."
And I said, "If you have an AED, please post where it was and when you can use it."
More than 10,000 AED locations in the Netherlands have already been sent. Next, we explored how to use the information.
I made an iPad app
We created an application that allows you to search for an AED on Layar, which expresses augmented reality.
In a city like Maastricht, where information is accumulated, if someone dies, you can use your iPhone, and in a few weeks, you'll be able to use your Microsoft phone to search for a life-saving AED.
However, in addition to AED4U (town AED), today we will announce and start using AED4US (global AED).
Make it available worldwide
We will ask our friends around the world and universities that cooperate with us to work together as a hub to search around each other and work together, and we will incorporate AEDs from all over the world into the cloud. The person in front of you may collapse.In such a case, you can find an AED.
We want companies around the world to be able to reconfirm AED placement information.
For example, a courier or a cable TV maintenance person checks to see if there is still an AED in the location previously sent and updates the information.
Please help me, let's not just make our health a little better, but take control of it. Thank you.
(applause)
"listen
Can you hear that sound? "
my grandmother asked me
"listen please
Listen to the words of the scarabs."
I spent hours listening to the sound of little chafers rolling their poop balls, and as I did so, I heard all kinds of sounds around me.
If you sharpen your ears, you'll hear family chatter, laughter, the howl of the wind, and even the chirping of crickets.
When all the notes crossed over each other, I used to hear the rhythm between the notes.
And then I would tap the plate with a spoon and tap my chest with my little hand, trying to recreate the sounds I heard.
Since then, I've been hitting the same plate -- shakers, drums, steel pans, and more -- and I've turned pro as a drummer and percussionist.
(Applause) As I grew older, I became more and more conscious that I had to hide my new hobbies, subconsciously.
For some reason I thought I was doing something wrong, even if no one said it outright.
In most ceremonies, regardless of age, most women don't show up, but when women do, they wear dance skirts, shake their hips, sing, clap, and yell, while men play the rhythm. I was aware that
After a few years, I came to understand what tradition and culture meant, what was taboo and what wasn't.
African culture has a very long history of, for the most part, forbidding women from playing percussion.
I think this taboo stems from the psychological and traditional notion that women are inferior to men.
I grew up hearing that a woman's only place was in the kitchen or "that room."
I see?
(Laughter) Women have been brainwashed and tricked for so long that they finally fell victim to believing it was true.
This, combined with a lack of interest in girls' education, played a huge role in imprinting this idea on women's minds.
The sound of thundering drums inspires emotion and movement.
At its core, the drum is a very sensual instrument.
One time, at a festival, a man said to me, "Don't you dare to put a drum between your legs."
I was considered lewd and dirty for playing an instrument.
I was repeatedly asked, "Why would you choose to play the drums over journalism? You could have majored in journalism in college, and that would be a 'real' job."
Does a woman get weaker when she hits the drum? Are you no longer feminine? Are you going to run out of recipients? All of these statements are the most demeaning of women's social status.
Drumming is inherently a symbol of a strong African tradition, and its importance is found in many aspects of African heritage.
Many communities incorporate drums into their daily activities, and even today, from births, to rites of passage and welcome ceremonies, to weddings and funerals.
But those same drums are rapidly disappearing from the music scene, and the popularity of traditional music is rapidly declining.
The need to preserve this culture drives me to teach children and women the meaning and importance of drums.
In my life as a percussion teacher, I've noticed that so many women actually want to play the drums, and they're afraid of it at the same time.
Some people are afraid of public appearances
Some people worry about the physical pain that comes with playing.
it's certainly not that easy
Some are opposed by their husbands, others fear the responsibility of being cultural bearers in general.
I think all of these fears are ingrained in all of our feminine vigilance, because every time we learn about something atrocious that has befallen a woman, especially what happened in Africa. — because women constantly feel a sense of urgency that even one step off the rails can have very serious consequences.
I use my drums to tell stories about myself and the people around me.
My roots made me who I am and my culture will always be with me.
Women can be cultural bearers too.
We are born to be life-giving and nurturing beings.
We can definitely keep traditions alive.
my drum and me now is our time
(Applause) It's definitely our time.
If a woman can lead a country, if a woman can go to space, if a woman can win a Grammy, then can the same woman play the drums and get a five-star performance?
no, you'll get a million stars instead of five
thank you
(Applause) (Chime) (Cymbal) (Chime) (Rattle sound) (Drum) (Applause)
basking sharks are amazing creatures just amazing
Basking sharks grow up to 10 meters
some say it's bigger
and up to 2 tons
Some say it weighs up to 5 tons.
the second largest fish in the world
Basking sharks are harmless animals that eat plankton
And basking sharks are thought to be able to filter 1 kilo cubic meter of water every hour, and eat 30 kilos of zooplankton a day.
We're lucky enough to have a lot of basking sharks in Ireland.
There are many opportunities to study them, and for the inhabitants of coastal areas from hundreds of years ago.
It was an important fish, especially along the coasts of Claddagh, Duff, and Connemara, where subsistence farmers sailed in sailboats and unarmored boats to fish for basking sharks offshore and sometimes as far as Sunfish Bank, 30 miles west of Achill Island. This is an old woodcut from the 1700's 1800's
The basking shark was very important because the oil was extracted from the liver.
One-third of the body is an oily liver, and gallons of oil are obtained from the liver, which was used primarily for lighting.
It was also used to treat wounds and for other purposes, in fact in 1742.
The streetlights of Galway, Dublin and Waterford were lit with sunfish oil.
Sunfish is one of the words for basking sharks
So the basking shark was a really important animal.
Basking sharks have long been prized and vital to coastal communities.
Perhaps the best documented basking shark catch in the world is from Achill Island, which is Keem Bay on Achill Island.
Sharks used to come all the way into this bay
A fisherman would set up a net on a headland and stretch it out to follow other nets. When a shark came near, it would hit the net and the net would hang over the shark, and the shark would either drown or suffocate.
Sometimes fishermen row out in small carracks and kill basking sharks with spears behind their necks.
And then they drag the sharks back to Partin Harbor and they boil them and use the oil.
The basking shark meat was used as fodder, and the fins were also used.
The biggest threat to sharks in the world is shark finning, and we often fear sharks because of Jaws.
Probably 5-6 people each year
killed by a shark
Someone was killed recently, right? It was just a few weeks ago.
Humans kill 100 million sharks a year
So I don't know the balance. I think sharks are more afraid of humans than humans are afraid of sharks.
We have a good record of that fishing ground, as you can see, peaked in the 1950s.
They were catching 1,500 sharks a year, and then declined rapidly, typical of overfishing.
Either they depleted their stock or they were breeding too slowly.
During this period, fishermen strung hemp ropes across the tip of Keem Bay on Achill Island and caught 12,000 sharks.
The shark was caught in the mid-1980s, specifically in East Dunmore, County Waterford.
And between 2,500 and 3,000 sharks were killed by 1985, many by Norwegian ships.
You can't really see it, but it's a Norwegian basking shark fishing boat.
The black rope on the sentry indicates that this boat is for shark hunting, not whale hunting.
The importance of basking sharks to coastal communities is also reflected in language.
I don't speak Irish very well.In Kerry, basking sharks are known as "Ainmhide na seolta", "winged monsters", and "Liop an da lapa".
Also called "a large, heavy animal with two fins"
""Liabhan mor"" means "big animal"
My favorite ""Liabhan chor greine"" means "great sun fish"
A great and memorable name
Tory Island is a very strange place, they call it Muldoon.
No one knows why, but I hope no one here is from Tory, Tory is a wonderful place.
But more than that, island-wide
Known as the "Sunfish"
This is probably due to their habit of basking in the sun when the sun rises.
I am worried
Some say that basking shark numbers aren't declining, and it may simply be a change in plankton distribution.
It's been said that basking sharks may be a great indicator of climate change because they're continuous plankton recorders that swim around with their mouths open.
There's even a movement in Europe to stop basking shark hunting.
Capturing or landing basking sharks is prohibited, and even basking sharks caught accidentally cannot be landed.
In Ireland, basking sharks are not protected. In fact, in Ireland, despite being a very important species and historically associated with basking sharks, there is no legal regulation whatsoever.
We know very little about basking sharks
All we know is that basking sharks come to the surface, and we infer from their surface habits what they're doing.
Last year, at a conference on the Isle of Man, I realized for the first time how wonderful it would be to live in an area where basking sharks regularly, often and predictably come up to the surface to bask in the sun. can do
It's an amazing opportunity for science, and basking sharks are amazing creatures.
The basking shark environment presents an excellent opportunity to study basking sharks.
What we've been doing for the last few years, and one of the biggest changes last year was
It's about tagging sharks to get information about how they see, how they move, what we're doing.
I focused on two areas where I was primarily active, North Donegal and West Kerry.
No high tech stuff, just a very simple, long, thick stick with a tag attached to it, this one with a tag on the end.
it's like a fishing rod
Tagging sharks from the boat
this was very effective
We tagged 105 sharks last summer
Off the Inishowen Peninsula, we've tagged 50 sharks in three days.
The problem was getting close, being in the right place at the right time, but it was so simple and easy.
let me show you what it was like
To actually film the shark, we used a camera on a pole from the top of the boat.
One man determined the gender of a shark
We also used some high-tech satellite tags.
this is the tag
saves data from tags
Satellite tags only work when there's no clouds or precipitation so the signal can be sent to the satellites, and of course sharks and fish are below the surface most of the time.
So this tag recorded the location of the shark, the timing and the position of the sun, and also the temperature and depth of the water, and from there we could reconstruct the path.
What happens is that we let the tag detach from the shark after a certain period of time, and that period of time was eight months, and the tag detached and washed ashore and communicated with the satellite, not all the data, but enough for us. send data
It was the only way to understand the behavior and ecology of basking sharks when they are underwater. Here are some maps that we made.
You can see on this map that we tagged off Kerry.
spent eight months at sea in Ireland
It was outside the continental shelf on Christmas Day, which is still where we matched sea surface temperature and water depth.
Another shark also spent most of its time in and around Irish waters, a colleague on the Isle of Man last year.
The tagged shark traveled from the Isle of Man to Nova Scotia in about 90 days.
It's 9,500 kilometers, and I never thought that would happen.
Another colleague in the US tagged 20 off the coast of Massachusetts, but it didn't work.
he only knows where he tagged
Also, I only know where the tag washed ashore
His tag went up in the Caribbean and Brazil.
We thought that basking sharks were warm-climate animals that lived only at Irish latitudes, but they actually crossed the equator as well.
What we want to know about basking sharks is this very simple.
I think one of the things that is surprising and strange is that sharks don't have a lot of genetic diversity.
I'm not a geneticist, so I'm not going to say I understand genes.
This is the advantage of joint research.
I'm a field worker, so if I had to put on a lab coat and lock myself in the lab for long periods of time, I couldn't stand it.
So we work with geneticists who know about genes.
They looked at the basking shark genes and found that the basking shark genetic diversity is very low.
If you look at the very first row of the gene, you can see that different species of sharks are very similar, and I think this is
I think they're all sharks and they all descended from a common ancestor, the genes passed down from their parents.
Looking at nucleotide diversity, basking sharks are an order of magnitude less diverse than other types of sharks.
This study was conducted in 2006
Before 2006, nothing was known about basking shark genetic diversity.
What we didn't know is, do basking sharks fall into different groups? Are there subgroups?
In knowing about population numbers and status
was very important
So Les Noble of Aberdeen found this information a little implausible.
So he did another study with microsatellites, which was much more expensive and time consuming, and surprisingly, it yielded almost the same results.
It turns out that basking sharks have a very low diversity for some reason.
It's thought to be due to a genetic constriction that happened 12,000 years ago, and that's what's responsible for the very low diversity.
Similarly, whale sharks, which are large plankton-eating sharks, are more diverse.
So this doesn't make sense
We found no genetic differentiation in basking sharks from any of the world's oceans, which means we don't find any genetic differences among basking sharks found around the world in the Pacific, Atlantic, New Zealand, Ireland or South Africa.
It looks basically the same.
I don't understand it, I don't pretend to understand it, and geneticists probably don't understand it, but there are numbers.
Genetic diversity allows us to estimate population numbers, and Ruth Hosel calculated actual population numbers.
8200 heads, that's all
8000 around the world
"I can't believe that's stupid," you might be thinking.
Les did a more detailed study and came up with 9,000, and using different microsatellites gives different results.
But it turns out that the average of all these studies is about 5,000, which I personally don't believe.
I'm skeptical
But no matter how you manipulate the numbers, the best you can get is 20,000.
Do you remember how many sharks were killed off Achill Island in the 1970s and 1950s?
What the numbers tell us is that the population is so small that this species is in danger of becoming extinct.
Out of 20,000, 8,000 are believed to be females, so why are there only 8,000 female basking sharks in the world?
i don't know i can't believe it what the hell is wrong
It means that the sample is constrained
We don't have enough samples to look at the genes in enough detail.
So where exactly do the samples for genetic analysis come from?
One clear source is dead sharks dead sharks wash up on beaches in Ireland if you're lucky
You can get 2-3 dead sharks per year
Another source of information is bycatch, which we caught quite a bit in driftnets.
This is now banned, which is good news for sharks.
Some sharks were caught in the dragnet
This is a shark that was landed in a hose before Christmas. It's illegal under EU law because landing it is illegal. It was sold as shark steak for eight euros a kilo. was even overhanging
they paid a fine for it
If you look at these studies that I have shown you,
The total number of samples worldwide is now 86, and it's a very important study.
It can ask very sharp questions, and it can tell us about population size, population composition, but the interpretation is constrained by the lack of samples.
When you tag a shark, you tag it in front of its ribs like this, and sometimes the shark responds when we're at Marine Head, Donegal.
One shark tapped the side of the boat with its tail. Apparently, it was more surprised that the boat got closer than it was that it was tagged. only
Then when Emmett and I got back to Marine Head Pier, I noticed a black slime on the front of the ship.
I used to work on commercial fishing vessels for a long time, and I remembered that the fishermen used to tell me that when a basking shark gets caught in a net, it leaves behind a black mucus, and this is the shark's. I thought it must be
for genetic research
I wanted to get a sample of the tissue, because I knew it would be very valuable.
We've also tried the traditional method, which is a bowgun, and you can see it in the picture, and I'm holding a bowgun.
I tried a lot of things, but I tried this one, but the shark skin was very strong, so
My arrow just broke, and it's impossible to get a shark sample like this.
it didn't work
So when I saw the black slime on the rim of the boat, I thought, "If only I could use what this world has given me..."
and i scraped off that mucus
I had a little test tube of alcohol to send to the geneticist.
Scraped off the mucus and sent it to Aberdeen and I said, "Try it." It was left alone for months.
Just because there was a meeting on the Isle of Man.
but i kept sending emails
"Have you checked the mucus I sent you yet?"
he seemed to think it was better to do it
I had never met him before, and I would have been embarrassed if I hadn't analyzed it.
He seemed surprised that he was actually able to extract DNA from the mucus.
They analyzed it and confirmed it was basking shark DNA, and he seemed very excited.
It became known as "Simon's shark slime."
``I can do more research with this,'' I thought.
And we thought, let's take some more mucus.
I paid 3,500 euros for the satellite tag.
I thought I'd invest €7.95 in a mop handle and an even cheaper oven cleaner at my local grocery store in Kilrush.
Wrap oven cleaner around the tip of the mop handle
I waited for the chance to meet a shark.
This was early in the month of August, and sharks usually peak in June and July, so you don't see many sharks in August. not
We were desperate. As soon as we heard there were sharks in Blasket, we rushed over and managed to find a few sharks.
I rubbed the mop handle on the shark that was swimming under the boat, and you can see the shark swimming under the boat.
Look at this nice black shark slime
About half an hour later, we had five samples from five sharks.
Obtained by sampling "Simon's shark mucus"
(Laughter) (Applause) I spent 20 years studying whales and dolphins in Ireland, and whales and dolphins were a little more dynamic.
A month or two ago, we set out off the coast of Wexford, and you may sometimes think you have a legacy to leave in this world.
I was thinking about humpback whales surfacing and dolphins.
But when something is presented to you, you just have to take it. Simon's Shark Fluid goes down in history.
It may be a legacy from me.This year we will continue to collect more samples.
got the budget
And very conveniently, we use a camera on a stick. My colleague Joanne can see the underside of a shark with a camera on a stick. hanging down
A male with pinnipeds
So you can easily tell the gender of a shark.
If we knew the gender of a shark before we sampled it, we could tell the geneticist whether the sample was male or female.
Because at that time there was no way to tell the difference between males and females genetically, which was amazing, because we didn't know which DNA sequences to look at.
Distinguishing the gender of sharks is very important in policing the trade in basking sharks and other species in society.
as a field biologist
I just want to meet these animals, and I want to learn as much as possible.
Sometimes it's short-term, sometimes it's seasonal.
I just want to learn as much as possible in as little time as possible.
But wouldn't it be nice to be able to give these samples and the opportunity to experts who can read a lot of information, such as geneticists?
As I said before, grab something delivered in a strange way.
I consider it a gift of science to me to do so.
I'd love to have something more dramatic and romantic before I die, but for now, I'm grateful for the status quo.
keep an eye out for sharks
If you're interested, there's a website about basking sharks.
Thank you for your attention
(applause)
The model of humanitarianism has changed very little since the early 20th century.
It was in the analog era that this archetype took root.
But it's time for a big change.
The January 12, 2010 earthquake in Haiti triggered change.
things have changed
The earthquake devastated the capital city of Port-au-Prince, claimed 320,000 lives, and left 1.2 million people homeless.
All government institutions, including the president's office, have collapsed.
I still remember standing on the roof of the Ministry of Justice in Port-au-Prince.
A building with a height of about 2 meters collapsed without a trace due to a huge earthquake.
Immediately after the disaster, Haiti looked somewhat different, even to the eyes of veterans accustomed to tragedy.
It was a sight I had never seen before
This is not the only unprecedented
The disaster in Haiti has given us a glimpse of disaster response in a hyper-connected world where everyone is connected by smart mobile devices.
In the aftermath of the collapse in Port-au-Prince, a flood of SMS was sent out, with many purposes, from asking for help, to sharing data, to providing assistance, to searching for loved ones.
It was a new experience, even for traditional support groups.
Haiti is one of the poorest countries in the world, but 80 percent of the population has a mobile phone.
It took the form of cell phone relief efforts that we hadn't imagined.
Things were different outside Haiti
On the Internet, tens of thousands of volunteers gathered to convert text-to-text tweets, then convert them and post them on open source maps with important information, Crisis Mappers and Open Street Map, just to name a few. We published this on the web and disseminated information so that the media, aid organizations, and communities can participate and utilize it.
Back in Haiti, people were using SMS more rapidly.
Hungry and wounded sent out cries of distress and calls for help.
On the streets of Port-au-Prince, entrepreneurs stood up and set up mobile charging stations.
They understood more than anyone else the desire to connect that lay dormant within people.
This situation was unprecedented, but I wanted to know how to access and take advantage of this wonderful resource -- cell phone and SMS technology -- and I tried to understand it.
We started talking to Voilà, a local telecommunications provider that is a subsidiary of Trilogy International.
There were three requirements
First, we needed a two-way communication platform.
I didn't just have to shout, I also had to listen.
Second, we didn't have to broadcast the message all over the country,
It was necessary to narrow down the destination geographically
Last is ease of use.
Out of this devastation in Haiti came TERA, the Trilogy Emergency Response Application, which can be used not only for relief efforts, but also for community disaster preparedness.
now used
not only as an early warning ahead of natural disasters,
It is also used in campaigns to raise health awareness, such as cholera prevention.
It's also being used to promote sensitive issues like gender-based violence.
Is it effective?
We recently published an evaluation report for this program, and the results of that evaluation are spectacular.
About 74% of people were able to receive the data.
74% of those who tried to receive data actually received it
Of these, 96% answered that the information was useful.
83% of them took some kind of action, so we can see that it is effective as a driving force.
73% of them shared information
The TERA system was developed in Haiti with the assistance of local engineers.
Designed for user-friendliness to maximize humanitarian aid
Technology has the power to change
Citizens and entire communities in developing regions around the world are using technology to drive positive change everywhere.
Grassroots has been strengthened through the social power of sharing, and with it, the old analog command-and-control model is about to be overthrown.
This transformative power of technology can be seen in Kibera.
Kibera is Africa's largest slum
Located on the outskirts of Nairobi, the capital of Kenya
The population has not been precisely determined, but is said to range from 250,000 to 1.2 million.
If you were to pick up a tourist map in Nairobi today, Kibera would be presented as a remote, lush national park.
Young people living in Kibera communities are literally projecting themselves onto a map with simple GPS devices and SMS-capable mobile phones.
By integrating data on the cloud, we are making the invisible visible.
People like Josh and Steve, layering information on information, posting tweets and texts on the map in real time so everyone can access it.
Information about the latest improvisational music sessions and
Articles on information security incidents
All the way to the location of chapels and health centers
A huge amount of information can be viewed
you'll feel the energy of a vibrant community
It also has its own news site on YouTube, which currently has 36,000 viewers.
What they taught me was the possibilities of cell phones and digital technology.
It teaches us the magic of technology, making the invisible visible.
Technology can send messages
Avoiding the public narrative, they're telling their own narrative.
We're starting to see similar stories all over the world.
For example, in Mongolia, where 30% of the population is nomadic, SMS information systems are used to record movement patterns and weather patterns.
They even attend meetings for nomads remotely via SMS.
The unknown concrete jungle -- when you move to an urban area, you can also get social support from the locals to make the migration smoother in the form of SMS exchanges.
In Nigeria, an open-source SMS tool is being used by Red Cross field workers to gather information from local communities to improve awareness of malaria and prevent its spread.
My colleague, Jason Peet, is working on this program, and he told me that it's 10 times faster than traditional methods, but 10 times less expensive.
This will not only empower the community, but more importantly, it will help shape long-term health policy by accumulating information in the community.
There are 7 billion people living here on earth today, and 5 billion cellphone subscribers.
It is said that there will be 3 billion smartphones in the market by 2015.
The goal recently set by the United Nations Broadband Commission is to expand Internet access in developing regions from 20 percent today to 50 percent.
Citizens of all cultures and societal strata are moving towards a hyper-connected world where smart, high-speed mobile devices are connected to an ever-increasing pace.
From Cairo to Auckland, there's a new understanding of how we can come together, how we can mobilize, how we can influence.
The coming transformation requires an understanding of both the structure and the model of humanitarianism.
We need to better integrate people's diverse voices into organizational strategies and action plans through new technologies, not just reuse them in areas like fundraising and marketing.
For example, big data must also be included, including how market leaders know how to use big data effectively.
And what I want you to think about is, for example, in my organization's IT department, this is also true.
They usually provide hardware services behind the scenes, but they have to push up to the software strategy.
The people we need are people who can use big data.
Technology is an integral part of an organization
Technology strategy is needed at board meetings, and the question is, "How are Amazon and Google processing massive amounts of data?" A person who can ask and answer questions such as
We have to turn it into a humanitarian commodity.
The possibilities offered by new digital technologies have the power to make humanitarian organizations even stronger. We need to listen carefully to the voices of the local people and make preparations so that they can truly participate and give them real power, based on the right of access to the important communication technology that we have. i think it will come out
Because there's an aspect of humanitarian aid that involves everyone affected by a disaster, which is always an unattainable ideal.
We have the tools, we have the possibilities
Why not take advantage of this
I think it's time to move from analog to digital humanitarianism.
thank you
(applause)
The world's largest and most environmentally destructive industrial project is underway in the heart of Canada's subarctic forest, the world's largest pristine forest.
It stretches straight across northern Canada within the Labrador Peninsula and is home to extant wild caribou, the George River caribou herd, numbering about 400,000.
Unfortunately, during my stay, I didn't encounter a group of them, but the caribou horns are proof.
The Subarctic Region Experiences the Amazing Wetland Richness The Subarctic Region Experience the Amazing Wetland Richness
Wetlands are one of the most threatened ecosystems on a global scale.
It's an irreplaceable ecosystem, it purifies the air, it purifies the water, it captures a lot of greenhouse gases, and it's home to a huge variety of species.
The subarctic zone is also home to about half of the 800 bird species found in North America, which migrate across the subarctic zone to lay eggs and raise young.
In Ontario, the subarctic zone descends southwards to the north shore of Lake Superior.
This marvelous and beautiful subarctic forest has been the source of inspiration for some of the most famous art in Canadian history, and the Group of Seven was strongly inspired by this landscape. The subarctic is not only a very important part of our natural heritage, so the subarctic is a very important part of our natural heritage, but also a very important part of our cultural heritage.
This is a photo of the east side of Lake Winnipeg, Manitoba, a newly designated UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Saskatchewan is home to some of Canada's most famous rivers throughout the subarctic region. It's an amazing network of rivers and lakes that you learn about in elementary school: the Peace River, the Athabasca River, the Churchill River and the Mackenzie River. Travelers and hunters This river network was developed by travelers and hunters, the non-Aboriginal peoples who first explored northern Canada, learning from Aboriginal Canadians and paddled the rivers in canoes to develop trade routes that were the "northwest" of the fur trade. route"
To the north, the subarctic zone borders the tundra, and just south of it, in the Yukon Territory, is the magnificent Tombstone Gorge.
Tombstone Valley is home to the Porcupine Caribou herd.
For the porcupine caribou herd, the National Arctic Wildlife Refuge is famous for its breeding grounds.
So our wintering grounds are in danger, and they're also unprotected, so maybe we're going to lose them to natural gas and mineral rights.
British Columbia's subarctic western side is the Coast Ranges, and on the other side of those ranges is the world's largest existing temperate rainforest, the Great Bear Temperate Rainforest. We'll talk a little bit more about this later.
It's a land that fosters a wide variety of indigenous peoples and a rich and diverse culture across the entire subarctic region.
And I think that a great many of these peoples, cherishing their connection to the past, learn about their native language, their songs, their dances, their traditions, because it's a remote place, a wilderness of 95 percent pristine ecosystems. because there is
I think that because we live in a time of environmental crisis, we can learn a lot from those who have lived sustainably in this ecosystem for over 10,000 years.
The core of this ecosystem is the exact opposite of what we have, and I think that's why we're proud to be Canadians.
This is Alberta's oil sands. It has the largest oil reserves on the planet outside of Saudi Arabia.It has the largest oil reserves on the planet outside of Saudi Arabia.
This viscous, tar-like bitumen is abundantly buried in the subarctic forests and wetlands of northern Alberta.
This mining and development is driving environmental destruction on an unprecedented scale.
I want you to realize just how big this is.
Check out this truck It's the biggest truck on earth
It is a dump truck with a loading capacity of 400 tons, about 14 meters long, 11 meters wide and 8 meters high.
When I stand next to this truck, my head is roughly under the yellow hubcaps, and my head is roughly under the yellow hubcaps.
The size of this truck can easily build a two-story house of nearly 90 tsubo.
You can easily build a two-story house of nearly 90 tsubo
So don't think of this as a truck, think of it as a 90 square meter house.
It's a fairly large house
If I connect these tracks with lines, it looks like this, from bottom to top.
And you can see how a small patch of one oil field can be huge.
See this with the same idea See this with the same idea
So, as you can see, of course, from a distance, the truck looks like a grain of rice.
think about all this again
How big is one of these mines?
It's the size of a gigantic metropolitan area, probably much larger than the city of Victoria.
This is just one of many mines, and there are currently 10 mines.
This is one section of an industrial complex, but about 40 to 50 others are in the process of being licensed.
So far, no tar sands mines have been denied, they're basically licensed without scrutiny.
Another method of oil extraction is in-situ extraction.
So, a lot of water is pumped underground at super-high temperatures all the way to this huge network of pipelines, seismic lines, drilling channels, compression stations.
This doesn't look as bad as mines, but in some ways it does more damage.
90% reduction in major species such as woodland caribou and grizzly bears, 90% reduction in major species such as woodland caribou and grizzly bears, and more energy and water and emit at least as many greenhouse gases as
In-situ exploitation is at least as bad ecologically as mines.
Both methods of production emit more greenhouse gases than any other oil.
This is one of the reasons why it's called the world's dirtiest oil. This is one of the reasons why it's called the world's dirtiest oil.
And that's why it's one of Canada's largest and fastest growing sources of carbon emissions. And that's why Canada is now the third-largest per capita carbon emitter in the world. This is the reason why it is the third largest in the world.
The tailings pond is the largest toxic reservoir on earth.
Oil sands -- or rather, tar sands -- "oil sands" is a propaganda term that oil companies promote to a sticky, tar-like substance that is thought to be the dirtiest oil in the world. so as not to be broken
That's why I decided to call it oil sands.
Tar sands consumes more water than any other refining method, using 480-790 liters of water, contaminating it and returning it to tailings settling ponds, the largest toxic reservoirs. return to tailings pond
Semcrude is one of those companies that has a license, but it's just one tailings pond that dumps 250,000 tons of toxic waste every day.
This creates the largest toxic reservoir in Earth's history.
So far, the amount of toxic material is enough to cover the surface of Lake Erie at a depth of 30 centimeters.
Tailings ponds reach up to 9,000 acres
It's the size of two-thirds of the entire island of Manhattan.
For example, it stretches from Wall Street at the south end of Manhattan to perhaps 120th Street.
So, without a doubt, this is one of the largest tailings ponds.
how about this? It's half the island of Manhattan.
And as you can see, this is a relatively small plot, just one of 10 mining conglomerates, and 40 to 50 are in the process of being approved very soon, 10 mining conglomerates. It's just one of the 40 to 50 that are about to be approved soon.
Of course, tailings ponds are often invisible from outer space, but of course tailings ponds are often invisible from outer space, but you can see this one. We need to stop this massive, toxic wasteland being created in isolation on the banks of the Athabasca River.
And the lower Athabasca River reaches into the reach of indigenous communities.
In Fort Chippewa, a village of 800 people, toxins were found in the food chain, and this was scientifically proven.
The tar sands poison is in the food chain, making cancer rates 10 times higher than the rest of Canada.
Yet people are forced to live there, and they are forced to eat this food to survive.
The exorbitant cost of food being airlifted to these remote northern indigenous villages and the high unemployment rate make them desperate to survive.
Not many decades ago, I borrowed a boat from an indigenous man, and he said, "If you're out on the river, don't ever eat fish.
It contains carcinogenic substances.”
But there were four fish on the porch of the man's hut, which he was eating to keep his family from starving to death.
As a parent, I can't imagine how much this would break your heart.
yeah that's what we do
Subarctic rainforests are also probably our best defense against global warming and climate change.
Subarctic rainforests store more carbon dioxide than any other terrestrial ecosystem Subarctic rainforests store more carbon dioxide than any other terrestrial ecosystem
And this is the absolute key
What we're doing is we're making the subarctic zone, which sequesters twice as much greenhouse gases per acre than the rainforest, twice as much greenhouse gases per acre as the rainforest. the subarctic zone blocking the
They're trying to destroy that carbon sink and turn it into a carbon dioxide bomb.
We're making it the biggest industrial project in history, producing the biggest high-carbon greenhouse gas emitting oil.
We're doing that in the second largest oil reserve on the planet, and we're doing it in the second largest oil reserve on the planet.
This is one of the reasons why Canada, the natural champion of climate change, and we, one of the first signatories to the Kyoto Protocol,
Now hiring full-time lobbyists in the E.U. and Washington, D.C., to threaten a trade war, especially when these countries are willing to bring regulation of high-carbon fuels and greenhouse gas emissions into the talks at international conferences like this. In Copenhagen, in Cancun, at the international conferences on climate change, we always get the cumbersome grand prize, which is the biggest obstacle to developing this problem. is becoming
Just 112 kilometers downstream is the Peace Athabasca Delta, the world's largest freshwater delta, and the only crossing point where migratory birds come from all directions.
This is a globally significant wetland, probably the largest on the planet.
Essential habitat for half of the birds found in North America Essential habitat for half the birds found in North America
It's also the last refuge for the largest herds of buffaloes, and important habitat for other species.
But it, too, is threatened by a flood of water from Athabasca, but it's also threatened by a flood of water from Athabasca, watering this wetland while at the same time terrifying the largest toxic, isolated reservoir on earth. It's carrying toxic substances, and at the same time it's carrying terrifying toxic substances in the largest toxic reservoirs on the planet, and it's leaking down the food chain to the bottom of every species. is the
It's so bad it's getting worse It's so bad it's getting worse
This is the basic structure of what we talked about today.
This is the plan for 2015
This is a pipeline that carries unrefined tar sands in Keystone State to the Gulf Coast, through the agricultural heartland of North America, where the United States secures a contract to use the world's dirtiest fuel. securing a contract to use , casts a huge shadow on America's sustainable clean energy future.
This is the route down to Mackenzie Gorge
This is going to be a natural gas pipeline that takes natural gas from the Beaufort Sea and runs through the center of the world's third largest ridge basin, the only place that's 95% pristine.
The construction of pipelines with industrial highways will change forever this wonderful old-growth forest, which is truly rare on the planet today.
Beyond the hills of the Great Bear Rainforest, it is surrounded by several kilometers of 100-year-old trees about 25 centimeters in diameter. It's lined with trees, and there's a whole different ecosystem there.
The Great Bear Temperate Rainforest It is commonly said to be the largest coastal temperate rainforest ecosystem in the world It is said to be the largest coastal temperate rainforest ecosystem in the world
This place is densely populated with some of the most iconic and endangered species on Earth.
But there are plans to build a pipeline, a giant tanker ten times the size of the Exxon Valdez, that only a few years ago the B.C. Ferry was going through. It's about to be transported to what is said to be the most difficult place to navigate in
If one of these tar sands tankers carried ten times the dirtiest oil of Exxon Valdez, and ended up running aground on rocks and sinking, it would spell the worst ecological catastrophe ever on the planet. It will lead to the worst ecological catastrophe the planet has ever seen.
This is the plan for 2030
They're planning to roughly quadruple production and industrialize the area to the size of Florida.
It's about destroying the largest greenhouse gas sink and turning it into the highest greenhouse gas emitting oil, the highest greenhouse gas emitting oil.
the world doesn't need more tar mines
We don't need more pipelines to make people addicted to fossil fuels We don't need more pipelines to make people addicted to fossil fuels
We definitely don't want the largest toxic reservoir to grow and the largest toxic reservoir to grow and become a threat to the population downstream.
Everyone, don't turn your back on us. We are in the midst of global warming and climate change.
All we need to do is act All we need to do is make Canada proud of its abundance of fresh water Make Canada proud of its abundance of fresh water It's a matter
We must remember that these wetlands and forests are the best, best, most important defense against global warming.
And we should all come together and say no to tar sands.
It's possible because we have a huge network.
fighting to stop this project
Simply put, this is not a decision that should be made by Canada alone.
Everyone in this room, people across Canada, everyone listening to this presentation, has a role and a responsibility.
Because what we do here will change our history, and it will change the blueprint of our chances of survival, of our children's chances of survival, of a prosperous future.
The priceless treasure of the subarctic belt has the opportunity to protect the best climate protection, and we are about to lose it.
Tar sands don't just threaten much of the subarctic region Tar sands don't just threaten much of the subarctic region.
It's destroying the lives and health of the disadvantaged, the vulnerable, the indigenous peoples who have so much to teach us.
It would destroy the Athabasca Delta—the largest and best freshwater delta.
It's destroying the Great Bear Rainforest -- the largest temperate rainforest in the world.
And it's going to have a huge impact on the Central Breadbasket of North America, and it's going to have a huge impact on the Central Breadbasket of North America.
So if this presentation inspires you, please join the community that's doing it internationally, and let Canada take more responsibility, let Canada be the climate change champion again, not the climate change villain, and say no to the tar sands, everyone. let's say yes to the clean energy future of everyone Let's make everyone say yes to the clean energy future
thank you
(applause)
Empty is inherently democratic.
You can basically reach out to anyone, anywhere, just look up.
But like so much of the beauty around us, it gets lost without us realizing it, because we don't really see it.
What else are you looking at?
I'm looking at my phone, I'm looking at my computer, I'm looking at various screens
To be honest, we rarely even lift our heads up to see each other's faces, and even more rarely lift our heads up to see the sky.
We tend to think that the darkening of the night sky is an inevitable consequence of progress, change and technology.
this is just not correct
I'll explain why later
But before that, let me tell you about my own dark night sky experience.
I never saw a really dark sky until I was 15.
I came here to Arizona
I was on a car trip and parked somewhere.
I didn't know where the hell I was, except for the state.
When I looked up at the sky, there were an impossibly large number of stars.
I'm from New York, and all I see in New York is the moon and some stars.
Many people say that when they think it's a star, it turns out to be an airplane.
(Laughter) I can't see much else.
I know many of my fellow astronomers who spent their childhoods in their backyards staring at the night sky.
I don't have that experience, and camping trips can be disappointing.
I know only a few constellations
It's like everyone knows what I know
But I will never forget the first time I saw the dark night sky.
I was just amazed at how many stars there were.
and thought of my smallness
Then I wondered, Where the hell have you been hiding all this time?
Who was hiding the stars from me?
If you think about it, the answer is, of course, obvious. Here are two pictures of the same place, the left one during a power outage, and the right one during a normal night.
The stars are obscured by the lights of the earth
let's see our own stars
This is the Earth as seen from space
Unlike stars, which are hot and glowing, the Earth is, astronomically speaking, very cold.
does not emit light
The reason why the Earth looks like this blue-green marble is because it's reflecting the sun's light, and that's why we can see the oceans, the clouds, the land.
Then the earth would be invisible if the sun wasn't shining -
Is that so?
This is Earth at night, and it dramatically shows how humans are affecting the planet.
You can see the light spreading like a spider web all over the earth.
Of course, the ocean is dark, and the less developed areas are also dark.
And yet we can see that it's affecting the entire planet.
When I think of places that are well lit at night, I think of extreme examples like Times Square or the Las Vegas Strip.
What that image shows is that it's not just in those extremes, it's everywhere you have outdoor lighting.
Lighting has a huge impact on the ground.
To understand why, think of the shape of a light bulb.
A light bulb is actually roughly round.
This is good for indoor lighting as originally intended.
When you turn on the light, the light goes in all directions
A single light bulb can illuminate an entire room.
While it's great for indoor lighting, when it comes to outdoor lighting, the traditional bulb shape, which spreads light in all directions, is actually inefficient.
Outdoors, you often want to light your feet or around you.
The light that spreads outward and upward is useless to illuminate your surroundings.
It just spreads the light into the sky and it's called "light pollution."
Even if you're not interested in stargazing, you should be concerned about this problem, because 60 to 70 percent of the energy used in outdoor lighting is wasted, hiding the starry sky.
i love technology
As a scientist, I use technology every day.
People often say it's for progress, and I'm not saying I should live by candlelight.
In fact, technology is allowing us to interact with the sky in ways that were once impossible.
A good example of this is the Hubble Space Telescope.
Hubble is in space, sending us pictures every day, allowing us to see things that we could never see with the naked eye, things that humankind has never seen in its entire history.
Another example is the planetarium
In the last few years, planetariums have gotten really high tech, and they've got some really cool visuals, and even if you're not looking directly at the sky, they're giving you access to knowledge about the sky.
In fact, a planetarium offers a visual experience that's simply not possible when you sit outside and stare at the night sky.
I'm sure you've all heard of Hubble and planetariums.
There are other examples of technology that you may not know is helping people experience the night sky.
It's called a "citizen science project."
Citizen science is where large research projects put their data online and teach the public, like you, how to work with the data and make interesting or necessary characterizations so that they can contribute to the research.
One such thing is the Galaxy Zoo, shown here.
At the Galaxy Zoo, you start off with a little less than 20 minute tutorial where you learn how to work with galaxy images.
Once you've learned how to annotate images, you can quickly get down to business and make a very useful contribution to the classification of galaxies.
I can see that the Galaxy Zoo would be easy to get people to attend, because it has beautiful images, and galaxies in general are very attractive.
But there are many other types of citizen science projects, at different levels of abstraction, and sometimes it's hard to understand why everyone is participating.
An example of such a thing is the citizen science project on the Kepler project, which I'm also involved in.
Kepler is a space telescope that attempts to find planets around stars by measuring the light of stars with precision.
We're observing a decrease in light due to planets blocking light.
And the citizen science project for that is Planet Hunters.
In Planet Hunters, like in Galaxy Zoo, after a short tutorial of just a few minutes, you're ready to jump right in, using data from the Kepler Space Telescope to find planets.
The idea itself is attractive, but
The actual task of finding planets is to look at a lot of graphs like the ones you see here and annotate them.
It doesn't sound very interesting to me, who does that kind of thing all day.
But not only are many people interested in this work, but the citizen scientists at Planet Hunters are actually discovering planets that otherwise would not have been found.
This is a list of authors of papers about discovered planets.
Below, all the contributors are listed, with a strange mixture of real names and login names.
If you look closely, you'll see that this is the first academic paper to acknowledge the importance of Irish coffee in the discovery process.
(Laughter) It's not just unemployed scientists and geeks who are attracted to these things.
Many of the 60,000 people who participate in this project have no professional education.
So this appeals to people's curiosity and their desire to be involved in scientific discovery.
I'm doing it because everyone wants to do it
But these technologies and the digital experience of the starry sky feels like I'm looking at animals in a zoo.
It gives you a real experience. It's no different from a real lion in a cage, and a Hubble image is real. You can get closer in a zoo than in the wild.
still something is missing
It lacks the beauty of experiencing raw nature itself, not through a screen.
It is a profound experience to look up at the sky and realize that the sky you see now encompasses all life in the universe as we know it.
think about that for a moment
Earth is the only planet we know of that has life
The sky you see is shared by all life we ​​know.
What I love about my job is that it allows me to step back from the mundane and give me a sense of the larger context, and every time I'm trying to find an Earth-like planet in space, I'm reminded how important this Earth is. increase
The night sky is a gift of nature, like a park that you can visit without going there.
But like any other gift of nature, if we don't protect it, cherish it and protect it, it will fall out of our hands and be lost.
If you are interested and would like to learn more, please visit darksky.org to find out what you can do to protect the dark night sky.
because it's up to us
thank you
(applause)
Objects made by humans have one excellent property: Objects live longer than humans.
People die, but things survive People have only one life, but things have many lives, and each one has a different meaning.
In other words, we all have one biography, but we have many.
The story, the biography, that I am going to tell you today is about something that continues to have a peculiar fate.
it doesn't look like much
About the size of a rugby ball
It's made of clay, it's molded into a cylinder, it's written on it, and it's dried in the sun.
As you can see, it's missing a bit. It was built 2,500 years ago, so it's no surprise. It was unearthed in 1879.
This object has the potential to change politics in the Middle East.
Enveloped in a compelling and never-ending story
The story begins with the Iran-Iraq War and the chain of events that led to the invasion of Iraq by foreign powers, the removal of the dictator, and the rapid change of government.
The story also has to do with the Feast of Belshazzar, which you all know well, but the Iran-Iraq War actually broke out in 539 B.C.
539 B.C., 2003 B.C., and the events in between have striking similarities.
This is Rembrandt's work. It's in the National Gallery, London. It depicts a passage from the Book of Daniel in the Hebrew Bible.
you know the story
Belshazzar son of Nebuchadnezzar II Nebuchadnezzar II conquered Israel, destroyed Jerusalem and carried out the Babylonian captivity.
I took the sacred vessel out of the temple
desecrated the temple
And from the temple in Jerusalem he brought back the golden vessels to Babylon.
His son Belshazzar gave a feast
And to make the feast even more interesting, I brought out a sacred vessel to run with a little blasphemy.
He was already at war with the Iranian Persian king.
That night, Daniel prophesies that in the midst of the banquet, a hand appears and writes on the wall, "You have been weighed and disqualified, and your kingdom will be conquered by the Medes and the Persians."
And that very night, Cyrus, king of Persia, invades Babylon and Belshazzar's regime falls.
It's a pivotal event in Jewish history.
great story you know
"Ominous omen" has become an idiom.
What happened next is amazing, and this cylinder seal appears in the story.
Cyrus, king of Persia, entered Babylon without a fight, and the mighty Babylonian Empire, which stretched from central and southern Iraq to the Mediterranean Sea, fell.
Cyrus declares
That's this cylinder seal, the proclamation of a divinely guided ruler that overthrew Iraq's tyrants and brought freedom to its people.
To the Babylonians I proclaimed in Babylonian, "I am Cyrus the king of all the universe, the great king, the mighty king, the king of Babylon, the king of the four quarters of the world."
It's just the hype
This is probably the oldest extant Victory Force press release.
As you'll see later, it was written by a professional publicist.
The exaggeration is not surprising
What would the great and mighty kings of the four corners of the world do?
The king who conquered Babylon continues, proclaiming that he will soon release all Babylonians captured and enslaved by Nebuchadnezzar and Belshazzar.
people are allowed to return to their homeland
More importantly, he returned the confiscated statues of gods and sacred vessels to the people.
All oppressed and imprisoned nations will return home with the gods.
People can restore altars and worship the gods in their own way and in their own place.
This is the decree, and this object is the proof that after the expulsion of the Jews to Babylon, for many years on the waters of Babylon, weeping and remembering Jerusalem, they were finally able to return.
They will return to Jerusalem and rebuild the temple.
It's a central document in Jewish history.
The Hebrew Bible, Book of Ezra, Chronicles, has a clear similarity.
In the Jewish version it is
"The Lord of heaven gave me all the nations of the earth," said Cyrus, king of Persia, and commanded me to build the house of the Lord in Jerusalem, which is in Judah.
Who among you are the people
He is in Jerusalem, God, let him go to Jerusalem.' 'Let him go.'
The central theme of homecoming is the essence of Judaism.
As you know, during the time of the return from captivity, the time of the Second Temple, Judaism made great strides.
The Hebrew Bible and the Babylonian word on the cylinder show that this change, the great historical moment, was brought about by the Persian king Cyrus.
Just two great words, so what about politics?
What was happening was a momentous shift in the history of the Middle East.
Under the command of Cyrus, the Medes and Persians united to form the kingdom of Iran, the world's first great empire.
Founded by Cyrus in 530 BC
Until his son Darius I, the entire eastern Mediterranean was under Persian rule.
This empire is the Middle East as we know it today, and it's the archetype that shaped the Middle East as we know it.
Persia was the world's largest empire at the time.
More importantly, Persia was the first large multicultural and multireligious nation.
An entirely new administration was enacted
and in a different language
A Babylonian decree indicates
It means tolerating different customs, different ethnicities, different religions, different beliefs.
Cyrus honored them
We built a model -- how to bring together a large, multi-ethnic, multi-religious, multi-cultural society.
And the result, as you can see, was a territorial empire that remained stable for over 200 years, until it was destroyed by Alexander.
The dream of unity in the Middle East – a community where people of different faiths can live together has come true.
Greek invasion ended
Of course Alexander can't keep the government and the empire will collapse.
But what Cyrus described remained central.
The Greek historian Xenophon, in The Education of Cyrus, described Cyrus as a great ruler.
Cyrus remained a role model throughout subsequent European culture.
This is a painting from the 16th century, and you can see how deep my reverence for him is.
Xenophon's description of Cyrus' method of organizing diverse societies was an excellent textbook that inspired the founding fathers of the American Revolution.
Jefferson was an ardent follower of Cyrus, an 18th-century ideal of how to create religious tolerance in a new nation.
But back in Babylon, things weren't going so well.
After Alexander, the other empires, and Babylon, declined and went to ruin, and all traces of the Great Babylonian Empire were fading away—until 1879, when the British Museum Babylon Expedition found a cylinder seal.
and the next story begins
By the mid-19th century, cylinder seals were the subject of great controversy as to whether the scriptures were trustworthy or believable.
At that time, only the Hebrew Bible described the return of the Jews and the decree of Cyrus.
no other evidence
All of a sudden this appeared
For those who believed in the Bible, at a time when the rise of evolution and geology had shaken confidence in creation, the discovery of the cylinder provided proof that the Bible was historically accurate.
A defining event of the 19th century
But, of course, there are complications.
There was one big difference between the cylinder seals and the Hebrew Scriptures.
The Babylonian cylinder seals were written by the priests of Marduk, the great god of Babylon.
Of course, I tell you that Marduk did it all.
"Marduk called the name of Cyrus."
Marduk took Cyrus by the hand and commanded him to rule over the people and gave him the rulership of Babylon.
Marduk told Cyrus to liberate the people generously
Therefore all the people should worship Marduk
Not surprisingly, the Hebrews who wrote the Old Testament took a different view.
To them, of course, Marduk couldn't have done it.
Assume Jehovah Has Done It
So there is a wonderful passage in Isaiah that all the credit goes to Israel's Chief God, not to Marduk -- Israel's Chief God likewise called Cyrus by name, likewise took Cyrus by the hand, and spoke of the people.
What this example symbolizes is two different religious interpretations of the same event, two conflicting religious conflicts of one historical fact.
God usually favors the strong
The question is which god was on your side
This controversy was controversial in the 19th century because the influence of the Hebrew Scriptures extended to the broader realm of religion.
And obviously the cylinder predates Isaiah, and Jehovah used words very similar to those spoken by Marduk.
Isaiah may have known, because he said, of course, this is the word of God - "Though thou didst not know me, I called thy name."
Also noteworthy is that Cyrus did not believe that he acted according to Jehovah's command.
Neither do you believe that you have followed Marduk's orders.
Because, of course, Cyrus was a good Iranian, and he followed a completely different god who was never mentioned in these books.
(Laughter) That was in 1879.
Forty years later, in 1917, the cylinder entered another world.
Now, in the very midst of modern politics, the year the Balfour Declaration was made, the new imperialists of the Middle East, Great Britain, decided the Jewish national homeland and allowed the Jews to return.
The reaction of Eastern European Jews to this was enthusiastic.
Throughout Eastern Europe, Jews lined up portraits of Cyrus and George V to honor the two great rulers who allowed their return to Jerusalem.
Cyrus' cylinder seal attracted public attention, and the text was taken as proof that God had destined for what would happen after the war ended in 1918.
you know what happened
Fifty years after Israel was founded, in the late '60s, imperialist Britain was weakened.
Yet Another Biography of the Cylinder Seal Begins
Britain and the United States, trying to protect the region from communism, created a powerful force and entrusted it to the Shah of Iran.
The Shah forged an Iranian history, advocating an Iranian history in which the Shah was at the center of tradition, imprinting his profile and the cylinder seal of Cyrus on the minted coins.
At the request of the Great Ceremony in Persepolis, the cylinder was lent by the British Museum to Tehran, where it was displayed in conjunction with the celebration of the Pahlavi dynasty.
The cylinder seal of Cyrus acts as the guarantor of the Shah.
Ten years later, yet another story: the Iranian revolution of 1979.
The Islamic Revolution will come and Cyrus will be forgotten. We no longer care about that history. Just as Muslim Iran became a concern, Iraq -- another newly created superpower -- attacked.
Another Iran-Iraq War
It was important for the Iranians to remember their great past -- their great past of fighting and winning Iraq.
All the people in Iran, Muslims and non-Muslims - Christians, Zoroastrians, Jews, devout people, non-devout people, they needed a symbol to unite all Iranians.
Cyrus will be chosen without hesitation
The British Museum and the Tehran National Museum had a long-standing partnership, and at that time, the Iranian side only asked for one thing.
That's all I requested
Cylinder Seal of Cyrus
Last year Cyrus' cylinder went to Tehran again.
It's on display. It's Mrs. Aldikani, director of the National Museum of Tehran. She's one of the many female leaders in Iran.
it was a big event
A photo from another angle
One to two million people visited Tehran in a few months.
It's bigger than any big Western exhibition.
Once again the cylinder is the subject of great controversy What does this mean? What does Cyrus stand for? is tolerant of
In modern Iran, Zoroastrians and Christians are guaranteed seats in the Iranian parliament, which is something to be very proud of.
Many Jews living in Iran traveled to Tehran to see the cylinder seals.
It's a great symbol, a great controversy, and its significance is being questioned inside and outside Iran.
Is Iran still a champion of the oppressed?
Will Iran continue to free people held captive and enslaved by dictators?
It's a thoughtful, national debate, an epic historical drama about the return of the Sigil.
The cylindrical seal of Cyrus, with a presence larger than life-size, was displayed on the stage where all the major figures of Iran in the past met together.
the president himself gave a speech
For me, to ship to Iran, to be allowed to ship to Iran, means to be allowed to participate in a unique debate with people of the highest rank - what is Iran Iran's multifaceted Iran how the accumulated history of
It's an ongoing debate, and it will continue. What this object appeals to is a great declaration of human aspirations.
It is one of the cornerstones of the U.S. Constitution.
It speaks to true freedom more deeply than the Magna Carta.
It means a lot about Iran and the region.
There's a replica at the United Nations
The cylinder will be watching as the future of the Middle East comes to the fore in New York this fall.
Finally, let me ask you, what kind of story awaits this object next?
There will undoubtedly be a new Middle Eastern biography.
What would you like to see next in the story of the Middle East and the world, reflecting what this cylinder tells?
The right of people to freely worship and live together in the same nation Religion is not divided or controversial Middle East and world
The debate surrounding the Middle East today is almost a cry.
But I think it is this Silent One who holds the most persuasive and wise opinion, the Cylinder of Cyrus.
thank you
(applause)
Gabriel Garcia Marquez is one of my favorite authors, but what impresses me even more than the magnificence of the stories he tells is the beauty and accuracy of every word he writes.
Even if that is the beginning of "One Hundred Years of Solitude," the fanciful stream of consciousness that appears in "Autumn of the Patriarchs," overtaken by words and one after another, an uninterrupted image engulfs the reader, engrossing the reader in South America. Like drifting down a meandering river in a mysterious jungle, Marquez's novel is intuitive.
At one point, while reading this work, I realized something particularly unusual and wonderful: along with the story, I was swept along by the vivid and dynamic adventure of translation.
In college, I majored in comparative literature, which has many similarities to an English literature major, but instead of just spending three months studying only Chaucer, reading all the world's translated masterpieces. I was able to
But somehow, no matter how great the work was, I felt that it didn't have the same effect as what the author had created.
As for Marquez's work, it's not, because Marquez himself once rated the translation as better than the original.
Because of that, when I heard that the translator, Gregory Larsa, was publishing a book on the theme of translation, I couldn't help but want to read it.
The title of the book comes from the Italian proverb in the foreword (the translator is the traitor): "If This Be Treason".
very readable
Recommended for those interested in the art of translators
But the reason I'm introducing this to you is because at the beginning of the book, Larsa states a very simple and precise idea: the very act of communicating is translation.
It may seem obvious to you, but I've never seen so clearly the difficulties involved in communication, even though I've faced this tingling sensation on a daily basis. It was
Ever since I can remember, my passion for communicating has been second to none.
Even as a child, what I wanted more than anything else in life was the ability to understand everything around me and share it with everyone.
That's a bit arrogant
It's funny, because my wife, Daisy, has a lot of people with schizophrenia in her family, and it's really abnormal, and she once said to me,
"Chris, I already have a brother who thinks he's a god. I don't even need a husband who wants to be a god."
(Laughter) Going back to the topic, as my 20s go by, I'm becoming more aware of the challenges of the first part of my childhood desires, and the second part of that, the knowledge I've accumulated. It became clear to me how inaccessible this goal is to communicate well.
Time and time again, trying to reveal the majestic truths I've found to someone who might appreciate it has had the opposite effect.
Surprisingly, when the conversation started with "Hey," "I'm going to teach you something really amazing, so listen," the coldness that suddenly appeared was wonderful.
After 10 years of alienating my friends and strangers, I finally realized something that really resonated with me: that I had to find new ways to successfully communicate the ideas I had acquired.
I woke up to comedy there
But comedy has a unique wavelength within verbal idioms.
If I had to decide where to put it, I would say that comedy sits between poetry and lies.
Of course, I'm not talking about all comedy.
But what I want to show you is the special power that the best comedies and satires have, the ability to evade entrenched ideas and act like a philosopher's stone.
It's a metamorphosis of a base metal, a conventional wisdom, that not only changes the way we see things, but ultimately the way we exist.
The theme of this year's conference is "What I gained through translation"
At its core is communication, which leads not only to greater understanding on a personal level, but even to real change.
In my experience, this kind of communication is both beneficial and broadens the reach of the individual.
I think self-interest is important, because that's what humans are all creatures.
It's kind of a survival instinct, and it's become so important, and it's always taking things in pursuit of self-interest.
And it's only in the same way that we think about our own interests that we can grasp and respond to our responsibility to the world.
Now, in my opinion, the best comedy and satire is the kind of comedy that comes first and foremost from sincerity.
Remember not too long ago, when Saturday Night Live's Tina Fey impersonated the newly-appointed Vice Presidential candidate Sarah Palin, the devastating damage was done.
More than any political commentator, Faye most effectively expressed to the public the unsincerity that was at the heart of Palin's candidacy, cementing the impression of Palin that is still held by most Americans today.
It's important to note here that the story Faye showed was not written by herself, nor was it written by the writers of Saturday Night Live.
I'm quoting Palin's own words verbatim, without correction.
(Laughter) It was a Palin imitation, exact word-for-word quote from the man himself.
It couldn't be more honest and sincere, and that's why Faye's performance left such a deep impression.
Even in the polar opposites of politics, when Rush Limbaugh first compared presidential candidate Edwards to the commercial girl for the shampoo company Bleck, it was a perfect fit.
I don't think I use the words "honesty" or "honesty" very often when it comes to limbo, but I didn't say anything to that punch line.
The language used perfectly captured Candidate Edwards' personal narcissism.
Furthermore, looking at the results
That narcissism was at the center of the scandal that ended Edwards' political career.
The Daily Show, hosted by Jon Stewart, is the most documented (applause) (Laughter) program of this kind of comedy.
A survey from the Pew Research Center at the Annenberg Public Policy Center found that viewers of The Daily Show are more up-to-date with current events than those who get their information from mainstream news programs. is
(Applause) Now, whether these results speak to the battle between honesty and profitability in the journalism industry, or to the attention of viewers on Stewart's show, the point is, Stewart. The material is always factual, but the purpose is not to disseminate information.
his purpose is to make people laugh
The style of laughter he perpetuates is that if it doesn't happen to come from the facts, it just doesn't respond.
As a result, it's a great comedy show, but it's also a source of information that's rated higher in credibility and ratings than professional news media.
Ironically, the sharpness inherent in comedy, the ability to cross walls in people, is because it deliberately misdirects them.
Great comedy is verbal magic, and when you think you're going in one direction, suddenly you're taken to a completely different place.
This leads to intellectual stimulation, which results in the physical response of laughter.It's no coincidence that endorphins are released in the brain.
That alone invites new perspectives where endorphins have loosened the defenses.
These responses are the complete opposite of the anger, fear, panic, and other mechanisms evoked by the fight-or-flight response.
The fight-or-flight response releases adrenaline and bolsters defenses
So comedy is about race, religion, politics, and sexuality, the areas we are most defended against, and by approaching it with humor rather than adrenaline, we release endorphins and turn walls into windows with the magic of laughter. Reveal new and unexpected perspectives
The story I use when I do comedy shows,
It's about the so-called extremist gay political movement. I'd like to start by asking you, how radical is this gay political movement?
From what I hear, homosexuals want three things the most: to join the military, to get married, and to have a family.
(Laughter) I've been avoiding all this for a long time.
(Laughs) Do what you like, extreme bastard!
(Laughter) And then about gay adoption, I'm going to say, what's wrong with gay adoption?
I can't think of a single reason to make a fuss
If you have a child and you think the child is gay, you should have the right to adopt.
(Laughter) Because I acted disgraceful
be thrown out of the house immediately
Here, by combining derogatory language from the Bible with the greatest symbol of innocence, the baby, this joke supports the issue of adoption. create an opportunity to ask
Comedy hides more than just a hand to change direction.
Parsimony is also a hallmark of good laughter.
There are very few words that are more focused and represent a subject better than the perfect punch line.
If you don't know who Bill Hicks is, do a Google search and you'll find a joke about Hicks performing: A typical childhood bragging contest on the field. Papa can beat up your papa." Hicks as a boy replied, "Seriously? When can you come?"
(Laughter) All of my childhood in just three words.
(Laughter) Besides that, it also speaks to the character of the adult uttering these words.
As one of the means of communication, comedy has an influential characteristic that it has a word-of-mouth effect.
When people hear a new joke, they immediately want to tell someone else.
This is not a high-tech modern social phenomenon
The internet, social media, comedy is spreading across the country at an alarming rate faster than cable television.
In 1980, when comedian Richard Pryor accidentally set himself on fire while inhaling drugs, I was in Los Angeles the next day, and two days later in Washington, D.C.
I've heard the exact same punch line jokes on both sides, black college fund set on fire or something.
It wasn't something that spread from a monologue on a cable show.
I haven't done any research, but my guess is that if you look back and analyze the data, you'll find that comedy is the second oldest word-of-mouth profession in the world.
First there was the drums, then there was the knocking joke
(Laughter) I believe that when all of these factors come together, and the contagious appeal of funny jokes, crafted with a strong punchline and sincerity, they have the power to influence the real world and change conversations.
My friend Joel Pett is a current cartoonist for the Lexington Herald Reader.
Former USA Today's Monday Cartoon
A week before the Copenhagen climate change conference, when I met with Joel in December 2009.
I've heard that USA Today is one of the top four newspapers in the United States, and almost everyone who attends the conference will read it beforehand. There was a good chance that it would be turned among the decision makers.
So when we started talking about climate change
Joel and I were both concerned about the same thing, specifically that much of the debate was still preoccupied with the completeness of the science behind climate change. seemed to stray
In the first place, it is the idea of ​​the premise that there is such a thing as complete science.
In my new home, Texas, Governor Perry advanced the same argument during his gaffe-ridden Republican presidential campaign last summer, repeating that the science isn't perfect. There was a wildfire in the county
Governor Perry's solution to this problem was to instruct Texans to pray for rain.
For my part, I prayed that the fire would spread to the remaining four counties to complete the science.
(Laughter) To get back to the point, in 2009, me and Joel revisited over and over again why we still spend so much energy talking about science, over the long term, climate change. Any policy that is needed to deal with it, regardless of the scientific results, is clearly in the best interest of mankind.
After thinking about various things together, this is what Joel finally came up with
Manga: "What if all this was a lie and wasting the world for the better?"
(Laughter) Isn't that a great idea?
(Applause) What do you think? Would you like to make the world a better place in vain?
Not for God, not for money, not for money, but as one of the criteria for global policy decisions.
This cartoon was a hit
Shortly after the meeting ended, the head of the Environmental Protection Agency in Washington asked for a signed copy, which is still on the wall.
Shortly after that, there was another request, this time from the California Environmental Protection Agency, which was used last year at the Plzen International Conference on Climate Change in Sacramento.
Momentum does not stop there,
Requested by over 40 environmental groups located in the US, Canada and Europe
A few months ago, it was requested by the Australian Green Party, and the cartoon was used in the Australian Parliament's debate over the introduction of the toughest carbon tax in the world.
(Applause) That's pretty impressive for just 14 words.
So my suggestion to anyone who is serious about changing the world for the better is to spend a little time each day thinking about something funny that makes people laugh. may be found
thank you very much
(applause)
The story actually started here in Rajasthan about two years ago.
I am with Sufi singer Mukhtar Ali in the desert under the stars
We were talking, "Nothing has changed since the time of the ancient Indian epic Mahabharata."
When we wanted to go somewhere, in mythology we Indians jumped into chariots and took to the skies.
Today we do the same thing with airplanes.
In mythology, when the great Indian warrior Prince Arjuna was thirsty, he took out his bow and shot it into the ground, causing water to spurt out.
We do the same thing today with drills and machines.
Our conclusion was, "Machine has replaced magic."
How boring I thought
I got a little technophobic
I was scared of what would happen if I couldn't just watch the sunset and enjoy it without taking pictures and tweeting it to my friends.
And I felt like technology shouldn't break magic, it should make it happen.
When I was a kid, my grandfather gave me a little silver pocket watch.
This 50-year-old technology has become something very magical to me.
It became a shining door to a fantasy world full of pirates and shipwrecks.
So I felt like cell phones, cameras, high-tech watches, etc. made people stop dreaming.
I lost my inspiration
So I jumped into this world of technology and figured out how I could use it to do the magic without destroying it.
I've been drawing illustrations since I was 16.
When I saw the iPad, I knew it could be used as a storytelling tool to connect readers around the world.
Where is the user and how do they hold the iPad?
you can recognize what you are doing
Image, text, animation, sound and touch operation are integrated
The way we tell stories is becoming more and more multisensory.
then how do you use
I'll show you how to launch an interactive iPad app called Khoya.
It says "Place a finger on each light" It says "Place a finger on each light"
And -- (music) It asks, "Who owns this box?"
become a character in the book
I get short letters on a variety of occasions, and the GPS on my iPad knows where the owner is, so the letter is actually addressed to me.
I'm childishly excited about this possibility.
We talked a lot about magic
I'm not talking about wizards and dragons, I'm talking about the magical fantasies we all had as children.
For some reason, the image of fireflies in a bottle always thrilled me.
You have to tilt the iPad to let the fireflies out.
By doing this, the firefly will illuminate the continuation of the story.
Another thing that really fascinated me as a kid was the fantasy that one marble contains one galaxy.
So here, each book and world is a little marble that you can drag and put into this magical device in the app.
The map is now open
Fantasy books have always had maps, but they've always been maps that don't change.
This map expands and emits light to guide the way ahead.
It can also appear in certain places in the book.
let's go in
Another thing that was very important to me was to create content that was Indian but very modern.
this is apsaras
We've all heard of fairies and nymphs, but how many outside of India know about the Indian version of the fairy Apsaras?
Poor Apsaras have been trapped in Indra's court for millennia in old musty books.
We've brought it back to life in a modern children's story.
It's a story that actually touches on new challenges like environmental problems.
(MUSIC) Speaking of environmental issues, one of the big problems in the last decade has been kids locking themselves in their rooms, glued to their computers, and never going out.
But now that we have mobile technology, we can actually take our kids out into nature with technology.
One of the things you do throughout this book is go explore, and you have to go out and use your iPad's camera to collect pictures of different natural objects.
When I was a kid, I used to collect a lot of sticks and stones and pebbles and shells.
For some reason my child doesn't do that
So I revived this child's game and let it out and in one chapter I took pictures of flowers and gave it a title.
Another chapter takes a picture of the bark and gives it a title.
What happens is that you can create your own digital photobook and publish it online.
A kid in London showed a picture of a fox and said, "I saw a fox today."
A child in India says "I saw a monkey"
You can create a social network centered around digital photo collections that you have actually taken.
There are so many possibilities when magic, earth and technology come together.
In my next book, I'm going to have a video-based interaction on the iPad that uses augmented reality so that you can see animated fairies appear on a houseplant outside your home.
There is a scene where the screen is full of leaves
It's like blowing on the leaves, blowing the leaves off, and reading the rest of the book.
We, and all of humanity, are moving towards a world where the forces of nature are closer to technology, and magic and technology are closer.
I get energy from the sun
We are bringing children and ourselves closer to the natural world, to the magic, to the joys, to the childhood infatuation we once had, through the simple medium of storytelling.
thank you
(applause)
Today I'm going to talk to you about increasing your savings, but not today, but tomorrow.
This is the story of "Tomorrow is more! Saving method"
It's Richard Thaler and I at the University of Chicago, and it's a program that Richard Thaler and I at the University of Chicago devised about 15 years ago.
This program is kind of a stronger version of behavioral finance -- it's about using behavioral finance.
You might ask, what is "behavioral finance"?
Now think about how we manage our money.
Start with a home loan
This is something that's been talked about lately, at least in America.
A lot of people buy as big a house as they can afford, even though it's actually a little bigger than that.
and mortgage it
Afterwards, they blame the bank, "They're the bad guys who put the mortgage on us!"
Let's also think about how we deal with risk, like investing in the stock market.
2 years ago 3 years ago 4 years ago the market was strong
We were willing to take risks, of course.
And when the stock market crashes, we're like, "Oh.
This sense of loss, this sense of loss, is very different from what we thought when the market was doing well.”
Yes, we're not very good at taking risks.
How many of you have an iPhone?
who have? wonderful
Many of you have your iPhone insured, you insure it by adding a warranty.
If you lose your iPhone
In this case, something like this
Do any of you have children?
Who is applicable?
Raise your hand, who of you has enough life insurance?
Many hands have fallen
Perhaps you are a representative sample, because many of you would rather insure your iPhone than your life, even if you have children.
We are not good at insurance
The average American household spends $1,000 a year on lottery tickets.
you think i'm crazy
Anyone spend $1000 a year on lottery tickets?
nobody is here
So that means people who aren't here are spending more than 1,000 dollars, so the average is 1,000 dollars.
Low-income people spend over $1,000 on lottery tickets.
What does that mean?
We are not good at managing money
Behavioral finance combines psychology and economics and tries to understand people's money mistakes.
And you have 12 minutes and 53 seconds left, so I'd like to tell you a funny story about how to manage your money, but at the end of the day, you're going to want to use this to help people.
That's what I really want to focus on today.
How can we understand people's money mistakes, and how can we turn this problem behavior into a solution behavior?
And what I'm going to talk about today is "More tomorrow! Savings."
Let's talk about savings Let's talk about savings
Here we have a representative sample of 100 Americans.
Take a look at their savings behavior
The first thing to notice is that half of them don't even have access to a 401(K) plan.
they can't afford to save
They can't withhold money from their paycheck into a 401(k) plan before they can see or touch the money.
What about the other half of the people?
Some choose not to save
they are too lazy
You're not going to browse a complicated website and click 17 times to sign up for a 401(k) plan.
And they have to choose from 52 options on how to invest, never heard of money market funds.
And I'm overwhelmed and won't join
How many people will end up on a 401(K) plan?
one-third of Americans
Two-thirds of people are not currently saving
Do they already have enough?
Let's leave out the people who say they have little savings.
Only 1 in 10 has enough savings.
Nine out of 10 people are unable or determined not to save through a 401(K) plan - or are unwilling to save - or are saving too little.
Think about the problem of people who save too much.
look at this
One person - let's actually cut him in half, because it's less than 1%.
About 0.5% of Americans feel they have too much to save.
What does this imply?
This is what I would like to draw your attention to
We have to understand why people aren't saving, and we want to turn that problem behavior upside down into a solution behavior, and let's see how powerful that can be.
We're going to look at the problems and difficulties that keep people from saving, but let me change the subject for a moment.
Let's digress and talk about bananas and chocolate.
Let's say we have another great TED event next week.
And during that break, you'll have a snack, and you can choose bananas or chocolate.
How many people do you think would choose bananas? During next week's virtual TED event?
Who chooses bananas?
wonderful
Let me scientifically predict that 74% of people will choose bananas.
At least one study predicted that
And as the day approaches, let's see what people end up eating.
Those people who imagined they would choose bananas ended up eating chocolate a week later.
self control is not a problem of the future
Feeling the temptation of chocolate, that's exactly the problem right now.
What is the relationship between time and savings? This is a problem of "immediate gratification" or
Is it a matter of what some economists call a "present-oriented bias"?
Let's think about saving, we know we need to save
I'm thinking of doing it next year, but I'm going to use it today.
It's almost Christmas, and we end up buying a bunch of presents for everyone we know.
The problem with this present-oriented bias is that it makes us think about saving, but we end up spending.
And let me tell you about another barrier to saving, this one related to laziness.
But again, a little detour about organ donation.
There's a great study comparing different countries.
Let's take a look at two countries that look alike: Germany and Austria.
In Germany, if you want to donate your organs -- I don't want that to happen to you -- when you get your driver's license or ID card, you check this box, saying, "I donate my organs." ”
Most people don't check the box
Because it's a burden, you have to think about it
Only 12% of people check
Austria is a neighboring country, but it's a bit similar, but it's a bit different.
What is the difference?
you really have a choice
You decide whether or not to donate your organs.
But when you get your driver's license, you check the box if you don't want to donate your organs.
no one checks
because it is a burden
Only 1% of people check, the rest don't do anything.
doing nothing is very common
Most people don't check the box
What does this mean for saving lives and enabling organ use?
In Germany, 12% of people checked
Organ donors are 12%
There's going to be a huge shortage of organs.
in austria no one checks the box
So 99% of people are organ donors.
Laziness is the inaction
What are the default settings? When people don't do anything, when they delay decisions, when they don't check, that's very powerful.
When you delay a decision or don't check it, it's very powerful.
Think about what happens if people become overwhelmed and intimidated by 401(K) plans.
Will we be automatically enrolled in the plan? Or will you be left alone?
With many 401(K) plans, if people don't do anything, they're left with no savings for retirement, if they don't check the box.
checking the box is a burden
We have listed some behavioral barriers
Before I turn this quandary into a solution, let me tell you one more story about monkeys and apples.
No no, this is serious research, and it has a lot to do with behavioral economics.
A group of monkeys got an apple, very happy
Another herd gets two, then gets one taken away.
and they still have one
very angry
"Why are you taking our apples?"
This is called "loss aversion"
We hate to lose things, even if it doesn't involve a great deal of risk.
You don't like it when you go to the ATM, withdraw $100, and find that you've lost a $20 bill.
It's not a big deal but it's very painful
$20 is about the size of a quick lunch
This is loss aversion, and it comes into play when it comes to saving. People psychologically, emotionally, and instinctively perceive saving as a loss, because they need to spend less.
We've now described all the problem behaviors, all of which are ultimately related to savings.
Whether or not you think about "instant gratification," chocolate vs. bananas, it's a pain to save right now.
It's more fun to use now
We talked about laziness and organ donation, about checking boxes.
If you can't join a 401(K) plan without checking a lot of boxes, people will procrastinate and not join.
And finally, loss aversion, the story of monkeys and apples.
If people psychologically viewed retirement savings as a loss, they wouldn't save for retirement.
We have these problems, and these are the things that Richard Thaler and I have always been fascinated by -- if behavioral finance is called Behavioral Finance Enhanced or Behavioral Finance 2.0 Practice! Behavioral Finance. ’—that turns a challenge into a solution.
We came up with an embarrassingly simple solution: not today, save more tomorrow.
How does this solve the difficulties we've been talking about?
For example, let's take the problem of bananas and chocolate.
We think, "Let's save money next year."
The "More Tomorrow! Savings Act" makes employees think, "I'll save more next year." Sometime in the future, and sometime in the future, we can imagine ourselves eating bananas. Volunteering, exercising more, all kinds of good deeds.
Now we've talked about the difficulty of checking boxes and taking action.
The Better Tomorrow! Savings Method makes this easy.
it's like autopilot
Once you tell me, "I want to save money for the future," every January, for example, you automatically put the money into savings, deducting it from your paycheck into your 401(K) plan. before touching before falling into instant gratification
But what do we do about monkeys and loss aversion?
When January comes next year, and it's time to start saving more, people will think they have to cut back on their spending, and that's painful.
Maybe instead of just saving for January
You had better save more when you made money
This way, people don't have to cut back when they make money or when they get a raise.
If they take home even a little more paycheck, they'll spend more than they used to -- put a little bit of that extra money into a 401(K) plan.
That's the way this program works. It's embarrassingly simple, but as we'll see, it's very powerful.
Richard Thaler and I first did this back in 1998.
A medium-sized company in the American Midwest was struggling to pay its employees enough to support their families. Employees repeatedly told us, "We can't grow our savings right now."
I don't expect you to save today
What we recommended was to increase your savings by 3 percent with each pay raise.
Here is the result
Here are the results after three and a half years. There were four pay raises, and people who were struggling to save started saving three percent of their paychecks. After three and a half years, the saving rate almost quadrupled. It's almost 14%
Shoes, bicycles, and other things like this picture, I don't want to just show you the numbers.
I want to think about this fact, which is that quadrupling the amount of money you save can make a big difference in how people achieve a richer lifestyle.
this is reality
It's not just a number written on a piece of paper
With 3% savings, you can barely afford a nice pair of sneakers for walking, but you can't afford anything else.
this is the real difference
To date, 60% of large companies have implemented such programs.
They've been used as part of the Pension Protection Act.
And it goes without saying that Thaler and I have been a part of this program and it has made a huge difference.
I'd like to conclude with two key messages.
The first is that behavioral finance is very powerful.
This is just one example
The second message is that we still have a lot of work to do.
this is just the tip of the iceberg
If people can't pay their mortgages after buying a house, we have to think about that.
If people are taking too much risk, but they don't understand how much risk it is, or if the risk is too low, we need to think about it.
If there are people who spend $1,000 a year buying lottery tickets, we have to think about it.
Singapore has the highest average
Average household spends $4,000 a year on lottery tickets
There's a lot of work to be done, and similarly, there's a lot of work to do in the realm of retirement, when it comes to how you're going to spend your money in retirement.
Let me ask you one last question. How many of you are confident that you have a very solid plan for retirement? When you retire and when you claim your social insurance benefits What kind of lifestyle do you want? How much money can you spend each month?
How many of you feel that you have solid plans for the future? When making post-retirement decisions
１ ２ ３ ４
Less than 3% in a very sophisticated audience.
Behavioral finance is just the beginning
You can make it powerful again and again through many opportunities.
thank you
(applause)
How can you tell in 10 minutes the story of a bond between three generations of women? The astonishing strength of that bond held the life of a four-year-old girl firmly in her hands. It took her 30 days and 30 days to cross the South China Sea, huddled in a small boat with her sister, mother, and grandmother. more than a year ago
That bond held the girl's life tight and never let go, and that girl now lives in San Francisco and speaks to you today.
This story is an unfinished story
Jigsaw puzzle still in progress
I will introduce some of the pieces
First piece, imagine a man burning his life's work.
A poet and playwright, a man whose whole life rested on one hope: the unity and freedom of his country.
Imagine what it was like when the Communist Party entered Saigon.
Hurt by the "words" that I thought were my friends for many years
shut up in silence
defeated by history and died
That man is my grandfather, although I've never met a living grandfather.
Life is more than just memories
My grandmother made sure I never forgot my grandfather's life.
My duty was not to waste my grandfather's life, and the lesson to me was that when history crushed us, we survived.
The next piece of the puzzle is a boat quietly sailing out to sea early in the morning.
My mother, Mai, lost her father when she was 18—by then she was already married and had two little daughters.
My mother's mission boiled down to one: to escape with her family and build a new life in Australia.
It never occurred to her that it wouldn't work
After four turbulent years, more violent than a novel, a boat disguised as a fishing boat quietly slipped out to sea.
The adults knew how dangerous it was
I feared pirates, rape and death.
Like most of the adults on board, my mother carried a vial of poison.
If we were to be caught, first my sister and I, then my mother and grandmother, would have been poisoned.
My first memory is of a boat, and I remember the droning sound of the engine and the bow crashing into the waves and the huge, blank horizon.
I don't remember bluffing out the men on the ship every time I ran into pirates.
But I remember well the lights of the oil fields off the coast of Malaysia At the end of the trip a young man collapsed and died. I will not forget
I've never tasted an apple like that before
After three months in refugee camps, we arrived in Melbourne.
The next piece in the puzzle is the new life that three generations of women started building together.
We lived in Footscray, a suburban town that looked like a working-class neighborhood with a lot of immigrants.
It was a place unlike any of the quiet, middle-class suburbs I didn't even know existed, and where nothing could be guaranteed.
When you open the door of each store, you can smell the scent of a foreign country.
People communicated in broken English, and they all had one thing in common: they were in the middle of a fresh start.
My mother worked on a farm and then on a car assembly line working two shifts six days a week.
My mom made time to study English, and she also got an IT degree because we were poor.
It was decided how the money would be used.
No matter what else I gave up, it was only the cost of my extracurricular English and math classes that was guaranteed. Most of what I gave up was new clothes, so I always wore old clothes. When I went to school, I doubled my socks. put on a shoe
so that you can't see the hole
The uniform was ankle-length, because it had to last six years.
At times, I've even had the racist word "detailed" thrown at me, and I've seen graffiti that says "Asians go home."
"Where are you going to go home?" I felt something solidify in the back of my mind.
I quietly swore in my heart, "I won't do anything to him."
My mother, my sister and I were sleeping in the same bed
Every night my mother was exhausted, but we took turns talking about our day and listening to my grandmother move around the house.
My mother always had boating nightmares.
My job was to stay awake and wake my mother up if she had a nightmare.
My mother opened a computer store, then studied to be a hairdresser, and opened a hair salon.
I've heard stories from women customers about unchanging men who are pissed off and inflexible, and how children are caught between two worlds.
Seeking grants and sponsors
A regional center was established
I lived in two parallel worlds, one world, following the traditions of Asian students.
I set myself a very high task.
In another world, in a precarious life of violence, drug addiction and loneliness, I was connected to my fellow men who lived in fear and misery.
I spent several years rescuing many of those friends.
For his achievements, he was elected to the Austrian Youth Prize in his final year of law school.
So I was thrown from one part of the jigsaw puzzle to another, and it just didn't fit.
From Footscray obscure Tan Lay, now refugee and activist Tan Lay, I've been asked to speak here and there, in halls I've never heard of, in mansions I never dreamed of.
I didn't know etiquette, I didn't know table manners
I didn't know what to say about wine
I didn't know how to talk about anything
I wanted to escape to the comforts of everyday life. I wanted to go back to the days when my grandmother, mother, and two daughters lived in the suburbs for nearly twenty years, without anyone talking about them. After talking about what happened, the three of us sleep together in the same bed every day.
I complained to my mother that I could not continue
My mother reminded me that we were all in that boat when we were your age.
there is no option to say no
"Do it," my mother said, "Just be yourself."
There, I spoke about youth unemployment and education, and I spoke for those who lacked civil rights and were overlooked.
When I spoke frankly, I got more and more requests to speak.
I met people from all walks of life, many of whom were doing what they loved and pushing the limits of what was possible.
I got a law degree, but I didn't feel like making it a career.
I needed yet another piece
And at the same time, I realized that it doesn't matter if you're a stranger, it's perfectly fine if you're a newcomer who's just arrived, and you should be grateful for that.
Because if you're an insider, it's easy to narrow your horizons, and it's easy to get stuck in stereotypes.
I'm already out of my comfort zone, and I know the world is going to fall, and if it does, it won't be what you fear.
You'll be able to fully explore possibilities that weren't allowed before, and there's energy in that.
There's an unyielding optimism, a strange mix of humility and boldness.
So I followed my intuition and created a small team around myself.
A team made up of members who can't help but take on challenges when they say, "That's impossible."
I was broke for a year
Every night we made a big pot of soup and shared it with each other.
Most of the ideas were crazy, but there were some really good ideas that made a big difference.
After visiting the United States once, I decided to emigrate.
I followed my intuition again
After three months, we will finish moving, and the challenge will continue.
Let me end my story by telling you about my grandmother.
When my grandmother was growing up, Confucianism was the social norm, and in my hometown, the senior bureaucrats were the most important.
Life has been the same for centuries
My grandmother lost her father soon after she was born
Raised by a single mother
At 17, she became the second wife of a senior bureaucrat, but her mother-in-law used violence against her.
My husband didn't help me at all, so my grandmother went to court and dragged him into court, and it got into a bit of a mess, and when she won the case, it got even bigger.
(Laughter) (Applause) I've shown you that "you can't do that" is wrong.
My grandmother passed away in Melbourne, 1,000 kilometers away, while I was taking a shower in a hotel room in Sydney.
I could see my grandmother standing through the shower curtain,
I realized that you came to say goodbye
I got a call from my mother shortly after.
A few days later, at a Buddhist temple in Footscray, we all gathered and sat around a coffin.
Talking about my grandmother's memories, I made sure that she was with us all the time.
A monk came in the middle of the night and said the coffin had to be covered.
Mother told everyone to touch Grandmother's hand
I asked a monk, "Why are your hands so warm when your body is so cold?"
"It's probably because you've been holding my hand since this morning.
I know you regret it," replied the monk.
If there is power in my family, it flows through women.
In light of who we are and how life has dictated us, we now know that some of the men in our lives tried to hold us back.
No wonder we were easily defeated
Now I want a child of my own and I think about that boat.
No one would want to ride in a boat like that
On the one hand, I'm afraid to rest on my laurels of security and entitlement.
Should we give our children a life of bravely cutting through the waves into a vast horizon with no guarantees of anything, surrounded by the constant, undisturbed sound of the engine?
I don't know, but even if I give it to them, the children
I would like to do so if I can do it safely
(Applause) (Trevor Neilson) And Tan's mom is here today, she's in the fourth row.
(applause)
I'm a professor of computer science, and my specialty is computers and information security.
When I was in graduate school, I heard my grandmother explain my job to one of her friends.
She explained that my job is to prevent computer theft at the university. because she told me her perspective was interesting
But there was a funnier story about my job.
This is the funniest story I've heard: at a dinner party, a woman, knowing that I work in computer security, asked me a question, and if her computer got a virus, it would make her sick too. (Laughter) I'm not a doctor, but I think it's very unlikely, and if you're worried about it, just wear latex gloves when you use your computer. I explained that it would do no harm at all.
Let's take seriously the story of getting a virus from your computer.
I'm here today to talk to you about a hack, a real-life cyberattack, a real-world hack that I'm part of in the academic research community that I don't think most of you know. The most talked about hacks in the community
None of the results I'm presenting are my own work, but the work of my colleagues, and I asked them for the slides and incorporated them into this talk.
First, let's talk about implantable medical devices.
Modern medical devices have come a long way technologically
The first pacemaker was developed in 1926
In 1960, the first pacemakers were implanted in the body, a little smaller than the one you're seeing here, and the technology just kept getting better.
In 2006, we reached an important milestone in terms of computer security.
Do you know why?
Human implantable devices began to have networking capabilities.
A familiar example is the device used by former Vice President Dick Cheney, the pump that pumps blood from the aorta to other parts of the heart, and as you can see at the bottom of this picture, it was controlled by a microcomputer. If you've ever thought about the importance of responsibility, imagine having this device inside your body.
The research team obtained and examined a device called an ICD.
This is a defibrillator, a device that is implanted in your body to monitor your heart rate, and many lives have been saved by this device.
To eliminate the need to cut into the body every time a device is recalibrated or diagnosed, they created a device that can be tuned wirelessly. We've created an implantable medical device that can be controlled using a wireless protocol.
To make the experiment more realistic -- no one was willing to volunteer -- we used minced meat and bacon, rolled it up to the size it would be implanted in a human body, and put the medical device in it, so it was closer to reality. We conducted experiments under the conditions
Successfully attacked again and again
For example, there's an attack that rewrites a patient's name.
I don't know if there's any point in doing that, but it's something I wouldn't want to do if I were a patient.
Attacks were also able to alter treatment patterns, including disabling devices, an attack that could be accomplished using commercial devices that are available on the market, simply by using reverse engineering to send radio signals.
There was a report from NPR (National Public Radio Station in the United States) that just bringing earphones close to the device affected the function of the ICD.
Now, wireless technology and the Internet can greatly improve health care.
I'm showing you on the screen some examples of how doctors are considering implanting devices. Wireless communication has become the norm for all these devices. If you don't fully understand the "computing environment", if you don't understand attacks by malicious hackers, if you don't understand the security risks and do it, you're at great risk.
Now let's take it one step further and look at another attack target.
The subject of my talk is to show you some examples of attack targets, so let's talk about cars.
Here's a car. Today, cars are made up of many parts, electronic components.
It contains many more different computers than when I was in college, connected by a wired network.
Wireless networks also exist and can be accessed in many ways.
For example, we have Bluetooth, FM and XM radios, we have Wi-Fi, and we have sensors in our tires that wirelessly communicate tire pressure to the vehicle controller.
Modern cars are sophisticated multi-computer devices.
What if someone wants to attack this?
What I'm going to talk to you about today is what a research team did.
They linked the attackers to wired and wireless networks.
Well, there are two targets for the attack.
One is short-range wireless communication, which can be operated by nearby devices such as Bluetooth or Wi-Fi, and the other is wide-area communication, which communicates with cars through cellular networks or radio stations.
When the car picks up radio waves, the software handles it.
The software picks up the radio waves and decodes them, and then decides what to do. Even the music that plays on the radio is decoded by the software. that there is a sexuality
Here's how the researchers experimented: They read the software written to the chip in the car's computer, used sophisticated reverse engineering tools to decipher its functionality, found vulnerabilities in the software, and launched attacks to exploit those vulnerabilities. I made
I tried attacking using a real car
They bought two cars, they probably had more money than I did.
In our first threat model, we tried to see what an attacker could do if they had access to the network inside the car.
Now imagine someone has gotten into your car and done something to it. What could go wrong?
Another threat model is when wireless communication, like a cell phone, communicates in real time and has no physical contact with the car.
In the first case, where you have physical access to the car, it looks like this.
I took my laptop, I hacked into the diagnostic unit on the network in the car, and I did all sorts of stupid things, like having the speedometer show 140 miles an hour while I was parked.
If you can master the computer in your car, you can do anything.
Now, you may think, "It doesn't make sense at all."
But what if the car was always shown to be 20 miles an hour slower than it actually is?
You'll end up hoarding speeding tickets.
And then we ran two cars, a chasing car and a tracking car, on an abandoned runway and tried different attacks.
One thing the chase car was able to do was, just by breaking into the computer, it was able to manipulate the brakes of the other car.
I was able to turn off the brake
We were also able to plant malware that wouldn't activate until it ran over 20 mph.
The results were astounding, and when they made this announcement at the conference, the audience, which was mostly security professionals, stunned everyone.
They managed to hijack critical in-vehicle computers: the computers that controlled the brakes, the computers that controlled the lights, the engines, the dashboards, the computers that controlled the radios, etc. And these attacks were carried out in the commercial vehicles they purchased. yes they use a wireless network
They managed to hijack all the software that controlled every single radio function in the car.
All attacks successfully implemented
How do you think an attacker would steal a car in this case?
Attack the car and exploit the buffer overflow vulnerability.
use GPS to locate the vehicle
You remotely control the computer that controls the door, you unlock it, you start the engine, you bypass the anti-theft system, and you steal the car.
The in-vehicle surveillance system was also interesting.
The authors of this paper hijacked a car, turned on a microphone in the car, listened to conversations inside the car, and simultaneously recorded a video using GPS to track them on a map. I had no reason to know
Are you scared?
Let me give you a more interesting example
I heard about it when I was at a conference, and I was so blown away that I thought, 'I have to tell everyone about this.'
This was done in Fabian Monrose's lab at the University of Northern California, and their work is intuitive once you get the hang of it, but it's surprising.
They recorded people on the bus, and then they post-processed the video.
The first thing you see is typing on a cell phone, reflected in someone's glasses.
Thanks to software that compensates for vibrations, even if the phone is held at an angle, the image is captured and processed in a stable manner, regardless of whether the recording is on the bus or not. Did you know that you can see the , and we use this to reproduce what you're typing, and we have a language model that guesses what you're typing
What's interesting here is that by recording the inside of the bus, we were able to reproduce exactly what people typed on their cell phones, and what's surprising is that this software not only targeted specific targets, but also people who happened to be in the footage. But I was able to recreate what the person was writing, and it was just a coincidence that the software did.
I'll show you two more examples, one is the P25 radio.
P25 radios are used to communicate with police, all kinds of governmental organizations and combatants, etc. P25 phones have encryption options.
The phone looks like this, it doesn't look like a phone
It would be better to call it a walkie-talkie
Motorola is the most popular model, used by secret agents and in combat, and is a common standard in the United States and other countries.
The question that security researchers asked themselves was, can we jam this?
Can a denial of service attack be launched against a first responder?
Could a terrorist organization block the network of contacts between police and fire departments in an emergency?
So they took a look at this GirlTech chat device that operates on the exact same frequency as the P25, and they built something called My First Jammer. There is a switch to switch between communication and clear text (plain text)
I'm going to move the slide forward and back again.
See the difference?
This is unencrypted This is encrypted
There is a small dot that you can see on the screen, just click a switch to switch.
The research team asked themselves, 'How often do we have very dangerous, important and valuable conversations on this two-way wireless phone that we forget to encrypt, or don't realize we didn't encrypt? do you see?
So they bought a scanner, a perfectly legal piece of equipment that explored the frequencies used by the P25, and wrote software that would hop between different frequencies and pick up conversations.
When it found an encrypted transmission, it stayed on that channel and recorded it as a police agency's channel.
And we intercepted over 20 minutes of unencrypted communications per day in every urban area.
What kind of things were they talking about?
It had the informant's name and other information, and included wiretapped conversations and various sensitive information about the alleged crime.
Most were about police crackdowns and crime
After they anonymized the information they obtained, they informed the police of this fact.The vulnerability was simply that the user interface was not functional.When talking about dangerous and sensitive things, the conversation was encrypted. It must be clear to the user that
this can be easily improved
The last example I'm going to show you is really cool, and I really wanted to show you this one. It's not like the car or the pacemaker example, where you're going to lose sleep over worrying, but it's about eavesdropping on keyboard input.
I'm sure you've taken a closer look at your smartphone
All security professionals love to hack smartphones. Until now, people tended to focus on things like USB ports, GPS cameras and microphones for location tracking, but no one looked at the accelerometer.
The accelerometer measures the vertical direction of the smartphone
they did a simple experiment
We put the smartphone next to the keyboard and had people type on the keyboard, and eventually we tried to figure out what they were typing by using the vibrations caused by typing to read the accelerometer and figure it out.
First, I tried it on my iPhone 3GS, and here's a graph of the vibrations caused by typing. Now, the accelerometer has been greatly improved, and the same measurement yields this graph.
Now we can get a wealth of information while the subject is typing. We used a technique called machine learning, an artificial intelligence technique, and we set up a learning phase, perhaps asking a graduate student to type different sentences. If you ask them to, the system, which has learning capabilities, will know which letters you're typing, and at the same time match that to the accelerometer.
And in the test phase, we have someone type a sentence, and we use the model we built in the learning phase to try and figure out which characters are being typed.
They've been pretty successful. Here's an article from USA Today.
``The Illinois Supreme Court ruled that Raf Emanuel was eligible to run for mayor of Chicago and ordered his name to remain on the ballot.''
Now, what's interesting about this system is that I got lost after trying to reproduce "Illinois Supreme."
This model gives you a lot of options, and the beauty of artificial intelligence technology is that computers are good at some things, and humans are good at other things.
Don't waste computer time
Humans don't think the correct answer is "Supreme might"
"Supreme Court" is correct, right?
In cooperation with the computer, it can reproduce what you typed using just what the accelerometer measures.
Why is this important? For example, in the Android development environment, developers have to create a manifest that registers all the devices they use, such as microphones, to prevent hackers from hijacking them, but the accelerometer is not controlled.
what does this mean? What this means is that if you put your iPhone next to someone's keyboard and walk out of the room, you can later replay what you typed without using a microphone.
If your iPhone is infected with malware, they may be able to steal what you type every time you put your iPhone next to your keyboard.
There are other high-profile examples of attacks, but unfortunately I don't have time. One last thing I want to show you is a group from the University of Michigan that was going to be used in the New Jersey ballot, a Sequoia direct-record electronic ballot left in the hallway. I installed Pac-Man on my machine.
I ran that Pac-Man game
what does this mean?
Society adapts to technology really quickly, and people love the latest gadgets.
But as you can see from the research I've shown, the people developing these technologies need to consider security from the very beginning, and even if you define a threat model, the attackers will probably not be kind enough to stay within the framework of the threat model. so more free thinking is required
What we can do is understand the fact that devices can always be hijacked, and that anything that has software has vulnerabilities, bugs.
Thank you. (Applause)
Hi, I'm Kevin Allocca, YouTube Trends Manager. YouTube videos as a job —
I'm watching, okay?
Today, I'm going to talk about how videos become viral and why it's so important.
We all want to be stars, celebrities, singers, comedians.
But now, through web video, anyone and any work can become very famous as part of the world's culture.
Anyone here could be an internet celebrity by next Saturday.
That said, there are still 48 hours of video uploaded to YouTube every minute. That said, there are still 48 hours of video uploaded to YouTube every minute.
Only a few of them are talked about, seen by a lot of people, and become the face of the moment.
How does that happen?
I think there are three elements: the trend setter, the community around the work, the unexpectedness, the tastemaker, the community around the work, the unexpectedness.
let's see
(Bear Vasquez) Wawawa amazing
Wow amazing
Hya~
Oh wow!
Last year Bear Vasquez posted this video taken from his house in Yosemite National Park.
Viewed 23 million times in 2010 alone
(Laughter) This is the number of views per day last summer when it was popular.
But he didn't set out to make a popular video.
I just wanted to show you the rainbow
That's the man called "Yosemite's Mountain Bear"
(Laughter) In fact, he posts a lot of nature videos.
But this video was posted in January, long before it became popular.
What happened here?
The answer is Jimmy Kimmel
Jimmy Kimmel tweeted and that sparked the popularity of the video.
Tastemakers like Jimmy Kimmel introduce new and interesting things to a wider audience.
(Rebecca Black) ♫ It's Friday, it's Friday, we gotta enjoy Friday ♫ It's the weekend we're all looking forward to.
Rebecca Black's "Friday" was the hottest song of the year
One of the videos has nearly 200 million views.
This is the number of views per day
It appears to appear out of nowhere, similar to the "double rainbow"
What happened on this day?
Surely that day was Friday
By the way, all these protruding parts are also on Friday.
(Laughter) But what happened this first Friday?
Tosh.0 picked it up and a lot of blogs talked about it.
MST3K's Michael J. Nelson was one of the first to tweet a joke about the video.
What's important here is that one or more of the tastemakers are taking a position and spreading it out to the masses, accelerating the viral process.
And that's how you create a community where you share that insider story, and people start talking about it and doing something with it.
There are now over 10,000 "Friday" parodies on YouTube
A week later, there were already parodies for each day of the week.
(Laughter) Unlike the one-way media of the 20th century, community engagement plays an important role in this phenomenon: some spread it, others do something with it.
(music) "Nyan Cat" is a loop animation with loop music
like this
Viewed almost 50 million times this year
If you're thinking, "That's weird," you should know that there's a three-hour version of this, and it's been viewed four million times.
(Laughter) Even cats are watching this video.
(Laughter) There's even a cat watching the cat watching this video.
(Laughter) And the point here is that in this techy, nerdy internet culture, that's what brings out the creativity in everyone.
lots of remixes
(Laughter) There's also a retro version.
(Laughter) And also national versions
(Laughter) The remixing community grew, turning what was just a silly joke into something that everyone could participate in.
Because now we can not only watch and enjoy, but also participate.
Who could have predicted this?
Something like "Double Rainbow" or Rebecca Black or "Nyan Cat"?
What scenario could you have written to produce something like this?
With two days' worth of videos being uploaded every minute, only the truly unique and unexpected can catch the eye of many.
When a friend first told me about this amazing video of a man protesting the fines on bicycles in New York City, I honestly wasn't all that interested.
(Casey Neistat) I got a ticket for riding out of the bike lane, but often there are obstacles in the bike lane, so I can't ride properly.
(Laughter) Totally unexpected and humorous, Casey Neistat came up with something funny that has been watched five million times.
This approach can be applied to anything new that we do with ingenuity.
And all this leads to one big question...
(Bear Vasquez) What does this mean?
ah~
(laughs) What does that mean?
Tastemakers, creative communities around their work, sheer unexpectedness, these are the hallmarks of a new kind of media and culture, one that is accessible to everyone, and whose popularity is determined by the audience.
Somebody said, Justin Bieber, the biggest star in the world right now, Somebody said, Justin Bieber, the biggest star in the world right now, started on YouTube.
No one puts a stop to ideas
I feel that we all have our share of pop culture.
Older media didn't have that quality, and it's a quality that's barely present in today's media, but it will undoubtedly define the entertainment of the future.
This will undoubtedly be a determining factor in future entertainment.
Thank you. (Applause)
70% of our planet is covered by ocean
I thought Arthur C. Clarke had a point when he said that a good name for our planet would be Ocean Planet.
Now, the oceans are incredibly productive, and you can see that by looking at photosynthetic satellite imagery and the amount of new life being produced.
In fact, the ocean produces half of all life on Earth every day, and it also produces about half the oxygen we breathe.
Now, the oceans are home to a wide variety of life on Earth, but we don't know much about the creatures that live in those oceans.
So today I want to talk to you about some of them.
We Harvest Protein from the Sea Story not included
Only about 10% of the protein needed on earth comes from the ocean, although some island nations get 100% from the ocean.
If you go down to 95% of the biosphere (where life is viable), you're immediately in a world of darkness, and there's just a little bit of light, and that light is bioluminescent. it comes from
When you shine a light on it, you'll sometimes see some spectacular creatures swimming past, and these are the deep-sea inhabitants, the creatures that live in the depths of the ocean.
If you keep diving, you'll eventually see the bottom of the sea.
Marine habitats cover most of the Earth's surface and are much larger than all other habitats combined.
We don't know the oceans, but we know a lot more about the surface of the moon and Mars, but we've never harvested a gram of food, a breath of oxygen, or even a drop of water from the moon or Mars. without
Now, 10 years ago, an international program called the Marine Life Census was launched, which sought to advance our understanding of life in the world's oceans.
17 projects joined from all over the world
Here are the footprints of various different projects
I would like to commend this program for the global survey it has achieved.
It all started when two scientists, Frederick Grassle and Jesse Orsbell, met in Woods Hole, Massachusetts, where they were invited as guests of the famous Oceanographic Institute. rice field
Fred was lamenting the diversity of marine life, because it was declining and neglected.
Well, that's where the discussion started, and the program was born, and the program involved 2,700 scientists from more than 80 countries around the world, with a total of $650 million in research spending on 540 oceans. He engaged in research, investigating the distribution, diversity and abundance of marine life on Earth.
So what was the discovery there?
We've discovered an astonishing new species, a new species of stunning beauty, found everywhere from the coastline to the deep sea, from microbes to fish.
Investigating unknown biodiversity has taken more time than taxonomists, who are experts with the knowledge to identify and catalog new species.
The taxonomist itself was an endangered species
In fact, four to five new species are registered every day in the ocean.
So it's a huge number anyway.
Well, I'm from Newfoundland, Canada, an island off the east coast of North America. Newfoundland suffered the worst fish overfishing in human history.
Look at this picture, the boy is standing next to Tara.
It was around 1900
When I was about the age you see in this picture, I used to go fishing with my grandfather, and I only caught half the fish.
Well, at the time, I thought it was normal size, because I had never seen a fish this big before.
Even if I go there today, it's been 20 years since the fishing industry was completely dead, and even if I could catch a fish, it would be hard to catch, but the fish I caught was about half the fish I caught back then. prize
We are currently experiencing a shifting baseline.
We don't understand the scale of the ocean's productive capacity, because we've never seen it in our lifetime.
Now, most people, myself included, think that human exploitation of the oceans has gotten worse in the last 50 years, maybe in the last 100 years.
So marine life surveys used all the information that was actually available to examine the past.
From restaurant menus to monastery records to logbooks, they collected anything to find out what the ocean was like.
Scientific data can be traced back to around World War II.
In fact, it turns out that maritime exploitation actually started in Roman times.
Of course, there were no refrigeration facilities at that time.
So fishermen only caught as much as they could eat or sell that day.
But the Romans came up with salting
And salting allowed fish to be stored and transported over great distances.
As a result, the industrialization of fishing began.
This graph, which we made by guessing, shows how many fish we've lost compared to pre-humans.
The dark blue bars show that the majority of groups of organisms have losses ranging from 65% to 98%.
Animals that have been protected without harm, and marine mammals and seabirds in recent years, are recovering to some extent.
So it's not totally hopeless.
But more often than not, we're resorting to salting and consuming.
Now this line shows something very interesting.
This picture is the winning fish of the Florida offshore fishing competition.
It was taken in the 1950's
If you look at the size of the fish in this slide, if you look at the winning fish from the 1980s, you'll notice that this fish is much smaller, and there are other changes, too.
By 2007, it's a laughable size for a winning fish.
But it's not the time to laugh
The oceans have lost so much productivity, and we are to blame.
So what's left is actually quite a lot.
There's a lot to be excited about, so let's talk a little bit about that.
I'd like to start by saying a little bit about technology. This is a TED Conference, and I'm sure you, the audience, would like to know something about technology.
We use remotely operated probes to collect samples from the deep sea.
This is a cable probe that will drop down to the seafloor, where it will act as our eyes and hands.
A couple of years ago, I tried to join an oceanographic expedition, but due to scheduling conflicts, I couldn't go.
But I was able to participate from home via satellite, and the dog was crouching at my feet, and I could say, "Hey, take a sample there," over a cup of tea.
Then the pilot will properly collect
It's possible today with technology, even 10 years ago we couldn't do this.
Technology has made it possible to harvest from these amazing deep-sea habitats, far from the light.
Sound waves are one of the tools we use to harvest from the ocean.
The advantage of sound waves is that they can propagate through water much better than light.
So when you send out a sound wave, it hits an object, like a fish, and bounces back.
In this screen, a marine life research scientist is using two ships.
A ship emits sound waves that are reflected
And that sound wave is picked up by a second ship, and this method allows us to make very detailed inferences, and in this case, we can tell in about a minute that there are 250 billion herring shoals.
And that shoal of herring is as big as the island of Manhattan.
It's a really cool piece of fishing gear to be able to make assumptions like this.
In addition to sound waves, we also use communication satellite tags, which can track moving objects in the ocean.
Animals come to the surface to breathe, like this elephant seal. When an elephant seal comes to the surface, it sends data, so it can know exactly where it is in the ocean.
You can create elephant seal footprints from this data.
For example, if you trace the color navy blue, you can tell where elephant seals are in the North Pacific.
Ah, I've just realized that if there's a colorblind person among us, this slide won't work.
Now, for animals that don't surface, there's a device called a pop-up tag, which collects data about the light and the times of sunrise and sunset.
So, at some point in time, the pop-up tag will rise to the surface and send us the data.
GPS doesn't work under the sea anyway, so I need this tool.
Now you can see this blue band, this band is a hotspot in the ocean, and this hotspot is the highest priority for ocean protection.
Now, as you may have already noticed, when you go to the supermarket and shop, you scan your items.
The item has a barcode, and the barcode tells the computer what kind of item it is.
Geneticists have also developed a similar method called genetic barcodes.
So what we're going to do with that barcode is use a special gene called CO1 that every organism of the same species has, and this particular gene is different from species to species.
So you can clearly identify which species they are, and even though they may look similar to each other, they are biologically completely different.
I'd like to give you a good example of this: two young girls, high school students in New York, who had jobs in marine life research.
We collected fish from restaurants and markets in New York and looked at their barcodes.
It turns out that the fish had different names.
For example, tuna is a very expensive fish, isn't it? The fish that was sold under the name tuna was actually tilapia, and tilapia is much cheaper than tuna.
We also found that endangered fish were being marketed as commonplace fish.
Barcoding allows us to track the species of fish and also to identify the food.
Ocean Biogeographic Information System is a complete database of marine life surveys Ocean Biogeographic Information System is a complete database of marine life surveys
Anyone can access and download the data at will.
There's also material from marine life surveys, but you can also contribute data.
What we can do with it is show the distribution of species and where life is in the ocean.
The figure here was created with data on hand
This is where the most collecting efforts are made
The data you're looking at right now are from the North Atlantic region, the North Sea, and the East Coast of North America, which have been particularly successful.
This red colored area is the area where we were able to collect a lot of data.
Areas in blue and black are areas where almost no data has been collected.
So even after 10 years of research, there are still many areas that we haven't explored.
Now, a group of scientists from Texas are working in the Gulf of Mexico, and they've decided, without compensation, to pool their wisdom on the biodiversity of the Gulf of Mexico.
The researchers were working together to create a list of all the species, where they were and what they were, and this seemed like a very esoteric and scientific task.
But then an accident at the Deep Horizon oil rig caused an oil spill.
All of the research that I was doing without any expectation of reward, which had no economic justification, suddenly became a very important piece of information: how ecosystems recover, and how long it takes to recover. Whether it's needed or not, it's going to be very important information in terms of how the upcoming lawsuits and billion-dollar controversial discussions are going to be resolved.
So what have we discovered?
Of course I can't tell you right now because it would take me hours to tell you that.
Let's talk about some impressive findings from marine life surveys.
What is discovery? Where are diversity hotspots?
Where are most species of marine life found?
If we plot the positions of the well-known species, we get a distribution like this.
In terms of coastal biomes, that is, organisms that live near the coast are most diverse in the tropics.
This is actually something we've known for a long time, so it's not a new discovery.
But what's really exciting is that the marine biomes -- the creatures far from the shore -- are actually more diverse at mid-latitudes.
Managers can use this kind of data if they want to prioritize areas of the ocean to protect.
You can use this globally, and you can use it regionally.
That's why diversity data is so valuable.
Now, many of the species discovered by marine surveys are small and hard to find, but they're not always small.
For example, it's hard to believe, but a 3-kilogram lobster escaped the attention of scientists. In fact, it wasn't until a few years ago, when a South African fisherman applied for an export license, that he realized it was a new species.
So is this golden V kelp, which was collected below the low waterline in Alaska, and is probably a new species.
Despite being three meters long, this one also escaped the scientist's eye.
How about this guy, this bigfin reef squid is 7 meters long.
To be fair, this one lives in the deep waters of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, so it's been very hard to find.
There's still a lot more big, exciting creatures to discover.
The shrimp in this picture, which we call the Jurassic shrimp, is thought to have gone extinct long ago, 50 years ago, at least until marine life surveys discovered it. He lives off the coast of Australia and is doing quite well.
The ocean is so vast that it can hide its secrets for a long time.
Yes, that's why Steven Spielberg is worried.
In terms of biodistribution, the reality is that distributions change dramatically.
One of our records shows that gray petrels make epic migrations all the way from New Zealand to Alaska, only to return in search of everlasting summer, and repeat such migrations for the rest of their lives.
I've also told you about the Great White Shark Cafe.
A great white shark cafe is a place in the Pacific Ocean where great white sharks congregate.
We don't know why they're swarming there, we really don't know
Solving this is the task of the future.
You know, what we were taught in high school was that animals need oxygen to live.
Now this little strange creature, only half a millimeter in size, has no charisma.
Only discovered in the early 1980s
What's really interesting about this is that marine biology scientists discovered a few years ago that this thing thrives in sediments that have very little oxygen in the depths of the Mediterranean Sea.
In short, what we've learned is that animals can live without oxygen, or at least some of them do, and they can adapt to very harsh environments.
If you suck the water out of the ocean, what's left is the biomass of the organisms on the ocean floor.
This huge biomass is more common near the Antarctic and North Pole, but less in between.
we found life under extreme conditions
The new organisms we discovered were living in the ice, and the organisms support the food chain in the ice.
We also discovered this spectacular yeti crab, which lives near a boiling hydrothermal vent on Easter Island.
This crab really got the public's attention.
We know that the deepest hydrothermal vent is 5,000 meters, the hottest is 407 degrees, and there are hydrothermal vents in the South Pacific and Antarctica, but no life has been found there. bottom
New environments still have areas to discover
When it comes to the unknown, there are so many things we don't know yet.
So let's quickly summarize what we don't know.
First, how many kinds of fish are there in the sea?
Realistically, we know more about fish than any other marine creature, apart from marine mammals.
How many more species can we expect to discover in the future, given the rate of discovery so far?
I've actually done the math on this, and there are 16,500 known sea species, and we're going to discover about 1,000 to 4,000 more.
So we did pretty well
So we know about 75 percent, maybe 90 percent, about fish.
But as I said earlier, when it comes to fish, we know the most.
Our knowledge level is still low with respect to other organisms.
The numbers are actually based on a new paper published in PLoS Biology.
It's an estimate of how many more species there are on land and in the ocean.
What we found is that about 9% of the species of life in the ocean have been elucidated.
So even after marine life surveys, 91 percent are still undiscovered.
So that means we end up with 2 million varieties.
There's still a lot to do, as far as the unknown is concerned.
And then this bacterium, this is part of a swarm of bacteria found off the coast of Chile.
Together, these flocks would be large enough to cover the whole of Greece.
This bacterium we're talking about is actually visible to the naked eye.
You can imagine how much biomass this is going to be.
But what's really amazing about microbes is that they're so diverse.
It's safe to say that a single drop of seawater contains 160 different types of microbes.
It's believed that there could be over a billion different microbes in the entire ocean.
So it's really intriguing, what the heck are these microbes doing there?
we don't really know
Now, the most interesting thing about this survey is the role of global science.
In the image of noctilucent we see many regions on the earth, some with remarkable human development and some with less, but in between there are large dark regions that have yet to be explored. it's the sea
Another thing I want to point out is that the oceans are connected.
Marine life doesn't care about borders between nations; they move on their own terms.
That's why global cooperation is even more important.
we have already lost so much paradise
For example, this kind of tuna was once abundant in the North Sea, but now it's almost gone.
In the depths of the Mediterranean Sea, we do trawl fishing, and we catch more garbage than fish in our nets.
It's the deep sea. This is the environment of the deep sea left on the earth that is still thought to be unpolluted by humans.
There are still other pressures
As with ocean warming, ocean acidification is a big concern, and we're going to see the effects of this on coral reefs as well.
Over the course of decades, we'll see coral reefs eroded in our lifetimes.
For the rest of my life, but only for a limited time, I'm going to talk about these concerns about the ocean over and over again.
So the big challenge is to keep what's left behind, because what's left behind still has stunning beauty.
And the ocean is productive, and everything that happens in the ocean has to do with humans, so even from a selfish point of view, we need to do better than what we've done in the past. there is
So we have to recognize these hotspots and do our best to protect them.
When you look at a picture like this, it's not only beautiful, but it also helps us breathe with the oxygen that the ocean provides.
Marine life scientists have been researching in the rain, in the cold, in the water, on the surface of this amazing discovery, of this quiet vast unknown, of this spectacular adaptation seen in marine life. I've been trying to guess
Whether you're a yak herder in the mountains of Chile, a stockbroker in New York, or a TED guy in Edinburgh, you're connected to the sea.
In other words, as long as the ocean lives, so do we.
Thank you for your attention
(applause)
For example, let's say you run an experiment.
In this experiment, subjects are randomly assigned to either live in a blast zone or, as a control group, in a blast-free environment.
The first group lives in the lower reaches of the blast zone, downwind, for years, where large amounts of explosives are used every day at the blast sites.
a lot of water is polluted
Randomization allows us to carefully study the health effects of long-term living in the blast zone, without the interference of many confounding factors and covariates.
Randomization leads to surprising results
It will be a rigorous and compelling scientific investigation into the effects of exposure to such environments.
Of course, such a study would be impossible.
Few researchers would have the courage to do such research.
In the first place, the ethics review board won't allow it.
But this is actually what's happening
When I think about this, the question arises
What are the moral obligations of a scientist whose populations in a region consider them to be at risk?
How much evidence do you need to make a firm conclusion?
Should we get scientific conviction first, should we take action? Where is the line drawn?
Currently, unexpectedly, "mountain-top mining" is being experimented.
MTR for short (Mountain Top Removal)
It's a form of open-pit coal mining in the United States in the Appalachian Mountains.
Virginia, West Virginia, Kentucky and Tennessee
About 5,000 square kilometers of land is being mined using this method.
It's about the size of Delaware, but it has an environmental footprint as large as Vermont and New Hampshire combined.
The mountaintop mining process involves clearing the forests of the Appalachian Mountains, one of the richest ecosystems on the planet.
The trees are generally burned or derelict in nearby valleys.
Then, in order to reach the coal seam, we use explosives to remove about 240 meters of the summit.
Over 1,500 tons of explosives are used in West Virginia alone.
it's every day
Stones and sediments are dumped into valleys, permanently burying the headwaters of rivers.
500 mountains have been destroyed so far.
Approximately 3,200 km of headwaters were lost forever.
The water that flows out of the sediment dumped in the valley is heavily polluted and will remain in this state for decades.
The coal that is harvested is chemically treated, shredded and washed before being transported to a thermal power plant and burned.
This cleaning is done on site
This process creates even more air pollution, with billions of liters of water contaminated with metals, sulfates, cleaning solutions and other impurities.
All of this is being done to meet 3% of America's electricity demand, just 3%.
Many other questions arise from here.
What are the health effects of mountaintop mining?
Over a million people live in the surrounding areas of the mountaintop mining, and millions live downstream and downwind of rivers.
How did the coal industry and governments respond when these problems were reported?
What is the ethical obligation of a scientist to learn of such a shocking event?
I started this research in 2006
I had just started working at West Virginia University.
I had never done any research on coal before that.
I started hearing stories from people in mining towns.
They said the drinking water was murky and the air was polluted.
They also talked about their own and family illnesses.
I was also worried about how many people in my neighborhood had cancer.
I've met with many people in southern West Virginia and eastern Kentucky to hear these stories and their concerns.
When I searched the scientific literature, I was surprised to find none that looked at the public health impact of coal mining in the United States.
Again, nothing was published about the public health impact of the mines.
So I thought, "Whatever I discover, I can make a new contribution. Whether I find a basis for my health anxiety, whether it cures my anxiety."
Neither I nor the university had any particular plans.
My colleagues initially questioned whether there was a connection between public health and coal mining.
I expected that health problems could be explained by either poverty or lifestyle habits like smoking and obesity.
When I started doing research, I thought maybe they were right.
We started by analyzing an existing database, linking population health to coal mining, while statistically controlling for age, gender, race, smoking, obesity, poverty, education, health insurance and other measurable variables. it is possible
And they found evidence to support their concerns and began to publish their research.
In a nutshell, people living in mountaintop mining areas had significantly higher levels of cardiovascular disease, kidney disease, and chronic lung diseases like COPD.
We found that cancer, especially lung cancer, has a significantly higher mortality rate.
We also found evidence of a high rate of birth defects and a high proportion of low birth weight infants.
After controlling for other risk factors, there are about 1,200 more deaths per year than in other regions.
1,200 more people die each year.
It's not just that the mortality rate is higher, but as the amount of coal mined increases, the mortality rate also increases.
Then we conducted a health visit survey.
In the study, we compared the population living for several kilometers around the mountaintop mining site with those living in a similar environment but without the coal mine.
RESULTS: Individuals or their families had high prevalence, poor self-reported health status, and more than normal reports of a wide range of symptoms.
But this study can only show relevance.
Correlation alone cannot prove causation
The study didn't include environmental data from actual mining towns.
So we started collecting and reporting data.
And they found that the number of violations of drinking water standards was seven times higher than in non-mining areas.
And when we took air samples, we found that there was a high concentration of particulate matter, especially ultrafine particles.
The composition of the mining town dust is complex, but it contained high amounts of silica, a known cause of lung cancer, and toxic organic compounds.
It was found that using that dust in experiments caused cardiovascular dysfunction in rats.
And in human lung cells in vitro, it stimulated the growth of cancer cells.
this is just a small part of our research
The coal industry took this result bitterly.
So was the administrative organization of the mining area.
Just as the tobacco industry once funded research advocating the safety of smoking, the coal industry is willing to pay papers to claim that mountaintop mining is safe.
Coal industry lawyers harassed us with Freedom of Information Act information requests that were ultimately turned down by the courts.
When I testified before a congressional hearing, I was attacked by a member of Congress who had ties to the energy industry.
A governor has vowed to never read my research.
I met with a congressman, and I explained my research specifically, and later I heard him say, "I don't know about that research."
I spent more than two years doing environmental sampling with scientists from the United States Geological Survey.
And when we were about to publish our findings, they were suddenly stopped from above.
In August of this year, the National Academy of Sciences suddenly received a notice from the federal government to stop its own review of the public health impact of open pit mining.
I think there are political implications to these things.
But even among researchers there were opponents.
At conferences and meetings, they were skeptical.
Of course, all scientists are taught to be skeptical.
They ask, "What are the chances of this?"
"Have you considered a different interpretation?"
Some people ask, "There must be some confounding factor that I missed.
There are variables we haven't explained."
"What can you learn from a test tube experiment?"
"When rats get sick, humans don't always do the same."
maybe
We have to admit that they could be right, but these health problems probably don't come from unmeasured confounders.
Probably because they're blowing up mountains over people's heads.
(Laughter) (Applause) If questioning is the goal, it's endless.
A definitive experiment is impossible.
Future research should inevitably deal with relevance.
Now you can see why I started asking, "How much evidence do we need?"
I have published over 30 papers on this subject.
In addition to my co-authors, other researchers piled up evidence, but the government wouldn't listen, and the coal industry said, "It's all just a correlation."
"It's a matter of Appalachian lifestyle," he says.
It's as if we've ignored the effects of factors like smoking, obesity, poverty, education level and health insurance.
But we also control for other factors.
We don't need any more research.
As scientists, we always follow data, but sometimes data has its limits. As thinking, feeling people, we have to decide what the data means and when to act.
This applies not only to mountaintop mining, but also to other situations where the evidence is solid, alarming, but still imperfect.
Even if you're wrong, if you don't act, even if your life is at stake.
It may sound strange to even debate whether the health effects of mountaintop mining are real.
But for some reason, this topic has fallen between science and politics, like the debate about climate change, and the carcinogenicity of smoking many years ago.
But even in that gap, I think the data points to one conclusion.
However, most of the political and business circles and public opinion are arguing the opposite conclusion.
If, as a scientist, I believe my point of view is correct, and the health of the entire population is at risk, and I am stuck in a spiral of denial and mistrust, then it is my moral and ethical obligation as a scientist. what will happen to
Clearly, scientists have a responsibility to report evidence-based truth.
Simply put, we have a duty to defend our data.
It can be very frustrating to have to wait until public opinion and political consensus catch up with scientific knowledge.
But when the subject becomes controversial and the debate becomes frustrating, it's important for scientists to maintain objectivity and integrity.
Because honesty is highly valued in science and public policy debates.
In the long run, a reputation for honesty is a scientist's greatest weapon, more powerful than the data itself.
If scientists lose their universally recognized integrity, no amount of data will make people understand the painful and difficult truths.
On the one hand, if we develop and protect our reputation for integrity, if we persevere in defending our data and continuing our research, and if we continue to dispassionately publish our findings, science can have a huge impact.
And in the end, scientific truth will triumph.
How many lives will be lost while we are procrastinating?
Many lives have already been lost
but we will surely overcome
thank you
(applause)
What I'm about to tell you is a very small idea.
It's about changing the "baseline"
But I can explain this idea in about a minute, so before that, I'd like to buy you time with three stories.
The first story is about my idol, Charles Darwin.
As you know, in 1835 he visited the Galapagos Islands.
You might think I was just chasing finches,
I used to collect fish
And they reported one fish as a very "common" fish.
It is a sailfin grouper of the grouper family.
Large-scale fishing continued into the 1980s, resulting in
It is on the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List
I hear stories like this all the time, not just in the Galapagos, but in other regions as well. Nothing special.
The problem is that people still visit the Galapagos
I still think it's the way it used to be.
Travel brochures still advertise the Galapagos as "pristine land."
What does that mean
And secondly, when I look at this picture, my "waistline" is changing. (Laughter)
(Laughter) In 1971, I was studying lagoons in West Africa.
Growing up in Europe, I wanted to work in Africa.
I thought I could blend in with the locals.
But there, I got a really bad sunburn, and they convinced me that I wasn't born here.
It was my first time to get a sunburn like that.
The lagoon is surrounded by palm trees and you can see the mangroves.
There was a tilapia about 20 centimeters long. It's a black chin tilapia.
The fishing grounds were blessed with this fish, and the fishermen there were earning more than the average Ghanaian income from catching this fish.
When I went there 27 years later, the fish had shrunk to less than half its size.
It was about 5 centimeters in adult fish
genetically oppressed
there are still fishermen
It seemed happy for the time being
The fish seemed happy to be there too
Nothing seemed to change, everything changed
The third story is about the introduction of bottom trawling to Southeast Asia, which I was also involved in.
In the 1970s - although it started in the '60s - Europe did a lot of development work.
"Fisheries development" is actually "imposition," imposing industrial fishing on a country with hundreds of thousands of fishermen.
The research ship is also very ugly.
I was on board a ship called Mutiara (Pearl) 4, and I did the research from the southern South China Sea, especially in the Java Sea.
At the time, we didn't know what it was that we pulled from the sea.
I pulled it up, as I now know, at the bottom of the ocean.
90% of what I pulled was sponges, and the rest was organisms that live on the seafloor.
In the sediments on the seafloor, there were just a few reef-dwelling fish.
I pulled the bottom of the sea onto the deck and threw it down again.
This picture is very rare, because the ocean has changed in such a short time.
Less than a year after research began, commercial fishing began.
The seafloor has changed, from a solid seafloor and soft corals to a murky mess.
This is a dead sea turtle
It was captured after death, so it couldn't be eaten and was thrown away.
One time a sea turtle
captured alive
Now I can eat it, so I decided to kill it.
Anything that is pulled from this messy bottom is pulled out of the sea by fishermen every time they go to a place where they are fishing for the first time.
but this is not recorded
Humans are transforming the world, but they don't remember it.
You don't always adjust the baseline of things to a new level and remember what it was before.
This is modeled as
The vertical axis is the value of something desirable: biodiversity, orca population, green area in countries, water availability.
These change artificially or naturally over time.
No matter what generation you are, you have an image that the time you remembered is the normal state, and you estimate the future based on that image.
If there is a difference between the present and future states, we know that we are lost.
I don't know the difference between the present and the past
If the baseline keeps changing like this
Ultimately, it will be about protecting what little is left.
that's pretty much what's happening now
We're trying to preserve something that's nearly extinct or not in its original form.
The thing to think about here is that this certainly affects humans as well. In the past, hunting societies lived by hunting animals, and after a few generations they forgot that they were doing it.
Because, of course, even animals that were very abundant are on the brink of extinction and are very few in number.
In other words, the most numerous animals don't go extinct.
always small numbers of animals are lost
So I don't think it's a big loss.
If you trace the passage of time by looking at large animals, in the case of the ocean, it's the giant fish.
Fisheries have resulted in rarer creatures than they used to be.
As time goes on, the number goes down, and you think that's the baseline.
So why is it accepted
because they don't know about change
In fact, many people, especially academics, are aware of the existence of change.
I disagree, because the evidence for the ancient oceans doesn't exist today in the form that scholars want.
For example, if there is an anecdote about a sea captain who once saw a huge school of fish in a certain area, the anecdote is of little use to ichthyologists, because it is "unscientific."
So we're stuck in a situation where we have letters, but we don't know the past, and we can't put our trust in the past.
That's why marine protected areas will play such a big role.
Marine reserves are trying to reclaim the oceans of yesteryear.
It reconstructs the past in a way that is unimaginable from the present, when the baseline has fallen.
This is the case for people who can visit marine reserves and get enough insight from there to reset the baseline.
And if that's not possible, what about, let's say, the American Midwest, far from the ocean?
There, I think art and cinema will fill the gap, and simulation.
This is a simulation of the Chesapeake Bay in America.
Long ago, gray whales lived, 500 years ago.
The hues and shades of the image are similar to the movie "Avatar."
(Laughter) Why was Avatar so moving?
because it awakens something that has been lost
My only suggestion is to tell the director, Cameron, that "Avatar 2" should be set underwater.
thank you
(applause)
Let's start with this keyword, the keyword that will set the direction of TED this week and set the direction of this century.
This is it, the earth is already at its "limit"
Humans, things, garbage, and desires have reached their “limits.”
Humans, of course, are a bright, creative species, but we've made so much that our economies have become so huge that they've become so huge that our economies are bigger than the Earth of our master.
It's not a philosophical proposition, it's a science, based on physics, chemistry and biology.
There are many scientifically based analyzes of "limits" that all come to the same conclusion: human beings are living more than they deserve.
In one example, a prominent scientist at the Global Footprint Network (GFN) calculated that it would take 1.5 planets to support our current economy.
That means we need half the planet in addition to the planet we have today to sustain current levels of economic activity.
In accounting terms, it's like you're always spending 50 percent more than you're earning, and each year your debt goes up.
Of course, we can't borrow natural resources, so we're either eating up capital or stealing from the future.
I mean, it's already "marginal." It's really "marginal." It's "marginal," far beyond a few miscalculations, far beyond disagreements about methodologies.
This means that economic activity is not sustainable
I'm not saying that I don't like it, or that it's not good for polar bears and forests, but of course it is.
What I'm saying is that the economic direction is simply not sustainable.
That means that if it's not sustainable, it will stop, thanks to the laws of physics that always govern it.
You may think, "Impossible."
Yes, economic growth cannot be stopped.
But that's only because economic growth itself stops.
Economic growth comes to an end when there are no more tradeable resources.
All of the planet's resources, all of its productive power, all of its systems, will end because of the ever-increasing human demands that are still being hurt by the economy.
When it comes to economic growth stopping, a lot of people say, "It's impossible." Economic growth is considered essential to society, and it's not a question of whether or not it's going to grow.
Growth, of course, has brought many benefits, but it's seen as essential, so much so that we don't even consider the possibility of getting by without it.
Even though growth has brought many benefits, it's based on a crazy idea: it's not a good idea to be on a finite planet and still be able to grow infinitely.
Boldly like "the king is naked"
Let me tell you the truth, crazy thoughts are crazy no matter how you look at it.
"Come on, that's impossible."
you would think
"Technology is great and people come up with new ways
You can change how you do it
We can solve it.”
everything is correct
yes you are almost right
It's true, humans are wonderful people, and we're usually creative and able to solve complex problems.
If we set it as our task to reduce economic activity from the current 150 percent to 100 percent that is suitable for the planet, we can do that.
The trouble is, this engine of growth is just getting ready.
We plan to double the size of the economy, which is already heavily skewed by 50 percent, and then quadruple the size, not in the far future, but in the next 40 years, and it will happen in our lifetimes.
China is about to quadruple in size in just 20 years.
The only problem with this plan is that it's impossible.
When I say that, some people argue, no, we need growth, we need it to eradicate poverty.
For technological innovation To maintain social stability
make the claim that it is necessary
According to this claim, it seems that even the rules of physics can be bent according to our needs, how dreamy and fascinating it is.
Human needs are irrelevant to the planet
Mother Nature doesn't listen to our wishes, she only sets the laws and the consequences that follow.
The limits that are guided are not arcane
We're talking about food, water, soil, weather, the basic, practical, economic foundations of life.
So the idea that science and technology will allow us to smoothly transition to a highly efficient, solar-powered, intelligent production-based economy that, by 2050, nine billion people will live prosperous, digital lives is a delusion.
It's not that it's impossible for everyone to have the necessary food, clothing, and shelter,
Is possible
But the idea that economic growth can go on without much turmoil with a few problems is simply wrong. It's a dangerous mistake, because it means you're not prepared for what might actually happen. is
Think about what happens when you push your system beyond its limits, and then you keep going faster and faster -- the system stops working and breaks.
that is about to fall upon mankind
Right now, many of you are thinking, "This is still — we can stop it."
"If things get worse, I'll deal with it."
Let's test the idea
Warnings have already been issued for 50 years.
The urgency of change continues to be scientifically proven
Economic analysis has also shown that acting early is not only more affordable, it's cheaper.
But despite all that talk, the reality is that we've done very little to change the way the economy works.
not even slowing down growth
For example, when it comes to climate change, last year was the highest CO2 emissions in the world.
Food and water resources, soil and climate change are all in the same situation.
I didn't mean to give up
I mourn the lost opportunity
accept the reality of humanity
It's sad, but reality is reality.
But it's time to stop ignoring reality and recognize that we're not acting, that we're far from acting, that we're not going to act until the economy is in crisis -- we're not going to.
And the end of growth is the crux of the challenge, and we need to be prepared for that eventuality.
When will signs of change begin to appear?
When will the economic collapse start?
In my view it has already started
I know a lot of people have a different opinion.
It's easy to overlook the connections between the world's problems and assume that there are many individual problems.
We have the various occupation protests, the worsening government debt crisis, the growing economic inequality, the influence of political donations, the limits of resources, the price of food and oil.
But, wrongly, we think of these problems as separate problems to be solved.
In reality, we are in the process of a painful collapse of the system, a system of debt-driven economic growth and a system of overburdening the planet with inefficient democracies that is undermining itself.
There are countless studies and evidence to prove this, but I'm not going to share it with you right now, because the evidence is all around us.
i want to talk about fear
The reason I talk about fear is because I believe that how to tackle this problem is the most important challenge facing humanity.
This crisis is inevitable
The question is how mankind will face
Of course we don't know what will happen
the future is uncertain
But let's consider what the science tells us is what happens.
Imagine the economy when the emissions trading bubble bursts, the economy we had a glimmer of hope of keeping climate change from getting out of hand, and the economy when financial markets realize the oil and coal industry is dead. imagine
Imagine China, India, Pakistan going to war as climate change creates conflicts over food and water.
Imagine governments in the Middle East collapsing with no oil revenue.
Imagine a highly produced and timely food industry and an overburdened agricultural system collapsing and food disappearing from supermarket shelves.
Imagine a 30% U.S. unemployment rate as the global economy is gripped by fear and uncertainty.
Now imagine what happens to you, your family, your friends, your financial security when something like this happens.
Imagine what happens to you when you can't stop the anger of armed citizens from letting this happen.
Imagine your child asking you, "Dad, Mom, what was it like around 2012?" "At a time when scientific communities around the world were consistently telling us that we had a deadly problem," he said. When was occupied by
"When the system was clearly broken, what were father and mother doing? What were they thinking?"
They ask me, what do you feel when the beacon of hope disappears from your idea of ​​a global economy? How would you feel if the future didn't turn out the way you thought it would, it faded away and turned into something completely different?
Pause for a moment Calm down for a moment How do you feel now?
probably denied
perhaps anger
and you will be terrified
Of course you can't know what will happen, you have to live in uncertainty.
But given the possible scenarios I've just described, we should be terrified.
We are all in danger, and we have evolved to face danger. Fear gives us the strength to face the threat, the courage to face the threat.
But the threat right now is not the tiger in front of you, approaching the entrance of the cave.
You can't see danger when it's right in front of you
But if you pay close attention, you'll discover a threat that's right up to the nose of human civilization.
So we have to find our response while it's in plain sight, and if we're in a crisis, we have no choice but to panic and hide.
If you notice the threat now and ponder it, you'll realize there's nothing to fear but fear itself.
Yes, it's going to be terrible, and it's going to happen very soon in our lifetimes, but humanity has an abundance of power to overcome everything that comes its way.
Yes, those who believe that humanity can solve any problem, that technology has limitless power, that markets have the power to do good, are actually right.
But one thing we're missing is that we don't act until there's a great deal of danger.
When you feel fear, when you feel fear of losing, you can do some really amazing things.
think of war
In just four days after the bombing of Pearl Harbor, the U.S. government stopped making cars, used the auto industry for war, and rationed food and fuel.
Think of a company, a company responding to the brink of bankruptcy and making transformations that seemed impossible.
Think about the behavior of each individual. When a person has a life-threatening disease, it suddenly becomes relatively easy to make lifestyle changes that previously seemed simply too difficult.
Humans are smart, and in fact, humans are really great, but they have to be in danger.
Good news! This time it's a monster-class crisis! (smile)
Good news! This time it's a monster-class crisis! (Laughter) Of course, if we fail, human civilization will end, but if we do well, a new civilization will begin instead.
How cool would it be to tell your grandchildren that they played a part in that?
Clearly, there is nothing to get in the way, neither technically nor economically.
Scientists such as James Hansen also say that we will need to eliminate net CO2 emissions within decades.
To find out how long it would take, we collaborated with Professor Jogen Landers of Norway, and we came up with the "One Degree War Plan."
We drafted the "One Degree War Plan," and we called it that because it calls for a wartime-like structure and focus.
What surprised me was that eliminating net CO2 emissions in just 20 years is actually very easy and very cheap.
I haven't done the exact math, but the loss of human civilization is going to be pretty expensive.
If you read the details, you'll find out, but in short, we can reshape the economy.
It is possible with already established technology
possible at affordable cost
possible with the existing political structure
It is possible only by changing the way we think and feel.
you will appear here
Of course, when you think about the future I've envisioned, it's a little scary.
But you can also be immobilized by fear, and you can also use it as a trigger.
You have to accept your fear first and then act.
When the future depends on what you do— you have to act like
We must act as if there is only one Earth
we can do it
Market fundamentalists would say that the best course of action is to grow and produce—to be consumed by nine billion people.
It's wrong
It's not like that. I can do better.
We've accomplished a lot since we discovered how to farm around 10,000 years ago.
We've built a strong foundation of science, knowledge and technology -- enough to create a society where nine billion people can live meaningful and satisfying lives.
If things go in the right direction like this, the planet can hold out.
In this time of crisis, it's time to ask and answer the big question of social evolution: What do you want to be like when you grow up? It's similar to the question of what kind of adult you want to become after your adolescent days full of failures, where you didn't know your limits and even fantasized about immortality.
It's time to grow up, to be wise, to be calm, to be wise.
Like our ancestors, we grow into adulthood through struggles. Not against civilizations, but for civilizations. It's a very rare opportunity. We will turn into a society that is designed so that we can continue to
Choose survival over fear
We can do what we have to do. To do it, all entrepreneurs, all artists, all scientists, all communicators, mothers, fathers, children, all of us must act.
It may be "the most glorious moment" for us.
thank you
(applause)
(Applause) (Video) Caster: Bin Laden's death raises tensions over terrorist threats...
Famine in Somalia... Police use tear gas...
A vicious cartel... Capsize of a luxury liner...
Corruption in society... 65 deaths...
Tsunami warning... Cyber ​​terrorism...
War on Drugs... Mass Destruction... Tornadoes...
Recession... Bankruptcy... Ruin... Egypt... Syria...
Crisis... Death... Catastrophe...
How bad...
Diamandis: This is just a snippet of the news footage from the last six months.
What I'm trying to say is that the news reports only show tragic events, because we focus on the tragic.
There is good reason for this
An enormous amount of information, much more than the human brain can handle, flows through all of our senses without a moment's rest.
Survival is paramount, so the first place this vast amount of information goes is a tiny, primitive tissue in the temporal lobe of the brain called the amygdala.
The amygdala is an alarm system that provides early warning signals.
The amygdala organizes all the information and searches for anything in the environment that might be harmful.
We're wired to look at the tragic news first when we hear a stream of news.
It's absolutely true to follow the old newspaper industry adage, "If it's bloody, treat it big."
These days, when you think about all the tragic news 24 hours a day, 365 days a year on all the digital devices around us, there's no reason to be pessimistic.
It makes no sense for people to think that the world is going from bad to worse.
But maybe the reality is different
Probably not, reality is being distorted and reported.
A variety of driving forces have accelerated the enormous progress we've made in the last century to the point where, in the next 30 years, we have the potential to create a world where nothing will run out.
Of course, I'm not saying there aren't a whole set of problems -- the climate change crisis, endangered species, the depletion of water and energy resources -- there's a whole set of problems.
But humans are very good at recognizing problems well in advance, and in the end they sort them out.
To understand what the future holds, let's take a look back at what the last century has been like.
Over the last 100 years, life expectancy has more than doubled, and average per capita income has tripled, even after inflation.
Infant mortality has dropped by a factor of ten.
Add to this the cost of food, the cost of electricity, the cost of transportation, the cost of transportation, and the cost of means of transportation, each of which has fallen by a factor of 10 to a factor of 1,000.
According to Steve Pinker's announcement, the human race is actually living in the most peaceful time in human history.
And according to Charles Kenny, the global literacy rate has increased from 25 percent to 80 percent in the last 130 years.
we are going through a really weird time
a lot of people forget this
We keep changing our expectations higher and higher.
In fact, we're redefining what poverty means.
Now think about it, in the United States, most people, even those who live below government-imposed poverty levels, have electricity, running water, toilets, refrigerators, TVs, cell phones, air conditioners, and even cars.
In the last century, even the richest people in the world, the "thief barons" and even the emperors, would have never dreamed of such extravagance.
A big part of this has been new technologies, especially those that are growing exponentially these days.
A good friend of mine, Ray Kurzweil, told me that any device that's going to work with information technology will grow along this curve of Moore's Law, the experience of doubling price-performance every 12 to 24 months. do
The cell phone in your pocket is literally a million times cheaper and a thousand times faster than the supercomputer of the '70s.
take a look at this curve
Here's a table of Moore's Law over the last 100 years.
Notice two things
The first is that it's a smooth, steady curve, in good times and bad times, wartime and peacetime, recessions and depressions, booms and bubbles.
That's because in designing a fast computer, we used a computer that was faster than the law assumed.
Growth hasn't slowed down in the face of global challenges.
Second, even though the vertical axis is scaled logarithmically and the line is drawn, the line rises above the straight line.
Even the speed at which technology improves is getting faster and faster.
This curve shows that if Moore's Law works, there will always be orders of magnitude more powerful technology emerging.
Cloud Computing, as Autodesk calls Infinite Computing, Sensors, Networks, Robotics, 3D Printer Technology, which has the power to democratize manufacturing operations and expand discrete manufacturing Synthetic Biology Diversified Fuels Vaccines Foods Digital Medicine Nanotech Materials and Artificial Intelligence
An example of artificial intelligence. How many of you have seen IBM's Watson win the Jeopardy quiz?
it was a great moment
Actually, I was trying my best to find the newspaper headlines that resonated the most.
This is the sentence: "Watson defeated a human opponent."
Jeopardy is not an easy game
You need to know the nuances of the language people use
Now imagine that you're in the cloud, and you have this kind of high-powered artificial intelligence on your phone.
Four years ago, right here at TED, I and Ray Kurzweil created a new university called Singularity University.
In college, we teach cutting-edge technologies, but we also teach how these technologies can be used to solve problems for humanity as a whole.
And every year, we challenge our students to create companies, products and services that will impact the lives of a billion people in the next 10 years.
Think about it, that just a bunch of students could impact the lives of a billion people.
30 years ago it would have been just a joke
Today, you can count dozens of companies that have done just that.
And by creating an inexhaustible state, I'm thinking not about giving everyone on the planet a luxury, but trying to see what's possible.
It's about making what was scarce inexhaustible.
As you know, scarcity depends on context, and new technologies are the driving force behind freeing up resources.
I'll give you an example
This is the story of Napoleon III in the mid-1800s.
The one on the left in this photo
I invited the King of Siam to dinner.
Napoleon's soldiers ate on silver plates, Napoleon himself on gold plates.
But the King of Siam ate from aluminum tableware.
As you know, aluminum was the most valuable metal on the planet at the time, more valuable than gold, more than platinum.
It was so valuable that the capstone of the Washington Monument is made of aluminum.
You see, aluminum makes up 8.3 percent of the planet's total mass, but it doesn't exist as a pure metal.
Aluminum is bound to silicon and oxygen.
But at some point, the technology of electrolysis became available, and they made aluminum so cheap that it literally became like hot water.
Let's use this analogy to predict what the human race will look like in the future.
Mankind thinks of energy depletion,
Are you sure? The planet we live in gets 5,000 times more energy in a year than we use.
Every 88 minutes, 16 terawatts of energy rain down on the surface of the earth.
So it's not about what's scarce, it's about whether it's available.
I have good news for you.
For the first time ever, this year in India, the cost of solar power was halved to the cost of diesel power: 8.8 rupees for solar versus 17 rupees for diesel.
Solar cost halved last year
A study released last month by MIT predicts that by 2020, the national average cost of solar power in the United States will be 15 cents a watt, or 6 cents in sunny locations.
If we don't run out of energy, we won't run out of water.
Now let's talk about the struggles and controversies over water resources.
Remember when, in 1990, right after Voyager passed Saturn, Carl Sagan had the rover turn around and take a picture of Earth?
I took a famous photo at that time What did you call it?
"Pale blue dot"
because we're on a planet full of water
We live on a planet that is 70 percent water.
Of course, it's 97.5 percent seawater and 2 percent ice, and it's competing for the remaining half of the water on this planet.
Technology is going online, not 10 or 20 years from now, but now.
There is also nanotechnology. It is a nanotechnology material.
And here's another story. This morning, I spoke with one of my homebrew inventors, Dean Kamen, and with his permission, I'd like to share with you a technology he invented called the Slingshot. It's the size of a refrigerator
It can turn salt water, polluted water, toilet water, or anything else's water into drinkable water at a rate of less than two cents per liter at a rate of 1,000 liters per day.
Just recently, the Coca-Cola chairman agreed to a large-scale commercial trial of hundreds of these machines in developing countries.
If the experiment works -- and I believe it will -- Coca-Cola will roll out this machine globally to 206 countries around the world.
I would say that this is a technological breakthrough that has been made possible with the help of technology that exists today.
Humans have seen the same phenomenon with mobile phones.
The amazing thing is that by the end of 2013, mobile phone penetration in developing countries will reach 70 percent.
Just think, a Maasai warrior in the heart of Kenya has a better portable device than President Reagan had 25 years ago.
With Google on their smartphones, the Maasai have more knowledge and information than President Clinton did 15 years ago.
They live in a world of information and communication that no one has ever foreseen.
What's even better is that the things you and I have spent tens of thousands and hundreds of thousands of dollars on -- GPS HD video, high-resolution photography, collections of books and music, medical diagnostic technology -- are now literally gone, and you don't have to pay for it. It's going to be good, it's going to be built into mobile phones.
The biggest breakthrough in cell phone technology right now is this happening in health.
Last month, together with the Qualcomm Foundation, we launched a contest called the Qualcomm Tricoder X Awards, with a prize pool of $10 million.
We're challenging groups around the world to see how they can combine different cutting-edge technologies and incorporate them into handheld devices that have artificial intelligence, so they can talk to them, they can check their coughs, they can take blood from their fingertips and do tests.
To win the competition, the team's devices must be able to diagnose better than the medical team of specialists.
Imagine a new device in a place like this, in the middle of the developing world, where there are no doctors, where 25 percent of the population is sick and 1.3 percent are medical workers.
If this device cannot recognize the base sequence of RNA or DNA viruses, it will notify the CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) and prevent a major epidemic from occurring.
But this is the greatest driving force behind creating an endless world.
We call it the rising billion.
The white bars in the graph represent the population
Earth's population just crossed the line of 7 billion people
It's a small thing, but the best way to prevent a population explosion is to make sure that all the people in the world are educated, healthy people.
In 2010, only about 2 billion people were connected and online.
Internet users will grow from 2 billion to 5 billion by 2020
Three billion new brains, never asked by the world before, will begin to participate in what is being discussed and spoken in the world.
What do these people want?
What do you consume and what do you want?
Instead of the economy shutting down, we're about to have the biggest injection into the economy ever.
It would mean an injection of tens of trillions of dollars into the global economy.
And with tricorders, these people will be healthier, and with Khan Academy, they'll be better educated, they'll have access to 3D printing technology and unlimited computer use, and they'll be more productive than ever before. is
So what will three billion rising healthy, educated, and productive people bring?
What do people's opinions that have never been asked bring?
What if, for the first time ever, the oppressed, anywhere in the world, had the right to speak and the right to act?
What will this 3 billion people bring?
A totally unforeseen contribution?
One of the things that the X awards taught us is that a small team of people with a clear purpose and driven by passion can do extraordinary things that, until now, could only be done by large corporations and governments. achieve
I'd like to conclude by telling you a story that really got me excited.
as you may know
in online games
There's a game called Fold It that was invented by the University of Washington in Seattle.
It's a puzzle game where each individual chooses a sequence of amino acids and tries to figure out how the protein folds, depending on how the protein folds.
Determine structure and function
This is very important for medical research.
Until now, this analysis has been difficult enough to solve on a supercomputer.
This game was played by college professors and all sorts of people.
Indeed, hundreds of thousands of people started playing online.
What happened was that it turned out that the human pattern recognition ability folds better than the most powerful computer so far.
When I took part in this online analysis and looked at who was the strongest at protein folding, it turned out that it wasn't an MIT professor, not a Caltech student, but a woman in Manchester, England, who worked as an administrative assistant at a rehabilitation hospital during the day and protein at night. It was the world's strongest in folding
Ladies and gentlemen, what gives me tremendous confidence about the future is the fact that I now have the power to tackle global challenges as an individual.
We have the tools to use new technology that is taking leaps and bounds.
We have the passion of an inventor to do it yourself.
We have the resources to do a philanthropic business using technology.
In addition, three billion new brains will be connected online to solve the global challenges we all have to solve together.
Tremendous decades await
thank you
(applause)
good morning
Today I'm going to talk to you about a self-flying beach ball.
No, it's about these autonomous, agile flying robots.
I'm going to talk about how difficult it is to make something like this, and what the potential applications of this technology are.
This robot is similar to an unmanned aerial vehicle.
But unmanned aerial vehicles are much bigger.
It weighs thousands of kilograms and is not very agile.
not even autonomous
Many unmanned aerial vehicles are actually remotely controlled by humans, involving multiple pilots, sensor operators, operations commanders, and so on.
We're interested in developing robots like the one in my hand, and the two on the left are actually available in stores.
This is a helicopter with four rotors, about a meter in size and weighing a few kilograms, and we retrofitted it with sensors and processors.
Allowing you to fly indoors without GPS
i now
The robot you're holding was made by my students Alex and Daniel, and it weighs.
about 50 grams
Power consumption is 15 watts
As you can see, it's about 20 centimeters in diameter.
Let me briefly explain how these robots work.
four rotors
When they're all spinning at the same speed, the robot stays in the air.
As you speed up the rotation of the four rotors, it accelerates upwards and rises.
If the robot is tilted, of course it will go in that tilted direction.
There are two ways to tilt the robot in this picture.
#4 rotor is fast and #2 rotor is slow
This creates a force that causes the robot to "roll."
On the other hand, if rotor number 3 is spun faster and rotor number 1 is slowed down, the robot "pitches" forward.
Finally, if you spin two rotors facing each other faster than the other two, they will "yaw" about the vertical axis, and the onboard processor will
We figured out the combination of these methods needed for the action to be performed, and determined the commands to send to the motor 600 times per second.
That's the basic mechanism of this
The advantage of this design is that the smaller the size, the more agile the robot becomes.
where R is a number representing the size of the robot
is actually the radius
Decreasing R changes various physical parameters
The most important of these is inertia, the resistance to motion, which governs rotational motion.
The magnitude of inertia is proportional to R to the 5th power
So if you decrease R, the inertia decreases dramatically.
As a result, the angular acceleration, represented here by the Greek letter α, is 1/R.
is inversely proportional to R
The smaller you make it, the faster you can turn.
If you watch the video, you can see that very well.
Performs a 360 degree somersault in less than 0.5 seconds
Continuous somersaults take a little longer
An on-board processor receives feedback from accelerometers and gyros, performs calculations, and issues commands 600 times per second to stabilize the robot.
In the bottom left image, Daniel is tossing the robot into the air, and you can see how strong his control ability is.
No matter how you throw it, the robot will recover and come back.
build a robot like this
The reason is that it has many applications.
For example, you can send it into a building like this and have it investigate an intruder, a biochemical leak, a gas leak, etc. as a first response, for work like construction.
You can also use
Here, robots carry beams and columns to assemble square structures.
I will talk about this in a little more detail later.
This robot can also be used for cargo transportation.
The problem with small robots is that they have a small carrying capacity.
There is also the option of using multiple robots to carry
Here's a picture of a recent experiment -- not very recently -- in Sendai, just after the earthquake.
Robots can be sent inside buildings destroyed by natural disasters or inside nuclear facilities to check conditions and check radiation levels.
The basic problem that autonomous robots have to solve is figuring out how to get from one point to another.
This is not easy because the mechanical properties of this robot are extremely complex.
You actually have to think in 12-dimensional space, so with a little trick,
curved 12-dimensional space
We are converting it into a flat four-dimensional space.
That 4-dimensional space is made up of X, Y, Z coordinates and a yaw angle, so the robot will do
It means to find the minimum snap trajectory
It's a review of physics, but if you differentiate the change in position, you'll get velocity, acceleration, jerk, and snap.
This robot is designed to minimize snapping
It results in a smooth and clean motion.
It also avoids obstacles
This minimal snapping trajectory in flat space is then transformed back into a complex 12-dimensional space that allows us to control and perform actions.
Let's see some examples of what a minimum snap trajectory looks like
In the first video, the robot moves from one point to another point via waypoints.
It can handle any curved trajectory without any problem.
This gives an acceleration of about 2G in a circular orbit.
Here, the motion capture camera above is telling the robot where it is 100 times per second.
It also tells the position of obstacles
Can handle moving obstacles
Here Daniel is throwing the hoop into the air, but the robot is calculating its position and finding the best path through it.
As academics, we're constantly forced to perform tricks to get research funding, so we're making robots do the same tricks.
(Applause) Another thing that this robot can do is remember the trajectories it finds and the trajectories it was programmed to do.
Here, the robot is doing a series of movements that combine basic movements, accelerate, turn, and then come back.
We need to do it this way because the gap is only slightly wider than the robot.
So the robot is doing the same thing that a diver would do: jump off the board to build momentum, do a toe turn, do a quarter-flip through, and cleanly regroup.
Robots know how to fit pieces of trajectory together to accomplish this difficult task.
let's change the subject
The downside of such a small robot is its size.
So, as I said earlier, we're going to use a lot of robots to overcome the limitations of size.
The challenge here is how to get so many robots to work together.
So we turned to nature
Here's a video of a paper ant in Professor Stephen Pratt's lab carrying things.
It's a piece of a fig, practically anything.
If you put fig juice on it, the ants will carry it to the nest.
These ants have no one to give instructions centrally
It perceives other ants in its vicinity, but does not explicitly communicate with them.
Still with other ants
Perceiving food creates an implicit collective adjustment.
This is exactly how we want our robots to be adjusted.
When a robot is surrounded by other robots -- look at robot i and robot j -- what we want the robots to do is monitor the distance to the other robots flying in formation.
And we're trying to keep that distance within an acceptable range.
So, by monitoring the magnitude of the deviation, the control commands are calculated 100 times per second, which translates to 600 motor commands per second, again distributed.
i need to let it happen
If you have a lot of robots, it's impossible to process all this information centrally as fast as the robots need to perform their tasks.
Also, the robot needs to act only on the surrounding information by sensing nearby robots.
It doesn't matter which robot comes next
We call this anonymity
The next video I'm going to show you is 20 little robots flying in formation.
While monitoring the positions of the robots next to each other
maintaining formation
You can also change the shape of the formation
You can form two-dimensional formations or three-dimensional formations.
As you can see, the formation is transitioning from three-dimensional to two-dimensional.
When avoiding obstacles, it transforms the formation on the spot to deal with it.
The robots are flying very close to each other
We're flying a figure of eight, but we're a few centimeters closer to each other because of the aerodynamic interference of the propellers.
can maintain stable flight despite
(Applause) Once we can fly in formation, we can work together to carry things, as you can see.
By teaming up with nearby robots, you can double, triple, quadruple the carrying capacity.
The downside to doing it this way is that as you scale up, you'll have many robots carrying one thing, and the inertia will increase, making it less agile.
but in terms of carrying capacity, it increases
There's one more thing I want to show you, which is also from our lab.
Graduate student Quentin Lindsay
He's been working on an algorithm that allows a robot to autonomously assemble a square structure out of girders.
Algorithms decide which parts to pick in what order and where to put them.
It's spinning 14 times faster, and the robot is assembling three different structures.
Again, everything is autonomous, and all Quentin does is give him a blueprint for the structure he wants to build.
All of the experiments you've seen so far are aided by motion capture systems.
But what happens when you leave the lab and go out into the real world?
What if there was no GPS?
So this robot has a Kinect camera and a laser rangefinder.
We use those sensors to create a map of the environment around us.
The content of the map is a variety of landmarks -- doors, windows, people, furniture, etc. -- that know where you are relative to those landmarks.It doesn't use a global coordinate system.
We're defining a coordinate system based on where the robot is and what it's looking at.
And we're using those landmarks to navigate.
Here's a video of an algorithm developed by Frank Shen and Professor Nathan Michael, in which a robot enters its first building and creates a map in real time.
The robot picks up landmarks, creates a map, calculates its position relative to the landmarks 100 times per second, and is controlled by the control algorithm I described earlier.
This robot is remotely controlled by Frank, but it can also decide where it goes.
If you don't know what kind of building it is
Just come back and let me know how it goes."
Here the robot is not only solving the problem of getting from one point to another, but it's also constantly solving the problem of finding the best next point.
Basically, we take the least informed place as our next destination, and then we fill out the map.
What I'm going to show you next is the final example.
This technique has many applications
As an educator, I am passionate about education, and robots like this can
I think we can make a big difference
But now that we're in Southern California, near Los Angeles, let's wrap up with some entertainment stuff.
I've prepared a music video for the authors Alex and Daniel.
Introducing
(Applause) Before you watch the video, I'd like to say that they were contacted by Chris last minute, and they've worked out in the last three days.
The robot that comes out is moving completely autonomously.
9 robots play 6 different instruments
Made especially for TED 2012
let's see
(music) (applause)
I attended summer camp for the first time when I was nine years old.
My mother packed a suitcase full of books, which was normal for me.
Because reading was the primary group activity in my family.
You might think it's antisocial, but for us it was a way of interacting.
I have a family, I feel the warmth of people close to me, and at the same time my heart is free to roam the land of adventure.
I thought camping was the deluxe version of that.
(Laughter) I was imagining 10 girls in matching pajamas in a cabin and having fun reading together.
(Laughter) But camping was kind of a no-alcohol binge.
On the first day of camp, the facilitator gathered us together and taught us how to cheer up, saying that we were going to do it every day so that we could get into the spirit of camp.
It's like "R-O-W-D-I-E (noisy) That's how ROWDIE is spelled
ROWDIE ROWDIE Come on, let's make some noise! "
yes
I didn't understand why they were making such a fuss, and I didn't understand why they were spelling it wrong.
(Laughter) But I learned to cheer, along with everyone else.
I did my best
In my heart, I just wanted to be released as soon as possible and read books.
But when I was taking my books out of my suitcase, the coolest girl in the room came up and said, "Why are you always so quiet?" when i try to read a book
The facilitator came over with a worried look on his face and said that we should repeat the spirit of camp and keep everyone as active as possible.
So I stopped reading and put the book back in my suitcase, and I tucked it under my bed and it stayed there until the end of camp.
I felt guilty about it
The books seemed to need me, but I felt like they had abandoned me.
But I didn't abandon my books and open my suitcase until I got home at the end of the summer.
I talked about summer camp this time.
Any of the 50 or so similar experiences would have worked. I was always getting the message that being quiet and introverted wasn't right and that I should try to be recognized as a more extroverted person.
And in my heart, I felt that it was wrong, that I was an introvert -- there was nothing wrong with that.
But I kept suppressing those instincts and ended up becoming a lawyer in the financial district. i think there is
And I often went out to lively bars, even when I was really in the mood for a quiet meal with friends...
I made these self-denying choices almost reflexively, and I didn't even realize I was making them.
A lot of introverts do that, and it's obviously a loss for them, but it's also a loss for their colleagues and the community.
It might sound like an exaggeration, but it's a loss for the world too.
Because we need to empower introverts in terms of creativity and leadership.
One-third to one-half of the population is introverted, there are so many.
One in three or two people you know is an introvert.
So even if you're an extrovert yourself, your co-workers, your spouse, your children, the person you're sitting next to right now may be an introvert, all of whom are disadvantaged by the biases of reality that are so deeply ingrained in society. is there
We all don't even know the words to describe it - it's been in us since childhood.
To understand what that bias is, you have to understand what it means to be introverted.
This is not shyness Shyness is
fear of being judged socially
Being introverted is how you respond to stimuli, including social ones.
While extroverts crave a lot of stimulation, introverts are more motivated, more active, and more productive in quieter, less obtrusive environments.
It's not always the case, but it's the case most of the time.
The key to maximizing performance is putting yourself in the right stimulus for you.
But here comes the problem of deflection.
The most important institutions, the schools and the workplace, are designed for extroverts and have the stimulation that extroverts deserve.
And there's a certain belief system that's prevalent in the world today, which I call "the new groupthink," where creativity and productivity come mostly from some social setting.
What does your classroom look like these days? When I was a child, the desks were lined up vertically and horizontally
Most of the work was done individually and autonomously.
But these days, classrooms are islands of 4 to 7 children, and children do countless group tasks.
I'm doing one thing after another
Even in mathematics and writing, where the mind must fly solo, children are expected to act like committees.
A child who likes to be alone or to work alone can be seen as a misfit or, worse, a problem child.
Most teachers believe that the ideal student is an extrovert, not an introvert, even though introverts actually perform better and are more knowledgeable...and research shows that's the case.
(Laughter) Same goes for the workplace.
Many people work in open, wallless offices, constantly exposed to noise and stares.
And leadership positions always exclude introverts. It seems like...
Adam Grant from the Wharton School of Management has done an interesting study that shows that introverted leaders are more likely to produce better results than extroverted leaders. While enabling them, extroverted leaders unknowingly become so obsessed with being in charge of everything that other people's ideas are so hard to come by.
In fact, some of the most transformative leaders in history have been introverts.
There are many, for example—
Eleanor Roosevelt, Rosa Parks, Gandhi, they all describe themselves as taciturn, soft-spoken, rather shy people.
And even though they hated being in the public eye, they were in the spotlight.
And that in itself gives them a special power: they don't do it because they like to dictate or be the center of attention. because everyone notices
Don't get me wrong, I actually like extroverted types.
Some of my closest people, including my beloved husband, are very extroverted.
And we're all somewhere between extreme introverts and extreme extroverts.
Even Carl Jung, who popularized the terms introverted and extroverted, said there is no such thing as a pure introvert or a pure extrovert.
He says he'll be in a mental hospital, if at all.
There are also people who are right in between introverts and extroverts, called ambiverts.
sometimes they seem to have the best of both worlds
But a lot of people think they're either
What I'm saying is that as a society we can do both better.
It means we need to balance it, like yin and yang, we need both.
This is especially important when it comes to things like creativity and productivity. Psychologists have studied the lives of highly creative people, and they're great at exchanging and developing ideas, but they're also very strong introverts. i found out i have
Because loneliness is often an important factor in creativity.
Darwin often took long walks in the woods alone and flatly declined invitations to parties.
Theodore Geisel, better known as Dr. Seuss, created many of his greatest creations in a lonely tower-like study behind his home in La Jolla, California.
He was even afraid to meet the little children who were really his readers. is the
Wozniak, who built the first Apple computer, was at HP, where he was working at the time, and he was always locked up in his room.
If I hadn't been an introvert, I would never have mastered the craft in the first place.
I'm not saying you should stop collaborating altogether. Wozniak started Jobs and Apple is a great example of successful collaboration.
In fact, we've known for centuries the transcendental power of solitude.
It's only recently that I've started to forget that
If you look at the major religions of the world, you'll find seekers in every one of them: Moses, Jesus, Buddha, Muhammad... A seeker wanders alone in the wilderness, gains manifestation and revelation in it, and then brings it into the community of all. bring it back
So there is no revelation without wilderness
In the light of modern psychology, this is nothing strange.
When you're in a group, you unconsciously copy other people's opinions.
Even in seemingly personal and intuitive things, like who you find attractive, you begin to follow the perceptions of those around you without even realizing it.
Groups are subject to the opinion of the dominant or charismatic person in the room, even though there's absolutely no correlation between being a good speaker and having a good idea -- zero.
So... (Laughter) Maybe I'm following whoever has the best idea, or maybe I'm not.
But is it really okay to leave it to chance?
It's much better for everyone to be alone, to come up with their own ideas without being distorted by the dynamics of the group, and then come together and discuss them in a well-coordinated environment.
If this is all true, why are we doing it so wrong?
Why did you make school and work like that?
Why should introverts feel so guilty about wanting to be alone sometimes?
One answer lies in the historical transition of culture.
Western societies, especially America, have always favored doers over thinkers, especially men.
But in the early days of America, there was what historians call a "culture of decency," which emphasized inner and moral integrity.
If you look at the self-help books of the time, they had titles like "The Cultivation of Character."
And the role models that emerge are people like Lincoln who are humble and unarrogant.
Emerson said of Lincoln, "I never offend people with my superiority."
But in the 20th century, we entered a new era of culture that historians call the culture of individuality.
Developing from an agricultural economy to a world centered on large corporations
People moved rapidly from small towns to cities
I had to abandon my life working with people I knew well from my childhood and prove myself in a group of strangers.
And inevitably, qualities like charm and charisma suddenly became important.
As a result, self-help books have changed to meet new needs, with titles like "Moving People."
The role model there is a good salesman.
that's the world we live in now
It's what we inherit as a culture.
So far, I'm not saying that social skills aren't important, and I'm not saying that teamwork should be abandoned.
The same religion that sent sages to lonely mountaintops teaches us love and trust.
The problems we face today in areas like science and economics are so big and complex that they require many people working together to solve them.
What I'm saying is that the more introverts are allowed to do things in their own way, the more likely they are to come up with their own solutions to these problems.
Let me show you what's in my suitcase
What do you think is inside?
it's a book
The suitcase is full of books
"Cat's Eye" by Margaret Atwood
A novel by Milan Kundera
Maimonides' Guidance to the Lost
But it's not exactly my book
I brought this book because it's by my grandfather's favorite author.
My grandfather was a rabbi, a widower, and he lived alone in a small apartment in Brooklyn, which was my favorite place in the world when I was growing up. was full of books
All the tables and chairs throughout the apartment had given up their original role and became the foundations of tall stacks of books.
Like everyone in my family, my grandfather loved reading more than anything else.
But he also loved church gatherings, and you can feel his love in the sermons he gave weekly as a rabbi for 62 years.
I culled the good stuff from my weekly readings, weaving a delicate fabric of old-fashioned, human thoughts, and a lot of people.
We had gathered to listen to my grandfather's story.
but my grandfather's problem
Despite his ceremonial role, he was actually so humble and introverted that it was difficult to make eye contact when he was preaching, to the very people he had been preaching for 62 years. Regardless
Even after I got off the podium, I would often make small talk with someone and then suddenly cut off the conversation because I was afraid I was taking too long of the other person's time.
But when my grandfather died at 94, the police had to close the streets in my neighborhood because so many people came to pay their respects.
So now, in my own way, I try to learn from my grandfather's example.
I recently published a book about introversion, and it took me seven years to write.
Those seven years were a blissful time for me, just reading, writing, thinking, researching.
I spent the same time my grandfather spent alone in his study.
But all of a sudden, my job changed a lot when I got here, public speaking, and it's about introversion.
(Laughter) It's very difficult for me. It's a great honor to stand in front of you, but it's not a natural situation for me.
So I put a lot of effort into being prepared for a place like this.
Last year, I took every opportunity to practice my speech.
I'm determined to call this year "the year of giving dangerous speeches."
(Laughter) Practice helps a lot.
And there's a feeling, a belief, a hope that gives me even more strength, that we're on the brink of a dramatic shift in people's attitudes towards introversion, taciturnity and loneliness.
really so
I would like to make three calls to action for those who share this vision.
Number one, stop being crazy about constantly grouping things First, stop being crazy about constantly grouping things
soon
(Laughter and applause) Thank you.
(Applause) And I just want to be clear, I think the workplace should encourage more casual, café-style chats, interactions where people meet up and exchange ideas that happen to be unexpected.
This is also true for introverts
Great for extroverts too
But the workplace needs more privacy, more freedom, more autonomy, and so does school.
We should teach children how to work together, but we also need to teach them how to work alone.
This is also important for extroverted children
You have to work alone because that's where deep thinking comes from.
Second let's go to the wilderness
Find your revelation like Buddha
I'm not telling you guys to go out and build a cabin in the woods right now and stop talking to each other anymore.
Third, take a good look at the contents of your suitcase and think about why you put it in.
Extrovert, maybe your suitcase is full of books
It might have lots of champagne glasses or skydiving equipment.
Whatever it is, take it out on different occasions and share your energy and joy with others.
If you're an introvert, you probably feel the urge to protect the contents of your suitcase.
that's good
But sometimes I want you to open your suitcase and let me see, the world needs you and what you have.
I wish you all the best in your travels and the courage to speak quietly and in your own way.
thank you very much
(Applause) Thank you.
(applause)
Such an opportunity is a very special and honored
I've spent most of my life in prisons and prisons and on death row.
I've spent most of my life in low-income neighborhoods, dedicated to desperate environments and projects.
The inspiring things I saw and heard on the TED floor were incredibly empowering for me.
And what I realized, even though it was only for a short time, is that TED has an identity.
Here you can voice your opinions and issues that affect the world.
Sometimes it's more meaningful and powerful when it comes from TED, and it's less powerful when it's not from TED.
I tell this story because "identity" really matters.
I heard a wonderful speech this time too
What we've witnessed here is that if you're a teacher, your words mean something, but if you're an enthusiastic teacher, your words mean even more.
If you're a doctor, you can help the world, but if you're a doctor who cares about your patients, you can do even more.
I want to talk a little bit about the power of identity.
It wasn't while working as a lawyer that I learned to understand this power.
I actually learned from my grandmother
I grew up in a typical African-American family, where the matriarch traditionally has power, and my grandmother was the matriarch.
She was tough and strong and very powerful
Every time my grandmother's words ended the family quarrel.
Well, it was my grandmother who usually started the arguments...
My grandmother was the daughter of enslaved people, her parents
Born into slavery in Virginia
My grandmother was born in the 1880s, and her experience as a slave shaped much of her outlook on the world.
My grandmother was a strict but loving person.
Whenever my grandmother saw me as a cute granddaughter, she always came to me and hugged me tenderly.
He held me so tightly that I couldn't breathe, and then he let me go, and not only-
After an hour or two, if she sees her again, she walks up to me and asks, "Do you still feel like I'm being held?"
If you say "Uh-huh", he hugs you again, and if you say "Uh-huh", he goes back
My grandmother was the kind of person you always wanted to be by your side.
The only problem for me was that my grandmother had 10 children.
My mother was my grandmother's last child, and I was young.
It was hard to get the time and attention to go and be with my grandmother.
My cousins ​​were running around
But I remember one morning when I was about eight or nine years old, and I woke up, went to the living room, and my cousins ​​were running around as usual.
My grandmother was across the room, staring at me at first.
I thought this was some kind of game
I looked at my grandmother and laughed, but she looked very serious.
After about 15 or 20 minutes, she got up, came over to me, grabbed my hand, and said, "Come on, Brian, I have something important to tell you."
I remember this moment like it was yesterday, I will never forget it
take me where no one is grandma
I said, "Okay, I'm going to tell you important things, don't tell people."
I said "yeah ok"
My grandmother insisted, "Absolutely not," and I answered, "Of course."
My grandmother sat me down and looked at me and said, "I want you to know that I've been watching you all this time.
i think you're special
I think you can do anything you set your mind to."
never forget and
"But please promise me only three things"
"Okay," said my grandmother.
After saying, "My first promise is to love you forever."
"You're my sweet daughter. Promise me you'll always take care of me."
I cared for my mother, so of course I said, "Grandma, I will."
He then said, "My second promise is to always do the right thing, even if it's hard."
After some thought, I said, "Grandma, I will."
Finally, "The third promise is to never drink alcohol."
(Laughter) Well, I was nine years old, so I said, "Grandma, I will."
I grew up in a small town in the South, and I have two siblings, one a year older and one sister a year younger.
One day when I was 14 or 15, my brother came home with a six-pack of beer -- I don't know where he got it -- and took me and my sister to the woods.
I just went there and played stupid
My brother started drinking beer, gave it to my sister, and after she drank it, she started offering beer to me as well.
"Don't stop, stop, let's drink together, I'm fine"
I asked my brother, "What is it, we all always do the same thing, even today.
Both me and my sister drank.
"It's a bad thing, please go with your brothers."
Then my brother glared at me
"What are you talking about? Have a drink," my brother said.
He finally glared at me and said, "No way, what Grandma said. You don't care, do you?"
(Laughter) And I said, "Huh, what's that?"
My brother said, "Grandma tells all her grandchildren that they are special."
(Laughter) It was quite a shock.
(Laughter) I'm going to confess a little bit.
I wonder if this place is suitable
This statement will be widely publicized.
I'm 52 now, and I confess I've never had a drop of alcohol.
(Applause) I didn't confess it as a virtue story, but because this sobriety story speaks to the power of identity.
If you create the right "identity," you can convince people of what the world doesn't believe.
We can get people to do things they don't think they can do.
When I think of my grandmother, of course I think of all my grandchildren as special.
My grandfather was in prison during Prohibition.
My uncle died of a drinking-related illness.
That's why my grandmother thought that the three promises I mentioned earlier were necessary.
I myself have been advocating for the criminal justice system.
The situation in this country is going to be very different than it was 40 years ago.
In 1972, 300,000 people were in jail or prison.
Today, 2.3 million people are in jail or jail.
The United States currently has the highest incarceration rate in the world.
Seven million people are on probation or on parole.
In my opinion, I can conclude that this level of incarceration has fundamentally changed our world.
Poor neighborhoods, especially those of color, are riddled with disappointment and despair, and the problems I'm going to talk about all shape this situation.
One in three black people between the ages of 18 and 30 is in jail, in prison, on probation, or on parole.
Meanwhile, in the cities of this country -- Los Angeles, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Washington -- 50 to 60 percent of young people of color are in jail or prison, on probation or on parole.
The skewed justice system is shaped not just against race, but against the poor.
The judicial system in this country gives lesser punishments to criminals who have money than to poor but innocent people.
Punishment is determined not by guilt, but by wealth.
And yet we seem so relieved
The way we treat fear and anger in politics makes us think that these justice system issues don't concern us.
we are indifferent
interesting thing
I'm witnessing it going on in society
In Alabama, where I work, and many other states, if you're criminally convicted, you really lose your right to vote for good.
In Alabama, 34 percent of black men are now permanently disenfranchised.
Our projection is that in the next 10 years, the disenfranchised disenfranchisement rate will be as high as it was when the Civil Rights Act was enacted.
Even in such a situation, it's this quietness where no one makes noise
I usually defend my child
Many of my clients are very young.
The United States is the only country in the world that keeps 13-year-olds in jail until they die.
This country has life imprisonment without parole for children.
I have a legal dispute over this
There is only one such country in the world
I represent a death row inmate
The question of whether the death penalty is right or wrong is interesting.
In many ways, we've been taught that the death penalty is a question of whether the crime you committed deserves death.
This question is very valid
There's another way of looking at what "identity" looks like.
The view is not whether we deserve to die, but rather whether we deserve to kill.
very interesting because
Because in America, death sentences are sometimes wrongly handed down.
One in nine of the death row inmates we identified were actually innocent, and they were exonerated and released from the death penalty.
It's a staggering rate of false accusations. One in nine people is innocent.
very interesting because
If this was the airline industry, and if one out of every nine planes that took off crashed, they would never carry people on the plane.
But we don't seem to hear about this issue.
it's not our problem
not what we carry
it's not what we suffer
I have spoken of these challenges many times
I'm talking about race and whether we deserve to kill.
When I teach African-American history, I tell my students about slavery.
I'm also going to talk about "terrorist activity," the "terrorist activity" that lasted from the reunification of the South into the United States until World War II.
Actually, we don't know much about those days.
But for African-Americans, it was an era marked by the fear of terrorism.
In many areas people are terrified of lynching
I was afraid of being the target of a gunshot
just affected by the threat of "terrorism"
Old people who have lived through that kind of life come and say, "Doctor, there are people saying, 'The American people are fighting terrorism for the first time in history since 9/11.' Talk to these people." Give a lecture and let me stop saying that
"different! Tell me, I grew up in 'terrorism'."
This era of "terrorism," as we all know, was followed by racism and decades of racial subjugation and segregation.
And yet, there is a dynamic in this country that makes us reluctant to talk about this issue.
I don't want to talk about America's past history.
This makes it difficult for us to understand the implications of what we've done historically.
we always clash
constantly creating tension and conflict
It's hard for us to talk about race, but I think it's because we're not willing to commit to the process of truth and reconciliation.
In South Africa, the people knew that they would not overcome the segregation policy unless they were deeply involved in truth-finding and reconciliation.
Even after the Rwandan genocide, there was a deep commitment to reconciliation, but America is still indifferent to reconciliation.
At one point, I was in Germany giving a talk on the death penalty.
One of the academics stood up after the presentation and said, "It was very difficult for me to listen to your assignment."
He continued, "Germany doesn't have the death penalty.
Of course Germany never has the death penalty.”
And then there was silence in the auditorium, and then another woman said, "Historically, it's absolutely impossible. In Germany, there's no system in place to get involved in killing people.
It is unconscionable and unacceptable for us to start executing people, whether intentionally or deliberately."
Hearing this made me think
If you were to live in a world where the German state executed people, and those executed were biased towards Jews, how would you feel?
i can't stand
unconscionable and unacceptable
But here in the United States, in the old southern states, we have executions -- if the victim is white instead of black, they are 11 times more likely to be executed, and if the suspect is black and the victim is white. And you're 22 times more likely to get the death penalty -- this is happening in the southern states that have buried and buried the bodies of people who have been assaulted.
And yet I'm so indifferent
I am convinced that our "identity" is in danger.
I am convinced that if we don't really care about the complexities that are going on, it will affect the wonderful things that work in a positive way.
we love to be revolutionary
we love technology and creativity
i love entertainment
But in the end, the realities we grasp through these tools will cast a dark and difficult shadow as people suffer, are abused, are demoted, and are socially marginalized.
I feel the need to connect the bright side of society with the dark side of the problem.
Because ultimately what we need is to be hopeful, serious and committed to the basic challenges of living in this complex world.
For me, tangible commitment means spending time thinking about and speaking to the poor and disadvantaged who never get to be at TED.
It is also an initiative to consider that such people are also connected to our world.
Ultimately, there are things you have never seen before that you have to believe in.
just as we try to be rational and intelligent
Reform, creativity, innovation is not just an idea in your mind.
Reform, creativity and innovation happen from the ideas in our hearts that are driven by the beliefs of our minds.
I believe that it is this connection of hearts and minds that makes us pay attention not only to bright and glorious things, but also to dark and difficult things.
Czech leader Vaclav Havel says:
"When I was in Eastern Europe, dealing with opposition, I thought I wanted everything, but what I really needed was hope, guidance of the soul, the courage to be a witness in desperate situations. It's
I believe this soul way is something that even the TED community should be engaging with.
Only when we pay attention to suffering, poverty, marginalization, injustice and "injustice" will there be a state of indifference to the new technologies and designs that make us healthy human beings.
You've noted that it's much harder to have an identity like this than to have an identity that doesn't pay attention to injustice.
You'll find out soon enough if you try
When I was a new lawyer, I had the honor of meeting Rosa Parks.
Parks would come back to Montgomery from time to time to see two of her best friends: Johnny Carr, the wonderful African-American woman who organized the bus boycott, and Clifford, the white man who was Martin Luther King's lawyer. It was Virginia Dar, who was married to Dar.
These two would occasionally meet and have normal conversations.
This woman, Mr. Carr, called me and said, "Mr. Parks is coming to town, and I'm going to meet him.
do you want to hear it with me? I was told
I replied, "Of course I would like to ask."
"But what are you coming here for?"
I replied, "I want to hear it."
I just wanted to interrupt you and listen to your story.
It will give you strength and vitality
And I was visiting and listening to these women, and a few hours later Mr. Parks turned to me and said, "Brian, tell me about the equal justice movement.
what are you gonna do I asked
started talking fluently
"We challenge unfair justice
Save wrongly convicted
It seeks to confront the prejudices and discrimination that exist in the authorities that enforce criminal law.
We're trying to abolish the death sentence for children without parole.
I'm going to change the death penalty itself.
reduce people going to jail
End mass incarceration."
When I finished speaking fluently, she looked at me and said,
It's really tiring."
(Laughter) And she pointed and reminded me, "Then you must be very brave."
I believe the TED community needs to be braver.
First, we need to find ways to accept these challenges, these problems, these sufferings.
Because ultimately, our humanity depends on everyone's humanity.
I defended myself and it turned out to be simple
I came to understand naturally
I've come to realize that even if each of us has done the worst thing, we're more than just that, and we've come to believe that.
I believe that everyone on this planet is like that.
If someone tells a lie, I don't just consider him a liar.
If someone steals someone else's property, I don't just consider them a thief.
If someone kills someone, I don't just think of them as murderers.
Because there is basic human dignity, and that dignity must be protected by law.
And I also believe that in many parts of this country, and certainly in many parts of the globe, we are living in a world where the opposite of poverty is not wealth.
It's not a world of rich and poor
In my opinion, in many places, the opposite of poverty is a world where the farthest is justice.
Finally, while I acknowledge the fact that it's very effective and wonderfully inspiring and inspiring, in the end, humanity and society are not measured by technology, not by design, but by intelligence and I believe it is not judged by reason
Ultimately, we don't judge a society's dignity by the way it treats the rich, the powerful, the privileged, but the way it treats the poor, the insulted, the incarcerated.
Because it's only through things that lead to justice that we can begin to understand what we, as human beings, are fundamentally like.
I'm going to tell you the last thing about this incident.
Sometimes I lose my balance and put too much effort into it
I get tired like everyone else.
And sometimes our thoughts move faster than our thoughts in the direction we care about.
I have defended children who have received very harsh sentences.
That day, in prison, I met my client, who was 13 or 14 years old, who had been judged fit to stand trial as an adult.
I wondered why this happened
Can a judge pretend to have done something he didn't do?
And it seemed to me like a child incapable of standing trial.
I stayed up late and started thinking, Huh! If an innocent man can be convicted, does that mean the judge has magical powers?
Yes, Brian, Judges have magical powers—
I have no choice but to ask the truth of this
It was late at night and I couldn't think properly, so I started concentrating on the allegations.
The client was 14 years old, a young, poor black kid.
I started writing and titled my petition, "I petition to try this poor 14-year-old black boy like a privileged 75-year-old white corporate executive."
(Applause) I also wrote that there was misconduct in this trial, misconduct by the prosecution, by the police and by the judiciary.
I wrote an insane petition that all court proceedings were improper and illegal.
I woke up the next morning and wondered if that crazy petition was a dream or if I really wrote it.
To my horror, not only did I write it up, but I sent it to court.
(Applause) It's been months and I've forgotten all about it, but in the end, okay, go to court.
I've finally decided to put an end to this crazy case.
When I got in the car, I was filled with a lot of anxiety.
I finally got in the car and drove to court.
I thought this petition would be very difficult and painful.
I got out of the car and started walking up the steps of the courthouse.
As I was walking up the steps of the courthouse, I saw an old black man who seemed to be a courtroom cleaner.
When he saw me, he came up to me and said, "Where are you from?"
I answered, "I'm a lawyer," and they said, "Are you a lawyer?"
I said yes and he came up to me and hugged me.
and whispered in my ear
"I'm so proud of you"
I can't describe how I felt at that time. His words gave me a lot of strength.
It was deeply connected to my inner identity and the idea that every human being can contribute to a community and a hopeful vision.
And head to court, as soon as I enter
The judge looked at me and said
"You wrote this crazy petition?"
If I answer "yes", the discussion begins.
Furious people came in one after another
because i was writing crazy
The police are coming in, so are the deputy prosecutors and the judicial clerk.
And I found myself in a courtroom full of people, angry because they talked about race, angry because they talked about poverty, angry because they talked about injustice.
In the corner of my eye, I could see the janitor hanging around outside the window.
I heard loud voices outside the window
The cleaning staff kept wandering around
Finally, this old black man walked into the courtroom with a very worried look on his face and sat down behind me, right in front of the dock.
After about 10 minutes, the judge called for a break.
The sheriff's deputy, angry that the janitor had come to court while he was resting, rushed out.
I ran over to an old black man and said,
"Jimmy! What are you doing in court!?"
The old man stood up, looked at the sheriff's deputy, then looked at me, and said, "I'm here in this courtroom to tell you, young man, to win and keep going!"
And that led me to TED, where I believe that many of you understand what Dr. King said, "The moral arc is long, but it leads to justice."
Only by caring about human rights and basic dignity can we become fully evolved humans.
If we stick to fair justice, it will lead to the evolution of humankind.
Our technology, design, entertainment and creativity must be combined with a vision of humanity, compassion and justice.
More than anything else, for those who share the same idea, I'm just here to tell you: Look forward to victory and keep going!
thank you very much
(Applause) Chris: As you can see and hear, you can see that this community and this audience want to work together on the challenges you've raised.
Tell me what I can do other than write a check and donate
Brian: Opportunities are close at hand
For example, if you live in California, there will be a referendum this spring on whether or not you want to change the direction of tax dollars spent on criminal policies.
For example, here in California, we're going to spend a billion dollars over the next five years to carry out the death penalty, one billion dollars.
But 46 percent of homicides never result in an arrest.
56 percent for rape
there is an opportunity to change this
In this referendum, there will also be a proposal to use the funds just for enforcing the law and maintaining public order.
Opportunities are so close
Chris: Over the last 30 years, the number of crimes in America has dropped significantly.
Part of the reason for this is sometimes said to be related to incarceration rates.
How would you explain it to someone who believes this?
Brian: Violent crime rates are at relatively similar levels.
The increase in mass incarceration in this country is not due to an increase in violent crime.
It's because of the wrong incarceration policy against drugs.
Drug busts have dramatically increased the number of people in prison.
we are swept away by the rhetoric of punishment
We have a three-strikes law in this country, and if you just steal a bicycle or a cheap item, the three-strikes law puts you in jail forever.
We believe victims of crime need more help, not less.
Current penal philosophies do nothing for these people.
this has to change
(Applause) Chris: Brian, a lot of people are on board.
thanks for the inspiring story
Thanks for joining us at TED
Thank you. (Applause)
A backpacker was traveling through the Scottish Highlands, and when he stopped at a pub for a drink, all he could find was an old man and a barman with a beer.
We stopped at a pub, and it was just an old man with a beer and a barman, and the tourist ordered a beer.
We all sat in silence for a while
Suddenly an old man said to him, "What about this bar? I—
Made with bare hands using good wood from all over the country
I put more love into it than my own child
The world built a bar You called it McGregor? Don't call me."
Then point to one window
"Can you see that stone wall?
Bring me a stone that I made with my bare hands
Even though rainy days and freezing days were piled up on the wall
Did they call you McGregor who built the stone wall? Don't call me."
Pointing at the other window again
"Can you see the pier on that lake?
Bring me a stake that I made with my bare hands
I hit the sandy beach and put the boards in one by one
The world built a pier called McGregor? don't call
It's just a goat..." (Laughter) Telling a story -- (Laughter) It's like telling a joke.
It's all about manipulating everything from beginning to end, with the punch line and the ending in mind, and leading it to a single ending.
everyone loves stories
instinctively seek
to see who you are
I want to make sure that life has meaning
Nothing confirms this more than when people connect with each other through stories.
It transcends the time barriers of the past, present, and future, allowing us to experience the similarities of people, whether fictional or factual, and to put ourselves in their shoes and relive them.
Children's show host Mr. Rogers always had these social worker quotes in his wallet: "Truth be told, you can't love anyone when you hear their story." If you ask me, there's no one I can't love."
I like to interpret it this way: all great stories adhere to this cardinal rule: "Be interested." Whether it's emotionally, intellectually, or aesthetically, it's just about getting people's attention.
Of course it's hard to attract attention
You switch from one channel to another on hundreds of TV channels, and all of a sudden you start watching a channel somewhere.
If you're interested, that's half the story.
It's not a coincidence that I chose that channel, it's intentionally made to attract attention.
So I thought it would be a good idea to tell a story about my own background, how I was born to create and how I learned how to create stories.
For your enjoyment today, let's start with the ending and then move on to the beginning.
Well, if I had to tell you the ending, it would be something like, "That's how I got to the point where I'm going to tell you the story at TED."
The latest in the moral of the story was in the process of making a film that had just been completed this year, 2012.
The movie "John Carter" is based on "The Princess of Mars" by Edgar Rice Burroughs.
Burroughs appears in the film as a storyteller.
He is summoned to the mansion by a telegram from his millionaire uncle John Carter "Come here now" He is summoned to a mansion by a telegram from his millionaire uncle John Carter "Come here now"
When I went to visit, I learned that my uncle had already died a mysterious death and was buried in the mausoleum on the grounds.
(Video) Butler: No keyhole
It is designed so that it can only be opened from the inside.
My husband told me never to wear makeup, pay my respects, or attend a funeral procession.
Well, if you act like a normal person, you probably won't be able to own the wealth that your uncle has. shone
let's go home
Stanton: This scene is the same in the book, but it makes you expect something to happen.
This scene makes me hope that the story will become something worth watching.
All good stories have to set expectations in the beginning.
There are countless ways to set expectations
There are also simple beginnings, like "Once Upon a Time," where Burroughs is always the storyteller in the Carter series.
I thought this trick was amazing
It's like you're inviting us to chat around the bonfire Or at the bar, 'I have a funny story, it happened to someone else, not me.
Or it's like someone at a bar saying, "I have a funny story. No, it happened to someone else, not me. It's worth hearing."
Well-triggered anticipation, like the stone released from a squeezed slingshot, thunders to the end of the story, like the stone released from a squeezed slingshot, churns to the end of the story.
Now, in 2008, I pushed every theory I'd ever learned about storytelling to its limits to create this piece.
(video) (machine sounds) ♫ Love is ♫ ♫ That's what ♫ ♫ At the end of the day ♫ ♫ You'll remember ♫ ♫ Love for a lifetime... ♫ (Laughter) Stanton: Non-verbal communication
in the purest cinematic way
There is no more holistic approach
Through this, it confirmed my intuition that the audience wanted to discover the subject for themselves.
unconsciously wanting to
The narrative maker's job is to do a good job of hiding the fact that you're letting the audience discover the subject.
people try to solve problems
People like to speculate and deduce because people do it in the real world.
A precisely calculated lack of information draws people in.
There's a reason people are drawn to toddlers and puppies.
Not only because they're super cute, but because toddlers and puppies can't express everything they're thinking or wanting to do.
like a magnet
People are forced to complete half-finished sentences.
I started to understand how this works when I was writing the script for "Finding Nemo" with Bob Peterson.
I called this inescapable link the "2 + 2 rule."
Let the spectator guess from the clues
Don't show the answer 4, show 2 + 2
The kind of clues and the order in which they are presented determines the success or failure of attracting the audience.
Editors and screenwriters have known this all along.
It's a way to subconsciously draw the audience into the story.
I'm not going to say that this is just scientifically proven, it's not.
And that's the great thing about the story: it's not something rigid like a machine.
A good story has inevitability, but you can't read ahead.
Attending a seminar by acting instructor Judith Weston this year Attending a seminar by acting instructor Judith Weston this year
I learned important insights about the human figure
According to her, every well-drawn character has a single spine.
There's an unconscious but dominant desire that drives the character from within, like an irresistible itch.
Michael Corleone played by Al Pacino in "The Godfather" was given as a good example Michael Corleone played by Al Pacino in "The Godfather" was given as a good example The spine of the role is probably to please his father
it always determines his behavior
Even after his father passed away, he continues to scratch that itch.
I was convinced from the beginning of this story about the spine.
In Wally's case, the pursuit of beauty
Father Merlin in "Finding Nemo" tried to protect his child
Woody will do everything in his power to help the child that owns him.
This spine doesn't always lead to the best choices.
Sometimes your spine can make you make terrible decisions.
I was blessed to be a parent. As I watch my children grow up, I can't help but think that people are born with certain traits and talents. I can't help but think that we are all born with certain temperaments and talents.We can't choose what we are born with, and we can't change it.
All you can do is recognize your temperaments and talents and use them as your duty.
You can be born with a good temperament, you can be born with a bad temperament.
On the downside, if you accept the spine that drives you and grow into self-control, you can cross the big crossroads.
As a parent, you are always learning what your child is like.
Children learn more about themselves every day
Adults themselves are also learning about themselves.
everyone is always searching
So change is a fundamental element of storytelling.
Without change, the story dies, because there is no life without change.
After I finished writing "Toy Story" and "A Bug's Life" in 1998, I fell in love with film scriptwriting.
I wanted to write better, so I learned everything
I've researched all that can be researched
And finally, I stumbled across this wonderful quote by English playwright William Archer: "Drama is expectation surrounded by uncertainty."
It's an incredibly thought-provoking definition.
Are you building expectations well as you tell the story?
Does it make you want to know what happens next from moment to moment?
More importantly, does the whole thing make you want to know how it all ends up?
Did you build in justifiable tension by including facts that make you wonder if the results might not turn out the way you expected?
To use "Finding Nemo" as an example, it's always frustrating how quickly Dory forgets what Merlin told him moment to moment.
At the same time, throughout the story, I'm wondering if we'll ever find Nemo in the open sea.
When Pixar was founded, we didn't grasp the secrets behind the stories, so we were just a bunch of people trying out whatever they felt or their instincts.
It's interesting to follow how these challenges got to a pretty good line.
Think back to 1993, when successful animated films were considered "The Little Mermaid" or "Beauty and the Beast" or "Aladdin" or "The Lion King."
The first time I asked Tom Hanks to appear in "Toy Story," he came up and said, "You're supposed to sing, aren't you?"
I thought it was a perfect representation of what people thought of anime at the time.
But I wanted to prove that anime can tell stories in a completely different way.
We didn't have influence back then, so we had our own rules that we secretly had.
The rules were: no song, no wish scene, no happy village, no love story.
Ironically, the story didn't go well that first year, and Disney panicked.
And no one will tell you, but Disney got a private tip from a famous lyricist who faxed him suggestions for improvement.
we got that fax
When I looked at it, it was written There had to be a song, it had to have a wish song, it had to have a happy village song, it had to have a love story, and it had to have a villain.
Luckily, we were still green and rebellious at the time, and we wanted to do the opposite—
I knew that, and that made me even more united and determined to prove that I could do better.
Victory came after a year
This success proved that storytelling has no set rules, only directions.
The other fundamental thing we found was making the characters feel good.
We wanted to ultimately transform Woody from "Toy Story" into a dedication, but we had to keep his original personality.
So I decided to be a selfish guy and it turned out like this
(voice) Woody: What are you doing?
Get off the bed, come on
Get off the bed!
Potato Head: If you can do it, do it!
Woody: This guy does it
Slinky? Slinky!
Now come here and beat it
can't you hear me?
I'm telling you to do it
Slinky: Woody I'm sorry but I agree with them.
what you're doing isn't right
Woody: What! ? I didn't get it, say it again! ?
Am I not right?
Just don't think about it and just do what I said, spring wiener bastard!
Stanton: How do you make a selfish character feel good?
I realized that Woody could be kind and tolerant and funny and thoughtful as long as he remained the best toy.
And ultimately, people live their lives conditionally.
People are willing to come to terms with rules and pre-determined things as long as certain conditions are met.
When it's gone, what happens next is unpredictable.
This was before I decided to pursue storytelling as a career, but looking back, I realize that the events that happened in my youth were actually important events that made me realize the plot of the story.
There was a moment in 1986 when I really understood what it meant to have a story with a theme.
This was the year that "Lawrence of Arabia" was restored and re-released.
I went to see him seven times a month
I couldn't see it no matter how much I looked
I just knew there was something big behind every cut, every scene, every line of dialogue.
But on the surface, it just appears to be a depiction of his historical footsteps.
But there's something you can't see, what is it?
After watching it many times, I was able to grasp it as if it was a veil. I suddenly understood that scene when I crossed the Sinai desert on foot, when I arrived at the Suez Canal.
(Video) Boy: Hey! Hey! Hey! Hey!
Motorcycle Guy: Who are you?
Who are you?
Stanton: That was the theme, "Who the hell am I?"
These seemingly unconnected events and conversations simply follow his history in chronological order, but at the base of them all there is a constant signpost.
Everything Lawrence did in the movie was an attempt by him to find his place.
A well-told story always has strong themes running through it.
When I was five years old, I encountered for the first time a device that I feel most should be in a story, but one that is rarely encountered.
This is the movie my mom took me to when I was five.
(Video) Tamper: Come on, it's okay
look at
the water is solid
Bambi: Yahoo
Tamper: That would be fun Bambi how's it going?
stand up
like this
hahaha no no no no
Stanton: I walked out of the cinema, just wide-eyed in amazement.
That's what I think is the magic secret, the secret sauce, that it provokes wonder and curiosity.
Surprise is an honest reaction, completely pure.
You can't create the feeling of surprise yourself
To me, there's nothing quite like the ability to give this feeling to others, to capture your heart, even if it's just for a moment in your life, and let the wonder take over.
When you touch this wonder, you feel alive, and it reverberates in every cell.
When artists are surprised by other artists, they want to pass on the surprises.
"Do to others as they have done for you," was the call of the devil's tower.
as if suddenly activated
The best stories surprise
When I was four years old, something like this happened, and I remember it very clearly. I had two dots on my ankle, and I asked my dad what it was.
My father told me that I actually have a similar scar on my head, hidden by my hair.
My father explained that when you were born, you came out much earlier than expected and you weren't quite ready yet, and you were in very bad shape.
When a doctor saw a baby with black teeth and a sallow complexion, he looked at his mother and said, "This baby won't survive."
I was hospitalized for months
I've had blood transfusions since then, and I've survived, and that's what made me special.
If you ask me if I really believe that, I'll be skeptical
I don't know if my parents really believed it, but I didn't want to conclude that they were wrong.
Whatever I was able to do well, I wanted to make an effort to show the value of having another chance to live.
(video) (crying) Merlin: oh yeah i was there
It's okay dad is here
come here it's okay
I promise you, Nemo, I'll never let this happen again.
Stanton: This is the first story lesson I learned.
use what you know to get out of it
Not limited to plots and events
It's about capturing the truth from your own experience and expressing the value that you feel deeply and personally.
So that's how I got to the point of telling stories at TED.
thank you
(applause)
I was arrested for protesting in front of the White House.
So what if everyone knew the same as I did?
First, let me tell you how I came to do this.
Luckily, I grew up in a time when it wasn't difficult for a kid from a rented farming family to attend a state university.
I was fortunate enough to go to Iowa State University to study under Professor James Van Allen, who built the first American satellite instrument.
Professor Van Allen told me that Venus emits powerful microwaves.
Does this emission mean that Venus has an ionosphere?
Or is it a very hot star?
The answer to this question is that the Soviet Union's Venera spacecraft confirmed that Venus is a very hot planet, 900 degrees Fahrenheit.
Venus maintains its high temperature because of its thick layer of carbon dioxide.
I was lucky enough to become a NASA employee and successfully propose a test mission to Venus.
The rover's instruments took images of the veil of Venus here, and they found that Venus was covered in a sulfuric acid fog.
While waiting for this device to be assembled, I also became involved in calculating the greenhouse effect on our planet, because NASA realized that the composition of the Earth's atmosphere was changing.
As a result, I resigned from my position as Chief Scientist of the Venus Test Exploration because I was more concerned and important to the planet that was changing before our eyes.
Various changes in the earth affect the whole human race
The greenhouse effect has been well understood for over a century.
In the 1850s, British physicist John Tyndall established a laboratory method for measuring infrared radiation, which means heat.
He showed that gases like carbon dioxide absorb heat, and this absorption acts like a blanket that warms the surface of the earth.
I also collaborated with other scientists to analyze observations of global climate change.
And in 1981, they published a study in the journal Science, and they concluded that a 0.4 degree Celsius increase in temperature over the past century is consistent with the calculated greenhouse effect of the increased amount of carbon dioxide. was the conclusion
The conclusion was that the Earth probably experienced a warming in the 1980s, and that by the end of the 20th century, this warming would cause weather variability to exceed random errors.
In addition to this, our paper tells us that in the 21st century, climatic zone changes, droughts in North America and Asia -- frequent regions, erosion of ice sheets, rising sea levels, and the legend that we all challenged. I was told that the "Northwest Passage" of
All of the effects you report in your paper are already happening or are underway.
This paper made the front page of the New York Times, and -- in the 1980s -- I was given testimony before Congress on the state of the environment, in which I witnessed the extremes of global warming as the planet's water cycles. said to make the intensity of
On the one hand, heat waves and droughts are the direct effects of rising temperatures, and on the other hand, the warmer atmosphere accumulates water vapor and has more potential energy, making rainfall more intense.
Stronger storms will occur, causing more severe flooding.
The global warming hype has taken up so much of my time that I've spent less and less on science, partly because I protested the White House for changing my testimony.
So I decided to dedicate myself to science and let others do the reporting work.
Fifteen years later, the evidence for global warming is stronger.
Many of the points we made in the 1981 paper turned out to be true.
I had the privilege of speaking twice to the Presidential Climate Change Task Force.
But energy policy continued to focus on finding fossil fuel resources.
By that time, I had two grandchildren, Sophie and Connor.
I made a decision not to let these grandchildren in the future say, "My grandfather knew what was happening to the planet, but he didn't tell everyone."
And I decided to publicly criticize and argue that energy policy was not doing the right thing.
I spoke at Iowa State University in 2004 and at the American Geophysical Union in 2005.
Because of this, the White House has asked NASA headquarters to ban me from speaking or speaking to the media without prior approval from NASA headquarters.
Informing the New York Times of these prohibitions forced NASA to end this censorship.
But there were other implications as well.
I made sure to include the first sentence of NASA's mission statement in my presentation, and I added justification to my speech with one sentence, "To understand and protect our home planet."
This mission statement was quickly deleted and never used again.
In the years that followed, I became increasingly drawn to communicating the urgency of changing energy policy, while also studying the physical dimensions of climate change.
I'm going to talk about the most important conclusions from physics, first about the Earth's energy balance, and then about the history of Earth's climate change.
Adding carbon dioxide to the atmosphere is like putting an extra blanket on your bed.
In this state, the amount of Earth's heat radiated into space is reduced, and this is a state of energy imbalance.
There's more energy coming in, and the radiation isn't keeping up, and this will continue until the Earth gets hot enough to emit as much energy as it absorbs from the Sun.
So the key quantity is the amount of the planet's energy imbalance.
Is there more energy coming in than it gives out?
If so, there's an accumulation of things that will increase temperatures in the future.
It means that you can get there without adding any greenhouse gases.
One last point about imbalances. We can measure the energy imbalances of the Earth with precision by measuring the heat content of the heat-storage points of the Earth.
The largest reservoirs, the oceans, weren't measured until after 3,000 Argo floats were deployed in the world's oceans.
These float measurements showed that the shallow upper part of the ocean was warming at a very high rate.
The deep ocean was rising more slowly than the top, and the combined energy was enough to melt the ice all over the planet.
Even on land, temperatures are rising tens of meters underground.
This imbalance adds up to six tenths of a watt per square meter.
It may not sound like much, but for the entire world, that's a staggering amount of electricity.
That's 20 times more electricity than all of humanity uses.
That's the equivalent of detonating 400,000 Hiroshima-style atomic bombs in one day, or 365 days in a year.
The Earth stores this amount of energy every day.
If we are to stabilize the climate, the current state of imbalance means that carbon dioxide concentrations must be reduced from 391 ppm to 350 ppm.
This is a necessary change to restore energy equilibrium and prevent future temperature increases.
Climate change deniers claim that the sun is the main driver of climate change.
But the energy imbalance that was measured was when the sunlight was at its lowest point, when the least amount of solar energy reached the Earth.
Still, more energy is emitted than is coming in.
What this shows is that the effects of solar variability on climate are greatly outweighed by the increased greenhouse gas emissions from burning fossil fuels.
Consider the history of global climate change
This chart is a global temperature curve, an atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration curve, and a sea level curve, derived from drilling samples of ocean and Antarctic ice, and ocean sediments and snowflakes, all of which have been progressively developed over the past 800,000 years. Stacked together, they formed a two-mile-thick ice sheet on Earth.
As you can see, temperature and carbon dioxide and sea level are highly correlated.
If you look closely, every time there's a change in temperature, there's a change in carbon dioxide that's several centuries behind.
Climate change deniers use this fact to confuse and mislead the public, and they'll say, "Look, temperature change caused carbon dioxide change, not the other way around."
But this delay is exactly in line with what we're expecting.
Small changes in the Earth's orbit over the course of a million years changed the amount of sunlight that hits the surface of the Earth.
At higher latitudes, more sunlight hits in the summer and the ice sheets melt.
Shrinking ice sheets darkened the planet, allowing it to absorb more sunlight and heat up.
The warmer ocean released carbon dioxide like Coca-Cola.
more carbon dioxide caused the temperature to rise further
Even though climate change was initiated by very weak forces, the reactions of carbon dioxide, methane, and ice sheets acted to amplify and reincorporate global temperature change, increasing the magnitude of ancient climate variability.
The important point here is that this amplification of expansion and reincorporation still occurs today.
the laws of physics don't change
When global warming occurs, the excess carbon dioxide we release into the atmosphere causes the permafrost and oceans to warm, causing the ice to melt and release carbon dioxide and methane.
We don't know exactly how quickly this uptake-amplification situation will start to happen, but unless we stop warming, it will certainly happen.
There is evidence that this amplification has already begun.
Precise measurements taken by the GRACE satellite show that both Greenland and Antarctica are losing significant amounts of ice, with 700 kilocubic meters lost each year.
Ever since observations began nine years ago, the rate of loss has accelerated.
Methane is also beginning to be released from the permafrost.
How much sea level rise will occur?
The last time carbon dioxide was 390 ppm, sea level was 15 meters (50 feet) higher than it is today.
Where you're sitting now is probably submerged
Many projections say that sea levels will rise by at least one meter by the end of this century.
I think it's going to rise further, and if we continue to burn fossil fuels, we'll probably rise 5 meters (18 feet) in this century, or maybe a bit in the future.
The key point here is that, if things continue as they are now, very soon we'll start an amplification process that's beyond our control.
Ice sheets will continue to melt for centuries
The coastline is no longer fixed
The economic impact is overwhelming
Devastation like New Orleans will occur in hundreds of places around the world.
Continuing to deny climate change will lead to more controversial events, such as the extinction of many species.
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change predicts that 20 to 50 percent of all living species will be extinct by the end of this century if we continue to use fossil fuels, and the monarch butterfly will be one of these extinct species.
Global warming is already affecting people
Texas, Oklahoma, Mexico, etc. -- heat waves and droughts last year, Moscow the year before, and Europe in 2003 -- all of the exceptional anomalies that occurred were three sigma away from normal weather.
Fifty years ago, extreme weather like this covered only about 0.2 or 0.3 percent of the land area.
The most recent anomaly is due to global warming, with extreme weather accounting for 10 percent, a change that's a 25- to 50-fold increase.
So we can say with a fair amount of confidence that the heatwaves in Texas and Moscow are not normal, they're caused by global warming.
The big impact is that if global warming continues, it will affect the breadbaskets of this country and the world. It's no match for dust storms. If global warming continues, we'll be there in just 20 to 30 years.
Is it that I've used up all the vacation time I've accumulated over the past 30 years, lectured in 10 countries, been arrested, pulled in more and more, and tried to communicate this crisis?
My grandson gave me more strength and helped me
My grandson, Jake, is a very active and enthusiastic child.
At two and a half years old, this kid thinks he can protect his two-year-old and little sister.
It would be immoral to leave these young children with the planet's weather system spinning out of control.
Because the tragic thing about climate change is that we can solve this problem in a simple and honest way, by charging companies that use fossil fuels with a carbon fee and then increasing that amount incrementally. Divide the money by the number of legal residents and send it electronically to those residents each month, and ensure that not a single penny goes to the government.
Most people will receive more dividends than they would pay for the price pass-through increase.
These costs and dividends will fuel the economy and innovation, creating millions of jobs.
This is an essential requirement for us to move quickly toward a clean energy future.
Some leading economists also co-wrote this proposal.
Jim DiPeso of the US Republican environmentalist organization wrote, "Transparent and market-based.
It doesn't lead to big government
Energy policy left to individual choice
It looks like a conservative climate change plan that is viable.”
But the reality is that rather than setting up a mechanism that forces fossil fuels themselves to bear their true social cost by imposing a rising carbon cost, our governments are subsidizing fossil fuels to the masses. It forces us to spend between 400 and 500 billion dollars a year around the world, which drives the extraction of all available fossil fuels, starting with mountaintop mining, longwall mining, hydraulic fracturing, tar sands, shale oil, North Sea deepwater oilfields. We are promoting the extraction of
If we continue on our current course, we will cross the threshold of accelerated collapse, which will surely cause the ice sheet to melt out of control for future generations.
A large part of the living species will be on the brink of extinction.
Droughts and floods will become more severe, severely impacting the world's food supply, causing mass hunger and an economic slowdown.
Imagine a giant meteor headed towards crashing into the earth.
This is exactly what we are facing today.
But we're hesitant and haven't done anything to avoid the meteor.
If we had started in 2005, we would have only needed a three percent reduction in emissions each year to restore global energy balance and stabilize climate change this century.
If we start next year, we'll cut emissions by 6 percent each year.
If we start 10 years from now, we need to cut emissions by 15 percent every year, which is extremely difficult, very expensive, and probably unattainable.
but we're not even starting
Now you know what I know that made me ring the alarm
Clearly you haven't understood this until now.
Science clearly tells us
Please help me find this solution more effectively, help me more effectively communicate that this current situation is a critical and urgent issue.
I have a responsibility to my children and grandchildren.
thank you
(applause)
A few years ago, we started this initiative where we asked some of the most popular engineers and designers to take a year off from work to work in a work environment that they didn't seem to like, which was to work for the city government. is the
It's called "Code for America" ​​and it's kind of like a maniac version of "Peace Corps."
Each year we select a fellow to work for the city government.
Instead of sending them to developing countries, we send them to the undeveloped land called city hall.
So the Fellows build a useful app and review it with city officials.
But really, they're showing us what we can do with the technology we have today.
Let's take Al as an example.
Al is a fire hydrant in the city of Boston (Flyer: You can call me Al)
At first glance, this leaflet looks like she's looking for a partner (flyer: Looking for strong singles who love salt, shovels, and sunshine! I'm about this height and weight, and I'm fresh and lively). I'm looking for a firefighter because I know I can't fight a fire well if I'm buried in four feet of snow.
So how did you come to ask for help in such a creative way?
Last year there was a group of fellows in Boston who were involved in the Code for America movement.
We were in Boston in February, and we had a lot of snow last February.
So they realized that the city wasn't digging out any hydrants at all.
But one of the Fellows, notably Eric Michael Uber, noticed another thing: citizens were clearing the sidewalks right in front of the hydrants.
And he created the app himself, just like any good developer would do.
I shovel the snow when it snows
Choose a fire hydrant It's a little app
I'll give you a name if you choose, but he named the first hydrant Al.
If you don't choose quickly, someone else might take it
It makes me want to participate.
this is a normal little app
It's probably the smallest of the 21 apps the Fellows made last year.
But the app does things that other technologies that governments use don't.
This app is going viral.
A person from the city of Honolulu's IT department saw this app and realized that it could be used, and that it could be used to select tsunami alarms instead of snow protection.
It's very important that the alarm be broadcast, but someone is stealing the battery from the alarm.
The person in charge is asking citizens to confirm
In Seattle, I decided to use it to unclog a storm drain pipe.
Chicago just recently allowed the public to participate in clearing the sidewalks.
Right now, nine cities are still planning to use this system.
This technology has spread naturally, without any particular friction.
If you know the technology that governments use, you know that things don't usually work out like this.
Usually it takes 2-3 years for the government to procure information systems.
Another team that worked on a project in Boston last year took three people two and a half months to complete the project.
This time it was an app for parents to choose the right public school for their child.
I was later told that this would have taken at least two years and cost about $2 million if it had gone through the normal system procurement process.
This is just the beginning
We've spent $2 billion in tax dollars to develop a system for the California state courts, and it's still not working.
Every level of government has projects like this.
An app, on the other hand, can be written in a matter of days and go viral.
It suggests ways to improve how governments are run, rather than being like private corporations, which many people think governments should be.
It's not like you're a tech company, it's the way the internet works.
It's not something that waits for permission to act, it's something that's open and independent and self-creating.
and that's what matters
But more importantly, this app is about how a new generation is approaching government issues, not as a rigid organizational problem, but as a collective problem.
This is really good news, because I've found that I'm very good at collaborative action using digital technology.
There is now a very large community of people building the tools they need to effectively collaborate.
And it's not just Code for America Fellows, but hundreds of people in our own communities every day who are standing up and creating apps for citizens.
They haven't given up on their government
They're very disappointed with the government, but instead of just complaining about it, they're solving it themselves.
These people know something we've lost sight of
This something is politics, long lines at the DMV and all these other things, if you take away all the emotions about the things that really make us angry, government is essentially Tim O'Reilly. In the words of
Many people have given up hope for government
If you are, please think again, because things have changed.
Politics hasn't changed, but governments have
Government ultimately derives its power from us - "we the people of the United States" are also people-driven, right? - How we think about problems affects how change happens.
When I started this work, I didn't know much about government.
And, like many people, I used to think that government was basically just a matter of electing representatives.
Now, two years later, I've come to the conclusion that local governments, in particular, are "opossums."
This is a telephone consultation call center
If you call the consultation number 110 in the city where you live, you will generally be connected to this number.
Like Fellow Scott Silberman, if you ever find yourself in a city call center -- which all Fellows actually do -- people call the government on a very wide range of issues. I understand. Some people talk about "opossum" not working at home.
So Scott took this advice and officially
Search the knowledge base for "opossum"
Finding nothing, he first contacts Animal Care and Control.
Eventually Scott said, "Okay, are you going to open all the doors to the house and put some really loud music on and leave?"
That's how it worked out, and Scott said, "We did it."
But the "opossum" story continues.
Boston has more than just call centers
There's an app called "Citizen Connect," which works on both web and mobile.
This is not our app
This is the work of some very smart people in the Boston Urban Equipment Department.
One time - this is a real consultation - "There's an opossum in my trash! I don't know if it's dead.
How can I remove it? There was a consultation that
This app gave me a completely different result
Looking back, Scott was talking directly to me, one-on-one.
In "Citizen Connect" everything is open and everyone can see it
In this consultation, the neighbors saw it
I responded to the consultation and it said, "I walked over to the place and found the trash can behind the house.
opossum? I see you alive? yeah
I turned the trash can sideways and went home
Good night opossum
(Laughter) It's very simple.
It's amazing, it's a fusion of digital and physical reality.
And it's also a great example of government getting into the crowdsourcing paradigm.
And at the same time, it's also a great example of a government-based foundation.
I don't necessarily mean to say it's a technical platform.
I'm saying it's a platform in the sense that people help each other, in the case of the opossum.
One citizen helped another citizen, but the government also played an important role here.
I tied these two together, if you ask me.
We could have brought these people together with government services, but it's a much better and cheaper way to have neighbors than the government to provide services.
When neighbors help each other, community ties are strengthened.
Calling animal control just costs a lot of money.
One of the most important things to think about about government is that it's not politics.
Most people understand this, but they think that if you give an input, you get an output.
That is, we think of input into the government system as a vote.
How many times have you chosen a leader? - Sometimes we spend a lot of energy trying to get new political leaders out there - but when the election is over, we settle in and hope that the government will reflect our values ​​and meet our needs. but not much has changed
This is because government is like a vast ocean, and politics is made up of what has been cultivated.
Underneath what has been cultivated is the so-called bureaucracy.
We use this word with great contempt
But it's this contempt that keeps the bureaucracy that's ours, the one we pay our taxes, looking like it's getting in our way, and as a result, we're making ourselves powerless.
People seem to be drawn to politics
If you want government agencies to be power, you're going to have to make the bureaucracy attractive.
Because the bureaucracy is where the real work of government is done.
We need to tackle the bureaucratic system of government.
"Occupy SEC" did this
Did you see how the people who participated did it?
Concerned citizens banded together to write a detailed 325-page report, the public comment the SEC was seeking on the financial reform bill.
It's not acting politically, it's working on bureaucracy.
It's time to ask yourself what kind of world you want your children to have if they've given up hope of government.
We have to think about how big a problem our children face.
Can we get where we are going without correcting the government agencies that act on our behalf?
We can't do it without government, and we absolutely need government to be more efficient.
The good news is that by strengthening civil society, we can radically reorganize the functioning of government using modern technology in a way that is scaled up.
There's a generation in this country who grew up with the Internet, and this generation knows it's not that hard to get it working together, you just have to design the system right.
Our Fellows have an average age of 28, and I reluctantly admit that I am the parent of most Fellows.
This is the generation that grew up taking it for granted that they could assert themselves freely.
This generation won't argue about who should claim it, as we have, but they'll all claim it.
You can and will assert your individual opinion by any channel, at any time.
So when this generation faces the problem of government, they don't rely very much on means like elections to decide who will represent them.
use your hands
We use our hands to build apps that help government work better.
Apps enable us to help improve our communities
For example, digging out a fire hydrant, pulling grass, overturning a trash can with an opossum in it.
Indeed, we could have been able to dig out fire hydrants without the app, and many of us have done so.
But these apps remind us that we're not just consumers.
We're not just that, we're citizens
You can't change the way government works without changing the way citizens work.
Finally, I have a question for all of you, if we come across a task so big and important that we all need to do it together, and we all need to do it together, will we just be an advocacy group, or will we be more than that? Will it become a group that also helps themselves?
thank you
(applause)
Today I want to talk to you about an unexpected discovery.
I am involved in the use of solar power
In a small venture that I started, the goal is to crowdsource the environment around you...
By utilizing crowdsourcing...
What I want to show you is a short introductory video.
One moment, please
i hope i can load it soon
(Warning) (Laughter) So let's skip this and move on...
(laughs)
(laughs) (laughs) (music) It's supposed to be like this...
(Laughs) Is it settled?
(Laughter) Solar technology...
Is it time yet?
Thank you for your attention.
(applause)
I'm Keri Anderson
I am an artist and designer
I love finding the power hidden in the mundane of everyday things.
Before I start, just a little introduction to what I do.
But this talk isn't so much about my work as it is about my intentions.
I play with everyday experiences
In everyday life, sights and experiences exert an invisible influence on the brain at all times.
The method is subtle and difficult to notice
For example, vision speaks eloquently through meaning in the tiniest details, like typeface, shape, color, and texture.
These little sticky things build the vocabulary, and the vocabulary shapes the sentences so that you can make things that feel, for example --
"Solar-powered ice cream shop"
(Laughter) This will spread awareness of renewable energy.
It's basically a running infographic
The unexpected combination of sweet treats, bright colors and humanity's self-inflicted apocalypse makes for a compelling case for solar power.
People approach these experiences with certain expectations.
So when we create, we actively choose how we respond to people's expectations.
I want to create surprises that break people's stereotypes.
I want to confuse people's expectations, because every day, the basics, the everyday experience, frame reality for granted.
The little things we make may reinforce our assumptions about the world,
Conversely, it may emerge suddenly and force us to reassess our complacent expectations of reality.
It's rare, but when it happens, it's wonderful.
Because these little things are unexpected loopholes that lead to an understanding of a reality full of endless surprises.
I'll give you an example, let's go back to the most basic, basic thing about me: my name kellianderson.com in block letters.
that's how people find me
name means me
It's listed here as my name as a choice, but objectively it's just a random collection of letters.
So I thought, "How else can I rearrange it?"
The result was all kinds of interesting words, such as-
"Ken doll is right next to dot com"
(Laughter) It's kind of creepy.
And "Colder Melon Skin"
period
(Laughter) Much better than kellianderson.com.
It's a silly play, but it confirms my belief that the world is full of orders that don't necessarily deserve respect.
Sometimes there is meaning, justice, and logic in the way things are
sometimes not
I think the time to be a creative person is the moment you realize this, because it breaks the mold and encourages you to do better with the basic fragments of your experience.
What I pursue in my work is the power hidden in the mundane, bestowed by things like the miracles of physics, the complexity of cultural associations, and a bewildering number of other things that aren't fully expressed. It's an overlooked force
I would like to present three projects that have reconsidered the nature of the mundane experience and attempted to do something better by doing something stupid.
My first project was a Christmas card I sent to a friend.
My goal was to make people aware of the formality of Christmas traditions.
Of course I did it with a Christmas card.
Appearance is normal
But paper has a memory, and once you fold it, it becomes creased.
I used this attribute to guide the recipient's experience of the card.
When you first pick it up, it's flexible, but it's obvious that it bends in one direction.
And as you fold, you discover this simple unfolding.
This development is the story of the card itself
(Laughter) This card is literally a four-panel documentary about receiving a card.
(Laughter) A card that talks about itself.
(Applause) Thank you.
What made this exciting was that it had a recursive structure that made the viewer feel the repeated conventions of a Christmas card.
This is an inkjet printed piece made of plain paper.
i find it very interesting
The theme of this project is rituals that have turned into empty gestures.
(Laughter) Because we begin to take it for granted.
That's why cliche isn't funny, and why people often have car accidents near their homes.
If you repeat the same experience, the experience loses its weight.
Paper has amazing overlooked abilities, but it takes a great deal of intervention to give it a new look.
The next project I'm going to show you is a wedding invitation, a format that desperately asks for change.
(Laughter) This is an invitation I made for Mike and Karen, by the way, they're great friends of mine.
They're a lot nicer than the invitation format.
So it was convenient to break the limits of form.
In breaking the mold, we had a common interest in music, so we thought we'd use that.
We're all music nerds, and Karen and Mike have even recorded a song together.
But as you know, inspiration comes from the strangest places.
We found inspiration in Mr. Wizard. (Laughter) He was a popular television show that taught children the science behind everyday life.
I remember one time he used a simple experiment to prove that sound is a physical phenomenon.
He rolls the paper into a cone, tapes it, attaches the needle to the tip, and boo! The record player is ready
I saw this when I was a kid and was stunned
If you can make a record player out of paper and a sewing needle, what is impossible in this world?
I explained this idea to them, and we decided it would be much better to send them a paper record player than to send them a plain, boring invitation.
we were really excited
And then I started to get really nervous, because it's up to me to make it happen.
And I spent an inordinate amount of time thinking about what stylus to use, like, "Can I find a stylus that can faithfully reproduce the sound?"
I even called a paper vendor and asked if they had the best acoustic paper.
(Laughter) They thought I was weird.
Meanwhile, Mike and Karen recorded the song and made a master flexi disc.
I printed a black and white illustration so that when the flexi disc is rotated, it will be in various costumes.
(laughs) And here it is!
It's a paper record player, and 200 people who received invitations listened to it.
It starts with the sound of a paper player
I've attached a recording of the actual song for comparison.
(music and singing) (music stops) We were so excited when we finished.
(Laughter) I was thrilled to discover the power of paper in this process.
This project is one of my favorites because it draws attention to the unnecessary expectations we have of the media.
We have assumptions about material experiences, like "Paper is silent" or "Websites are flat."
We also have this assumption -- [newspapers tell the truth] (Laughter) -- and that's what we should be more afraid of in a democratic world, because it's a loophole in our thinking.
We're roaming the political realities created by the media's beliefs about authority and media like newspapers.
However, personally, I feel that we should question the limited reality given to us by the experience of such a small remodeling.
I'm doing just that for my next project.
Imagine reading a newspaper on your daily commute.
But how would you react if you were handed a newspaper full of false news?
(Laughter) More concretely, what if some crazy person meticulously created a mockup of the typical newspaper?
In the fall of 2008, we did this, conceived by artist Steve Lambert, organized by The Yes Men, and carried out by many people, including myself.
We published a perfectly fake New York Times.
I just did it without anyone's permission
(Laughter) We printed it in bulk and distributed it to hundreds of thousands of commuters in New York City one Thursday morning.
(Laughter) (Applause) (Applause) Thank you.
(Applause) You might ask, "Why?"
"Why do you make fake newspapers?"
To be honest, real newspapers are very depressing.
We live in a democratic society where we are expected to have a say in what is happening in the world.
The good news we want to hear is not found in the newspapers.
So I created a newspaper with only good news.
(Laughter) We put out a policy proposal that would make the world a better place.
We ended the Iraq war years before withdrawal from Iraq was even discussed.
Years before "Occupy Wall Street" happened, we set the maximum wage -- (Laughter) -- and closed the huge pay gap between the lowest earners and the highest earners.
I brought civics back into high school classes.
(Laughter) What do you think? Good idea!
High school students relearn how government works.
There are important differences between the two newspapers.
(Laughter) While the real New York Times slogan is "All the news worthy of printing," we proposed a more positive message: "All the news we want to print."
(Laughter) Our newspaper is dated six months into the future, so when people are handed this in the street, they're holding a relic from an ideal future, fueled by the important idea of ​​the power of public opinion, so to speak. It's a blueprint for an ideal achievable future.
and our prank worked
People were suspended in a strange mental space, because the content of the articles could not be real, while the newspapers were impeccable and authentic.
I filmed people's reactions. (Laughter) Yes, I did! The first few seconds are an emotional struggle. I'm confused.
(Laughter) This guy is a masterpiece.
(Laughter) To provoke this kind of reaction, the newspaper has to have absolute credibility.
So my husband, Danielle Dunham, and I formed an authenticity assurance team.
He made the typeface, the layout, the ink smell, everything look like the real New York Times.
And I was in charge of the false advertising of the ideal future.
(Laughter) I thought the ideal future would be the perfect opportunity for companies to make amends for their past mistakes.
(Laughter) We used their own advertising language.
For example, what if instead of cheap furniture, you could buy wind farms at IKEA?
It's flat boxed, and it's super easy to put together (Laughter) and comes with a zigzag tool and wooden pegs.
Isn't it great?
An even worse example is De Beers, who donates artificial limbs to war-torn African nations to compensate for the sale of bloody diamonds.
And this is an ad for a used car dealership
Recently, I've been doing "pollution car trade-in"
Here you can trade in your car and trade it in for a zero-emission vehicle. Bicycles!
(Laughter) And my favorite, Dr. Z, instead of "beautiful clean skin," she offers "beautiful clean conscience."
If you've never ridden the New York subway, you might not know Dr. Z.
If there is, you should know, because these cheesy rainbow ads are everywhere.
Now he has stopped providing this superficial service.
Instead of cleaning your skin, clean Iraqi mess
(Laughter) Our fake newspaper was featured in real news around the world.
These unexpected messages of hope have come out because of the bold act of ripping off The New York Times, but also because we've taken a route that none of us expected.
It has turned newspapers into a blueprint for a better world that goes beyond its expected role of news reporting.
In these three projects, I've shown that the concept of what we want in reality can be extended by rejecting the usual order, by deconstructing things and reconstructing the pieces.
I would like to argue that the only way to do anything better is to destroy the myriad small things in front of you.
So let's break out of the self-satisfied shell of common sense
See more of my work here "I snore naked dot com" (sort by kellianderson.com)
thank you
(applause)
words matter
can heal or kill
but there are limits
When I was in eighth grade, my teacher gave me a vocabulary sheet, and it said, "genocide."
I felt nauseous
"genocide" is cold
ignored the person being killed
no blood, no tears
it's an inhumane word
No words can describe how it affects the country.
What I want you to know is that in a war like this, husbands kill wives, wives kill husbands, and neighbors and friends kill each other.
Some people in power, some people in power say, "There's
a stranger
not human
people believe that
There are no words for this kind of behavior
I want words to stop it
but where is the word
how can i find it
I believe we have to keep looking
I was born in Kigali, Rwanda
I felt the love of my family and neighbors
I was always teased by someone, especially my brother.
When my front tooth fell out, my brother looked at me and said, "Did you lose yours too?
I won't live anymore."
(Laughter) I loved to play, especially in my mom's and my neighbor's garden.
I loved kindergarten too.
We sang songs, we played a lot, we ate lunch
I had a childhood that I want everyone to have
But when I was six years old, the adults in my family started whispering, asking questions and not answering.
One night my mother and father came
They looked weird when they woke us up.
My sister Claire and I were sent to my grandparents, who were hoping that what was going on would go away.
I soon had to flee my grandparents as well.
We hid and crawled and sometimes ran
I heard laughter, screams, cries, sounds I had never heard before.
You see, I didn't know what that sound was.
I don't feel human, but I feel human
I saw someone not breathing
i thought i was sleeping
I didn't know what death was, what it was to kill
When I stopped to rest or find food, I closed my eyes and when I opened them I wanted to wake up from the nightmare.
I don't even know what direction the house is
I hid during the day and walked at night
From homeless people to homeless people
You've been kicked out of a place where you're supposed to be accepted, and no one accepts you.
not needed by anyone
that's a refugee
From the ages of 6 to 12, I spent time in refugee camps in seven countries hoping to be needed by someone.
My older sister Claire became a mother at a young age.
I became good at housework
When I was 12, Claire and her family came to America as refugees.
This was just the beginning. I was 12, and at times I felt like I was 3, and at other times I felt like I was 50.
Memories of the past faded and became less certain and distorted.
Everything was too much and meaningless
Time was scattered here and there like a torn page
Even now, standing here, I sometimes feel that way.
After I came to America, Claire and I stopped talking about our past.
In 2006, 12 years after I left my family, 7 years after I knew they were dead, and 7 years after they thought I was dead, I was reunited.
It was a very American, dramatic reunion.
(Laughter) It's the Oprah show.
(Laughter) (Applause) I told you.
(Laughter) But after the show, spending time with my parents and my sister and my brother, whom I had never met, I was angry.
I was deeply distressed
I knew nothing could make up for the time we spent apart and the bonds of family.
Soon my parents came to America, but like Claire, they don't talk about their past.
I was living in the endless present
Don't ask too much, don't allow yourself to feel, move forward timidly
none of us could explain what happened to us
My family is alive, but my heart is broken, paralyzed and silenced by my own experiences.
This is not just about my family
Rwanda is not the only country that has betrayed and killed each other.
All of humanity is like my family in many ways.
Not dead, but broken, paralyzed and silenced by the violence of the world they rule.
So the chaos of violence continues in the words we use and the stories we create every day.
It also follows the labels we put on ourselves and others.
Believe me when you say someone is "someone else," "less than," "one of them," or "better."
In some situations, it's a shortcut to destruction.
There is chaos and noise that we don't know about.
Words can never adequately measure the quality and magnitude of human-made destruction.
So I hope and I plead with you to stop the violence that is going on in our world.
Let's ask ourselves, if there are no words
if there was no label
breathe who we are
Who are we with beating hearts
(applause)
I want to talk to you today about why you can't have a great career.
I'm a scholar in the pessimistic field of economics.
Every day, I come up with only gloomy comments
Please only listen if you want a successful career.
Some of you may say that a decent career is fine.
Even that would fail—
Because...they're all very carefree people
A bunch of Canadians, I bet
If you're looking for a decent career, you'll fail because decent jobs are disappearing.
You either have a great job, a great career, or a job that's demanding, stressful, and physically and emotionally exhausting.
So if you ask for a decent job, you'll fail.
I'm talking about great jobs, great careers, those who want them, and why you all fail.
The number one reason is this. I'm sure you've heard it time and time again, "If you want a great career, follow your passion. Follow your dreams. Follow your passions for the rest of your life." But you are determined not to
No matter how many times I watch Steve Jobs' Commencement speech, I've decided not to do it.
I don't know why you decide
it's too much trouble
Look for your passion, and if you don't find it, you'll hate it You're stupid, so as an excuse, list the reasons why you don't look for your passion
The excuses are so varied and creative,
They come up with one excuse after another not to do what it takes to build a successful career.
For example, a good excuse is, "A great career is really just luck for the most part, so you don't really do anything."
Try to be lucky, if you're lucky you'll have a great career, if you're unlucky you'll have a decent career."
But there's no such thing as a decent career, so it's no good after all.
There are other excuses, "There are special people in this world who pursue their passions, and they are geniuses.
Like steve jobs i'm not a genius
When I was 5 years old, I thought I was a genius, but when I was in college, a professor told me I was wrong, and since then, I've had no luck.
But I'm not a genius, but I'm a capable person."
Look, if this was 1950, someone who was good enough would have had a respectable career.
But in 2012, when it was time to
"I'm totally competent," no one cares.
You might have an excuse like, "I'll do it, I'll do it, but... but... after all, I'm not a weirdo.
Those who pursue their passion are somewhat otaku-ish, a bit strange, aren't they?
They say madness and genius are a fine line
I'm not weird, I read the biography of Steve Jobs
I'm a good person
I'm normal I'm a normal good person
Ordinary good people don't have passion
I want a good career
I'm not ready to pursue my passion, so let's do this, this will fix it
there's a way
What Mom and Dad Taught Me
Mom and Dad used to say that if you work hard, you can make a decent career.In other words, if you work hard
All you get is a decent career If you work really, really hard, you can get a great career This is-
Is it mathematically correct? "
I'm sorry, but you can convince yourself.
Look, the truth is, do you want to work? Are you really really desperate?
Then that wish will come true
You will be given the opportunity to work really, really, really hard.
But do you really think you'll get a good career out of it, when there's all the evidence to the contrary?
Now here is the object of passion
Think about the person you're looking for I know you should take action No excuses, just find what you're passionate about
how gladly
Found something interesting
Say "I'm interested! I'm interested!"
"I'm interested!"
"Oh, I'm interested."
I ask, "What about your passion?"
Interest compared to what?
"This is what I'm interested in."
What about other things about humanity?
"I'm not interested in that"
Did you take a look around?
"No, not really."
Passion is the deepest love
Passion is the tool that allows you to express your talents in the best possible way.
passion and interest are different things
Can you say this in front of your lover? "Marry me! I'm interested in you."
Absolutely, absolutely, it won't go well.
What you really, really want is passion, interest isn't enough.
If you have 20 things that interest you, you may find that one of them grabs you more than anything else, and that's when you'll finally find something that makes you feel more affection than any other, that inspires your interest. Thing, that's what passion is. I have a friend who proposed to his girlfriend.
I'm a logical man about profit and loss
He said to his lover, "Let's get married
Let's integrate our mutual interests."
(Laughter) I really did.
"I really love you, I really love you
I love you more than any woman I've ever met
Better than Mary, better than Jane, better than Susie, better than Penelope, better than Ingrid, better than Gertrude, better than Gretel..." I was an exchange student in Germany at the time.
"Oh, and..." "Enough!" She left the room.
Before the list of friends is even half finished
He was taken aback by the refusal. When he recovered from his surprise, he concluded, "I was on the verge of trying to marry such an illogical person."
But I also made a note of this: "The next time I propose, I may not need to list every single woman I've been interested in marrying."
Here's the thing: there are so many options out there
Finding Destiny Do you hate the word 'fate'?
Do you get scared when you hear the word "fate"?
That's what we're talking about now
If you can't express your talents in the best possible way If you settle for "interests" what will happen when the long life comes to an end?
When your friends and family gather at the cemetery, the words that will likely be engraved on your gravestone are: "Here rests the brilliant engineer who invented Velcro."
But in another life, if you had used your talents to the best of their ability, it would have been inscribed like this: "The last Nobel physics that established the Grand Unified Theory and proved the practicality of warp navigation. Academic award winner sleeps here
(laughs) Magic tape
a glorious career
Missed chance
But there are also people who, despite all the excuses, find their passion --
But I still fail
You fail because you won't do it, you'll give you another excuse, an excuse to not act, I've heard that many times, "Okay, let's pursue a great career, but relationships are more important than success."
as a friend, as a husband, as a wife
I want to be a good parent, I can't sacrifice them to achieve great things."
(laughs) What do you want me to say?
Will you be satisfied if I say, "I swear I will never kick a child."
in your worldview
Anyway you're a hero and I say
You're implying that you must hate children to pursue a successful career I don't hate children, I don't kick them
When I got here, there was a little kid running around in this building, but he didn't kick it.
"This building is for grown-ups, so get out."
"I'm sure your mother will find you if you stay outside," he said.
The last time I saw him, he was crying on the stairs.
wimp
Do you want to see this side of me?
Do you really think it's reasonable to use children as shields?
This is what happens in the future, one day when you become the ideal parent.
A child comes up and says, "I have something I want to be.
I have something I want to do."
you must be happy
As a parent, I'd love to hear from you. You're good at math, so I'm sure you'll enjoy the continuation of the story.
A child says, "I've decided, I want to be a magician.
I want to stand on stage and show magic."
(Laughter) Now what shall we do?
What can I say, "Well, that's risky.
I might fail, I won't make much money
If I think about it again
I'm good at math, so I don't know..." The child interrupts, "But that's my dream. It's my dream to do it."
How should we respond?
How should I answer? "Listen, Dad had a dream, but...but..."
Now what do you say after "but"?
"But" I had a dream, but I didn't have the courage to pursue it
Or do you say "Dad had a dream too, but
You were born."
(Laughter and applause) Ladies and gentlemen, do you really want to use your family as an excuse? You're a prisoner, and your husband, wife, and children are the guards?
I could have said to my child, when my child said, "I have a dream."
Look into the child's eyes and say, "Try it
Like I did
But I can't tell you, because I haven't done it.
The punishment of a parent's sin falls on the child
Why do you make excuses to escape into relationships and not pursue your passion?
You know, deep down in your heart, you know
this is a serious story
The reason why I'm completely settled in a warm and ambiguous relationship
I know who I am I don't have the courage to pursue my passion
i hate to look like a fool
Afraid of trying Afraid of failing
Great friends Great husbands and wives Great parents Great careers
Isn't it all there is? Isn't that who you are?
Aren't we all connected?
but you are afraid
That's why I can't get a good career, but...
"However" This word makes me expect something "However" But this word is on the other hand
The world continues to hear terrifying words, "If only I had that..."
"If only I could do that..."
If you're going round and round with that in your head, it's going to be very painful.
So that's all I've told you about why you can't have a great career.
However... "However"
thank you
When I think about the brain, I find it difficult to understand this. If you were to ask me how the heart works, I would immediately answer that it's a pump.
pumps blood out
If you ask me about the lungs, I'd say they exchange oxygen for carbon dioxide.
It's easy
So how the brain works is kind of hard to understand, because you can't tell what it's doing just by looking at it.
It's not mechanical like a pump or an airbag.
When you pick up a dead brain, it's just a lump of fat.
To understand how the brain works, we need to look at the brain in action.
The brain doesn't operate mechanically, instead it operates electrically and chemically.
The brain is made up of 100 billion cells called neurons.
And neurons transmit electrical signals to other neurons.
Now let's quietly listen to the interaction between two cells, listening for a phenomenon called a spike.
We're not recording the brains of me or you or your teachers. We're using our friend Cockroach.
Not because cockroaches are cool, but because cockroaches have brains similar to ours.
If we know a little bit about how the cockroach's brain works, we can learn a lot about our brains.
I'll try soaking the cockroaches in ice water. (Greg) Like this
Cockroaches are quickly anesthetized
Cockroaches are cold-blooded animals, so their body temperature drops to the temperature of ice water.
I don't feel pain about what I'm about to do, but you can learn from experiments, scientific experiments to understand the brain.
Then
This is the leg of the cockroach
And the cockroach's legs are covered with beautiful hair and thorns.
Underneath each thorn is a cell, a neuron that transmits wind, vibrations and other stimuli to the brain.
Even if you try to catch the cockroach, it will sense your presence and run away quickly, making it difficult to catch.
These cells turn information into electrical signals and send them quickly to the brain through thin axons.
Insert a needle into this area to detect information
Cut off the legs of the cockroach like this -- okay, it'll regenerate, and stick the two needles in like this.
a metal needle
One detects an electrical signal, and the signal flows.
I'm about to have surgery, can you keep an eye on me?
yeah i feel sick
ok this is fine
look at this leg
I'm going to move this leg over here, and it's going to be attached to a device that we've developed called a spikerbox, which is an alternative to the expensive devices you'd find in an R&D facility that you can experiment with in your school or your basement, just like me. if you're into
(Participant laughs) It's like this.
just take a look
Let's turn on the power
I'll try inserting this
(noise) sounds like the most beautiful sound in the world to me
This is what is happening in your brain right now.
100 billion cells make this kind of raindrop sound.
Let's see what it looks like on video Let's see it on the iPad screen
I have connected
Remember, I said that the signal that travels through an axon is spike-like.
Let's take a look at one of them
Tap here to take the average
I just measured this part is the action potential.
That's what 100 billion cells do in your brain: they send you information about what you see and what you hear.
I said that this part is one cell, and this cell detects information about vibrations caused by the wind.
Let's do an experiment
Let's actually blow the wind and hear how the sound changes
Are you ready?
I'm going to breathe, so if you hear anything please let me know
(Blow on) (Change in sound) Let's touch this part with a pen.
(noise) The firing rate of neurons changed.
It took the neuroscience community a long time to understand this phenomenon.
It's called a rate-of-firing representation, and if you press hard enough, more spikes will appear, and that information is transmitted to your brain.
This is how perception works
This is one of my experiments with electricity.
On the other hand, your brain doesn't just receive electrical impulses, it also sends them out.
How to move your muscles freely
Let's see what happens when we stick an electrode into the leg of a cockroach.
Take two pins and stick them in the legs of the cockroach.
Connect the iPod to the other side of the lead wire
it's actually my iphone
Do you know how earphones work in your ears?
Cell phones and iPods have batteries, right?
When you send an electric current through the magnet part of the earphone, it vibrates back and forth and you hear the sound.
And that electrical current is the same one that your brain uses. You can even send it down the legs of a cockroach.
please look
(Beat) Turn up the volume, look
(Participant: surprise gasps) (Greg) What happened?
(audience) Eh!
(Laughter) Look at how it moves. It moves with the sound of the bass.
If you're an audiophile and you have a car stereo that vibrates your car, you know that bass speakers are the loudest.
The loudest speaker produces the longest wavelengths of sound, but it also produces the most current, and that current drives the cockroach's legs.
Speakers aren't the only ones that generate electricity.
You can also generate a microphone
(Beat) I'd like one more person to come up on this stage and help me.
Here, please
(Beatbox) It's the first attempt in human history.
It's a collaboration between a human beatbox and a cockroach leg.
So when you go back to your school, think about neuroscience and what you can do to create a neural revolution.
Thank you goodbye
(applause)
In school, questions are asked and learning to answer them is tedious, and today I'm going to do the exact opposite.
Let's focus on the questions we can't tell you the answers to, the questions we don't know the answers to.
When I was a kid, I wondered about many things, what would it be like to be a dog? And
Do fish feel pain? And
What about insects?
Was the big bang a coincidence?
Is God real?
If so, how do you know it's a man and not a woman?
Why do innocent people and animals suffer?
Is there a destiny in my life?
Has my future been decided yet? It's decided but you just don't know?
Do you have free will? First, what am I?
Am I just a living machine?
Then why are you conscious? What is consciousness?
Will robots ever become conscious?
I mean, I was hoping someone would answer questions like this one day.
someone should know the answer
no one really knows
I find this question even more mysterious.
And it's fun to tackle that question, because it allows us to push ourselves to the limits of our understanding and see things we never thought possible.
So I'm going to show you two questions -- questions that no one on the planet knows the answer to.
(music) [How many universes are there? ] Sometimes I've been on a plane for a long time, looking out the window at mountains and deserts and trying to understand the size of the earth.
It reminds me of an object that I see every day, the sun, which is a million times bigger than the earth.
It's ridiculously big
But in the bigger picture, it's just a tiny speck, just one of the 400 billion stars in our Milky Way galaxy, a thin, white mist that crosses the clear night sky.
there is more
There are 100 billion galaxies as far as the telescope can see them.
If a star is the size of a grain of sand, then the same number of grains of sand as there are stars in the Milky Way galaxy would be a beach 9 meters by 9 meters wide and 90 centimeters deep.
Even if you took all the sandy beaches on Earth, there wouldn't be enough stars in the universe.
If such a sandy beach existed, it would stretch for hundreds of millions of kilometers.
Stephen Hawking is also surprised by the tremendous number of stars.
But these physicists now believe the universe is even bigger than we can imagine.
First, the 100 billion galaxies that can be seen with a telescope are just a small part of the whole.
The universe itself is expanding as it accelerates.
Most galaxies are moving away faster than light can reach Earth.
Yet our physical reality on Earth is deeply connected to a distant, invisible galaxy.
It can also be considered part of our universe
They form one big system, made up of the same types of atoms, electrons, protons, quarks, and neutrinos that follow the same laws of physics as our bodies.
But recent theories of physics, including string theory, tell us that there may be countless other universes made up of different types of particles with different properties and different laws.
Many of those universes are incapable of supporting life, and may be born and die in as little as a billionth of a second.
But still, a vast multiverse exists in as many as eleven dimensions, beyond all conceivable imaginings and astonishing.
Modern string theory predicts the existence of a multiverse with 10^500 universes.
It's a big number with 1 followed by 500 zeros, and if every atom in the universe as far as we can see has its own universe, then every atom has its own universe. Even if you do it two more times, it's only a small part of the total. It's a small number, one-tenth.
(Laughter) But even that big number is very small compared to some numbers, which is infinity.
Some physicists think that the space-time continuum is literally infinite, and that it also contains an infinite number of pocket universes with different properties.
Are you following me?
Quantum theory raises a whole new problem.
It's a theory that answers all doubts and has been proven, but it's hard to understand. Some physicists believe that the only explanation is to imagine a huge number of parallel universes churning out at any given moment. Law, and we believe that many of these universes are very similar to ours and contain multiple copies of it.
In one of those universes, you graduated with honors and married the person of your dreams.
Some scientists still say that's nonsense.
The only meaningful answer to the question of how many universes are there is one.
there is only one universe
A few philosophers and mystics might claim that even our universe is an illusion.
So, as you can see, right now there is no unanimous answer to this question, and no close answer.
All we know is that it's somewhere between zero and infinity
I know one more thing
Now is the coolest time to study physics.
We may be experiencing the greatest paradigm shift in knowledge that humanity has ever experienced.
(music) [Why can't you prove the existence of aliens? ] Somewhere in the vast universe, there must be countless stars teeming with life.
Why can't we find the evidence?
A famous question posed by Enrico Fermi in 1950: Where are all of you?
Conspiracy theorists claim that UFOs come to Earth all the time, and they're getting reports, but honestly, they're not very convincing.
but the mystery remains
In the past year, the Kepler spacecraft has found hundreds of planets around stars.
Based on that data, we extrapolate that there are 500 billion planets in our galaxy alone.
If one in 10,000 of these planets has the potential to support life, then there are 50 million possible planets in our Milky Way galaxy.
So it's a mystery, because our planet only formed nine billion years after the big bang.
Even in our own galaxy, countless planets were formed first, and the opportunity for life to emerge must have existed billions or even millions of years before Earth did.
Even if some of them started to give birth to intelligent life and create technology, those technologies would have grown in complexity and power over the course of millions of years.
On Earth, we've seen how technology can accelerate dramatically in just 100 years.
In a few million years, intelligent alien civilizations could have easily reached the farthest reaches of the galaxy, perhaps building energy harvesting devices, or colonizing fleets, or magnificent works of art that filled the night skies. prize
At the very least, I think they've been announcing their presence, intentionally or not, through some kind of radio signal.
But I can't find a shred of convincing evidence.
I wonder why?
There are many possible answers, some of which are hopeless.
Perhaps a superintelligent civilization has taken over the galaxy and has forced it not to emit radio waves at all, because it fears a powerful competitor.
It lurks quietly, ready to destroy anything that might pose a threat.
Or maybe less intelligent, less sophisticated intelligent evolution is more rare than we imagine.
After all, it's only happened once on Earth in four billion years.
maybe with incredible luck
Maybe we are the first civilization in this galaxy.
Or maybe civilization contains a species of self-created technology that goes out of control and destroys itself.
There are many hopeful views
I'm not really looking for it that hard, and I'm not spending that much money.
Only a small fraction of the stars in our galaxy are being searched for interesting signal signatures.
And maybe I'm looking in the wrong way
As civilization advances, it will discover communication technologies far more sophisticated and useful than radio waves.
Maybe all the action takes place inside the recently discovered mysterious dark matter and dark energy that make up most of the mass of the universe.
Or you're looking for the wrong scale.
Perhaps an intelligent civilization should realize that life is, after all, a complex pattern of exquisitely interacting information that is more efficiently realized at small scales.
So, just as the heavy, clunky stereos on Earth turned into beautiful little iPods, intelligent life may have miniaturized itself to reduce its impact on the environment.
So our solar system is full of aliens, but we just don't realize it.
Our very idea may be alien life.
Well, let's admit this is a wild idea.
I was told by an alien
But it's nice when an idea seems to have a life of its own, outlives its creator.
Biological life may be temporary.
In any case, within 15 years from now, we may be able to obtain spectroscopic information about promising planets in our vicinity, revealing just how hospitable they are to life.
Meanwhile, the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI) is making data available to the public and inviting millions of citizen scientists, including you, to join the collective search.
There's also this amazing experiment going on, trying to create life out of thin air, which may be very different from the DNA that we know so well.
All of these things will help us understand whether the universe is full of life or whether it's just us.
Either way, each one is awe-inspiring, because even though we are orphans of the universe, the way we think, dream and ask these questions is one of the most important facts about the universe. because it might
I have another good news
I never tire of the quest for knowledge and understanding.
no, it's actually the opposite
The more you know, the more the world will surprise you
Wild possibilities and unanswered questions drive us forward.
So stay curious
I struggled in school because of Attention Deficit Disorder, but I did my PhD.
I got it, but it was hard to concentrate, and biology, geology, physics and chemistry were really hard.
The only thing that caught my attention was the planet Earth.
But as you can see in this picture, the earth is mostly covered with water.
this is the pacific ocean
70% of the earth's surface is covered with water
You may say, "I know the earth, I live in it."
you all think about the earth
I don't know, because it's mostly covered by water that averages 3.7 kilometers deep.
When you go out and look up at the Empire State Building or the Chrysler Building, remember that the average depth of the ocean is 15 of those buildings stacked on top of each other.
Humans have explored only 5% of the ocean.
"Exploration" means going there for the first time to see what's there.
Today, I'd like to show you about the Earth, about the oceans.
I hope you're as interested in exploring our planet as I am as you explore the shallow to deep oceans.
You know coral, right? If you've ever been to a beach or snorkeled, you know that coral seas are amazing places, teeming with life, big creatures, small creatures, wonderful things, dangerous things, sharks, whales, all sorts of things. increase
I need to protect it from human hands
great place
But what you probably don't know is the deep part of the ocean, where volcanoes are erupting.
Most of the volcanoes on Earth are under the sea, more than 80%.
Deep in the ocean, it's erupting right now.
All over the world — in the Pacific, in the Atlantic, in the Indian Ocean
In those places, the rocks on the ocean floor are in a liquid state.
Waves of lava are occurring on the seabed
You would think that nothing would survive there, but if you look closely, you can find life in the deepest, darkest corners of the planet.
it's amazing
When we go to the bottom of the ocean, we use submersibles and robots.
you can see there is a puddle
There are small cliffs around it, and a small white sandy beach.
As you get closer, you can see the sandy beach better, and you can see the waves crashing.
What makes this water unusual is that it's on the bottom of the Gulf of Mexico.
If you look out the window on a submarine, there is a small pond in the sea.
There's a pond, there's a lake, there's a river, and here you have a river under the sea, going from the bottom left to the top right.
Water is actually flowing
totally amazed
Why is there such a thing on the seabed?
there is more water in the sea
And there are creatures that live only in this water.
This is a map of the ocean floor, which I like, and shows that there are mountains in the middle of the ocean.
It's the largest mountain range on Earth, called the Mid-Ocean Ridge, and it's 80,000 kilometers long, yet we've barely seen it.
Thousands of canyons have been found that are longer, wider and deeper than the Grand Canyon.
As I showed you, we've found lakes and rivers and waterfalls in the water.
In fact, the largest waterfall on earth is in the ocean, near Iceland.
All of those things are in the 5% explored.
If you want to explore the ocean, you need technology.
Also, this is a team effort, not a one-person job.
people need a team
need technology
We use the ship Atlantis and the submarine Alvin.
We're sending off the Alvin, and there are three people on board.
carried on deck
The teamwork of the 47 people on board ensures the safety of the submarine.
What the person in the submarine is thinking at this moment is, "Should I have gone to the bathroom again?"
After all, you're in a tiny capsule for 10 hours.
Three people together, no one else
The moment you enter the water is exceptional
filled with beautiful blue light
I can't hear the ships above me anymore, only sonar.
If you had an iPhone, you'd have "sonar" on your ringtone, and that same sound comes back when it hits the bottom of the ocean.
The divers make sure the outside of the submarine is okay, and then they give the go-ahead to go down to the bottom of the ocean.
Two and a half hours to reach the ocean floor
Two of those hours are total darkness.
It was thought that nothing could survive in the ocean floor world.
But when you actually look, you'll find something amazing.
Life can be found all the way from the surface to the bottom of the sea.
If you stop, you'll always find a creature
let me show you some jellyfish
I think it's the most beautiful creature on earth.
look at that arm swinging
looks like a little lobster
This one is like a colony animal with many mouths connected together.
Some are tiny, some are longer than this stage.
absolutely amazing creature
You can't collect them with a net, you have to go out and take a look with your camera.
I find new species every time I go
the sea is full of life
If you go to the deepest part of the ocean, the ridge, you'll find hot springs.
This water is toxic, and because of its depth, the Titanic would collapse like a paper cup.
But we find more diverse and denser biomes than in tropical rainforests.
Just one glance out the window of a submersible reveals something that will change your perception of life on Earth: Sunlight isn't always necessary for life to survive.
There are big creatures in the depths, and there's something familiar.
It's called "Dumbo," and it's my favorite.
I wish there were more videos of this
I'll look for this on my next expedition, maybe in a year's time.
look it up on the net
"Bat octopus" is called "vampire squid" in English.
very cool
They live in the darkness of the deep sea, and they have glowing tentacles, and when they get close to their prey, they spread their arms out in the darkness, so all they see is small glowing things around them.
That time is almost here
To escape, it uses glowing dots on its butt that look like eyes.
The glowing eyes on your butt are cool, aren't they?
It's absolutely amazing
(Laughter) The name "vampire squid" comes from the fact that when it defends itself, it has a black cape that covers its entire body and forms a ball.
It's a very strange creature
This is a "dream ship" that was supposed to come to New York in April 100 years ago.
It's "Titanic"
I co-led that research expedition last year.
I learned a lot about this ship.
The Titanic is a place of biological interest, and it's home to many different creatures.
Microbes are eating the Titanic's hull.
That's the part of the bow where Jack shouted "I'm the king of the world."
went very well
We want to create a virtual Titanic, so that you can sit at home with a joystick in hand and a headset in your hand and explore the Titanic yourself.
And that's what I want to do: create virtual worlds that you can explore, not me or anyone else.
In summary, the ocean is largely unexplored, and its importance cannot be put into words.
There are seven billion people on Earth, and they're all influenced by the ocean, which controls the air you breathe, the water you drink, the food you eat.
Everything is influenced by the ocean in one way or another, but we haven't even explored that ocean very much, just 5%.
You saw some nice things from that 5%.
There are so many more wonderful things. Every time we dive, we discover something new about the ocean.
So what's in the other 95%?
Have you found the good ones already, or are there more?
I would like to say that the ocean is full of surprises.
One of my favorite quotes from Marcel Proust is, "The true voyage of exploration consists less in discovering new lands and in gaining new eyes."
I hope that what you've seen today will give you new eyes and a different way of thinking about the planet.
thank you very much
(applause)
(music) What I find interesting about the brain is that you have no control over the facts and stories it collects, and it gets worse as you get older.
It takes years to figure out why you've been interested in something you've been interested in for a long time, and what it means to you.
When Richard Feynman was a kid in Queens, walking with his dad pulling a trolley full of balls.
I noticed that when I pulled the cart, the ball moved backwards.
I asked him, "Why does the ball go backwards when you pull the cart?"
When I asked him, "What is inertia?" my father said,
"Inertia is the name that scientists give to the phenomenon that when you pull a cart, the ball on it moves backwards.
No one really knows."
Feynman earned degrees from MIT and Princeton, and was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on the Feynman diagram, which explains the motion of elementary particles by solving the mystery of the Space Shuttle Challenger tragedy.
He says that the conversation he had with his father at that time led to the expansion of human knowledge. that is
he did it that way
Eratosthenes was the third librarian of the Library of Alexandria and made many contributions to science.
His best-known achievement came from a letter he received as a librarian from Syene, south of Alexandria.
There was something written that would stick in his mind for a long time. The author of the letter said that on the day of the summer solstice, when he looked into a deep well, he could see himself reflected in the water, and his head hid the sun. is what they said
The story that Columbus discovered that the earth is round is a total lie.
In fact, since the time of Aristotle, every educated person
Aristotle knew from simple observation that the earth was round.
Aristotle proved it.
The shadow of the Earth reflected on the moon is always round, and the shape that creates the round shadow is a sphere.
But no one knew the size of the Earth until Eratosthenes received the letter in question.
He knew that the sun was right above Syene, because when he looked into the well, it was a straight line from the bottom of the well past the man's head to the sun.
Another thing Eratosthenes knew
At noon on the same day of the summer solstice in Alexandria, if you put a stick on the ground, the stick will cast a shadow and the sun will be tilted 7.2 degrees from above.
Now, given the circumference and two points on it, if we know the distance between those two points, we can extrapolate to find the length of the circumference.
360 degrees divided by 7.2 degrees is 50 —
I feel like the story is too good because it's too good, but it's a good story, so let's continue.
Fortunately, geography was Eratosthenes' specialty.
In fact, he was the one who coined the word "geography."
Because the road connecting Syene and Alexandria is a trade route, and merchants need to know how long it will take.
The distance between the two cities was known to be very precise: 500 miles.
Multiply that by 50, and you get 25,000 miles, which is the circumference of the Earth, which is less than 1 percent error from the actual value.
He calculated it 2,200 years ago.
Now, we're living in an era where we're spending billions of dollars on machinery to find the Higgs boson.
We're trying to find subatomic particles that move faster than light, and such discoveries have only been made possible by technological advances in the last few decades.
But for most of human history, we've been forced to use our eyes and our ears and our brains to find out.
Armand Fizeau was an experimental physicist living in Paris.
What he was good at was to refine and validate other people's work. That might sound silly, but it's essential to science, and if it can't be independently verified, it's a scientific fact. I can't say
He was familiar with the story of Galileo's experiments that tried to find out if light had speed.
Galileo came up with an amazing experiment, where Galileo and his assistant had a lamp.
When Galileo opens the lid of the lamp, the assistant also opens the lid of the lamp.
I practiced so that I could do it quickly.
and knowing the reaction time
They did the same thing, standing on hills two miles apart, and Galileo predicted that if light had a perceptible speed, it would appear later.
But light was too fast, Galileo thought light was about ten times faster than sound.
This is orders of magnitude different from reality
Fizeau knew of this experiment, and he lived in Paris,
We built two labs about 5.5 miles apart.
And he solved this Galileo problem with a relatively simple trick.
I used something like this
I'm going to put the remote control away, because I want you to focus on this.
This is a gear with a notch and a tooth
We have a lot
His idea was to use this to send discrete pulses of light.
send a beam through one of the notches
It bounces off a mirror that's 5.5 miles away, and it comes back through the same notch, but when you spin the gears really fast, something interesting happens.
It's slowly starting to block the light coming back.
Why?
That's because the light can't pass through the same notches on the way in and out, and it hits the teeth of the gear.
Spin the gears fast enough and the light will be completely blocked.
Based on the distance between the two labs, the rotational speed of the gear, and the number of notches in the gear, we were able to determine the speed of light with an accuracy of less than 2%.
it was 1849
This is how I approach my science
When I don't quite understand some concept, I look up the person who discovered it.
how did they come to understand the concept
If you follow the trail of the discoverers' thoughts, you'll realize they're not all that different from you either.
Human beings with the same physical body, using the same tools.
I like that each branch of science is called a "field."
A lot of people think of science as a closed black box, but it's actually an open field.
anyone can explore
The people who made these discoveries were just a little more observant, a little more curious.
And their curiosity changed the way people thought about the world and changed the world.
you can change the world
thank you
(applause)
I have one question: Are you religious?
Raise your hand, anyone who considers themselves religious.
Well, maybe 3 or 4 percent.
I didn't know there were so many followers at the TED conference.
(Laughter) Okay, another question. Who considers themselves to be spiritual? Raise your hand in whatever way, form, or form.
Okay, here are the majority.
My talk today is about the main reason, or one of the reasons, why most people consider themselves to be spiritual in some way, form, or form.
My talk today is about self-transcendence.
It's just a basic fact of being human, that sometimes the ego just seems to melt away.
And when that happens, we feel ecstatic, and we turn to the up-and-down metaphor to describe this feeling.
We say exalted or exalted.
Now, it's really hard to think about such abstract things without a good concrete metaphor.
So the metaphor I propose today is this.
Think of it like a house with many rooms, and that you know most of them very well.
But sometimes it seems as if a doorway appears out of nowhere and leads to a staircase.
As you climb the stairs, you experience a state of altered consciousness.
In 1902, the great American psychologist William James summarized a wide variety of religious experiences.
He collected all kinds of cases.
I have quoted all sorts of people, people who have had a variety of these experiences.
One of the most inspiring cases for me was a young man named Stephen Bradley who thought he had an encounter with Jesus in 1820.
Bradley said about it:
(music) (video) Stephen Bradley: I thought I saw the Savior in human form in the room for about a second, with his arms outstretched, and I thought he said to me, "Come on." was broken.
The next day I writhed and rejoiced.
My happiness was so great that I said I wanted to die.
There is no attachment in this world.
Before, I was very selfish and selfish.
But now, wishing for the well-being of all mankind, we can forgive our worst enemies with a compassionate heart.
JH: Notice how Bradley's little moral ego died right on the stairs.
And at this higher level he became a loving and forgiving person.
Many religions of the world have found many ways, ways for people to climb this staircase.
Some people block the ego through meditation.
Others use psychedelics.
This is a 16th century Aztec scroll about a man trying to eat a mushroom containing psilocybin and at the same time being pulled up a flight of stairs by a god.
Others are striving for self-transcendence by dancing, spinning, and circling.
But you don't have to be religious to pass the stairs.
Many people find self-transcendence naturally.
Others overcome their ego at raves.
But the strangest circumstance of all: war.
So many books on war say the same thing. Nothing brings people together like war.
And bringing people together opens up the possibility of extraordinary self-transcendence experiences.
Let me reproduce for you an excerpt from a book by Glenn Gray.
Gray was a soldier in the United States Army in World War II.
And he interviewed many other soldiers after the war to document the men's experiences in battle.
This is the important passage. This is the passage where he roughly describes the stairs.
(Video) Glenn Gray: Many veterans will admit that the experience of working together in battle was the best time of their lives.
``I'' unconsciously moves to ``we'', ``mine'' becomes ``our'', and personal beliefs lose their central importance.
I believe this is nothing but a guarantee of immortality. It will make self-sacrifice so relatively easy in those moments.
I may fall, but I will not die, for what is real in me will live on, in the company that gave its life.
JH: What all of these cases have in common is that your ego diminishes or melts away, and you feel good, really good, in a way that is very different from your normal life.
It feels like something has been lifted.
This idea of ​​rising is central to the writings of the great French sociologist Émile Durkheim.
Durkheim even thinks of us as homo duplexes, ie two-level humans.
The lower level he speaks of is the profane level.
Here profane is the opposite of sacred.
It just means ordinary or mediocre.
In everyday life, we exist as individuals.
We want to satisfy personal desires.
We pursue personal goals.
But sometimes something happens and causes a phase change.
Individuals unite, into one team, one movement, one nation and far more than the sum of its parts.
Durkheim considers this level to be the level of holiness. For he was convinced that the function of religion was to unite people into a collective, a moral community.
Durkheim believes that whatever unites us becomes sacred.
When people surround a sacred object or value, they work as a team and fight to protect it.
Durkheim writes of a set of intense collective emotions and accomplishing the miracle of "one made of many," the miracle of a group made of individuals.
Think of the collective joy in Britain the day World War II ended.
Consider the collective outrage in Tahrir Square that overthrew the dictator.
And think of the collective grief in the United States after 9/11, the grief that we all felt and brought us together.
Let me summarize here.
What I am saying is that the capacity for self-transcendence is a very fundamental part of human existence.
I propose a metaphor, about the stairs of the mind.
We are homo duplexes, this staircase takes us from the profane level to the sacred level.
When you climb this staircase, you're less self-interested, you're just not so selfish, you feel good, you feel noble, you feel like you've been lifted.
Now for a social scientist like me, the difficult question is: Is this staircase a feature of our evolutionary design?
Is this a product of natural selection? Like our hands?
Or is it a bug in the system or a mistake -- is this religious stuff something that happens when the wiring in the brain gets crossed -- Jill had a stroke and had this religious experience. , is that just a mistake?
Well, many scientists who study religion see it this way.
New Atheists, for example, argue that religion is a set of memes, like parasitic memes, that enter our minds and give us all sorts of insane religious beliefs. It makes you do self-destructive things like suicide attacks.
After all, how can losing ourselves be good for us?
How can overcoming self-interest be an adaptation for some organisms?
Let me show you.
In "The Evolution of Man," Charles Darwin devotes much of his time to the evolution of morality -- its origins and reasons.
Darwin wrote that many of our virtues are of little use to ourselves, but they are of great use to our collective.
He wrote of the following scenario, in which two tribes of early humans would have come into contact and competed.
He said, "If one tribe had many brave, caring, and trustworthy members who would always help and protect each other, this tribe would be successful and triumph over the other." .
He goes on to say, "Self-centered, contentious people don't stick together, and if they don't stick together, nothing gets done."
In other words, Charles Darwin believed in group selection.
Now, this idea has been the subject of debate for the past 40 years, and is about to make a spectacular comeback this year, especially with E.O. that we, and some other species, are the product of group selection.
But in fact the idea is as in multi-level selection.
Let's look at it this way: Suppose there is competition both within and between groups.
There's a group of guys on the college crew team.
There is competition within this team.
There are guys competing with each other.
The slowest, weakest rower is removed from the team.
And only a few people end up continuing the sport.
Maybe one of them will go to the Olympics.
So within the team, their interests are actually at odds with each other.
And sometimes it will be advantageous for one of them to interfere with the others.
Perhaps he will speak ill of his greatest rival to the director.
But while that competition runs within boats, this competition also runs between boats.
And when you put them in a boat competing with another boat, you have no choice but to cooperate. For they are all destined together.
Because they can't win unless they come together as a team.
I mean, as old-fashioned as this sounds, this is the profound truth of evolution.
The main objection to group selection has always been that it's good to have a group of collaborators, but that group of collaborators will soon be taken over by free riders. Individuals who seek to exploit the labor of others.
Let me give you an example.
Suppose we have a small group of organisms -- bacteria, hamsters; whatever -- this small group here has evolved to cooperate.
That's great. They eat, protect each other, work together and create wealth.
And as you can see in this simulation, when they interact with each other, they gain points, so to speak, grow, and when they double in size, they split. And this is how they reproduce and the population grows.
But then suppose one of them mutates.
There's a mutation in the gene, and one of them mutates and adopts a selfish strategy.
take advantage of others.
So when green interacts with blue, you see green getting bigger and blue getting smaller.
This is how it unfolds.
We start with just one green and interact with it to gain wealth, ie points and food.
And quickly, the collaborators are over.
The free riders gained the upper hand.
If groups can't solve the problem of free riding, they can't benefit from cooperation, and group selection won't even begin.
But there is a solution to this free-riding problem.
It's not that hard a problem.
In fact, nature has solved this problem many times.
And nature's favorite solution is to put everyone in the same boat.
For example, why do mitochondria in every cell have their own DNA? DNA in the cell nucleus is completely separate and unique.
They're because mitochondria used to be free-living bacteria that together became a superorganism.
Somehow--perhaps one swallowed the other; Wealth is created by division of labour, all greatness is created by cooperation, cloistered within a membrane and becoming a superorganism.
And now let's go back to the simulation and put one of the superorganisms into a bunch of free riders, defectors, scammers, and see what happens.
Superorganisms can basically take anything they want.
It's big, strong, and efficient, so it can take resources from green, defectors, and crooks.
And soon the whole population will actually consist of these superorganisms.
What I've shown you here is sometimes called a major shift in evolutionary history.
Darwin's laws remain the same, but with a new breed of player on the table, things start to look completely different.
This transition was not a one-off natural anomaly, it just happened in some bacteria.
It happened again, about 120 to 140 million years ago, when some solitary wasps started building small, simple, primitive nests, or colonies.
When several hornets come together in the same swarm, they have no choice but to cooperate, because soon they are forced to compete, with other swarms.
And the most cohesive flock wins, just as Darwin said.
These early hornets lead to the bees and ants, the bees and ants that covered the world and changed the biosphere.
And then it happened again, and even more grandly, in the last half-million years, our ancestors became civilized creatures, gathering around fireplaces and campfires, sharing the work, painting their bodies, When you speak your own dialect and at last worship your own god.
Once they were all in the same tribe, they were able to keep the benefits of co-operation trapped within.
And they unleashed a mighty force, the most powerful force the planet has ever known. Human cooperation -- the power of construction and destruction.
Of course, human groups are no match for the cohesion of bees.
A human group may look like a herd for a few moments, but then tends to split up.
We are not forced to cooperate like bees and ants.
Indeed, in many cases, if you look at what happened in the many rebellions of the Arab Spring, many of those divisions were along religious lines.
Nevertheless, when people come together and act all the same themselves, they can move mountains.
Look at the people in these pictures I showed you.
Do you think they are pursuing their own interests there?
Or do they pursue social interests that require them to become immersed and simply part of the whole?
Okay, this is a standard TED talk.
And now I'm going to do the whole talk again, in three minutes, so to speak, in a broader way.
(music) (video) Jonathan Haidt: We humans have a wide variety of religious experiences, as explained by William James.
One of the most common is climbing the secret staircase and losing yourself.
This staircase takes us from the mundane or ordinary life experience upwards to the sacred or deeply connected life experience.
We are Homo Duplex, as described by Durkheim.
And we are homo-duplex because we evolved by multilevel selection, as Darwin explained.
I'm not sure if this staircase is an adaptation rather than a bug, but if it is, the implications are profound.
If it is an adaptation, we have evolved to be religious.
It does not mean that we have evolved to participate in a huge organized religion.
These things are very recent.
We have evolved, I mean, evolved to see the sacred in everything around us and to team up with others to revolve around sacred objects, people and thoughts.
This is why politics is so tribal.
Politics is partly profane, partly self-interest, but politics is also sacred.
It's about participating with others in pursuing moral ideas.
It's about the eternal battle between good and evil, and we all believe we are on the side of the good team.
And most importantly, if this staircase is real, it illustrates the constant undercurrent of modern life's discontent.
For human beings are, to some extent, swarming creatures, like bees.
we are bees We broke out of the herd during the Enlightenment.
We broke the old system and brought liberation to oppression.
We have unleashed earth-changing creativity to create vast wealth and comfort.
These days we fly, like individual bees in freedom.
But we wonder: is this all there is?
What should I do in my life?
What am I missing?
What is missing is that we are homo duplexes, yet modern secular societies are constructed to satisfy our lower, profane selves.
I feel really comfortable being at this lower level.
Please come and relax at my home entertainment facility.
One of the great challenges of modern life is finding a stairway in the midst of junk, and once you reach the top, do something good and noble.
I saw this desire among my students at the University of Virginia.
They all want to find a cause or mission, one to which they can give themselves.
They are all looking for their own stairs.
This gives me hope. People are not selfish at all.
Most people long to overcome their pettiness and become part of something bigger.
And this explains the extraordinary resonance of this simple metaphor evoked almost 400 years ago.
"No man is alone an island.
Every human being is part of the continent, part of the mainland. "
JH: Thank you.
(applause)
I want to talk to you today about the virtual world, the digital globe, the three-dimensional web, the three-dimensional virtual world.
What do these mean to us?
It means the web is going to be attractive again.
Use graphics computer power to reduce waiting times and create highly interactive worlds
By morphing, these apps and possibilities become a compelling web that gives you more data about your life.
Virtual Earth and other pioneering things are, well, extensions of things like search today.
When you think about web browsing, remembering URLs, you're bound by favorites.
Search is about search ranking, web matching and index crawling.
Reliable, we also want to think
I want to manipulate, I want to search, I want to find information.
To do that, as a user, I have to put you back in the driver's seat.
Requires cooperation between you and computer networks and computers
So how do we get you out of the mundane real world and put you back in the driver's seat?
Would you like to make better use of what you have learned so far?
Virtual Earth is the first step towards creating a comprehensive digital representation of the whole world.
We aim to integrate all data
Add tags, add attributes, give basic information to the data, have local information provided, and include local information from a global perspective.
This problem is such a huge undertaking that it's hard to know where to start.
It collects data from satellites, aircraft, ground vehicles and people.
This process has various problems such as technical problems, mechanical problems, logistics problems, and operation problems.
I have aerial camera images
It's panchromatic, and it's a four-color cone.
more multispectral sensitivity
I don't know if you can imagine it, but we're collecting data at 4 Gbps.
This number is the sum of the top speeds of the 12 satellites
We fly about 1500m above the ground by aircraft.
You'll see a camera at the tip, various points, vantage points, angles, picking up textures and bringing them back.
What do things on the ground look like from our perspective? We need to incorporate these experiences as well.
I'm sure you've all seen Apple commercials where they're tinkering with their computers to demonstrate their advantages and ease of use.
By the way, a little-known secret... Have you ever seen a guy's webcam commercial?
This guy has a webcam wrapped around his head
The secret is that his brother works for the Virtual Earth team.
(Laughter) This is where the rivalry between the brothers began.
But it doesn't get in the way of his work
This technology could offer many benefits
After Katrina passed through, we were the first commercial entity to be allowed access to the aircraft disaster area.
I flew to the site, took images of the interior and the affected area, and was part of the first responders to investigate and rescue.
It was often on the virtual earth that we first saw the condition of their homes.
I put it up on the web for free, because it was a great opportunity to help others while achieving my goals.
When you think about how you can integrate it all comes down to soft algorithms and mathematics.
You take an image, but in order to create a 3D model, you need to determine the location information and register that information with the image.
Summarize these and find a point
Determine the exact position from the image
This process is a process that requires very complex calculations, but in fact, until now
was done manually
Hollywood throws millions of dollars into small streets for movie shoots, because it's all done by hand.
They run a car with a laser called LIDAR
Gathering information along with images and creating each building by hand
We use software, algorithms and mathematics, highly automated procedures to build these cities.
We build these cities very cheaply This is how dreams can become reality
We also consider the user interface
What does it mean to be multifaceted?
Ortho imagery Nadia imagery How can we keep the model fluid and maintain image accuracy?
I'd like to finish by showing you the latest virtual earth that hasn't been released yet in the lab.
I think you'll love it, here's our high-res bird's-eye view.
But I've found that this can accommodate the fluidity of 3D models.
Even a child can operate it with a game controller like XBox
Here we're trying to capture an image and display it in 3D space.
You can see all resolutions I'm slowly expanding the image from here
Get next image Blend and transition Like this
Preserving the detail of the original and actually recording the past history
Thanks to the vivid and rich information representation, images can be
Can be viewed from any perspective or direction
We are working on building a virtual world
I want to make computing more user-friendly, and hopefully draw insights from different perspectives for everyone.
Thank you for your time
(applause)
People are very emotional in the recent debates about copyright law, such as SOPA and the ACTA agreement in Europe.
I believe that if we have fair and quantitative evidence, we can contribute greatly to the debate.
So I would like to advocate that whenever we think about this problem, we should justify it with the state-of-the-art mathematical technique, "copyright mathematics."
For example, just recently, the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA) revealed that piracy costs our economy $58 billion each year.
If you're an expert in "copyright mathematics," instead of just arguing about the legitimacy of a dollar amount, you're going to start analyzing it right away and calculate the distance that money travels from this auditorium, across Ocean Boulevard, to the Westin Hotel.
And it'll even reach Mars. (Laughter) On a dime...
This is clearly a powerful number, and some say it offers dangerously powerful insights.
But it's also morally important.
Because this number represents the real economic loss, not just a hypothetical figure derived from the selling price of illegally copied movies.
The equivalent of this loss is America's loss of the entire corn industry, fruit, wheat, tobacco, rice, sorghum, I don't know what it is.
But identifying the real damage to the economy is nearly impossible without using "copyright mathematics."
Since Napster came along, music sales have dropped by about $8 billion each year.
Find these losses
But movie sales, combined with theatrical video and pay-per-view, are on the rise.
Sales from TV satellite broadcasting CATV are also increasing.
Other content such as books and radio — businesses are also seeing increased sales
So it's a mystery what exactly this missing piece is.
(Laughter) (Applause) These huge markets that we've just seen are growing at a pace they're used to, so I don't think piracy could have held back growth. We can conclude that this is for a market without data for a typical year, which means a market that didn't exist in the '90s.
The blank space you're looking at right now is the unknown amount of damage caused by pirated ringtones (laughs).
(Laughter) If you take the $50 billion portion of the annual loss and translate it into 30-second ringtones, and then draw a line over time, it goes from modern times to the time of the Neanderthals.
(Laughter) No, it's true.
(Applause) I'm using Excel.
(Laughter) The film industry also says that piracy is costing America more than 370,000 job losses, which is a pretty big number, because the Bureau of Labor Statistics said in 1998. because it announced that there were 270,000 people working in the film and video industry in
Other statistics show that there were 45,000 people working in the music industry.
So with the advent of the internet and the job losses caused by piracy, the content industry now has a negative workforce.
This example is just one of the amazing statistics that "copyright mathematicians" have to deal with every day.
Some people say string theory is hard, but it's easy.
(Laughter) That's the cliché number that "copyright mathematicians" use.
It shows exactly how much money a media company suffers each time a song or movie is piracy.
We came up with this amount mathematically some time ago, when the film industry, represented by Hollywood, and Congress convened to create a law aimed at copyright protection.
Some say it's too much, but "copyright mathematicians" who work in media lobbying were rather surprised that the damages didn't increase year after year due to the usual inflation.
At the time this bill was passed, the popular MP3 player could only hold 10 songs.
A big hit in the Christmas sales
I don't want $1.5 million worth of stolen goods in my pocket.
(Laughter) (Applause) A modern iPod classic can hold 40,000 songs. That's $8 billion worth of stolen goods. That's $8 billion worth of stolen goods.
(Applause) Or 75,000 jobs... (Laughter)
Or the employment of 75,000 people... (Laughter) (Applause) "Copyright mathematics" may seem a bit strange, but that's why we should leave this field to the experts.
That's all for today
But come and join us next time, where we'll use the same scientific, fact-based examination to talk about the cost of alien music piracy to the U.S. economy.
Hear the cost of alien music piracy to the U.S. economy
(Thank you for applause
(applause)
First, I'd like to talk a little bit about a talk I gave at TEDxHouston.
The morning after that talk, I woke up with the worst "vulnerability" hangover.
It was so bad that I stayed home for three days.
After that, I finally left home because I had a lunch appointment with a friend.
When I walked in, she was already there, and when I sat down, she
"You look terrible already," cut out
I said, "Isn't it? Right now—I can't think of anything."
As she asks, "What happened?"
I replied, "The reason I became a researcher was to avoid being vulnerable.
During my research, I realized that "vulnerability" is absolutely essential to living an honest life, and I ended up telling 500 people that this was a major setback for me.
I don't even know why I thought it was a good idea, even with a slide that said 'frustration' in big letters."
(Laughter) She said, 'I saw the talk livestream.
it wasn't like you
It was a little different than usual, but it was great," he said.
I said, "But it's unacceptable
on youtube on youtube
trying to publish that
Six hundred or seven hundred people are going to see it."
(Laughter) She said, "Well, it's too late."
I said, "Just ask," and she said, "Yes."
I said, ``When we were in college,
You were so fucking stupid, weren't you? ' she said 'yeah'
I was like, 'Remember when I left that awful message on my ex-boyfriend's answering machine?
Have you ever deleted a message? "
(Laughter) She said, "No."
(Laughter) Of course, I immediately answered, "That's right, I'm not like that either."
I thought to myself, "What the hell am I thinking?
Are you talking about this? Are you crazy?
You shouldn't even talk to your sister like that."
I pulled myself together and looked at her, and she said, "Are you sure you want to sneak in and steal the video before it's on YouTube?"
"I was just thinking about it."
(Laughter) She said, "You're a terrible role model for vulnerability."
(Laughter) At the time, I thought I was exaggerating, but in hindsight, I said something like a prophecy.
"If 500 become 1,000 or 2,000, my life is over."
(Laughter) I never thought about preparing for 4 million people...
(Laughter) Well, yes, a lot of people have seen that life is over.
Perhaps the hardest part of my life was the realization that I didn't want to admit it. it means that there is
But I'll tell you what I learned. Two things I learned last year.
The first is that "vulnerability" is not a weakness.
The belief that "vulnerability" is a weakness is a very dangerous one.
Answer honestly. Just to be clear, I'm a trained therapist. When you want to do something or when you talk about being 'vulnerable'
Who thinks "vulnerability" and weakness mean the same thing?
That's a big part.
Who saw "vulnerability" on this stage at TED this week and thought it was pure courage?
Vulnerability is not weakness
I define "vulnerability" as the emotional risk, the possibility of getting hurt, the uncertainty.
“Vulnerability” is the driving force of everyday life
After 12 years of research, I've come to believe that vulnerability is the most accurate indicator of courage: the courage to expose yourself to vulnerability and be honest.
One of the strange things that happened after that TEDTalk explosion was that I started getting requests to speak from all over the country, from schools and parent-teacher conferences to Fortune 500 companies. bottom
A lot of the requests were like, "Mr. Brown, that was a great talk.
Please come and give a lecture.
Regarding the content of the story, I would appreciate it if you would not touch on 'vulnerability' or 'shame'."
(Laughter) So what do you want me to talk about?
There are three
It's usually a request from a company, but it's innovation creativity transformation innovation creativity transformation.
Let me say this for the record: Vulnerability is the source of innovation, creativity and change.
(Applause) To create is to create something that has never existed before.
It doesn't get any more "unprotected"
Being able to adapt to change means being vulnerable.
The second thing I learned last year— Following the first understanding of the relationship between “vulnerability” and courage— Following the first understanding of the relationship between “vulnerability” and courage— Second. All I know is that we have to talk about shame.
tell the truth honestly
It was that TED Talk that made me become a Vulnerability Researcher and make Vulnerability the center of my research -- no joke, it's true.
I will tell you one example
About three months ago, I was at a sporting goods store, shopping for goggles, braces, things my parents would buy.
From about 30 meters away, I heard a voice that said, "Ted unprotected! Ted unprotected!"
(Laughter) I'm a five-generation Texas resident.
Our motto is "load the gun"
I'm not a born "vulnerability researcher"
That's why I kept walking, not worrying about it.
(Laughter) And then, right in the background, I heard a voice say, "Unprotected TED!"
I turned around and said hello
She was right in front of me and said, "You're a frustrated researcher of shame, aren't you?"
(Laughter) By this time, the parents around me were pulling their kids.
I said "don't look"
At this point in my life, I was so exhausted that I looked at it and said, "That was a spiritual awakening."
(Laughter) (Applause) And he said, "I understand."
And he continued, "I saw that TEDTalk at the book club.
And then, after reading your book, we've decided to call ourselves frustrated girls." And she said, "It's such a great feeling when the final lines fall apart." Can you imagine what it became?
When I became Vulnerable TED, like an action figure like Ninja Barbie, I was ready to stop studying shame before I started writing and speaking about vulnerability. I've been doing shame studies for six years now.
No one wants to talk about it because it's already a terrible topic.
Also great for silencing the person next to you on an airplane
"What's your job?" "Study of shame" "Oops..."
(Laughter) Of course, your mind is in full view.
(Laughter) But as I got through last year, I was reminded of an important and basic rule, not a rule of study, but a moral rule that I've been taught since I was a kid: "Dance with the person who invited you." I'm confused."
It wasn't by studying vulnerability that I learned about vulnerability, courage, creativity, innovation.
I learned it through the study of shame.
That's why I'm taking you to a world of shame.
Jungian psychoanalysts call shame "the mud of the soul."
let's step into it now
The purpose is not to soak in the swamp and build a house to live in.
Instead, put on your rain boots and walk around to see what it's like.
Here's why
I've heard the most compelling calls for action to address racial issues here and globally.
how is it? Did you all hear that?
You can't talk about this topic without feeling ashamed.
I can't talk about racial issues without mentioning privilege
Shame freezes me when I talk about privilege.
Also, I've heard of a simple and brilliant solution to prevent the wrong patient from dying in surgery, which is to use a checklist.
Because while I'm teaching you how to stitch together surgically, I'm also teaching you how to stitch together your self-esteem to become omnipotent.
When you're omnipotent, you don't need checklists.
Also, this TED Fellow, I've made a note of his name, Myshkin Ingaware.
Did I say it right? (Applause)
On the first day, I saw a TED Fellow talk about how he was on stage.
Developing the technology to test for anemia, I explained, was what happened because people were dying in vain.
What happened? I made it."
The audience immediately applauded and said, "Well done!"
He said, "But I couldn't test it very well."
"So after 32 iterations, we were finally able to test it," he continued.
What do you think is TED's biggest secret? I'm itching to say
I say without waiting for an answer
(Laughter) TED is like a failure conference.
It's a failure conference, no kidding. (Applause)
See why TED is great?
Because most of the people on stage aren't afraid to fail.
As far as I can see, there's no one on the show who hasn't failed.
I have failed miserably many times
Shame is getting in the way and the world doesn't understand this.
It was Roosevelt's words that saved me last year.
It is a famous word as "the person who stands in the stadium"
As the saying goes, "Those who criticize are worthless.
Pointing at the people who acted from the audience, and pointing out what they should have done, or how they stumbled and failed, there's no value in those who do it.
Honor is given to those who stand in the arena
Those who stand on the field win if they do well, and if they fail, they suffer defeat, but even if they fail and are defeated, that is the result of their daring attempts."
To me, that's what this conference is all about.
To dare to take on the challenge, to stand on the field, this is the meaning of life.
You turn to the stadium, you put your hand on the door, and you think, "Here we go, let's do this."
do you think you can
I didn't even have an MBA. I was abandoned by my wife
My father was in Sing Sing Prison, not Luxembourg.
I know you didn't grow up well
I'm not that pretty, I'm not smart, I'm not talented, I'm not strong
Even when I became CFO, my dad didn't care at all, did he? "
Shame is like this
You put those voices down and you walk into the arena and you think, "Here we go," and you look up and you see the critics pointing and laughing, who is it? Ninety-nine percent of the time—
is myself
Shame binds us with two labels: "You're not good enough."
Shame should be understood differently from guilt, where shame focuses on the person and guilt focuses on action.
Shame is "I'm bad" Guilt is "I did something wrong"
If you do something that hurts me, say, "I'm sorry, it's my mistake."
How many people can say please raise your hand
Guilt is "I'm sorry, it's my mistake"
Shame is saying, "I'm sorry, people like me are wrong."
There's a big difference between shame and guilt
What you should know is that shame is highly correlated with many problems.
Addiction Depression Violence Aggression Bullying Suicide Eating Disorders
Further you need to know
Guilt is inversely correlated with these problems.
The ability to be aware of what we did wrong or failed to do and to look back and compare it with what we want to be is incredibly adaptive.
I can adapt even when I'm uncomfortable.
Another thing to know about shame is that what is shame depends on your gender.
If shame crosses my mind and Chris's mind, I'm sure we both feel the same way.
Everyone here knows the feeling of shame.
The only people who have never felt shame are those who are incapable of relationships and those who lack empathy.
So you're either shameful or you're a sociopath.
so you all know the shame
Men and women feel shame alike, but gender determines what is shame.
The best example would be the Enjoli perfume commercial.
"She hangs the laundry, makes everyone's lunch, sends everyone off with a kiss, and works at nine to five.
I'll buy you some bacon, and while I cook, I'll make you look feminine and always make you think you're a man."
Shame for women is about being able to look like you're doing everything perfectly and yet you're doing it all right.
I don't know how many perfumes the commercial sold, but I'm sure it sold a lot of antidepressants and anti-anxiety drugs.
(Laughter) For women, shame is being surrounded by unattainable, contradictory, conflicting expectations of what a woman should be.
looks like a straitjacket
Shame for men isn't about contradictory and conflicting expectations
There's only one thing to be ashamed of It's something you never want to be thought of What is it?
It means "weak"
In the first four years of my research, I didn't look at men.
Until a man at a book signing said, "It's a very interesting story about shame, but why isn't it for men?" teeth
I said, "That helps." (Laughter)
I said, "Why?" He said, "Because you reached out with this book.
Talk about yourself, show your weaknesses and tell them to be 'vulnerable', right?
You know I got the book signed for my wife and daughters, right? "
I said yes, my family would rather die fighting like a hero
I think it's better than falling off a horse and living
If you ask for help and show your weaknesses, you will be beaten down.
Please don't tell guys, coaches, and dads to show weakness.
No one in my life is stricter than my wife and daughter."
From that point on, I started interviewing and researching men as well.
The answer from the research is this: If there is a woman with whom men can discuss their true weaknesses and fears, then this is a woman who has achieved incredible feats.
If there's a man who can stand by and talk to women when they're exhausted, in the days when women do it perfectly -- no, no, I'm not a man who does housework and says, "Get the dishes out of the dishwasher and put them away. So it should be fine!"
If you have a man who will listen to you - that's all you need - this is a man who has done great things.
Shame is pervasive in our culture
How shame affects us How it affects the way we raise our children How it affects the way we work and how we see each other need to understand
I'll give you a quick rundown of Dr. Mahalik's research at Boston College.
he asked what women should do to be feminine
The most common response in this country is to be nice, thin, humble, and do everything in your power to look good.
When I ask men what they should do to be masculine, the main responses are to always keep your emotions in check, to be work-oriented, to seek high status, and to be violent.
You have to understand empathy, you have to know how to show empathy, because empathy is the antidote to shame.
For shame in a petri dish to multiply explosively, you need three things: secrecy, silence, and judgment.
If you put the same amount of shame in a petri dish and soaked it in empathy, shame can't multiply and it can't survive.
The most powerful words when you're in pain are the words "So do I."
Finally, I'll conclude with this thought.
Vulnerability is the way to go if you're trying to find ways to support each other.
I know you want to stay out of the arena, because you've done it all your life, and you think, "Once I'm perfect enough to bounce bullets, I'm going to get in the arena and give it a bang."
I am fascinated by this
But in reality, it can't be like that.
Even if you were to be the most perfect and able to bounce any bullet and enter the arena, not everyone wants to see you that perfect.
just step into the arena
i want to face it with you
People just want to be brave for themselves, for the people they care about, for the people they work with.
Thank you very much.
(applause)
I'm an industrial designer, so I take the ideas around me and the ideas that geeks come up with and create all sorts of cool things.
I'm a total stranger to biology, chemistry, and engineering, but today I'd like to talk to you about bioengineering.
(Laughter) Please just listen.
Industrial design produces a lot of the exact same thing.
The downside is that the same design lacks individuality. You can't make one product for one person, one problem. Because we aim for products that meet
Disappointed by this process, I decided to rethink and redesign the design itself, so I went back to an inspiration I had long ago, and when I was eight years old, it led me to this person.
If you're from MIT, you'll know, and you may have a tattoo or a poster.
(Laughter) And for those of you who don't, here's a hint: he's an engineer's engineer or a designer's designer.
He's the man who popularized the term "bionics," and who created the "Six Million Dollar Man" that I grew up with in polyester clothes.
There are two things we can learn from this pop culture show. If you're designing for the living, don't settle for the bare minimum. There's a lot more you can do. You can find great meaning in places
And if we can do that, we can improve someone's quality of life every day after that.
I've translated this idea into my design philosophy and realized it in the studio I run now, and I'm trying to spread this idea.
It's a useful philosophy to us, if not a deep one.
We design prosthetic limbs, and the first thing I can say about prosthetic limbs is that they're the best of engineering.
It's got great functionality, and it brings back so many different functions and movements to our lives.
But from an engineering designer's perspective, there's still a long way to go.
It lacks sculptural beauty, individuality, uniqueness and grace.
Prostheses are wonderful mechanical and practical devices.
That's fine, but it doesn't work for many people.
People bring cushioning and duct tape into our studio and try to recreate the original body shape.
They stuff socks into socks and try to recreate the shape of their feet.
For us, the body is not a machine, and it cannot be replaced by purely mechanical solutions.
The body is a unique sculpture, a moving sculpture.
It's also a canvas, representing not only who we are as a person, but also who we are.
If you're designing for the human body, you don't want to design for mass production, you need to design with the body in mind.
The problem is that we're tied to mass production. You can make a lot of the same thing, but you can't make one unique thing in this world.
So in our new design process, we moved away from mass production and started with people.
This is a 3D scanner, and it scans your body, and this is what happens, and the 3D data is sent to a computer.
By inverting the other leg that is functioning, we can reproduce symmetry in everything from that point onwards, which is unique to each individual and difficult to reproduce -- body symmetry.
Whatever product you end up with will be as unique as your fingerprint.
In fact, no two things are the same in this process.
3D CAD computer modeling
At this point, we take in as much information as possible, including individual preferences and personalities, and then 3D print the results.
The resulting part is called a "fairing," named after the panels that shape the bike from mechanical to sculptural.
I tried this process with Chad
Chad is a great footballer who lost his leg to cancer eight years ago.
It's easy to imagine how difficult it would be to play football with titanium pipes instead of legs.
The parts for him were modeled after the shape of a leg, and were intentionally made to look like sporting goods.
It makes it look like it's taken out of a sports bag, and it's also practical in that regard.
two things happened
The first, as expected, was the return of his bodily sensations.
All of a sudden, I could control and feel the ball, because it was like eight years ago.
Because my body remembered it, and secondly, the rest of the team.
I stopped thinking of him as a prosthetic athlete.
Of course, we all knew that, but we stopped paying attention to it, and although we don't claim this value out loud,
I want to cherish
James lost his leg in a motorcycle accident.
Bikes are still central to James' personality and way of life.
look at the arm tattoo
I 3D printed it on his calf, recreated the tattoo, recreated the shape.
We used bike material, and the results are interesting, at first glance,
I don't know where the body ends and the bike starts.The prosthetic limb is a hybrid of the body and the bike.
James liked it (laughs).
We're not trying to create something that looks human. What we're trying to do is be boldly artificial, using shapes that are already there to create something very cool and beautiful, transforming it. Something that makes you want to show the world
is to make
You don't look at him and think, "He's the one who lost his leg and got a prosthetic."
You'd think, "That's kind of cool." Deborah wanted something very sexy, along with recreating the curves of her legs.
I am pleased with this request.
We've 3D printed this lace pattern, which is probably the first in the world, instead of having the lace follow the shape of your leg.
A prosthetic limb with lace contouring the leg
It changed master-servant
I like the way the sun shines through the lace in this photo, and I'm not trying to hide anything.
It reveals a piece of carbon that supports the weight, giving it the shape and contour that her original leg had.
It's just a matter of giving the parts. We also made Deborah a prosthetic limb that fits in the bag.
(Laughter) (Applause) I even made leather laser tattoos, tattoo after tattoo.
Don't you think it would be cool if you could change it?
i like it
I try to capture as much of the person's personality as possible.
This is George's leg. It's due to be finished next week.
This is the raw data from the computers we use, because he's old-fashioned and timeless.
(Laughter) Uwe is proud of his tattoos.
So I decided to laser-tattoo my leather, and yes, partly because I wanted to show off what I could do.
It's also to help you become attached to things that become part of your body.
i think this is very valuable
Tattoos are especially exciting, say, from tattoos that combine a person's tastes and choices with their shape.
For example, what if we remove the person himself?
The only thing that stands out is the tattoo that represents the person's body. Our job is to recreate and represent what is important to a person. attitude or decoration
We capture and represent that person in the best possible way possible. Going back to 3D printing and the production process, we're using the right process to create something that's unique to each person.
It's personalizable, and it's perfect for building complex things.
What if we printed the whole leg?
That's the concept that preceded what we're doing now.
This is a 3D printed leg that's symmetrical to the other leg. It's made in the USA, has a minimal carbon footprint, is recyclable, and costs about $4,000 to make.
It won't break even if you wash it in the dishwasher lol
It's also important, although you might not think about it too much.
It's dishwasher safe, and the idea behind this is that you can take your camera and your laptop anywhere in the world, and you can turn your camera into a 3D scanner, and in a matter of hours, you can do something for someone.
It's a low-budget, high-quality 3D-printed prosthetic limb.
We've proven the concept, so we should be able to do it eventually.
Using good materials, I made this prosthesis for John.As an aside about John's prosthetics, when his fiancée saw this.
(Laughter) Of course I'm joking, and she knows his struggles.
But this includes something very important.
he said "first time"
I never said that
It was a big move for him, because this process is a new way of designing. It's turning the traditional process upside down, having a dialogue between the designer and the end-user, and letting the designer give up some of the initiative -- which the designer doesn't like --.
rather be a curator
The end user gives away his or her body and preferences to the process, and this has something to do with the big shifts happening in the world of design, where it's all about meeting individual needs.
the product is evaluated
The individual is part of the DNA of the final product, not just a layer, but a unique individual.
You judge a product by how well it fits, and I realized this with the first prosthesis I made. When Chad put the prosthesis on, he reached out and touched it.
After thinking about it for a moment, he told us
"It's been eight years since I touched this shape."
It got me thinking, putting all the technology into it, working all night, putting all my heart and soul into it.
It was for this one word
Thank you. (Applause)
i am sure
Global warming is a fact, and I'm an expert on the subject.
The theme this time is national security.
Our country must stop importing oil from enemy countries.
OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries)
Let's go back 100 years, to the year 1912.
you would think it was the year i was born
(Laughter) No, I was born in 1928.
Let's go back 100 years to 1912 and think about the problems our country faced at that time.
It was an energy problem, the same problem we face today. Fuel sources are different.
A hundred years ago, besides coal, of course, we were looking at whale oil and crude oil.
At that time, our country wanted cleaner, cheaper fuel, but it wasn't ours, it was other countries' resources.
In 1912, our country chose crude oil and coal over whale oil.
Now that 100 years have passed, the time has come to make a decision again.
what kind of decision
It's a decision about what resources our country should use in the future.
What's clear is that the resource we're looking for in the future, hopefully, will be cleaner, cheaper, domestically produced, and owned by our country, and we already have that resource: natural gas.
Currently, our country imports 89 million barrels of oil per day from all over the world, although there are some errors.
$3 trillion worth of imports annually
$1 trillion of that goes to OPEC
should stop
The total amount paid to OPEC is $7 trillion. A study last year by the Milken Institute found that $7 trillion has been paid to OPEC for oil since 1976.
This includes troop upkeep and convoy costs.
This is the largest transfer of wealth from one institution to another in human history.
still going on
If you look at the wealth transfer, you can see some arrows pointing from our country to the Middle East.
At the same time, our country is acting as the world's policeman.
How is our country doing to maintain public order in the world?
i know the answer
Not 10% of the people in the audience know the answer How many aircraft carriers are there in the world?
Raise your hand if you know
12 ships
One is under construction by China, and the other 11 are owned by our country.
Why does Japan have 11 aircraft carriers?
Is our country monopolized?
I'm not sure if I'm smarter than anyone
The areas where the carriers are stationed are indicated by the red dots on this slide, five of which are operating in the Middle East, and others are in port in the United States.
I recently returned to America from the Middle East.
So almost all of the 11 ships are located in the Middle East.
why the middle east
To police it, to keep the sea lanes open, to carry oil.
America consumes 20 million barrels of oil a day, which is 25% of the world's daily oil consumption.
Our population is only 4% of the world
it's not unusual
not sustainable
where is our country going
will this continue
of course
This slide shows the period from 1990 to 2040.
demand doubled during this period
70% of petroleum is used as transportation fuel
Someone would say, "We should have more nuclear power, we should have wind and solar."
On the other hand, to reduce our dependence on foreign oil, we need to consider transportation fuels.
Our country consumes 20 million barrels of oil per day. 8 million barrels are domestic and 12 million barrels are imported. Of the 12 million barrels, 5 million barrels are imported from OPEC.
If you compare the world's largest and second largest consumers, Japan has 20 million barrels and China has 10 million barrels.
China has better plans China has some plans Our country has no plans
America has never had an energy plan in its history.
Our country is not even aware of the resources we have.
Over the last 10 years, we've paid OPEC a trillion dollars.
Over the next 10 years, assuming $100 a barrel of oil, we're going to pay $2.2 trillion.
This is also not sustainable
But the days of cheap oil are over.
it's over
Saudi Arabia's stated price is $94 a barrel, to meet its domestic promise.
A US government official told me last week, "Saudi Arabia's oil production cost is $5 a barrel.
price has nothing to do with
We have to pay for their obligation to pay.”
There is no free market for oil
Oil prices are determined by margins
And oil prices are controlled by OPEC countries.
What course should our country take?
Natural gas is the way forward for our country
Natural gas can do anything we want.
Natural gas has an octane number of 130.
25% cleaner than oil
and there are many in the country
No further purification steps required
Extracted from the ground at 130 octane
Ready to use through separator
it's very easy to use
it's easy to implement
I'll talk to you soon about what you need to do to make it happen.
Please see this table before
Natural gas is suitable for all applications
All can be replaced or newly used
Power generation, transportation fuel, backup fuel for peak times, etc. are all possible.
Does our country have enough natural gas?
Look at the leftmost bar graph, 24 trillion cubic feet is
Annual consumption in Japan
The outlook for future natural gas reserves, according to the EIA (Energy Information Administration) and the energy industry -- we've got it all figured out -- we have 4,000 trillion cubic feet of natural gas available.
How much is this in terms of barrels of oil?
That's three times the amount Saudi Arabia claims.
They say we have 250 billion barrels of oil, but that's too much.
probably 175 billion barrels
Whatever the case may be, our country has vast amounts of natural gas.
So let's focus on what we use natural gas for.
I'm looking for a large trailer.
There are 8 million trailers
Eight million trailers -- I mean 18-wheel heavyweights -- all natural gas vehicles would cut CO2 emissions by 30 percent, and it would be cheaper, and we'd save three million barrels of oil imports.
8 million trailers alone could reduce imports from OPEC by 60%
America has 250 million cars
Natural gas plays a role as a bridge fuel, and that's my view.
At my age, I don't worry about the bridge
(Laughter) That's your problem.
Considering the amount of natural gas that our country owns, for the time being, the natural gas bridge will probably be natural gas itself.There is such an abundance of natural gas.
As I said, anything made in America is fine.
So far I've talked about realists, from theorists to realists.
back to the theorists
Globally, there are methane hydrates in the oceans around the periphery of every continent.
If methane is what you're looking at and you decide that's the way to go, methane is also an abundant resource -- natural gas is also methane, so methane and natural gas are very similar. It's not the beginning of the story. It's up to you, but methane hydrate is another abundant resource.
What I'm saying is that we should take advantage of our domestic resources.
So -- oil costs today are $1 billion a day.
Despite that, we don't even have a good energy plan.
There's not one federal plan that's great, and the 8 million trailers is the exception that I'm looking at.
If we can do this, we can take the first step in developing an energy plan.
Then we'll find it much easier to use the resources that we have.
thank you very much
(Thank you for applause
You used to have a grand Pickens plan to promote wind power, but you abandoned it for economic reasons.
What happened?
I lost 150 million dollars
(Laughter) So I gave up.
What actually happened is that power is priced on margins.
That is the price difference with natural gas.
When we got into wind, natural gas was $9.
It's now $2.40
Less than $6 per million cubic feet for wind power
So as advances in fracking technology rapidly increased extractable natural gas reserves, prices plummeted, rendering wind power uncompetitive.
is that the point
It is certainly so
We've developed a method for mining deep underground shale layers, or shale layers.
Starting in Barnett Shale, Texas, north to Marcellus, across New York, Pennsylvania, West Virginia, and to Hainesville, Louisiana.
active everywhere
Natural gas has become overwhelming.
Now you're a big investor trying to create a natural gas market.
I say big investor.
for me it's life
He's my geologist, and I've devoted my life to this business since I graduated in 1951.
I now own stock
I'm not a giant natural gas producer
Someone said one day that I was the second largest natural gas producer in America.
it would be nice
But I'm not a producer I'm a shareholder
But I'm also in the fuel supply business
Natural gas is a fossil fuel
Burning it releases carbon dioxide.
For those of you who are convinced of the threat of climate change
don't you worry about this
but you'll have to use something
what can you substitute
(Laughter) No, I agree with the bridging fuel argument, which has a lower carbon footprint per unit than oil or coal.
In that sense, everyone can understand the shift from coal and oil to natural gas.
But if that's the only reason we don't invest in renewable energy, it's not going to be good for us in the long run.
I'm not going to give up, but Jim and I had a conversation, and I said, "What do you think of natural gas?"
He said, "Natural gas is a bridging fuel."
I said, "What am I bridging to?
where is the destination? "said
I repeat, I don't need to worry about it.
it's your problem
but that would be wrong
you take pride in your business
you made as much money as you needed
So you're one of the few people with influence who can advance this debate.
Do you agree with the idea of ​​a carbon tax?
Do you think it's convincing?
I don't agree with you because in the end it will be run by the government.
such a thing will fail
The government has never been successful in this sort of thing.
The government can't do this, it's not a good idea
Solindra is an example, there are many others.
I've been told over and over that it's a bad idea each time, but I'm doing it without listening.
It ended up just blowing $500 million.
may be closer to $1 billion
As for where we're headed, in the long term, I wouldn't mind going back to nuclear power.
I can assure you that what will be on the last page of a report that takes five years to write.
One is not to build reactors on top of faults.
(Laughter) And two, don't build nuclear reactors in the ocean.
nuclear reactors are very safe
You can choose land with solid ground inland to build a nuclear reactor.
There is nothing wrong with nuclear power
you need energy it's clear
don't you
A question from the audience is about fracking and the problem of methane leakage in the natural gas production process. Methane is a worse global warming gas than carbon dioxide.
what about this
what is tracking
It's fracking
I was just kidding
(laughs) It seems that we both have an accent in our words.
Okay, let me explain. I've already said my age.
Graduated from college in 1951
The first time I saw fracking technology was at the Texas border in 1953.
Fracking technology came out in 1947, and when the president says that fracking technology was developed by the Department of Energy 30 years ago, it's hard to believe.
i wonder what he's saying
Seriously, the Department of Energy has nothing to do with fracking.
The first application of fracking was in 1947
Ever since I saw it in 1953
We have installed over 3,000 locations so far.
Never had a problem Never destroyed an aquifer or anything
Today, North America's largest aquifer stretches across eight states in Central Texas and South Dakota, and is the giant Ogallala Aquifer, dating from the Triassic period.
Over 800,000 oil wells would have been drilled in Oklahoma, Texas, Kansas, where that aquifer is located.
but there's nothing wrong
I don't understand why the media is obsessed with eastern Pennsylvania.
So you don't support any carbon tax or price hike?
So what you envision is that the world that will eventually move away from fossil fuels will come from the ultimate technological breakthrough, where solar and nuclear power will eventually become price-competitive.
On solar and wind, Jim and I agreed in 13 seconds.
Both are small percentages because the power generation is unpredictable.
So how can we move away from fossil fuels?
how to migrate
Natural gas is plentiful. It won't come anytime soon.
You should keep using it, it's the cleanest fuel.
2,500 buses in California run on natural gas
LAMTA (Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority) has 25 years of experience with natural gas
The Fort Worth Transit Authority in Texas is also 25 years old.
The reason we use natural gas instead of diesel is to combat air pollution.
Why Southern California Garbage Trucks Are Using Natural Gas
Air pollution control
I know what you mean and I have no objection
How and when to transition from natural gas
that's your problem
(Laughter) Okay, okay, so natural gas is a bridge fuel.
We have to find an alternative energy destination
If someone came up with a plan and it looked like it could be the solution, would you be prepared to invest in that technology, even if it wasn't maximizing profits, but it was the best solution for the future of the planet?
Lost $150 million in wind power
Of course I'll listen to you
Because, again, I want to solve America's energy problem.
Anything made in America is fine with me.
Thank you very much for this conversation.
I'm sure a lot of people would love to talk to you
Thank you for your precious story
Thank you very much. You're welcome. Thank you. (Applause)
One in two women will develop some form of cardiovascular disease in their lifetime.
So it's the leading cause of death for women.
Strangely enough, many people do not know
So I'm going to take this on a personal level -- I'm going to talk about the relationship between you and the heart, and the relationship between all women and the heart -- but I'm going to expand on the politics.
Because even familiar things are related to politics
politically not enough
We've seen women beat breast cancer through breast cancer prevention campaigns, and that's what we need for heart disease.
Since 1984, heart disease has killed more women than men in the United States.
People used to think that heart disease was primarily a man's disease, but they were wrong.
I definitely learned that
Gender discrimination is not good, but if you dare to be gender discrimination, this is actually a woman's disease.
now it's a woman's disease
Look at this line of men, the death rate is getting lower and lower.
And the gap with the women's line from 1984 is widening.
The gap between the number of women dying of heart disease and that of men is widening.
No known risk factors have changed in such a short time.
What you can see from this graph is that at the national level, diagnostics and treatments have been developed that were developed by men for men, and that's the result of 50 years of doing so. Well, it didn't work for women.
In the 1980s, it made headlines
Heart disease kills more women at any age than breast cancer.
About a breast cancer prevention campaign -- not really a competition.
I want it to be that good
If it wasn't that good, people wouldn't know about this crisis.
I often see people who are surprised to see this
When you think of a woman who has breast cancer, it's often a young woman.
If you think of heart patients, you don't see young women.
let me tell you why
Heart disease is life-threatening, and it often kills in a short amount of time.
Half of all men and women who are first diagnosed with heart disease have sudden cardiac death. There's no time to say goodbye, no time to go through chemotherapy, no time to pick out a wig.
breast cancer death rate is down to 4%
It's the result of 40 years of hard work by women.
Betty Ford and Nancy Reagan have announced that they've beaten breast cancer, and the topic of breast cancer is acceptable.
doctors have helped
research has also been carried out
We now have effective treatments
Increased life expectancy
the same should be done for heart disease
now is the time
We are indebted to these two women.
Barbara Streisand, in this wonderful movie called "Love Yentle," she played a young woman who wanted an education.
Studying the Jewish Talmud
How did she get the chance to get an education?
had to pretend to be a man
she dressed as a man
I had to make people think I was a man, and that's how I got the same rights as men.
Bernadine Healy Dr. Healy was a cardiologist.
Around that same time, in the 1980s, she noticed that more and more women were dying of heart disease, and she wrote an article in the New England Journal of Medicine that she called it Yentl syndrome.
The number of women dying from heart disease continues to rise.
Mortality isn't going down, it's going up
And she questioned and hypothesized, could this be Yentl syndrome?
this is what the article is about
Because women and men look different, heart disease doesn't follow the same pattern as men, heart disease is not diagnosed, despite the best diagnostic and treatment methods that have been developed over the last 50 years of research.
The hypothesis is that it is overlooked
They assumed that they weren't treated, they weren't even detected, they weren't benefiting from modern medicine.
Dr. Healy later became the first female director of the National Institutes of Health (NIH).
The National Institutes of Health is the world's largest biomedical laboratory.
much of my research
We provide research funds for various other studies
Her becoming director is a big deal.
She started the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) against much opposition She started the Women's Health Initiative (WHI)
Every woman here benefits from WHI.
Education about hormone replacement therapy and
osteoarthritis
Spread knowledge about breast cancer and colon cancer in women
Despite all the wonderful wealth of knowledge, unfortunately, there were many who objected that it was too costly.
It's like saying, "Women aren't worth that much."
she insisted on the value of women
The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, which is part of WHI, is the NIH cardiology agency.
I started the WISE study. WISE stands for "Women's Ischemic Heart Disease Assessment."
It's about focusing and exploring what's happening to women.
“Why are more and more women dying from ischemic heart disease?”
WISE started 15 years ago with, "Let's explore some important cases."
A colleague who was in Washington at the time
I published a paper comparing when women died of heart attacks to when men died of heart attacks -- something that happens to millions of people every day -- and in women, lipid plaques -- this is the coronary arteries. It's through here that blood is carried to the heart - in this woman, the blood vessels are generally eroded, and in this man, they're ruptured.
An interesting analogy seems to come to mind.
(Laughter) Let's start by describing a male heart attack.
Familiar in Hollywood Woo
sharp chest pain
The electrocardiogram changes, and the doctor can see an abnormal electrocardiogram.
I have a blood clot in my artery
Rapid clot removal in the catheter lab
This is a man's heart attack
This type is also seen in women, but in women who have had a heart attack, where the erosion is not completely clogged with blood clots, the symptoms are milder and the ECG results are different. This is the pattern for women.
What happens to women like this?
No diagnosis, sent home
"Maybe it was indigestion?"
So we looked at something like this, because today's medical technology allows us to see inside the body, and with this special catheter, we can do IVUS (intravascular ultrasound).
We also hypothesized that women's lipid plaques might actually be different and deposited differently than men's.
It's common knowledge about how to gain weight, but it's different for women and men
Where do men get fat when they gain weight?
here it is local
what about women
the whole body
Cellulite here Cellulite here
Women are like flattening out the trash neatly, like flattening it out
Men just pile up in one place
So I looked at this
The yellow part is lipid plaque. A is a male.
bumpy
The inside of the coronary artery looks like a beer belly
B is a woman, refreshing
It's neat and tidy
(Laughter) And when you do an angiogram, and you've colored it red, you can see the disease in the man.
In other words, 50 years of rigorous angiography technology have allowed us to easily detect male-patterned disease.
Women's diseases are invisible
so this was a discovery
What do you mean by
No one finds anything abnormal when they do an angiogram on a woman.
So we're developing a non-invasive test that's less invasive.
In the future, ideally, we'll be able to do all of this non-invasively.
And 50 years of experience with non-invasive stress testing has allowed us to evolve stress testing to detect male-pattern heart disease negatively.
This is an image of a heart MRI
The Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute at the Women's Heart Center does this test.
I used this as a test method.
General regional hospitals don't have it, but I'd like to have it someday
We're two and a half years into our five-year research plan.
It was the only way to see inside the heart.
If you look carefully, there's a dark shadow over there.
This is microvascular occlusion.
This female pattern syndrome is called microcoronary dysfunction or microcoronary embolism.
Another advantage of using MRI is that there is no radiation.
It's not like a CAT scan or an x-ray, or a thallium scintigraphy, because women have their breasts in front of their hearts, and their breasts are in front of their hearts, so even with very low doses of radiation, you're always thinking, "Do I really need it?"
In that respect, MR is very grateful.
It's not yet a routine test, but it's an area of ​​active research in which studying women's medicine will advance medicine in general.
What happens when we don't find female-patterned heart disease?
This is an image that I used in a paper I published this summer in the European Heart Journal.
I hope this illustration helps you understand why so many women are still dying of heart disease, despite adequate treatment.
If a woman has male-pattern heart disease and looks like Barbara in the movie, she can get treatment.
If you're like Barbara here with her husband, woman-pattern heart disease, you can't get treatment.
It's a life-saving treatment
The part circled in red is the mortality rate.
this is what it is
That's the female pattern, and why we think Yentl's syndrome explains this gap.
I also have some great news from my research into women's heart disease.
One cutting-edge technology that we're very excited about is stem cell therapy.
What's the big physiological difference between women and men?
why do women and men exist
women give birth to new life
All new life is stem cells
So I hypothesized that female stem cells might be better at finding wounds, repairing injuries, and maybe even creating new organs, as promised in stem cell therapy. yeah
These are female and male stem cells
If your internal organs are damaged, if you have a heart attack, you want to repair the damaged parts.
Or would you prefer someone who has gone out somewhere for lunch?
(Laughter) Our research team has shown that female stem cells -- which we've demonstrated in animals, and are gradually doing in humans -- that female stem cells are better, even in a man's body, than putting male stem cells into a man. do the work
And when you think about this physiology of women -- we're talking women and heart disease here, because women live longer, on average -- that unlocking and understanding the mysteries of women's physiology is important for everyone. lead to help
Not a zero-sum game
let's get back on track
Remember, since 1984, more and more women have died from cardiovascular disease.
What has happened in the last 15 years of research
The growth of this graph
have succeeded in suppressing
And just like breast cancer, doing research and raising awareness does work, we should do more.
but i'm still not satisfied
Two to three times more women die than men
What I'm trying to tell you is that women live longer overall, and women live longer overall, so in theory, if they get treatment, they should have a better prognosis than men.
This is where we are, and we still have a long way to go.
15 years of research
By comparison, 50 years of research into male-patterned heart disease.
35 years behind
But I can't wait another 35 years.
I don't think it really costs that much.
I can't stop now
many lives are at stake
what should i do
I hope that people will take more interest in the heart.
Women are probably aware of breast cancer, and I've made that public in my awareness campaigns.
More women undergoing mammography
and fundraising
women actively
Don't just talk, put it into action and actively support the campaign.
I want heart disease to be the same
From here on it's political
From a government budget standpoint, sometimes it's acceptable, sometimes it's unacceptable.
The budget is a repetition of abundance and depletion
So please, join me in raising money for the Red Dress campaign.
Breast cancer is the leading killer of women, but heart disease is an even bigger killer.
If we could raise awareness among women, as we did with breast cancer, we could save many lives.
thank you
(applause)
my name is taylor wilson
I'm 17 years old, and I'm a nuclear physicist. Believe it or not, it is.
My point is that nuclear fusion is the bridge to the future that T. Boone Pickens was talking about.
The future of human energy lies in nuclear fusion.
The second thing I want to make is that even children can change the world.
(Applause) How do I know the future of energy?
Because when I was 14, I built my own fusion reactor.
This is the inside of my fusion reactor
I started this project when I was 12 or 13.
I wanted to make a star
Many of you will probably say, you can't do nuclear fusion.
I've never heard of a nuclear power plant that uses nuclear fusion energy.
certainly not worth it
You don't produce more energy than you put in, but you can still do pretty amazing things.
I assembled this in my garage, and it's now in the physics department at the University of Nevada.
We collide deuterium, which is hydrogen with extra neutrons.
It's similar to the proton chain reactions that take place inside the sun.
Because they hit each other so hard, the hydrogen fuses together, creating a byproduct in the process, and we're using that byproduct.
I got an award at last year's Intel International Science and Technology Fair.
We've developed something that replaces the current detectors of the Department of Homeland Security.
For a few hundred dollars, we've got a detector that's better than a detector that costs hundreds of thousands of dollars.
I made this in my garage
(Applause) And we've also developed a system for making medical isotopes.
A device that can produce isotopes on a very small scale without the need for multi-million dollar facilities.
That's my fusion reactor right now in the background.
I'm in front of the control panel of a fusion reactor.
I'm making raw uranium ore in my garage, so my nuclear program is as advanced as Iran's.
I hate to admit
This is me at CERN in Switzerland, the best particle physics lab in the world.
I'm presenting my homeland security research to President Obama.
(Applause) I've been doing nuclear research for seven years, starting with a dream of building a star in a bottle in my garage, meeting the president, and building something that can change the world. I think
thank you
(applause)
I have sent you today's recommended intake poems.
And to do that, I'm going to show you an animation of five of my poems.
First of all, let me tell you a little bit about how it happened.
Because combining these two media is kind of unnatural and unnecessary.
When I was Poet Laureate of the United States... I can't tell you what this sounded like.
(Laughter) I think it's a perfect start.
When I was Poet Laureate, advertising agency J. Walter Thompson came up with an idea for the Sundance Channel.
The concept was that I would recite a poem and animate it.
At first, I was reluctant, because I always thought that poetry stands alone.
Attempts to put music to my poems have always been disastrous.
A poem written with sound in mind is already given its own verbal music at the time of its creation.
Also, when you read a poem about cows, you probably don't need a picture of a cow on the opposite page.
I have to leave the reader a little room for imagination.
But what made me change my mind was that it had interesting potential, and I've been an anime fan myself since I was a kid.
It was Warner Bros., Merrie Melodies and Looney Tunes, rather than Emily Dickinson or Coleridge or Wordsworth that inspired my imagination.
Bugs Bunny is my source of inspiration
It also paves the way for poetry to appear on television.
I'm all for putting poetry out in public, on the bus, on the subway, on billboards, on cereal boxes.
Back when I was Poet Laureate -- I've said it again, I can't help but -- (Laughter) I was doing a poetry show for Delta Airlines, and it's been two years. lasted about
So you can enjoy the poetry channel while you're flying.
The way I feel about it, it's a good idea to take poetry off the bookshelf and put it in everyday situations.
You can create an encounter with poetry, and this is an idea that I would like to incorporate.
When you see poetry on billboards, on radio programs, on cereal boxes, you're suddenly exposed, leaving no time to deploy the anti-poetry shield many people wear in high school.
so let's look at the first
It's a short poem entitled "Budapest," in which I reveal, or pretend to reveal, the secrets of my creative process.
"Budapest"
My pen moves across the page like the snout of a strange animal Shaped like a man's arm Wearing a loose green sweater sleeve
It sniffs tirelessly across the paper, watching intently like a hunter who only has grubs and insects to feed him today.
My only wish is to be here tomorrow too If I could wear a plaid shirt sleeve, it wouldn't matter, I would press my nose into the paper and draw more lines like a mission, while I would look out the window and see Budapest. and other cities I've never been to
I'm making it look a little easier
(Applause) Writing isn't that easy for me.
But I want to make it look like it's easy
After an introductory poetry class, a student came up to me and said, "Poetry is harder than writing, isn't it?"
(Laughter) So at least I want it to look like it's just flowing.
A friend who is also a poet often says
"If it doesn't work the first time, hide all traces of your attempts."
(Laughter) The next poem is also short.
Poetry is just saying a few things differently.
This poem boils down to, "Sometimes I end up eating a bear, and sometimes I end up being eaten by a bear."
And here we're using the imagery of furniture in a doll's house.
"Sometimes"
Sometimes I put people on a table, and if they can bend their joints, they bend their legs at the knees and put them in a little wooden chair.
The man in the brown suit and the woman in the blue dress are standing motionless and well-behaved all afternoon, staring at each other.
Other times, I'm the one who's picked up and put down in the dining room of the doll's house to sit at a long table with the others.
it was totally funny
But how would you feel if you didn't know how you were going to spend each day? What if you didn't know if you'd spend your time striding around like a dynamic god with shoulders reaching for the clouds, or if you'd spend your time sitting surrounded by wallpaper and staring straight ahead with your little fake face?
(Applause) There's something about this that feels like a horror movie.
The next poem is called "Forgetting," and it's kind of a poetic essay on the subject of memory decline.
This poem opens with a kind of forgetfulness, some people call it literary amnesia, which is forgetting what you've read.
"forget"
The author's name is the first to be lost, and then, before you know it, the title, the plot, the heartbreaking ending, the whole novel is gone, and suddenly it's something you've never read, something you've never heard of.
One by one, the memories that once held me, it's as if I've decided to retreat to a small fishing village in the southern hemisphere where the phones don't work.
Long ago I kissed the names of my nine muses goodbye and watched quadratic equations pack their bags.
Even now, since I can't remember the order of the planets, something else slips through my mind: the state flower, my uncle's address, the capital of Paraguay.
Whatever you struggle to remember doesn't even hit your throat, or even hide in an obscure corner of your spleen.
I've drifted away on a mythical dark river, whose name begins with an L as far as I can remember, but on its way to oblivion, forgetting even how to swim and ride a bicycle. I will soon join those who have left
No wonder you wake up in the middle of the night and open a war book to find the date of a famous battle.
No wonder the moon outside the window looks like it's slipped out of the love poems you used to say in the sky
(Applause) The next poem is called "The Countryside."
He was and still is a country house in Vermont
i live in new york
We used to come and go with each other
When I went to the countryside, he would hunt deer, which was pretty much the equivalent of getting lost with a gun... (Laughter) Or teach me how to fish for trout.
When he came to New York, he told me what I knew, and it was mostly alcohol and tobacco.
(Laughter) So that's how we exchanged knowledge with each other.
The poem that follows is based on his attempt to teach me a little bit about the domestic etiquette of rural life, which I found hard to understand at first.
See "Countryside"
"country"
I wondered when you said you shouldn't leave a box of matches in the house that could be lit anywhere, because a mouse might get in and start a fire.
But when you closed the lid of the round can that you always keep your matches in, your face was very serious.
how can i sleep that night
A mouse comes through the cold water pipes behind the floral wallpaper With a match in its sharp teeth How can I get rid of this madness from my head?
As the mouse turns a corner Its blue tip scrapes against a rough-hewn beam Suddenly flames rise and shine brightly In that moment The creature suddenly leaps through time Now fire-starter Leader of a now-forgotten ritual Little brown How can I not imagine being a druid and lighting up the ancient night?
How can you go unnoticed by the look of wonder on the little faces of your fellow rats, lit up in the burning insulation They were the former inhabitants of your old home in the country?
(Applause) Hi
(Applause) The last poem is "The Dead."
I wrote this after a friend's funeral, but it wasn't so much about the friend, but rather about a story that eulogists often say, "Looking down at all the people gathered, how happy the deceased is."
For me, having to rejoice at my own funeral didn't seem like a very good way to start life after death.
Now listen to a short poem called "The Dead."
"dead"
They say the dead are always looking down on us
As they put on their shoes and make their sandwiches They're looking down from heaven's glass-bottomed boat Slowly rowing through eternity
Watching the tops of our heads move around in the underworld
When we lie in the fields or on the couch, lured by the whispers of a warm afternoon Thinking they're staring back Pull up the oars and shut up Wait like parents for us to close our eyes there is
(Applause) I don't know if other poems will be animated.
This combination is rather rare because it takes time, and it takes time to bring the two together.
But it took me a long time to put wheels on my suitcase.
(Laughter) Wheels have been around for a long time. (Laughter)
And pulling heavy loads
(Laughter) I have time left to read one very recent poem.
If this poem has a theme, it's adolescence.
I wrote it for someone
The title is "To my favorite 17-year-old high school girl"
Did you know that if you had started building it the day you were born, the Parthenon would have been completed in a year?
Of course, it's not something that one person can do.
Don't worry, you'll be fine just the way you are.
you are loved as yourself
But did you know? In your year Judy Garland made $150,000 a movie, Joan of Arc led the French to victory, and Blaise Pascal cleaned his own room—no, he invented the calculator. the one?
Of course, there's still plenty of time left in your life to do that, even after you've left your room and it's blooming beautifully, or at least after you've picked up all your socks.
For some reason, I often think of Lady Jane Gray becoming Queen of England when she was just 15.
However, since he was decapitated after that
(Laughter) Centuries later, when you were your age, Franz Schubert was washing the dishes and helping out at home, but at a young age he wrote two symphonies, four operas, two solemn masses. I am composing
(Laughter) Of course, this is in Austria, the pinnacle of lyrical romanticism, and not here in the suburbs of Cleveland.
(Laughter) Frankly, I don't care that Annie Oakley was a sharpshooter at 15, or that Maria Callas made her Tosca debut at 17.
As you are, you are special, toying with food and staring into the air.
(Laughter) By the way, it's a lie to say that Schubert was washing the dishes, but that doesn't mean he didn't help around the house.
(Laughter and applause) Thank you very much.
(Applause) Hi
(applause)
Actually, I'm quite confused, is it okay to talk like this in front of energetic people like you?
In the words of Gloria Steinem, in the words of Gloria Steinem, "The truth will set you free, but first it will make you angry." it's death in the 21st century
One infuriating truth is that we will all die in the 21st century.
no exceptions
(Laughter) Unfortunately, that's not the case.
Ten minutes from now, 100 million cells will die while I'm talking, and 2,000 brain cells will die today, so you could say the death process starts early.
About death in the 21st century, the second thing is that it's inevitable, and it's a little bit tragic. must
that's the truth
It's maddening, but can we be free?
Intensive care is my job. I went through the heyday of intensive care.
It was the best
A monitor or a machine that makes sounds
There are many workplaces
Because of this amazing technology, the mortality rate for Australian men has been cut in half since I started working, thanks to intensive care.
It's also thanks to the use of various technologies.
It was so successful that I got so carried away that I started using words like "lifesaving."
I apologize for the misunderstanding
What we do is prolong life, we can postpone death and detour it, but we can't save life permanently.
Working in intensive care, I see firsthand that the people whose lives we saved in the '70s and '90s are dying in the 21st century from diseases for which there is no cure.
There's been a big shift in the way people die, and many of the causes of death today aren't as treatable as they were in the '80s and '90s.
I was so caught up in this response that I didn't really explain what was going on.
I met this guy in the late '90s and it woke me up.
His name is Jim Smith
the thin one is his hand
let's see how he is
called a pulmonologist
"I have a patient with pneumonia.
"We have a patient with pneumonia who needs intensive care.
My daughter is telling me to do everything in my power."
It's a familiar word to us.
When I went to the hospital room to see how things were going, my skin became transparent.
I can see the bones
I was very thin and had severe pneumonia. I couldn't talk about it, so I turned to my daughter, Kathleen, and said, "Have you ever discussed what you would do in a situation like this?"
She looked at me and said, "No way!"
I thought, "I need to calm down."
After a while, she said, "I thought it was a long way off."
Jim was 94. (Laughter) And then I realized something was missing.
There is no dialogue that should be there
So we started a survey, and we reached 4,500 people living in nursing homes around Newcastle, and only 1 in 100 had a plan in case of cardiac arrest.
1 out of 100 people
Only 1 in 500 people think about what to do when they're in critical condition.
I realized that this dialogue is not being done at all in society at large.
Currently working in emergency medicine
John Hunter Hospital
This is not how it should be in our hospital
My colleague, Lisa Shaw, and I went through hundreds of medical records, looking for recorded conversations where patients would discuss their wishes if the treatment they were receiving was not working and they were likely to die.
Nowhere in the records initiated by the doctor or the patient was there a single hope for goals, treatments or outcomes.
I finally realized that this is a problem, and the problem is even more serious, because
We all know that we all die, but the way we die is also important, because it affects not only the lives of those who die, but also the lives of those who are left behind.
The way you die lives on in the minds of those left behind. The stress that death brings to families is enormous, and dying in intensive care is seven times more stressful than dying anywhere else.
Unfortunately, the number of people dying in intensive care units is rising rapidly, and one in 10 people is likely to die in intensive care units.
In the United States
1 in 5 Miami 3 in 5
That's the momentum. This is the current situation.
Here's why
four ways to die
everyone will die from this one
What you're most familiar with is sudden death, whose importance is becoming a thing of the past.
With the number of people here, no one dies suddenly.
Sudden death is rare
No more tragic heroine deaths
Young people are more likely to die from this terminal disease
Less than 80 years old
Only 1 in 10 people over the age of 80 die from cancer
Here are the causes of death that are increasing significantly
More and more people are dying from organ failure. When an organ stops working, whether it's the respiratory system, the heart, or the kidneys, they go to the emergency room and continue treatment until they're told they've had enough.
And this is the biggest growth area, and six out of 10 people in this room today will die because of this. It's the leading cause of death.
Are you enjoying yourself? (Laughter) (Laughter) I feel like a tragic prophet.
(Laughter) Let's talk lightheartedly to debilitating old age.
that many people live longer
it used to be different
The longer you live, the more you die this way. Only old age extends, not young.
Unfortunately, (Laughter), we hospitals and others have not overlooked the issue of death.
We started a series of projects to get people more involved in contingency preparedness.
Of course, I was aware of the cultural issues. It's a Klimt painting, and if you look closely, it's really about the essential things: life and death are clearly separate, and fear, and there's a woman with her eyes open.
Death is aiming at her Can you see it?
she is scared
it's a great picture
For cultural reasons anyway
I expected that people don't want to hear about death.
So we got funding from the government and public health agencies to implement proactive care planning in our hospital.
Hundreds of trained people visited hospital wards to tell patients stories of death and ask them about their end-of-life hopes.
Patients and families are very happy
98% thought this was the way normal practice should be.
All the wishes that were conveyed have come true
I was able to do it
But the budget ran out, and when I checked six months later, it had been discontinued.
It's such a shame, I thought it would work
The problem of a culture that hates death is deeply rooted.
It's really important to think seriously about whether it's okay to take the expressway to ICU. The older you get, the less you can do in ICU.
There has to be a side road for those who don't want that road.
I have small ideas and big ideas for the future.
the smaller one
Join us in a low-tech way, like Jason suggested.
Have these conversations with the elderly and dying.
two things you can do
The first is a simple, foolproof question that anyone can ask.
"If you're in serious condition and can't communicate, who would you like to speak for you?"
It's an important question because having the power to decide who to speak for you makes a difference.
The second is, "Have you left anything out of the way for your spokesperson to tell us what's important?"
that's a small idea
the bigger one
let's all work together
We Should "Occupy Death"
(Laughter) My wife said, "Oh yeah yeah
Sit-ins in the morgue." (Laughter) It didn't go that way, but it just clicked.
actually i'm a hippie
It may not look like it at my age, but my kids were born in the '80s through home births, which was a hot topic at the time. We're the baby boomer generation, so we wanted to take control of everything, so we replaced the "birth" of those days with the "death." "Peace, love, natural death," I think.
We need to take back processes from the current healthcare-focused model.
Sounds like an endorsement of euthanasia
Let me be clear, I hate euthanasia.
Not really a big deal
I believe that even in Oregon, where physician-assisted suicide is allowed, only 0.5% of people ingest poison.
99.5% didn't want it I'm interested in that
People don't want to die, but they want to control their own dying process.
I'm against euthanasia, we should give the decision back to the person.
That's how we abolish euthanasia.
We need to get rid of the idea that we need euthanasia, that we need euthanasia, it doesn't matter if it's illegal or legal.
These are the words of Dr. Cicely Saunders, who I met when I was a student.
Founder of Hospice
"You are precious because you are you. I am precious until the last moment of your life."
I firmly believe that we should promote this message.
thank you (applause)
Imagine. After seven years in the lab at MIT, all I knew was that I was a performing artist.
lol I'm a software engineer and I do a lot of different types of art on computers.
I am particularly interested in using the computer as a form of personal expression.
I'm sure many of you here are working for Macromedia and Microsoft, and in a way, those companies are the source of my pain. I think software is forcing users to use it in a cookie-cutter way, limiting the potential of the computer.
But software also has the power to make some things possible. In short, the help in creating publications and standards is huge.
But in some ways computers can do more than you can imagine. It enables more than most people think. My art is trying to find ways to use computers from a more personal perspective. In order to make it come true, I finally made software.
Chris asked me to do a short performance, so I will perform for about 10 minutes. If possible, I'll make a video showcasing some other projects I'm working on in my remaining time.
thank you.
Applause About a minute is left.
I would like to show you my newest project.
I performed with two singers who specialize in producing unusual sounds with their mouths.
This performance was presented at Ars Electronica last September. Also announced in the UK.
The aim was to visualize on the big screen the sounds the singer makes and the song behind them.
We used a computerized people-tracking system to locate the singer.
I knew where their heads were, so I was able to put wireless microphones on them and let them process the sound and visualize it. This visualization is very closely tied to their making sounds.
This is about 30 seconds.
He makes a cheek-slapping sound.
This is part of it, not all of it is like this, but it should suffice
thank you. I would like to introduce more...
Time's up, but if you're in New York, you can see my work next week at the Whitney Biennial. I also do it at the Bitforms Gallery in Chelsea.
I would like to end here. thank you very much.
I told you three things last year.
What I told you was that the world statistics were not being conveyed correctly.
Therefore, we are stuck in the old common sense, and the common sense of developing countries and industrialized countries is wrong.
Animated graphs make the difference.
things change. Full access to the database will be available by May 1, 2007 on the United Nations Statistics Office website today.
(Applause.) I'll take a look at it with you on the screen.
Three things happened.
The United Nations has opened its statistical database. Additionally, there is a new version of the software that works on the net, so there is no need to download it.
Let's take another look at what we showed you last year.
A circle is a country.
The horizontal axis is the fertility rate, how many children a woman has, and the vertical axis is the average life expectancy in years.
It's 1950. Here are the industrialized countries, here are the developing countries.
At this point, we were separate from them.
there was a big difference in the world
But the world has changed. I was moving in the right direction,
This is what actually happened.
China is a big red circle,
The blue circle is India.
Let's be a little more serious this year and explain how things have changed.
Africa is being left behind, there is a problem, right?
Large families remained, HIV spread, nations collapsed, and so on.
This is what I showed you roughly last year, and what you're seeing now is the future.
Let's continue. Is this possible?
Here's a statistic that doesn't exist.
As we are here (in 2003),
Is it possible to have something like this graph?
I'm going to show you this
I want to live to be 100 years old.
This is where we are today (2005).
Instead, the world economic situation and
Look at the relationship between child survival rates.
Let's change the vertical axis:
Change to infant mortality--survival--here 4 children die, here 200.
Next, the horizontal axis is GDP per capita.
This is 2007.
Let's go back in time, added historical stats -- back, back, back -- not much stats 100 years ago.
Only some countries had statistics.
I rummaged through the archives and found it all the way back to 1820, and found statistics only for Austria and Sweden.
(Laughter) But they're here, $1,000 per person per year.
And 1/5 of the children are gone by their first birthday.
This is what happened in the world. If you look around the world,
You can see how we got richer and richer little by little with the added stats.
As the statistics increased, it became beautiful, didn't it?
Can you see the importance of this?
Children do not live long here.
The last century, 1870, Europe was a bad environment for children, because most of the statistics are from Europe.
Over the course of a century, more than 90% of children are living past the age of one.
India coming up, first data for India.
This is America, get out of here and make money.
China will soon appear. Coming from this far corner.
I'm going to be healthy. The achievement of Mao Zedong. But he hasn't gotten rich.
After Mao Zedong's death, Deng Xiaoping began to make money.
This is how it works from here.
So many circles have risen, and this is what the world looks like today.
(Applause.) Look at America.
With this feature -- you can tell the world to stop here.
Let's take America -- we want to see the background -- so select and go backwards.
You can see that the United States is on the right side of the big flow like this.
Always on the side of money.
Back in 1915, America is next to India. in present-day India.
This meant that America got richer, but lost more children than India does today.
Look here, compare with modern Philippines.
Economically, the modern Philippines is on par with the United States during World War I.
But in terms of health, we have to move America far into the future to have the same level of health, to be on par with the Philippines.
By 1957, America's health will finally be on par with the Philippines.
It's the "drama" of what you call globalism, Asia, Arab countries, Latin America, becoming healthier, more educated, more resource-rich than they are economically.
There is a discrepancy that this is happening today, in developing economies.
Social gain, social progress comes first, economic progress lags behind.
In 1957, the United States at that time was as economically powerful as Chile is today.
How many years will it take to make America as healthy as Chile is today?
I think it will take this long -- 2001 or 2002 -- America to be as healthy as Chile.
Chile has caught up.
In a few years, Chile's child survival rate may overtake that of the United States.
This is the change, there is a time lag of 30, 40 years in terms of health.
As health has changed, so has the level of education.
And then there's a lot of social infrastructure, there's also general human resources,
We can take this -- we want to show you guys the speed, the speed of change, how fast it changed.
Let's go back to 1920, I would like to see Japan.
At the same time, look at Sweden and America.
In short, we're going to race here, America here is a yellow Ford, Japan down here is a red Toyota, and Sweden is a brown Volvo.
(laughs) Come on, start, start.
Toyota's starting point is pretty bad, you know. American Ford runs off-road.
Volvo is doing very well.
This is war. Toyota was off the track, but now Toyota is on the healthier side than Sweden Can you see?
Overtook Sweden, healthier than Sweden.
Probably because I sold my Volvo and bought a Toyota.
(Laughs) You can see that Japan has changed at a tremendous speed.
I really caught up.
This will change gradually.
You have to watch generations to understand it.
Now let's talk about my family tree--I made a graph like this.
It's the same thing, money is here and health is here, you know?
this is my family
This is Sweden. In 1830 my great-great-grandmother was born.
Sweden is now Sierra Leone.
This is where my great-grandmother was born, in 1863.
Sweden is the same as Mozambique.
This is 1891, the year my grandmother was born.
She took care of me when I was a child, I'm not talking statistics, I'm talking about my family history.
I believe in statistics when my grandmother validated them.
(Laughter) I think that's the best way to look at historical statistics.
Sweden was the same as Ghana.
It's very interesting to see the enormous diversity in sub-Saharan Africa.
I will repeat what I said last year. When my mother was born, Sweden was about the same as Egypt is today.
I was born in as much as Mexico is today
My daughter was born in what Chile is today, my grandson was born in what Singapore is today, the healthiest country on earth.
It overtook Sweden a few years ago in child survival.
But this country is small.
They're very close to the hospital, and there's no forest in the way.
(laughs) I respect Singapore.
Singapore is the best country at the moment.
Also, this sounds like a very good story.
But it's not really easy, but it's a very good story.
Let me show you one of the functions,
We can also change the color of the variable, what shall we choose here?
CO2 emissions, tons per capita.
In 1962, America emitted 16 tons per person.
China was 0.6 tons. India had 0.32 tonnes per capita.
What happens over time?
Well, what you're seeing is a good story of getting richer and healthier -- all that humanity has achieved at the cost of carbon dioxide emissions.
To date, no one has done that.
We don't have all the latest data, because it's really hot today.
Now take a look here. It's 2001.
In my discussions with world leaders, many point to the emerging economies as the problem, the emerging economies emitting the most carbon dioxide.
India's Environment Minister said, "You are the ones who caused the problem.
OECD countries -- high-income countries -- they caused climate change.
But forgive me, I didn't know.
But from now on, we will count per capita.
From now on, the calculation is per capita.
All humans are responsible for their per capita emissions. "
What this shows is that without climate catastrophe, there would be no economic prosperity or health around the world.
This is what had to change.
I've been criticized for showing you only the good side of the world, but I don't think so.
The world is a pretty messy place.
Let's call it Dollar Street.
Everyone lives somewhere on this street.
It depends on how much you earn -- how much it costs you to live -- how much you can earn in a day.
This family earns about one dollar a day.
Now let's follow the street from here, the family here makes about a couple of dollars a day.
Going further, gardens appeared for the first time in the streets, they earn ten to fifty dollars a day.
What kind of life do you have?
Look at where they sleep and you can see they sleep on the floor on the rug.
Thus, in poor societies, 80% of household income is spent on energy and food for the day.
Beds are available for $2 to $5.
This is a very nice bedroom. As you can see.
I gave this lecture to the people at IKEA, and they wanted to know if there was a sofa here.
(Laughter) This is the sofa, it depends on your income.
Interestingly, the family is still sitting on the floor, as you can see in the panorama.
Even though there is a sofa here. Let's take a look at the kitchen, and as you can see, between $1 and $10, it doesn't make much of a difference for women.
Now that we are here, we will finally have an environment that is easy for women to work in.
If you want to see the difference, look over here at the toilet.
It changes, it changes.
The paintings and images are all from Africa, they can be better.
We can escape poverty.
My original research was not in IT or anything.
I spent 20 years interviewing African farmers, who were on the brink of starvation.
This is the result of a study of farmers' needs.
The good thing about this screen is that you can't tell who the researcher is even if you look closely at the image.
When research is useful to society, you have to live with people.
Survival depends on survival in poverty.
getting food.
These two young farmers, whose parents died of HIV and AIDS--they discuss with a veteran agronomist.
This man, one of the best agronomists in Malawi, his name is Yunatambe Kumbira, is debating what kind of cassava to plant -- the best converter of sunlight into food that mankind has discovered. .
They are very, very eager for advice on how to survive in poverty.
It's one of the stories,
An escape from poverty.
This woman said: "Give me your technique.
I hate this mortar, it takes hours.
If you have a mill, you can make flour, so you can pay for other family members. "
Technology can get you out of poverty, you need markets to get out of poverty.
This lady is very happy, carrying her goods to the market.
But she's very grateful for the public investment in schooling, she can count, she won't be fooled when she goes to the market.
She hopes the child is healthy so she can go to market and not have to stay home.
She also wants infrastructure--it would be nice if the roads were paved,
There were also good things about financing.
With microcredit she bought a bike, you know.
Get informed when and what to go to the market with.
You can do this.
My 20 years of experience in Africa have taught me that the seemingly impossible is possible.
Africa is not getting worse.
For 50 years they have come from a pre-medieval situation to Europe 100 years ago, where countries and governments began to function.
I think sub-Saharan Africa is the most successful region in the world in the last 50 years.
Because I didn't consider what the situation was,
It was a silly idea for developing countries to lump Argentina and Mozambique together 50 years ago and think that Mozambique has gone bad.
we have to know a little more about the world
My neighbor knows 200 different wines.
he knows it all.
He knows grape names, temperatures, whatever.
I know only two types of wine, red and white.
(Laughter) But our neighbors only know two kinds of countries: industrial countries and developing countries.
I know 200 countries, I know small data too.
you can do it too
(Applause.) But I have to get serious. What do you do when you are serious?
You're going to give a presentation in PowerPoint, right?
(Laughter) Do you respect office products, no?
What's this? What's this? do you know what i'm talking about?
My point is that progress has many dimensions.
Everyone wants something they are good at.
If you are in a corporate organization, you may prefer microcredit.
If you are fighting for a non-governmental organization, you love gender equality.
Or if you are a teacher, your favorite is UNESCO.
On a global level, we must have something beyond ourselves.
we need everything
All of this is important to progress, especially when you're fresh out of poverty and on your way to welfare.
Now, thinking about what is necessary means thinking about what is the goal of development and what is the means of development.
Let's take a look at what the most important means are.
Economic development, as a public health professor, is the most important thing for development. Because it can explain 80% of survival.
Governance. Having a functioning government, just as California survived the 1850s.
It was the government that finally made the law work.
Education, human resources are important.
Health is also important, but not so instrumentally.
Environment is important.
Human rights are also important. But one point.
what is the goal? what are we aiming for?
Not money.
Money is not the goal.
Great tool, but not worth the goal.
Governance, it's also funny to vote on small things. But that's not the goal either.
School is a means, not a goal.
Health, I'll give you 2 points. Health is great, especially for my age--I can stand here because I'm healthy.
wonderful. Let me give you two points.
Environment, it is very, very important.
If you don't save, you can leave nothing to your grandchildren.
But what are the key goals?
Human rights, of course.
Human rights are the goal. But it is not a sufficient means to make progress.
Finally culture. Indeed culture is the most important, because it is culture that brings joy to life.
That is the value of life.
Yes, the seemingly impossible becomes possible.
Even African countries can.
We showed you a slide where the seemingly impossible became possible.
Please remember, please, my main point is this: the seemingly impossible is possible.
We can create a better world.
As you've seen the slides, I've demonstrated it using a power point, and I'll also convince you, through culture.
(Laughter) (Applause) This is my sword!
Sword swallowing came from ancient India.
Cultural expressions are what have inspired humans to think deeply for thousands of years.
(laughter) I'll prove to you guys that the seemingly impossible is possible, using steel, steel, this is a military bayonet used in the Swedish army, It is from 1850, the year of the last war.
It is made of steel. You will hear this sound.
From now on, (audience laughter), I will use this steel blade to pierce my flesh and blood body. I will prove to you that the seemingly impossible is possible.
Gentlemen, please be quiet for a while.
(A storm of applause from the audience)
The power of the light that illuminates this hall was generated a moment ago.
Today, it's a constant process of matching supply to demand for electricity.
Even while I'm on this stage, if the tens of megawatts of wind power stop flowing to the grid, it will have to be quickly replaced by other generators.
However, thermal power generation and nuclear power generation take too long to generate alternative power immediately.
You can do it with a big battery
With high-capacity storage batteries, we could solve the intermittent problem that is a barrier to the integration of wind and solar power into the grid, and we might be able to use them in much the same way we use thermal and nuclear power today. yeah
You see, the battery is the key here.
With batteries, we can draw electricity from the sun even when it's cloudy.
that will change the world
Because renewable energies like the wind and the sun are dancing from the sidelines of the natural world to the stars on the wind.
Today we will talk about such equipment
It's called a liquid metal battery.
This is a new type of energy storage medium that I invented with a team of students and postdocs at MIT.
Well, the theme of TED2012 is full spectrum.
The Oxford English Dictionary defines the spectrum as "all wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation, from the very low frequencies to the longest gamma rays, and very few of them are visible."
So this TED isn't just about the solution to one of the global problems that my team at MIT naturally came up with.
I want to tell you a full-spectrum story about how, in developing this new technology, we uncovered an astonishing heresy that is a lesson for innovation and an idea worth spreading.
As you all know, if you're going to save America from the upcoming energy crisis, you can't just save money, you can't rely on new oil drilling, you can't just blow it up.
The classic American way of finding a way to invent and work collaboratively to solve problems.
(Applause) So let's get started.
The battery was invented about 200 years ago by Alessandro Volta, a professor at the University of Pavia in Italy.
This gave rise to new scientific disciplines, new technologies such as electrochemistry and electroplating.
It's easy to overlook, but Volta's invention was also the world's first demonstration of the usefulness of teaching.
(Laughter) Until then, no one had even imagined that teachers could be useful.
This is the world's first battery, coin-shaped zinc and silver piled up and separated by cardboard soaked in salt water.
This was the beginning of battery design, with two electrodes and an electrolyte, in this case a different composition of metal and a salt water.
science is so simple
Obviously I left out some of the details
As I taught you, the science of batteries is simple, and there's a desperate need for electricity storage in the grid. There is simply no battery technology that can satisfy all the requirements of being super cheap.
We need to look at this issue from a different perspective.
Think big and figure out how to do it cheaply.
Let's throw out the conventional thinking, look for the most innovative combination, and hopefully we'll cut costs by making a lot of the product.
Don't leave it to chance, invent something at a price that the power market will be willing to buy.
And that means clearly excluding the various expensive parts of the periodic table.
Batteries must be made from earth's abundant resources
I would say, if you want to do it cheaply, use dirt that's out there. (Laughter) I prefer to use local soil.
We need to use simple manufacturing techniques and factories that don't cost a fortune to make these products.
I started thinking about this question about six years ago.
And to cultivate new perspectives, I sought inspiration from areas other than electrical storage.
In fact, my focus was not on technologies that store or generate electricity, but on technologies that consume electricity, and consume it in large quantities.
Yes, this is the story of aluminum manufacturing.
The manufacturing process was invented in 1886 by two 22-year-olds, Hall in America and Haru in France.
Just a few years after its discovery, aluminum went from being a precious metal worth as much as silver to being a common building material.
What you see now is inside an aluminum smelter.
It's 15 meters wide and 800 meters deep, and it's full of tiny containers that look like voltaic batteries, with three important differences.
Voltaic batteries operate at room temperature
It consists of a solid electrode and a saltwater electrolyte
Hall-Heroult's electrolysis furnace cell operates at temperatures high enough to melt the aluminum metal product.
The electrolyte is not a solution of salt and water, but rather a molten salt.
So it's the combination of liquid metal, molten salt, and high temperature that makes it possible to carry large currents.
Today, it costs less than a dollar per kilo to produce aluminum from ore.
This is an economic miracle in modern electrometallurgy.
And it was this miracle that got me hooked on inventing batteries that could afford mega-scale economies of scale.
and I did it
We've created a fully liquid battery consisting of liquid metal for both electrodes and a molten salt for the electrolyte.
I will tell you how to react
First, put the low density liquid metal on top, the high density liquid metal on the bottom, and put the molten salt in between.
So how do we choose which metal to use next?
For me, whenever I design, I always start with the periodic table that Dmitri Mendeleev created.
Everything we know is made up of different combinations of atoms in this periodic table.
The human body is no exception.
I was looking for a bipolar metal that would meet all these constraints of being an abundant resource on Earth at the time, with different densities but high interaction, and I remember that moment that happened at that time.
When I realized that I had the answer, I trembled with that realization.
Magnesium in the top layer
And at the very bottom is a combination of antimony.
There's something I can't help but talk about. One of the nice perks of being a professor is being able to express it in multicolored chalk.
(Laughter) To create an electric current, magnesium loses two electrons and turns into a magnesium ion, which moves around in the electrolyte, absorbs two electrons from antimony, and then mixes to form a bond.
The electrons produced here are responsible for powering devices in the real world.
And to charge the battery, it connects to a power source.
Let's say wind power here
and let the current flow in the opposite direction
This flow forces the magnesium to unbond and return to the upper electrode, restoring its original configuration.
A current passing between the electrodes creates just the right amount of heat to keep it at the right temperature.
It's cool, at least conceptually.
But can it be done?
What next?
From here on, it's a story in the laboratory.
Hire seasoned professionals?
No, I hired a student to be his mentor, to help him see the problem from my perspective, and then let him think for himself.
This is that student, David, and his face in this picture looks like he's worried about the success of his prototype.
I didn't say it at the time, but I wasn't sure if it would work.
But David was young and smart, and he wanted a PhD, so he started prototyping.
His initial results were promising, and this initial research was funded by an MIT entrepreneurial grant, and based on these promising results, I was able to attract significant research funding from the private sector and the federal government. rice field
This allowed us to grow our research team to 20 people, including graduate students, postdocs, and even undergraduates.
I've been able to recruit just the right people, people who share my passion for science and philanthropy, and who never do science or research as a career path.
When I asked the team why they wanted to study the liquid metal battery, their answer was reminiscent of what President Kennedy said at Rice University in 1962, with a slight twist: "It's easy to study this battery. Not because it's hard."
(Applause) Now let me tell you about the evolution of the liquid metal battery.
Together with my enthusiastic colleagues, I started with the arrow's 1Wh battery.
This is called a "shot glass"
We made more than 400 prototypes of this to ensure that multiple chemical reactions other than magnesium and antimony didn't go wrong.
I gradually increased the output and reached 20Wh of power.
We call it the "hockey puck"
This gave equally good results
Proceed to make a larger "saucer"
This time it is 200Wh
This technology has proven to be robust and scalable in the same conditions.
But the speed of development wasn't fast enough.
A year and a half ago, David and I took the rest of us together and started a company, so we wanted to accelerate our time to market.
Now, LMBC (Liquid Metal Battery Company) is currently making cells that are 40 centimeters in diameter, but with a maximum capacity of 1 kWh, which is 1,000 times that of the original "shot glass" type.
We call it "pizza"
We will have 4kWh cells in the near future.
The diameter will be just over 91 centimeters
It's called "Bistro Table," but it's still early for primetime broadcast.
An improved version of this technology is a stack of "bistro tables" that are modularized and assembled into a giant battery that can be transported in a 12-meter shipping container.
The maximum capacity is 2 mega Wh, which is 2 million Wh.
That's enough energy to meet the daily power needs of 200 American households.
So here's a storage battery that you can integrate into the grid. It's quiet, it has no emissions, it has no moving parts.
What can we learn from this?
(Applause) What can we learn from this?
So I'd like to share some of the surprises and the different perspectives from the conventional wisdom.
what you can't see with your eyes
About temperature -- the conventional wisdom is to set it at or near room temperature, and then install a controller to keep it at that temperature.
This is to prevent heat loss
Liquid metal batteries are designed to operate at elevated temperatures with minimal temperature regulation.
This battery can also handle temperature spikes caused by surges in current.
On scalability -- the popular concept of pricing strategy is to reduce costs by mass production.
In the case of liquid metal batteries, simplification and fewer parts can reduce costs while still being scalable.
And finally, human resources -- the conventional wisdom is to hire battery experts and veterans to tap into that wealth of experience and knowledge.
In this case, we hired undergraduate and graduate students and mentored them.
I tried to unleash the full potential of the batteries, and similarly, when I coached them, I tried to unleash their potential.
You see, this liquid metal battery story isn't just a report on the invention of a new technology, it's also a blueprint for inventing inventors.
(applause)
Be nice to tech geeks
I dare say that if you don't have a tech geek around you yet, you should find at least one.
at least i think so
Scientists and engineers change the world
What I want to talk about is DARPA, a magical place where scientists and engineers overcome their fear of failure and attempt the impossible.
The ideas of impossibility and failure are more connected than most people realize, because when you let go of the fear of failure, the impossible suddenly becomes possible.
If you want to know how to do that, ask yourself, "If I knew I would never fail, what would I try?" "If I knew I would never fail, what would I try?" right?"
If you really think about this question, you're bound to feel uncomfortable.
i feel
Because when you ask, you realize how limiting your fear of failure is.
Good things happen, but amazing things don't happen.
Don't get me wrong, I'm not recommending failure, it's not the fear of failure.
It's not the failure itself that limits us.
The road to something truly new and never done before is always fraught with failure.
to be tested
In a way, trials give us the feeling that we are on our way to greatness.
Clemenceau said, "Life becomes interesting when you fail because failure is a sign that you have surpassed yourself."
In 1895, Lord Kelvin declared that a heavier-than-air flying machine was impossible.
In October 1903, the prevailing opinion among aerodynamicists was that in 10 million years we might be able to build flying machines.
Two months later, on December 17th, Orville Wright flew the first powered plane over the beaches of North Carolina.
Flight time is 12 seconds Distance is 40 meters
it was 1903
A year later, another impossibility declaration comes out.
General Ferdinand Foch, said to be the most ingenious and shrewd intellect in the French army, said, "Airplanes are interesting toys, but they have no military value."
40 years later, aerodynamics experts coined the term transonic.
We were debating whether to spell one s or two
They had questions in this age of airplanes. They didn't know if it was even possible to fly faster than the speed of sound.
In 1947 there was no wind tunnel data above Mach 0.85.
Nonetheless, on Tuesday, October 14, 1947, Chuck Yeager climbed into the cockpit of a Bell X-1 and took off into the unknown, becoming the first pilot to fly faster than the speed of sound.
Six of the eight Atlas rockets exploded on the launch pad.
After 11 completely failed missions, we got our first images from space.
That first flight alone gave us more data than all of the U-2 reconnaissance planes combined.
There were many failures along the way
Ever since we learned to fly, humans have always wanted to fly faster and farther.
To do that, I had to believe that the seemingly impossible could be achieved.
I had to let go of my fear of failure.
This is still true today
I'm not talking about transonic flight or supersonic flight today, I'm talking about hypersonic flight, not Mach 2 or 3, but Mach 20.
At Mach 20, you can get from New York to here in Long Beach, California in 11 minutes and 20 seconds.
At this speed, the surface of the wing reaches 2,000 degrees Celsius, which melts even metal, just like a blast furnace.
It will be in a state of burning wings while flying
and that's what we're trying to do
DARPA's hypersonic prototype is the fastest steerable aircraft ever built.
The Minotaur IV rocket will carry it up to near-space altitude and then launch it.
The Minotaur IV has too much propulsion and needs to be dampened, so in some parts of its trajectory it's flying at an angle of attack of 89 degrees.
This is an unnatural behavior for a rocket.
A camera is attached to the third stage of the rocket.
I call it Rocketcam
It's aimed at hypersonic gliders.
This is the actual footage from the rocket cam during the first flight.
I changed the aspect ratio slightly to hide the shape.
Here's an image of an unmanned glider heading into Earth's atmosphere from the rocket's third stage.
made two flights
The first flight was without aerodynamic control of the aircraft.
And yet, we've collected more data about hypersonic flight than we did in 30 years of ground testing combined.
The second flight was three minutes of fully controlled aerodynamic flight at Mach 20.
I need to fly again. To do something extraordinary that has never been done before, you have to fly.
You can't learn about flying at Mach 20 without flying.
Mobility doesn't replace speed, but it's no less important.
A Mach 20 glider takes 11 minutes and 20 seconds from New York to Long Beach, but a hummingbird, how many days?
Hummingbirds aren't hypersonic, but they're highly mobile.
In fact, hummingbirds are the only birds that can fly backwards.
You can fly up and down, forward and backward, you can fly upside down
If you want it to go indoors or in inaccessible places, you need a plane that's small enough and maneuverable enough.
this is a hummingbird robot
Can fly in any direction, including backwards
It can also be stationary and rotate in the air
This prototype has a video camera.
The weight is lighter than a single AA battery.
don't suck honey
In 2008, I was able to fly for 20 seconds, a year later I was two minutes, then six minutes, and now I'm 11 minutes.
So many prototypes crashed, so many...
But like a hummingbird, the only way to learn to fly is to fly.
(Applause) Isn't that beautiful?
ah
splendid
Matt is the first human hummingbird pilot
(Applause) Failure is part of the process of creating something new and amazing.
If you're afraid of failure, it's impossible to create something new and amazing. A robot that walks on uneven ground like a dog. It even walks on ice... A robot that runs like a cheetah. A robot that occasionally clumses like humans
Spider-Man may one day become Gecko-Man
gecko can hang with one fingertip
A gecko's sole has 14,000 hair-like structures per square millimeter.
It sticks to the surface by intermolecular forces.
With current technology, we can create structures that resemble the hairs on the soles of the gecko's feet.
The finished 10 cm square artificial nano-gecko sticky
Can support a static load of 300 kg
So you can stick six 42-inch plasma TVs to the wall without screws.
Isn't the Velcro tape pretty amazing?
Not only passive structures, but even machines can be made with nanotechnology.
this is a spider mite
It's one millimeter in size, but next to a micromachine, it looks like Godzilla.
In a world where spider mites look like Godzilla, millions of mirrors, each one fifth the diameter of a human hair, move hundreds of thousands of times per second to project large images, creating movies like "Godzilla" in ultra-high definition. can be seen in
If we can build machines at the nanoscale, what about truss structures like the Eiffel Tower built at the microscale?
Today, we're making a metal that's lighter than Styrofoam, so light that you could put it on a dandelion puff and blow it away with one blast. And if you could make a car out of it, it'd be light enough for two people to lift, but it'd be as impact-resistant as an SUV. can
Research ranges from small gusts of wind to the powerful forces of natural storms.
There are 44 lightning strikes on Earth every second.
Each lightning heats the air to 24,000 degrees, hotter than the surface of the sun.
If we could use this electromagnetic pulse as a beacon, what if we could create a powerful impromptu network of transmitters that use lightning or whatever as a beacon?
Experiments Show Lightning Could Be the Next GPS
Studying the brain's electrical pulses generated by thought—
Through a thumb-sized grid of 32 electrodes on the surface of the brain, Tim controls his advanced prosthetic hand with his thoughts.
And with thought, I reached out to Katie.
This is the first time that humans have controlled a robot solely through their thoughts.
And Tim held Katie's hand for the first time in seven years.
This moment was big for Tim and Katie, but this green mud could be big for you, too.
This green mud could be a vaccine that could save your life.
Made by the Tobacco Plant
Tobacco can produce millions of doses of vaccine in weeks instead of months, and this could be the healthiest use of tobacco ever.
If it's hard to believe that smoking makes people healthier, why not say that gamers have solved a problem that experts can't?
Last September, players of the Foldit game solved the three-dimensional structure of a protease in the retrovirus that causes AIDS in rhesus monkeys.
Knowing this structure is very important for therapeutic development.
For 15 years scientists have been unable to solve this problem.
Foldit players solved it in 15 days
they worked together to solve
They were able to work together because they were connected through the internet.
Other internet-connected people used it as an instrument of democratization.
And we changed our country with everyone's power.
The Internet is home to two billion people, a third of the world's population.
Each one of us does something and makes our voices heard, makes our voices heard.
It amplifies our voice and power as a group.
But even that was a humble beginning
1969 The Internet was just a dream, a sketch on paper.
Then on October 29th, the first packet-switched message was sent from UCLA to SRI.
All I got was the first two letters of "LOGIN", L and O, then a buffer overflow
The system crashed. (Laughter) It's just two letters, L and O, and that's what drives the world now.
Who are the scientists and engineers in this magical place called DARPA?
They're tech geeks, they're our heroes.
We tackle cutting-edge science under the harshest conditions, challenging existing perspectives.
They remind us that we can change the world if we stop fearing failure and try the impossible.
It's a reminder that we all have the power to go crazy.
Most of us just forget that feeling.
You know, there was a time when you weren't afraid to fail, you're a great artist, you're a great dancer, you can sing, you're good at math, you can make anything, you're an astronaut, you're an adventurer, you're like Jacques Cousteau, you can fly higher and faster than anyone else. Run, I was able to kick hard
I believed I could do the impossible and knew no fear
Remember that you were connected to your inner superhero.
Scientists and engineers can change the world
you can change
I was born with that power
So please, go ahead and ask yourself, "If you knew you were never going to fail, what would you try?"
this is not easy
It's really hard to keep up with this feeling
It is natural that it feels difficult in a way
Doubt and fear always creep in
I'm sure someone else will do it, someone smarter, more capable, with more resources --
But there is no "someone else", there is only me
If you're lucky enough, in moments of doubt, someone will step in and take your hand and say, "I'll help you believe."
Jason Hurley did it for me
Jason started working at DARPA on March 18, 2010
he was on the transport team
I saw Jason almost every day, sometimes twice a day.
He's seen more of the highs and lows, the toasts of successes and the disappointments of failures, than most people.
One particularly dark day for me, Jason wrote me an email.
Encouraging yet determined
When he hit the send button, he probably didn't realize the weight the email would carry.
it was so big to me
Then and now, when I feel doubt and fear, when I feel the need to reconnect with that sense of challenge, I remember his words, they were so powerful.
"I only have time to iron my cloak...and then I have to go back to the sky again" (Jason Harley, April 19, 1974-January 1, 2012) "Only time to iron my cloak. I don't have one...then I have to go back to the sky." (Jason Harley, April 19, 1974-January 1, 2012)
♫ Superhero Superhero ♫ Superhero Superhero ♫ Superhero Superhero ♫ Superhero Superhero ♫ Superhero Superhero That's what it means to be a superhero
"I only have time to iron my cloak... 'I only have time to iron my cloak... and then I have to go back to the sky.'"
And please, be nice to tech geeks.
(Applause) Thank you.
(Applause) Regina, thank you very much.
I have a few questions
That glider, but a Mach 20 glider, the first one went out of control and fell somewhere in the Pacific, right?
Yeah, yeah (Chris: what happened to the second one?) Yeah, it fell into the Pacific too.
In order to fly at that speed, there were some tough spots along the trajectory.
On the second flight, we had full aerodynamic control of the aircraft for three minutes before losing control.
I don't think they are planning to open a passenger service between New York and Long Beach anytime soon...
it's just a little too hot
What do you imagine that glider will be used for?
our job is to develop the technology for this
Ultimately it's up to the military to decide how to use it.
This plane, this technology, the goal is to be able to reach anywhere in the world in less than 60 minutes.
Loading more than a few kilograms? (Regina: Yeah) What kind of luggage are you going to carry?
We don't know what it will end up carrying
The first thing is to be able to fly
But it's not just cameras, is it?
More than just cameras
i think it's amazing
Also, hummingbirds...
yes
At the beginning of the story about airplanes, there was a video of various ornithopes failing horribly.
What made you think that now is the time to biomimic and mimic the flapping of a hummingbird's wings?
Wouldn't that be a very expensive way to build a small flying object with high maneuverability?
Part of me was just wondering if it was even possible.
These are questions that need to be revisited from time to time.
The guys at AeroVironment have tried over 300 different wing designs, and they've tried 12 different avionics configurations.
It took ten complete prototype iterations to make something that could actually fly.
But there's something very interesting about flying machines that resemble something.
We hear a lot about stealth technology that avoids all detection, but if something looks quite natural, it's also invisible.
It's not just a performance issue.
Partly for the sake of appearance.(Regina: Yeah) It's like, "Look, there's a pretty hummingbird flying over my headquarters."
(Laughter) At the same time that it's awe-inspiring, some people think, technology is moving too fast, and it's far from some crazy geek sneaking a little remote control fly out the window of the White House. it's not about the future
Aren't you worried about the Pandora's box problem?
Our sole mission is to create and prevent the strategic unexpected.
that's what we do
If what we're doing doesn't make people excited and anxious at the same time, then we're not working.
that is the essence of our work
Our job is to push the boundaries
Of course, we should be mindful and responsible for how technology is developed and how it will be used in the end, but we can't just turn a blind eye and pretend that technology doesn't improve, because it does.
It's clear you're an inspiring leader
And you're pushing people to work on such great inventions, but on a personal level, I can't imagine doing your job myself.
Don't you wake up in the middle of the night and ask yourself if your team's talent could have unintended consequences?
certainly
I don't think we, as human beings, can live without asking that question.
(Chris: How would you answer that?)
I don't always find the answer
I think we'll learn with time I think we'll learn with time
I can say that my job is the most exciting one.
working with amazingly talented people
This excitement comes with a very heavy sense of responsibility.
There's that tremendous excitement about what's possible, but there's also this tremendous seriousness about the consequences.
Regina, you've shown us something truly amazing.
Thank you for coming to TED. (Regina: Hi there) (Applause)
Time and time again, every time I went around the world giving a talk, people would ask me questions about difficult problems, about the events that inspired me, and about my regrets.
In 1998, I was a single mother of four, and just three months after giving birth to my fourth child, I went to work as a research assistant.
I go to northern Liberia
I was indebted to the inn prepared by the village I visited for work.
There was a single mother and her daughter at the boarding house.
The girl happened to be the only girl in the entire village to reach the ninth grade.
The girl was a joke in the village
Her mother was often told by other women, "You and your daughter will die poor."
After spending two weeks in that village, it's time to return.
The mother came up to me and knelt down and said, "Please take my daughter.
I want my daughter to become a nurse in the future."
It was something I couldn't do, living with my parents in extreme poverty.
With tears in my eyes I said "no"
Two months later, I was asked to go to another village for the same job and live in the village chief's house.
The female village chief had a little girl.
The girl was walking around in her pants all day long
"Who's that kid?" I asked
The village chief replied, "It's Wei.
Wei means pig
Her mother died giving birth to her and no one knows her father's name."
Within two weeks of my stay, she became my friend and we slept together.
I bought her old clothes and her first doll.
The night before I left, she came to my room and said, "Don't leave me here.
i want to go with you
i want to go to school
I was very poor, had no money, and lived with my parents, and I said "no."
Two months later, the two villages were at war again.
To this day, the whereabouts of these two girls remain completely unknown.
Fast forward to 2004, at the height of our movement, when the Minister of Gender and Development in Liberia called me and said, "Reima.
I'm entrusting this nine-year-old girl, we don't have a safe home."
Here's how this girl was raised: This girl was raped by her paternal grandfather every day for six months.
She had a distended belly and a pale face.
Every night when I come home from work and sleep on the cold floor
She came to my side and said, "Auntie, I want to be well.
i want to go to school
In 2010, a young woman stood before President Sirleaf and testified about how she and her siblings had lived together since their parents died in the war.
She was 19 and her dream was to go to college and support her siblings.
she was very athletic
It was when she applied for a scholarship
she got a full scholarship
Her dream was to go to school and get an education This dream finally became a reality
when she went to school on the first day
The sports dean who put her in a scholarship program summoned her out of the classroom.
And for the first three years of school, she was forced to have sex with this man every day in order to attend school.
All over the world, there are policies (for children), there are international organizations, there are leaders to make it happen.
Great people have made a commitment that we will protect our children from poverty and fear.
The United Nations has a United Nations Commission on the Rights of the Child
I have heard that there is a “no child dropout” law in the United States and other countries.
other countries are doing different things
The third Millennium Development Goal focuses on girls.
I believe that all these great works by great people to get young people in the direction we want them to go are failing.
For example, in Liberia, the teenage pregnancy rate is three in 10.
teenage prostitution is at an all-time high
In some areas, people say they wake up in the morning to find used condoms discarded like chewing gum paper.
Girls as young as 12 are prostitutes for less than a dollar a night.
It's depressing, it's sad
A few days before my TED talk, someone asked me, "So where's the hope?"
A few years ago, a few friends of mine decided that we needed to bridge the gap between our generation and a generation of young women.
Because if girls feel abandoned and hopeless, it's not enough to say that the Republic of Liberia has two Nobel Peace Prize winners.
We created a platform for action called the Young Women Transformation Project.
We're going out into rural areas and creating places similar to what's happening in this venue right now.
When girls come and sit there, they unleash their intellect, they unleash their passion, they unleash their determination, they unleash their sights, they unleash their potential to be great leaders.
We have worked with over 300 girls so far
Some girls, who were young mothers who were very shy when they walked into the room, are taking bold action and going out and advocating for rights for other young women.
I met a young woman who was in her teens and had four children. She had never thought about finishing high school and graduating, never thought about going to college. bottom
One day she said to me, "My wish is to finish college and be able to support my children."
she can't afford to go to school
She sells water, soft drinks, cell phone cards, etc.
You'd think I'd put it to fund my own education.
Hanita is her name
She gave the money to a young single mother in the same area to send her to school.
She said, "Reima, my wish is to get an education.
Even if I can't get an education, if other women get an education, my wish will come true.
live a better life
children get food
I hope that there will be no more sexual abuse and exploitation in schools."
This is an African girl's dream
A few years ago there was an African girl
The girl had a son who dreamed of eating donuts in extreme hunger.
Angry, frustrated and resentful at the state of her society and at the state of her child, this young woman created a movement, a movement of ordinary women uniting one another for peace. was intended to establish
i will make this wish come true
This wish belongs to another African girl
A long time ago, I couldn't fulfill the wishes of two girls
i failed
I've had hardships like this young woman's, but I failed, failed, failed.
So I thought I'd do this
Women came out to protest and speak fearlessly against the brutal dictator.
Not only did my wish for one donut come true, but my wish for peace came true.
This young woman also wants to go to school
and went to school
This young woman's other wishes also came true.
Today this young woman is me, a Nobel Peace Prize winner.
Now, I am on my way to fulfilling the wish of an African girl, who wants to be educated, with my little power.
we set up a fund
It offered four years of full-salary scholarships to rural girls who identified themselves as talented.
I don't ask too many of you
I'm here in the United States, and I know that the girls in this country also have wishes. Bronx girl's wish for a better life Downtown LA girl's wish for a better life Texas girl's wish for New York. A Girl's New Jersey Girl Wishes for a Better Life
Will you join me in helping these girls, these girls in Africa, America, Japan, to fulfill their wishes and make their dreams come true?
Because the great innovators and inventors that we've seen here over the last few days live in different parts of the world, and they've all unlocked the intelligence that's inside girls, they've unlocked the passion that's inside girls Because they're asking us to create together a place where we can unleash our inner greatness.
let's do it together let's do it together
thank you
(Thank you for applause
What are you most worried about in the Republic of Liberia right now?
I have been asked to lead the Liberia Reconciliation Initiative.
As part of that, I travel 13 to 15 hours on dirt roads to different villages and towns, and in all the different regions I visit, there's no one without a bright girl.
But sadly, the visions and dreams of a great future are just fantasies there, because there are so many things that can go wrong.
Teenage pregnancies are rampant, as I mentioned earlier.
What hurts me is that I used to be there, but now I'm suddenly standing on this stage, and I don't want to be the only one on this stage.
I'm looking for a way for other girls to stay with me.
I hope that 20 years from now, girls from Liberia, Ghana, Nigeria, Ethiopia will be on this TED stage.
Maybe they'll say, "I'm here because of a Nobel Peace Prize winner."
That's why my heart aches when girls seem to have no hope.
But I'm not pessimistic, because it's not that hard to encourage them.
And last year, you told me that there was one thing that gave you hope.
There are many hopeful events that I have seen
Last year, we went to President Sirleaf's village to reach out to girls.
There were less than 25 girls attending high school.
They all went to the gold mines, and the majority were prostitutes and other things.
We took 50 of those girls and worked with them.
And this was the beginning of the election
It's a field where women have never, even older women, seldom matched men.
The girls banded together and formed groups to launch voter registration campaigns.
This was a really rural village
The slogan they used was this: "Even pretty girls vote."
they were able to mobilize young women
Not only that, but they went out to the candidates who were campaigning and asked, "If you are elected, what are you going to do for the girls in this area?"
There was a man who had already been elected. Liberia has a strong rape law, and this man was very forceful in parliament to have this law repealed.
Rape isn't barbaric, but rape laws are barbaric.
When the girls went to talk to this man, he was very hostile.
The girls said to the man, "We're going to get rid of you in the election."
The man is not in parliament today.
(Applause) Reima, thank you for coming to TED.
You're welcome (Thank you) (Applause)
It may sound strange, but I love concrete blocks.
The first concrete block was made in 1868, and the idea was simple: Cement pieces of fixed size that could be stacked exactly together.
Concrete blocks quickly became the most used building material in the world.
By stacking the blocks one by one, you can build something big, like a building or a bridge.
So the concrete block became the basic building block of our time.
About 100 years later, in 1947, this is what Lego made.
It was called "auto-join block"
In just a few short years, Lego bricks have become ubiquitous in every household.
It is estimated that 400 billion LEGO bricks have been manufactured so far, meaning that each person in the world owns 75 bricks.
You don't have to be an engineer to build beautiful houses, bridges and architecture.
Lego breaks down barriers
What Lego did, in essence, was to create for the imagination the equivalent of concrete blocks, the building blocks of the real world.
That same year, Bell Labs was preparing a revolutionary technology that would become the next building block.
That little piece of the transistor is to take us from a world of static blocks to a world where everything reacts, from a world of static blocks to a world where everything reacts. became
Like concrete blocks, transistors can be put together one by one to build larger, more complex circuits.
There's also a big difference, and that's that transistors are for professionals.
I couldn't believe that the basic building blocks of our time were reserved for specialists, so I decided to change one thing.
Eight years ago, when I was at the Media Lab, I started exploring the idea of ​​putting the power of engineers in the hands of artists and designers.
and started developing littleBits a few years ago
Let's see what it looks like
littleBits are collections of electronic components, each with one specific function.
Available parts include lights, buzzers, motors, sensors, etc.
The best part about this is that they're magnetically attached to each other.
Wrong connection is not possible
Blocks are color-coded by type.
Green is output Blue is power Pink is input Orange is wiring
It's just a matter of connecting blocks, so you'll be able to build large circuits in no time.
If you connect blue and green, the light will turn on.
You can change the brightness by inserting a control knob between them.
If you replace the control knob with a pulse component, this block will start blinking.
Add in a buzzer for a bonus effect, and you have a noise generator.
let's stop
Beyond simple play, littleBits are actually very powerful.
Easily and intuitively assemble electronic devices by hand without programming, wiring or soldering
If you want to change the blinking speed, just twist this knob to speed it up or slow it down.
The idea behind littleBits is a growing parts catalog.
We want to make all kinds of electrical operations in the world ready-to-use as components.
Lights, sound sources, solar panels, motors...we want to make everything within reach Lights, sound sources, solar panels, motors...we want to make everything within reach
I'm watching how kids play with this.
An eye-opening experience
What's amazing is that children are beginning to understand how the electronic devices around them work that they don't learn in school.
For example, how nightlights work, why automatic doors don't trap people, and how an iPod responds to touch.
Bring this to design school
Designers with no experience in electronics or anything else are playing around with littleBits as materials.
This was made by Jordy using felt, paper and a plastic bottle.
(Chang) (Boo) Just a few weeks ago we took littleBits to the Rhode Island School of Design and gave them to designers who knew nothing about engineering and said, "Make something" out of cardboard and wood and paper. said
Here's an example of what they built, a confetti gun that reacts to motion detection.
(Laughter) This is my favorite.
A lobster made out of craft clay... but it's afraid of the dark.
(Laughter) littleBits is a new material for non-technical people to use electronic components as materials.
I want to make this material accessible to everyone.
Open source littleBits
You can make your own by going to the website and downloading the schematic
We want to expand the world where the world's creators, inventors and open source contributors collaborate, because this living and responsive world of ours belongs to everyone.
So let's all start creating together
thank you
(applause)
What I'm going to show you today is still experimental.
today will be the first show
Augmented reality demonstration
The video you see is not recorded
It's live, reacting to my movements in real time.
It's the magic of technology
Good luck then
please look at the big screen
Augmented reality is a blend of reality and computer-generated imagery.
It's an ideal medium for the study of magic, asking why, in this age of technology, we continue to be fascinated by magical wonders.
Magic is deception, but it's deception that everyone can enjoy.
To enjoy being deceived, spectators must suspend their suspicions.
This receptive state of mind was first mentioned by the poet Samuel Taylor Coleridge.
"When I write, I strive to give the appearance of truth, create illusions of the imagination, and build poetic credibility by inviting me to suspend suspicion for a moment."
Trust in this fiction is the essence of any theatrical experience.
Without it the script becomes just words
Augmented reality will become just another technology
Magic tricks become mere technical demonstrations of finger dexterity.
We'll all reserve our suspicions—
I'm good at it, and I do it every day, whether it's reading a novel, watching TV, or going to the movies.
I happily enter a fictional world to cheer on my heroes and cry for friends I've never met.
Magic wouldn't work without this ability.
Jean Robert-Houdin, France's greatest illusionist, was the first to recognize the magician's role as a storyteller.
I have his words on my studio wall
"A magician is not an acrobat
A magician is an actor who plays a wizard."
What this means is that magic is theater and tricks are stories.
Magic tricks follow story archetypes
There are stories of creation and loss, death and resurrection, and obstacles to overcome.
a lot of it is very dramatic
Magicians wield fire and steel, challenge roaring circular saws, try to catch bullets, and attempt desperate escapes.
But the audience doesn't come to see the magician die, they come to see him live.
Because the best stories always have a happy ending
Magic has one special element
It's a twisted story
Edward de Bono said that the human brain is a pattern matcher.
They say that magicians take advantage of the audience's mindset.
"It is the psychological fallacy that stage magic relies exclusively on.
The spectator is led to completely rational assumptions and understandings that do not correspond to what is actually happening in front of them."
Magic is like a joke in that respect.
Jokes lead to expected destinations,
The scenario you imagined suddenly turns into something totally unexpected, and that's why everyone laughs.
The same thing happens when you watch magic.
The ending defies logic, offers a new way of looking at the problem, and the audience expresses surprise through laughter.
this is the joy of being deceived
A key element of a story is that it's made to be shared.
I can't help but talk
When I do magic at a party... (Laughter) He immediately pulls his friend over and asks him to show it again.
i want to share my experience
This makes my job difficult. If I want to surprise them, I have to start with the same story, but end it differently, adding a twist to the trick.
I'm very busy here
Experts say the story must outperform the audience in order to keep them entertained.
we think within the framework of the story
It connects events and emotions together and intuitively transforms them into a stream that can be easily understood.
this is a very human act
We all want to share stories, whether it's magic at a party, a bad day at work, or a beautiful sunset on vacation.
Today, thanks to technology, we can share those stories in ways never before possible: in emails, on Facebook, on blogs, on tweets, on TED.com.
The tools of the social network are digital campfires around which people gather to listen to stories.
We turn facts into similes and metaphors and fantasies.
It's about polishing the jagged edges of life so that it feels whole.
Stories make us who we really are and sometimes who we want to be.
Stories give us identity, give us a sense of community.
And if the story is good, it makes us smile.
thank you
(Applause) Thank you.
(applause)
First, without glamorizing it too much, imagine lighting your house with kerosene and candles every night, and doing all the cooking with charcoal.
This is how the two billion poorest people in the world cook and light every day.
Not only is this inconvenient, it's inefficient, it's expensive, it's harmful to human health and the environment, and it's not productive.
This is "energy poverty"
Let me give you some examples
I work in Haiti, where about 80 percent of the population lives in energy poverty.
The average household spends 10% of their income on kerosene for lighting, an order of magnitude more than the average American household spends on electric lighting in their homes.
The 2008 hurricane season caused about $1 billion in damage in Haiti.
equivalent to one-sixth of GDP
The reason the damage was so bad is that most of the country's forests had been cut down because Haiti's main source of fuel was charcoal, and wood was the raw material.
We can't absorb heavy rains and floods because we don't have trees.
Industrialized countries can afford to build walls to protect themselves from the fallout of their energy use, to survive severe environmental disasters, and to adapt to long-term conditions like climate change.
But Haiti is different. We can't afford it.
The only way out of energy poverty is to use fuels that are more efficient, cheaper, better for human health, better for the environment, and more productive.
In fact, such fuels and technologies do exist, and here's an example.
This is a solar-powered LED light bulb that retails for about 10 dollars in rural Haiti.
Can be depreciated within three months for a typical Haitian household
The recipe for solving energy poverty seems very simple. If you develop these technologies that will give you a big return on investment, people will jump on them.
But in reality it doesn't
I first landed in Haiti in August of 2008, on a whim, doing fieldwork in rural southern Haiti to assess the extent of energy poverty.
At night, I would walk around and talk to street vendors to see if they would be interested in purchasing solar-powered LED bulbs.
A woman I met turned down my offer and said, "Mon chéri, c'est trop Cher." It will save you a lot of money, and it will give you much better light than the kerosene you're using right now." I didn't sell any light bulbs, but I learned something really important: technology and commodities won't solve energy poverty.
Access to technology and goods solves the problem
Specifically, there are two types of access to end energy poverty: physical access and financial access.
So what do we mean by physical access?
For low-income households in developing countries, it's too expensive to travel to commercial areas.
Moreover, it is basically impossible to order products from Amazon.
The phrase "the last mile" is often associated with the telecommunications industry.
It's the final link necessary to connect a customer and a provider.
What it takes to solve energy poverty is retailers that take the last mile to bring clean energy to people.
The distribution chain for kerosene and charcoal has already solved this: these fuels are ubiquitous across the country.
It means that you can go to the most remote villages in Haiti and meet people selling kerosene and charcoal.
Another access is financial.
We know that clean energy commodities and technologies tend to have high initial costs, but very low operating costs.
So industrialized countries have very favorable subsidies designed to keep those initial costs down.
Haiti doesn't have that kind of subsidy.
What they have is microfinance.
But if Haitians expect to get microloans to go to retail stores and buy clean energy products, then they're going to significantly devalue clean energy products.
So the recipe for ending energy poverty is much more complicated than just a commodity.
We need to integrate financial access directly with new and innovative distribution models.
What do you mean?
It's about bringing consumer credit and retailers together.
This is easy for Bloomingdale's department stores, but it's not easy for Haiti's local distributors.
We need to change the flow of money. Now Haitians across the United States send money through Western Union Bank wire transfers, directly to pay for clean energy products delivered by Haitian friends and family. get it or make it available
So the next time you hear about a technology or product that's going to change the world, be a little skeptical.
The inventor who created the Segway, Dean Kamen, who is a genius by any standards, once said, "My job is to invent, it's easy. The hard part is to spread the technology." and products to the people who need them most.
thank you
(applause)
Stories of the Sea Fishes Tell - Mysterious Plankton Ecology - How do you think I ended up here?
Maybe it's more complicated than you think.
I come from a world of wanderers. A place most people have never seen.
"The world of plankton".
I was born in a million eggs. However, only a few survive.
When I was a fry (kid fish), I moved around among other "wanderers".
The word plankton comes from the Greek word "plakto" (wandering). My fellow plankton also varied in size. From tiny algae and bacteria to animals longer than a blue whale.
I lived in the same feeding area as other babies and children. There were also clams, crabs, sea urchins and sea anemones.
Zooplankton move freely like us.
Copepods (tiny crustaceans like daphnids) and krill are the most abundant here.
Even if I were to travel around the world, there would be no place more diverse than my hometown.
There are over a million organisms in just one teaspoon of seawater.
However, surviving there is not easy.
A trillion lives are born here, but only a few reach adulthood.
This crab larvae isn't even the size of a pinpoint, but he's a nightmare for hairy-jawed animals.
But these dramatic battles between carnivores are just one way to get food.
The real power of this land comes from phytoplankton.
Single-celled organisms convert sunlight and carbon dioxide into valuable oxygen and nutrients.
Phytoplankton form the basis of the world's largest food web.
During the night, many animals like me rise from the bottom of the ocean to feast on the sun's nourishing feast.
I was doing "the biggest move on earth" every day.
At noon I went back into the darkness with my strange companions.
that cannibalize. Like this pterygoid mollusk (such as Clione), it eats up its own relatives without reason.
Comb animal. Like rainbow-colored eyelashes, sway the cilia.
Some catch their prey with their sticky tentacles, while others take a bite out of their own cousins.
Tube jellyfish catch their prey with poisonous fishing rods.
But my favorite is the crustacean Phronima (a deep-sea shrimp-like amphipod).
This monster-like appearance was the basis for the movie Alien.
Its stiff fur allows it to grasp small objects, but it prefers larger tunicates.
This young lady is exploring the deep sea in search of prey with those two pairs of round eyes.
Once she has her prey in her hands, she behaves in the most bizarre ways of any animal on the planet.
Using the corpses of her prey, she carefully builds a barrel-like home. And they raise their own children in that house until they can stand on their own.
And best of all, a small fish like mine is a perfect snack for them.
Here in the plankton world, the food web is so intricate that even scientists don't know who is eating whom.
But I know.
I hope you guys can understand a little bit of my story.
For me, "delicious fish" is not enough.
Not long ago, my daughter Rebecca sent me a message wishing her luck.
The message reads, "Mom, I'm sure you'll make it."
I was happy
I feel like a hug when I get a message
I mean yes
i have a big conflict
I love receiving messages, but I'm trying to tell people that too many messages are a problem.
An exchange with my daughter reminds me of the event that started it all.
In 1996, when I gave my first TEDTalk, Rebecca was five years old and she was sitting right there in the front.
I was about to write a book that celebrated life online and was on the cover of WIRED magazine.
At the time, I was experimenting with chat rooms and virtual communities.
Explore different sides of yourself
days back to reality
i was thrilled
As a psychologist, one of the things that I find most interesting is the idea that we can learn about ourselves and our identities in the virtual world, and then apply that knowledge to the real world so that we can live better in the real world.
Now that it's 2012-
I'm on this TED stage again
My daughter is twenty years old and a college student.
I sleep with my phone under my pillow, so do I.
I've just finished writing a new book, but this time it won't be on the cover of WIRED magazine.
Why
I'm still fascinated by technology, but the point I want to make here is that technology is pushing us in a different direction than we would like.
Over the past 15 years, I've researched mobile technology and interviewed hundreds of men and women, young and old, about living online.
What I've discovered is that this little machine that fits in your pocket can have such a profound impact on your psyche that it changes not only how we behave, but who we are.
Some of the things we do with our devices would have been funny or frowned upon just a few years ago, but we've gotten used to it and it's already become the norm.
Let me give you a few examples: During a corporate board meeting, everyone sends messages and emails.
In class, during presentations, and during any meeting, we send messages, we shop, we look at Facebook.
The skill of simultaneously messaging and making eye contact is important, he says.
(Laughter) And he explains to me that it's hard, but it's possible.
At breakfast and dinner, parents text and email, and children complain that their parents don't get involved.
But children are children and they don't want to interact with each other.
Here's a recent photo of my daughter and her friends, who are together but not together.
I have a message until the funeral.
I thought
We turn ourselves away from our sorrows and regrets and turn to our phones
What's wrong with that?
The only thing that bothers me is that I feel like I'm caught up in a problem, not just about our relationships with each other, but also about how we treat ourselves and our ability to deal with ourselves.
I've begun to get used to the new style of being alone even when we're together.
I want to be with someone, but at the same time I want to be connected to somewhere else.
man wants to control life
They want to move in and out of any place, because the most important thing is to decide where to put your attention.
So you want to be on the board, but you just want to pay attention to the things that really interest you.
Some people think it's a good thing
But eventually, despite being in constant contact, they end up avoiding each other.
A 50-year-old office worker laments that he has almost no colleagues at work.
He goes to work and never stops to talk to anyone, nobody talks to him
He says it's because he doesn't want to get in the way of his colleagues' work.
But he suddenly realizes, "No, it's not.
I'm the one who doesn't like being disturbed
I know you want to talk, but you just end up at your Blackberry."
People of all generations seem to want to stay connected all the time, but only in relationships that are reasonably close and within their control.
This is called the Goldilocks effect. Not too close, not too far, just the right distance.
But the "just the right distance" for middle-aged managers isn't the same for adolescents, because they need to learn interpersonal relationships.
An 18-year-old boy who does everything through texting said thoughtfully, "Someday, someday, but definitely not now, but I want to learn how to communicate."
I ask people, "What's wrong with conversations?"
People say, "The problem with conversation is
It's going in real time - because you can't control what you want to say."
that's the real intention
Whether you're texting, emailing, or posting, you can show only what you want to see.
You can edit it, you can delete it, which means you can rewrite it, and you can rewrite the face, the voice, the body, just the right amount, not too small, not too much.
Relationships are rich, complex and demanding.
we clean it with technology
And what happens is that you're looking only for connection, at the expense of conversation.
deceive yourself-
Over time, we seem to forget it, or stop caring about it.
One day, Stephen Colbert asked me a question out of the blue, a very deep question that caught me off guard.
"If you add up all the short tweets and small exchanges on the internet, wouldn't it be the same as a real conversation after all?"
My answer was no, you can't do addition.
Yes, small exchanges are useful for gathering information, and for saying, "I'm thinking of you," or "I love you." I mean, remember how I felt when my daughter texted me. But that doesn't help us get to know each other or actually understand each other.
We talk to each other to learn how to talk to ourselves.
So avoiding conversation weakens your ability to reflect on yourself, which can get you into trouble.
For growing children, those skills are the foundation of their development.
The line I often hear is this, "Don't speak, I'll text you."
And people are so accustomed to a life without real conversations, so much less and less, that socializing is starting to feel unnecessary.
For example, many of us have a wish that the digital assistant on the iPhone, an advanced version of Siri, could become a close friend who would listen to things that others wouldn't.
I think this wish reflects a painful fact that I've learned over the past 15 years.
The feeling that no one is listening to me is very important in our relationship with technology.
That's why I'm obsessed with having a Facebook page, growing my Twitter feed, growing my automatic audience.
"Feeling like no one is listening" makes me want a machine that looks like it cares
Now robots are being developed, they're called social robots, and they're designed to be human companions -- the elderly, children, and our companions.
Have we lost the desire to be with someone?
During my research, I worked in a nursing home and brought along a robot designed to make seniors feel understood.
And then one day, I went and found a woman who had lost her child, talking to a robot that looked like a baby seal.
it was staring into her eyes
seemed to follow the conversation
she was comforted
Many people will be surprised by this
She was trying to make sense of her life through a machine that had no life experience.
The robot performance was excellent.
we are vulnerable
People try to convince themselves that false empathy is real.
And at that moment, the woman was experiencing that pretended empathy. Robots don't empathize.
without dying
never know life
So it didn't feel amazing to know that a woman got comfort from a robot, and that was the most complicated moment in my 15 years of work.
But when I took a step back, I found myself in the middle of a radical change.
We expect more from technology, less from people.
So I ask myself, "Why did this happen?"
I think it's because technology appeals to where we are most vulnerable.
we are vulnerable
Lonely - but afraid to get close
So from social media to robots, we've designed technologies that give you a sense of connection without the hassle of friendship.
We gravitate toward technologies that we feel will connect us in ways that we can comfortably control.
But I'm not really comfortable
not so in control
The phone in your pocket these days is changing your mind because of the three illusions that your phone gives you.
1 I can direct my attention where I want 2 I can always be heard 3 I am never alone
The third illusion, that we're never alone, is the main cause of psychological change.
When people are alone, even if it's just for a moment
I think it's the people in line at the checkout or at the traffic lights.
loneliness is a problem to be solved
I try to solve it by connecting
But seeking connection has become more of a symptom than a cure.
Connecting doesn't solve it, it just highlights the problem.
And being constantly connected changes your sense of self.
shape a new way of life
In a nutshell, "I am because I am connected."
We define ourselves by communicating our thoughts and feelings with technology.
It used to be like this When I feel something, I want to call
Right now, I want to feel something, so send me a message
In the era of "I am connected, therefore I am", the problem is that if you are not connected, you feel that you are not yourself
i can't think of myself
So I'm looking for more connections
In the process, they become more and more isolated.
Why are we isolated even though we are connected?
We become isolated because we don't develop the capacity to tolerate loneliness or to be alone.
Find yourself in loneliness, then approach others and build real relationships.
If you don't have the strength to endure loneliness, reach out to others so you don't feel insecure or feel alive
Then you won't be able to understand the other person
Because you treat them like spare parts for your sense of helplessness.
Always connected makes us mistakenly think we're not alone
it's dangerous because it's really the opposite
Because if you can't be alone, you're more lonely
And if you don't teach your children to be alone, someday they'll be lonely
At TED in 1996, I spoke about early work on virtual societies, and I said, "People who spend most of their lives in front of a screen find a copy of themselves there."
What I'm trying to say here now is this: we need to think about what technology will do for us -- at what price will we pay -- and we need to have a dialogue.
we are obsessed with technology
Like a young lover, I fear that talking too much will ruin the romance.
But now is the time to speak
We grew up with digital technology, and we think both have matured.
But no, it's still early days.
There's plenty of time to rethink how to use it and how to complete it.
I'm not saying you should keep your devices away. I think you should consciously build relationships with your devices, with other people, and with yourself.
Here's the first step
think loneliness is good
make time for yourself
Find ways to teach your children that it's all worth it.
Create a sanctuary in your home Kitchen Dining room - take back the conversation there
do the same at work
People are so busy interacting that there's little time to think, no time to talk about what really matters.
let's change this situation
Most importantly, we listen to each other, and even trivial things are worth talking about.
Because when you're at a loss, hesitant, or stuttering, you're showing who you really are.
Technology is redefining how we connect with each other, how we relate to others, how we relate to ourselves, but it's also an opportunity to reassess our values ​​and our direction.
i am optimistic
We have everything you need
I have friends
You have a very good chance of success, but you should be aware of your weaknesses.
"Technology simplifies the tedious stuff," we tend to think.
I often hear that "life is hard" and "social relationships are full of anxiety"
And that's where technology comes in. Technology is easy, it's hopeful, it's positive, it's youthful...
It's like a reliable reinforcement
One advertising campaign says that online and avatars will "make you love your friends, your body, your life, just use your avatar online."
We're fascinated by virtual romances and the virtual world of games -- and the fantasy that one day robots will become true friends.
One afternoon, instead of going to the pub with my friends, I spend time on social networks.
That replacement fantasy has a price.
What we need to focus on now is that we can use technology to take back our lives, our bodies, our communities, our politics, our planet.
we are needed
Let's talk about how we can use dream technology -- digital technology -- to make real life more lovable.
thank you
(applause)
First, I'm going to take you to what is said to be the deepest place in the world.
not yet confirmed
There's a big underground expedition planned for next year, and I'll tell you a little bit about it.
What's changed since Jules Verne had this fantastic science fiction idea about the subterranean 150 years ago is that technological breakthroughs have allowed us to actually go there. to a place that was never there
Now we can descend thousands of meters underground with relative ease.
There are wonderful fissures and cavities along the way, so large that you can see in a straight line for hundreds of meters.
If you continue this, you will be on site for about 2-4 months, with a minimum team of 20-30 people and a maximum of 150 people.
I am often asked: “Who would you want to involve in a project like this?”
Our selection process isn't as rigorous as NASA's, but it's still thorough.
We are looking for someone who is competent, self-disciplined, endurance and physically fit
If you're curious, here's our fitness test
(Pictures that look like you're lifting a boulder: Laughter.) But we also value cohesion at the ends of the earth under tremendous stress, and interpersonal skills to resolve conflicts between individuals.
We have already exceeded the limits of human endurance
Looking from the entrance This place is completely different from the tourist cave
I'm watching a camp in a place called J2, not K2
It's two days away from the entrance here
It's kind of like doing high altitude climbing backwards, except you're putting these things down.
In other words, it's damp, damp, cold, and trying to make the pitch-black darkness a little more comfortable.
I should add that everything you see here is artificially illuminated with great painstaking effort.
Otherwise it's complete darkness here
The deeper you go, the more water you hit.
It has a tree-like structure, and water gathers as it goes down.
And finally, we reach this terrifyingly dangerous place, because slides don't really show it.
Here's a video clip from the late 1980's
Dive underground in Mexico's Woutla Highlands
(Video) The technique I'm showing you here is already outdated and dangerous.
I don't do it unless it's for the movies
(Laughter) On the same note, I would like to point out that there are no monsters in the depths of the earth, like many of the movies that came out of Hollywood last year, or at least the ones that eat people.
If there's a monster in the depths, it's a crushing psychological isolation that will attack all team members if you're more than three days away from the entrance.
Next year I will lead the international team to J2
We start at 2,600 meters below ground - which is just over 8,600 feet - and go 30 kilometers from the entrance.
The leading force will push through the underground for more than 30 days in a row.
Such a long-term mission has never been done before.
If you keep going down like this, you'll probably end up in a place like this
It is a place where water accumulates up to the ceiling in the cross section of the stratum.
When I find a place like this, I mark it on the map as "Terminal Siphon."
I remember that term very well for two reasons.
First, it's the name of my rock band, and second, I became an inventor by facing places like this.
And we've developed generations of gadgets to explore these places.
This is a closed loop life support system.
With it, you can go many kilometers horizontally and 200 meters downwards in one fell swoop.
This is EVA, that is
It's like doing a spacewalk in space, but at much longer distances and at greater physical risk.
So here we're thinking about designing a device that's going to be used far away from the safe space.
This is a National Geographic movie that came out in 1999.
(Video) Narrator: “Exploring is going where no one has set foot before.
This is a completely unknown world left on earth
It's special to be able to experience this."
Bill Stone (BS): This was filmed at Wakulla Springs in Florida
A few things about the movie: None of the gadgets you saw there existed before 1999.
It had been developed within the previous two years and had been used in expedition projects.
What you see here is called the Digital Wall Mapper, which created the first three-dimensional map of a cave, and it just so happened to be the Wakulla Spring.
This gadget, like magic, opened the door to the unknown.
this is europa
The other day, Caroline Porco talked about another planet, Enceladus.
This is one of the places planetary scientists believe has the highest probability of finding extraterrestrial life in the planet's subsurface ocean.
For those of you who have never seen this story, Jim (James) Cameron has made a truly fantastic movie for the IMAX projection system, "Aliens of the Deep Sea."
Here's a short clip of that (video) Narrator: A mission to explore beneath Europa's ice will be the ultimate challenge for robotic technology.
Europa is so far away that even at the speed of light, it would take over an hour for a command to reach the probe.
The rover must avoid surface hazards and find a good landing point on the ice.
Now we have to go through the ice
I need a melting probe
It's basically a nuclear powered torpedo
Ice is 5-25 kilometers thick
for weeks. When a melting probe sinks under its own weight through ancient ice and finally reaches sea level, what does it do?
We need an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV)
It's as smart as a puppy, making its own decisions in an alien ocean.
BS: What Jim didn't know when he made this movie was that six months before this movie, NASA had funded the team I organized and started testing an AUV for Europa.
In other words, DEPTHX was completed after three years of technical meetings, design, and system construction.
As this movie shows, it's a smart puppy
It has 96 sensors, 36 computers, 100,000 lines of autonomous behavior programs, and 10 kilograms of TNT in the electronic equipment.
This is the target point, the thermal springs of Cenote Zakatón in northern Mexico.
It's been explored to a depth of 292 meters, and no one knows what's below.
That's part of DEPTHX's mission
Again, there are two main goals
How to conduct autonomous scientific activities underground?
How do you turn a robot into a microbiologist in the field?
A lot of the stages here I don't have time to talk about, but basically you're just walking around and looking at environmental variables, ratios of sulfides, halides, things like that.
We're calculating the slope of the surface, and we're going over the wall to where life is most likely.
Move along the wall, do proximity maneuvers, look for color changes.
When I see something interesting, I put it under the microscope and look at it.
If it passes the microscope test, it will be harvested.
You can simply take a liquid sample, or you can pick a clump off the wall.
No human intervention in this operation
All done autonomously by robots
The real hat-trick of this rover is that we developed a revolutionary control system, called 3D SLAM, that can simultaneously locate and map.
DEPTHX is an omnidirectional eye
The sensor is looking forward and backward at the same time, and while the location that has been explored so far is stereoscopically fixed by the sensor, the next exploration can be started.
What I'm going to show you next is the world's first fully autonomous robotic underground exploration.
In May of this year, we'll start 1,000 meters underground in Zakaton, and hopefully DEPTHX will bring back the first type of bacteria discovered by robots.
Once that test is done, then Antarctica, and then the funding follows, and if NASA gives the OK, we may launch by 2016 and have the first evidence of extraterrestrial life by 2019.
What about manned space exploration?
The government has announced that it will return to the moon by 2024.
And if that mission succeeds, it means that a few government scientists and a few pilots go to the moon very occasionally.
So there's not as much room for the average person to expand into space as it was 50 years ago.
Something has to change fundamentally in order to go to space normally in our lifetime.
Here are some controversial ideas
I hope that you'll be patient with what I'm about to tell you, and that you'll trust the background behind it.
Going to space privately requires three supports
One of them is economical earth-to-space transportation.
Burt Rutan and Richard Branson have this in mind, and I respect them.
Go, go, do it!
The second is a space where you can stay in orbit.
An orbital hotel at first, but later it's our workshop
The last thing that's missing, a real paradigm buster, is this: an orbital gas station.
(laughs)
If it exists, it will change the way future spacecraft are designed and missions are laid out.
Now, to help you understand why this word has power, let me give you an introductory course on the universe.
First, you pay by the kilogram for everything you do in space.
Did you come to this venue and drink bottled water?
In orbit, this would cost a million yen
It's more expensive than you pay for TED.
(Laughter) Second, more than 90 percent of the vehicle's weight is fuel.
So if you want to do anything in space, you're burning a ton of money every time you hit the gas.
Even people in Tesla cars can't match this law of physics.
What if you could buy fuel at a tenth the price?
there is a place where it can be done
In fact, we can make it up to 14 times cheaper, if the fuel is on the moon.
Thirteen years ago, the U.S. Department of Defense launched a little-known mission called Clementine.
The most interesting discovery from that mission was that the Shackleton crater at the moon's south pole had very strong hydrogen signatures.
The signal is so strong that, over millions, billions of years, 10 trillion tons of water wouldn't have been buried in material deposited by asteroid and comet impacts.
If we're going to take what's out there and build a gas station, we'll have to figure out a way to move a lot of cargo through space.
still can't do it
The system that can be made for that purpose now must launch a multi-stage rocket from the ground and overcome all aerodynamic resistance.
have to break through it
In outer space, there is no air resistance, so you can do that.
You can use the inflatable system for anything
This is another idea that originated at the Lawrence Livermore Laboratory in 1989 by Dr. Lowell Wood's group.
and now you can extend it to anything
Bob Bigelow has a test module in orbit
can go further
Create space tugs and orbital bases to hold coolant and water
there is more
To get back from the moon, you have to deal with orbital engineering.
According to it, it's traveling 3 kilometers per second faster than it's supposed to to get back to the gas station.
you have two options
Either by using rocket fuel, or by some very implausible method.
Once it hits the stratosphere, it slows down precisely and then rises back up to the orbiting space station.
no one has done it yet
It's dangerous and it's going to be a ride as bad as Disneyland.
Traditional methods of space exploration require all the fuel on board to get everyone back in an emergency.
If that's how you go to the moon, you'll need a billion dollars worth of fuel just to get one astronaut there.
But if you send a drilling team to the moon and you don't have fuel to get home from the beginning -- (Laughter) Do you know the story of Hernan Cortés?
This is not that kind of story.
I like this tool (spaceship) and I think it's very valuable because you don't have to burn the tool.
But if you're so audacious and can get to the moon with that spaceship and build a fuel station, it's going to be the most dramatic demonstration of all the worthwhile extraterrestrial events to date. probably
There's a myth that nothing can be done in space without a trillion dollars and 20 years.
that's not right
In seven years, we may be able to successfully complete an industrial mission to Shackleton and build a petrol station in low Earth orbit.
we live in the most exciting times in history
We are at the confluence of miraculous times where personal wealth and imagination are driving the need for access to space.
The orbital gas stations I just told you about could be a whole new industry that could unlock the door to space for ordinary people to explore.
Breaking the paradigm requires a completely different approach
We can send an industrial version of the Lewis and Clark Expedition to Shackleton Crater to mine the moon's subsurface resources, and then show that we can lay the foundation for a profitable orbital business.
Space stories can always leave the purpose and timing ambiguous.
I'm going to drive a stake into the sand and finish here at TED.
I'm going to command the mission
(Applause) With the right help, we could do it in seven years.
Those who join me in the success of this project will become part of history and join the ranks of great men from the past, and if they were here now, they would wholeheartedly agree.
There was a time in the past when people did bold things to pioneer
we all forget that
We are in another time when we need boldness to move forward.
100 years after Sir Ernest Shackleton said these words, I would like to raise the banner of industry to the moon and complete the final piece that will open the door to space for all of us in our time.
thank you
(applause)
hi
(Laughter) I did this for two reasons.
First, I wanted to make a good first impression visually.
But it's bigger because I was made to wear a lady gaga-like slinky mic.
(smile)
I'm used to fixed mics, and I think those are comfortable shoes for speeches.
(Laughter) But when you put something like this on your head, it's weird.
I'm freaking out
I'm sorry about that, you've already deviated from the party's policy
(Laughter) Ladies and gentlemen, I've dedicated the last 25 years of my life to designing books.
[Yes, it's a book — that stack of inked papers. No switches. Tell the kids.]
It all started with an innocent mistake. Like penicillin. (Laughter) What I really wanted to be was a graphic designer at a big New York design firm.
In the fall of 1986, I went to New York City, and I went through a lot of interviews, but the only one I was offered was a job as an assistant art director at the publisher Knopf.
I'm stupid, but I wasn't stupid enough to kick this.
I had no idea what I was going to do, but I was really lucky.
I quickly came to understand what my job was
It's asking — [What does this story look like? ]
because that's Knopf
Knopf is a story factory, and it's the best in the world.
we bring stories to people
Stories can be anything, some are facts
But what they all have in common is that they need to look like something.
i need a face
why? To give the reader a first impression of what they're going to get into.
Book designers give form to content, but they try to strike a balance between the two.
On my first day of studying graphic design at Penn State University, my teacher, Lanny Smith, walked into the classroom, drew an apple on the blackboard, wrote "apple" underneath it, and said, "Now for lesson one. Alright. listen"
Hide the picture, "You can say this." Then hide the words, "Or you can show it like this."
I said, "But don't do this."
because this is going to treat the viewer like an idiot.
(Laughter) They deserve better treatment.
I soon found myself confirming this theory in the two books I worked on at Knopf.
One is the autobiography of Katharine Hepburn and the other is the biography of Marlene Dietrich.
Hepburn's books were written conversationally, like sitting across from a table and talking to the reader.
Dietrich's book is an observation by his daughter.
It's a biography. Hepburn's story is a word, Dietrich's story is a picture, so I did it this way.
As you can see, pure content and pure form side by side.
Ladies, please don't fight
[What is Jurassic Park? ] What's the story here?
Someone recreated dinosaurs by extracting DNA from ancient amber.
Genius!
(Laughter) Now, luckily for me, New York, where I live and work, is full of dinosaurs.
(Laughter) So I went to the Natural History Museum, saw dinosaur bones, and bought a book at the souvenir shop.
I was particularly drawn to this page of the book, or more specifically, the lower right corner of it.
So take this diagram and run it on a photostat copy. (Laughter) Take out a tracing paper and scotch tape it over the photostat... if you're going too fast, stop. Please explain it to people. (Laughter) I started reconstructing dinosaurs.
I didn't know what I was doing or where I was going, but at some point I stopped, when it seemed like doing more was going too far.
The result is a graphic representation of this creature brought to life.
this is still in production
Then I added the typography
It's very basic and somehow reminds me of a park sign.
(Laughter) Everyone at the company liked it, so I sent it to the author.
From that time on, Michael was on the cutting edge —
[Faxed back from Michael Crichton...] [WOW! That's a really cool cover.] (Laughter and applause) I was relieved when this came out of the fax.
(Laughter) I miss Michael.
Sure enough, MCA Universal called our legal department and said they wanted to buy the rights to this image, so they might use it.
in fact they used
(Laughter and applause) It was really exciting.
You know, it was a great movie, so it was interesting to see it become a culture, a phenomenon, all the variations.
But recently I found this on the net
no it's not my leg
Whoever it is, you can't help but worry, one day you wake up and say, "Wow, it didn't look like this last night!
I was really drunk."
(Laughter) But when you think about this, from my head to my hands to his feet.
(laughs) It's a big responsibility.
I don't take responsibility lightly.
Book designers are responsible for three things: readers, publishers, and most of all, authors.
I want people to look at an author's book and say, "Wow, I have to read this."
David Sedaris is one of my favorite authors.
The reason he went there was because he was intimidated by his body image and wanted to explore what was behind it.
For me, this gave me a good excuse to design a book that literally takes my pants off.
But when you actually take it, what comes out is not what you expected.
something deeper comes out
David really liked this design, because he does a lot of book signings, and in Magic he could write something like this.
(laughs) Hi!
(Laughter) Augusten Burroughs wrote a memoir called "Dry," which was about the time he was in rehab.
In his 20s, he was a hit-and-run advertising exec and a terrible alcoholic in "Mad Men."
I didn't think so myself, but a colleague stepped in and said, "If you don't go to rehab, you're going to be fired and you're going to die."
I ended up solving this typographically, but I did the opposite of "Introduction to Typography."
what do you mean
On the first day of Intro to Typography, you're usually given the task of picking a word and making it look exactly like what it stands for, and that's Intro to Typography.
It's very simple
This time I did the opposite.
I wanted this book to lie to the reader, to look like a desperate, desperate alcoholic.
The answer turned out to be very low-tech.
I typeset it up on an Epson printer, printed it with water-based inks, taped it to the wall, and sprayed it with a bucket of water.
I sent it to the printer, where they glossed the ink so it looked like it was really flowing.
When the book first came out, the author, Augusten, was watching from behind the scenes at an airport bookstore to see what kind of people would buy his book.
A woman picked up a book, squinted her eyes at it, and then took it to the cash register and said to the man behind the counter, "This hurts!"
(Laughter) The guy at the counter replied, "I know, it's been that way since I got it."
(Laughter) Good job, printer.
A book cover is like an extract.
You could call it the "haiku" of the story.
This story by Osamu Tezuka is about the great life of the Buddha and has eight volumes. The nice thing about it is that when you put it all on your bookshelf, you can see the transition of the Buddha from one era to the next.
All of these solutions are derived from the text of the book, but the book designer has to interpret and translate the book as he reads it.
For example, this story is full of great mysteries.
Here's the story: [Intrigue and Murder Among Sixteenth-Century Ottoman Court Painters] I assembled a series of paintings, viewed them, deconstructed them, reconstructed them.
this is the design
The front and spine are flattened, but the real story begins
It's time to put this on the book and put it on the bookshelf.
Oh, I have secret lovers
Let's pull it out Oh! found by the sultan
must be angry
Ha! The Sultan is in danger
Now I can't help but pull out my book and see what happens next.
I'm telling you to try this on your Kindle.
(laughs) Let me tell you this story!
Seriously, there's a lot to be gained from e-books: ease of use, convenience, portability.
But there are also things that are lost: tradition, sensory experience, and the pleasure of things.
A little bit of humanity. Do you know what John Updike was doing when he got his new book from Knopf?
I smell
Then run your finger over the rag paper and feel the sharp ink smell and the edge of the paper.
Over the years, after many publications, he never got tired of it.
I think the iPad is all very well, but let me tell you one thing: you can't smell it.
(Laughter) I'm sure someone at Apple is sending a message right now, "Develop a scent-generating plug-in."
(Laughter) The last story I'm going to talk about today is an extraordinary story.
A woman named "Aomame" is descending a spiral staircase on a highway in 1984 Japan, and when she reaches the bottom, she suddenly feels that she has entered an alternate reality, slightly different from her original reality, though very similar, but. it's different
It's about parallel dimensions of existence, so it's like the relationship between the book cover and the book.
How would you describe this?
We're back to Hepburn and Dietrich, but this time we've put them together.
Different dimensions, different paper
The cover is printed on translucent vellum paper.
Here is some of the form and content
inside it's the other way around
So, even if you don't know anything about this book, you're forced to think about a single person who straddles two dimensions of existence.
The thing itself invites us to explore, to act, to consider —
And to the touch, on the New York Times bestseller list
It debuted at number two, which was a first for our publisher and a first for our authors.
In a 900-page bizarre yet compelling book, in the climactic scene, a mob of tiny people emerge from a sleeping woman's mouth and explode a shepherd dog.
(Laughter) It's not the best seller out there!
It has been on the bestseller list for 14 weeks, has been printed eight times, and is still selling well.
We love publishing as an art, but we also understand that it's a business, and if we do our job right and have a little bit of luck, great art can be great business.
this is my story there is more
What is it like?
Yes, it can be, and it will be, but to this book designer's reader who folds the corners of the page and writes between the lines and smells the ink, this is what stories look like.
Thank you. (Applause)
As you know, autopsy is the traditional way to study human anatomy.
It's a very rewarding experience for medical students, but for schools, it's very difficult and too expensive to maintain a cadavers practice.
So most anatomy classes are classroom, and they don't have a lab for anatomy.
For these reasons, or in some countries, it's difficult to experience dissection.
That's why we created a virtual dissecting table with Dr. Brown from Stanford University.
We call it the "anatomy table"
With this anatomage table, medical students can experience dissection without specimens.
And the shape of this dissecting table is important, because it's touch-screen, and you can literally perform dissections and surgeries on this table in exactly the same way a surgeon would perform an operation on a patient. I can
The digital anatomy we use for dissection is life-size, so this is exactly what you'll see during a real dissection exercise.
Let me show you a little demonstration.
As you can see, I use my fingers to manipulate the digital human body.
Let's cut some
You can cut it in any way like this
so you can see inside
By changing the cut, you can change the part that can be seen.
So let's cut here, look at the part of the brain.
some organs can be seen
This mode is called slicing mode.
Now let's do another cut
here
You can see a lot of internal structures
If you want to look behind you, you can turn it over like this and look at it from behind.
It is like this
If you look at this image and it makes you feel uncomfortable or uncomfortable, then this is a success.
It's eye candy for doctors.
So let's do a clinically meaningful dissection instead of just chopping up the human body.
What we're going to do is remove all the skin, all the muscles, all the bones, so that we can see only the internal organs.
here
For example, let's cut the liver that's here.
This is it
If you want to see my heart
make an incision around here
cut the veins and arteries
Oops
It's a word you don't want to hear in an actual surgery.
(Laughter) Fortunately, the digital human body has an undo function.
(laughs) yes
okay
let's zoom
I'm going to cut this part
so you can see inside the heart
You can look at the atria and ventricles and see how blood flows through the arteries and veins.
This way, medical students can take any part of the body and dissect it any way they want.
This can be used for more than just anatomy
It's electronic, so you can do the dissection in reverse.
Let me show you, let's start with the skeletal structure and then add the internal organs.
yes
Is this method faster?
And then you build muscle, gradually, just like this.
Can you see tendons and muscles?
I wish I could build muscle so easily
(Laughter) This is another way to learn anatomy.
And let me show you one more thing, more than once, doctors examine patients with x-rays.
So the anatomage table can show you exactly what the human body looks like on an x-ray.
You can move this x-ray, and if you want to, you can overlay the x-ray and the anatomy for comparison.
Now, when you're done dissecting, you can immediately put the body back together and move on to the next dissection.
On this dissecting table, you can also change your gender.
I'm a woman now
This is the anatomage table
(applause)
I want to talk to you tonight about a critical global issue that's intertwined across land use, food and the environment, and I call it "another inconvenient truth." increase
Before we get to the point, there's something I want to show you.
That's what Earth looks like at night from space.
This is what Earth looks like at night from an orbiting space station, and it's a reminder of just how much we humans wield our planet.
You can see cities and oil fields, and if you look hard enough, you can see fishing fleets at sea.
Now let's get back to the topic and continue talking while looking at the Earth in the daytime.
You can see the surface of the earth clearly in the daytime
This is the state of Rondonia in the south central part of the Brazilian Amazon This is the state of Rondonia in the central south part of the Brazilian Amazon
If you look around in the upper right corner, you can see what looks like a white line, and this is a road that was built in the 1970s.
Here is a picture of the same place in 2001. Countless roads spread out like leaf veins, branching one after the other. increase
cows that are used as food for beef
Beef from this region is mainly consumed in South America, such as Brazil and Argentina, and is not shipped to the United States.
But this fishbone pattern of deforestation is common in tropical rainforest regions, and it's particularly pronounced in this region.
If you move your eyes a little further south, you can see the Bolivian edge of the Amazon.Similarly, if you look at the 1975 photo, there's a white line that looks like a perforation. is standing alone
What happened to this place after that? If you look at a picture from 2003, it looks more like an Iowa soybean field than a rainforest landscape.
In fact, we grow soybeans here.
Feed soybeans for export to Europe and China. After the Mad Cow Panic about a decade ago, we stopped adding animal protein to our feed because of the risk of infection.
Now gives plant protein instead.
So soybean cultivation has exploded, proving that globalization and trade are having an impact on the Amazon rainforest.The world is now intricately connected.
There are other examples of this. Look at this. Everywhere you look in the world, you see vast tracts of land cleared for food and fodder production.
So we were interested in what percentage of the earth is used for food production? Where is the place of production? What can we do for the future? what does that mean? about it
My team is doing this on a global scale, using data from satellites and ground data to look at cropping conditions across the globe.
Amazing results have been obtained
This map shows the distribution of farmlands and ranches around the globe.
The green area is the land used for agriculture. Wheat, soybeans, corn, rice, etc. are grown.
It covers an area of ​​16 million square kilometers
If you put it all together in one place, it would be the size of the continent of South America.
Now let's look at the brown areas, which are land used for dairy farming and livestock farming.
It covers an area of ​​30 million square kilometers, the size of the continent of Africa. It's the vastest, most fertile land in use. The only untouched land left is the Sahara Desert, the middle of Siberia, or the rainforests. yeah
So all the available land on Earth is already being used.
If you think about it, these farmlands make up 40 percent of all land, 60 times the size of the cities and suburbs where most of us live and we're always talking about.
Food production takes up 60 times the area of ​​the cities and suburbs where half the world's population lives.
This is really surprising, and we were shocked by the findings.
We use a lot of land for agriculture, but we also use a lot of water.
This is a picture near Arizona, and you're probably wondering, "What are you growing there?" You're wondering, "What are you growing there?" If you sprinkle water on it, it will grow even in the desert.
Ironically, this lettuce will probably be shipped to areas more suitable for growing lettuce.
But what's even more interesting is where this water came from: the Colorado River in North America.
Here's a normal picture of the Colorado River in the 1950s.
Today, when I visit the same place during normal times, the water level has dropped so much.
The cause is the irrigation of the desert for food production, or is it the watering of the golf course?
As a result of pumping so much water and using it for food production, today the Colorado River dries up downstream and doesn't flow into the ocean.
We've used up an entire river for irrigation.
this is not the worst case yet
The worst case would be the Aral Sea.
you learned in geography class
The Aral Sea, located between Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan, was one of the largest inland seas in the world during the Soviet era.
This may seem strange Why is there an ocean in the middle of the desert?
The answer is on the right side of the screen, where two rivers flow from the desert and fill the lake.
The river's water is melted snow from mountains far to the east, and it flows all the way down through the desert into the Aral Sea.
In the 1950s, the Soviet Union decided to divert a river to irrigate the deserts of Kazakhstan for cotton cultivation, hoping to earn foreign currency by shipping the cotton to international markets.
The Soviet Union was in trouble with foreign currency shortages.
You can imagine what would happen if we turned off the water to the Aral Sea...
This is 1973 1986 1999 2004 This is about 11 months ago.
this is an anomaly
Many of you live in the American Midwest.
What if this was Lake Superior?
What if it was Lake Huron?
this is an unusual change
Falling water levels have fundamentally impacted not only the size of the ocean, but also the environment in this region.
I agree…
There were no conservation groups in the Soviet Union...
well that aside
What emerged from the bottom of the Aral Sea was incredible.
It's a huge amount of toxic waste and garbage, which is dispersed in harmful dust.
One of the outlying islands was used as an inaccessible location for Soviet biological weapons testing.
I can walk now
weather patterns have changed
19 of the 20 fish species endemic to the Aral Sea have disappeared from the planet.
This is a clear environmental disaster
But let's get back to the point here
This is a photo that Al Gore gave me a few years ago that he took during a visit to the Soviet Union, quite some time ago, and it shows a fishing boat in the Aral Sea.
Can you see the traces of an attempt to dig a waterway?
They tried to somehow move the fishing boats to the remaining pools, but they eventually gave up because they couldn't keep up with the facilities in the harbor as the water levels continued to drop.
I don't know about you, but I'm terrified that in the future, archaeologists will unearth this and write a book about it, wondering, "What were these guys thinking?"
Actually, I won't know until it's in the future...
We already use 50% of the fresh water on the planet, and agriculture uses 70% of that.
So we use a lot of water and a lot of land in agriculture.
Not only that, but agriculture also has a huge impact on the atmosphere.
Usually, when we talk about the atmosphere, we talk about climate change, greenhouse gases, energy issues, but agriculture is actually the single largest source of carbon dioxide.
Carbon dioxide emissions from slash-and-burn farming in the rainforest Methane gas from cattle and paddy fields Nitrogen gas from manure In fact, greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture account for 30% of emissions from human activities.
This is more than gas from all transportation
more than the gas produced by power generation
That's more than the emissions from manufacturing.
Agriculture is the single largest source of greenhouse gas emissions from human activity.
but we don't try to talk about it
Agriculture has become such a huge presence, it's taking over the land, it occupies 40 percent of the land, uses 70 percent of our water, and emits 30 percent of our greenhouse gases.
The world's nitrogen and phosphorus fluxes have doubled because of fertilizer use, which is causing water pollution problems in rivers, lakes and even the ocean, and is the biggest contributor to biodiversity loss.
So agriculture has become, without a doubt, the most powerful force on the planet, arguably the most powerful force since the Ice Age.
comparable in importance to climate change
And both of those important things are happening at the same time.
But it's not all bad, and I'm not saying that farming is bad.
we can't live without agriculture
It's not a substitute, it's not a luxury... it's a necessity.
Not only do we need food to eat, we need to supply fiber and biofuels to the 7 billion people in the world, but the demand for agriculture will grow even more in the future, and this is inevitable.
It's bound to grow, because the population continues to grow, and it's about 7 billion today, but it's on pace to reach 9 billion, and it could eventually reach 9.5 billion.
A change in diet is also an important factor.
Population growth combined with rising living standards has led to an increase in global meat consumption. Meat production consumes far more resources than crop production.
We're going to have more people, we're going to eat more, our diets will change, but at the same time we're going to have an energy crisis, and we're going to need alternatives to oil, and that includes biofuels and bioenergy.
Put these things together, and we'll need to at least double agricultural production to survive the rest of the 21st century.
What should I do? How to double world agricultural production?
There will also be ideas to expand the cultivated area.
So let's look at the analysis. On the left is the area that is currently cultivated, and on the right is the area that can be cultivated. This analysis is based on soil and climate, and it assumes that climate change will not have much of an impact. it's not good
There is still arable land, but the problem is that the land that remains is a delicate area.
It's a land of biodiversity, carbon reservoirs, and other things we want to protect.
It's not impossible to expand the area under cultivation, but we shouldn't do it, because it's very ecologically dangerous.
Alternatively, we can think of doing better farming on the land we already have without increasing the resources used in agriculture.
This diagram shows where we might be able to achieve higher crop yields without damaging the environment.
Let's take corn as an example, and the green areas are where the corn yields are already very high, probably at their maximum yields, taking into account the soil and climate of the area, but the brown and yellow areas are naturally possible. This is an area where only 20% to 30% of the harvested amount is harvested.
You can see a lot of it in Africa and Latin America, but the interesting thing is that there is still room for improvement in the farmlands of Eastern Europe, once called the former Soviet Union and the Eastern Bloc.
it needs nourishment and water
It will be supplied by conventional farming, organic farming, or a combination of both.
the water and nutrients that plants need
This is something we can do, and it might even be possible.
But it also requires a careful approach to meet future food security needs and environmental needs at the same time.
We have to find a way to strike a balance between food production and environmental protection.
The current method is one way or the other.
In the back, we're growing food -- in this picture, it's a soybean field -- and the graph shows that there's a lot of food being produced here, but clean water is scarce, and the ability to absorb CO2 and biodiversity is limited. low sex
In the foreground there's grassland.
We have to figure out a way to bring these two things together, a new way of farming where they can coexist.
When I talk about this, people often come back and say, "So maybe _____ is the solution?" Organic food, local production, genetic engineering, new subsidies, farm bills, there are a lot of good ideas, but one shot. I don't seem to have the silver bullet to solve the problem.
Rather, it would be closer to a silver bullet
I like this analogy: small shotguns come together to create a powerful force, but in order to do that, you have to put them all together.
So I think what we need to do is invent new ways of farming that combine the best ideas -- the best of commercial farming, the green revolution -- with the best of organic farming, local production, local consumption. There's no answer to the question of who's right, but it's only by working together that we can create a new way of farming. I call it farming for the whole planet.
It's been difficult for me to talk about things like this before, and we're working hard to get people to understand the points I've made today, to reduce controversy, and to increase cooperation.
In the video that I'm going to show you, you can see some of what we're doing to bring people from all walks of life into the same conversation.
(music) (University of Minnesota Environmental Institute, In Search of Discovery) (music) The global population is growing by 75 million people each year.
That's roughly the population of Germany
The current population of the earth is about 7 billion people
At this rate we will reach 9 billion by 2040
everyone needs food
But what should I do
Can we feed a growing population without destroying the environment?
We all know that climate change is a big problem.
But that's not the only problem
Global Agricultural Crisis Needs to Face 'Another Inconvenient Truth'
Population growth + meat consumption + dairy consumption + energy costs + bioenergy production = load on natural resources
Over 40% of all land is cleared for agriculture
16 million square kilometers of farmland
This is roughly the size of South America
30 million square kilometers of grassland
it's the size of africa
The area of ​​land used for agriculture is 60 times that of cities and suburbs
Irrigation is the biggest consumer of water on earth
2,800 cubic kilometers of water are fed to crops each year
That's enough to fill the Empire State Building 7,305 times a day.
Many rivers are now running low
Some are completely dry
The Aral Sea is no longer a desert
The Colorado River dries up before it reaches the ocean
Fertilizer more than doubled the amount of nitrogen and phosphorus in the environment
What are the results?
Massive water pollution Retreat of lakes and rivers
Surprisingly, the number one cause of climate change is agriculture
emits 30% of greenhouse gases
More than the combined emissions of electricity use and industry as a whole That is more than the emissions from planes, trains and cars
There are three major agricultural emissions: Deforestation in the tropics Methane gas from livestock and rice paddies Nitrogen gas from over-fertilization
No other human activity has a greater impact on the world than agriculture.
Nothing is more important to our survival than agriculture.
we have a dilemma...
We'll have to double, maybe even triple, the world's food production while the world's population grows by billions more.
Where should I go?
We need an international dialogue involving everyone.
We need investments in practical solutions Farmer subsidies, precision agriculture, new crops, drip irrigation, reuse of gray water, better farming, smarter diets.
Everyone should participate in the discussion
advocating commercial agriculture, discussing environmental issues, and organic farming.
must cooperate
It's not a problem that can be solved by any one
We need your help, your imagination and your determination, because you can't do it all over again.
How can we supply the food we need without destroying the world?
We face one of the greatest challenges ever. The greatest challenge in human history is to feed nine billion people sustainably, equitably and justly, while protecting the planet for future generations. also for
We're going to be faced with one of the toughest challenges in human history, and we'll have to get it right the first time. You only get one chance.
Thank you. (Applause)
i am a self proclaimed body architect
I danced classical ballet and studied architecture and fashion.
As a body architect, I'm interested in the human body and exploring ways to transform it.
I once worked in Philips' hyper-futuristic design research lab, which looked 20 years ahead.
I was researching how technology could transform the human body and the skin.
There were electronic tattoos that respond when touched, and dresses that tremble and sparkle when exposed to light.
I started experimenting myself
It's a more low-tech approach than the previous one, but
This is my friend covered in glued swabs
(Laughter) I started collaborating with my friend Bert Hess.
We've converted our apartment into a lab so that we can be intuitive at all times.
I created a visual model that evokes human evolution.
When I was working at Philips, I think it was probably related to technology... we had a discussion about the idea of ​​being in-between on and off.
may take the form of gas or liquid
I was captivated by the idea of ​​wrapping and blurring the lines of the body in this way.
I moved into an apartment in the red light district and rolled myself up with plumbing tubing, and that's how I found a way to redefine skin with this dynamic texture.
I was introduced to Swedish pop star Robin, who herself was trying to find ways to coexist with technology and raw human emotions.
We talked about technology as a new physical definition, these feathers, new face paints, punks, and we made a PV.
I'm fascinated by the potential of the concept of the fusion of biology and technology.
Thinking about this concept, if you could reprogram your own body odor to be biologically superior, how would that affect your communication?
What about the effect on sexual attraction?
Or will it degenerate into more primitive, animal-like communication?
I once worked with a synthetic biologist, who was developing a drinkable perfume that you could put into your body, and when you perspired, the scent would come out from the surface of your skin.
We provided a new perfume experience that is completely different from existing perfumes.
Perfume that emits fragrance from the body
This is how we redefined the role of the skin as an atomizer.
Through this experience, I learned that there are no limits, and if you look back at the development of my research, you can see how I got here.
But from here on out, it's an experience of the unknown that stretches endlessly.
Or through more primitive, animal-like communication and new experiences, ideas dormant within me crystallize and emerge intuitively.
As a body architect, I've created a limitless platform to find what I want.
It feels fresh, like it's just started
This is how I look at work
(Laughter) (Applause) Thank you.
thank you
Everyone put your hands on your head!
Yes, your hands are above your head! Keep calm and stay still If you do as I say, I won't make you look bad Do you understand?
ok you can put it down
Don't get weird, just put it down
Oh that's right, that's fine
give out all the scholarships
give me a scholarship
yes you too ok
It's you and you there.
you too ok
You, you there, go to the window and get a scholarship loan
It's not a game, it's obvious that you're hiding money somewhere
You're throwing tuition on me and my friend! The gang scholars are here
N.W.A. + Beastie Boys
"Don't do it"
am i kidding?
Why is it a game? No worries, just worry about you
where is the game? yes?
ah? Even though you don't know anything about me
That's not what I'm talking about, I'm not crazy
Before I really go crazy, treat me like a crazy person
Ah, it's about time I'm seriously going crazy, like a 2pack rogue
"I'm not a murderer, but don't offend me. Revenge is a sweet pleasure."
Let's start rapping like the Brooklyn school Biggie "Super Nintendo, Sega, Genesis, back then, I was so lame."
"Zuda-da-dan, zu-da-da-dan, the 9mm caliber will blow fire"
I mean, "You're stupid, you're really stupid
Hide the children, hide the wives, let's collect the scholarships."
Are you still playing with this? Do you think you're doing it because you want to?
Procurement of guns is fucking hard!
oh sorry do you understand
i just want to get an education
I'm just trying to get what my grandfather asked for
My ancestors staged a sit-in so that I, the descendant, could sit in the classroom.
All you guys have been doing all along is squeezing out of my account
Thanks to you, my wallet is empty, it's like an empty parking lot
Did you imitate the old feudal lord's way of treating slaves?
Driving us into deception and failure
Your brain panics when you see success— endless repetition of conditioning
Let's spend money on useless education
I'm going to keep paying it off with the money I've earned from hard work
Isn't it a story you've heard enough to get tired of?
It's like rusty shackles that prevent you from getting a degree
It's like the flip side of the anti-slavery clause
The lecture hall is like a field of cotton Choked in the throats of a dreaming generation Like a drowned song of freedom Oh! got it
I won't die, but I will only give you my forehead because I can't stand on my own.
leave me weak and discouraged
Stop stealing our drive in our sleep
Don't say "financial aid" You can't help anyone with that money
we have fought
I've fought so desperately that the future can't be sealed off by a wad of green bills.
It's not your fault that my children will be devoured in the future.
Let's go on a rampage
I'm not a murderer, but don't get angry
I don't want to do this, but it's for my cousins ​​in Haiti Who don't know what college is like And it's for my best friend, Raymond He didn't go to college, it was a prison cell And my report card was near death by hanging
I have no other choice
I can only do this
Please put the money in the bag put the money in the bag I just want to go to school
I just want to be educated I want to learn I want to grow
Please put the money in the bag Please put the money in the bag
Hi my name is frank collecting secrets
It all started in November 2004 when I had a crazy idea.
I've printed 3,000 return postcards, and they look just like this.
Leave one side blank and write a brief description on the other side
I asked you to anonymously tell me a funny secret you've never told anyone.
I handed it to random people on the streets of Washington, D.C., and I had no idea what was going to happen.
But the idea soon began to spread by word of mouth.
People started buying their own postcards and making their own.
My mailbox started receiving postmarks not only from Washington, DC, but from Texas, California, Vancouver, and even New Zealand and Iraq.
My ideas that were crazy no longer seem so crazy.
PostSecret.com has become the world's most visited ad-free blog
This is my current collection of postcards
My wife is trying to stack stacks of postcards on top of the secret pyramid of 500,000.
I'd like to share with you some of the best secrets from this collection, starting with this one.
“I found this stamp when I was a kid and have been waiting for someone to send it to me.
In the end, no one showed up.”
Secrets can take many forms
Some are shocking, some are silly, some are deeply emotional.
Secrets give us access to deep humanity, or connect us with people we'll never meet.
"I decaffeinated a very disgusting customer!"
you may be in this
It's a great example of the creativity that goes into writing and sending postcards.
As you can see, it's made out of Starbucks paper cups, and on the other side is a stamp and my address.
“To the mother who gave birth to me, wonderful to me—
I have my parents I found love I am very happy”
Secrets remind us of the countless human dramas, fragility and bravery that are quietly taking place in the lives of those around us at this very moment.
"Everyone who knew me before 9/11 thinks I'm dead."
“Because I used to work in a group of stiff and pious people, sometimes I would go without my panties and smile to myself.”
(Laughter) The next one needs a little explanation before I show you.
I like to go to college campuses and give talks and tell students about secrets and anecdotes.
Even after the class is over, I often stay there to sign books and take commemorative photos with the students.
The following postcard is made from one of those photographs.
And then at that PostSecret event, they used wireless microphones, just like they do now.
“During the audio check, the mic
I didn't cut it.
I was hearing peeing." (Laughter) It made me feel really embarrassed -- but then I realized it could have been worse.
Do you understand?
(Laughter) "Inside this envelope is an unused and torn suicide note.
I feel I am the happiest person on earth (now)”
They pay a lot of money to keep it a secret.”
(Laughs) "I was wondering where I was on Saturday, but I went to buy your ring.
It's in my pocket now."
This was posted on PostSecret two years ago on Valentine's Day.
was at the bottom of the many secrets
In less than two hours, I received a jubilant email from the person who gave me this postcard.
"Frank, I can't help but tell you what just happened to me.
my knees are still shaking
For three years, my girlfriend and I made it a Sunday morning routine to read the secrets on PostSecret together.
I read some to her, she reads to me some, and so on.
I think that's what brought us closer together.
So my heart was pounding when I found the postcard of my proposal strategy at the bottom.
While pretending to be calm so as not to be found out
Like every Sunday, we took turns reading the secrets.
But this time, reading each one felt like an eternity.”
And she finally had the last secret—
get to his proposal
“She read it once, then read it again.”
And she turned to him and said, "This is not my cat!"
(Laughter) When she looked at him, he was on his knees and holding out his ring.
That question he asked, she said yes
It had a happy ending. I replied to the email and asked, "Can you send me a picture or something? I want to let the PostSecret community know how your fairy tale ends."
and he sent me this photo
(laughs) “This summer at the Lollapalooza Rock Festival
I found this camera.I have developed the photos.I will give it back to the owner.”
The photo was never returned to its owner, but the secret affected many people, the first being a Canadian student named Matty.
Matty was inspired by this secret to start a website called IFoundYourCamera.He started a website called IFoundYourCamera.
And I asked them if they could pick up a camera or memory stick with pictures in it and send it to me.
Matty took a picture and put it on the website every week.
And a lot of people started coming to the site to see if they had lost their photos, or if they could help people desperately looking for lost photos.
this is one of my favorite
(Laughter) Matty came up with this brilliant idea to capitalize on the kindness of strangers.
It may seem like a simple idea, but the impact it can have on people's lives can be huge.
Matty showed me this heart-wrenching email his mother sent him in this picture.
“This is me, my husband and my son.
The other picture is of my grandmother, who is very ill.
thanks for making the site
it means a lot to me
This is a picture of when my son was born.
The child will be four years old tomorrow.”
The picture you see now, and thousands more, have been returned to their owners, sometimes across oceans and even across language barriers.
The following is the last postcard I will introduce today.
“I keep all the messages that my loved ones leave on my answering machine, because I know that person might die the next day and never hear their voices again.”
After I posted this secret, dozens of people sent me their voicemails, some of them saved for years and others of deceased family and friends.
By saving and sharing those messages, she says, she can keep the souls of those she loved alive.
A young woman posted a final message from her grandmother.
Secrets can take many forms
Some are shocking, some are silly, some are deeply emotional.
Secrets give us access to deep humanity, or connect us to people we'll never meet again.
This is the first message —
♫ Today is someone's birthday Today is someone's birthday The candles are lit on someone's cake We're all here for someone You're 21 today Happy birthday
grandma i love you so much
see you later
thank you
(Applause) Thank you.
(Applause) Frank, it was amazing and inspiring.
Have you ever sent your own postcard?
Have you ever posted your secret on PostSecret?
Every book has one secret of mine
I started this project because, without realizing it, I was struggling with my own secrets.
Through crowdsourcing, the kindness shown by strangers allowed me to uncover a past that was tormenting me.
Which secret in the book is yours? Has anyone found it?
Who do you know around you?
yeah sometimes by myself
(Laughter) (Applause)
I was born in the city of Den Bosch, where the painter Hieronymus Bosch took his pen name.
That's why I love this artist from the 15th century.
What's interesting about him, in terms of morality, is that he lived through a time when the power of religion was waning, and he wondered what would happen to a society without religion, or a society with a weakened religion.
And he painted the famous "Garden of Earthly Delights," which seems to be interpreted as what people looked like before they committed the original sin, or what people looked like after they didn't commit the original sin.
And that raises the question, what would have happened to morality if we hadn't eaten the fruit of wisdom?
When I became a student, I went to a garden that was very different from the Garden of Earthly Delights, the zoo in Arnhem, where they kept chimpanzees.
Here's a picture of me when I was young and a baby chimpanzee.
(Laughter) And that's when I discovered that chimpanzees are very power-hungry, and I wrote a book about it.
Much of the animal research at the time focused on aggression and competitiveness.
I've written a complete picture of the animal kingdom, including humans. Deep down, humans are rivals, they're all aggressive, they're all looking for their own advantage.
This is the scene when my book was published
I don't know if a chimpanzee could read it, but I do know that it was interesting.
In the process of investigating power, domination and aggression, I discovered that chimpanzees reconcile after conflict.
Here's what the two males look like after the fight.
One reaching out to the other after a fight in a tree
Right after the picture was taken, they walked up to each other and kissed and hugged, which is very interesting.
At the time, I thought it was all about competition and aggression, and reconciliation was a total mystery. All that mattered was the outcome of the game.
So why settle with the other after a dispute?
I do not have a clue
What about bonobos? Bonobos connect everything to sexual behavior.
We also have sex when we make up
but the essence is exactly the same
We all try to mend the relationship that is important to us when conflict damages it.
And so the picture I had of the whole animal kingdom, including humans, began to change from that point on, when political science and politics began to change on this issue.
In economics, in the humanities, in philosophy and so on, there's this image that we have that we're all wolves.
I mean, human nature is scary.
I think this image is unfair to wolves
Wolves are very cooperative creatures.
And that's why so many people have dogs. Dogs have all these traits, like agreeableness, and this image is unfair to humans.
Because humans are actually more cooperative and empathetic than we think.
I was intrigued by this and started researching different animals.
This is the moral pillar
To answer the question, "What is the basis of morality?"
There are two factors
One is reciprocity, which is associated with justice and fairness.
And the other is empathy and compassion, although human morality is much broader.
I think that if we remove these two pillars, there will be almost nothing left.
these are essential
Here's a little example
Here's an old video of chimpanzees working together, shot at the Yerkes Primate Center.
So, almost 100 years ago, we were already experimenting with cooperative behavior.
Two young chimpanzees are trying to pull a box, but the box is too heavy for one chimpanzee to pull.
Of course, there's food on top of the box.
So I pull like this
You can see that the two are doing the same thing.
cooperate and pull at the same time
This alone, more than any other animal
I can see that you are making great progress
Now here's a much more interesting video, where you feed one of the two first.
The chimpanzee that has already been fed is no longer interested in this task.
(Laughter) (Laughter) (Laughter) Now what will happen in the end?
(Laughter) I'm full, but I'm going to eat again.
(Laughter) There are two interesting things here.
The first is that the chimpanzee on the right fully understands that it needs a partner, that it needs cooperation.
Second, the other chimpanzee cooperates even if it's not interested in the food.
This seems to have something to do with reciprocity
primates and other animals
I already know that I will repay you
there will be some return
This is reciprocity. We let elephants do the same.
Elephant experiments are very dangerous.
Another problem is that elephants are very strong, so you can't build experimental equipment that's too heavy for a single elephant to pull.
If you could just make one, you could probably do it, but I think it would be a fragile, fragile device.
So in this case, in a study that we did in Thailand with Josh Plotnik, we had a device that had a single piece of rope wrapped around it.
If you pull on only one side of the rope, the rope comes off and the other side is gone.
So the two elephants have to keep pace.
Otherwise, nothing will happen, and you won't be able to pull the box.
In the first video I'm going to show you, two elephants that were released at the same time arrive at the lab.
The device is on the left side of the screen with food on it
They come together, they arrive at the same time, they lift the rope and pull it at the same time, and it's pretty simple for them.
I came
I'll pull you in like this, it gets more difficult from here
The purpose of this experiment is how many elephants
To see if they cooperate. Can elephants cooperate as well as chimpanzees?
So in the next step, we're going to release one elephant first, because it has to wait without pulling on the rope, so the elephant has to be that smart. This elephant we never taught
trying to cheat
Now you can see that the elephant understands how it works, puts its foot on the rope and waits for another elephant to come along, and then its buddy does all the work.
This behavior is called "free riding."
(Laughter) But this shows how smart elephants are.
We developed a new technique that we didn't necessarily envision.
Now here comes the other elephant
pull the rope
Of course, even the elephants who didn't pull it won't forget to take food. (Laughter)
So far we're talking about cooperative behavior of reciprocity. Now let's look at empathy.
Empathy is currently my main research topic.
Empathy has two qualities.
The ability to understand and share feelings with others, and the second is the emotional nature.
Empathy has two channels
One is the physical channel. When you talk to someone who is sad, you will naturally have a sad expression and attitude, and you will feel sad before you know it.
This is the physical channel of emotional empathy, which is also present in many animals, including your dog.
That's why we tend to keep mammals more often than turtles, snakes, and other creatures that lack empathy.
And then there's the cognitive channel, which is the ability to understand other people's perspectives, which is a rarer ability.
I think elephants and apes have this ability.
Only a limited number of animals have this
Attunement has long been known in the animal kingdom as a form of empathy, and in humans as well.
Yawning contagion is being studied
When someone yawns, it spreads to others
This is related to empathy
The same parts of the brain seem to be activated.
Also, people who are prone to yawning appear to have greater capacity for empathy.
Some children, such as those with autism, who have problems with empathy may not be able to yawn.
I studied animation by showing chimpanzees
You can see in the upper left is an animation of a chimpanzee yawning.
And a real chimpanzee is watching this cartoon on a computer screen.
(Laughter) Now, I'm sure you're aware of yawning contagion, and by the time you start yawning, you're sharing it with other animals.
It's related to the physical channels of entrainment that underlie empathy and are essentially common to all mammals.
Now let's consider the more complex "comfort."
When the male chimpanzee, who had lost the fight, was screaming, a young chimpanzee came and hugged him and calmed him down.
This is comfort, much like humans
Comforting behavior is driven by empathy
Studies of empathy in human children ask families to act out their suffering and then observe what the child does in response. Thus, comfort is related to empathy.
That's the kind of reaction we saw.
As you may know, we recently published an experiment.
It's about altruism and chimpanzees, and the question is, can chimpanzees care about the welfare of others?
For decades, people thought that only humans could care about the well-being of others.
So we did a simple experiment with chimpanzees living in Lawrenceville.
Yerkes field observation facility
It is their life scenery there
Bring them into the room and experiment
In this experiment, you put two chimpanzees side by side and give only one of them a bucket with two different tokens.
A token that feeds only the person you choose, and a token that feeds both.
This is a survey I did with Vicky Horner.
Here are two color tokens
They are given a bucket full of tokens and must choose one of them.
see what happens
If he chooses a "selfish token", in this case red, he gives it to the experimenter, who takes it and puts it on a table with two baits, in this case only he on the right can get the bait.
The girl on the left knows she won't get food, so she walks away, which is a bad test for her.
Then there's the "social token."
Now here's where it gets interesting, because whoever chooses gets the food anyway, it doesn't matter which token.
Picking a social token will feed both of them
The side that chooses always gets the bait.
So either token should be fine
It's not strange to choose indiscriminately
But the experiment preferred social tokens.
The red line on the graph is the 50% probability line for random selection.
Especially if your partner gets your attention, the odds are higher.
But if your partner puts too much pressure on you, like spitting water and threatening you, this probability goes down.
It's like saying, "You can't have empathy for someone who is rude to you."
And the last is the unpartnered case. Without a partner, this is what happens.
I know you care about the well-being of others, especially those in your group.
The last thing I want to talk about is an experiment about fairness.
This is now a very famous experiment.
It seems to be happening everywhere, and it became very well known when we first did this experiment 10 years ago.
Originally we experimented with capuchin monkeys
I'll show you how the first experiment went.
Now experiments are being conducted with dogs, birds, chimpanzees, etc.
But first, in collaboration with Sarah Brosnan, we experimented with Cercopithecus monkeys.
We started by lining up two cercopithecus monkeys.
They know each other because they're in the same herd, so you take them out of the herd and put them in the lab.
the task given to them
it's very simple
If you give them a cucumber as a reward for their task, the two animals side by side are very aggressive and complete the task 25 times in a row.
I think cucumbers are like water, and I think they're the perfect treat.
Now, let's give grapes to one side, and by the way, capuchins' food preferences are perfectly proportional to supermarket prices, so giving one side the much more expensive grapes creates an unfair situation.
this is the experiment we did
I recently filmed a monkey that had never been challenged before, because I thought it would have a stronger response.
give grapes to right monkey
The monkey that received the cucumber
I'm happy with the first cucumber I'll eat the first cucumber
Watch the other monkey get the grapes and see what happens.
The monkey gives the experimenter a stone, and this is the task.
and get a cucumber and eat it
The other monkey also has to give the experimenter a stone.
like this
and take grapes and eat
the other is watching
give me another stone
then again cucumber
(Laughter) She hits a stone against the wall to check.
I'll give it to you again, and then again, another cucumber
(Laughter) It's like a Wall Street demo.
(Laughter) (Applause) We still have two minutes, so let me tell you a funny story about this, because this study has become so famous.
We've had a lot of comments, especially from anthropologists, economists and philosophers.
They didn't like the results of this experiment.
Because, I think, fairness is a very complex sense, and they decided that it couldn't be in animals.
A philosopher wrote in a letter: "Monkeys cannot have a sense of fairness, for fairness comes from the French Revolution."
(Laughter) And another long letter from another person said, "If the monkey that was given the grape refuses to eat it, let's just say it's fair to the monkey."
Interestingly, Sarah Brosnan did this experiment with chimpanzees, and in one chimpanzee pair, they actually refused the grapes they were given, until their partner got the grapes.
So the fairness of monkeys is very close to that of humans.
I think people who study philosophy should reconsider.
Let's wrap up
I believe that morality evolves
What I've talked about today is just the beginning, but what I've learned from primate research is that the following are essential: empathy, comfort, sociability, reciprocity, fairness.
Through these studies, we aim to reconstruct morality from the ground up, exploring the evolutionary theory of morality, learning from animals that don't rely on gods or religion.
Thank you for your attention
(applause)
What I want to talk to you about today is something that is so obvious that it shouldn't be argued.
But unfortunately, I've also heard more and more dissenting opinions.
Think about it, folks, more than a billion couples are having sex this year.
This couple, this couple, this couple, yes, of course, these two
(Laughter) So my view is that men and women should be free to choose whether or not to have children.
We should be able to use these contraceptives by our own choice.
Few people would object to this idea.
Over a billion people perform birth control without hesitation.
I want the power to plan my life, to have a healthy family, to have a good education, to have a good life.
Although this idea is widely accepted on a private level, it is almost always challenged in public.
When I talk about birth control, some people think I'm talking about abortion, of course not.
And let's be honest, some people might find it offensive because it's about sex.
The real goal of family planning is demographic control, and some of you may be upset.
It's a side effect of the core idea that both men and women have the right to decide when to have children.
As a result, birth control disappeared from the global health agenda.
The victims are sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia.
Contraceptive use here in Germany is about 66%.
this is as expected
El Salvador is similarly 66%
64% in Thailand
Now let's compare it to other places, like India's largest state, Uttar Pradesh.
In fact, if this state itself were a country, it would be the fifth largest country in the world.
Birth control rate is 29%
10% in Nigeria, the most populous country in Africa
Chad is 2%
Take one country in Africa, Senegal, for example.
The contraceptive rate is about 12%
So why is it so low?
One of the reasons is the lack of access to the most common contraceptive method.
African women all say they want something that can be injected.
I have to get injections in my arm 4 times a year - every 3 months.
African women do this because they want to hide contraception from their fertile husbands.
One out of every two times, you go to the doctor's office and you're out of contraceptives.
Out of stock for 150 days in a year
Imagine walking to a remote clinic to get an injection.
Sometimes I leave my child and leave, but I don't have the medicine.
I don't know when the next one will be available
The same thing is happening today in African countries.
The world we built is in a life-or-death crisis.
100,000 women die each year in childbirth despite not wanting to get pregnant.
Another 600,000 women who didn't want to get pregnant in the first place, give birth to children who die within the first month of life.
You want to protect these mothers and children.
But in the middle of the discussion, we got confused-
I stopped saving their lives
If we want to improve this problem, we should be clear about what we should do.
It's not about abortion
I'm not even talking about population control.
What I'm talking about is giving women the power to save their own lives, to save the lives of their children, and to give their families the best possible future.
Globally, there are many things we can do to make the future better. If we want the world to have a better future, we should fight disease, for example.
As I've said before, diarrhea and pneumonia
many children are dying
We also need to help the farmers who are cultivating small plots of land in Africa, so they can grow more crops to feed their children.
And we should make sure that every child in the world has access to education.
But the easiest and biggest change that can be made is to make birth control accessible to everyone, and we Americans and Germans take it for granted that we use contraception when we need it. increase
As long as we have a clear understanding of what our challenges are, there could be a global movement at any moment about this controversial idea.
i grew up in a catholic family
I still believe in Catholicism
My maternal great-uncle was a Jesuit priest.
My great-aunt was a Dominican nun.
was a lifelong teacher and president
In fact, my great-aunt taught me how to read when I was little.
I missed my great aunt
I went to Catholic school until I left home to go to college.
At my high school, Ursula Sisters, the nuns cared about service and social justice.
I believe we are keeping that teaching alive today at the Gates Foundation.
I was taught to follow the tradition of Catholic students and to doubt the doctrines they were given.
One of the teachings that made us girls and peers wonder is this Is birth control really a sin?
I think one of the reasons why people feel uncomfortable talking about contraception is because of this persistent notion that if we separate sex from reproduction, we tend to downplay it.
So I think it's appropriate to ask the following questions about contraception: What are the implications for sexual morality?
But like many women, my decision to birth control isn't one that takes sex lightly.
I had plans for the future.I wanted to go to college.
I studied hard in college, and I was proud to have a computer science degree, which is rare for a woman at my college.
I wanted to build my career, so I went to business school, and I became the youngest female executive at Microsoft.
I still remember when I left my parents' house to start a new job far away at Microsoft.
My parents sacrificed a lot to give me five years of higher education.
But as I was leaving the house -- right out the front door and down onto the porch -- he said, "We've given you a good education, but we don't care if you get married and have children right away. yo"
my parents wanted me to be the happiest
I was free to decide what it was
it's really great
I actually wanted to have children, but I didn't think until I was ready to have them.
and we have three children
When my first daughter was born, I didn't really know how to be a good parent.
Some people understand this feeling
So I waited a little while to make the second one.
It's no coincidence that I had three children every three years.
As a mother, what do you want most from your children?
I want you to feel like I've experienced that in life you can do anything you want
So over the last 10 years, I've traveled around the world working with the Foundation, and I've noticed that women all want the same things.
Last year, I visited a slum in Nairobi called Korogocho, which literally translates to "overcoming difficulties together."
I spoke with the women in this photo.
He spoke candidly about what life in the slums was like.
She was very open about her contraceptive practices.
Marianne, in the red sweater in the middle of the picture, sums up our two-hour conversation in one word, one that I will never forget.
She said, "Before I have another child, I want to give him all the blessings."
This is it! I thought
It's universal
Everyone wants to give their child all the happiness
But the ability to bestow happiness is not universal.
too many women suffer from husband violence
You can't talk about contraception, even between a married couple.
Many women do not have basic education
But many of the women who have the knowledge and the power to do so are unable to obtain access to contraceptives.
For 250 years, parents around the world have chosen to have smaller families.
This trend spans cultures and countries and has been going on for 250 years, and sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia are still the obvious exceptions.
France began reducing family sizes in the mid-1700s.
Over the next 150 years, the trend spread across Europe.
What struck me as I learned about this history was that this trend spread not socioeconomically, but culturally.
People who speak the same language collectively make a difference.
You make the same choices with your family, whether you're rich or poor, it doesn't matter.
The trend towards smaller families was so widespread that it was driven by the idea that couples could consciously control how many children they had.
It's a very influential idea.
Parents have the power to change the future rather than accept it as it is.
In France, the average family size continued to decline every decade for 150 years until it stabilized.
It took this long because contraceptives weren't developed.
In Germany, this change began in the 1880s and took just 50 years to stabilize family size.
The change in Asia and Latin America began in the 1960s and was accelerated by modern contraceptive methods.
As we go through this history, it's important to pause from time to time and remember why we came under opposition.
Inadequate subsidies and forced contraception in family planning.
For example, in the 1960s, India set a numerical target to subsidize women who agreed to wear an intrauterine device.
And even under those circumstances, Indian women were really smart.
6 rupees paid for wearing an intrauterine device
what happened there?
I waited for hours or days and went to a hospital who would remove the intrauterine device for just one rupee.
For decades in America, African-American women have been sterilized without their consent.
It was so commonplace that it was called the Mississippi appendectomy, a tragic piece of American history.
As recently as the 1990s, in Peru, women from the Andean region were being sterilized with anesthetic shots without their knowledge.
The most amazing thing is that these coercive methods weren't even necessary.
Parents in the district where it was implemented long ago wanted a small family.
Parents in All Districts Have Always Desired Small Families
There is no evidence that African women are born with different desires than we do.
If I had the choice, I would choose to have less.
The question is, are we going to try to support every woman's aspirations?
Or will it continue to inflict centuries of torment? As if we were still in the French Revolution and the best course of action was extravaginal ejaculation
You don't need excuses to empower your parents.
But this is important. The desire to bestow all kinds of happiness on one's children will forever be a universal wish.
This is what drives society forward.
In the same Nairobi slum, I met a working woman who was making backpacks.
I would go with my young children to the local jeans factory and collect the scraps of denim.
make and sell backpacks
She had three children at the time, and I asked her about her family.
It seems that you and your husband have decided that you have to have children after the third child.
The reason was simple: "If I had another child, I wouldn't be able to work."
With my current income, I can provide my three children with adequate education.
I was very optimistic about my family's future.
Hundreds of millions of couples -- doing the same paperwork.
And this idea has been proven correct.
By controlling when we have children, we give them more opportunities.
In Bangladesh, there is a district called Matlab.
Since 1963, more than 180,000 residents have been collected and surveyed.
In the global health community, it's the longest-studied place.
There are many great health statistics
What stats do you have?
half of the villagers chose to use contraception
I got an education, I got birth control pills and contraceptives.
After 20 years, we found that this village had a better quality of life than its neighbors.
your family is healthy and
women are less likely to die in childbirth
Children are less likely to die in the first month of life
Children get better nutrition—
I was financially comfortable
Wages for adult women were relatively high
We also acquired assets such as livestock, land, and savings.
and children got more education
Multiply these three effects over millions of families -- and you get massive economic growth.
The Asian economic miracle of the 1980s is often talked about, but it's not really a miracle.
One of the main drivers of economic growth in the region was the cultural shift towards small families.
The revolution starts at the individual family level, where parents decide what's best for their children.
When you make those kinds of changes and decisions, they spread as regional and national trends.
I believe that when sub-Saharan African families are given the opportunity to make decisions for themselves, a virtuous circle of social development will begin to revolve across the continent.
We can help poor families build a better future
Let's call for everyone to learn about contraception and have access to a variety of contraceptive options for everyone.
The goal is pretty clear: to make the birth control method that everyone wants available.
For this to happen, both rich and poor governments must make contraception a top priority.
Here and globally, we can do something about the millions of families who don't have access to contraception right now, and how it would change their lives if they did.
If Marianne and this group of women can speak openly about this issue, either privately or publicly, so can we.
let's start now
Like Marianne, we want our children to be happy.
Where is the objection to that?
thank you
(Applause) (Chris Anderson): Thank you.
can i ask you some questions
(applause stops) Thank you for your courage and everything.
Melinda: These days, I hear smart people saying things like, "Don't worry about population anymore.
Because family sizes are naturally shrinking all over the world.
The peak is around 9 billion or 10 billion."
is that wrong?
(Melinda Gates): If you look at the statistics for Africa as a whole, you're wrong.
i think we need to look at it in a different light
You have to look at it from a bottom-up perspective
I think this is why contraception has become such a big issue.
I've said that I want to think top-down and adjust the future population.
Of course, I'm thinking about protecting the planet, and I need to make the right choices.
But that choice should be made at the family level.
By giving people access and giving them the freedom to choose, a sea change happened all over the world, with the exception of sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, Afghanistan.
CA: Conservatives in America and around the world might say, "Aside from saving lives and empowering women...
sex is sacred
Your proposal will only increase the number of sexual intercourse that occurs outside of marriage.
that's funny
how would you argue?
(Melinda): Of course sex is sacred.
Whether it's in Germany, America, France, anywhere in the world.
98% of American women who have had sex say that birth control doesn't defile sex.
It means making your own life choices.
And that choice is honoring the preciousness of the family, the preciousness of the mother's life -- the preciousness of the child's life, because it protects the life of the mother and child.
I think it's sacred
(Chris): How will the Gates Foundation proceed with this issue?
What do you want today's audiences and internet viewers to do?
(Melinda): I want you to join the conversation.
Please join the site listed here
Tell me about a contraceptive experience that changed your life, even if it's someone you know.
raise your voice
We need public opinion to say, "That's right."
"It should be available to all women regardless of where they live," he said.
So what we're going to do is, on July 11th, we're going to have a big event in London, where many countries are going to be there, and African countries are going to be there, and we're going to tell them that this is a global health issue.
Foundations will help fund and develop bottom-up plans with governments to ensure that women are educated so they can choose contraceptives when they need them, whether they're local health workers or -- in rural areas. Many options are available, including through clinics.
Chris: Your teachers, the nuns, I'm sure you'll see this TED Talk someday.
Do you think it's the worst, or do you support it?
Melinda: I know you'll see it, because you know I'll be there and I was going to send you the video.
My mentor's nuns are very progressive.
I hope you're proud that I'm living the teachings of social justice and service.
The reason I'm passionate about this issue is because I've seen it firsthand in developing countries.
For me, this topic has become very important to me. I meet women like this, but I don't speak up.
But you can't do that. You should speak up. You should get how to get it.
So, I hope you feel that you're using what they've taught you and what they've been doing at the Foundation for 10 years.
Chris: Thank you all for the important voices you've put together today.
did you have a harvest?
(Laughter) (Melinda): Absolutely. I learned a lot and asked a lot of questions.
A large part of this activity is travel
After hearing the discussion about the energy journey, the social shaping journey, and the next question is, "Why aren't there women on this stage?"
Addressing these developmental issues, we learn by listening to others.
Learn by doing, try and learn by failing
that's where i ask
It sometimes leads to the answer.The person next to you helps you.
Today we found many questions for the panelists—
it's been a wonderful day
(Chris): Thank you for inviting us on your journey.
(Melinda): Nice Chris Thank you.
I'm a process engineer, I know boilers, incinerators, fibrous filters, cyclones, etc.
I also have Marfan Syndrome.
this is a genetic disease
In 1992, when I took part in a genetics study, I was horrified to see that the diameter of the base of the ascending aorta, as you can see on the slide, exceeded the normal range, the green line.
For everyone here, it's 3.2 cm to 3.6 cm. I was already around 4.4 cm.
And as you can see, my aorta gradually widened to the point where it needed surgery.
The surgery that was possible was gruesome.
They put you under anesthesia, open your chest, put them on a heart-lung machine, bring your temperature down to about 18 degrees, stop your heart, remove your aorta, and replace it with a plastic valve and aorta.
And most importantly, they must be on anticoagulant therapy for the rest of their lives.
usually take warfarin
The idea of ​​having surgery was not appealing.
The thought of taking warfarin was absolutely terrifying.
I told myself I'm an engineer I'm in R&D This is just a plumbing problem
i can i can change
And I did the whole treatment for aortic ectasia
I decided to change. The aim of the project is simple.
The actual problem with the ascending aorta in Marfan's syndrome is the lack of tensile strength.
So one possible way would be to simply wrap the blood vessels externally, so that they would be stable and function well.
If you have a high-pressure hose or a high-pressure hydraulic pipe that bulges a little bit, you can just wrap the outside of it with tape, which is really simple in concept.
not easy to do
For me, the big advantage of repairing from the outside was that I was able to preserve all of my parts, my endothelium and my valve, and I didn't need any anticoagulant therapy at all.
so where do i start
This is a sagittal section of my body
The little structure you see in the center is squeezing out blood, the left ventricle, which pumps blood through the aortic valve.
The two cusps of the aortic valve
moving towards the ascending aorta
That part, the ascending aorta, dilates and eventually ruptures, of course, fatally.
In preparation, we started with image acquisition to create a model of the patient's aorta from MRI and CT scans.
Here is a model of my aorta
I've got the real thing in my pocket Ladies and gentlemen, go ahead if you want to touch it
As you can see, it's a fairly complex structure.
There's a trefoil-shaped part at the bottom, and this is where the aortic valve is located.
It takes on a round shape and then gets thinner and thinner.
It's a very difficult structure to manufacture.
I said this is my CAD model, one of the CAD models I made later.
We built a better model through an iterative process.
When I made this model, I made a solid plastic mold like this, using an engineering technique called rapid prototyping.
And then we use that mold to create a completely bespoke, porous fabric mesh that conforms to the shape of the mold so it fits perfectly in the aorta.
This can be said to be the ultimate personalized medicine.
Every patient we work with has this completely custom implant.
Once made, installation is fairly easy
Cardiothoracic surgeon John Pepper
It was the first time in my life that I had this type of surgery, but the first one didn't work, so I took it out, tried the second one, and it worked.
Four and a half hours of surgery and it's all over.
In fact, the easiest part of the surgery was putting in the implants.
If you compare our technique with the existing technique, the so-called "aortic root replacement," it's an amazing comparison, and the results are clear.
With our implants it takes two hours, with existing methods it takes six hours.
As I said earlier, existing methods require a cardiopulmonary bypass device to further reduce body temperature.
Our method doesn't require any of that. It deals with a beating heart.
The chest is open, the heart is still beating, and the aortic procedure is performed, all at normal body temperature.
No need to touch blood circulation
it's really great
But the best part for me is that I don't need anticoagulation therapy at all.
I don't take any drugs, although I do occasionally for recreation.
(Laughter) When I talk to people who take warfarin for a long period of time, I find that they are living a very inconvenient life, and worse, they inevitably shorten their lives.
In the same way, if you choose a prosthetic valve, the annoying thing is that you're forced to take antibiotics whenever you have other treatments. Is required
I don't need it either, I'm completely free, my aorta is repaired, and I don't have to worry about it anymore.
It's like being born again
So let's get back to this topic, in a multidisciplinary study, how in the world did a process engineer working with a boiler change his life?
Can we make medical equipment? The answer lies in our interdisciplinary research team.
This is a list of our core team members. As you can see, we don't just have two technical disciplines, medicine and engineering, but we have a wide range of experts from each discipline.
John Pepper here is a heart surgeon who actually performed my surgery.
Everyone else had to cooperate with each other.
Rad Mohyaddin, a radiologist
he needed to make a CAD model
Warren Thornton, who still works on all of our CAD models today, was able to create a CAD code based on a very difficult input data set to produce a bespoke CAD model. wrote me
There was a perfection, there were some problems
Terminology was a big problem
I don't think anyone in this room understands the four jargons in the first bullet point.
If engineers were here, they would know rapid prototyping and CAD.
Medical professionals will know the first two, but I don't think anyone understands all four terms.
It was very important to resolve the jargon to make sure everyone on the team understood the meaning when certain expressions were used.
Interdisciplinary exchanges were also interesting.
I took a lot of sliced ​​images of me, and then I actually made the slices and built a CAD model.
When I made my first CAD model, even if the surgeon looked at the plastic model,
There was something baffling about it, which later turned out to be a mirror image of the actual aorta.
The reason it was a mirrored image is that people usually look down on plants, houses, roads, maps, etc.
In the medical world, images are viewed from the bottom up.
So any image taken horizontally was flipped.
So you have to be careful with the conventions of your area of ​​expertise.
Everyone has to understand what is expected and what is not.
Organizational barriers were another headache within the project.
When Brompton Hospital merged with Imperial University's medical school
There was a serious problem with the relationship between the two agencies.
I've worked with both and have had some serious problems.
this shouldn't be a problem
Ethics Committee - If you do something new in surgery
You'll need to get permission from your institution's ethics committee.
i think it's the same in poland
Applying for a new type of surgery has a similar format
Not only did we have bureaucratic problems, but we also had professional envy.
Some of the ethics committees hope that John Pepper will have more success.
Some people didn't like him because he was so successful.
they created extra problems
Red tape problem -
Any new treatment will eventually have to write a guide note for every hospital in the country.
In the UK, we have NICE, the National Institute for Clinical Evaluation, and maybe Poland has something similar.
I had to pass this NICE program.
Now you can read the clinical guidelines online.
So hospitals that are interested can read the NICE report and get in touch with us so they can operate on their own.
Funding Problems – Another Big Problem
Understanding another domain's point of view is a very big problem.
When I approached one of the largest groups in the UK to help fund projects like this, what they were looking at was essentially an engineering proposal.
Even the god-like doctors didn't get it and dismissed it as bullshit.
I gave up and went to private investors.
When a research and development institution requests systematic funding from the Polish Academy of Sciences or from the Engineering and Physics Research Committee, etc.
I need to get over people like this
Terminology is a big problem when working across disciplines, although in engineering, everyone knows what CAD and R.P. mean.
Not so in the medical world
for bureaucratic people
If it's not an unreasonable request, I'd like you both to act properly, talk to each other, and use your imagination a little more.
Well it's impossible
(Laughter) I coined the term "disruptive conservatism."
Too many people in medicine are reluctant to change
Especially when an upstart engineer shows up with the right answer.
they hate change
I just want it to be the same
In fact, I'd like to see cases in our patients that many surgeons in the UK can say, "Look, I told you that's not good."
I have treated 30 patients
It's been seven and a half years since I started, and the total number of patients and post-operative years is 90, and we haven't had a single problem.
But it's still in England. "Oh, that external aortic root.
this is really really a problem
I'm sure that at some point, everyone in this room has overcome the arrogance of medical personnel, doctors and surgeons.
The middle item is simply a way for doctors to protect themselves.
"Yes, of course I care about my patients."
I don't think that's a good thing, just my opinion
ego this is also a big problem
When you work in a cross-disciplinary team, you must never question each other, you must demonstrate cooperation.
Heart surgeon Tom Treasure
really great person
I'm sure everyone will respect him
What if he respects me? It's a little different
That's the extent of the difficulty
The good news is that it has a number of "stonkingly" advantages.
can you translate I don't think you can
(Laughter) When people with different professional trainings and different professional experiences act in groups, they not only have different knowledge bases, but they can have a variety of different perspectives.
If you can get people like that together and talk to each other and understand each other, the results can be amazing.
You can find solutions that have never been seen before, things that have never been seen before, very easily, very quickly.
You can use your extended knowledge base to find quick solutions.
As a result, you can use your skills and knowledge in completely different ways.
As a result of all this, we can achieve very fast development with very little capital.
I can't say how much, but I was surprised at how cheap it cost me to have an implant for my own idea, because maybe there's a completely standardized surgical procedure in the United States or elsewhere, and probably the cost per patient is what we're doing. Because I think it's more than it cost to make their dreams come true.
That's all I want to say, you have three minutes left
I think Heather will be pleased.
If you have any questions, please come and talk to me later. It's a pleasure talking to you. Thank you.
(applause)
What I'm going to talk to you about today is hopefully transforming fear into hope.
When we go to the hospital, there are words in the doctor's office that we don't want to hear.
the words we really fear
Diabetes, cancer, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, heart failure, respiratory failure, diseases that we know are debilitating and have very few treatments.
Today, I want to talk to you about alternative ways of thinking about incurable diseases and why they are important. Without them, our healthcare system would collapse. take up the point
We'll show you it all in 18 minutes
Here's what Science magazine has to say.
It's a 2002 special issue that collects various papers on bionic humans.
In short, it is a special issue on regenerative medicine.
Regenerative medicine is a very simple concept that anyone can understand.
It accelerates the speed of natural healing to clinically meaningful speeds.
We know the various methods listed here.
If you have a problem with your hip joint, you can fix it with an artificial joint.
It's an idea that was introduced on the cover of Science magazine.
In fact, this is the exact opposite of regenerative medicine.
not called regenerative medicine
A short while ago, BusinessWeek featured a real regenerative medicine.
The idea is that instead of trying to improve symptoms with devices and drugs and things like that -- which I'll touch on a few times later -- the idea is to replace lost body functions by regenerating damaged tissues and organs. to play
Once the treatment is over, you can return to your healthy body.
I think this is a good idea, but good ideas are rarely really new.
Even with this thought
If you look back in history, the famous aviator Charles Lindbergh, along with Nobel Prize winner Alexis Carrell, was one of the first to conceive of organ culture.
When they published this book in 1937, they started thinking about how bioreactors could be used to generate whole organs.
We've come a long way since then
Here are some great examples of what's going on
But before I do that, I want to talk about my frustration with the healthcare system and the need for regenerative medicine.
I heard a lot yesterday about improving quality of life and reducing poverty, which means increasing life expectancy globally.
The problem is that the richer you are, the longer you live.
Longer life expectancy means that the cost of treating illnesses increases with age.
This is a chart showing the relationship between the percentage of the population over the age of 65 and the wealth of the country.
The richer the country, the more elderly people there are.
Why is this important?
Why is this a critical conundrum?
With an average age of 30, common ailments requiring treatment would be the occasional broken ankle or asthma.
On the other hand, if the average age in the country is between 45 and 55, then you're going to see early-onset diabetes, heart failure, coronary artery disease, and other illnesses that the average age person experiences, which are more difficult to treat and more expensive to treat.
This is US demographic data
Material borrowed from a book
1930 41 workers for every pensioner
41 people with basically good health support one pensioner with high medical costs.
2 workers for every 1 pensioner in the US in 2010
This applies to all wealthy industrial countries around the world.
With this reality of aging, how are we going to cover the cost of patient care?
This is a graph of age and medical expenses
Right around the age of 40 to 45, we see a steep rise in health care costs.
It's interesting because if you do research, you can see how an individual's health care costs change with age.
About seven years before death, costs rise sharply.
Here's what we know... (Laughter)
(Laughter) There aren't many ways to change the way we treat these diseases and achieve what I call healthy aging.
I'm proposing four ways, nothing to do with insurance or the law.
they only change the bearer
No change in treatment costs
One way is to limit medical care and stop treatment.
Let's stop talking about such dark topics
Another is prevention.
It is clear that we should spend a lot of money on prevention.
The interesting and most important thing is to catch the disease early and treat it curatively, not just symptomatically.
Let's take diabetes as an example.
What is the current response to diabetes?
Diagnosis is made after symptoms appear, and long-term treatment for decades
Insulin keeps me healthy
Eventually, it doesn't work, and diabetes predisposes the body to ever-increasing weakness.
Couldn't we have an injection to regenerate the pancreas in the early stages, before symptoms appear?
It will cost a little more then, but if it works, the difference will be significant.
I think the concept I'm talking about is dramatically conveyed in this video.
This is a regenerating newt leg
If it's possible for newts, isn't it possible for us too?
A little later, I'll tell you something more important about limb regeneration.
Regenerative medicine can be applied to any organ system, to the tissue or to the organ itself.
In today's reality, when you get sick, it's the symptoms that get treated, and the patient has to adapt to a new way of being.
There's some debate as to when this will happen, but in the near future, we'll be using regenerative medicine to rehabilitate us.
This prosthetic leg is very similar to the one used by Iraqi veterans.
There are 370 Iraqi veterans who have lost limbs.
Imagine if they were faced with limb regeneration instead of limb loss.
great idea
I'd like to introduce an ongoing case study for that idea.
This is also valid for any organ.
What is that method
having a conversation with the body
speak the language of the body
It launches the process you used when you were a fetus.
Mammal fetuses lose their limbs by the third month of gestation and are re-formed.
Our DNA has the ability to heal such injuries.
This is a natural ability, but we lose it as we grow up.
Infants under 6 months of age can recover their fingertips if they lose them in an accident.
A 5-year-old child will never return to normal
So in order to have a dialogue with the body, you have to speak the language of the body.
We now have some tools to do that.
I'm going to show you three examples of the ability to interact with the physical body.
The first is cell therapy
We heal ourselves as a natural process, primarily through the work of our cells.
If you find the right cells and transplant them into your body, the cells may heal you.
Second is the use of substances
Yesterday, I heard about the importance of a new substance.
If we could invent, design, or extract a substance from nature, we might be able to induce the body to heal itself with that substance.
Finally, we might be able to create smart devices that take over the functions of the body and allow the body to heal itself.
I'll give you an example of each, starting with the substance.
About 10 years ago, Mr. Badirak of the University of Pittsburgh had a brilliant idea.
If you could remove all the cells from a pig's small intestine and still maintain it in a biologically active state, then the remaining small intestine tissue would contain all the elements and biological signals needed to encourage the body to heal. The idea is that it might
he is very important
So I asked the question, would you take a natural substance that normally induces healing in the small intestine, and if you put it in another part of the body, would that tissue react in a specific way to create an ear, or would it create the small intestine?
I wouldn't tell this story if it wasn't interesting.
Here's a picture I'm going to show you... (Slide: Now's the time to look away) (Laughter)
It's a remarkable picture, but even if you don't want to admit it to your friends, if you're scared, turn off the lights, so watch your step, check your phone, and do something other than look at the screen.
(Laughter) I'm going to show you a diabetic ulcer.
It's time to laugh
this is the reality of diabetes
We hear a lot about diabetics and diabetic ulcers, but we don't often associate ulcers with the final stage of amputation if they don't heal.
Let's get started. It won't be long.
This is a diabetic ulcer, a tragic one.
Amputation is the cure
In addition to diabetes, this 66-year-old woman also had liver cancer and decided that if she was going to die, she'd leave her body intact.
After a year of ulcer treatment, I decided to try Badirak's new treatment.
This is what the wound looks like after 11 weeks.
The material contained only natural signals.
This substance induced a healing response that had never been seen before.
I have a few more shocking photos, I'll let you know when I'm done.
this is a horse i don't feel pain
otherwise I won't show you
I got an extra nostril in a horse riding accident.
After a few weeks of treatment, in this case, I put the substance into a gel, covered the wound, and repeated it several times, and it healed completely.
It can be seen clearly even in ultrasound.
This is a dolphin with a new dorsal fin.
Around the world, 400,000 patients are currently being treated for injuries with this substance.
Can limbs be regenerated?
To answer this question, a Department of Defense research agency has provided $15 million in funding for a project spanning eight laboratories.
That's the $15 million result
This is a 78 year old man who lost his fingertip.
Didn't we just talk about the kid who lost his fingertips?
this is after treatment
this is happening now
it is clinically meaningful
There are substances that allow this, and there are heart patches.
go one step further
Is it possible to use cells with substances instead of substances to remove damaged tissue and implant biodegradable substances?
You can see the heart muscle beating in the culture dish.
It was designed by Mitsuo Okano of Tokyo Women's Medical University.
We can actually generate tissue that is beating in a culture dish.
When the culture dish is cooled, its properties change, and you peel it off and use it.
That's amazing
Next is a story using cells.
What I'm showing you here is a stem cell taken from a patient's pelvis.
Not for the intimidated
this is pretty amazing
This is bypass surgery, like Al Gore had, but with the difference.
Here, at the end of bypass surgery, the patient's stem cells, taken at the beginning of the surgery, are injected directly into the heart.
I'm going to stand here and show you how early this technology is.
A patient's beating heart is filled with stem cells.
If you look carefully, you can see that it's actually flowing backwards right here.
I can see the cells coming back
Injecting cells into the perfect place at the perfect time requires new techniques and equipment.
a small randomized trial
there is data
We had 20 subjects, now we have 100.
Basically, if you do bypass surgery on a critically ill person, you'll get a little better.
If the same patient undergoes bypass surgery and a stem cell transplant, the symptoms disappear.
it's been 2 years already
If we catch the disease early and prevent it from getting worse, it wouldn't be so great.
This is done with minimal incisions, and only three holes are made in the body through which the stem cells are injected laparoscopically into the heart.
now the cells are going in
I don't have time to go into detail, but basically this works too.
Patients with mild symptoms return to near-symptom-free status with these treatments.
I think another example of stem cell therapy is about to enter the clinical stage.
This was done by Mara of Pittsburgh in collaboration with colleagues around the world.
We're experimenting with liposuction fluid, because there's plenty of it in America.
(Laughter) Liposuction fluid
Packed full of stem cells
If you go to a clinic and get liposuction,
You get liposuction fluid, where neurons were made from the isolated stem cells.
I'm talking about in the lab
Soon there will be patients treated with stem cells derived from their own fat.
I just talked about a device that could dramatically change the way we treat disease.
I'll give you a case study at the end.
this is also tragic
I've had a long relationship with the U.S. Army Research Institute of Surgery, and it's very heartbreaking, because they're currently treating 11,000 Iraqi veterans.
Many of the patients have severe burns
If there's one thing I've learned from burns, it's that I don't know how to treat it.
The turf spread approach is used to treat burns.
I'm going to take something over here and transplant it into the burn area and try to stick it.
In this case, a new wearable bioreactor has been developed by Mr. Gerlach of Pittsburgh, and should enter clinical trials later this year.
Attach the bioreactor to the wound bed
and in that part
spray the cells
The reactor feeds the environment, but it also delivers other things, so you can kind of seed the lawn, as opposed to the lawn-covering approach.
completely different
18 minutes have passed
I will finish by telling you the good news and the bad news.
The good news is that this is happening now.
The force
You can tell by the photo
It's very difficult because it's a multidisciplinary study.
Most of the fields of science, engineering and clinical medicine are working towards making this happen.
Many governments and communities are acknowledging that this is the new treatment.
The first to admit it was probably the Japanese government, which decided to invest $3 billion, and later added another $2 billion.
That should be it
Japan has the longest life expectancy in the world
If this does not succeed, the Japanese medical system will collapse.
they are investing strategically in this area
So does the European Union
So does China
China established a tissue engineering research center
The first year budget was $250 million
America's approach is a little different
(Laughter) I wish Al Gore was president.
our approach is
How to invest in what works
It's not a strategic investment that gathers what it takes to create and focus a new technology.
I'm going to end this by quoting the director of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), which may be a little cunning.
I went with Mr. Buchandi from Harvard to meet with the NIH lab directors, a few months ago, and they were planning to spend a little bit of next year's budget of $27.5 billion on a strategy to accelerate the pace of regenerative technology reaching patients. to convince them that they should focus on
At the end of a tense meeting, the director said, "Your talk is too grandiose for me."
No one can change our vision Let's all change his mind
thank you
If you were to ask me about my future when I was fresh out of college and a lobbyist apprentice at the Vermont State Capitol, I would have said, "I passed a Chinese language test called the Chinese Level Test, and now I'm going to Beijing." I plan to study law at , and I want to work to improve U.S.-China relations through top-down policy change and justice system reform.
(Laughter) (Applause) I had a plan, but I never dreamed it would involve a banjo.
One night, at a party I attended, I had no idea that I had a shocking encounter. I heard the sound of a record from the corner of the room.
It was Doc Watson's "Shady Grove."
♫ Shady Grove, sweetheart ♫ Shady Grove, sweetheart ♫ Shady Grove, sweetheart ♫ Back to Harlan The sound was just beautiful Doc's singing and the banjo's rippling...
And for me, who had become obsessed with the tremendous depth and long history of Chinese culture at the time, it was a great relief to hear a song so American and so wonderful --
I thought I should bring a banjo to China
Before I went to law school in China, I bought a banjo, loaded it into a little red truck, traveled south through Appalachia, learned a lot of old American folk songs, and ended up in Kentucky, where the International Bluegrass Music Society held a competition. rice field
I was sitting in the hallway one night when some girls came up to me and said,
"Do you want a jam session?"
Answer "Of course"
I picked up my banjo, four songs I knew, nervously playing together.
A record company approached me and asked me to make a record in Nashville, Tennessee.
(Laughter) It's been eight years since then, and I never went to China to become a lawyer.
I went to Nashville instead.
I was writing a song a few months later.
I wrote the first song in English and the second song in Chinese.
(music) [Chinese] The world is waiting outside the door
I hear a voice calling in my heart
The whole world is watching, so take a trip, daughter
grab it with your hand
(Applause) It's been eight years since that fateful night in Kentucky.
I've played in thousands of shows
I've played with so many great, talented musicians around the world.
I witnessed the power of music
I've seen the power of music to connect cultures.
I was standing on a stage at a bluegrass convention in eastern Virginia, looking out over a row of seats above a meadow, and suddenly I started singing in Chinese.
[Chinese] Everyone was so surprised that their eyeballs were about to pop out and they were whispering to each other like this
"What is that girl singing?"
And after the show, they came to me, and they all wanted to talk.
They come to me and say, "My aunt, my sister, my babysitter, my dog, my chicken, adopted a girl in China."
It really seems like everyone has a story about China.
It was an incredible surprise
Also, when I went to China, I stood on the university stage and suddenly started singing a Chinese song. sang their song
More importantly, the power of music united hearts.
It was the same when I went to Sichuan, where I sang for children at a school that had moved from an earthquake-stricken area.
Then a little girl came to me
[Chinese] "Onee-chan Wong" Washburn and Wong are similar.
"Onee-chan Won, can I sing you a song? The song that your mother sang to you before she disappeared in the earthquake."
I sat down there and put the girl on my lap
the child began to sing
The warmth of that child's body and the tears that wet his rosy cheeks made me cry too.
I wished to stay in the light of that child's eyes forever
In that moment, we were neither American nor Chinese, just the same humans sitting side by side in the light that anchored us to the earth.
I want to be in that light, with you and all
I've learned that US-China relations don't need lawyers anymore.
thank you
(applause)
When I started writing essays and doing research, I was a surgical resident, far from being a professional at what I did.
So what I wanted to know was how can I become a good doctor?
How can we all do good treatment later? led to the question
It's hard enough just to acquire the skill, but you have to absorb an enormous amount of knowledge in every task.
Not only do we have to figure out how to suture and cut, but we also have to decide which patients to operate on.
As I was thinking about these things, a new situation came up that made me think about what "good" is.
Over the past few years, it's become clear that health care is in crisis, something that many doctors who care about what's best for their patients often overlook: the cost of healthcare.
There is no country in the world that does not suffer from medical expenses.
Political debates are arguing over whether this is a government issue or an insurance company issue.
The answer is both yes and no, and it's a much deeper question.
In fact, the reason for this is the complexity introduced by science.
To understand this, let's think back a few generations.
It goes all the way back to when Luis Thomas wrote "What Can Medicine Do?"
He's a doctor, he's a writer, and he's one of my favorite authors.
In his book, he recounts his experiences as an intern doctor at Boston City Hospital in 1937, before penicillin became available.
It was a time when drugs were still cheap and not very effective.
According to him, the benefits of being in the hospital back then were a warm room, food, a place to sleep, and the care of a nurse.
Doctors and drugs were limited in what they could do.
It is written that even in such a state, the doctor was as busy as ever.
A doctor's job was to examine patients and determine whether they had a disease that could be treated.
There were some things that could be treated.
For example, a patient with lobar pneumonia could be given serum, and a patient with streptococcal infection could be injected with rabbit antibodies, so long as the interns could classify the bacteria correctly.
For patients with acute congestive heart failure, about 500ml of blood is removed from the veins in the arm, cintaris leaves are administered, and oxygen is supplied in a tent.
If you're seeing the early signs of paralysis and you're good at asking private questions, you may find that the cause of your paralysis is syphilis.
Outside of this kind of treatment, there wasn't much the doctors could do.
It was around this time that the foundations of medicine were laid, defining what good medicine was and how it should be done.
At that time, it was still a time when we knew all the knowledge that existed, we remembered everything, and we could do anything on our own.
As long as you had a hospital where you could prescribe medicine, nurses, a hospital where you could heal patients, and basic equipment, the doctor could do anything.
I've had broken bones treated, I've drawn blood, I've centrifuged blood, I've been able to see it under a microscope, I've had bacterial cultures, I've had serum injections --
the doctor was a craftsman
As a result, the culture and values ​​that were built up were that a good doctor is brave, brave, and can do it all on his own.
autonomy was most important
But after a few generations, our time now seems to have changed completely.
We know cures for tens of thousands of human diseases.
not everything can be cured
I can't guarantee a healthy long life for all human beings.
Something close to that is becoming possible.
But what would it take?
There are currently 4,000 medical and surgical treatments,
There are 6,000 licensed drugs.
We're trying to bring this much to every single person in every town, in our own country and around the world.
Also, in terms of medical care, I finally acquired all the knowledge as a doctor.
I've reached the point where I can't do everything myself.
There's a study that looked at how many health care workers it takes to care for one hospitalized patient by age group.
In 1970, it was the workload of two full-time medical workers.
That said, it was mostly nursing time, plus a little bit of doctor's rounds, which is usually once a day.
By the end of the twentieth century, the same very common patient was attended by more than 15 medical personnel, including multiple specialists, physical therapists and nurses.
Now we all have specialties, and even family doctors are specialists.
Everyone has only one part of the whole treatment.
In the current situation, a health care system built on bold, do-it-yourself people isn't working.
We've trained, hired, and celebrated the lone cowboys.
But what we need now are pit crews for our patients.
The evidence is everywhere: 40% of people with coronary artery disease in our society receive incomplete or inappropriate treatment.
60% of people with asthma and stroke receive incomplete or inappropriate treatment.
Two million patients are infected in hospitals with diseases they didn't have, because someone didn't follow basic infection control precautions.
The fact is, when you get sick and need help, you can count on great doctors -- dedicated, well-educated, bright-minded people -- and you can expect a lot from some amazing technology, but these things. I can't believe that things are so well organized and used as needed in each step of the treatment.
There's another sign that we need a pit crew, and it's medical bills that are out of our control.
For us medical professionals, the issue of healthcare costs is disconcerting.
It's tempting to say, "This is the reality." "This is the cost."
Times have changed, and arthritis that used to prescribe aspirin, which didn't do much, is now, in the most severe cases, hip and knee replacements, giving us years and even decades of quality control. It's a dramatic change, and it's no surprise that a $40,000 hip replacement costs more than 10 cents of aspirin.
That's what it is
But there's also data that suggests there's something the medical side can do.
What we've learned from looking at the data about what has happened as a result of increased complexity is that the most expensive treatment is not necessarily the best treatment.
Conversely, the best treatment may be the cheapest, the one with the fewest complications, the easiest to manage.
So there is hope
If you need the most expensive treatment in your country, or anywhere in the world, to get the best results, you're going to have to debate who to drop from national health insurance.
I have no other choice
But when we look at the "good deviations" and look at the cheapest, best-performing treatments -- the most systemized ones are the most successful.
So what that means is that we're finding ways to bring together separate elements, separate parts.
Having great parts isn't enough, but when it comes to medicine, we're obsessed with parts.
I wanted the best medicine, the best technology, the best specialists, but I didn't really think about how they all came together.
It's a poor design strategy
There's a famous thought experiment that deals with exactly this: "What would happen if you took only the best parts and assembled them into a car?"
The brakes are Porsche, the engine is Ferrari, the body is Volvo, and the chassis is BMW.
What do you get when you put these things together?
It's expensive junk that doesn't even move
This is what I sometimes feel in the medical field.
it's not a system
It's that system, and when the system works well, you realize that it has certain abilities that make it behave as a system.
Ability number one is the ability to recognize successes and the ability to recognize problems.
Experts are not very good at predicting the final outcome.
You have to have a very deep interest in data, it's a humble job.
A colleague of mine, a surgeon in Cedar Rapids, Iowa, was curious about how much CT scanning was being done in the city.
The reason is that government reports and newspaper and magazine articles allege that CT scans are being overused.
because it doesn't apply to his own patients
I thought, "What's going on here?"
decided to collect data
it took three months
no one investigated this
The data showed that 300,000 local residents had had 52,000 CT scans in the previous year.
there was a problem
So let's move on to the second ability that the system has.
Ability #1 was "Find Problems"
Ability 2 is "Creating Solutions"
I got interested in this when the World Health Organization came to my team and asked me to help them with their project to reduce surgical mortality.
Surgery was growing in number and prevalence around the world, but its safety was not.
Solving these problems usually involves increasing training time, making people more specialized, and using technology.
But all surgeons are already specialized and well-trained.
Yet, there are anomalous levels of avoidable deaths and disabilities.
So other high-risk industries
We looked at skyscraper construction and aviation, and what we discovered was that besides technology and training, there was one more thing that was being used: checklists.
Little did I know that as a Harvard surgeon, I would spend so much time worrying about checklists and stuff like that.
But what we've discovered is that it's a tool that allows professionals to do more.
We are safety engineers at Boeing.
I asked if you could make a checklist for surgery.
Not for less-expert workers A checklist for the whole team, including the surgeon
What we've learned is that creating a checklist for dealing with complexity is harder than we thought.
We need to figure out when everyone will stop and review the list.
You have to figure out when to spot problems and deal with them before they become dangerous.
This checklist is the equivalent of a pre-takeoff checklist.
Now let's look at the risk factors
A flight checklist -- this is for a single-engine aircraft -- is not a set of instructions on how to fly.
we made this
A 2-minute checklist of 19 items for surgical teams.
The time to stop and check is just before the start of anesthesia, just before the skin is cut, just before the patient leaves the operating room.
There are some things that should be there, like timely antibiotics, which cut the infection rate in half. Nga
Create procedures to prepare your team for the unexpected
So, for example, I created a section where everyone in the operating room would be introduced to each other at the beginning of the operation, because it's possible that several members of the team will be working together for the first time that day.
We've implemented this checklist at eight hospitals around the world, deliberately ranging from rural Tanzania to the University of Washington in Seattle.
Post-implementation studies showed a 35 percent reduction in complication rates.
All hospitals that have introduced
47% lower mortality
Better results than medication
(Applause) The key here is competencies number three, competencies to put into practice.
But it takes time to spread.
We don't yet have a surgical standard, we don't have a checklist for the delivery room or any other area.
There's a lot of resistance, because using these tools forces us to face that we're not the system and to act on different values.
Simply using a checklist calls for acceptance of new values, such as humility, discipline, and teamwork.
It's the opposite of what we were brought up with: independence, self-sufficiency, autonomy.
By the way, I had the chance to meet a real cowboy.
I asked him what it would be like to take a thousand cows and move them hundreds of miles.
How can we do that?
"We have cowboys all over the place," he replied.
They're in constant electronic communication, and they have protocols and checklists for everything they do -- (Laughter) from bad weather to emergencies to livestock vaccinations.
Even cowboys are now pit crews
It seems that the time has finally come for us doctors to do so.
Making the system work is the critical task of our generation of doctors and scientists.
And I also feel that getting systems to work on issues like health care, education, climate change, and eradicating poverty is a critical task that our generation needs to do collectively.
Knowledge has exploded in all fields, resulting in complexity and specialization.
We have to recognize and respond to this problem. Humans want to be unique, but we need collective success to cope with the complexity of the world.
we all need to be pit crew now
thank you
(applause)
Last January my Fark.com company was sued by Gooseberry Natural Resources, along with sites like Yahoo MSN Raddit AOL TechCruch.
The plaintiff's company held a patent for the production and distribution of news releases via email.
(Laughter) You'd be surprised that this kind of patent can be obtained in the first place, but in fact, it happens all the time.
They take patents on things that are already in use, and then use them in new technologies, like internet telephony, video listings for TV shows, radios for mobile phones, and so on.
The problem with these patents is that they're murky, and the patent system isn't working as it should, and as a result, many lawsuits end up in settlements.
And because many settlements are under non-disclosure agreements, no one can know the terms of the agreement.
As a result, the patent troll can claim to have won the lawsuit.
In this lawsuit, the email news delivery patent was, so to speak, fatally flawed. In the mainstream media world, including mine, there is only one definition of the word news release: a press release in public relations.
Now, my company, Fark.com, ostensibly deals with news, and as a result, it doesn't infringe any patents.
One case closed, right?
It is different
One of the big problems with patent law is that if you're sued by a patent troll, the burden of proof is on the defendant to show that you don't infringe the patent, and that means you can prove that you don't infringe the patent. I have to
and this takes a lot of time
On average, these patent troll cases, even when successful, take two million dollars and 18 months.
If you get sued by a patent troll, that's the best possible outcome.
In order to win the lawsuit, we initially intended to work with other large companies, but one after another, they agreed to settle, and the important point is that none of them infringed on this patent. despite not
I accepted the settlement negotiations.
The reason they did it is because it's cheaper than fighting it in court, and obviously there are lawsuits that cost as much as two million dollars, and losing them would be even worse.
It also creates a lot of confusion in running a company, especially when it's like ours with eight people.
Six months after the lawsuit was filed, we finally entered the discovery process.
And during this discovery period, we asked plaintiffs to provide screen captures of where Fark actually infringed their patents.
Perhaps because such a screen capture did not exist in the first place, the plaintiff suddenly proposed a settlement.
Their lawyer said, "Yes, our company is about to reorganize."
Plaintiff's address is actually in an employeeless mall somewhere north of Los Angeles.
It's happening
“Therefore, I would like to close this matter.
Could I have a final proposal from your company? ”
So I said, "Well, what about free?"
(Applause) I didn't expect this result at all.
(Laughter) Well, they agreed to settle.
there was no countermeasure
Now, as I mentioned earlier, I can tell you this because the settlement was non-confidential.
Why was this possible?
When I got a copy of the settlement proceedings, I deleted the confidentiality clause.
My lawyer said, "You can't do it."
signed and returned
Why you ask? Why don't you try calling them on the phone?
They don't have a duty of confidentiality either.
I learned three things from this lawsuit.
The first is that, if possible, we should fight infringement, not patents.
It's very difficult to overturn a patent
Refuting Infringement Is Easier Than That
The second thing is to be very clear at the outset: Either you don't have any money, or you'd rather spend money on a lawyer to fight them than give money to a troll.
The reason this method works is that patent trolls receive a percentage of the money they recover in settlements.
If they find there's no chance of recovery, they should be less eager to sue.
And finally, make it clear to them that you will do everything in your power to make this lawsuit uncomfortable, painful, and difficult for them.
This is a technique used by patent trolls, and they take advantage of it.
Because they work for success, this method actually works quite well.
don't forget this
What does that mean?
In conclusion, it can be summed up in one word: don't negotiate with terrorists.
(Applause) Patent trolls do more damage to the U.S. economy each year than any domestic or foreign terrorist group has ever done to the U.S. economy.
What do you think they are doing with this money?
They're using that money to file more lawsuits.
Now, this is the point of today's talk, because we promised to present a solution to the problems of the patent system.
And the problem with the patent system is that there are two big industry groups, and each industry expects different results.
Healthcare industry seeks stronger protection for inventors
The tech industry is demanding stronger protections for producers.
While not completely conflicting, their goals are at odds
As a result, patent trolls live in those crevices.
Unfortunately, I'm not smart enough to solve the patent troll problem.
But I have an idea, and I think this might be a good idea.
I thought, "I have to get a patent!"
(Laughter) It's a patent about filing for patent infringement using a mobile device, which is any computer that isn't stationary.
My Solution: Let me get a patent for this I'll show you how to stop them
thank you
(applause)
He is Shivdat Yadav from Uttar Pradesh, India
Shivdat learned that he was listed as deceased in public records at the local land records office.
My land was in someone else's name
His brothers Chandravan and Poorchand were also recorded dead.
The family bribed the officials, made them dead, and intervened in the land inheritance process so that they could inherit their father's share of the farm for generations.
That forced the three of them and their families to move out of their home.
According to the Yadav family, the court decided to reopen the case in 2001, but the trial never started.
In Uttar Pradesh, there have been cases of deaths being declared without a proper trial.
The death of Shivdat's father sparked corruption for property.
My father was buried in the Ganges River, where the dead are either cremated on the bank or weighted down.
When I was photographing these brothers, I was confused.
they remain dead
That confusion gave rise to the title, and this project explored the idea that we are the living corpses, and that we ourselves, in some way, represent the ghosts of the past and the future.
This story is the first of 18 chapters in a new body of work -- "Livings and Others Declared Dead."
For this film, I've spent four years traveling the world researching and documenting bloodlines and their stories.
What I was interested in was the idea of ​​destiny, whether kinship, chance, circumstance—does destiny be determined?
The themes I've documented range from family conflicts in Brazil, to Bosnian genocide victims, to the first female hijacker, to the living dead in India.
In each chapter, we see external forces such as dominance, power, territory, and religion colliding with internal forces that are inherited mentally and physically.
Each piece has three parts.
On the left is one or more portrait panels, where I've systematically arranged members of my bloodline.
The text panels that follow are designed to look like scrolls, and I've adapted the themes I've covered in this section into stories.
On the right is what I call the annotation panel.
This is a more visceral space, where we show snippets of stories, beginnings of other stories, photographic evidence.
I wanted to reflect, in a non-chronological way, how we relate to history and stories on the Internet.
the order is random
This chaos contrasts sharply with the immutable order of the bloodline.
So far, I've been working on a series -- with fixed titles and presentations, documenting things that seem all-encompassing, but are actually quite ideological.
This time, I wanted to do the exact opposite: I wanted to find an absolute catalog that I couldn't interfere with, compose, or edit.
Blood is what I focused on.
The bloodline is constant and orderly
But the focus of this work is on the clash of order and chaos -- order in the bloodline comes to life in a chaotic and violent story -- chaos collides with chaos, and that story is the subject of my work.
In Chapter 2, I photographed the descendants of Arthur Ruppin
The Zionist Organization sent him to Palestine in 1907 to inspect potential Jewish settlements and acquire land.
On behalf of the Palestinian Land Development Authority, Ruppin oversaw land purchases whose work led to the founding of the Jewish State.
While researching the Zionist archives in Jerusalem, I wanted to see the early documents on the founding of the Jewish state.
found this map
This was commissioned by the Zionist Organization to investigate alternative settlement options.
I was interested in the power of geography, and I imagined what the world would be like if Israel was in Uganda, and this map shows it.
The Archives in Jerusalem holds a card catalog of early immigrants and would-be immigrants to Palestine and later to Israel from 1919 to 1965.
Chapter 3: Joseph Nyamwanda Jura Ondijo was in the outskirts of Kisumu, Kenya, treating patients with AIDS, tuberculosis, infertility, mental illness and demons.
In most cases, treatment is paid in cash or in cows and goats.
But sometimes, when a female patient can't afford the treatment, the family will give the woman to Jura as compensation for the treatment.
As a result of this exchange, Jura has nine wives, 32 children, and 63 grandchildren.
These are the children and grandchildren of the Jura bloodline.
Two of his wives were brought to Jura for infertility, and he cured them. 16 cows were paid to the family
One left him and one died while being treated for demons.
Polygamy is widespread in Kenya
Lots of gifts and multiple households - common among privileged classes.
Polygamy is seen as a symbol of wealth, status and power, as socially and politically influential figures practice polygamy.
As you may have noticed, some chapters contain blank pictures.
This represents a living person who couldn't come for the shoot.
I wrote the reason for my absence on the text panel
For example, dengue fever -- prison service, military service -- women who are not allowed to be photographed for religious or cultural reasons.
In the case of this chapter, the children were not allowed to come to the shoot by their mother, fearing that their father would kidnap them while they were filming.
Twenty-four European rabbits were brought to Australia in 1859 by British settlers for hunting.
In 100 years, 24 swelled to 500 million.
Because Australia has no natural enemies, it competes with native wildlife, damaging native plants and devastates land.
Since the 1950s, Australia has been introducing lethal diseases into rabbit populations to control populations.
This rabbit was housed at a government facility -- Biosecurity Queensland -- where they keep three strains of strains, transmit disease, and see if the rabbits die efficiently -- and see how it goes.
disease toxicity test
Most of the rabbits died in this experiment, and the remaining rabbits were euthanized.
Hays Chocolate worked with the Rabbit Eradication Foundation to discontinue the Easter Bunny chocolate and replace it with the Easter Bilby.
The idea was that by competing with the annual rabbit celebration, we would reduce the resistance to killing rabbits, and also promote animals that are endangered by rabbits, which are unique to Australia.
Chapter 7 focused on the impact of genocide on a single bloodline.
In the Srebrenica massacre, six of these bloodlines were killed over two days.
This is the only visual representation of the dead.
But I've only represented the victims of the genocide, the largest known mass murder in Europe since World War II.
Up to 8,000 Bosnian Muslim men and boys were systematically executed in this massacre.
Let's take a closer look at the work. The man in the upper left is the woman's father.
The woman's name is Zumra
She was followed by four children, all killed in the Srebrenica massacre.
The four were followed by Zumra's sister, followed by her children, who were also killed.
While I was in Bosnia, the remains of Zumra's eldest son were exhumed from a mass grave.
I was able to capture the mass of corpses in a photograph.
Others, on the other hand, presented blue slides with tooth and bone samples that were verified as authentic by matching them to DNA taken from family members.
All of them have already been buried, and the International Commission on Missing Persons has only this blue slide.
This is private property from a mass grave, awaiting confirmation from the family. Graffiti from the Potochari battery factory. bottom
Here's a video used in the Milosevic trial, from top to bottom, showing Serbian army scorpions gathering and killing boys and men after being blessed by an Orthodox priest.
Chapter 15 is for advertising
In 2009, I was introduced to an iconic multi-generational family of China by the Information Office of the State Council of China.
A large family in Beijing was selected, but I can't tell you more about the rationale for the selection.
This one, unusually, doesn't have a blank photo.
everyone came to shoot
And you can also see the impact of the one-child policy, where policy runs through the bloodstream.
Formerly known as the Department of Foreign Propaganda, the News Office is responsible for China's foreign propaganda activities.
Acting in foreign media and in China - Controlling the image created by foreign media abroad -
It also monitors the Internet and directs local media to handle sensitive and potentially controversial issues such as Tibet, ethnic minorities, human rights -- religion, pro-democracy movements, and terrorism.
As for the annotation panel for this piece, the News Office instructed me to photograph the Central Television Tower in Beijing.
I also took a picture of the souvenir that the office gave me.
This is a descendant of Hans Frank, Hitler's legal adviser and governor-general of occupied Poland.
There are many blank photographs in this bloodline that highlight the complex relationship with family history.
Reasons for absence include those who refused to participate or
Some parents did, but didn't allow their children to participate, because they thought they were too young to make their own decisions.
Some members of the family have clothes instead of people, and they refused to be associated with the past that I'm talking about.
And finally, one more person. This person was shot backwards, but later withdrew, so I mosaicked it so that he couldn't be identified.
The commentary panel for this piece shows an official postage stamp of Adolf Hitler and a copy of the stamp made by the British Intelligence Service of Hans Frank.
It was issued in Poland for the purpose of creating friction between Frank and Hitler, to make Hitler think that Frank was abusing his power.
Speaking of fate, I was interested in the story and fate of a piece of art.
This painting was looted by the Franks during the Third Reich.
I am also interested in the impact of the absence and existence of these paintings.
This is Leonardo da Vinci's "Lady with an Ermine" Rembrandt's "Landscape with the Good Samaritan" Raphael's "Portrait of a Young Man" This painting is still missing.
In Chapter 12, we're talking about people who were born into a fight that they didn't start.
These are the Ferraz family - and the Novaez family.
We are fighting a bloody conflict
The conflict has been going on since 1991 in the state of Pernambuco in northeastern Brazil, leaving 20 people from both families and 40 non-family members dead, including hired hitmen and casual bystanders and friends.
Tensions between the two families date back to 1913, beginning with a regional political power struggle.
It's escalated over the last 20 years to the decapitation and murder of two mayors.
It's the embrasure that's installed in the protective wall that surrounds the home of the head of the family, Luis Novaes, where we shoot and monitor.
The state of Pernambuco is one of the most crime-ridden areas in Brazil.
The spirit of retributive justice, an eye for an eye, is so ingrained here that reprisal killings continue here.
This story, like many other stories, is a classic Shakespearean anecdote that is happening now and will continue to happen.
I'm interested in iterations like this
After returning home, I received word that one of my family members had been shot 30 times in the face.
Chapter seventeen is an exploration of the absence of bloodline and history.
This orphanage in Ukraine has children from the ages of 6 to 16.
The portraits are in chronological order because they can't be sorted by bloodline.
In the 12 months I was in this orphanage, only one child was adopted.
When you turn 16, you have to leave here, and a lot of kids have nowhere to go.
Reportedly, children are targeted for human trafficking, child pornography and prostitution as soon as they leave the orphanage.
People often commit crimes to survive, and suicide rates are high.
This is the men's bedroom
We don't have enough beds and warm clothes here.
Children don't take baths very often because they don't turn on the hot water until October.
this is the girls bedroom
The director of the orphanage urgently needs a commercial washer and dryer, a commercial washer and dryer, four vacuum cleaners, two computers -- a projector, a photocopier -- winter boots, and a dental drill.
This is a poster I took in a classroom at an orphanage.
It is said, "He who does not know his past deserves no future."
This project has more chapters
This time, I've only scratched the surface from over a thousand images.
This massive collection of images and stories is on display.
I try to find regularities in my collection of images and documents, and I believe that the stories that surround our lives are encoded in them, much like blood.
The exhibits appeal to something that cannot be put into words.
Something is being said between the pieces of information gathered.
Birth and death go on incessantly, and in between there's a never-ending accumulation of stories.
People are born and die, and the way stories appear one after another is like a mechanical mechanism.
So my question is, is this going to lead to some sort of evolution -- accumulation -- or is it just that we're doing the same thing over and over again?
thank you
(applause)
People are living longer and society is aging
You hear it all the time, you read it in the newspapers.
do you listen to it on tv
sometimes i worry
Because I hear this story so often, I wonder if I've come to accept a long life.
But don't get me wrong, I believe that living longer can and will improve the quality of life for all generations.
Now let's turn to the background for a moment to think holistically.
The number of years of life expectancy added during the 20th century has exceeded all the thousands of years of human evolution that have added to life expectancy.
In an instant, we almost doubled the length of time we lived.
If you're worried that this aging process won't stop, you don't have to grieve.
this is the latest happening
Moreover, the fertility rate is declining at the same time as the average life expectancy is increasing, so until now, the old pyramid structure, showing the distribution of population by age group, has always consisted of a large number of young people at the bottom, and a small number of elderly people who have survived to old age. The shape of that pyramid structure, which is the apex, is morphing into a rectangle.
If you're the kind of person who feels uneasy about demographics, you're the ones who should.
Because this story equates to the first time in human history that most babies born in developed countries have a chance to grow up.
how did this happen
We are not as genetically robust as our ancestors were 10,000 years ago.
This increase in life expectancy is the product of a remarkable culture, a melting pot of technology and large-scale behavioral change to improve health and well-being.
Through cultural change, our ancestors largely avoided premature death, allowing people to live life to the fullest now.
Right now, we have problems with aging: disease, poverty, loss of social status.
This is not the time to settle for success
But the more we learn about aging, the more it becomes clear that saying it's completely downhill isn't quite accurate.
Aging brings progress: increased knowledge, increased expertise, and improved emotional aspects of life.
Yes, that's right, the elderly are happy.
These people are happier than the middle-aged and older, and even more so than the young.
And more and more studies come to the same conclusion.
Recently, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention conducted a survey that simply asked subjects to state whether they had experienced severe emotional distress in the previous week, and they answered "yes" to this question. elderly people
less than middle-aged and less than young people
In addition, a recent Gallup poll asked participants how stressed, worried and angry they felt the previous day.
As a result, stress, worry and anger all decreased with age.
Social scientists call this the aging paradox.
So aging is not a simple story.
So we asked all sorts of questions to see if we could reverse this finding.
We asked if the current generation of older people could be called the best of all time.
What that means is that today's young people, in general, may not experience the kind of progress I just described as they get older.
And we asked, well, maybe older people are just trying to appreciate their otherwise depressing lives in a particularly positive way. (Laughter)
But the more we try to deny these findings, the more evidence we find to support them.
Many years ago, a colleague and I started a study that followed the same population for 10 years.
Initially, the subjects were between the ages of 18 and 94.
And we wanted to see if and how their emotional experiences changed as they grew up.
Called my pager at random throughout the day and night.
And each time I contacted them, I asked them to answer a few questions, like, on a 7-point scale, how happy are you now?
how sad are you right now
It was like, "How frustrated are you right now?" And so we were able to get a feel for the kinds of emotions and feelings the subjects were experiencing in their day-to-day lives.
It's not one particular generation that outperforms others by doing interpersonal studies, but it's the same individuals who report more optimistic experiences over time.
There is a slight decline in the very old age groups,
just a little bit lower
But I will never return to the level of my youth.
It's a bit too simplistic to just say that older people are happy.
So in our research, older people are more positive.
We also found that older people were more likely than younger people to experience a mixture of emotions, that is, sadness at the same time as happiness.
Another study shows that older people seem to deal with grief more easily, accepting grief more than young people.
And we think this may explain why older people are better at resolving intense emotional disputes and arguments than younger people.
Older people can see injustice with compassion rather than despair.
And if all things were equal, older people would direct their cognitive resources, such as attention and memory, toward positive information rather than negative information.
If you show these images to older people, middle-aged people, young people, and later we ask them to remember everything they can, older people, not young people, remember more positive images than negative images.
We also asked the elderly and young people to look at their faces in the lab, some of them frowning, some of them smiling.
As a result, older people looked toward smiles and avoided frowns and angry faces.
In our day-to-day lives, we can say that this manifests itself in the form of greater joy and satisfaction.
But as social scientists, we continued to explore other possibilities.
The relatively positive emotions reported by older adults may be due to cognitive impairment.
(Laughter) Or positive emotions are easier to process than negative ones, so we turn them into positive emotions.
Or maybe the nerve centers in your brain are failing so that you can no longer process negative emotions.
but that's not
The most mentally empowered older people are those who use this positive emotional process.
And indeed, in situations that really matter, older people process negative information as well as positive information.
So why is this happening?
In fact, according to research so far, these changes are due to the fact that we have the ability to monitor time, which is unique to human beings. I discovered that
And if there's an aging paradox, it's that the realization that we won't live forever changes our outlook on life in a positive way.
When planning horizons are long and vague, as is evident in our youth, we are constantly preparing, trying to absorb all the information we can, taking risks, exploring, because we find it interesting in some way.
I even spend time with people I don't like
And sometimes you learn things you never really expected.
(Laughter) It could even be a joint party.
(Laughter) Well, if it doesn't work out anyway, there's always tomorrow.
People over 50 don't go to joint parties, but
(Laughter) As we get older, our planning horizons get shorter and our goals change.
When you realize you won't be in this world forever, you can see your priorities most clearly, and you'll lose your attention to the little things.
Enjoy life and be more appreciative
would accept more reconciliation
It also puts more emphasis on the emotionally important aspects of life, making life better and happier every day.
But this same shift in perspective makes us more intolerant of injustice than ever before.
By 2015, there will be more Americans over the age of 60 than under the age of 15.
What will happen in a society where the elderly are big-headed?
the numbers don't determine the outcome
culture decides
If we invest in technology to find solutions to the real problems that older people face, and if we take full advantage of their very intrinsic powers, the extra years of life will dramatically improve quality of life for all ages. is improved
And a society with millions of citizens who are healthier, more educated, more gifted, more emotionally stable than any previous generation, armed with knowledge of the practical problems of life, and more ambitious to solve big problems than I am. It's going to be a better society than we've ever known.
Finally, I'd like to quote my 92-year-old father's favorite quote: "Let's stop talking about how we're going to keep the elderly alive and start talking about how we're going to make these people protect us all. mosquito"
thank you
(applause)
Have you ever wondered what plaque contains? Isn't it?
But I, who studies ancient DNA,
I'm at the Center for Evolutionary Medicine at the University of Zurich, where I study the origins and evolution of human health and disease, based on the genes of ancient human bones and mummies.
I hope this will help us better understand the evolutionary vulnerabilities of the human body and improve our health and its management.
There are many different approaches to evolutionary medicine, one of which is to extract human DNA from ancient bones.
And from this extract, we can reconstruct human genomes from different eras, looking for changes that could be related to adaptation, risk factors, genetic diseases, and more.
But these are not all
The most serious health problems of our time are not the result of simple mutations in the genome, but rather the complex and variable interplay of genetic differences, diet, microbes and parasites, and immune responses.
Directly related to the big evolutionary component that is always present in these diseases is that the environment in which modern humans live is very different from the environment in which the human body evolved.
Understanding these diseases requires not only the study of the ancient human genome, but also a more comprehensive approach to ancient human health.
But this has many problems
What will you study first?
Bones are unearthed everywhere, they're everywhere.
But of course, all the soft tissue is gone, and the health information we can get from the skeleton itself is limited.
Mummies are a great source of information, but they are very limited geographically and temporally.
Coprolites, which are fossils of human waste, are actually very interesting.
We can learn a lot about ancient diets and bowel diseases, but they are rarely unearthed.
(Laughter) So we assembled an international team of researchers in Switzerland, Denmark, and the United Kingdom to tackle this problem.
I decided to study substances that were little studied and unknown, but could be collected from people all over the world.
It's calcified dental plaque, officially called tartar.
Also called "tarta"
When you go to the dentist, they'll scrape it off your teeth.
About 15 to 30 milligrams of tartar is usually removed in one session.
But in ancient times, when teeth were not brushed, up to 600 milligrams of tartar could accumulate in a lifetime.
So what's really important here is that tartar fossilizes like any other skeleton, so ancient tartar is also abundant and found all over the world.
You can find tartar from every race in the world, at any time period, going back tens of thousands of years.
Also found in Neanderthals and animals
So far, only microscopic observations have been made.
Microscopic examination of tartar reveals pollen, vegetable starches, muscle cells and bacteria in animal flesh.
So the goal of my team of researchers was to see if we could apply genetic engineering and proteomics techniques to look at DNA and proteins and use them to improve our taxonomy and our understanding of what's going on.
And what we found was that there were many commensal pathogens that lived in the nasal passages and mouths.
We also found immune proteins associated with infections and inflammation, proteins and DNA associated with diet.
But what surprised us and was very exciting was that we also found bacteria that normally live in the upper respiratory system.
That means we have virtual access to the lungs, where many serious diseases develop.
They also found bacteria that normally live in the gut.
Even more distant organ systems are now virtually accessible, systems that were long ago decomposed and not visible from the skeleton alone.
The application of ancient DNA sequencing and protein mass spectrometry techniques to ancient tartar can generate vast amounts of data, detailing the dynamic interactions between diet and infectious diseases and immunity thousands of years ago. We can start recreating the situation.
What started as an idea is now being implemented to generate vast arrays of sequence data that can be used to map the long-term evolutionary history of human health and disease into the genetic code of individual pathogens. investigate at the level
From this information, we can learn how pathogens evolve and why we continue to get sick.
I hope you all understand the value of tartar.
In closing, on behalf of future archaeologists, I'd like to ask you to think again when you go home and brush your teeth.
(Applause) Thank you.
(applause)
A few months ago, the Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to two teams of astronomers for what is arguably the greatest discovery in astronomical observation history.
Today, I'm going to give you a brief introduction to this discovery, and I'll introduce you to the controversial framework used to interpret this discovery. Far beyond the Earth, the Milky Way, and other galaxies, far beyond, is the possibility that we are not one universe, but part of a "multiverse" of many universes. The possibility of being part of something called the Multiverse.
Even if it is said to be a multiverse, it does not come to mind
Most people grew up believing that "universe" meant everything Most people grew up believing that "universe" meant everything
I said, "Most people," because of this: my four-year-old daughter grew up hearing these thoughts.
Last year, I said to my daughter, "Sophia, I love you the most in the universe." "Sophia, I love you the most in the universe."
And the answer was, "Papa, the Universe or the Multiverse?" And the answer was, "Papa, the Universe or the Multiverse?"
(Laughter) Even if you grow up in such an unusual environment, it's hard to imagine a world that's different from ours. It's difficult to imagine a world that's different from ours. It's a completely different universe with different functions and properties.
But even if this idea is purely hypothetical, but even if this idea is purely hypothetical, I want you to know that there are reasons to take it seriously. this may be true
I'm going to divide the story of the multiverse into three parts.
In Part 1, I'll talk about the Nobel Prize-winning observations.In Part 1, I'll talk about the Nobel Prize-winning observations and the big questions they pose.
Part 2 introduces a hypothesis to solve the mystery Part 2 introduces a hypothesis to solve the mystery
It's based on string theory. This is where the multiverse idea comes in. This is where the multiverse idea comes in.
And finally, in Part 3, I'm going to talk about a cosmological theory called inflation. I'm going to talk about a cosmological theory called inflation.
The first part begins in 1929, when the great astronomer Edwin Hubble notices that a galaxy far, far away is moving farther and farther away from us, and the universe is getting farther and farther away. and established the fact that it is growing and expanding
this surprised everyone
Until then, the conventional wisdom was that the universe was immutable.
But even if the expansion is correct, it should at least be slowing down, at least it should be slowing down.
Just like the earth's gravity slows down the rise of a thrown apple Just like the earth's gravity slows down the rise of a thrown apple Gravity between galaxies interacts with each other They should work together to slow the rate of expansion. They should slow the rate of expansion.
Now, let's move history forward to 1990. The two teams of astronomers I mentioned at the beginning were intrigued by this idea and decided to measure the rate of slowing the expansion. I decided to measure the degree of deceleration of
They carefully measured the positions of distant galaxies, and they carefully measured the positions of distant galaxies, and they charted them and analyzed how the rate of expansion changed over the years. We analyzed how the rate of expansion changed over the course of the month.
And then we got an unexpected result: not only is the swelling slowing down,
I found that it was gradually accelerating I found that it was gradually accelerating
It's like a tossed apple that speeds up as it goes up.It's like a tossed apple that speeds up as it goes up.
When I see an apple like that, I want to know what's going on.
What kind of force is at work?
And similarly to this amazing Nobel Prize-winning discovery, likewise to this amazing Nobel Prize-winning discovery, similar questions arose.
What kind of force is working to accelerate galaxies apart?
The most likely answer is an old Einstein idea.
When we think of gravity, we usually think of it as the force that pulls things together.
Gravity can push things apart, according to Einstein's general theory of relativity, according to Einstein's general theory of relativity.
how? According to Einstein's calculations, if the universe is filled with uniform, invisible fog-like energy, and if the universe is filled with uniform, invisible, fog-like energy, the gravity produced by that fog is repulsive gravity that pushes things apart. It becomes repulsive gravity that pushes things apart, which fits nicely into the observation.
This invisible energy in the universe is now called dark energy, this invisible energy in the universe is now called dark energy, and it's like white smoke to make it easier to see. It's the sexual gravity that's pushing the galaxies apart, accelerating the expansion. It's pushing the galaxies apart, accelerating the expansion.
This explanation is a great deal of progress This explanation is a great deal of progress
But I promised there was a mystery in this first part, but I promised there was a mystery in this first part
it is something like
How much dark energy is needed in the universe How much dark energy is needed in the universe to accelerate the expansion?
it's a very small number
If you use the right units here, it's a surprisingly small number. If you use the right units here, it's a surprisingly small number.
"mystery" is the meaning of this value
I wish I could derive this number from the laws of physics. I wish I could derive this number from the laws of physics.
You might think this, do you need to worry?
Explaining this number is a technical problem Explaining this number is a technical problem Details that are of interest to the experts but probably don't matter to the average person
It's technically trivial, sure, but there are some things like this that are important.
Sometimes small things can open doors to unknown truths, and this number may be the key, because trying to explain it raises the possibility of other universes. This is string theory. So let's move on to part two: string theory.
Finally, in the dark energy mystery, just put it in the back of your mind for a moment. I'm going to tell you three important things about string theory.
First, what is string theory?
This is an attempt to realize Einstein's dream of a unified theory, a framework that attempts to explain all the forces in the universe with a single framework.
The idea at the heart of string theory is very simple The idea at the heart of string theory is very simple
When you look at things in detail, you see molecules first, and then you see molecules first, and then you can see atoms and subatomic particles.
The theory is that if we can look further in from there, then at scales smaller than we can observe with our current technology, there's something inside these particles: tiny vibrating threads of energy, tiny vibrating strings.
Violin strings vibrate in different patterns Violin strings vibrate in different patterns to produce different tones
These elementary strings vibrate in different patterns, and these elementary strings vibrate in different patterns, and they become different kinds of particles: electrons, quarks, neutrinos, photons, all different kinds of particles, all coming from string vibrations. As it arises, the various particles are all grouped together in a framework as they arise from the vibration of the string.
It's a compelling view, a cosmic symphony, all the different things around us, all the different things around us, created by the music of this little string, by the music of this little string. is
But this elegant unification comes at a price. But this elegant unification comes at a price. Years of research has shown that string theory has mathematical problems. I know the theory is mathematically problematic.
To remove the mathematical contradiction To remove the mathematical contradiction, we have to add an extra dimension that is unfamiliar to us.
What we're used to is three-dimensional space.
These are expressed as height, width, and depth These are expressed as height, width, and depth
But in string theory, there are many, many more dimensions on very small scales, which roll up so small that we can't see them.
But even though these dimensions are invisible, they have a big impact on what we can see, because the shape of the various dimensions determines how the string vibrates.
In string theory, vibrations determine everything In string theory, vibrations determine everything
The mass of the particle, the strength of the force and, above all, the amount of dark energy is determined by the shape of these dimensions.
If we knew the shape of these extra dimensions, we should be able to compute these features, and we should be able to compute the amount of dark energy.
The problem is that we don't know the shape of these extra dimensions The problem is that we don't know the shape of these extra dimensions The problem is that we don't know the shape of these extra dimensions
There are only a few candidate shapes that are justified by mathematics There are only a few candidate shapes
In the early stages of my research, there were about five candidate shapes, and I think I'll be able to look at each of them one by one and judge whether they actually apply to the physical things that we can observe. seems to be able to
But as time went on, more and more candidate shapes became available.
What was five has become hundreds and thousands. It's a big number, but it still seems to be able to be analyzed somehow. These things are the work of graduate students.
But the number continues to grow into millions and billions
Now it's 10 to the 500th power Now it's 10 to the 500th power
What should I do?
Some researchers even gave up, concluding that with so many candidates for the shape of the extra dimensions, each with different physical characteristics, it would be impossible to make testable predictions using string theory. So they concluded that it was impossible to make testable predictions in string theory.
But some have used this to explore the possibilities of the multiverse.
A simple explanation is like this
All these shapes are equal
It's not a question of which one is real.It's not a question of which one is real.There are many different universes in each extradimension.There are many different universes in extradimensions.
This is a very radical idea, and it has a big impact on our puzzle, the mystery of the amount of dark energy that the Nobel Prize-winning observations brought to light.
For example, if there are many other universes, for example, if there are many other universes, and the extra dimensions of each universe have different shapes. So the amount of dark energy in each universe is also different, especially the amount of dark energy in each universe is different, especially the amount of dark energy in each universe is different.
If so, then the meaning of explaining the amount of dark energy we measured would change completely.
In this scenario, one number cannot explain dark energy, because there are many, not one, because there are many, not one.
So our question was wrong. So our question was wrong.
The right question is, why don't we live in a universe that has exactly this measured amount of dark energy, and not in a universe that could exist in many other universes?
This is the question you can look for the answer to
Because, in a universe with a lot of dark energy, when matter solidifies and tries to form a galaxy, the repulsive force of the dark energy is too strong, and the clump explodes, and the galaxy cannot be created.
On the other hand, in a universe with less dark energy, the universe itself would shrink and galaxies wouldn't form.
If there were no galaxies, there would be no stars, there would be no planets.
We're in a universe with that particular amount of dark energy because we're in a universe with that particular amount of dark energy because the conditions in this universe are suitable for life like us.
That's all
The mystery is the solution, the multiverse is the answer
But some people don't like this kind of explanation.
Physics, as we think of it, is a neat explanation for observations.
But if the thing you're observing, but the thing you're observing has different values ​​depending on the reality that exists in different places, if it has different values ​​depending on the reality that exists in different places, then it exists in different places. If it has a different value depending on reality, it is a mistake to try to find reasons why it should be that value.It is a mistake to try to find reasons why it should be that value. it is wrong to say
Something similar happened before. The great astronomer Johannes Kepler was obsessed with another number. He was obsessed with another number. Is it 150 million km?
We've spent decades trying to make sense of this number without success because
Because Kepler was looking for answers to the wrong questions Because Kepler was looking for answers to the wrong questions
We now know that different planets orbit the star at different distances.
Trying to explain the specific number of 150 million km using the laws of physics is wrong. Trying to explain the specific number of 150 million km is wrong.
In this case, the correct question is why did humans end up inhabiting a planet at this distance from the sun, versus other possibilities.
we can answer questions like this
A planet much closer to a star like the sun would be too hot for life like us to live on.
And planets far from their stars are too cold to support life like us.
So the reason we live at this particular distance from the sun is that this distance creates conditions that are essential for life forms like us.
This is the correct way of thinking about planets and their distances.
In short, when you think about the universe and the dark energy that exists in it, this kind of thinking might apply.
The big difference, of course, is that we know that other planets exist, but at this point, the existence of other universes is only hypothetical.
To put this together you need a mechanism to produce other universes To put this together you need a mechanism to produce other universes To put this together you need a mechanism to produce other universes
Which brings us to this final third part
Such a mechanism has been discovered by cosmologists studying the Big Bang Such a mechanism has been discovered by cosmologists studying the Big Bang
When you think of the big bang, what comes to mind when you think of the big bang is the explosion of space creating the universe, the explosion of the universe creating the universe, and that space expanding outward.
But here's what many people don't know
The big bang forgets something very important: the "bang" (explosion) part.
It explains how the universe grew after the explosion. there is not
An improved Big Bang theory fills this gap.
It's called inflationary cosmology, and it's identified what fuel is needed to expand outer space out of space.
The fuel is based on a quantum field, but what's important here is that this fuel is so efficient that it can't be used up. It doesn't just happen once
This fuel caused our big bang and other big bangs, each of which created a separate universe. Our universe is just one bubble in a multiverse of bubbles. Our universe is just one bubble in a multiverse made up of many bubbles.
Combining this with string theory looks like this Combining this with string theory looks like this
Each universe has extra dimensions
Extra dimensions come in many forms
Different shapes produce different physical characteristics
We exist in this universe and not in other universes, simply because only in this universe are the physical characteristics, such as the amount of dark energy, suitable for our existence.
This is a compelling and controversial view of the universe. The latest observations and theories have started to focus on this view.
The question that remains, of course, is whether we can confirm the existence of other universes.
I think it might be possible in this way
Inflation theory already has observations to support it.
What this theory predicts is that when the Big Bang was so strong that the universe expanded so quickly, the quantum fluctuations that occurred in the microscopic world also affected the macroscopic world, leaving behind something like a fingerprint. There's a pattern of hot and cold spots all over the universe, and it's been observed by good telescopes.
And if there are other universes, according to this theory, sometimes these universes will collide.
If our universe collided with another universe If our universe collided with another universe, one day we might be able to find subtle temperature changes across the universe that were created by the collision. I don't know, the day may come when I can find it
Ideas that seem bizarre may become established through observation, become established through observation, and consolidate the existence of other universes.
In conclusion, I'd like to tell you these thoughts, in conclusion, these thoughts are predicted far into the future.
We know that this universe is not immutable, that we are not immutable, that the universe is expanding, that its expansion is accelerating, that other universes may exist, etc. I've carefully observed and learned from the faint starlight from distant galaxies. I've carefully observed and learned from the faint starlight.
But the accelerating expansion means that in the distant future, these galaxies will be moving further and further away from us. You can't. It's not a telescope technical limitation, it's a physics theory problem.It's a physics theory problem, not a telescope technical limitation.
Even though the light emitted by these galaxies travels at the speed of light, which is said to be the fastest, the light emitted by these galaxies travels at the fastest speed of light, but it cannot overcome the ever-increasing distance. because I can't
If an astronomer in the distant future looks into deep space, if an astronomer in the distant future looks into deep space, all he sees is an eternal, unchanging, pitch-black void.
We might look at it and conclude that the universe is unchanging, that there is only an oasis in the middle where we live. It's definitely the wrong view from the perspective of us It's definitely the wrong view from our perspective
Future astronomers may inherit records from previous epochs like ours: data that the galaxy-filled universe is expanding. Data that the galaxy-filled universe is expanding.
But will future astronomers believe such ancient knowledge? But will future astronomers believe such ancient knowledge?
Or would they believe in a dark, unchanging universe observable with the latest technology available at the time?
I think it's probably the latter
That means we are very lucky to be living in this age, which means that we are very lucky to be living in this age. The deep truths of the universe can still be explored by mankind. Because the deep truth of the universe is still out there for humanity to explore.
It seems like it won't go like this forever
Today's astronomers point their powerful telescopes up into the heavens Today's astronomers point their powerful telescopes up into the heavens, collecting tiny amounts of photons that carry extremely useful information telegrams that take billions of years to arrive. It's like a telegram that takes billions of years to arrive.
The message that came over the years is clear
Sometimes nature protects its secrets with hard laws of physics, hard laws of physics.
Sometimes the real truth is beckoning from just beyond the horizon
thank you
(Applause) Chris Anderson: Thank you.
It's a mind boggling, mind boggling idea It's a boggling, mind boggling, crazy idea
What do you think of the current state of cosmology, historically? What do you think of the current state of cosmology, historically? What do you think of the current state of cosmology, historically?
Is something happening that has never happened before?
BG: I don't know
Considering that we may not be able to obtain enough observational data in the future, I wonder if this is already the case now. Important information far away may already be out of our reach It may already be out of our reach
If so, we may not fully understand our questions.We may not fully understand our questions.
On the one hand, with our current knowledge, we can understand the age of the universe, on the other hand, with our current knowledge, we can understand the age of the universe.
Analyze the cosmic microwave background radiation from 13.72 billion years ago Analyze the cosmic microwave background radiation from 13.72 billion years ago agrees with observations Computation predicts agrees with observations
It's really surprising
So we've made a lot of progress, but we don't know what we're going to face in the future.
CA: You've been here for a few days.
I would like to hear from you about various things.
Thank you Brian (BG: You're welcome) (Applause)
I want to talk to you today about money and happiness. Many people spend a lot of time thinking about how to make more money and how to be happier.
The phrase "money can't buy happiness" that you see in religion and in self-help books resonates with many people, and today I want to tell you that it's not true.
(Laughter) This is what I do in business school, if you think money can't buy happiness.
It's because you're not using your money properly.
So by using it in a different way than usual, money may be able to buy happiness.
Before I talk about how to spend money to make you happy, let's first consider the most common ways to spend money that don't lead to happiness.
what will happen
You posted an interesting article
It's believed that winning the lottery will lead to a wonderful life, and this article is about how life can go crazy.
What actually happened
The winners spent all their fortunes, built up debt, and friends and acquaintances began to ask for money, which wrecked their relationships.
Results than before winning the lottery
Debts increased, friendships deteriorated, and the interesting thing about this article is that
Comments from readers
It wasn't that they realized that money doesn't make them happy, but that they immediately started talking about what they would do if they won the lottery.
It was a fantasy story, and there were two really interesting things about it.
First, he said, "If I win, I'll buy a small mountain and build a small house on top of it." (Laughter)
Another commented, "If I were you, I'd fill the bathtub with bills, soak in it, smoke a fat cigar, and sip champagne."
Worse, "Then take a picture of it and give it a glossy finish, so that if someone approaches you for money,
I'll give you only that picture," he wrote.
(Laughter) Quite a few of the comments were exactly like this, and the winners actually became antisocial with the money.
Money doesn't just destroy lives and destroy friendships.
It turns people into very selfish personalities, and we act only for ourselves.
Maybe the reason money doesn't bring us happiness is because we're always using it for ourselves.
So I started thinking about what would happen if people started spending a little more money on other people, so instead of avoiding socializing.
What Happens When You Get Social
We actually did an experiment to see that, and we asked a few people to spend money on themselves as usual.
I asked a few other people to spend money on something other than themselves, and I measured whether they actually made me happy.
So, the first step. One morning at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, I asked students, "Would you like to participate in an experiment?"
I asked him how happy he was at that time, and then gave him the envelope.
In half of the envelopes, I put money and a note saying, "Please spend this money on yourself by 5:00 in the evening," along with a usage example.
The other half of the envelopes read, "Please spend this money on other people by 5pm."
I put in a note that said
Some received $5, some received $20.
After that, I was allowed to spend my time freely.
They were spending the money as instructed.
That night, I asked the participants, "What are you spending your money on, and how are you feeling right now?"
what they used
Well, since I'm a college student, many of the people who used it for me
They used it for cosmetics and other things.
Some gave money to homeless people
Starbucks was the most influential
(Laughter) If you give a college student five bucks, it's like coffee first, straight to Starbucks.
But some people bought coffee for themselves, some people bought it for other people, so it's the same purchase.
On the one hand it was for me, on the other hand it was for others.
It became clear that night
Those who spent it on others were happier, and those who spent it on themselves remained unchanged.
And it didn't matter how much money you spent.
$5 and $20 seem like a lot of difference.
It didn't matter how much you actually spent.
What really matters is the fact that you did it for someone else, not for yourself.
I got similar results
Of course, this is Canadian college students, so they're not representative of the rest of the world.
Does this only apply to people in wealthy countries, or does it apply worldwide?
We did a similar experiment in Uganda, and we did this experiment with non-Canadian people.
We asked them to tell us about a time when they spent money and how happy they felt at that time.
Also in Uganda these days for myself and others
We asked them to tell us about a time they spent money and how happy they felt at that time.
Then I found something surprising
Because while there are universals in how money is spent, there are also cultural differences, for example.
A Ugandan man said, "I called the girl I was interested in," and she said she went on a date.
He said he hadn't "dropped" her yet.
And a man from Canada, a very similar case.
"I invited my girlfriend to dinner.
Then I went to see a movie, left early, and went to her room... and ended up eating cake."
It's common all over the world. Spending money for someone and treating them kindly may be plotting something.
But there were also big differences
Let's take a look at two women
In the case of a Canadian woman,
When asked about a time when they spent money on someone else
The woman said, "I bought a present for my mother.
I gave it to you."
It's nice to give a gift to someone you know.
Contrast this with a woman in Uganda, and she said, "I met an old friend of mine, whose son was suffering from malaria.
I gave it to the woman who didn't have money for the hospital bill."
Because it wasn't $10,000, it was local currency.
The amount itself is actually insignificant
But the thoughts put into it are very different
It's a literally life-saving donation for the treatment we really need.
The first woman was just buying a gift for her mother, but here's another reminder:
The fact that you spent your money on someone else is more important to your happiness than how you spend it, and that's really important.
In other words, you don't have to be amazing how to use it to feel happy.
This is the case in just two countries, because we want to further explore the relationship between money and happiness.
I wanted to find out in every country
So I got the data from the Gallup, a famous polling company for the recent election polls.
It included questions such as, "Have you recently donated to charity?" and "How happy are you with your life?"
From there, we can see the relationship between money and happiness, the relationship between giving and happiness.
Was there a positive or negative correlation?
On this map, green indicates a positive correlation.
Red shows a negative correlation, and as you can see, green dominates.
That is, with data
In almost every country in the world, people who donate to charity are happier than people who don't donate.
You can be a jerk who doesn't touch it, but it's actually the Central African Republic.
You can imagine it on your own, but there must be some kind of factor.
Right below that is Rwanda.
It's a bright green, so in almost every country we can see,
Spending money on someone else makes me happy. Now, what about at work?
where I spend a lot of time
We ran similar experiments at multiple companies.
Belgian sales team
They work in teams, and their job is to visit doctors and sell medicines, so we see them as part of a team.
I watched how much they sold
Like the students in Canada, I told one team, "Please spend the money on yourself," and I gave them the money.
Please use it as a present for one of your teammates this week."
I gave him the money.
And then we compared the teams that spent the money on themselves to the teams that spent the money to make the team better.
The piñata you see here is something that the team bought together with all their money, and when you hit it together, the candy comes out of it.
It's really trivial, but it's a pro-social thing where you put the 15 euros you got into your own pocket, or you spend it on your own coffee, and you get together with the team to buy something and do a group activity. If you look at the difference from the team that took the action
Prosocial teams had more sales than teams that spent money on themselves.
If you spend your money in the usual way, for yourself, nothing will change, and nothing will grow from there.
It doesn't motivate me to work, so if I use it, it's over.
But if you spend 15 euros on your teammates, that team will perform significantly better, and you'll make a lot more money than you paid for it.
It's a very good thing, but I'm afraid it won't work for very important social policies, unless we prove it works.
You don't believe anything I say about the dodgeball team, do you think?
(smile)
This is a criticism we used to get, that if you can't prove it on a dodgeball team, it's pointless.
So we looked for dodgeball teams and approached them, and then we did the same experiment again, giving half the teams money to spend on themselves.
I gave the other half of the team money to spend on their teammates.
Teams that spent money on themselves had the same win rate as before.
The teams that spent money on each other changed, and some actually won league titles.
It's been proven that spending money on someone in any setting, whether it's in your personal life, at work, in a sports club, has a greater return.
So if you think, "If money can't buy you happiness," you're using it wrong.
This doesn't mean that buying this product will make you happier than buying that product.
Stop thinking about it and spend some of that money on someone else's behalf.
I would like to take this opportunity to introduce
DonorsChoose.org, a non-profit organization primarily for teachers in low-income public schools, where teacher wishes are put forward.
For example, "I need a Huckleberry Finn book or a microscope for my science class."
You will receive thank-you notes from the teacher and students.
Sometimes I get a photo of them using a microscope, which is very moving.
Visit our website here and think again.
Instead of saying, "How am I going to spend it for myself?"
What can I do for someone?" In the end, there should be more to be gained than what is spent.
thank you
(applause)
As you may know, all matter is made up of tiny things called atoms, and each atom is made up of even smaller particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons.
atoms are very small
But you probably never thought about how small an atom is.
The answer is very, very small
How small are atoms?
To understand, let's ask the question: How many atoms does one grapefruit contain?
Suppose that the grapefruit consists only of nitrogen atoms, which is absolutely not the case, but the grapefruit contains nitrogen atoms.
For visualization, let's zoom in on each atom to the size of a blueberry.
So how big would a grapefruit be?
In fact, it's about the same size as the Earth.
It is a such a fool!
You mean to say that if the earth were full of blueberries, there should be the same number of nitrogen atoms in grapefruits?
that's right!
How big is an atom?
Atoms are very very very very small
do you know and do? The story gets even more ridiculous
Let's take a peek inside each atom, the blueberry. What do you see?
At the center of the atom is what is called the nucleus, which is made up of protons and neutrons, and on the outside you can see the electrons.
How big is the nucleus?
If an atom is a blueberry on Earth, how big is the nucleus?
You probably remember the picture you saw in your old science class of an atom with a little dot with an arrow pointing to the nucleus.
Those figures aren't to scale, so they're inaccurate in a way.
How big is the nucleus?
Even if you take out the contents of a blueberry and look for the nucleus
can't see
too small to see with the naked eye
So atoms, let's expand the blueberry to the size of a house.
Imagine a ball as tall as a two-story house.
Find the nucleus in the atom
You can barely see the nucleus
In order to understand how big the nucleus is, we have to enlarge the blueberry to the size of a football field.
Imagine a ball the size of a football field. Right in the middle of the atom, you'll find the nucleus.
Still only about the size of a small marble
If you haven't broken your heart so far, the story continues.
Let's think about atoms for a moment.
Atoms have protons, neutrons and electrons
Protons and neutrons live inside the nucleus and carry almost all of the mass of an atom.
At the end are the electrons
If an atom is like a ball in a football field, with the nucleus in the center and the electrons at the edges, what's between the nucleus and the electrons?
Surprisingly, the answer is empty space.
(Sound of wind) Yes, it's empty!
There is a very large empty space between the nucleus and the electron.
Technically, we have an electromagnetic field, but in terms of matter, it's empty.
The thing to remember is that this large empty space is the interior of the blueberry, and the interior of the Earth, so it's actually the atoms in the grapefruit.
One more funny thing
Since virtually all of the mass of an atom resides in the nucleus — electrons have a small amount of mass, but most of the mass is in the nucleus — how dense is the nucleus?
the answer is ridiculous
Typical nuclear density is 4 × 10^17 kg/m^3
But it's hard to imagine, so let's convert to British units.
2.5 × 10^16 pounds per cubic foot
It's still hard to understand
then try this
Make a cube with a side of 30 cm
Now let's take all the nukes out of a normal car.
A car weighs 2 tons on average.
How many car nuclei would you have to pack in a 30 cm square box to make it have the same density as the nucleus?
1 set? 2 units?
How about 100 units?
no no no no no
the answer is much bigger
6.2 billion units
Roughly equal to the number of humans on Earth
If every human on the planet owns a car -- which they don't really -- (boo boo) if you put all the cars in a box.
that's the density of the nucleus
If you put all the cars in the world into a 30 cm box, you get the density of the atomic nuclei.
Let's review
Atoms are very, very, very small.
The atoms in grapefruit are like blueberries on Earth.
Atomic nuclei are incredibly small
Let's take a look inside a blueberry, zoomed in to the size of a football stadium, and the nucleus is about the size of a marble in the middle.
Atoms are made up of large empty spaces
it's strange
The nucleus has an impossibly high density
Imagine packing all your cars into a 30cm box
I'm tired
It's a great honor to be here today to talk about cities, cities of the future.
I am very honored to be mayor.
A mayor is a position that can change people's lives through politics.
So I became mayor
I am happy to be here as Mayor of Rio.
Rio is a beautiful city, a vibrant and special place.
Yes, here I am on the stage, I have the best job in the world.
So today, I would like to share with you a special moment in my life and the history of Rio.
Come on, everyone! Here are the results
Now let me announce that the venue for the 31st Olympics was...
Rio de Janeiro! (Cheers) What a wonderful, unforgettable moment.
But it wasn't easy
I struggled to hold onto the cities of Europe for glory.
This is Mr. Juan Carlos, King of Spain.
And we had to beat Japan, the technological powerhouse.
I had to win against this most influential person in the world.
this was really hard
President Obama's famous phrase a few years ago fits right in with Rio being chosen to host the Olympic Games.
yes we can
I'm here today to talk about that.
Let me tell you that you can do it, that you don't need wealth or power to be successful, and the challenges that cities face.
Cities have their problems, but in our own ways and with very simple approaches, we can make them great cities and liveable cities.
We can change it. Everyone, think of Rio.
You've probably imagined a vibrant, green city.
Carlos Saldanha's movie "Rio" clearly conveys the situation.
(music)
"Wow!" (music) Rio has some great places like this, but the whole city doesn't.
in such a big city
With a large population, pollution, cars, buildings, buildings...
If you look at this picture, it's a picture of Madureira.
A town on the outskirts of Rio
Let's take the example of Rio and think about what we should do in the region called Madureira.
In a concrete jungle like this, we start by finding space.
If you can't find it, just make one
We're going to make these open spaces available to the public.
This is set to become Rio's third largest park in June of this year.
It will be a place rich in nature where people gather.
The surrounding temperature is expected to drop by 2-3 degrees.
The first item I want to share with you today is that the cities of the future should be environmentally friendly.
As we develop cities, we have to think about greening.
green and green
Let's move on to the second item
Cities are built on the coexistence of many people.
It's full of people
So how can people move more efficiently?
The world's urban population is currently 3.5 billion and is expected to reach 6 billion by 2050.
So as a means of transportation for people
You'll need a high-capacity transportation network, but there's one problem.
A high-capacity transportation network costs a lot of money.
So what I'm going to show you today is the former mayor of Curitiba, Jamie Lerner, who created it in Brazil.
I've shown this before in this TED.
Rio has a lot of this, the BRT, the bus rapid transit system.
This is the so-called bus that everyone knows.
Remake the inside of the vehicle like a train
drive in a segregated lane
Builders aren't very happy because they don't have to dig deep underground.
This is a station under construction in Rio
You know, you don't have to dig deep underground to build a station.
This station has the same comforts and facilities as a subway station.
The cost per km is 1/10 of the subway
So we can establish transportation more quickly at a lower cost.
This is a map of Rio, and this colored line is our high-capacity transit network.
At this stage, this high-capacity transit network carries 18 percent of the population.
The BRT is the cheapest and fastest means of transport, and in the future, 63% of the population will be transported by this high-capacity transport.
What I'm trying to say is that you never need a lot of money or a lot of manpower to build a network like this.
Find your own way to reach your goals
The second item for today is that cities of the future should take into account the mobility and integration of people.
Let's move on to the third item
here is today's point
favela slum I think there are various ways to call it depending on the country.
But what I want to tell you today is that favelas aren't always a problem.
So if we put the right public policy into the favelas, the problem will be solved.
Let's look at the map of Rio again
Rio has 6.3 million inhabitants, more than 20% of which 1.4 million live in favelas.
All red areas are favelas
can be found throughout the city
This is a typical favela in Rio
I think you can see the difference between the rich and the poor.
I would like to make two points about favelas.
The first is that we can turn so-called bad circles into real circles.
But what needs to be done is to provide basic services inside the favelas, mainly education and health care, of high quality.
Have a look at this
This is an old building in a favela in Rio (the name of the favela) that has been turned into an elementary school, and it's high quality.
This is a clinic we built in a favela, and it's also a high-quality facility.
We call it Family Clinic.
The first point is to provide basic services in a favela with high quality.
The second thing that changed the favela was that we created an open space inside the favela.
Infrastructure To favelas To slums To anywhere
Rio aims to urbanize all favelas by 2020
Here's another example: this is completely surrounded by housing, and we built a building here called Knowledge Square.
This place is so technologically advanced that even a kid who lives in a poor house next door can come here and be exposed to all the technology.
There is also a 3D movie theater.
this makes a difference
You could spend a whole day there, and you'd be better off than this TED.
Today's third item Future cities should be socially governed
If cities are not socially governed
I can't do anything, but without the fourth item, I wouldn't be here right now.
Rio gets very crowded from November to May
Carnival was held last week
it was great and a lot of fun
New Year's Eve
2 million people on Copacabana beach
The problem here is flooding and tropical rains at this time of year.
I think you can see how happy I am right now by looking at these scenes.
tropical rain is a big problem
Almost every year we have terrible landslides like this.
But that's why I'm here
We developed this with IBM less than a year ago.
This is the Rio Operations Center
So let's take a look at how we're using this technology to get a sense of what's going on in a city from here in Long Beach.
I was here last night and I know everything
So let's connect you to the operations center. His name is Osorio, he's the head of the city department.
Hi Osorio can you hear me
I already told you about the tropical rains.
how is the weather in rio right now
nice weather today is sunny
Please see the image of the weather radar
There are only a few clouds around the city
But the weather will be fine for the next few days
ok how about the traffic
There are many traffic jams at this time
I get a lot of complaints, so how's the traffic going tonight?
tonight is going well
One of the 8,000 buses running downtown
Please see the live camera footage Mayor
The road is clear like this
Rio is now 11pm
no traffic jams
I will report on today's traffic conditions.
Traffic jams occurred during the early morning and afternoon rush hours, but they weren't too big.
The number of traffic accidents in the city is below average
OK, what you're seeing now is a public service
This is a car, yes, mayor
show garbage truck
This is how it looks now
All of our vehicles have GPS, so you can see where we are in the city.
It's self-explanatory
Garbage truck in operation
no problem
ok osario thank you great report
Let's end the broadcast
(Applause) No files, no papers, no distance, 24 hours a day, 365 days a year.
So, today's fourth item, cities of the future should leverage technology.
You don't have to be in the field to see and command the situation
But what I'm talking about today are directions and tools for governing cities: investments in infrastructure, investments in greening, parks, open spaces, social development, technology use.
But the last thing I think about cities is population density.
it no longer matters
It's a wonderful thing. Right now, there are 3.5 billion people.
This is a great thing, ten billion wills and labor, ten billion talents.
So the city of the future, I believe, is about caring for citizens and integrating society.
The city of the future will never abandon its citizens
that's the city
thank you
Today I will talk about AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa.
You all seem well-educated, so you already know a little bit about AIDS, right?
You also know that AIDS, the disease of poverty, which affects 25 million people in Africa, will decline if Africa lifts itself out of poverty.
Some of you may know that Uganda is currently the only country in Sub-Saharan Africa that is successfully fighting disease.
In the 1990s, the ABC campaign to promote abstinence, honesty and condom use brought the prevalence down from 15% to 6% in a few years.
If you're familiar with policy, a few years ago the president pledged $15 billion over five years to beat the disease, and a lot of that money was spent on programs that mimic Uganda and on promoting behavioral changes to reduce infections. would also know
So today, I'm going to tell you what you don't know about this epidemic, and I'm going to try to turn a little bit of what you think is true into reality.
Let me start by talking about this epidemic that I studied as an economist.
But when it comes to economics like exports and prices,
don't talk much
But I'm going to use the ideas and tools of an economist to talk about things that are really public health and epidemiology problems.
This is exactly what lateral thinking is.
Now let's think about the problem in an academic way.
First and foremost, AIDS is a policy issue.
I'm sure everyone in this room thinks so too
But I'm talking about the facts about disease and
how the disease unfolds and how people react to it
It may sound like I'm ignoring policy, which is of course the most important thing, but I want you to know in this speech that understanding how epidemics work is essential to effective policymaking. is the
I'm going to tell you the first thing you have to understand is how people react to epidemics.
AIDS is a deadly sexually transmitted disease
This means that in AIDS-ridden places, sexual intercourse poses a significant risk.
If an HIV-uninfected man lives in Botswana, where the prevalence rate is 30%, and has at least one long-term girlfriend or other partner per year, he is 3% more likely to die within 10 years.
this is a big impact
In that case, I think it's better not to have too much sexual intercourse.
This behavior was observed among gay people in America in the 1980s.
Let's take this high-risk example and ask the question, "Have you had at least one unsafe sexual relationship in the last two months?"
Between 1984 and 1988, the percentage of people who said yes dropped from 85% to 55%.
That's a big change in a short period of time.
there was nothing like that in africa
I don't have good data, but take a look at this change in premarital sex among single men and extramarital sex among married men from the early to late '90s and from the late '90s to the 2000s. is there
people should be learning a lot
I see very little change in sexual behavior.
We're seeing a small decline of 2 percent, but nothing significant.
It's strange, but it's not surprising. To understand it, you have to think of your health, like an economist, as an investment.
If you're a software engineer and you're thinking about whether to add new features to your program, you have to think about cost.
It is also important to consider the benefits
Part of the profit is how long the program will be used.
If version 10 comes out next week, why not add new features to version 9?
Same thing with health
Whether you're eating carrots instead of cookies or going to the gym instead of going to the movies, you're investing in your health.
But how much you want to invest depends on how long you expect to live, even if you don't actually invest.
It's the same with AIDS. There are sacrifices to avoiding AIDS.
'Cause people really like to fuck
Still, there are future benefits to avoidance.
But life expectancy in Africa, even without AIDS, is very short -- 40, 50 years in many places.
Combining intuition with the facts, I think that's what explains the low behavioral change.
but i have to try it
Looking across Africa, we're looking at changes in sexual behavior among people with longer life expectancies.
The method I use looks at different regions with different prevalence of malaria.
Malaria is also a deadly disease
Africa is killing a lot of adults and children
So people in areas with high malaria have a shorter life expectancy than people in areas with low malaria.
So to see if behavioral changes can be explained by differences in life expectancy, we're going to see if more behavioral changes occur in areas with less malaria.
that's what this graph shows
This graph shows the number of sexual partners as HIV prevalence increases in low, medium, and high malaria areas.
If you look at the blue line, you can see that in areas with low malaria, the number of sexual partners has actually decreased significantly as HIV prevalence has increased.
You can see that even in the moderate areas, it's going down, but not by much, and in areas with high malaria, there's a slight increase.
Not just malaria
Young women living in areas with high maternal mortality are less likely to respond to HIV than women living in areas with low maternal mortality.
And when there are other risks, they don't respond as well to the existing risks.
So now you know how people behave.
This explains the lack of behavioral change in Africa.
I know the policy
Even if we only think about AIDS, we should invest in ending malaria, improving indoor air quality, improving maternal mortality.
Because improving these things will motivate people to try to prevent AIDS themselves.
And think about what I just said
It's kind of like the education campaign that the president is focusing on, but it's not enough.
If people don't have the motivation to prevent AIDS, they may not change their behavior even if they know about the disease.
And here you can see that AIDS doesn't go away on its own.
People don't change their behavior enough to reduce disease.
So we need to think about policy and think about effective policy.
A good way to learn about policy is to look at past success stories.
We know the success of the ABC campaign in Uganda because we have several years of prevalence data.
Uganda has reduced prevalence
This is how we know the interrelationships
This is not the only such attempt
It's happened elsewhere, so why not look at the prevalence elsewhere?
Unfortunately, without other good data, the prevalence of HIV in the general population in Africa was unknown until 2003.
If you ask me, "Bring me the prevalence data for Burkina Faso in 1991,"
If you Google it, you'll find that in Burkina Faso, in 1991, only pregnant women and people with venereal diseases were being tested, and that's not representative of the whole population.
And when you do a little more research and find out what's going on, you realize that the results alone are even better, because there are years when only drug addicts get tested.
sometimes only drug addicts sometimes only pregnant women
there's no way to know what happened
No consistent inspection
Over the past few years, we have thoroughly examined
Kenya, Zambia and many other countries have tested random samples in the general population.
but it still leaves a big gap
We know the prevalence in Kenya in 2003, but we don't know anything about 1983 or 1993.
This policy issue stymied my research.
So I started thinking about how we could find the historical prevalence in Africa.
So in answer to that, I decided to look at mortality rates and use that to find historical prevalence rates.
To do that, we rely on the fact that AIDS is a special kind of disease.
Bring death to people in their prime
There aren't many diseases like that. Look at this. This is a graph of mortality by age in Botswana and Egypt.
Botswana is a high AIDS country, and Egypt is not.
As you can see, children and the elderly have similar mortality rates.
you can see that it's the same
But in the middle ages of 20 to 45, the mortality rate in Botswana is much higher than in Egypt.
But there aren't many other deadly diseases, so we can assume that the mortality rate comes from HIV.
But if you died of AIDS this year, you got infected a few years ago, and you use that mortality rate to find the historical prevalence of HIV.
Using this method, the prevalence predictions are, in fact, very close to what we get from random samples within the general population, but they are very different from the prevalence rates published by the United Nations Program on AIDS (UNAIDS).
Here's a graph of prevalence in nine African countries in the late 1990s, one based on UNAIDS projections and one based on mortality.
Almost without exception, UNAIDS' projections are higher than those based on mortality rates.
According to UNAIDS, Zambia's HIV rate is 20 percent, but based on mortality, it's projected to be 5 percent.
That's a big difference in mortality.
There are other ways of looking at
If the prevalence is as high as UNAIDS says, 60 out of 10,000 deaths is wrong, 20 out of 10,000 deaths is wrong.
I'm going to talk about how you can use this information to help you understand the world better.
But you will realize that some of the facts I told you earlier may not be true.
Even with the knowledge that 25 million people are infected, maybe the UNAIDS numbers are just too high, maybe 10 million, maybe 15 million.
That's not to say AIDS isn't a problem, it's a big problem.
But I'm saying that the numbers might be a little too high.
The key is to use this new information to find out what might speed up or slow down the HIV epidemic.
Like I said at the beginning, I wasn't going to talk about exports or anything like that.
When I started this project, I didn't think the economy would be involved, but over time, it got me thinking.
So again, let's talk about exports and prices.
And economic activity, especially the relationship between export volumes and HIV prevalence.
As an economist, I can say with certainty that development and free trade are very good for developing countries.
improve people's lives
But openness and interconnectedness also have their downsides from a disease perspective, so it's no surprise.
Laurie Garrett told me on Wednesday that I'm definitely going to get the bird flu, but I'm not concerned at all because I don't have anything to do with Asia.
HIV is also closely related to transportation.
The epidemic was first known to the United States when a male flight attendant on a plane became infected while in Africa and brought it back to the United States.
That's what made it popular in America.
In Africa, epidemiologists have long said that truck drivers and migrants are more likely to be infected than other people.
Areas with more economic activity, roads and urbanization have higher prevalence than others.
But that doesn't link increased exports or trade with increased prevalence.
And with this new data and information about prevalence over time, we can try to do that, and then, fortunately, we can see the relationship.
The more exports, the more AIDS, and the impact is pretty big.
The data show that if we doubled exports, we would quadruple new HIV infections.
This has significant implications for forecasts and policy
From a predictive standpoint, if we know about trade-altering events, like the African Growth and Opportunity Act, or other policies that support trade, we have an idea of ​​which regions are actually at risk of HIV infection.
And we can go to those areas and do some pre-infection prevention.
In the same way, in developing policies to support exports, if we know the externalities that come with increasing exports, we can think of appropriate policies.
And sometimes we find out what we think we know
Poverty and AIDS go hand in hand, especially in Africa, where poverty is high and AIDS is prevalent, but alleviating poverty and helping exports and development, at least in the short term, does not necessarily reduce HIV prevalence.
So far, I've talked about a case study in Uganda and the only successful prevention in sub-Saharan Africa.
it is widely recognized
It's been copied a lot in other places like Kenya, Tanzania, South Africa.
But I would like to question that here.
Because it's true that in the 1990s there was a downward trend in Uganda's prevalence, and it's true that they did an educational campaign.
At the same time, other things were happening in Uganda.
The price of coffee has dropped significantly
Coffee is Uganda's major export
Its exports plummeted in the early 1990s, and that price drop coincided perfectly with the current drop in new HIV infections.
If you look at this, the black line is the value of exports, the red line is the number of new HIV infections, and you can see that both are going up.
Both have declined significantly since 1987.
And they're chasing each other, and they're rising a little bit in the second half.
Combining the intuition from this figure with the data above, we can surmise that between 25% and 50% of the prevalence decline seen in Uganda would have happened without the education campaign.
This is very important for policy.
A lot of money is being spent to mimic this campaign.
If policies are only half as effective, then there must be a lot more to spend money on.
By treating other venereal diseases and circumcising men,
You can also try changing the infection rate
There are many other things to consider
Maybe it will make you realize that it's important to think more about these things.
I hope that in my 16-minute talk, you've learned something about AIDS for the first time and questioned what you thought you knew about it.
And I hope that I can convince you that learning about epidemics is important in policy making.
But above all, I'm a scholar
When I leave this place, I go back to my little office computer and data.
And the thing that excites me the most is that every time I think about research, the questions keep popping up.
there's more I want to do
What's great about being here is that the questions you have are very different from the ones I have.
can't wait to hear what it is
I'm really thankful to you
For many people, mobile phones are nothing more than devices for shopping, playing games, and watching videos.
but i have a cell phone
I think it could be a lifeline that could save more lives than penicillin.
Texting (Texting) When most people think of texting, they think of sexting and associate it with obscene photos. kwsk etc.
I'll tell you later if you don't know
But I'm sure everyone here knows that email is the best way to communicate with children.
Email may be the only way
(Laughter) Teenagers send an average of 3,339 emails per month, and for girls, that number would be closer to 4,000.
And to my surprise, they open every email.
Email open rate is 100%
parents are surprised
100%, I can assure you, even if my daughter doesn't respond to the email "When are you coming home?"
I am reading properly
This isn't just a phenomenon of young iPhone users living in the suburbs.
Ethnic minorities and young people in urban areas use mobile email
The reason I know this is because the NPO I belong to called ``Do Something'' for youth and social change started paying attention to mobile emails about half a year ago.
Currently, I'm sending emails to about 200,000 children a week to promote activities such as eco-friendly schools and solving the problem of homelessness.
11 times more effective than PC email
But something happened that I didn't expect
I get an email like this
"I don't want to go to school today
Because everyone calls me a homo."
"I was cutting my wrist, but my parents found me and stopped me.
But an hour ago it started again."
"I've been raped all the time.
you're shut up
The culprit is my father, please help me."
The last one is the actual email we received.
I will definitely help you
I will never forget the day I saw this email.
I decided to start an email consultation service that day.
i can't leave you alone
we are transforming society
Children are asking for help through familiar text messages, and they have no choice but to text.
how is it? This service will be very reassuring
Communicate quickly and protect your privacy
If you just type, you won't be eavesdropped
And it's real time
We can save millions of children
that's great
What's even more amazing is the information that comes out of it.
because rather than counseling and giving support
Because we want to prevent problems in the first place
think about the police
happening in new york
At first, the police followed the case on a hunch.
Then they created a crime map.
Illustrated all data related to crimes, such as thieves and people summoned to court, etc. Illustrated all data related to crimes, such as thieves and people summoned to court, to formulate future measures.
And I've found that if you see a shab on the side of the road, you can hint at the presence of the police, and you can deter assaults and robberies that might otherwise have happened.
In fact, after the New York Police Department implemented a system called CompStat, the homicide rate dropped by 60 percent.
Think about the information you get from an email consultation
So far, there hasn't been a single tally for bullying, assault, eating disorders, wrist cuts, or rape.
long-term research that takes a lot of money and time,
Anecdotal evidence may exist
Imagine having real-time information available for each of these problems.
you can sue the law
You can also appeal to school policy
You can say to the headmaster, "Every Thursday at 3 o'clock there seems to be a problem.
what's going on at school? "
You'll get swift action by the law, and you'll get the right response for malicious speech at student assemblies.
For me, what I just said is the power of text, the power of information.
When people talk about information, it's mostly about being able to find my friends from grade school on Facebook, or knowing when the store knows when I'll be shopping for diapers, or building a good baseball team, but me. I'm counting on the power of information and the power of text messages to help that boy go to school, stop him from cutting his wrist, and absolutely protect her from her father's rape.
thank you
(applause)
259,100 tons of paper towels are consumed each year, and this figure is for the United States only.
I made a mistake -- in fact, we use 5.9 million tons a year.
If we could reduce the consumption of paper towels by even one per person per day, we could save 259,100 tons of paper.
should be able
There are so many different types of holders for paper towels.
For the tri-fold type Most of the time, everyone takes two or three.
There is also a type that pulls and cuts off the paper towel.
Everyone pulls once, twice, three times, four times, and then cuts.
four times
Some automatically turn off
I take one, two, no, four
Also, there are some that use recycled paper, and it's obvious that you'll need five sheets because of the low water absorbency.
To tell you the truth, all you really need is one
There are two keywords for this. On the left, the keyword is "swing well"
please say it out loud
Audience: shake well
The keyword here is "fold"
Audience: Collapse
once again
AUDIENCE: Fold Smith: Loud everyone
Audience: Shake well Collapse
Thank you.
I'll shake it 1 2 3 … 10 11 12 times
why 12 times? Apostles of Christ, tribes of Israel, constellations, moons, all 12, and I like this number because it's the largest number in a single syllable.
(Laughter) If you take a tri-fold and fold it like this...
Look it's dry
(Applause) AUDIENCE: Shake well.
Fold
This one is cut from the beginning.
It's true, you don't have to remember this word
(Laughter) Audience: Shake well Collapse
This is the type that is cut from the beginning
Interestingly, even if I take 3 or 4 of them, they don't get into the creases of my hands, so my method dries better.
For those of you who think recycled paper is no good...
Audience: shake well fold
Now, there are some cool inventions these days where you hold your hand up like this and they'll pull out a piece of paper.
The towel that comes out is too big
let me tell you a secret
Can you move quickly? You can also do this. This is the one I took from the holder in this building, and it's only half of one.
how? You just have to cut it as soon as it comes out
It's starting to stop on its own
You can also get half towels
Audience: Shake well Collapse
Shake well and fold
Everyone, please remember these two words when you use paper towels from now on.
One last point: if we could save one sheet of paper per person per day, we would save 259,100 tons of paper per year.
Let's save toilet paper next year.
(smile)
When you think of games, many things come to mind.
I get frustrated, I can't wait for the release date, and I get hooked late into the night [What is a game? ]
So did I [What is a game? ]
But the game itself has a lot to offer.
There are first-person shooters, big AAA games, Facebook games, this one I made with my partner.
Facebook games like you play
I'm making it. This is a light seed game.
Or a terribly boring board game
It's the kind of game you play when your relatives get together for the holidays, and this might be one of those boring board games.
This might be one of those terribly boring board games.
Or maybe I'm in the living room with the kids playing a Wii or something.
I've been working in games, and I've been lucky since I was 15, so I've never had a proper job.
Games are usually meant to be entertainment, but let's think about this.
This is the 1980 Olympics
I don't know where you were, but I was in the living room, and it was a miraculous event.
This is the moment America won Russia.
Of course, hockey is effectively a game.
But is this game just a game?
Everyone was moved to tears when my mother finished Monopoly
I've never seen you cry like that
this really surprised me
Anyone from Boston? When the Boston Red Sox won the World Series, it must have been the first time in 351 years, and the result of the win was a riot in the streets.
I happened to be in Springfield, and the masterpiece was - when I closed the door of the women's restroom, it said, "Go for it, socks!" I was surprised and said, "Impossible!"
The whole neighborhood, too.
When I go outside, the lights are on in every house, all over the neighborhood, school attendance is down.
A lot of kids skipped school, but that's okay, it's the Red Sox.
School is important, but so are the Red Sox.
It was an amazing experience. It's just another game, but it was written in the newspapers, and no one said it.
Games are something bigger for us
is really something bigger
One day there was an unexpected change.
I actually had a decent job for three years.
I became a senior professor in college, teaching games, which is a decent job, not actually making games, but teaching about making games.
I also went to dinner.
This is a picture of Jig. It's a picture of himself.
he is a photographer
I travel around the country with my camera and take pictures of myself, and as you can see, I call it Zig's Indian Reservation.
This photo is generic. It's a rain dancer.
this is one of my favorite
This kind of thing is common
It represents the culture
It's actually part of his "racism" series.
What intrigued me about this series is, look at this boy, he's Native American here.
change his race, as a black man
change his race, as a black man
"I'm going over there to take a picture with a black man."
who's gonna do that
It's strange because Zig himself is an Indian.
I was wondering what one of his favorites was
My favorite, I didn't bring it with me, but it's a white man taking a picture of an Indian and being photographed by an Indian. (Laughter)
I happened to meet Zig for dinner, and he was talking to another photographer about a shootout that happened on an Indian reservation.
I went to the site with my camera in hand, but I couldn't take any pictures.
whether they should take pictures like this
were discussing
As a game designer, it's an interesting question. I've never wondered if I should make games about difficult topics.
We make fun stuff [Any media other than the game industry deals with difficult problems] Some are scary, but it's exciting [Any media other than the game industry deals with difficult problems]
But other media are different.
This is my daughter Mayza one day
When I was seven years old, I came home from school and asked the usual question, "What did you learn today?" I asked the usual question, "What did you learn today?"
"I learned about the slave trade," he says. Finally, the time has come. Mayza's father is black.
I knew it would come someday, but I didn't expect it
that it was 7 years old
When I asked, "What do you think of that?"
She started talking, and if you have children, you can probably guess the words here.
"The ship left England, went to Africa, crossed the sea - here's an explanation of the slave trade - came to America and the slaves were sold, but Abraham Lincoln became president.
They're free now because they've proclaimed the emancipation of the slaves." There is silence for about 10 seconds.
"Can we play a game?"
picture? that's all? I thought
The slave trade is such an important event, but she thinks as if black people were on a cruise. (Laughter) As if they were on a cruise.
I wanted to put more emphasis on it, so I said nothing while thinking "Really?" when my daughter asked if I could play games. Not say ]
"Okay." (laughs) [While thinking, "Are you serious?"
I'm a game designer so I have something like this at home
I said, "You can play the game," and I colored the pieces. Here's a picture of that moment.
she's coloring her little family
I grab this appropriately and put it on the boat
This is the boat. I made it in no time (laughs)
When I casually grabbed a member of my family [Rule: Roll 10 dice to cross the ocean] "Mommy, you forgot the pink baby [I have 30 food on hand] Even the blue dad forgot everything. No [Use the number of food items that appear each time you roll the dice] Even Blue Dad has forgotten everything. Because I say [ ・ Every time you roll the dice, use the number of food that comes up]
``No one wants to go,'' he said.
"No one wants to board a slave ship."
She's the daughter of a game designer, with a unique eye
He looked at me, and while I was crossing the ocean according to the rules, I realized that I was running out of things, and I said, "I can't do this."
He asked me what I should do, so I said, "Yes." - To my 7-year-old daughter, "I'm going to throw some of them into the sea, or hopefully we'll make it across the ocean."
I will never forget the look on her face at that moment, she said, this is the result of what I've learned over the course of a month during Black History Month.
It's the end of the month and she says, "Did this really happen?"
"Yes," I said, "So if I got there safely - this is my brother and my sister - maybe Avalon and Donovan weren't there?"
"But we met in America, didn't we?"
"But what if we met? Can't we live together?"
"Maybe Papa wasn't there either?"
My daughter was overwhelmed and started crying
I cried too Her father cried with everyone I cried too Her father cried with everyone
When my father came home from work, he was surprised to find himself on a slave ship. (Laughter)
I know because I played the game
I understood it because I spent time with the characters.
It's not the abstract stuff in brochures and movies
It's an incredibly powerful experience.
This is the game, although the title is New World.
The New World would not have been a bright spot for those who were brought in on slave ships.
But this experience made me see the whole world.
I was so excited, I've been making games for 20-odd years, and I decided to give it another go.
My roots are Irish, and the game "Siokan Rat: Peace To You"
My roots are Irish, and the game "Siokan Rat: Peace To You"
Full of my family history
There's also a game called "Train," which is a series of six games.
It's a must-have for any series on difficult topics. See for yourself what the problem is.
Indian forced migration There is also a game about "Trail of Tears"
I'm going to use 50,000 pieces
It's a lot of work, but it's in the works It's a lot of work, but it's in the works
It's the same thing. I want to teach culture through games.
It's the same thing. I want to teach culture through games.
A game I'm working on right now I'm working on it now - I think I'm going to cry again.
about the economic impact of illegal immigration.
And as you learn about Mexican culture -
My partner is Mexican - food is a basic need for all of us, but it turns out that for Mexicans it's more than that.
It's an expression of love No no I really feel like crying
can't look at the photo
An expression of beauty that shows how much you love
- A way to express love When everyone talks about a Mexican grandma - A way to show love When everyone talks about a Mexican grandma The first thing that comes to mind is food.
For me, this beautiful culture, this beautiful expression, is what I want the game to feature.
Games also change the way you see things, they change the way you see people in a topic, and they change you.
Games change people because they actually engage with the problem and learn from it. Thank you. (Applause)
We traditionally divide space into private and public spheres. because there is
On the other hand, we're not used to the nuances of publicity.
What makes a public space special?
In fact, this theme is what our studio has been working on for the last 10 years.
I've done some case studies
We've put a lot of effort into recreating this abandoned, neglected industrial facility into a post-industrial, vibrant space that connects the past with the future.
We are also working hard to connect places that have fallen out of fashion with the present.
Lincoln Center, for example, made it open to the general public, who normally wouldn't be able to afford $300 for an opera ticket.
We spend a lot of time eating, drinking, thinking, living in public spaces.
What this shows us is that in order to create truly useful public spaces, we need to break down the distinctions between architecture, urban planning, landscape, media design, and so on.
These distinctions must be transcended
Now we're in Washington D.C.
I'm working on my next project, the Hirshhorn Museum, which is next to America's most famous public square, the National Mall.
The National Mall is a symbol of American democracy.
The nice thing is that this symbol is not an object, an image, an artifact, but a space, just a space shaped by the buildings on either side of it.
It's a place where citizens can speak out and show their power.
It has been the setting for many historic moments in American history.
They're imprinted forever, like the March on Washington and Martin Luther King's wonderful speeches.
Demonstrations against the Vietnam War, protests against the AIDS epidemic, protests against women's sexual and reproductive rights, are very recent.
The National Mall is the greatest place in the country for citizens to voice their opinions.
The National Mall is all about free speech, even if you don't know what to say.
It may be an outlet for public sentiment.
We think there's a big wall between the civic energy mall and the museum that surrounds it.
These museums are often passive. There's a passive relationship between the exhibiting museum and the audience as the recipient of the information.
We can see dinosaurs, we can see insects, we can see locomotive collections, but we're not participating in it, we're just listening.
When Richard Koshalek took over as director of the Hirshhorn Museum in 2009, he wanted to capitalize on the museum's most unique location in the United States: the seat of federal power.
Art and politics have always been intrinsically and unconditionally closely linked, but in Washington, I think there can be a special connection that is uniquely Washington.
Can art, in the ultimate sense, enter into a dialogue about national and global affairs?
Can museums play a diplomatic role in cultural exchange?
Over 180 embassies in Washington D.C.
We have over 500 think tanks
There must be some way to capture this intellectual, international energy and harness it through museums.
It requires brains with expertise
So we decided to help the Hirshhorn Museum, and Richard and his team are working on this mission, which is what drives him.
Beyond contemporary art exhibitions, Hirshhorn is a public forum for discussion of art, culture, politics and policy.
is about to become, it will have an international influence like the World Economic Forum.
Interdisciplinary venues like the TED conference
And it will become a place with the casualness of a street corner.
To realize this new vision, the Hirshhorn Museum must be transformed into a modern, flexible building.
This is the Hirshhorn Museum, a 70-meter-diameter concrete donut designed by Gordon Bunshaft in the early '70s.
Rough and quiet Close-minded and pompous This is a design challenge.
In a building hated by architects but loved
One of the nice things about the building is that it's raised off the ground and has an empty, empty center, and the exterior looks like it's more in keeping with corporate and federal styles.
The ring-shaped building surrounding the central part is the actual gallery.
It is very difficult to hold an exhibition
When Hirshhorn opened, New York Times critic Ada Louise Huxtable called it a "modern neo-jail."
It was described as "an imperfect monument and an imperfect mall for an imperfect collection."
After 40 years, how will this building expand in new progressive projects?
Where should I spread it?
inside the national mall
No space to expand
You can't build new buildings in courtyards either.
already filled with landscape and sculptural art
What about the central space?
But how can we take this central space out and make it visible from the outside?
How do you become iconic?
What words should I use?
Hirshhorn is located in one of the mall's most monumental establishments.
Most of them are neoclassical, heavy and opaque, made of stone or concrete.
The question is, what will be the material of the mall once it finds a home there?
It's going to be a different material than the building that surrounds it.
it will be something completely different
it's like the air
we also imagine it's like light
It will be ephemeral and formless
and it will be free
(Video) This is a big idea.
a huge airbag
The airbag reflects the shape of the container, but also overflows from the top or edge of the building.
Poetically speaking, you could say it's the building that fills the National Mall, breathing the air of democracy and taking it inside.
before and after renovation
Referred to as 'bubbles' by the media
It's a lounge
The interior of the bubble is basically a continuous space that overflows in different directions.
The membrane part is translucent
I use silicone coated fiberglass.
It is scheduled to expand twice a year by one month.
this is the view from the inside
You may be wondering how we managed to get federal approval.
This project had to be approved by two agencies.
One of them is the agency that protects the dignity and sanctity of the National Mall.
I blush every time I see this shape
I'll leave it up to you to interpret
One thing I can say is that it's a combination of iconoclasm and worship.
I also used a more creative interpretation.
According to the Building Act of 1910, the height of a building in Washington, D.C.
Limited to approximately 40 meters (130 feet) or less, excluding spires, domes and minarets
Conversely, any church or state building is exempt from the law.
Our bubble is 45 meters (153 feet)
The temple is displayed on the side
Inside is 34,000 cubic meters of compressed air.
We negotiated for bubbles to be treated as shrines.
Bubbles line the buildings in the majestic mall Bubbles line the buildings in the majestic mall Very majestic
The Hirshhorn is not a landmark building, but you have to be very, very careful about its history.
Because of this, we can't touch the surface of the building.
was not allowed to leave traces
So the bubble is pulled from the edge by the cable and fixed.
It's a case study of bondage technology, and this is actually very important, because the foam is always in the wind.
There's a steel ring on top, but you can't see it from inside the mall.
There were also restrictions on how the light could be adjusted.
The bubbles are translucent, so they shine from within.
But it shouldn't outshine the Capitol and other buildings.
That's why the bubbles aren't very bright.
Bubbles appear only twice a year
Foam is unloaded from the delivery truck
can stand up
and inflated with low-compressed air
and fixed by cable
And water is put as a weight at the bottom
It was a very strange moment when the officials who run the mall asked me how long it would take.
He said the first installation would take about a week.
they really liked it
after that it was easy
So there weren't really too many hurdles to convince the government or any other agency.
On the other hand, technically there were difficult hurdles.
This is warp and weft
this is the point cloud
there is a lot of pressure here
Bubbles are unprecedented structures that are not pressured by gravity, but are pressured in all directions (by air).
I will soon enter the closing of the presentation.
This is the space where the activity takes place
Flexible interiors for discussion.
It can be used for various purposes such as performances, movies and exhibitions.
The first program is a program on cultural dialogue and diplomacy, organized in collaboration with the Council on Foreign Relations.
Form and content come together here
Foam is anti-construction
The ideal of participatory democracy is expressed more by flexibility than by rigor.
Art and politics fill the ambiguous space outside the walls of the museum, but in the central part of the museum, that air blends with the mall's air of democracy.
The first bubbles will pop up, hopefully, by the end of 2013.
thank you
(applause)
The public dialogue in America on energy issues boils down to the following questions: What kind of death would you rather have next? A) an oil war B) climate change C) a nuclear catastrophe or D) all of these
Oops I forgot one thing E) None
I don't normally think about option E.
But what if energy could serve our purpose without bringing us closer to destruction?
Can we use fossil fuels without worrying?
Can we reinvent a new fire?
Fire is what makes us human, and fossil fuels have modernized us.
But we need to think of a new fire that is safe, strong, healthy and permanent.
So how?
Four-fifths of the world's energy comes from burning four cubic miles of pristine swamp sludge and rotting matter each year.
These fossil fuels have shaped our civilization.
they have created our wealth
They have enriched the lives of billions of people.
But they also add cost to our safety, our economy, our health and our environment, and most of the benefits are beginning to fall short or are outweighed by the losses.
That's why we need a new fire
Switching from old fire to new fire means changing two big stories: oil and electricity, both of which produce two-fifths of the fossil carbon in the atmosphere.
But these two are actually completely different issues.
Because less than 1% of the electricity is produced from oil, and half of the electricity is produced from coal.
And these uses are extremely concentrated.
Three-fourths of oil is used in the transport sector
Three-fourths of electricity is used in buildings
Both of the rest are used to run the factories.
So efficient cars, buildings and factories consume less oil and less coal, both of which can be replaced by natural gas.
But the modern energy system is not only inefficient, it's also disintegrated, aging, polluting and dangerous.
there is a need for refurbishment
But by 2050, energy systems will become more efficient, networked, distributed, and sophisticated energy efficient cars, factories and buildings may all be using modern, safe and resilient electrical systems. not
By 2050, we can end our dependence on oil and coal. We can reduce our natural gas use by a third by increasing efficiency in use and switching to renewable energy.
This could save us $5 trillion in net present value by 2050, and that figure is derived a little bit differently than we normally do: the cost of carbon emissions and everything else. because we're assuming that the hidden or extrinsic costs, etc. of the
On the other hand, this cheap energy system could expand the American economy by 158 percent without any help from oil, coal, or even nuclear energy.
And this energy system transition doesn't require any new inventions, no legislative changes, no new federal tax mandate subsidies, no legislative or congressional disruption.
once again
I'm here to talk to you about how America can move completely away from oil and coal and have a five trillion dollar cheap energy system driven by business interests, without any legislative change.
In other words, the most efficient institutions -- private companies that grow with society -- will be accelerated through military technology innovation, and the least efficient organizations will be avoided.
Profitability, unemployment rate, competitive advantage, national security, environmental considerations, climate change or public health, regardless of which of these you care about, the new invention of fire will be relevant and profitable for everyone.
Commander Eisenhower is said to have said, "When a problem is difficult, if you think about it in a bigger picture, you'll have a lot of options and synergies."
So when we think of New Fire, we've integrated all four sectors that use energy: transportation, buildings, industry, and power. We've integrated innovation, not just science and technology and political policy, but also design and business strategy.
Combining these things has created synergies that are greater than just adding parts, and it's helped create some truly disruptive business opportunities.
Today's economy spends $2 billion every day on oil, plus $4 billion every day in hidden hidden costs and military spending, and the combined cost of oil is more than one-sixth of GDP.
And three-fifths of the fuel used for transportation is in cars.
So let's start by making sure cars don't consume oil.
Two-thirds of the energy a car normally uses to run is due to its own weight.
So if you take away the extra weight and drag and use less energy in the wheels by one unit, you save seven units of energy in the tank, because you save six units that would otherwise be lost before being transferred to the wheels.
Unfortunately, in the last quarter century, automobile obesity, which is two tons of steel, has also become epidemic, gaining weight twice as fast as people.
But today, ultra-lightweight, ultra-strong materials, like carbon fiber composites, can snowball the weight of cars, simplifying and lowering the cost of manufacturing cars.
Cars that are light and easy to move require less force to run and require a smaller engine.
Of course, lightweight vehicles like this make electric propulsion cheaper, because batteries and fuel cells are also getting smaller, lighter and cheaper.
So the selling price will end up being on par with today's cars, while running costs are much cheaper to begin with.
This combination of innovations can transform car manufacturing from squeezing tiny savings out of outdated engines and technology to driving costs down sharply with three highly intertwined innovations that are very light materials that. as structural materials, and electric propulsion.
This, combined with a temporary "febate," will drive sales up even faster, and drive prices down even faster. It is a system that discounts the
In just the first two years, five large European feebate programs have tripled the speed at which cars improve fuel economy.
The move to electric vehicles will be as big a shift as the move from typewriters to computers.
Of course, computers and electronics are now America's largest industry, while the typewriter industry is long gone.
Similarly, making cars lighter will open up new competitive strategies that could double our oil savings over the next 40 years, but also make electric cars affordable and eliminate the need for the rest of the oil.
America has the potential to lead this next automotive revolution.
Germany is the current leader
Last year, Volkswagen announced that by the next year it would build a carbon fiber plug-in hybrid that could do 230 miles per gallon.
Also, around the same time last year, BMW also announced that it was launching a carbon fiber electric car, and that the carbon fiber would be compensated for by requiring a smaller battery.
BMW also says 'we're not going to be a typewriter company'
Audi said it would beat both companies within a year.
Seven years ago, much faster and cheaper American manufacturing technology was used to create this little carbon fiber test piece that doubles as a hat.
(Laughter) As soon as you hear this sound, you'll know how hard and strong this thing is.
It's okay if you drop it, it's harder than titanium
In fact, Tom Friedman hit it hard with a sledgehammer, and it didn't leave a single scratch.
But manufacturing techniques like this can scale to the time and cost of automobiles while maintaining aerospace performance.
Manufacturers can cut the capital needed to build a car by four-fifths
They can also save lives, because they can absorb up to 12 times more destructive energy per pound than iron.
If we could make all our cars out of this material, we could save 1.5 Saudi Arabia's oil, or half the oil of OPEC, which is a good prospect if we dig into Detroit's industrial structure.
Detroit's transformation in terms of oil costs an average of $18 a barrel.
Pure American, carbon-free and inexhaustible.
The same physics and business theories apply to big vehicles.
In the five years to 2010, Walmart redesigned its giant truck fleet distribution and operations, resulting in 60% oil savings.
But technical improvements in heavy-duty trucks alone can save up to two-thirds.
Plans are already underway to reduce costs by about a trillion dollars in combination with planes that are three to four times more efficient.
The energy efficiency revolution in today's military technology is driving civilian energy efficiency improvements, just as military R&D has given us the internet, GPS, jet engines and the microchip industry.
As we continue to improve the way we design and manufacture cars, we can use a combination of four powerful technologies to save us unnecessary trips and make our cars smarter.
Instead of just watching the transportation industry evolve, we can use a new pricing system, one that charges roads by distance traveled, not by oil consumption.
We could also use smart IT technology to make transportation more efficient and enable car sharing.
By enabling a smart, financially profitable model of urban growth, people will already be close to where they want to go, so they don't have to go anywhere else.
We can also use smart IT technology to eliminate traffic jams.
These technologies can reduce the amount of driving by 46% to 84% and get you to your destination the same or faster, which will result in an additional $40 billion in cost savings and more efficient use of trucks. brings in $30 billion in profits from
All of these things mean that in 40 years, the American economy will be much more mobile and flexible without oil.
If you save a barrel of oil for $25, you can stop buying it for $100 or more, and you're saving $4 trillion in total -- of course, the potential cost is zero.
So if you get a way to get around that doesn't rely on oil, and gradually reduce your oil, you can live a more efficient life and switch fuels.
Cars that go 125 to 240 miles per gallon can run on any combination of hydrogen batteries, electricity, and next-generation biofuels.
It's not unrealistic for trucks and planes to use hydrogen batteries or advanced biofuels.
Trucks could also run on natural gas.
No vehicle will ever need oil.
At most, we need 3 million barrels of biofuel per day, two-thirds of which will come from what would otherwise be wasted, reducing current arable land and impacting soil and climate. there is no
Our team is using what we call "institutional acupuncture" to accelerate these petroleum savings.
Find out where the business logic is bogged down, where it's stalled, and put a little needle in there to make it flow better.
This long transition is well underway
In fact, three years ago, mainstream analysts were beginning to see oil demand peaking, not in supply, but in demand.
Even Deutsche Bank said global oil consumption will peak around 2016.
In other words, the time is approaching when oil will become uncompetitive even at low prices before it becomes overdemanded at high prices.
But electric cars don't have to strain the power grid.
Rather, smart cars exchanging electricity and information through smart buildings and smart grids add valuable flexibility and storage capacity to the grid, helping to integrate energy such as solar and wind power into the grid. increase
So electric cars make it easier for us to solve the automotive problem, the power problem, together rather than in isolation.
And electric cars are a bridge between the problem of oil and the second big problem of saving electricity and producing it differently.
These twin revolutions in power are going to wreak havoc on the sector more than any other sector, because the technology and speed of the 21st century will go head-to-head with the institutions, rules and cultures of the 19th and 20th centuries. because it will clash
If we needed less electricity, it would be easier to change the way we produce it.
Today, much of our electricity is wasted, and despite advances in technology to save it, implementation has not kept pace.
So the efficient resources that haven't been bought yet are getting bigger and cheaper.
But efficiencies in buildings and industry are starting to grow faster than economic growth, and it looks like America's electricity consumption is actually starting to decline. in spite of
What we need to do is push this trend forward.
Over the next 40 years, buildings that account for three-quarters of their electricity consumption will triple or quadruple in energy efficiency, saving $1.4 trillion in net present value, with an internal rate of return of 33 percent, to put it simply, that savings. minutes are worth four times what you spend
In addition, the industry will grow faster, with energy efficiency doubling and an internal rate of return of 21 percent.
The key here is what we call integrative design, a disruptive innovation that dramatically reduces or eliminates the cost of energy conservation.
It's something that doesn't reduce your revenue, it just increases it.
That's how we cut the energy consumption of the Empire State Building by more than two-fifths in 2010 by reworking 6,500 windows that let in light but reflect heat.
The new windows and improved office equipment, among other things, have reduced the cooling load by up to a third.
And instead of buying a new, bigger chiller, we saved $17 million in capital costs by upgrading a smaller chiller, and then we used that extra capital to make other improvements, and we were able to recover that capital in just three years. did
And integrative design drives energy savings in the industry.
The Dow has invested billions of dollars in efficiency gains, and it's already seen a return of $9 billion.
But the industry as a whole still has $50 billion in energy savings to spare.
For example, today three-fifths of our electricity is used to power motors.
Half of those motors run pumps and fans.
And all of this can be made more efficient. The motors that power pumps and fans can be made about twice as efficient with 35 improvements, and the return on investment is about a year.
But first, we should start with the big, cheap savings that have been ignored and not in the textbooks.
For example, pumps are the main use of motors, to move liquids through pipes.
The standard pumps in use today were improved to run using at least 86 percent less energy than their predecessors. This didn't improve the pump, but instead made the pipes go from long, thin, curved pipes to short, thick, straight pipes. and
We didn't use any new technology, we just changed the construction of the pipe.
Of course, this also reduced the amount of equipment used in the pump, which also reduced capital costs.
So what do these savings mean for motors that use three-fifths of our electricity?
Through these combined losses from the coal that is burned in power plants, only one-tenth of the energy is actually being used in the flow in the pipes.
But if we look at these compound losses in reverse, reducing the friction inside the pipe, every unit of flow costs 10 units of fuel, the resulting pollution, and what Hunter Robbins called "global weirding." is reduced at the power plant
Of course, if you go back and think about it, the components are getting smaller and cheaper.
Recently, our team discovered that snowballing energy savings like this could lead to more than $30 billion worth of industrial redesigns -- everything from data centers and chip manufacturing to mining and oil refining. applies to industries of
Typically, our retrofit designs save 30% to 60% of energy and pay for that investment within a few years, while at the same time, designing new facilities further reduces capital costs, saving 40% to 90% or more. increase
Requiring less electricity will ease and accelerate the transition to new power sources, especially renewable energy.
China is driving these explosive growth and sharp cost reductions.
In fact, the cost of photovoltaic modules has fallen to the bottom of the graph.
German solar workers now outnumber American steel workers.
In about 20 states, individuals are already putting these inexpensive solar cells on their roofs and winning utility bills without losing money.
As these unregulated products accumulate, they could eventually become a de facto source of power without the power company, just like a cell phone without the wireline company.
It's bad news for utility executives, but it's a sweet dream for venture capitalists.
Renewable energy is no longer a peripheral industry
Over the last four years, half of the new generation capacity added each year has been renewable, mostly in developing countries these days.
In 2010, 151 billion dollars of private investment was made in renewable energy, especially wind and solar, excluding the giant hydropower. surpassed the power generation capacity of the constructed nuclear power plants.
60 billion watts just happens to be the equivalent of a year's worth of solar power in the world, which is also growing at a rate of 60 to 70 percent each year.
On the other hand, nuclear and coal power generation is declining and dropping in the rankings of the world's power generation because the costs are too great and the financial risks are too great.
In fact, the United States has been unable to get private financing to build new nuclear power plants, despite seven years of 100 percent or more subsidies.
Now, what other alternatives to coal for power generation?
The efficiency of natural gas is lower than the running cost of coal, and it could replace it. Combined with renewable energy, the cost of replacement could be 1/23 of their own cost.
And you only have to replace it once
We are often told that only thermal and nuclear power can generate electricity 24 hours a day, 365 days a year. Wind and solar power are volatile and unreliable.
It's not stable. Everything breaks down.
If a larger power plant fails, it loses megawatts in a thousandth of a second, usually takes months to recover, and failures usually go unannounced.
This is exactly why we designed the power grid today, to back up power plants that have failed.
So today's power grid works in exactly the same way, allowing wind and solar power to be predictable sources of supply.
After many hours of simulations, we've found that renewable energy grids, in large parts or as a whole, are capable of a very stable supply of electricity, and they can be projected and integrated by type and by location, and by type of generation and It's achieved by being decentralized by location.
This can be either a large continental region like the United States or Europe, or some small region embedded in a large power grid.
For example, in Germany in 2010, between 43% and 52% of electricity generation in four states was wind power.
45% in Portugal and 36% in Denmark were renewable.
In this way, every country in Europe is shifting to renewable power.
Even in the United States, the aging, polluting and dangerous power generation system must be rebuilt by 2050 anyway.
Any change to any system would cost about the same, about $6 trillion in present value, so whether you're buying the current one again, or a new nuclear power plant, or clean coal, or regeneration. It means that the costs are similar for renewable energy.
But for the same cost, these four futures have very different risks in terms of national security, fossil fuels, water, finance, technology, climate change and health.
For example, our current overly concentrated power generation system is at greater risk of cascading accidents, and the risk of an economy-destroying power outage due to extreme weather conditions in outer space, other natural disasters, or even a terrorist attack. It is full of sexuality
But risks like these blackouts can be eliminated with decentralized renewable energy, which can be interconnected as a micro-power grid, yet each one can function independently.
That means they can be fractally detached from each other and seamlessly reconnected.
This system is exactly the same system that the Pentagon uses to power itself.
If they think they need it, so are we who are protected
How about using the same? I want our power to work as well.
At about the same cost, national security is maximized, consumer choice is expanded, entrepreneurial opportunities are increased, and innovation is expanded.
Combining efficient use with decentralized renewable power will transform the whole power system into something completely different.
Traditional power plants were many large coal or nuclear power plants, some large natural gas plants, and maybe a few efficient renewable energy plants.
Thermal power, nuclear power plants still exist in 34 states and were highly valued for selling you a lot of electricity.
Conversely, in regions where governments value lower utility costs, investors will focus on combining efficiency, demand response, cogeneration, and renewable energy to ensure reliability, reduce transmission, and eliminate the need for large-scale storage. We are making a big move towards technology.
The future of energy is not a fixed destiny, it's a choice, and that choice can be changed.
In 1976, for example, governments and industry were arguing, "The amount of energy needed to raise GDP can never go down."
And as I suggest to the contrary this can be reduced several times
Now this is what actually happened
still a turning point
With today's better technology, mature transportation networks and integrative design, we can do more for less.
So in order to solve the energy problem, we have to look at the bigger picture of the problem.
The results seem impossible at first glance, but as Marshall McLuhan once said, "Public secrets need to be protected.
Great discoveries are naturally guarded by people's suspicion."
The power revolution and the oil revolution are both driven by the efficiencies of modern technology, but their integration makes for a truly big story -- the reinvention of fire -- a business backed by smart policies in mindful markets. Then, by 2050, America would be able to move away from oil and coal, saving $5 trillion in costs, growing the economy by 2.6 times, and enhancing national security. You can reduce your emissions by 82% to 86%.
If that's what you want, you can help reinvent fire, too. You don't have to agree with every result I've ever talked about, and we don't have to agree on which one is most important.
If we don't ask "why do we do it?" but ask "what will it bring?" we will break the deadlocks and conflicts and see a unified way to solve America's energy problem.
It's also the best way to deal with global issues like climate change, nuclear proliferation, dangerous energy issues, energy shortages - all of which are issues that make us vulnerable -.
Today, our team at RMI is helping forward-thinking companies accelerate this transition and move out of the stagnation through initiatives in six areas, and we've begun expanding into other areas as well.
Of course, there are still many old ways of thinking.
Maurice Strong, a former oilman, said: "Not all old things are fuel."
But Edgar Woolard, the former chairman of DuPont, also said, "Companies full of old ideas don't matter, because they're just going to go away."
The idea I'm talking about is not just a once-in-a-century business opportunity, but it's also the most important transition in human history.
We humans are inventing a new kind of fire, one that is not mined from the ground, but one that flows from above. It is abundant, not scarce. It is not local, it is everywhere. It's permanent, not temporary It's free, not expensive
After a bit of a transition period with natural gas, and with biofuels becoming more sustainable and expanding in the long-term, this new fire will be flameless.
It's effective, it's not going to doom you, it does what it's supposed to do.
Each of you shares a piece of this $5 trillion prize.
In our latest book, "Reinventing Fire," we wrote about how we can get new fire.
We're just starting to have a lot of discussions on ReinventingFire.com, and I hope you'll join us, with us, with you, and with everyone around us, to make the world a richer, fairer, cooler, safer place to live. Let's make a difference, and together we'll reinvent fire.
thank you
(applause)
I love working in the workshop, but it's especially fun when it rains and the river in front of my house turns into a river.
Cutting wood, drilling holes, looking out at the water, maybe looking for a roach and a washer.
it's taking a ridiculously long time
This is "two raindrops"
It is a very expressive work.
Interference waves are expressed by adding the waves of two nearby raindrops.
Instead of expanding circles, hexagons expand
All my works are mechanical
Can you see the three peaks in the yellow wave?
Here, we add waves with four peaks and move them.
800 2 liter plastic bottles is the best
(Laughter) 400 aluminum cans
Tule is a type of reed that's native to California, and it smells really good when you're working with it.
Raindrops, this is only one, the amplitude gradually increases
A whirlpool that forms behind the paddle when rafting
This is the sum of four waves
Here we're removing the second harmonic and enhancing the fundamental.
The mechanism uses 9 motors and 3000 pulleys.
This is a three-dimensional fold of 445 strings
I've scaled this piece up -- I've done it pretty big with a lot of help -- 14,064 bicycle reflectors -- and it took me 20 days to set it up.
The work "Connected" is a collaboration with choreographer Gideon Oberzanek.
A string is attached to the dancer
This is early rehearsal footage, but the finished production is on tour, and will be playing in L.A. in a few weeks.
A pair of spirals and 40 wooden slats
Trace this shape with your finger
Summer, Autumn, Winter, Spring, Midday, Dusk, Darkness, Dawn
Have you ever seen two stratus clouds stretching parallel to the sky?
It's actually a single connected cloud that appears to be moving in and out of the condensation layer in the sky.
Things that seem disjointed in everyday life may actually be just continuous waves that partially appear in the world we see.
The earth is neither flat nor spherical
it's like a wave
It sounds plausible, but I think you intuitively feel something is wrong, and there's a reason for that.
I have a 2 year old daughter who is more important than anything
Now, to be clear, my daughter is not a wave.
But you might say, "Reuben, if you look at it from a distance, it's a cyclical pattern of hunger, eating, walking, sleeping, laughing, crying."
But the truth is, "too much is lost when you think that way."
The tension between the desire to look deeper and the visceral beauty of the world that is lost when you try to look deeper drives my work.
To me, what connects these ends is what makes the wave.
let me show you another
thank you very much
(Thank you for applause
(Applause) June Cohen: When I look at your work, I see a lot of images.
Some things are like wind and waves, some things are alive, some things are mathematical.
Is there a basis for each idea?
Is the subject matter something that can actually be seen or touched?
RM: There are certainly things that come from direct observation, like the two raindrops.
and think about expressing it using materials
I like working with my hands
It's great to cut wood and make it move.
JC: Any changes along the way? If you make it, will it be different from the design?
JC: Any changes along the way? If you make it, will it be different from the design? JC: Any changes along the way? If you make it, will it be different from the design?
RM: Actually, it took me nine months to make "Two Raindrops".
I really didn't like it from the moment I switched it on.
I thought about throwing it away with a strong feeling from the bottom of my stomach.
Just then, my friend came over and he said, "Why don't you wait and see?"
So I decided to wait. The next day it was a little better, the next day it was even better, and now I love it.
There are mistakes in my intuitive reaction, and there are times when it is different from what I had pictured in my head.
JC: New relationships emerge over time.
Thank you very much for your wonderful talk today. RM: Thank you (JC: Thank you Ruben)
Thank you very much for your wonderful talk today. RM: Thank you. (JC: Thank you Ruben.) (Applause)
It always amazes me to think that 2.5 billion people in the world are connected to each other through the Internet, and that at any given moment, 30 percent of the world's population can be online to learn, create and share. —
The amount of time we spend on these activities is also increasing day by day.
A recent survey found that young people spend more than eight hours a day online.
As the father of a 9-year-old girl, that number seems very modest.
(Laughter) But the Internet has not only opened the door to the world for us, it has also opened the door to the world for us.
The price we're being asked to pay for this connection is privacy.
Many people today assume that the Internet is a private place, but it's not.
With every mouse click, every screen touch, we're like Hansel and Gretel, wandering through the digital forest, dropping breadcrumbs of personal information wherever we go.
Your date of birth, where you live, your interests and preferences, your relationships, your financial history, and much more.
Don't take it wrong, I'm not saying that information sharing is bad.
I also want certain sites to know their preferences, if they know what information is shared and explicitly ask for consent.
That would help the site suggest books to recommend, movies to watch with your family, friends to connect with.
But if you don't know what's being shared and don't ask for permission, then you have a problem.
It's called behavioral tracking on the Internet today, and it's a big business.
An entire industry has been built around tracking us in the digital forest and creating individual profiles.
Once you have that data, you can do almost anything with it.
Currently, there are very few regulations or rules for this sort of thing.
Apart from recent publications in the United States and Europe, consumer protection is next to non-existent.
So let's reveal a little bit about this hidden industry.
And what you see in the background is Collusion, an experimental browser add-on that you can install in your Firefox browser to find out where your data is going and who is tracking it.
The red circles are sites that are tracking my behavior even though I haven't visited them.
The blue circles are the sites I visited
The gray circle is also following me, but I don't know who it is.
As you can see, everything connects together to create a picture of me on the web.
this is my profile
Let's take a look at a specific, personal example.
Two weeks ago, I installed Collusion on my own PC to see what would happen on a typical day.
Like many people, I start my day by checking my email.
Then I read the headlines on news sites.
And this time, I particularly liked an article about the benefits of music literacy in schools, which I shared on social networks.
When my daughter and I sat down at the breakfast table, I asked, "Does your school emphasize music literacy?"
As a 9-year-old, I naturally wondered, "What is literacy?"
I asked him to look it up on the internet.
let's stop here
We're already being tracked by 25 sites before we've had two bites of breakfast.
4 sites visited
Let's fast-forward through the rest of the day
I go to work, I check my email, I log in to a few more social sites, I blog, I check the news, I share a few articles, I watch online videos. About, and at the end of the day, when you sit back and take a look at my profile,
Red circles are growing explosively
Gray circles are also increasing exponentially
Altogether, there are now 150 sites tracking my personal information, most of them without my consent.
When I saw this image, I was very annoyed.
Nothing, I'm being stalked on the web.
How could this happen?
It's easy, this is big business.
Some of the top companies in this space have revenues as high as $39 billion.
This is not just for adults
I set up Collusion for myself at the same time I set it up for my daughter.
This is Collusion's profile of my daughter in the space of two hours one Saturday morning.
This is what happens to a nine-year-old girl who's been watching mostly children's sites.
Seeing this turned my frustration into anger
I'm no longer a tech pioneer or a privacy advocate, but a father.
Now imagine if this was the real world, there's a mysterious group of people with cameras and notepads stalking children, recording their every move.
I don't think there's a single person here who knows that and doesn't do anything about it.
It may not be a good move, but it will definitely work.
(Laughter) We can't let this happen on the web.
that's what's happening now
Privacy is not an option Privacy shouldn't just be the price of using the internet
Our voices matter and our actions matter even more
Today Mozilla released Collusion
You can download it, install it in Firefox, and find out who's tracking you in your digital forest.
Our Voices Shouldn't Be Ignored
we can be hurt without our knowledge
because the memory of the internet will last forever
we are being watched
Now is the time to watch the watchers
thank you
(applause)
Here is an e-cigarette
This was invented a year or two ago, and it made me indescribably happy.
(Laughter) Part of that is due to nicotine, but there's a lot more than that. Smoking in public places is banned in the UK, and I've never been able to enjoy a drinking party again.
(Laughter) I found out the other day why, because when you go to a drinking party and you stand there with a glass of red wine and talk endlessly, you don't really want to keep the conversation going.
that's really tiring
There will be times when you just want to stand still while thinking
Sometimes you just want to stand in the corner and stare out the window
So the problem is, if you don't smoke and just stand alone and stare out the window, you'll be treated like an unsociable, friendless idiot.
(Laughter) If you're standing alone staring out the window smoking a cigarette, you're being treated as a philosopher.
(Laughter) (Applause) So the power of changing the way we see things is immeasurable.
Some people feel great doing the same things and doing the same activities, and some people feel miserable just because they feel the slightest difference.
I think one of the problems with classical economics is that it's completely obsessed with what actually happens.
What happens in reality is not a very good indicator of human happiness.
For example, why are pensioners so much happier than young unemployed people?
Both end up at exactly the same stage in life.
Both have plenty of time and not much money.
But while pensioners are very happy, the unemployed are reported to be terribly unhappy and depressed.
I think it's because the pensioners chose to be that way, while the young unemployed feel forced into it.
Britain's upper middle class has completely solved this problem by redefining unemployment.
If you're an upper-middle Englishman, you can call unemployment "a year off."
(Laughter) It's very embarrassing to have a son who is unemployed in Manchester.
Having an unemployed son in Thailand makes you look like you've accomplished something.
(Laughter) But redefining things, which means redefining experiences and costs and understanding things, is less about what they actually are and more about how you look at them. is really too important to stress
There's an experiment that Daniel Pink mentions, where you put two dogs in each box and put an electric floor in the box.
Sometimes we use electric shocks on the floor to inflict pain on the dog.
The only difference is that one dog has a little button in the middle of the box.
If you press the button with your nose, the electric shock will stop.
the other dog has no such button
This dog is exposed to exactly the same level of distress as the first dog, but has no control over the situation.
The second dog falls into a state of complete depression
Circumstances in life themselves have less of an impact on happiness than a sense of control over life.
this is a very interesting question
The question is, all the debate in Western societies is about tax levels.
But I think there's one more thing to discuss, and it's about the level of control over the money that's being collected. maybe you should
If you're spending £20,000 of your taxes on health, you might just feel like you're being duped.
If you donate £20,000 to hospital wards, you'll be called a philanthropist.
I'm probably in the wrong country when it comes to talking about willingness to pay taxes.
(Laughter) So what I'm going to say instead is that it's important to frame how you see things.
Are you going to save Greece?
Or are you going to bail out the stupid bank that lent Greece money?
both are the same
How you call it affects how you react emotionally and morally.
And quite frankly, I think the psychological value is huge.
There's a good friend of mine, a professor named Nick Chater, who's a professor of decision science in London, and instead of spending his time staring at the hidden depths of humanity, he decided to explore the hidden shallows. I say we should spend more time
I really agree
Depending on what kind of impression you have, the way you think and act will be tremendously different.
But we don't have a good model of the human psyche, or at least before Kahneman, we didn't have a good model of the human psyche, and it wasn't even on par with the models of engineering or neoclassical economics.
So there was no model for those who believed in psychological solutions.
there was no framework
It's what Warren Buffett's business partner Charlie Munger calls "a grid on which ideas are hung" for engineers, economists, especially classical economists.
There was already a very strong grid that could hold practically any idea.
Without a holistic model, it's just a random collection of individual insights.
So when you're looking for a solution, there's too much emphasis on engineering solutions, Newtonian solutions, and less emphasis on psychological solutions.
Let's take the example of the Eurostar, where £6 million was spent to reduce travel time between Paris and London by 40 minutes.
With 0.01% of that, Wi-Fi can be used on trains, and even if it doesn't shorten the running time, it will greatly increase the fun and convenience of riding.
And maybe with 10% of that, we could gather all the top male and female supermodels in the world and give every passenger a Chateau Petrus for free.
I still have £5m left and the passengers will ask me to delay the train.
(Laughter) Why haven't we had the opportunity to solve our problems psychologically?
I think it's because there's an imbalance, an asymmetry, between the way we deal with creative, emotionally driven, psychological ideas, and the way we deal with them in a rational, quantitative, tabular way.
If you're creative, and you're creative in the right way, then you have to explain your ideas in order to get buy-in from people who think far more rationally than you.
So we have to repeat the cost-benefit analysis, the feasibility test, the ROI analysis, etc.
is that correct
However, this is not something that can be reused all the time.
For those of us who have existing economics and engineering paradigms, logic in itself feels like the answer.
They don't say, "I've put all the numbers together, but before I put this idea out there, let's go talk to some crazy people and ask them if there's a better way."
And it unnaturally prioritizes what I call mechanical ideas over psychological ones.
Here's a great example of a psychological idea: The only thing that increased passenger satisfaction per pound on the London Underground was not adding more trains, not changing the frequency of service, putting dot-matrix billboards on platforms. Because the nature of waiting is determined not only by its numerical attributes, or length, but also by the degree of uncertainty experienced while waiting.
It's less discouraging and frustrating to look at a clock and wait seven minutes while counting down than to wait four minutes while biting your finger and saying "When the hell is the train coming?"
So here's a great psychological solution in South Korea: counting down at red lights.
It has been proven that it reduces the accident rate
Why?
Because when you watch the waiting time, the road rage, the impatience, the frustration is greatly reduced.
In China, because they don't understand the laws behind this, they applied the same laws to the green light. (Laughter) That's not a very good idea, is it?
If you're 200 meters from the traffic light and you know you have five seconds left, you'll hit the accelerator.
(Laughter) In Korea, we've verified both.
And we found that applying it to red lights reduced the accident rate and increasing it to green lights.
This is all that is necessary for human decision-making, and we must consider these three things.
I'm not saying one should be completely dominant over the other.
So when you're trying to solve a problem, you should look at these three things evenly and look for a solution that hits the sweet spot in the middle.
If you look at good companies, they've always had those three things working well.
Google, a very successful company, has been very successful technically, but it's based on very good psychological insight, and people who do one thing generally do more than people who do other things at the same time. seen as superior
This is a very natural thing called dilution of purpose.
Ayelet Fishbach has written a paper on this
In the days of Google, everyone was trying to be a portal, yes, with search.
And then there's weather, there's sports, there's news, Google knew, if you're just doing a search engine
Expected to be a very good search engine
You all know this, from my experience when I go shopping for TVs, at the back of the row of flat screen TVs is the notorious TV with built-in DVD.
Even if you don't know anything about quality, you look at a TV with built-in DVD and think,
"Oh, it's like a garbage TV with a junk DVD."
Then you buy the TV and the DVD separately and leave the store.
Google is as successful psychologically as it is technically successful.
Psychology can also be used to solve problems that you never thought were problems.
Here's a suggestion to make sure you're fully on your antibiotics.
Instead of having them take 24 white pills, they prescribe 18 white pills and 6 blue pills, and they take the white pills first, then the blue pills.
You are much more likely to finish your drink if there are milestones along the way.
One of the big mistakes of economics is that whether it's retirement, unemployment, or costs, it's only looking at it quantitatively, not qualitatively.
This is a UK highway toll booth
Queues occur very often
There can be very bad queues
The same is true, for example, in airport security lanes.
What if you could pay twice as much to get through the fast lane here?
It's not crazy. It's economical.
Time is more important to some people than to others
If you're going to a job interview, you'll be willing to pay a few pounds to get through the fast lane.
If you're going to see your mother-in-law, you'll probably choose to stay on the left.
The only problem is that people don't like these economically viable solutions.
People think you're maximizing sales by deliberately creating delays, and you're like, 'Why the hell should I pay for your stupidity?
"On the other hand, if we change this view a little bit, let's try to manage the charitable donations, and instead of going to the toll companies, the extra money we get will go to charities." if
Willingness to pay will be completely different
There's a reasonably good solution, financially, for which you can get everyone's approval, and even a little bit of goodwill, to keep you from being a jerk.
The fundamental mistake economists make is thinking that money is money.
The pain of paying five pounds isn't just proportional to the amount, it's also dependent on how the money is spent.
I believe that understanding this has the potential to revolutionize tax policy.
It could also revolutionize public services
things can change dramatically
I would like to introduce you to someone who is an economist from the Austrian school.
Active in Vienna in the first half of the 20th century
The interesting thing about the Austrian School is that it grew up with Freud.
they had a great deal of interest in psychology
They had a department called Behavioral Science, which they thought preceded economics.
Behavioral science is the study of choice, behavior and decision making
I think they're right, too.
Learning economics has come before learning human psychology.
As Charlie Munger said, "If economics isn't about human behavior, what is it?"
Interestingly, Von Mises says that economics is part of psychology.
He called economics "the science of human behavior under conditions of scarcity."
Von Mises, in particular, used an analogy that was beautifully persuasive to touch upon marketing and sensory values, and explain how they should be treated on a par with other kinds of value.
We all, even those who work in marketing, think of value in two ways. One is the real value, like making something in a factory and providing a service. is a dubious value created by changing the way we look at things, and Von Mises categorically denies this distinction.
And he used the following analogy
He told the story of a strange economist called the French Physiocrat, who believed that real value came only from the land.
So if you're a shepherd or a stonecutter or a farmer, you're creating real value.
But when you buy wool from shepherds and process it into hats to add value, you're not creating real value, you're just using the sheep.
Now Von Mises pointed out that modern economists make exactly the same mistakes in advertising and marketing.
If you're running a restaurant, you can't draw a healthy line between the value of cooking and the value of cleaning the floor, one of which is the direct object of your payment.
You create the main product, and the other creates the atmosphere to enjoy and appreciate the product.
So the idea that one should be preferred over the other is fundamentally wrong.
Let's do a simple thought experiment. Let's say a restaurant serves Michelin-starred food, but it smells like sewage and is filled with human waste.
So the first thing to do to increase value is not to improve the quality of food, but to get rid of odors and clean floors.
It is crucial to understand this
If that sounds weird and doesn't make sense, consider that 98% of first class mail in the UK arrives the next day.
The UK Post Office doesn't think that's enough, and they're trying to get it up to 99%, and trying to do that has broken the organization down.
Then let's ask passers-by
"What percentage of first class mail do you expect to arrive the next day?"
The average or most common answer would be 50-60%
If we are perceived to be much worse than reality, what are we going to do to change that reality?
It's like trying to improve the food in a stinking restaurant.
What you have to do is, above all else, go around saying that 98% of first class mail arrives the next day.
This makes a lot of sense, because the UK has a very good framework.
It's going around saying that first-class mail usually arrives the next day in the UK more often than in Germany, because in the UK, if you want to be happy about something, you can say it's better than Germany. (Laughter)
(Applause) The way you choose to view things can completely change your perceived value, your actual value.
As for Germany, Germany and France are doing a great job in their European integration efforts.
There's one thing Germany and France don't expect, and that's the slow, hateful and unifying process between France and Germany.
That being said, I'm British and I like that way of doing things.
The other thing to know is that our senses are not perfect, the qualitative difference between food and the atmosphere in which we enjoy it.
I can't say for sure
If you've ever had your car washed, you'll know this.
I feel like I'm driving better than usual
And that's because our senses aren't perfect unless the oil is being changed at the car wash without our knowledge.
Branded pain relievers work much better than unbranded pain relievers.
It's not that the pain is reported to be less, it's actually measured and less.
So the feeling is not perfect in every situation.
So when you do something that you think is wrong in some aspect, you're harming other people.
thank you
(applause)
Four years ago today, I started a fashion blog called Style Rookie.
In September 2011, I started Rookiemag.com, an online magazine for teenage girls.
My name is Tavi Jevinson, and today I'm going to talk to you with the title "Still Exploring." ) Well, this site is for teenage girls and I'm a feminist.
And as a pop culture nerd, I've been wondering what it means to be a strong woman, and movies and television have a lot to do with it, so my website.
I feel that the "strong woman" trait is often misunderstood. It's typically described as a "superwoman." Only one talent is emphasized -- the catwoman type, or the sexiness of a woman. The type that uses it as a weapon
It's not like these strong characters just happened to be women.
It's drab and unrealistic
What's wrong is that we're trying to make women simple, and women are angry that they can't be simple. Women are, in fact, complex and multifaceted, and that's because women are crazy. It's not because humans are crazy in the first place, and women just happen to be humans. (Laughter) The key here is flaws.
It has often been said
So what is a “strong woman”? I think a strong woman is someone who has weaknesses and shortcomings, so you can't fall in love with her right away, but you can gradually get to know her.
I don't like pointing out problems, so I'll give you examples of how they're working hard on this problem, for example, in a TV show like "Mad Men," or in a movie like "Bridemaids," the main characters and the women in them are complex and multifaceted. is drawn to
As I wrote here, Lena Dunham's drama "Girls" is set to air next month on HBO. It is very rare for a woman to be represented in that way, even though she should have
You did it! (Laughter) But I still feel that there are women who are still underrepresented, and as an example, today I'm going to focus on teens, and teens are particularly contradictory, and they're still exploring. Like Lindsey Weir and Angela Chase in 90s shows like Freaks and Girls and Angela, these shows are all about the characters exploring themselves. I had to draw it, but unfortunately it ended after one season, and I haven't seen another show like it since.
Now, this is a scientific analysis of my brain. (Laughter) Right around the time I started watching these TV shows.
Now I'm a sophomore in high school -- that was when I was in high school.
Both "clever and cute" are high hopes
It's impossible to be a "stylish feminist"
"People around you, especially men, choose clothes based on what they think of you."
So I was confused as I was trying to figure out how to take it in my own way. Because one of the misconceptions that feminism is shunned by girls is this: To be a feminist, you have to stick to your beliefs. But this is not true. In fact, knowing feminism helped me come to terms with my own contradictions. Feminism is not a rule, it's a discussion, a dialogue, a process. It's a feature article on mini-comics on the internet.
So
I wrote on my blog that I would like to start a series for teenage girls, so if you want to be a staff member, please send me an essay or a photo.
I got 3,000 emails for this.
The editor-in-chief and I put together a staff team to look at everything, and it started in September of last year.
This is the first message I wrote from my editor, "I didn't write the answer to Rookie, because we're still searching." No, I wanted them to realize that they can find their own answers by asking themselves questions over and over again.
That's why I don't say, "Look at us," or "Here's a role model." It's not, I just want to help girls express themselves in different ways.
For example, I have articles that say, "Take care of yourself," and "How to stop worrying about what other people think."
Haha (laughs) It's a magic word that can be used at any time.
By the way, other articles such as "How to erase a crying face in 5 minutes"
That said, I still respect the women represented in the movies and articles like the ones on our site, not just powerful women, but women who are searching for a way to come to terms with themselves, and how to accept their self-esteem and their imperfections. is
The simple thing I want you to remember today is "Let's be Stevie Nicks"
(Laughter) And that's all I love about Stevie. Because he makes you think, so aim for Stevie.
Thank you very much. (Applause)
I am a Ugandan immigrant living in the United States, waiting for my asylum application to be approved.
In today's society, migrants don't have much freedom of movement.
This situation is even more so for people risking their lives to cross turbulent seas in boats.
Faced with these risks, our West African and North African compatriots try to migrate to Europe.
It's really a rare and fortunate opportunity for immigrants to speak in a forum like this.
But it also shows what is often missing in the global debate about refugees and migrants: the voices of the disenfranchised.
Citizens of many host countries are worried about the ever-increasing numbers of people coming to their countries, even those they initially welcomed.
Current criticism is that immigrants destabilize social welfare and employment in the country.
Skeptical citizens look to politicians with competing populist and nationalist claims.
It's a race to see who's the hardest on immigration, who's willing to put travel restrictions in place, who's enthusiastic about plans to build a wall on the border.
These limits merely address the manifestation of the problem, not the cause.
why do they come
Immigrants can share their views if they are willing to listen to politicians.
In Dubai, I wrote a book about the injustice and inequality that migrant workers face on a daily basis.
As a result, I lost my journalistic job in the Middle East under pressure from governments.
They were deported to Uganda, a country that is in dire straits economically and whose people are starving.
I fled from Uganda to the United States so that I could continue to be a voice for my fellow immigrants who are far worse off than I am.
My father didn't like me writing a book because I was at risk of deportation and unemployment.
When I was working in Dubai, my father had diabetes for many years, and my salary was enough to pay for his treatment.
After I lost my job, I couldn't continue to treat my father, and even in his final moments, I couldn't take him to the hospital.
When I held my father's corpse on the ground last June, I realized that I had paid a heavy price to make my voice heard.
It's not easy to speak up against multiple layers of injustice, because solving problems requires more than just good writing.
As long as foreign investors continue to own Africa's gold mines, oil fields and plantations, and as long as these vital resources are exported to the West, the flow of immigration from Africa will continue.
No amount of restrictions will stop the waves of migration that have shaped our human history.
Before tightening border controls and imposing new visa regulations, countries that have long accepted immigrants should have a more open discussion.
That's a realistic start so that we can finally reconcile the legacy of exploitation, slavery, colonialism and imperialism, so that together we can move forward to create a more equitable global economy in the 21st century. We can create a global economy that benefits everyone.
I consider myself a storyteller
But I don't tell stories in the usual way, even in the sense that I don't usually tell my stories.
Instead, I am very interested in creating tools that allow many people around the world to tell their stories.
I do this because people have a lot in common
People think they look a lot like each other, but it's hard to be sure
If you look around the world, you see a lot of gaps, and I think we see a lot of gaps.
We define ourselves based on our gaps
There are language gaps, ethnic and racial gaps, age gaps, gender gaps, wealth and money gaps, education gaps, and religion gaps.
I think we like these gaps because they make us feel like we're defining some kind of small community.
But actually, despite our gaps, we have a lot in common.
I think one of the things we have in common is a strong desire to express ourselves.
This is a primitive human desire, nothing new.
But traditionally, there is a mismatch between the strength of your desire for self-expression and the number of friends who empathize with it and want to gather and listen.
(Laughter) This is nothing new either.
Since the beginning of human history, we have tried to redress this imbalance by making art, writing poetry, singing, writing editorials for newspapers, and gossiping with friends. nothing new
But what is new in the last few years is that so many traditional physical activities of self-expression have moved to the Internet.
And in the meantime, people have left footprints that tell stories of their moments of self-expression.
What I'm doing is I'm writing a computer program that looks at these huge footprints and draws conclusions about the people who left them. What were you thinking, what were you feeling? Concludes on questions such as Is it different?
I created We Feel Fine a year ago as a project to explore this idea.
It analyzes the frequency of occurrences of words like I feel and I am feeling in newly posted blog entries from around the world every few minutes.
And as soon as it finds such a word, it extracts the current sentence and automatically infers the age, gender and location of the person who wrote it.
In addition, based on the person's location and time, we can know what the weather was like at the time the person wrote the sentence.
All this information is stored in a database that collects the emotions of about 20,000 people every day.
It's been working for about a year and a half now
Currently, the number of emotions collected has surpassed 7.5 million.
I'm going to show you a little bit of how I visualized that information. This is We Feel Fine.
As you can see, these swarms of particles in motion represent the individual emotions that have been expressed in the last few hours.
The color of each particle is associated with a type of emotion, with positive emotions such as happiness being bright colors.
sad, negative emotions will be dark colors
The diameter of each dot represents the length of the emotional sentence, so large dots contain long sentences and small dots contain short sentences.
You can click on any point to enlarge it, like this: "Right now, curl up in his arms, hug him, and feel his affection for me from the softness of his lips. I feel so good."
So in this world of human emotions, sometimes it can be sensual.
And all these things are said by people, "Even though I know that objectively it doesn't make much sense, I'm glad that I've been a frog in the well for so many years and I feel like I'm big again."
These particles represent humanity. They have unique laws of physics that allow them to swarm around as they explore the world of life.
And this particle also represents curiosity.
You can see some are now clustered around the cursor
And they're clustered around the bottom left side of the screen, around six words. These six words represent six activities in We Feel Fine. What you're looking at right now is Madness.
There are also Murmurs Montage Mobs Metrics and Mounds
I will introduce them briefly from now on.
Murmurs move all emotions to the ceiling
One by one, in reverse chronological order, a list of emotions emerges.
"I feel a little better"
(Laughs) "I feel vague and confused about what I want to do."
"I feel like I've been duped by something amazing."
"I feel so free, I feel so good"
"I feel like I'm in a dark fog from which I can't escape."
You can also click on any of them and visit the original blog, which allows you to connect with the author of the text if it resonates with you.
The next one is called Montage
Montage extracts all emotions including photos and displays them on a grid
This grid represents the emotions of the world in the last few hours.
Click each to enlarge
"I feel like I can't have fun unless we're with each other." This is from someone in Michigan
"I feel like I've been in front of a computer all day."
(Laughter) These are automatically created based on the extracted material. "I feel a little bloated."
Next is mobs
Mobs offers a different statistical analysis of the world's sentiment in the last few hours.
As you can see, "better" is the most common emotion right now, followed by good, bad, sinful, righteous, depressed, bad, and so on.
It is also possible to analyze by gender.
We find that women are talking about their emotions slightly more than men in the last few hours.
It can be analyzed by age and presents a histogram showing the distribution of emotions in the world by age.
Twenties are the most common, followed by teens and thirties, then sparse
In the weather-by-weather analysis, by representing people's emotions as weather characteristics, the emotions collected on a sunny day spin around like a piece of the sun.
Cloudiness floats like a breeze
The rain falls as if in the wind, and the snow falls to the ground.
Finally, the location-by-location analysis shows the geographic distribution of emotions by placing them on a world map.
Metrics display data numerically
We can see that the world now feels 3.3 times more “used” than usual
(Laughs) You can also see that they feel 2.9 times "warmer" than usual.
Another way to display
There are gender, age, weather and location
The last feature is called Mounds
Slightly different from other functions
Mounds visualizes the entire emotional dataset as a large, wiggly jelly-like blob
If you hold down the cursor, it will dance
“Better” is the most frequent emotion, followed by “Worse”
If you go in here, the list starts scrolling, and there's actually a lot of emotions that have been collected.
The pink cursor shows our current location
As you can see, people seem to be feeling "slippery," "nauseous," and "responsible."
It also has a search function, so if you're interested in a specific population,
For example, you can look for a woman in her 20s who feels "dependent" on a cloudy day in Bangladesh.
(Laughter) I'll keep the results for you.
Among the collected emotions, I would like to introduce my favorite Montage: "I feel the presence of my father so strongly that there is no place for me in my heart."
"very lonely"
"To feel beautiful, you have to be in some old country town."
"I feel transparent with you."
"If society didn't make me feel the need to hide, I wouldn't hide at all."
"I feel like I'm in love with Carolyn." "I feel so bad."
"I feel like these weirdos are actually important people in college life."
(laughs) "I feel great today."
In this way, We Feel Fine uses what I call "passive observation."
So we're passively observing people as they go about their lives. We're analyzing blogs all over the world and observing what people are writing. i don't know there
So, in the end, you can garner honest, candid, and genuine responses that are often moving.
This technique is usually my favorite in my work because people don't know they're being interviewed.
They just go about their daily lives and end up doing things like that.
Another technique is to ask people directly
This technique was tested in Yahoo! Time Capsule, a project I designed to extract features of the world in 2006.
Divided into 10 simple themes, including love, anger, and sadness, each poses one open-ended question to the world: "What do you love?" and "What makes you angry?" mosquito?"
"What makes you sad?" "What do you believe?"
The time capsule has been available online for a month and has been translated into 10 languages, resulting in this.
It's a revolving sphere whose surface is composed entirely of photographs, texts and drawings that people have registered in their time capsules.
10 themes radiate and orbit the time capsule
You can sift through these data and see what people post
This is an example of the answer "Miss World" to the question "What is beautiful?"
The time capsule has two modes
One World displays a rotating sphere, and Many Voices divides the data onto the film and allows you to examine each one.
The milestone of the project is the astonishing projection of the contents of the capsule onto the edge of the ancient 200-foot-tall walls of Red Rock Canyon for three consecutive nights in the desert of Jemez Pueblo, just outside of Albuquerque, New Mexico. The event took place and it was incredible
We then used a 35-watt laser to project the contents of the time capsule into space as a binary code.
You can see the orange line shooting out from the desert floor at a 45 degree angle, which is amazing, when I first saw this scene on my first night, I talked about the age, gender, and rich and poor gaps that I've talked about before. Because I really started to see gaps like
But after just staring at these images as they moved through the rocks, I realized that they were typically showing the same events over and over again.
For example, marriage, childbirth, funeral, first car, first kiss. Depending on the culture, first camel or horse.
It was very moving, and this picture was taken on a cliff two miles away, when the contents of the capsule were being beamed out into space.
There was something very moving about people's thoughts being projected into the night sky in this way.
And then I started thinking about how humans have used the night sky to tell amazing stories.
As a kid growing up on a farm in Vermont, I used to look up at the dark sky and see the three constellations that are the Belt of Orion the Hunter.
Now that I'm grown up, I'm even more so Every night the great Greek myths are shown in the skies
Facing Orion's roaring bull
Perseus rescuing Andromeda
Battle between Zeus and Kronos for control of Mount Olympus
These are all great Greek stories
This is what brought me to the world
It got me thinking, especially now, if we could create new constellations, what would they look like? what are they?
If you could paint a new picture in the sky, what would it be?
modern day great
What do you mean by story? And those questions are what inspired my new project, which I'm presenting today at TED.
no one has officially seen this yet
It's called Universe and it reveals our modern mythology.
Using the bidirectional night sky as a metaphor
I am happy to be able to show it to you from now on.
Now open Universe
As you can see, as the star field moves, the aurora borealis is reflected in the background and blends in with the colors. increase
You can see the stars moving as you can see here.
These aren't just little dots of light or pixels
Each star represents a specific event in the real world: a quote, an image, a news story, a person, a company, a heroic figure of some sort, etc.
When the cursor touches these stars, their shapes emerge.
Here you can see a little man or woman walking in front
I can see a picture of the head
Letters start to emerge from here
These represent today's constellations
By turning on all of these, you can make it look like you are moving through the sky.
this is the universe in the last two months
The data is based on a large number of news sources in news coverage around the world.
It's powered by an API from a great company in New York that I work with called Daylife.
It's as if we're looking at the past few months' worth of world affairs as a modern myth for the zeitgeist.
So what you're seeing here is President Ford, Iraq, Bush, etc. And then you separate out just the words, which we call secrets, and you can use that to generate an alphabetical list, with Anna Nicole Smith playing an important role. I know you played
President Ford, this is Gerald Ford's funeral.
You can actually click on anything in the Universe, and that object will be placed in the center of the universe, and everything else will enter its orbit.
Click on the ford and it will be centered
Things related to Ford enter its orbit and begin to orbit around it.
You can separate only the photo and you can see it like this
You can click on one of them and place the photo in the center of the universe.
Now things related to this photo are starting to spin
Click here to see the iconic image of Betty Ford kissing her husband's coffin.
In Universe there's no end, you just go on forever and you keep clicking things.
This is a photo space called Snapshots
We can define the universe more precisely
So let's see what Bill Clinton's universe actually looks like.
Let's see what we did last week
Right now, we're seeing a new universe made up entirely of things related to Bill Clinton.
His constellation can be highlighted here
If you pull out his secrets, you'll find that a lot of them are related to presidential candidates: Hillary, the presidential campaign, Barack Obama.
You can see the story of what Bill Clinton is doing today.
Both of these can be opened and viewed
We know Obama and the Clintons met in Alabama
This is an important story because there's a lot going on in this orbit, and when you open it, you get a different perspective on this story.
You can click on any of them to read the source article This is an article from Al Jazeera
You can also see superstars. These are the heroes and heroines of Bill Clinton's universe. There is Bill Clinton, Hillary Iraq, George Bush, Barack Obama, Scooter Libby.
You can also see a world map, which shows the geographic coverage of Bill Clinton's activities over the past week.
They're concentrated in the United States, probably because they're campaigning, but there seems to be some activity in the Middle East as well.
and can be displayed in chronological order
So he was a little quieter on Saturday, but he was back at work on Sunday morning, and we can actually see his activity contracting since then over the course of the week.
In addition, you can enter not only people and dates, but also concepts.
Let's see what the universe looks like if we put in all the climate changes in 2006.
The star field is displayed The shape is also displayed
secrets were also displayed
And like this, we also have a large list of climate change issues, like Nairobi, the World Congress, the environment.
You can read some quotes here, if you're interested in climate change quotes.
this is really endless
2006 Superstars in Climate Change United States, United Kingdom and China Turns out these are the major countries that helped define this concept.
Therefore, this work requires an inquisitive mind.
This will be posted online in the next few days, probably next Tuesday.
And you'll get to see it in action, and you'll be able to explore your own personal mythology.
Rather than Daylife, Universe covers both the world mythology as a broad concept like 2007 and the personal mythology as a narrow concept.
As you search for things that seem important in your world, you'll discover how the constellations form.
It was an honor to speak to you. Thank you.
(applause)
I was delighted to be asked to speak at TED, because my late father's name was also Ted.
Ted was from New York, and he did everything in the theatrical world, he painted, he was a musician.
I couldn't read music at all, and I couldn't hear very well.
But he taught me many things
Even though my hearing aids didn't give me a clean sound, my dad understood music very well.
For my father, music wasn't just about how it sounded, it was about what you drew and what you said.
My father drew a picture of this experience, titled "In the World of Music."
My father was entering this world every day through improvisation, in this style of Tin Pan Alley.
(Music) But my father was strict with music.
I used to say, "There are only two things that are important in music: the 'what' and the 'how' to convey it.
In classical music, this is endless.”
I approached music with such enthusiasm.
Both my parents love music
I didn't know much about music, but it gave me the opportunity to discover the beauty of it.
Maybe it's because I grew up that way that I wanted more people to enjoy music.
I'm very interested in how music enters people's lives.
I was walking down the street one day and I saw some kids playing baseball in front of my house between cars and fire hydrants.
A strong-looking, nimble child stands at the plate, swings the bat, and catches the ball firmly.
Watching the ball fly
While singing "la la la la la la la la la"
went around the base
I couldn't believe it
What 18th-century Austrian aristocrats enjoyed was used by this kid in New York for victory cheers.
Where on earth did this child meet Mozart?
Classical music is a treasure trove of music, not just Mozart, Beethoven, and Tchaikovsky.
The classics have been constant for a thousand years, they've been constant.
Through all that time, it's been a powerful and unique way of communicating what it means to be alive.
The theme is of course music based on daily life
National anthems, popular dance ballads, marches, etc.
Classical music strips it of impurities, condenses it down to its core, and out of it creates new words that look at our essence and play incredibly beautifully.
The word continues to evolve
Over the years, it's become the concerto and the symphony that people are familiar with, but the core motivation of any great masterpiece is to bring back the delicate senses that each listener has, like this Beethoven Violin Concerto.
(Music) It's very simple, but it evokes strong emotions.
It seems that many emotions are hidden
But all music has no meaning in and of itself.
It's just a combination of pitches and silences and timing.
The pitch of the sound represented by the musical note is just vibration.
It just points to a specific location in the audible frequency range.
Call it 440 vibrations per second, or call it "ra," or call it "ra," and if it's 3729, it's "flat of flat." It's just a phenomenon.
But the combination of these phenomena gives us complex emotional responses that we don't fully understand.
How we react has changed over time, and our tastes have changed.
For example, in the 11th century, people liked music to end like this.
(music) In the 17th century, this is how things change.
(Music) In the 21st century, it's like this.
(Music) People in the 21st century would love chords like this.
I feel comfortable because, consciously or unconsciously, I've inherited musical theories, habits, and trends that have happened over the course of hundreds of years.
In classical music, we can get a pretty accurate picture of this shift by looking at the music's silent partner, the sheet music that has passed it down.
I want to write music down -- I think it's more accurate to call it coding, but this idea has been around for quite some time.
Around 200 B.C., a man named Seikilos wrote this song for his departed wife, and he carved it on his tombstone, according to the Greek system.
(Music) A thousand years later, the notational ambition has taken on a very different form.
Here's a snippet from the Christmas Mass, "We have a little child born."
(music) In the 10th century, serpentine lines recorded the rough shape of a piece of music.
In the twelfth century, horizontal lines appear, like staff lines, which give a little more clarity to where the intervals are.
In the 13th century, the number of lines increased, the shape of the notes changed, and the concept of interval took hold, leading to the notation we see today.
Not only did this kind of notation preserve music, it changed the way we think about music.
You can improvise melodies, write them down, organize them, organize them, and build them into something more complex.
So, at the heart of classical music, it became a dialogue between two human faculties: intuition and intellect.
With this in mind, music was divided into the art of improvisation and the art of composition.
People who improvise feel the next cool phrase and play it. People who like composition look at the different possible phrases, try them out, put them side by side, and it's impactful, balanced, and absolutely "this is it." Repeat trial and error until you find something
Now, great composers like Bach are capable of both improvisation and composition.
Bach was good at improvising, but he had the brains of a chess king.
So does Mozart
But each musician has a different balance between belief and reason, intuition and intelligence.
The importance of these things has changed over time, and so has the "what" and the "how."
For the first eight centuries or so, the "what" was worshiping God.
By the 1400s, music was designed to resemble the night sky in an attempt to imitate the mind of God.
The technique for "how" is polyphony, which is a series of independent melodies that seem to represent celestial bodies moving around the Earth, based on Ptolemy's Ptolemaic theory.
It's truly the music of the celestial world
(music) Leonardo da Vinci must have heard music like this.
Intellectual perfection and silence, this requires a new change, and in the 1600s a completely new change happened.
(music) Singer: Oh, what a terrible thing
oh what a fate
oh ominous star
It must be a merciless heaven
This, of course, was the beginning of the operatic age, and the development of opera took music in a whole new direction.
What is communicated by "what" is not a reflection of God's heart, but the ups and downs of the human heart.
The way we communicated "how" became harmony, a chord that combines different notes.
I've found that chords can express so many emotions.
The basic chords I still use today are the familiar triads. Major triads sound happy. Minor triads sound sad.
But what is the difference between these two chords?
Just these two notes near the middle of the scale.
It's the difference between the "mi" being natural and vibrating 659 times per second or the "mi" being flat and vibrating 622 times per second.
The difference between being happy or sad
It's just 37 times the difference in frequency.
So in a system like this, there's a tremendous amount of potential for expressing subtle human emotions.
In fact, as humans have come to recognize our own complex and volatile emotions, the melodies have become increasingly complex to reflect this.
Music can express things that cannot be expressed in words.
Given this possibility, classical music has changed a lot.
A large format began to be created
The influence of technological development is also being felt, thanks to the development of printing technology, music written down as a code is now available to musicians everywhere.
New and improved instruments take your playing to the next level.
Gradually larger forms arose: symphonies, sonatas, concertos, etc.
In the great structures of the time, musicians like Beethoven gave us a glimpse into life.
When you hear Beethoven's 5th, when you hear Beethoven's 5th, in about 30 minutes from sadness and anger, in about 30 minutes from sadness and anger, you follow his carefully laid path to joy.
(Music) The symphony can also be used for more complex things, such as engaging human activities, such as patriotism, the desire for freedom, and even the sensual.
But no matter where music goes, one thing that hasn't changed until recently is that when musicians stop playing, so does the music.
this is a very interesting moment
it's a very important moment
What happens when the music stops?
where does the music go? Will there be anything left?
What will remain in the ears of those who listen to the performance?
Melody or Rhythm, Sense or Posture?
And how will it change the lives of those who hear it?
This is the intimate and private side of music to me.
It's about communicating, about why we do music.
the most important part for me
Music's influence was passed on from person to person, from teacher to student, from performer to audience. But around 1880, new technology came along, first mechanical, then analog, then digital. Now it's possible to convey music in an amazing way, albeit without humanity.
Anyone can listen to music at any time No need to know how to play an instrument or read music No need to go to a concert No need to learn an instrument or read music No need to go to a concert
Technology has democratized music and made it available to everyone.
This leads to the Cultural Revolution, where we can think of Caruso (tenor) and Bessie Smith (blues singer) on the same scale.
Technology also raises the bar for composers who can use computers and synthesizers to create things that are beyond the comprehension of performers and listeners, using computers and synthesizers that are beyond the intellect's intricacies. was
At the same time, technology has shifted the balance of intuition and intelligence brought about by notation, in favor of intuition.
In the current climate, music is improvisational, chopped up, reconstructed and marketed.
What impact will this have on music in the future?
don't understand
But the question remains the same, when you've finished listening to the music.
What will remain in people's minds?
In this age where music is abundant, what remains in your heart?
Let me give you an example of what it means to be haunted.
I went to a nursing home to visit my cousin, and there was a feeble old man walking across the room with a walker.
When I got to the piano, I managed to keep my balance and started playing like this.
(music) And he said, "I... my child... my symphony... Beethoven."
When I heard that, I understood, "Excuse me, maybe you mean this?"
(music) Hearing it, "Oh yeah, when I was little
Symphony.. I heard Isaac Stern's concerto."
When I heard that, I was blown away, and I know how important this song is to this person. Getting out of bed and walking across the room to bring back the memory of this song means so much to me, even when I'm losing everything.
That's why I take each performance seriously and cherish it.
I don't know who's listening
I think it's a wonderful thing that we're in an age where we can enjoy music with more people than ever before.
"Keeping Score," a series of television programs co-produced with the San Francisco Symphony Orchestra, explores the background of music and works with young musicians from the New World Symphony Orchestra to create a new concert hall for entertainment and education. We're also doing a project to explore concert halls.
Of course, the New World Symphony has spawned the YouTube Symphony and other online projects that are trying to connect with musicians and audiences around the world.
These are just examples of attempts
Various people can do various things Teachers, parents, and musicians can work together to explore various things.
Big projects attract attention, but what matters is what you do on a daily basis.
I need your thoughts, your curiosity, your opinions.
It makes me happy to meet all sorts of people: travelers, cooks, programmers, taxi drivers, people who I never would have thought were music lovers, are sharing music.
without knowledge
As long as you're curious and want to know more, and you're alive, that's enough.
I don't care what I do, I wander around aimlessly
It's okay to pursue something, hesitation, surprise, enjoyment, please be stimulated
There's a lot of "what" and "how" to communicate, and I'm waiting for you to discover the "why" and jump into that world to communicate it.
thank you
(applause)
i love food
I also love information.
Of these two passions, children know the first, but the second. . . Is called
(Laughter) But in these eight minutes, I want to talk about how my two passions came to be, and about the moments in my life when those passions came together, and about the learning journey that began from that moment.
I want to talk to you about how life changes when you look at information the way you look at food.
I was born in Calcutta. My father and grandfather were journalists. They wrote English articles for magazines.
that was the family business
As a result, I grew up surrounded by books.
There were books all over the house
My home was a bookstore, and everyone liked our books.
In fact, I now have 38,000 of them, not e-books.
I spent my childhood surrounded by books and people discussing books, but I didn't learn much.
By the time I turned 18, I had a deep passion for books, but this was the only
It wasn't about passion
I'm South Indian, I grew up in Bengal.
Bengali people like spicy food and they also like sweet things.
So as I grew up, I also developed a huge passion for food.
Having a childhood in the late 60's and early 70's, I have many other passions, but what makes me special is information and food.
(Laughter) Life was going well and it was fun.
Everything was fine until I turned 26. Then I went to see a movie called "Short Circuit."
It seems that some people have seen it
It's currently being remade and will be released next year.
This prototype robot is about electrocuting and learning about life.
When it starts to move, it says "Please enter, please enter"
I suddenly realized that for robots, information and food are one and the same.
Energy and data alike take some form.
So I started to wonder what would happen to me if energy and information were my input, if information and food were the same shape.
And so began a 25-year research journey, when we realized that, as primates, we had extremely small stomachs and extremely large brains relative to our body weight.
After doing some more research, I finally found something called the diseconomic organization hypothesis.
Primates have a fixed metabolic rate depending on the amount of material they consume.
What's different is the balance between active organizations.
Two of the most expensive tissues in the human body are nerve tissue and digestive tissue.
And it turned out that even before 1995, someone had put forward a hypothesis that had some surprising results.
It was a woman named Leslie Aiello
Her paper proposed that digestive tissue was sacrificed for nervous tissue.
If you want a large brain for a given body mass, you have to have a small digestive tract.
So it really struck me that the two are related.
So we thought that food and information production were one and the same thing, and we were information hunter-gatherers.
From there, we moved to being producers of information.
Does this really explain the intellectual property disputes we see today? Does this really explain the intellectual property disputes we see today?
Whereas those originally hunter-gatherers sought information at will, those who were engaged in information production hoarded information, acquired ownership and wealth, created systems and litigation. rice field
That's why there's always tension.
In farming, there has always been a great conflict between farmers and foodies among hunters.
the same thing is still happening
At the cooking stage, the situation was the same, except that there were two views.
One argues that we can distill and extract value from it and deliver it, while the other says no, we don't let it mature.
It is an argument that value can only be obtained by combining and grinding them into one.
The same goes for information
However, it becomes fun only when there is consumption.
Because at that time, I started to realize that there were so many different ways to consume.
Sometimes I buy pre-cooked ingredients
I sometimes cook and eat by myself.
I sometimes eat at restaurants
When we think about information, we always say the same thing.
I'm starting to see some geeky parallels: Information has an expiration date, and mis-dated information can deceive people and actually affect stock markets and corporate values.
By this time I was completely hooked
This is the result of 23 years of research.
The next thing I started to wonder is that we mix fact with fiction, let's call it non-fiction fiction.
Will the time come when we will quantify what percentage of the information is true? Will the time come when we will quantify what percentage of the information is true?
Will the information be labeled with factual content?
When the information supply is cut off, will there come a day when we feel hungry for information?
It's almost time to talk
Clay Sharkey said there is no such thing as information overload, it's the filter that's the problem.
If you look at it in terms of food, the problem isn't information production, because overproducing food isn't a problem.
So the problem is consumption.
So to improve our ability to deal with information and label it effectively, we have to think about how we consume and process information.
When I saw "Super Size Me," I thought to myself, "What if I watch Fox News for a month straight?"
(Laughter) “Will the time come when we can process this kind of information?”
So you can see that information can also be harmful, or information addicted, if you don't consume it properly. I understand
I like information and food, so I don't think my stomach is getting smaller.
But let me ask you one last question. If you were to consume information like food, what would you do if you were to consume information like food?
thank you for listening
(applause)
i feel really lucky
I was able to travel around the world, learn about the beauty of the earth, and meet the people and creatures that live there.
My interest started when I was seven years old, when my parents and I first went to Morocco, a country in the far corner of the Sahara Desert.
Imagine an English girl going to a place where it wasn't cold and it wasn't raining.
it was an amazing experience
I became interested in knowing more about the world
And then I got involved in filmmaking -- I went from one end of the world to the other, to get the perfect shot, to capture animal behavior that no one had ever seen before.
And even luckier - I can show it to people all over the world.
Discovering the unknown side of our planet and being able to share that message is what drives me every day.
I know that sounds like a daunting task, because we're always looking for new stories and subjects to shoot, but advances in technology have made it possible to shoot in many different ways.
We can capture images you've never seen and tell stories you've never heard.
The series I did with David Attenborough for the BBC called "Great Nature" is exactly that.
There's a lot of footage of grizzly bears.
you see it often
But there's a side to their biology that we're completely unaware of, and no one has ever managed to photograph.
So we went to Alaska, where grizzly bears hibernate - on the slopes of mountains so high that people can't go, and they build their beds there.
There is no choice but to shoot from the air
(David Attenborough) From Alaska to British Columbia, thousands of bear families are waking up from hibernation.
There's no food here, but it's an ideal environment for hibernation.
Can dig beds in deep snow
To find food, the mother bear takes her cubs down the mountain, and the snow is beginning to melt by the river.
But for the cubs, going down the mountain is an adventure.
There are many dangers in the mountains, but this family of bears, bears in the North Pacific region, lives on salmon.
it's my favorite video
I get goosebumps every time I see it
This was taken from a helicopter using a gyro-stabilized camera.
It's a great piece of equipment because it's like a tripod, a crane and a dolly all rolled into one.
But technology alone is not enough
To capture the decisive moment - you have to be there in the moment
that's really hard
I couldn't shoot anything the first year
The next year, I went to the same place again, back to the remote parts of Alaska.
I flew by helicopter for two weeks.
and finally got lucky
The clouds cleared and the wind died down - the bears showed up.
I was able to capture that miraculous moment
For anyone involved in filmmaking, new technology is an amazing tool, but it's even more exciting when a new species of organism is discovered.
I heard about one animal that made me want to film it and use it in my next series, National Geographic's Untamed America.
In 2005, a new bat species was discovered in Ecuador's cloud forests.
And with that breakthrough discovery came a mystery -- I didn't know how to pollinate a certain flower.
It was actually this bat
This series hasn't aired yet, and we're making it available here for the first time.
take a look
(Narration) Tube Lipped Nectar Butt
The sweet nectar of flowers - it collects at the bottom of the elongated flowers.
How do you get it?
Necessity is the mother of evolution
(Music) This bat, about six centimeters long, has a tongue that's nearly nine centimeters long, compared to its body length - the longest of any mammal in the world.
A human tongue is nearly three meters long.
(Applause) Great tongue.
I cut a small hole in the bottom of the flower and shot it with a camera capable of 40x slow motion.
So it's really fast
People often ask me, "What is your favorite place on Earth?"
can't narrow it down to one
too many beautiful places
But there are places that pull you back again and again
It's a remote place -- the first time I was there, I was a backpacker, and I've been there many times over the years, including filming Untamed America, in the Altiplano in the Andean highlands of South America.
But it's 4,500 meters above sea level, so it's tough.
It's so cold that I shiver. The air is thin, so I feel sick
It's hard to breathe because you're carrying heavy equipment on your back.
My head is always throbbing like a hangover
But it's because the air is so thin that you can see the stars so well, they're amazingly clear.
take a look
(Narration) Some 250 kilometers south of the tropics, between Chile and Bolivia, the Andes take on a different look.
This is a place called the Altiplano. It's an unbelievable place.
The desert freezes and hot springs erupt
It's more like Mars than Earth, it's a hostile environment for life.
This is the starry sky from here. Dry, thin air, 3,600 meters above sea level - perfect conditions for stargazing.
Astronomers from around the world have telescopes set up near here.
But the naked eye is fine, you don't need a telescope.
(Music) (Applause) Thank you. I'm happy to show you the footage. Here's what our wonderful planet looks like.
thanks for sharing with all of you
(applause)
close your eyes
Imagine you're standing at the front door of your own home
Check the color and material of the door carefully
The next thing that comes to mind is a fat nudist on a bicycle.
They're all naked, they're racing, they're rushing to your door
remember that picture
Pedaling hard, covered in sweat, bumping here and there
straight into the door
Your bike flies in the air, your tires skim you, your spokes land weird
Let's go in the door. Is it a hall, is it a hall? Just go in and watch the light coming in.
the light shines on the cookie monster
Cookie Monster rides a tan-talking horse
waving to you
I can actually feel the blue hair tickling my nose.
I can smell the oatmeal raisin cookies he's about to pop in his mouth.
let's go through the side to the living room
Now, use your imagination to the fullest and think of Britney Spears.
Boldly exposed, dancing on the table singing "Baby One More Time."
next is the kitchen
The floor is a yellow brick path, and Dorothy, the Tin Man, the Scarecrow, and the Lion from The Wizard of Oz come out of the oven, skipping hand in hand, straight ahead.
open your eyes
I'm going to tell you about a strange competition that is held in New York every year.
It's called the National Memory Championship.
A few years ago, as a science writer, I covered this competition, and I expected something like the Savant Super Bowl.
But in fact, it was all men and a few women - ages and cleanliness varied.
(Laughter) Participants memorized hundreds of random numbers after just one look.
I remember the names of a tremendous number of people I met for the first time
Memorize an entire poem in just a few minutes
Compete on how fast you can memorize the order of shuffled cards.
I couldn't believe it
They must be monsters of nature
So we asked the participants
He's Ed Cook, England's best memory.
I asked him, "Ed, when did you realize you were a savant?"
Ed said, "I'm not a savant.
memory is normal
Everyone who participates in competitions should say that their memory is average.
We've all been trained to do amazing memory feats, using ancient techniques invented in Greece 2,500 years ago, for Cicero to memorize speeches, for medieval scholars to memorize entire books. It's the same technique I used."
My reaction was, "How come I didn't know this before?"
We were outside the stadium, and Ed was a very good, but a little strange, Englishman, and he said, "You're an American journalist, aren't you?
Do you know Britney Spears? "
"What? - no why?"
"I want to teach Britney how to memorize the order of shuffled cards, and on American TV.
If Britney can do it, it proves that anyone can do it."
(Laughter) So I said, "You're not Britney, but why don't you tell me?
Should I try it first? "
This was the beginning of a strange journey
Over the next year, I spent a lot of time exercising my memory, researching memory, trying to understand how it worked, why it sometimes didn't work, and how much potential it had.
i met a lot of interesting people
This person is E.P.
He's got memory problems, and he's probably the person with the worst memory in the world.
So I can't even remember that I have memory problems, which is amazing.
A very tragic figure, but a clue to the extent to which our memories shape us.
At the other end of the spectrum is this person
I'm Kim Peek, model for the character played by Dustin Hoffman in the movie "Rain Man."
We spent one afternoon at the public library in Salt Lake City memorizing phone books together.
(Laughter) When I got home, I started digging through the literature on memory, written in Latin over 2,000 years ago in classical antiquity and later in the Middle Ages.
I learned a lot of interesting things
And one of the funniest things is that it used to be that training and training and enhancing memory wasn't as strange as it is now.
Once upon a time, people focused their energy on strengthening their memory, their mind.
Over the millennia, we've invented a variety of technologies, from writing to scrolls -- manuscripts, printing presses, photography, computers, and smartphones -- that externalize memory and outsource the fundamental human capacity of memory. is getting easier
While technology underpins modern society, it has also changed us.
We've changed culturally and perhaps cognitively.
I lost the need to remember and seem to have forgotten how to remember
Almost the last place on earth where you can meet people who are passionate about the idea of ​​training and enhancing your memory is this unique memory contest.
It's just not new, because it's open all over the world.
I was intrigued and wanted to know how they did it.
A few years ago, researchers at the University of London chose to study memory champions.
My research question is, are their brains structurally and anatomically different from normal brains?
The answer was "no"
Are you smarter than us?
Cognitive test results - not so much
But there were clear differences between the brains of memory champions and those of ordinary people.
We scanned the champions' brains with fMRI, and while they were being asked to memorize numbers, faces, and snowflakes, we found that compared to the average person, they were using different parts of their brains.
In particular, the parts they use seem to be involved in spatial memory and navigation.
I wonder why? What can we learn from this?
Competitive memory as a sport is like an arms race: every year more and more people come up with new ways to learn faster and we all try to catch up.
My friend Ben Pridmore is a three-time world champion.
I have 36 shuffled decks on my desk, and I'm trying to memorize them in an hour using a trick that Ben himself developed and that only he has mastered.
He used a similar technique to memorize the exact sequence of 4,140 random binary digits in 30 minutes.
it must be amazing
We see a variety of mnemonics in competition, but they all boil down to a concept that psychologists call sophisticated encoding.
The Baker/baker paradox exemplifies this concept beautifully. Let me show you.Two people remember the same word.You remember the name Baker.
is a person's name
Remember the scene where you are a baker
After a while, I ask them, "Do you remember what I said earlier?
"Do you remember what I said earlier? What was it?"
People who were told the name Baker had a harder time remembering the word than those who were told the occupation of baker.
The words are the same, but the amount of memory is different... it's strange
What's going on?
The name Baker actually doesn't mean much.
This name has absolutely no connection to any other memory in my head.
How about the baker in the bakery, everyone knows the bakery
wearing a funny shaped white hat
Flour in hand -
I smell good when I come home from work
You may have a baker in your acquaintance
The moment you hear this word, it connects to the associated cues, making it easier to retrieve the word again.
The techniques used in memory contests -- and the trick to better remembering them in everyday life -- is nothing short of knowing how to translate the name Baker into baker, taking information that has no context, no meaning, no content. It's about knowing how to translate the associations you have with things in your head into something meaningful.
A technique that made this even more complicated was in ancient Greece 2,500 years ago.
Known as the "Memory Palace"
There's a story about the birth of this trick, and the poet Simonides was at a feast.
He was a hired poet. Back then, if you wanted to throw the best party, you hired a poet, not a DJ.
Simonides leaves the room after reciting the poem, and at that moment the banquet hall collapses.
everyone in it dies
Not only that, it's so badly damaged that I don't know who it is.
I don't know who's inside and where they're sitting
I can't bury you properly
tragedy invites tragedy
Simonides, out in the open, is the only survivor of the tragedy. When he closes his eyes, he realizes that with his mind's eye he can see where each guest was seated.
He takes the victim's relatives by the hand and leads them through the rubble to their loved ones.
At this point, Simonides realized something that most of us probably intuitively know: we're not very good at remembering names and phone numbers and whole instructions from co-workers, but we're good at visual and spatial memory. is the
If I were to try and get you to remember and say the first ten words of Simonides' story just now, it would be pretty difficult.
But if you ask him who was riding the talking horse in the hallway, I'm sure he'll remember, I'm sure he'll remember.
The idea behind Memory Palace is this: imagine a large building in your head and place images of things you want to remember in it. become difficult
This knowledge goes back over 2,000 years to Latin texts on memory.
How does it work?
For example, let's say you're invited to the main stage at TED for a talk, and you try to speak from memory, the way Cicero would have used if he had been invited to TEDxRome 2,000 years ago.
First, you imagine yourself on the front porch of your home.
And then I think of a bizarre, silly, hard-to-forget image that reminds me that the beginning of the story was about a strange competition.
Then you walk into the house and ride Mr. Ed the horse of the Cookie Monster.
I see an image, and this image reminds me that I'm going to introduce you to Ed Cook next.
And the image of Britney Spears reminds me of an interesting episode.
Entering the kitchen, the fourth topic is about a year-long bizarre journey, which Dorothy and her friends will help you remember.
This is how the Roman orators memorized their speeches.
The word topic sentence comes from the Greek word "topos" which means "place".
It's a remnant of thinking about eloquence and rhetoric in terms of spatial terms.
"in the first place", which means "in the beginning", is the first place in the memory palace.
This technology was so fascinating that I got hooked.
I went to a few more memory contests, and that inspired me to write a little longer about the subculture of competitive memory.
just had a problem
Memory contests are incredibly boring events.
(Laughter) It seems like a lot of people are taking academic tests, and even in the most dramatic scenes, someone starts rubbing their temples.
I know there's something amazing going on in my head, but I can't see it.
So I thought, if I'm going to write this, I'll have to put myself in their shoes for a moment.
So I started memorizing every morning for 15 to 20 minutes before reading the newspaper.
Sometimes it was poetry, sometimes it was a list of yearbooks I bought at the flea market.
how amazingly funny this is
i didn't expect that at all
It's fun because it's not just a memory exercise.
This training is silly, obscene, and laughable, and if possible, it's meant to create an image that's hard to forget, and to develop the ability to think of it.
i was hooked
I'm wearing a training kit for a memory competition.
This is a pair of headphones -- and a pair of safety goggles with full coverage and only a small hole -- because distraction is the number one enemy of those of us who remember it as a sport.
I ended up coming back to that competition that I covered a year ago, for what I thought was an experiment in participatory journalism.
I thought it would be a nice epilogue to conclude the investigation so far.
Unfortunately, the experiment had unexpected results.
I won, it wasn't supposed to be
(Applause) Yes, it's useful to be able to remember speeches and phone numbers and shopping lists, but it's not a big deal.
this is just a trick
This trick works because it follows the basics of how the brain works.
You don't have to build a memory palace or memorize sets of cards to think a little bit about how the mind works.
People often say that having a good memory is a natural gift, but it's not.
memory is the product of learning
First of all, we remember by paying attention
Remember when you are immersed
We remember when we understand why a certain piece of information or experience is meaningful, why it's important, why it's vivid, and when we can translate it into something meaningful in relation to what's in our mind. In other words, it remembers when you can convert Mr. Baker into a baker.
Memory palaces and mnemonics are just shortcuts
no, not even a shortcut
Technique works because you put effort into it
Techniques require deep processing and concentration that you don't normally do.
But there are no shortcuts
This is how things are remembered.
What I want to share with you is what E.P., who had forgotten even his own amnesia, taught me -- the idea that our lives, our lives, are memories.
How much of your otherwise short life are you wasting by immersing yourself in your smartphone, by not paying attention to the person in front of you who is conversing with you, or by being too lazy to think deeply about it? How much are you wasting?
What I've learned from experience is that we all have an enormous amount of hidden memory, but if you want to live a memorable life.
You should become a person who never forgets the importance of remembering
thank you
(applause)
In the 1980s, when I gave my first TED talk, I did some of the world's first virtual reality demonstrations on the TED stage.
At the time, we knew that the future was in jeopardy, and that the technology we needed and loved could lead us to our doom.
We knew that if we thought of technology as a tool for gaining power, and if power became an end in itself, humanity would self-destruct.
That's what happens when you only pursue power.
The ideal of digital culture at the time was, first and foremost, to recognize this potential for darkness and then to find ways to transcend it with beauty and creativity.
I always ended my TED Talks with a slightly terrifying line, "We have a challenge.
Create a culture of beauty, significance, depth, endless creativity and limitless possibilities around technology to save us from a path of self-destruction.”
In other words, it talked about our extinction and the need to create a future that's fascinating and infinitely creative, as two sides of the same coin.
I still think it's a very real and correct idea that human extinction can be replaced by creativity, and that's probably the most certain truth.
When it comes to VR, I used to say, "It's going to happen like when humans discovered language."
Words have given us new adventures, new depths, new meanings, new ways of interacting, new ways of collaborating, new ways of imagining, new ways of raising children, but with VR, it's more like a conversation, but still awake and conscious. I imagined that something new would be born, like dreaming of
I called it "post-symbolic communication," because instead of using symbols to describe something indirectly, VR is more like a direct representation of an experience.
It was a beautiful vision, and I still believe in it, but what threatened that beautiful vision was the dark side it could fall into.
I'd like to tell you about a pioneering computer scientist named Norbert Weiner, who wrote a book called "Human Mechanics" in the 1950s, before I was born.
In it, he talked about the possibility of creating a computer system that could collect data from people and give them immediate feedback. It's statistically analyzed. One of his most prominent lines is, "As a thought experiment, you can imagine --" I paraphrase it, not a quote, "I can imagine a world-wide computer system, there. would allow everyone to wear a device at all times, a device that would give them feedback based on their behavior, and that all of humanity would be able to change their behavior to some degree.
And such a society would be insane, unable to survive or solve its social problems."
And it goes on to say, "But this is just a thought experiment, and such a future is technically unfeasible."
(Laughter) But of course, we created such a technology, and we have to undo it for the survival of humanity.
So, (Applause) I think humanity made a very specific mistake early on, and by understanding the mistake we made, we can correct it.
That mistake happened in the 1990s, right at the turn of the century, and here it is.
I think there was a leftist, socialist sense of mission in the early days of digital culture -- and in fact it still is today -- that other inventions, like the invention of the book, didn't have, everything on the internet. things should be freely available to the public and given away for free, because if even one person cannot access it for economic reasons, it creates gross inequalities.
Well, of course there are other ways to solve it.
If books are expensive, go to the library
and so on
But we were like, 'No no, this is something special
It should be a purely shared space."
the spirit is still alive
You can see it on Wikipedia and how many things work.
But at the same time, we believed in something else, with equal passion, that was completely at odds with this one: tech entrepreneurs.
We worshiped Steve Jobs, we loved the Nietzschean myth of tech nerds blowing holes in the world.
that's right?
Its mystical power continues to influence
Yes, there's a passion for these two different things: "everything for free" and "like a tech entrepreneur with supernatural powers."
If everything was free, what reward would entrepreneurship have?
At that time, advertising models were the only way to do that.
So Google was born with an advertising model as a free service, and so was Facebook.
In the beginning — it was cute, like the very early days of Google.
(Laughter) It's a very ordinary advertisement.
It was an advertisement for a local dentist.
But according to something called "Moore's Law," computers are getting more powerful and cheaper.
Algorithms will improve
Algorithms are getting more and more advanced by university researchers.
Customers and companies that used the system increased their experience and acquired wisdom.
And so what was just an internet ad evolved into something that can no longer be called
It evolved into a behavior modification device, and it happened exactly as Norbert Wiener feared.
We can no longer call this a "social network"
I call it the "behavior change empire"
(Applause) I don't want to blame any particular individual.
I have great friends in tech companies who sold their companies to Google, and that's part of their empire.
It's not like "the bad guys did bad things"
I think it's a tragic and amazingly silly mistake on a global scale.
Let me explain in more detail how this particular mistake works.
Behaviorism follows the idea of ​​giving small rewards, and sometimes punishments, to behavioral feedback to living things, whether they're rats, dogs, or people.
If it's an animal in a cage, I give them candy and electric shocks.
For people with smartphones, instead of those things, we give them symbolic punishments and rewards.
An early behaviorist, Pavlov proved a famous principle.
The mere ringing of the bell made the dog salivate in response to the symbolism.
In social networks, social rewards and punishments act as rewards and punishments.
That feeling you know
You get the thrill of, "Someone liked my post, and the likes are growing!"
Or the punishment: "Oh, I'm not popular, there are people who are more popular."
These two common emotions are given little by little, and you're stuck in a loop.
This is something that many of the founders of the system have publicly acknowledged, and everyone understands this.
But academic research on behaviorism has traditionally compared negative and positive stimuli.
But in this commercial environment, there's a new way of looking at two kinds of stimuli that haven't been on the radar for a while in academia. The negative stimulus, whatever it is, is that it's cheap.
Negative stimuli are affordable
So it's easier to lose trust than it is to build it.
It takes a long time to build love
It will be broken in no time
Customers of this behavior change empire are in a super-fast loop.
Like a high-frequency trader
By getting feedback from buyers, or from the behavior of users if they're not buying, companies understand what works and offer more.
So the more immediate feedback we receive, the more often we're responding to negative emotions, because they're emotions that arise more quickly, right?
So even if a well-intentioned company thinks they're just promoting toothpaste, they end up promoting the claims of negative people, negative minded people, moody people, paranoid people, cynics and nihilists.
Those people will grow with this system.
It's not as easy to pay these companies to suddenly make the world a better place or improve our democracies than to pay them to destroy these things.
So this is the dilemma we put ourselves into.
Another way is to go to great lengths to rewind time and redo your choices.
it means two things
First, many people who can afford it will pay for these services.
You pay for using search engines and social networks.
Payment methods include subscription fees and micropayments that pay only for usage.
Many other options are possible
If some of you are intimidated and say, "I can't imagine spending money on something like this.
Who will pay? If you think that
I want you to remember what happened recently.
At the same time that companies like Google and Facebook were formulating their business visions based on free services, many in the cyber culture community believed that in the future television and movies would work in a similar way to Wikipedia.
But Netflix, Amazon, HBO, etc. said, "Subscribe and we'll give you great shows."
And we succeeded!
We are currently living in this "Golden Age of Television" right?
That's why sometimes it's good to pay
Let's imagine a hypothetical golden age of social media. (Applause) Imagine a hypothetical golden age of social media.
what would it be like?
When you log in, you get very useful medical advice from trusted sources, not garbage.
When you look for factual information, there are no weird, paranoid conspiracy theories.
I can imagine this wonderful alternate world.
ah!
I dream it and believe it's possible
I'm sure it can be done
And I believe that companies like Google and Facebook would be more successful in that kind of world.
I don't think Silicon Valley should be punished.
we just have to reselect
Only two big tech companies actually rely on behavior change and espionage for their business plans.
Google and Facebook
(laughs) I like them.
It's true, the employees are great people
But let me tell you, Google, for example, can grow cost centers with these companies indefinitely, but it can't grow profit centers.
They're addicted and unable to diversify their business models.
Together with our users, we are obsessed with this business model.
You've fallen into the same trap as your users, you can't run a big company that way.
So this model ultimately benefits shareholders, and even other stakeholders in these companies.
A win-win solution
It's just that it will take time to solve the problem.
You have to look at a lot of details, but of course you can pull it off.
(Laughter) I don't think the human race will survive unless we correct this mistake.
We can't live in a society where when two people want to talk to each other, the only way to do so is through the financial backing of a third party who wants to manipulate them.
(Applause) (Applause stops) If the company doesn't change, I'll delete my account Okay?
(Laughter) (Applause) Let's just leave it at that.
thank you
(applause)
I want to talk briefly today about a lesson learned from the 404 page.
First of all, I want to show you what a 404 page actually looks like.
Here is the 404 page
It's a disappointing experience to have on the web
Defaults to a 404 page when a specific web page is requested and not found
It is a mechanism to return as a response
When you go through this, you inherently feel a sense of loss.
Please think back, everyone, when you run into this, you feel annoyed
because this is how it feels when a relationship breaks
But it's also interesting where did the 404 come from?
It's actually a family of errors, a collection of relationship-based errors, and when you start looking at them, it looks like a sex therapist's or a relationship counselor's checklist.
It gets worse the further down you go
(Laughter) That's right.
But this is true regardless of the size of the site
present everywhere
It's a global experience
A 404 page tells you that your request has been ignored
The people who are offended by this experience are those who are accustomed to, for example,
While you're using your Kinect to make the unicorns dance, or make a rainbow out of your phone,
You don't want the 404 page to appear, do you?
The moment this comes out, I feel like I've been punched in the cheek.
Here's an example of what a 404 looks like: I went to Starbucks and they ran out of skim milk to the man behind the counter.
When I said, "Skim milk, please."
He who came out is not wearing pants
"Wow, I didn't want to see that."
This is what a 404 feels like
(Laughter) It's a true story.
How is this relevant and why is it important? I lead a technology incubator with eight startups.
But one day, Atheletepath, a website focused on services for extreme athletes, found this video.
(Video) Man: Joey!
Audience: Wow!
Lenny Gresson: He's... well, it doesn't look like he's okay
I embedded this video on their 404 page, and it cleared everyone's minds.
Because we finally have a page that gives you a taste of what it feels like to actually encounter a 404.
(Laughter) (Applause) And this turned into a contest.
Inspiration Dailypath added inspiration to their 404 page
Stayhound, a social network that helps people find pet sitters, shows a sorry picture of their pet
You can see this
24 hours contest
At 4:04 the next day, I handed out a $404 bounty.
And what they've learned is that these little things actually matter, and that good design is what makes a brand.
Let's take a look at the outside world, and the fun thing is, 404s can actually be tweaked.
Just add a 404 after entering the URL and you'll see this
this is a page that pity you
This is the page that blames you
this is my favorite
This is an error page, but what if this page was also an opportunity?
It was a moment for these startups to stop and think and get excited about the possibilities.
Because what they learned from this lesson, going back to the issue of relationships that they started with, is that they realized that a small mistake can lead to a relationship that is more lovable than telling someone they aren't.
thank you
(applause)
(sound of mosquitoes flying) (snap) Got it!
I really hate mosquitoes
Don't you think so?
Doesn't it drive you crazy when you hear mosquitoes buzzing in your ear at night?
I'm going to stick a needle in your skin and suck the blood out of you.
Mosquitoes like that have their good points
When he sleeps next to his wife at night, he prefers to stab his wife.
It's strange to think
Why do you prefer your wife?
The answer lies in her body odor
We all have different body odors, and the chemicals on our bodies affect how mosquitoes like us.
Maybe my wife smells better, or maybe I just smell better.
Either way, they can sniff us out in the dark.
During my PhD, I studied which chemicals on our skin that malaria-carrying African mosquitoes use to sniff us out in the dark.
because they use so many substances
It was difficult to identify each
So we tried a number of experiments
Why did you spend your time on this?
That's because about half the world's population is at risk of contracting deadly epidemics like malaria simply through mosquito bites.
Somewhere on this planet, a child dies every 30 seconds from malaria.In my talk this morning, Paul Levy compared the number of victims of medical errors in the United States to the crash of the 727 jet.
Africa kills seven jumbo jets a day with malaria.
If you can use a mosquito's fragrant scent to catch a mosquito with a trap, you may be able to prevent the spread of an epidemic.
But identifying these odors is not easy, because there are hundreds of different skin chemicals, but we've done some amazing experiments to solve this difficult puzzle very quickly.
First, it turns out that different types of mosquitoes prefer different body parts, which is strange.
So we did an experiment like this, where we put naked subjects inside a large box and released mosquitoes into it to see which body parts they preferred.
We found that there was considerable variation between mosquitoes.
The image on the left shows the part of the body that was bitten by a malaria mosquito in the Netherlands.
The places to stab are concentrated on the face
By contrast, the African malaria mosquitoes on the right are concentrated in the knees and feet.
This is a plausible result, because it's a "Moskey toe."
(Applause)
So we decided to focus on foot odor.
It's the smell of human feet. I read in a book that I stumbled upon the phrase, "Even after you smell your feet, you still smell cheese, but not vice versa."
I came up with a great experiment based on this.
I tried to attract malaria mosquitoes from Africa with a piece of Limburger cheese, which smells a lot worse than a foot.
What happened? splendidly successful
It worked so well that the Limberburger cheese-scented mixture was already being used in Tanzania, where it was found to attract two to three times more mosquitoes than humans.
Limburger is a great cheese because it's a malaria deterrent.
(Applause) This is the example cheese.
The second experiment is also great.
We use dogs, which are man's best friends.
I'm here to show you how dogs can help fight malaria.
One of the best ways to get rid of mosquitoes is to deal with them before they reach adulthood and fly around, biting people and transmitting disease.
That is to kill them while they are larvae in water.
Why? they are like the CIA
thrive in the water
Stuck and does not move
can't get out of the water or fly
It means that we can easily approach
You can go to the pool of water and clear it out.
And here we are faced with the following problem: because of the ubiquitous presence of water infested with mosquito larvae, it is very difficult to actually locate and eliminate the larvae's habitat. It is
Last year, after thinking deeply about how to solve this problem,
I realized that just like we have a unique smell, so do mosquito larvae.
So we collected the scents of the larvae, attached them to a piece of cloth, and did an interesting experiment.
Prepare a stick with four holes like this, and put a piece of cloth with the smell of larvae in the left hole.
it's quick
And to Tweed the border collie
It seems that I already know when I let you examine the hole
I checked another burrow again and came back to the burrow where I smelled it. Malaria can be prevented
Famous dog trainer Ellen Vander Zweep
I have a more advanced idea
Humans with malaria parasites smell a little different than humans without them, so they think we can train dogs to sniff out humans with malaria parasites.
So when the malaria epidemic subsides, we can use dogs to find people with parasites, and we can use dogs to find people with parasites and give them antimalarial drugs to finish them off.
Man's best friend fights malaria
The third experiment is more interesting.
This is the first time we publish
That's right
It's a bit of an odd experiment, but I think it's the most effective way to deal with mosquitoes.
People who took part in the experiment said they enjoyed being bitten by mosquitoes.
How did you come to enjoy being bitten by a mosquito?
the answer is in my pocket
One moment, please…
it's just a pill
Taking this internally
it will work miracles
Thank you (gulp)
Let me show you how it works.
Inside this box are hundreds of hungry female mosquitoes.
I will release this in this venue from now on (laughs)
just kidding
I'm going to put my arm in here and let the mosquitoes bite me.
put your arm
it's ok i'm doing well
ok i'm ready
And here's a video of what happens when I take this pill and put it in my arm an hour later.
let's see
Stick your arm in and let the mosquitoes suck a lot of blood and then shake them off and watch them stop moving.
And three hours later, there's a dead mosquito on the bottom of the box.
completely dead that's amazing
My position was reversed.
Instead of being killed by mosquitoes, we kill them.
(Applause) Now... (Laughter) Ladies and gentlemen, are you ready?
What can this tablet do?
You can prevent mosquito-borne disease outbreaks
And more people taking this pill in just three weeks
We may be able to completely eradicate malaria.
Cheese, dogs and pills can keep mosquitoes away
It goes beyond the common sense of such science
It would be great if we could create a better world, and if this kid could grow up in a world without malaria. Thank you. (Applause)
The first title I came up with for this talk was "Beethoven is the old Bill Gates."
Do you understand what I mean?
I don't understand OK let's think about it
I'm an educator, so let me talk about this, so you can understand.
My second thought was that I wanted to tell you about the history of music distribution, from the early days of banging stones all the way to rock music.
The good news about this is that for the first 10,000 years-
It didn't take long -- if you wanted to enjoy music, you literally had to pick up a stone and then pick up an instrument and actually play it.
this went on for a very long time
Gradually, a class of musicians emerged in the West, people who were very good at playing stones.
Until the 18th century, it was still basically this shape.
There are specialists and professionals, and they mostly play very expensive instruments, like organs, complex instruments. If you want to hear music in the 18th century, it's live.
i have to go to the concert
I had to go to a church or a civic event to hear someone live.
So music has always been about human interaction.
No headphones, no iPhone, no record player.
If you wanted to listen to music, you had to leave the house.
There was basically no music in my house.
From the beginning until the 18th century, this situation continued, and that was the first time...
it's time to collapse
Two disruptive changes happened simultaneously.
The advent of the piano Right?
The piano was a new technology that began in the 18th century and has since become cheap and mass-produced.
Now anyone can own a moderately priced instrument, and you can have it in your home.
This led to a kind of collapse, which would not have happened without a second collapse that happened at the same time: the discovery of a cheap way to print sheet music.
Think back to Gutenberg and other printing techniques.
For music it's a little more complicated
It took a little more time to come up with a cheap way to distribute printed sheet music.
During the American Revolutionary War, London had 12 musical instrument stores.
30 stores in 1800
By 1820 there were 150 stores
Like this, this kind of thing was happening before the Internet, because think about it, what if all of a sudden this happened? "If you want to listen to music, you have to go to Bach or Mozart."
In Mozart's time, this was indeed the case.
Instead of buying and downloading Mozart CDs,
Even sheet music is hard to find or expensive, so I can't buy it.
You had to go to Germany to hear Mozart and Bach.
But not with Beethoven
Beethoven realized that a new market had opened up.
Beethoven was an entrepreneur, just like Bill Gates.
He was an entrepreneur who said, "I don't really have to go to London.
All you have to do is sell sheet music
Print it out and sell it in bulk, I'll be famous everywhere and everybody will play my tunes."
It changed everyone's musical experience.
It changed diversity, it changed the world pyramid, it changed everything.
This gave rise to a new class of musicians, composers and performers, a division of labor.
If you want Bach at your wedding, who will come?
It's Bach
(Laughter) That's how he made his living, right?
He has no way of expanding his business.
But Beethoven could
it happened again
After 100 years, you can see a pattern.
Around the turn of the century, it was an interesting time for music distribution.A hundred years later, we had records, gramophones, player pianos.
You could buy Rachmaninoff's sheet music, but if you wanted to hear Rachmaninoff, you had to actually go to a concert hall.
I don't have to do it anymore
You can buy a Rachmaninov record, or you can buy a player piano, or you can buy a roll of paper that fits in some other recording medium.
Then came radio
Let's think about this, let's say you're Doc Ross with a band in Texas, and you're a successful big band in Texas.
And then suddenly a new object called "radio" appears.
Anyone can listen to Count Basie, Duke Ellington, Benny Goodman
this competition sucks
All of a sudden, the competition has gone global, and the whole thing repeats itself, just like it did a hundred years later with the iPod, the Internet and digital files with GarageBand.
let's talk about these two
In the beginning, they were both entrepreneurs.
Second, they were both software designers.
So was Beethoven.
What he wrote was software that ran on that hardware.
(Laughter) It's a kind of hardware.
If you have my sheet music, you can use it to play
Is it perfect if there is sheet music?
no it's just paper
It's just like a floppy that's not very useful on its own.
I think you can use it for coasters
But sheet music alone doesn't help much.
Both Beethoven and Bill Gates are software designers.
What's interesting is that they also came from a time when hardware was changing very quickly.
If you're of a certain age, you might remember Windows in the '90s...somehow, think back to your joy and love for Bill Gates. I became
imagine
When Beethoven started composing, he used a five-octave instrument like the image above.
The piano in the image below is bigger, it has more pedals, it's louder, it's got more ways to play.
When Beethoven started composing, he didn't have a piano to play like this.
I couldn't actually do this.
(chord) I couldn't do this.
In 1803, a French piano maker -- think how clever this is -- if you were a piano maker, who would you want to use your piano?
I am a composer
When artists use the technology, the rest of us are forced to adopt it.
It's the same thing when manufacturers send Bill Gates the fastest and newest computers, knowing that he'll fill up the memory in no time.
(Laughter) In 1803, Erard delivered Beethoven a new piano.
it has a lot of keyboards
I was able to do something like
Beethoven's first job was to write a piece that could play those chords.
So if you're using a German or Viennese piano, or an English piano, you can't play that chord.
What do you do?
you go to the music store
I'm going home with Beethoven's latest piano sonata.
What happens when you start playing a new Beethoven piano piece?
Not enough keyboards!
It sticks out
Beethoven created with the audience what Bill Gates had with the user.
He was a software maker and had to deal with hardware as well.
The funny thing here is that Beethoven was actually smarter than Bill Gates.
By the time Beethoven got his new Erard piano, he was writing his third piano concerto, and he had a concert, using all the keys for the extra.
But what will he do for that concert?
You have to take a piano with you, because there was only one piano in Vienna that could play all the notes.
He plays a concerto on that piano.It's wonderful.
But he realizes, "Wait, not everyone has the latest."
Beethoven published a number of piano sonatas, didn't he? He waited.
He waited because - what was Beethoven's intention?
It's very different from what you know about him.
Beethoven was a very astute entrepreneur.
The music he wrote for the public wasn't meant to be played by him, it was a piano sonata that could fit on the keyboard of a piano like the one he bought last year in his house in southern Italy.
What impact have these changes had on music technology?
How did composers and people react?
So far there have been three disruptive changes, and in fact they all worked together.
The first was about printing and the piano.
The first phenomenon caused by this is the redefinition of what is produced there.
What's produced is sheet music, a booklet that you can take home.
In the 20th century, it became a record, which is also something you can take home.
Digital files in the 21st century
The nature of what is produced changes.
The second is the division of labor.
If you wanted to hear Bach, you had to go and listen, there was no other way.
The 19th century saw the emergence of single-minded people, musicians and composers.
As we saw earlier, listeners can now also arrange the music.
It also changes expectations for quality
Once you've heard Count Basie or Benny Goodman, you may not feel so comfortable playing a local band anymore.
Now it's like, "I want to go hear Benny Goodman."
The market is now global
I can hear things I've never touched before
Every time something like this happens, human interaction becomes less and less.
In Beethoven's time, you could play his music at home.
In Mozart's day, you couldn't play his music at home.
If it's Beethoven, buy the sheet music and go home Close the door and play the piano
there is only you
Now you can do the same with headphones.
Each of these disruptions changed the amount of interpersonal interaction.
Each time is a new and personalized experience.
Play Beethoven the way you want it
You can raise or lower the tempo
We can now personalize the experience.
Consumers have more choice and the market is expanding
The number of titles sold in music stores is increasing.
But there are fewer options, too, because sometimes you don't know what you want in the global pyramid.
I have too many choices and I don't know how to choose
That's where marketing comes in. "What's trending that month?"
It's not on the list, but there's one more thing I should mention: it's pirated.
One of Haydn's and Chopin's biggest annoyances was that people would write fake Chopin pieces and use his name.
I wonder if Chopin would have been comforted by hearing this. "Actually, 20% of the people who bought a counterfeit Chopin are likely to buy the real Chopin as well."
what do you think
(Laughter) Chopin was also a savvy entrepreneur, but what did he do?
He published his songs in Italy, France, then Germany and England on the same day, because there was no international copyright, so he had to publish everything on the same day.
And he arranged it country by country.
So the intention was that when Chopin is played in different countries, it will be arranged differently, so that you can track who is plagiarizing.
This is something even Sony couldn't think of.
The problem is…
It was this new technology that gave people more choices, and it had an impact all over the world, but it also led to an increase in piracy.
And technology puts a sorting filter on people when they buy things.
People interact, but it's not always direct interaction.
The next time someone says, "There has never been anything like the Internet."
Well, yes, but there were changes in music technology that rivaled the Internet before that.
And these disruptive change models are the same as we see in other businesses.
it changes the nature of the product
If you're in the book publishing industry, you can say you're in that industry because you do books.
You can also sell novels in ways other than books.
You can be in the music business without being in the record industry.
Because until now, the only way to sell music was through the technology of records.
Even if the newspaper industry dies
journalism will not die
Finally school
School is the next big field. Think about what schools can offer.
Once upon a time, schooling, like buying gasoline or food, required having supply points scattered all over the place.
But now, with the Internet, we can use new distribution methods.
So schools have to think about what they're selling.
But face-to-face interactions won't go away.
It's meaningful, like us here, because we're trying to get to know each other here at TED. Thank you.
(applause)
I'm going to talk about optimism, or more precisely, optimism bias.
It's a kind of cognitive illusion that we've been studying in our lab for the last few years, and 80 percent of people have this bias.
We tend to overestimate the probability of favorable events and underestimate the probability of unfavorable events.
For example, we underestimate the odds of getting cancer, or the odds of being in a car accident.
Conversely, they overestimate their chances of longevity and career success.
I mean, we're more optimistic than realistic, but we don't realize this.
Let's take marriage for example.
In the West, the divorce rate is about 40%.
So, out of every five couples, two will end up splitting their property.
But when we ask newlyweds what their chances of getting divorced are, they estimate it's 0%.
Even divorce lawyers, who should know the truth, greatly underestimate the odds that they'll end up divorced.
Divorce rates aren't particularly low among optimists, but remarriage rates are high.
In the words of Samuel Johnson, "remarriage is the triumph of hope over experience."
(Laughter) You're more likely to have children if you're married.
And everyone thinks their child is particularly talented.
This is my two year old nephew Guy
To avoid misunderstandings, I want to make it clear that he's an exception to the optimism bias because he's exceptionally gifted.
(Laughter) And I'm not alone.
Three out of four Britons say their family's future is bright
75%
But only 30% said that the average family is richer than it was a few generations ago.
This is an important point. We are optimistic about ourselves, we are optimistic about our children, we are optimistic about our families, but we are not optimistic about the person sitting next to us, other citizens, other countries. I'm rather pessimistic about the future.
Yet my optimism about my own future remains strong and unwavering.
And it's not that we think magic can bring us good results, but that we have the ability to produce those results ourselves.
I'm a scientist, so let's do an experiment
Let me run an experiment with you to illustrate what I'm saying.
I'm going to list some abilities and characteristics, and I'd like you all to think about how well each ability compares to the population as a whole.
First is sociability.
Raise your hand if you think you're in the bottom 25% of sociability.
Well, maybe 10 out of 1,500.
Who do you think is in the top 25%?
almost everyone
Think about your driving skills in the same way.
how funny you are
How attractive are you?
How honest are you?
Finally, how humble are you?
Most of us would rate ourselves above average on these abilities.
It's not statistically possible
It's impossible for everyone to be better than everyone else.
(Laughter) But if you believe that you're superior to the person next to you, you're more likely to succeed in your career or marriage, because you're more social and interesting than other people.
This is a worldwide phenomenon
This optimism bias is widely documented in many different countries, both in Western and non-Western cultures, in both men and women, from children to the elderly.
so universal
Is this good for us?
Some say "no"
Some people say the secret to happiness is to have low expectations.
Their logic goes like this: If you don't expect much, if you don't expect to get love and health and success, you won't be disappointed when you don't get it.
The idea is that you can be happy if you don't get discouraged when good things don't happen, and if you are surprised and rejoiced when good things happen.
It sounds like a pretty good theory, but it turns out to be wrong for three reasons.
First, regardless of the outcome, success or failure, people with higher expectations are always happier.
Because how you feel when your boyfriend dumps you or when you win an award at work depends on how you interpret the event.
Psychologists Margaret Marshall and John Brown compared students with high expectations to those with low expectations.
When students with high expectations succeed, they attribute their success to their own talent.
“I got an A because I am a genius, and I will continue to get A’s.”
If you fail, it's not because you're stupid, it's because the exam just happened to be unfair.
I think the next grade will be better
Students with low expectations do the opposite.
If you fail, it's because you're stupid, and if you succeed, it's just because the exam just happened to be too easy.
Next time I think reality is waiting
I feel relatively unhappy either way.
Second, I feel happy just looking forward to something, whether it's good or bad.
Behavioral economist George Loewenstein asked his college students if they could have a passionate kiss with one of their favorite celebrities.
How much would you pay to kiss that celebrity? What if I kiss you right now? 3 hours later 24 hours later 3 days later 1 year later or 10 years later?
Students said they would pay the most for the kiss three days later, not for the immediate kiss.
I was willing to pay more for the wait.
First of all, they weren't going to wait a year or 10 years, because they don't like old celebrities.
But 3 days seemed like the optimal waiting time.
Why?
If you kiss me now, that's all
However, if you kiss after 3 days, you can experience the anticipation of being teased for 3 days and the thrill of waiting.
The students wanted time to imagine where they would be kissed and how they would be kissed.
I feel hopeful and happy
It's the same reason you all prefer Fridays to Sundays.
It's a really interesting fact, because Friday is the day to work and Sunday is the day to play.
It's not that I love being in the office, or that I hate walking in the park, or that I hate lazy brunch.
Because when I asked people what their favorite day of the week was, and predictably, Saturday was the most popular, followed by Friday, then Sunday.
You love Friday because it's the anticipation of the upcoming weekend and the things you're planning to do.
If it's a Sunday, then all you can expect after that is a week of work.
Optimists are people who expect more kisses and more walks in the park.
And that anticipation increases happiness.
In fact, without the optimism bias, all of us would be somewhat depressed.
Mildly depressed people don't bias their future.
They're more realistic than healthy humans.
But people who are severely depressed have a pessimism bias.
they predict the future to be worse than it actually is
Optimism changes subjective reality
Expectations for the future change the way you see the world
But it changes even objective reality.
it works as a self-fulfilling prophecy
And this is the third reason why low expectations don't lead to happiness.
Controlled experiments show that optimism is not only associated with success, it leads to success.
Optimism leads to success in academics, sports and politics.
And the most surprising benefit of optimism is health.
Believing the future is bright reduces stress and anxiety.
In conclusion, optimism has many benefits.
But it made me wonder, how can you maintain your optimism in the face of reality?
As a neuroscientist, this was particularly puzzling, because the conventional wisdom is that when expectations fall short, you should change your expectations.
but actually it's not
We asked subjects to come into the lab and try to find out what was going on.
In the experiment, we asked people to estimate the odds of different terrible things happening in their lives.
For example, what is the probability of getting cancer?
Then I gave them the average odds of suffering each type of misfortune.
For example, the average chance of getting cancer is 30%.
And then I asked the same question again, "What are your chances of getting cancer?"
What I wanted to know was whether the subjects would change their minds based on the information given to them.
It certainly changed, but it was noticeable when the information given was better than expected.
For example, let's say a subject said, "I'm going to have roughly a 50 percent chance of getting cancer."
30%," and the next time he asks the same question, he says, "I have a 35% chance of getting cancer."
I learned quickly and efficiently.
But another subject first said, "I have a 10 percent chance of getting cancer," and we said, "Unfortunately.
The actual average probability is about 30%." When you say it the second time, you say, "Yeah, I think the probability is about 11%."
(Laughter) It's not that I didn't learn anything, just a little bit more than when I was given good information.
It's not that I didn't remember the numbers I was given. Everyone remembered that the average chance of getting cancer was about 30 percent, as well as the 40 percent chance of divorce.
But I didn't realize that these numbers were related to me.
This means that such warnings are of limited effectiveness.
Sure, smoking will kill you, but usually someone else dies.
What I wanted to know was this: What was going on in my brain that made me unable to apply these warnings to myself?
Similarly, when I hear that the housing market is going up, I think, "Yeah, my house will definitely double in value."
To answer this question, we asked the participants in the experiment to enter a brain scanner.
This is the device
Using a technique called fMRI, we were able to identify several regions in the brain that respond to positive information.
One of them is a region called the left inferior frontal gyrus.
A subject said, "My chance of getting cancer is 50%," and we said, "Good news.
The average probability is 30%," and the left inferior frontal gyrus reacts violently.
And it didn't matter if the subjects were highly optimistic, moderately optimistic, or moderately pessimistic, their left inferior frontal gyrus was functioning normally, whether it was Barack Obama or Woody Allen.
On the other side of the brain, the right inferior frontal gyrus was responding to bad news.
I didn't do a very good job
The more optimism you have, the less likely this area will react to unexpected negative information.
And if your brain isn't as good at picking up bad information about the future, you're always wearing rose-tinted glasses.
Is it possible to change this situation?
Could we change the optimism bias by interfering with these brain regions?
there are ways to interfere
This is my collaborator Ryota Kanai.
It sends tiny magnetic pulses through the subject's skull into the inferior frontal gyrus region.
By doing this, it interferes with the activity of that brain region for about 30 minutes.
After that everything will be back to normal, I assure you
(Laughter) Let's see what happens.
First, let me show you the degree of bias that is observed on average.
If you were to look at the brains of people in the audience, this is how much they would learn good information compared to bad information.
And then when you interfere with the areas that take in negative information, the optimism bias becomes even greater.
Increased bias in subjects processing information
Then, when we intervened in the domain of good information intake, the optimism bias disappeared.
I was blown away by these results, because they succeeded in removing a deep-rooted bias in the human brain.
At this point, I stopped experimenting and thought, is it a good thing to shred optimistic illusions to pieces?
Should we get rid of the optimism bias if we can?
I've already touched on the various benefits of the optimism bias, and I'm sure you're all desperate to protect it.
But of course there are pitfalls, and it would be foolish to ignore them.
For example, take a look at this email from a firefighter in California.
"A common response we hear in firefighter fatality investigations is, 'I didn't think the flames would move like that,' even though we had all the information to take safe action."
This fire captain is trying to explain what he's learned about optimism bias to firefighters, to explain why their thinking is the way it is, and to bring home the human optimism bias.
Unrealistic optimism leads to high-risk behaviors, behaviors that lead to financial ruin, flawed planning, and so on.
For example, the British government recognizes that people tend to underestimate the cost and duration of projects due to an optimism bias.
So we adjusted the budget for the 2012 Olympics to account for the optimism bias.
A friend of mine who's getting married in a few weeks made similar adjustments to her wedding budget.
By the way, I asked him what the odds of divorce were, and he said absolutely zero chance.
What we really want to do is protect ourselves from the dangers of optimism, but we also want to remain optimistic and reap the many benefits of optimism.
I believe there is a way to do this
knowledge is important
We aren't born knowing about our own biases.
should be clarified by scientific research
The good news is that understanding the optimism bias doesn't break the illusion.
Just like optical illusions, understanding it doesn't make the illusion go away.
And that's a good thing, because by creating policies and rules, you can strike the right balance, so you can protect yourself from unrealistic optimism, and at the same time keep your hopes up.
This cartoon expresses what I want to say very well.
If you're a pessimistic penguin on a cliff and you believe you can't fly, you'll never fly.
Because to make any progress, you have to be able to imagine a different reality, and you have to believe that that reality is possible.
But if you're an extremely optimistic penguin, you'll be in big trouble when you blindly jump off in hopes of a good outcome and hit the ground.
If you're an optimistic penguin and you think you can really fly, but you've got a parachute on your back just in case things don't go as planned, you can fly like a hawk, even if you're just a penguin.
thank you
(applause)
We all know that mathematics is a very powerful language.
It brings a lot of insight in physics, as well as in biology and economics, but not so much when it comes to humanities and history.
I think there's an assumption that it's impossible to quantify human behavior.
but this view is wrong
Let me show you some examples
My colleague Erez and I reasoned that two kings separated by centuries speak very different languages.
This is a powerful force by history.
The vocabulary and grammar used by the King of England, Alfred the Great, was quite different from that of the king of hip-hop, Jay-Z.
(Laughter) This is reality.
Words change over time
we dug into this fact
So I focused on the past tense in grammar.
In English, we add "ed" to the verb to indicate the past.
Walking today is "walked" Yesterday was "walked"
But there are also irregular verbs
The past tense of think is thought.
What's interesting is that Jay-Z's verbs are more regular than they were in Alfred the Great's time.
For example, this verb "wed" has become a regular verb.
We've traced the fate of more than 100 English irregular verbs over the course of 12 centuries, and what emerges is a very simple mathematical pattern of complex historical change: some verbs more than others. It's the law that if it's used 100 times more often, it turns into a regular verb ten times faster.
It's a historical fact, but from a mathematical point of view.
Mathematics can sometimes explain the forces at work in history.
Steven Pinker and I thought about the scale of warfare in the last two centuries.
There's a well-known law: the number of wars that are 100 times more damaging is 1/10.
There were 30 wars as big as the Six Day War, but only four wars as big as World War I, a hundred times as big.
What historical mechanism is at work?
What causes this phenomenon?
We use mathematical analysis to propose that there is actually a very simple phenomenon at the root, which is in the human brain.
There's a well-known trait that humans perceive as relative: the intensity of light, the loudness of sound, and so on.
For example, sending 10,000 soldiers into battle feels like a lot.
It would be great if we had already dispatched 1,000 people before that.
But if you've already put in 100,000 people, 10,000 doesn't feel like a lot, it's relatively small, and it doesn't make much of a difference.
And that's because of how we think about human numbers. As a war goes on, the number of soldiers deployed and the number of casualties don't grow linearly, like 10,000, 11,000, 12,000... to 10,000, 20,000, then 40,000, and so on, exponentially
This phenomenon can explain the pattern
In this way, mathematics has been able to link well-known features of the brain with long-term historical patterns, spanning centuries and continents.
Such discoveries are rare today, but they will become more common in the next decade.
Because the record of history is being digitized at an amazing rate.
About 130 million books have been written from time immemorial to the present.
Companies like Google digitize a lot of books -- more than 20 million in fact.
When historical truth is available electronically, mathematical analysis becomes very easy and fast, allowing us to examine historical and cultural trends.
Over the next decade, the sciences and humanities departments will come closer together to answer deep questions about humanity.
And I think mathematics can be a powerful tool for that.
We will be able to identify and explain new trends in history, and perhaps even predict the future.
thank you
(applause)
Imagine for a moment that your eyelashes grow inwards instead of outwards, so that each time you blink, they rub against the surface of your eyeball, damaging your cornea and slowly and painfully leading to blindness.
That's a symptom of a disease called trachoma.
The boy in this image, Pamelo from Zambia, has trachoma.
If nothing is done, he will go blind.
Trachoma is a strange disease.
It's a bacterial infection that can be transmitted from person to person or by flies.
Repeated infections damage the eyelids, causing them to atrophy and varus.
Women are particularly affected, because they have more contact with children.
So in places like Ethiopia, I often see girls with these tweezers hanging around their necks and plucking their eyelashes with them.
But of course, that's only a temporary fix, and it only makes the disease worse.
About 2 million people worldwide have lost all or part of their sight due to trachoma.
And we believe that 200 million people around the world are at risk of losing their sight.
This is a very old disease.
The picture you're looking at is a mural from an ancient tomb in North Sudan.
A colleague and I visited a remote village and asked an elderly man to guide us to a small burial mound.
The mural had two eyes.
One of them is crying, and as you can see, there's tweezers right next to it.
Simon said, "How can this be trachoma?"
So I sent this picture to the British Museum, and they confirmed it was a trachoma.
Thousands of years ago, the ancient Nubians painted trachoma on the walls of their tombs.
Tragically, the disease is still prevalent in the region today.
Amazingly, we know how to stop the disease.
On top of that, the trachoma community is trying to unite their strengths into one.
We are collaborating instead of competing
From my experience in the NGO field, I can tell you that this is not always the case.
We founded the Alliance to Eliminate Trachoma from the World (ICTC).
And we devised a strategy to combat trachoma.
It's called the "SAFE Strategy," and it's certified by the WHO.
“S” stands for “Surgery”
It's a simple procedure of putting the eyelids back in place.
We teach nurses how to do this, and we use local anesthetics.
As you can see, it can also be treated in the garden if necessary.
"A" is for "antibiotics"
It's donated by the pharmaceutical company Pfizer, which also pays for shipping the drug to domestic ports.
From the port, medicines are transported to villages, where hundreds of thousands of local volunteers deliver medicines to people.
We'll train the volunteers and help the chapters with complex transportation needs.
And every volunteer has a pole like this.
This is called a "dose pole"
Originally from Cameroon
As you can see, they're separated by different colors, so you can tell how many pills to give, depending on the patient's height.
"F" is for "face washing"
England and America once had trachoma.
In fact, President Carter said that when he was young, trachoma was a serious problem in Georgia.
The famous Moorfields Eye Hospital in England was originally a trachoma hospital.
We teach these kids the importance of washing their face.
Finally, "E" stands for "environment." We help local people build outdoor toilets, and we teach them to keep animals out of their habitats to curb the spread of flies.
This is how we know how to tackle trachoma.
The next thing we need to know is where it happened
We know this because a few years ago, Sitesaver ran an amazing program, the Global Trachoma Mapping Project.
It took us three years, but we went to 29 countries and had local health workers go from one block to the next, and they examined the eyelids of more than 2.5 million people.
I used an android phone to download the data.
From there, we were able to create a map of where trachoma is endemic.
This is a rough map of which countries have a trachoma problem.
You will ask, "Will this strategy really work?"
yes it works
This map shows our progress to date.
In green are countries that have already gone through the WHO confirmation process or are in the process of being trachoma-free.
Yellow is the country that has the money and resources to eradicate trachoma.
Some countries are really close to eradication.
red are countries that don't have enough money
If we don't raise more money, we won't be able to eradicate trachoma.
We are concerned that current progress will not stop.
When we tried to talk to the people in charge of the Audacious project, we asked ourselves, what could we achieve in the next four or five years if we really worked hard and had the money?
We believe we can eradicate trachoma in 12 African countries, in the Americas, and in all the countries of the Pacific Ocean.
And big progress can be made in Ethiopia and Nigeria, two countries with the highest trachoma burden.
By doing so, we can take advantage of more than $2 billion worth of donated drugs.
(Applause) Now, this map shows the projected change from this project. See how many countries will turn green.
As you can see, progress is also being made in Ethiopia and Nigeria.
yes there are still red countries
They're mostly conflict countries, like Yemen, South Sudan, where it's hard to work.
Well, we have a team, we have a strategy map.
In addition, we have links with governments around the world, which allows us to link our program with other disease control programs to work effectively.
Wouldn't it be great if we could do that?
we can beat trachoma
We are nearing the final stage of eradicating trachoma from the world.
Before I end this talk, I would like to share with you the words of Sir John Wilson, the founder of Sitesaver.
he lost his sight when he was 12
He said, "We're not going blind one million people at a time.
One by one, they go blind."
While we celebrate the eradication of trachoma from our country, we must not forget that trachoma is a disease that destroys the lives of individuals.
someone like twiba
I met Twaiba in Tanzania last year.
She's had trachoma for as long as she can remember.
I had surgery a few months before I met you.
No exaggeration, it completely changed her life.
We regained lost sight and relieved pain.
she fell asleep
Now I can work and see my friends
She said, "I got my life back."
I couldn't help but be moved by the story
There are many people like Twaiba.
I want to find all of them, and I don't want anyone to suffer and go blind anymore.
There are many unsolvable problems in the world
But trachoma is different.
Trachoma can be resolved
These children will be able to grow up without fear of trachoma.
For these children, for people like Twaiba, let's end trachoma.
don't you think you can?
yes if we really want it
it is possible
thank you
(applause)
We have a big problem called global warming.
You and many others have seen floods, droughts, tornadoes and fires.
I don't want you to get your hopes up when I walk off stage today.
I want you to have confidence, real confidence, that in our lifetimes we will find a solution to this problem.
Imagine the world at that time
This is the first time we publish this
you are the first people to hear this
we launch a rocket
put a satellite on the rocket
The satellite collects data on pollution that is exacerbating global warming.
We'll pass that data on to people who can implement simple solutions to change the course of global warming in our lifetimes.
That's too much information.
I'm Fred, and I've been an environmentalist since I was a kid, ever since I saw fish and frogs in my neighborhood pond die from chemical spills.
I was annoyed by the fact that
Then a professor inspired me to think about environmentalism in a different light.
It's about how we can come up with the best solutions to meet people's aspirations for prosperity, for example, to be safe, to be healthy, to thrive in the world.
Joined EDF (Environmental Defense Fund) to create such a solution
I've been working for moments like this where I can feel the tailwind instead of fighting the headwind.
And it's all thanks to the power of information, the power of information that technology has created, prices are falling, and accuracy is increasing.
There's something about climate change that we didn't know just a decade ago.
We focused so much on carbon dioxide that we missed another important gas.
is methane
Methane pollution is responsible for a quarter of the current global warming.
The direct impact is far greater than that of carbon dioxide.
84 times in 20 years
The main culprit of methane pollution is the oil and gas industry.
But methane is invisible, so it's not immediately obvious.
Let's take a look at a natural gas storage facility outside of Los Angeles.
Can you see the methane?
i can't see
how about this
We used a far-infrared camera to film from the same position, revealing the worst methane spill in US history.
It's a completely different situation
In fact, natural gas is replacing coal, which emits far more carbon dioxide.
Methane is the main component of natural gas
And as it is produced, processed, and transported to homes and businesses across America, it leaks out of oil wells and pipes and other equipment.
And it reaches the skies and contributes to the disaster that we are witnessing right now.
this is to prevent
But nobody paid attention until we started doing a national fact-finding survey.
We also used drones, planes, helicopters, Google Street View cars.
What we found was methane pollution that far exceeded what the government was reporting.
What's more, we've found that finding the location of a gas leak is almost always easy and cheap to fix, and it eliminates wasted gas.
Finally, it turns out that people who receive information like this take action.
Major companies replaced valves and tightened loose pipes.
Colorado was the first state in the country to regulate methane pollution, California followed suit, and the public joined in.
Tweets called #cutmethane (#methane reduction) also became popular.
now everyone is paying attention
We're moving because we can't wait for countries to move, especially now.
On the contrary, along with the achievements so far, we must aim for further heights and apply them to the sky.
America is responsible for about 10% of methane pollution.
We have to spread our work around the world to find out what's left.
Remember the rocket story?
It's launching a compact satellite called Methane SAT that will do what no one has done before: accurately measure methane pollution from oil and gas facilities around the world.
Thanks to data streams from satellites, we can map the pollution for everyone to see.
Now all that's left is to turn data into action, as we've done in America.
We've seen that many of the companies that we've been given data for reduce pollution.
Citizens have the power to act, and governments tighten regulation.
And because all of our data is free and open to the public, it's transparent, so anyone can see where and how much progress we've made.
And our goal is to reduce methane pollution by 45 percent by 2025.
(Applause) In the short term, it's the equivalent of shutting down 1,300 coal-fired power plants.
one-third of the world's coal-fired power plants
There is no other way to achieve such short-term impact at such low cost.
It's really amazing that a single satellite can help stop global warming.
This is our chance to make a difference in our lifetime, and we can act now.
Thanks to the generous support of The Audacious Project, we're well on our way to launch.
My time is running out, but I promised you a future vision of a definitive solution.
Can you see it?
Can you see the best science and data and technology being used in this satellite?
Can you see the new era of innovation that is accelerating progress?
we hold the key
We set an ambitious goal of three years to launch. When the satellite is ready, let's throw a launch party.
It's literally a launch party
Imagine blue skies, lots of people, television cameras, children staring up at the sky to see what will change their future.
what a wonderful day
what a great opportunity
can't wait
thank you
(applause)
Today I want to talk to you about confidence in your creativity.
Let's start with an old story from when I was a third grader in Barberton, Ohio.
I still remember the time when my best friend Brian started working on it.
I was trying to make a horse out of the clay my teacher had under the sink.
And a girl at the same table looked in and said, "What is that? You don't look like a horse at all."
Brian dropped his shoulder
And he rolled up the clay horse and threw it back into the clay pot.
After that, Brian never dabbled in such creations again.
I wonder how often this happens
When I talk about Brian, many of the students come in after class and say they've had a similar experience, either being discouraged by their teacher or being cruelly treated by other students.
And that's why so many people give up on themselves as having no creative talent.
That's what happened to me when I was a kid, and it's stuck in my mind, and I'll continue to think that way when I grow up.
I see things like that
Sometimes, when you're doing a workshop or working with a client, you're in a situation that's kind of vague and out of the ordinary.
And then some high-ranking person there whips out his phone, says he has something really important to do, and he's about to leave the room.
I was so uncomfortable
When I chase him down and ask him what's wrong, he says something like, "I'm not the creative type."
I know it's not, if you follow the right path and stick to it.
build something amazing
You're going to surprise yourself with how innovative you and your team are.
I've seen this fear of judgment that everyone has for a long time. It's the fear of being judged that stops us from doing anything. —
My big breakthrough came when I met psychologist Albert Bandura.
I don't know if you know Bandura, but Wikipedia says he's the fourth most important psychologist in history: Freud, Skinner, someone and Bandura. (Laughter)
Bandura is 86 years old, and he's still doing research at Stanford.
you are a very nice person
I went to see him because he's been doing research for years on phobias, which I'm very interested in.
He had developed a method that could cure a person's phobia in a very short period of time.In just four hours, he could cure a phobia with a very high probability.
I talked about snakes. I don't know why I talked about snakes.
It was a lot of fun and interesting
He calls a subject and he says, "There's a snake in the next room, let's go there." He says, "There's a snake in the next room, let's go there." no i won't go
Most people would say, "No way, I'm not going. If there are snakes, definitely."
But Bandura's step-by-step method boasts a high success rate.
First, look into the room with the snake through the magic mirror
get used to it
And then, through a number of steps, you stand in front of an open door and have them look inside.
Once you get used to it
After a few more small steps, he enters the room, puts on leather gloves like those worn by a welder, and lets him touch the snake.
If you touch a snake, all is well
fear is overcome
People who have been afraid of snakes all this time say things like, "How beautiful is this snake?"
I put it on my lap
Bandura calls this process "guided learning."
My favorite phrase is "guided learning."
Then there are other effects
Through this process, people who touch snakes become less anxious about other things.
You'll work harder and more persistently, and you'll be less discouraged in the face of failure.
I gained new confidence
Bandura calls this self-efficacy, the feeling that you can change the world around you and that you can achieve what you set out to do.
I was cathartic when I met Bandura, because this eminent psychologist had documented and scientifically documented what I had been seeing for 30 years, people who feared they weren't creative. But by taking gradual steps and accumulating small successes, you become familiar with what you were afraid of, and you transform yourself in surprising ways.
This change is eye-opening.
That's what I see all the time at d.school
In many fields, there are people who think of themselves as mostly analytical people.
When they go through this process, they build confidence and see themselves differently.
And I'm totally obsessed with thinking that I'm a creative person.
I wanted to talk to you today about what that journey is like.
Just like Doug Dietz did.
Doug is a technical person
I'm designing a large medical imaging device.
A man of great achievements working at GE.
But at one point I faced a crisis.
I saw my MRI machine in use in a hospital, and a little girl
I was scared and crying
He was shocked to learn that 80 percent of pediatric patients have to be sedated when they have an MRI.
For a man who was proud of his work, it was a great disappointment.
I thought my machine was saving people's lives.
It broke my heart to see the terror it was inflicting on children.
At that time he was taking classes at the d.school in Stanford.
I was learning about processes like design thinking, empathy, iterative prototyping.
Doug did great things with his new knowledge Doug did great things with his new knowledge
It completely changed the whole experience of getting a scan.
this is what he made
I turned it into an adventure for children.
We drew pictures all over the device and the walls of the room, and we had the operators, the children's museum staff, people who knew children very well.
when the children come
talk about ship noise and vibration
And he says, "Well, we're all going to board a pirate ship, but stay still so the pirates don't find you."
The results were dramatic: 80% of children needed sedation, down to 10%.
And hospitals and GE are very happy, because they don't have to call the anesthesiologist again and again, and they can see far more children a day.
It's a big achievement quantitatively.
But what Doug was more concerned with was the quality aspect.
I was waiting with my mother for the little girl to come out of the scan.
When the girl came out, she ran up to her mother and said, "Mommy, can we come over tomorrow?"
(Laughter) So many times I've heard Doug talk about this personal transformation and the revolutionary design that came out of it, and this little girl story always brings him to tears.
The hospital came out because of Doug's story.
I know a little bit about hospitals.
A few years ago I felt a lump on the side of my neck.
I am scheduled to have an MRI
It was a tumor, and it was also malignant.
I was told the survival rate was 40%.
I was waiting in my pajamas with other patients, all skinny and pale, and I thought a lot as I waited for my turn to be given gamma radiation.
It's usually a question of, "Will I survive?"
Then I wondered what would happen to my daughter when I was gone.
Then I thought
What have I left behind on earth?
what is my mission? what am i supposed to do
luckily i had a lot of options
IDEO also does things for medical, health, school education, developing countries.
So there were a lot of projects I could work on.
But at this point, I decided to focus on what I love most: helping as many people as possible regain their confidence in their creativity.
I thought that if I could survive, I would do something like that.
By the way, I survived.
(Laughter) (Applause) When people regain this confidence, which we see all the time at d.school and IDEO, they start working on what's really important in their lives.
Stop doing what you were doing and start in a new direction.
Because the more interesting ideas you come up with, the better ideas you can choose from.
and make better decisions
At TED, everyone is trying to change the world, and they have something to change the world.
If I have it, it's to help make this change happen.
I invite all of you, thought leaders, to join us in this effort.
I want people to stop thinking that some people are naturally creative and others aren't, and realize that we all have an innate creative genius, so that they can let their ideas fly, Bandura's self-efficacy. Everyone should have the feeling that you can do what you set your mind to, be confident in your creativity, and touch the snake.
thank you
(applause)
I study ants because I like to see how tissues work.
I like to see how the behavior of wholes arises from the interaction of simple parts.
So the ant colony is a good example of such an organization, and the Internet is an example of that.
There are also many biological systems, like brain cells, developing fertilized eggs.
There are about 10,000 species of ants
Every ant lives in an ant colony with one or more queens, and all the ants you see outside are females that don't lay eggs.
Common to all ant colonies is the lack of central control
there is no director
Only the queen ant lays eggs, there is no manager.
The ant that oversees the ant's behavior is the ant
I'm trying to figure out how it works
For the past 20 years, I've been studying seed-eating ant populations in southeastern Arizona.
This is my research site, and it's a picture of an ant, and it just so happens to be a rabbit.
These ants are called harvester ants because they eat seeds.
This is a grown colony's nest and nest entrance
Ants go up to 20 meters to forage for food, collect seeds, bring them back to their nests, and store them.
I go here every year to map the research sites.
It's just a road, about 250 meters long and 400 meters wide.
Each colony is given an identification number and written on a stone.Each year, dead colonies are examined and new nests are added to the map.
This will give you an idea of ​​how old the colony is.
As a result, we can study changes in their behavior as the colony grows.
Describe the life cycle of a colony
The focus is not on individual ants, but on the colony that works as an organization.
They breed by sending winged breeding ants out on mating flights each year.
It's a mystery how it happens, but every year on the same day, every colony sends out a winged virgin queen and a male ant, who all fly off to the same spot to mate.
This is a recent winged virgin queen ant
A queen is mating with a male, and another male is waiting on top of the two.
Queen ants usually mate more than once
After mating, all male ants die.
(Laughter) After mating, the queen flies off to another location, sheds its wings, digs a hole, goes inside, and starts laying eggs.
The queen ant continues to lay eggs using the sperm stored during mating and lives for about 15 to 20 years.
queen ant goes underground
When the eggs are laid and they become larvae, the queen ant stores-
spit out fat to grow larvae
And as soon as the first ant population develops, it goes through larvae, pupae, and then into adult ants.
The ants rise to the ground, get food, dig their nests, and the queen never rises again.
This is Colony 536, one year old.
A pencil is placed in the size comparison of the entrance of the nest
This is a colony that just came out last summer.
This is a third year colony
A pencil is placed in the size comparison of the entrance of the nest
The piles of garbage that ants make are mostly food seed skins
This is a five-year-old colony, and I've put a pencil in the nest entrance size comparison.
The largest nest is about 1m in diameter.
This graph shows how the number of workers, a measure of colony size, varies with the age of the colony, which is about 10,000 workers.
You start out with just the queen, and you start off with zero workers, and by the end of the five years, you'll have about 10,000 to 12,000 workers.
After that, the ant population doesn't change until the queen dies when she's 15 or 20 years old and no more ants are born.
Once the ant population stabilizes to this point, the ants start breeding.
It sends the winged queen and male ants on their mating flight for the year.
The reason I know the correlation between colony age and size is that I dug up colonies that were definitely old and counted all the ants, which is interesting, but not the most fun part of the study.
(Laughter) What I want to know is this ant's job assignment.
How does movement change, not how colonies are organized?
How do colonies adjust the number of workers on each job as conditions change?
Many things are possible
If summer rains flood the desert
The nest suffers a lot of damage and needs extra ants to clean up.
When there's plenty of food available, more ants will be deployed to collect the food, as is often the case at picnics.
Without supervision, how would a colony coordinate the number of ants on each job?
This is the process I call work distribution.
We categorized the work of ants seen outside the nest into four types.
Scout ants with magnifying glasses are an interesting group of ants that start moving early in the morning before the activity of food ants.
Somehow, the scout ants decide which direction the food ants are going, and by returning safely from that direction, they tell the food ants that it's safe to go out.
Maintenance ants work inside a nest that looks just like Bill Richman's house.
Because there is a chamber inside, and if you cover the walls of the chamber with damp soil, it dries like sun-dried bricks.
Similar to the Hopi cave dwellings found in the area.
Maintenance ants do that inside their nests and use their mandibles to bring dry soil to the ground.
The maintenance ants that come out with sand put down the sand, turn around, and come back.
Finally, the litter ants attach a certain territorial substance to the litter.
Garbage ants create piles of garbage
I create a mountain of garbage in a different place depending on the day.
that's the garbage ant's job
These four groups are ants that work outside the nest.
Only 25% of all ants are the oldest.
Every ant came out from near the queen ant.
When dug up, the nests are as deep as the width of the colony, with larger, older nests up to a meter deep.
After 8 hours of smashing rocks with a pickaxe, you'll find a queen ant in a small room at the back of a long passageway.
I don't think the chambers got this shape because we dug them up with shovels and pickaxes, and the colonies have to be deep because of the occasional flooding.
That's why there are so many small rooms.
The queen ant is just laying eggs somewhere
Larvae consume most of the food
And what most ants have in common is that ants you see outside don't eat much.
Gather food and feed the larvae
When food ants bring food, they throw it into the upper chamber, and other ants come from below, take the food, carry it, peel the seeds, and pile them up.
Maintenance ants work all over the nest
It's funny, at any given time, about half of the ants in the colony look like they're doing nothing.
The Bible says, "Lazy man, go to Ali."
In my 20 years of research, I haven't seen it, but in a pinch, all the ants might come out.
But most of the time I'm just hanging around
What intrigues me is how the colonies are organized that might play a role in the do-nothing reserve ants?
The ants that do nothing are in a position of mediator between the ants working deep inside the nest and the ants working outside.
If you mark the ants that work outside and dig a colony, you'll never see them deep inside the nest.
This is because ants work in the nest when they are young.
Before I knew it, I joined this alternate group
Finally it becomes an ant working outside
Once you start working outside, you will not return to the ground
Most ants can't see well
They have eyes that can distinguish between light and dark, and they rely mostly on their sense of smell.
So if you think the queen is in charge, that's not the case. Even if the queen had the intelligence to send chemical messages to all the ants, and those messages would work at the right time to assign jobs to the ants. Since it is absolutely impossible to deliver changes in
It turns out that the Queen is not directing the colony's movements.
When I started studying work distribution, the first question was, "What is the relationship between ants doing different jobs?"
Does it matter to food ants what maintenance ants are doing?
Does it matter to garbage ants what scout ants are doing?
All my life, I've been doing my own thing, working from the perspective of knowing my place on the assembly line, but working independently of other ants.
Instead, I decided to ask about dependencies between different groups.
I changed one condition and tried an experiment.
For example, early in the morning, when the maintenance ants are most active, I tried stacking toothpicks near the entrance of the nest to increase the maintenance ants' work.
After about 20 minutes it will look like this
After about 40 minutes it looked like this
The maintenance ants carry the toothpick to the edge of the nest and leave it there.
So the next question that came to my mind was, if more maintenance ants were called in, would it affect the ants doing other jobs?
I did the experiment again with the marked ants
Maintenance ants marked in blue
Recently, I've been using three colors more elaborately than before.
Individuals can be identified by marking one by one.
At first, I used a plastic model pen, but then I found a nice pen made in Japan.
The result is that the different jobs are related to each other,
If you change the number of ants doing one job, you change the number of ants doing another job.
For example, if I make a mess and give the maintenance ants more work, I don't see any food ants.
This was common to all jobs
The second result that surprised many was that ants switched roles.
Ants don't do the same job all their lives
For example, if you put extra food on the table, the garbage ants will stop collecting garbage and go to the food supply and become food ants.
Maintenance ants become food ants
Scout ants become food ants
Not all role conversions are possible
Like I said before, if you have food, scout ants, garbage ants, maintenance ants will turn into food ants.
By creating obstacles, maintenance ants can be replaced by scout ants if they need more scouting than usual.
But even if you pile up toothpicks and do more maintenance work, none of them will go back to maintenance ants, and you have to recruit maintenance ants from within the nest.
Starting with the ants in the nest, finding food is the goal.
Finally, it seems that ants decide whether they are active or not on a case-by-case basis.
For example, even if maintenance work increases, food ants do not switch jobs.
can't get out of the nest
The most interesting result was the division of labor.
This process changes with the age of the colony
When we run experiments with older colonies that are five to 10 years old, we find that the consistency is stronger and more consistent.
By contrast, a new, small, second-year colony of 2,000 animals is much more mutable.
Surprisingly, ants have a lifespan of only one year.
It's been 1 year since I was born
The calm-looking ants in the older colonies aren't necessarily older than the ants in the newer colonies.
it's not about seniority
Instead, something about the organization must change as the colony ages.
What is clearly changing is the size of the colony.
Since we got these results, and given that no ant can see the whole picture, we've spent some time trying to figure out simple, local, perhaps olfactory, chemical, observable decision rules for ants: who does what job. process that can be predicted
and it changes as the colony ages
What I discovered is that ants use a network of antennae.
If you've ever watched an ant, you know
Ants use their antennae to smell
When an ant touches an ant, it's smelling it, so you can tell if it's a member of the same nest.
What we're learning now is that ants use patterns of antenna contact to determine what they do based on how often they meet with other job ants.
It's not a message from ant to ant, it's a pattern.
the pattern itself is the message
I'll explain later
How do ants know their role, say if they're a food ant?
You should meet other food ants frequently
Instead, if you meet a lot of maintenance ants, they probably won't go foraging.
So you have to tell the difference between food ants and maintenance ants.
And I'm sure it's the same for other species, but we found that the hydrocarbons on the body of this species of ant -- the oily layer -- varied depending on the task.
In our experiments, we found that the longer the ants were outside, the simpler hydrocarbons on their bodies changed, so their bodies smelled differently, depending on what they were doing.
We can use different odors to the hydrocarbons in the cuticle for different jobs, and we're using odors to figure out how often we're meeting ants for a particular job during short-term antenna contact.
We recently demonstrated this by applying a hydrocarbon extract to a small glass ball and gently dropping it at the entrance of the hive in the proper proportions.
It turns out that the ants reacted to the hydrocarbon-laden glass beads as if they were in contact with real ants.
I'm going to show you a little video, but the first thing you see is the entrance to the nest.
Ants are in and out of the nest
I left to do another job, and the rate at which an ant sees another ant when it enters or exits influences decisions about whether or not to leave and which job to do.
The inside of the nest was photographed using a fiber optic microscope.
First, you can see an ant making contact with a fiber optic microscope.
Every ant in the nest senses the passing ants and makes contact with other ants.
It's this pattern of interaction that determines whether the ants will go back outside and what kind of work they will do outside.
This is also seen in ants just outside the nest like this.
Every ant returns to the nest and is in contact with other ants.
The ants waiting just inside the entrance of the nest make contact with the incoming ants and decide whether to leave.
The interesting part about this system is the mess.
variable and chaotic in two respects in particular
First, each ant's experience is not very predictable.
Because ants go out to work, and the rate at which they come back depends on what's going on with them.
Second, no ant is capable of advanced computation, so the ant's ability to evaluate this pattern must be sloppy.
So we do a lot of simulation, modeling and experimentation to see if those two kinds of information can produce predictable colony behavior.
It's not that these accidental contact patterns create an accurate and efficient clockwork factory.
In fact, when you start observing ants, you end up helping them because it doesn't seem like they're doing what they're supposed to do.
So the perfect state is not born out of chance contact.
but it works fine
Ants are creatures that have lived for millions of years.
They live everywhere except Antarctica.
Their fortuitous pattern of contact allows the ants as a whole to thrive -- something that's possible.
We're studying how natural selection influences how these interaction patterns are used and how networks are shaped, making colonies more efficient in foraging.
And remember, this interaction pattern seems to be closely related to colony size.
The simplest idea is that ants use the same rules regardless of colony size, even if you predict, say, "meet a food ant every three seconds."
In a small colony, you don't see many food ants because there aren't many food ants.
With this kind of rule, different behaviors are produced as the colony grows.
thank you
(applause)
This is a sketch of the brain from a thousand years ago
In the diagram representing the visual system
There are some things that are familiar these days.
The eyeball is located at the tip of the optic nerve that extends from the back.
I have a big nose, but it's not connected to anything in particular.
If you compare this diagram with a more recent diagram of the visual system, you can see that over the millennia things have gotten much more complex.
Because it's become possible to see inside the brain.
I want to know how a PC works, but all I can see is the keyboard, mouse, and screen
this won't help
I wish I could open the lid and see the wiring
Until about 100 years ago, the lid was opened and the brain
It was impossible to see the wiring
If you take the brain out of the skull, cut it into slices, and look at it under a powerful microscope, you can't see anything.
gray chaos
You can't know anything without structure
But at the end of the 19th century, things changed.
Chemical stains for brain cells were developed, allowing us to see the wiring of the brain.
I opened the lid of my PC
Golgi dyes ushered in the dawn of modern neuroscience.
The principle is
Stain only 1% instead of all cells in tissue
Then the forest disappears, revealing trees from within.
by distinguishing it from the whole
I can see what's there
Ramon y Cajal, the neuroanatomist who is celebrated as the father of modern neuroscience, used Golgi staining to obtain data like this, which helped us to understand nerve cells and neurons.
If you compare the brain to a computer, this is the transistor.
Cajal quickly realized that neurons don't function on their own, they connect with other matter to form something like circuits in a computer.
Now, one hundred years later, neurons are visualized using luminescence rather than staining.
there are multiple methods
The most commonly used is green fluorescent protein (GFP)
This substance called GFP can actually be harvested from luminous jellyfish, and it's extremely convenient.
If you take the GFP gene and inject it into a cell, that cell will glow green, and there are many different types of GFP that can make cells color-coded and glow.
Let's go back to the brain, which was taken from a genetically engineered mouse called "Brainbow."
It's called that because neurons look like rainbows.
Neuroscientists sometimes have to identify the molecular components of neurons rather than whole cells.
There are multiple approaches, but the most commonly used one uses antibodies.
Antibodies, as we all know, are loyal servants of the immune system.
We've also found something else useful: it can recognize certain molecules, such as the unique proteins of viruses that invade the body.
Researchers use this to recognize specific molecules in the brain, recognizing specific substructures of cells and identifying them individually.
All the pictures you're showing here are beautiful and at the same time very powerful.
have explanatory power
For example, here's an antibody staining of the serotonin transmitter in the brain of a mouse.
Serotonin is used to explain depression and anxiety.
SSRIs are medicines for these diseases
In order to know how serotonin works, we have to identify the source of its secretion.
These antibody stains help us understand this question.
The last thing I want to say is that GFP and antibodies are both completely natural substances.
Nature evolved these things to make jellyfish glow green and to detect the unique proteins of invading viruses.
It wasn't until much later that a scientist came along and said, "Hey, this works."
Instead of creating these tools with our poor human minds, it was nature, the great engineer, who steadily provided the solutions over millions of years.
thank you
(applause)
Twelve years ago, I was writing my name on the street to say, "I exist."
And then I took pictures of people and put them up on the street to say, "They exist."
On the outskirts of Paris, on the Israeli and Palestinian walls -- on the roofs of Kenya -- in the shanty towns of Rio -- just paper and glue -- it's easy.
Last year, I asked a question: Can art change the world?
But - there are many competitors this year to change the world. The Arab Spring is on the rise - the Eurozone is collapsing... What else?
The Occupy movement has started to speak its language, but I still end up speaking English all the time.
Anyway, there have been many changes.
So last year, at TED wish, I announced that I would change the concept.
you all take pictures
send me a photo
I will print it out and send it back
You put your photos in the right places to express your point of view.
This is Inside Out
We printed 100,000 posters this year.
Here's a poster, please take a look
I'm sending more and more every day
this size
A little ink on plain paper and that's it
this is from haiti
Last year, when I announced my wish, a lot of people said they wanted to help.
But it's done under conditions that I've kept myself: no credits, no logos, no sponsors.
A week later, a handful of people came together to empower people on earth to change the world.
I want to talk to you today about these people.
Two weeks after my speech, hundreds of portraits were created in Tunisia.
And they put a picture of themselves on the portrait of the dictator.
how is it! please look
Slim traveled around the country with his friends, posting pictures all over the country to show the diversity of their country.
They're making Inside Out their own
In fact, this picture is pasted up in a police station, and on the floor is a photo ID card of a person being pursued by the police.
Russia — Chad Wanted to Counter Domestic Homophobia
My friends and I went to Russian embassies all over Europe, and we put up pictures, and they said, "We have rights, too."
They made Inside Out a stepping stone for protests
Pakistan Karachi ―
Shameen is actually at the venue.
She organized a TEDx movement in Karachi, where she put the faces of people she wouldn't normally pay attention to on the walls of her city.
I take this opportunity today to thank her.
STANDING ROCK RESERVATION, NORTH DAKOTA — ON TURTLE ISLAND America, Digitovias of the Dakota-Lakota tribe claims Native Americans are still here.
A seventh generation is fighting for their rights.
He put up portraits all over the reservation.
he came today
Every time I come to New York, I find a wall and use his photo to promote the project.
Juárez - that must sound familiar. It's one of the most dangerous borders in the world.
Monica took thousands of portraits with a group of photographers, covering the border.
You know what you need, right?
It's about creating people and energy and forming a team.
that's amazing
At that time, in Iran, Abrollo -- his nickname, of course -- posted the face of a woman to express his resistance to the government.
It goes without saying how much risk he took.
I have a lot of projects at school.
20% of the posters we handle are from schools.
education is very important
A child takes a picture of the class and the teacher receives the poster and puts it up in the school building.
We also have the help of firefighters here.
I wish more schools would take on projects like this.
We thought of going to Israel and Palestine again.
This time we went by truck This is the photobooth truck
Ride in the back and you can take a picture Pick it up in 30 seconds Ready to go
Thousands of people used it - signed a bilateral solution and took to the streets.
450,000 March - Beginning of September
I'm posting the photo as a statement
Here we put pictures on the streets and buildings
everywhere
Don't tell me you're not ready for peace
Projects generate thousands of actions in a year, tens of thousands of people participate, and millions of views.
It's the largest ongoing participatory art project in the world.
So let's go back to the question we started with: Can art change the world?
One year is probably not possible. It's just the beginning.
maybe you just need to change the question
Can art change lives?
As far as I've seen this year the answer is yes
And this is just the first step
Let's turn the world upside down together
thank you
(applause)
Let me start with a story that will get you a little excited.
In 2010 alone, 42 million people were displaced by natural disasters.
But 2010 wasn't a special year. On average, 31.5 million people are displaced by natural disasters each year.
When people hear statistics and data like this, they think of Haiti or other exotic countries or poor neighborhoods, but it actually happens here in the United States every year.
In the last year alone, 99 disasters have been reported to the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), including wildfires in Joplin, Missouri, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, and central Texas, just recently.
So what are the world's great powers doing with their displaced people?
Governments are pushing people into cots, putting all their belongings in plastic trash bags, shoving them under their beds, and making them live on the floors of sports facilities and gymnasiums.
And that creates a huge disparity in housing. It's really frustrating, but researchers say that after a major disaster, it takes a year and a half to recover to some degree, and then we start to see real signs of recovery. But a little-known fact is that it takes an average of 45 to 60 days or more for the infamous FEMA trailer to show up in a disaster area.
Until then people will be left behind
Filling these gaps made me hot
This project became my creative obsession.
When I got off work, I didn't touch any of my freelance work, and I just focused on this problem.
started with a sketch
I started two days after Hurricane Katrina passed through, and I kept thinking and sketching, and slowly the ideas began to take shape, and I started sketching on my computer. bottom
I started doing various experiments and building models, got advice from experts in this field, and spent five years working hard, giving up my nights and weekends, to create something better.
As a result of this dedication, I built a full-scale model in my garden -- (Laughter) -- from tools to patent filings -- I paid for everything out of my savings, and the result was temporary housing that could handle any event or disaster. We have a modular structure
It doesn't require any complex assembly or tools, so it can be used in any environment, whether it's an asphalt parking lot or a meadow.
The foundation and core of this structure is a single escape module called an EXO housing unit.
It's very light, you can lift it, you can carry it, and it can actually sleep four people.
They can be lined up in a variety of ways, like campsites, urban grids, or even in circles like wild-earth wagons. makes me want to go out
This configuration will fundamentally change disaster preparedness, because this configuration will fundamentally change disaster preparedness, because you can say goodbye to the uncomfortable environment of crammed cots in sports facilities and gymnasiums.
And when you go outside, you have an impromptu neighbor.
The EXO units have a simplistic design and basically stack them like coffee cups.Transportation and storage can be very efficient.Transportation and storage can be very efficient.
There are actually 15 EXO units on a trailer truck.
That means it can be transported and installed faster than any conventional temporary housing.
But my obsession didn't stop there, I modified it so that when the bed was pulled out, desks and shelves could be attached, so the same EXO unit could be applied to offices and warehouses.
The doors are interchangeable, so that when the weather changes, you can replace them with rigid panels with windows, or you can replace them with connection modules to connect multiple units together, creating a large, subdivided living space, the same made of the same parts. The unit can actually become a living room, or it can be used as a bedroom, a bathroom, an office, a warehouse, etc.
Sounds like a good idea, but how can I implement it?
The first idea was to go to the government, to the state governments, and say, "Hey, what do you think of this, it's free."
I was immediately turned down, saying, "That's not going to work for the government." "This kind of thing must be a private company"
So when I brought this idea to a private company, I thought it might be mutually beneficial, but I was immediately turned down again, because some companies, no matter how passionate the project, didn't fit their corporate brand, and they ended up in the slums of Haiti. seemed to find their brand unfavorable
(Laughter) So I decided, let's see, I'll do it myself. And after writing down my sleeping schedule on my calendar, I took advantage of the 8-hour time difference to hold a conference call with materials/manufacturers and prospective business partners.
In the course of our exchanges, I met a very good small manufacturing company in Virginia, and this is the president of it. Industries was great
They made me three prototypes by hand.
Thanks to that, we were able to create a prototype that could sleep four people in a much safer and more comfortable way than in a tent.
Sent from Texas
Now strangely
Someone who agreed with our project showed up and gave us the hangar for free, and the Georgetown Airport Authority did everything they could to support us.
Now we have a hangar where we can work, and a prototype that we can demonstrate.
In the past year, we've signed a manufacturing contract, we've got one patent, and we've got another one pending, and we've talked to a lot of people, and we've been talking to FEMA and people -- we've been doing demos, and they've been very well received. It was called the United Nations or something.
In addition, various stakeholders rushed in, and even talks about using it in mining areas, mobile youth hostels, the World Cup, and the Olympics were raised.
And finally, the project that I spoke to you about today, I hope that the project will change the reality of people receiving distressing phone calls after a disaster and saying they can't offer anything or help.
Hopefully that will change soon because we want this to happen.
Thank you. (Applause)
I recently went to Beloit, Wisconsin.
I went there to honor Roy Chapman Andrews, the great adventurer of the 20th century.
While at the American Museum of Natural History, Andrews led various expeditions in uncharted regions such as the Gobi Desert.
he is a decent person
It is said that he later became a model for Indiana Jones.
When I was in Beloit, I gave a public lecture to junior high school students.
Let me just say that if there's anything more daunting than speaking at TED, it's keeping 1000 12-year-olds engaged for 45 minutes.
Not recommended.
At the end of the lecture, they asked me a lot of questions, but one of them stuck in my mind.
A girl stood up and asked me this question. "Where should we explore?"
I think most of us realize that the Golden Age of Earth Exploration is over, and that the next generation will have to go to space or the deep ocean to make discoveries worth exploring.
But is it true?
Is there no place left on earth worth exploring?
This event reminded me of one of my favorite explorers in the history of biology.
I am Martinus Beierinck, an explorer of the invisible world.
Bayerinck set out to determine the cause of tobacco mosaic disease.
He extracted juice from infected tobacco leaves and filtered it over and over again.
And I came to a conclusion. There must be something smaller than the smallest known organism at the time -- bacteria. substances smaller than bacteria
He thought of a suitable name for this mysterious object.
I called it a virus -- Latin for "poison."
And in unraveling the virus, he opened up a whole new world for us.
As we know today, viruses make up the vast majority of the genetic code on Earth, more than all of the other organisms' genetic code combined.
And, of course, there have been a great many practical applications related to this area -- the eradication of smallpox and the birth of vaccines for cervical cancer, many of which are known to be caused by the human papillomavirus. Etc.
Bayerinck's discovery is nothing like it was 500 years ago.
Viruses were discovered a little over 100 years ago.
So we had cars, but we didn't know about the organisms that make up most of the genetic information on Earth.
We now have wonderful equipment to investigate the unknown world. -- Large-scale sequencing, for example, looks at the surface of a particular species, and goes beyond looking at individual genomes to look at the overall metagenome, the thriving community of microbes that lives in, on, and around us. You can observe and record all these genetic information.
These techniques can be applied from soil to skin and everything in between.
What our group is doing now on a regular basis is trying to find the cause, the uncertain source, of an outbreak.
As for how to do this, assuming that we collect samples from each of you with a nasal swab,
This is a common technique used to detect respiratory viruses such as influenza.
The first thing you see is a tremendous amount of genetic information.
When you start digging into this genetic code, you'll see a lot of the usual stuff -- lots of human genetic code, as well as bacterial and viral genetic code, most of which are completely harmless in the nasal cavity.
But we also see something very surprising.
When we look up this genetic code, about 20 percent of the genetic code in the nasal cavity doesn't match anything we've ever seen -- not in plants, animals, fungi, viruses or bacteria.
I mean, I have absolutely no idea what this is.
And then some people in our group working on this kind of data began to call this genetic information. with biological dark matter.
It's something you've never seen before. It's like an unknown continent that's in our human genetic code.
And there are many.
If you think that 20% of the genetic information in your nasal passages is biological dark matter, which is a significant percentage, then if you look at your internal organs, 40 to 50% of the genetic information is biological dark matter.
Even in relatively sterile blood, 1-2% of the genetic information is dark matter. -- Unclassifiable and does not match anything found.
At first, I thought the equipment was inaccurate.
Large-scale sequencing was relatively new.
However, as the instruments became more and more accurate, we came to the conclusion that this information was some kind of organism, or at least some of it.
And although the hypothesis to explain the existence of biological dark matter is still in its infancy, the possibility of its existence is very exciting. What is buried in this organism, in this genetic information, is proof that an unknown organism still exists.
By examining the sequences of adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine, we may be able to elucidate this completely new species. Like Bayerinck, it will fundamentally change our perception of the nature of biology.
It may allow us to identify the cause of cancers that afflict us, identify unknown sources of infection, or develop new tools in molecular biology.
I have good news. Together with colleagues at Stanford University, Caltech, University of California, and San Francisco, we set out to study the existence of a new life form, biological dark matter.
A hundred and several decades ago, humans did not know about viruses, the organisms that make up most of the genetic information on Earth.
People 100 years from now might be surprised at how little they knew about the new species in their noses.
Surely all the continents of the earth have already been mapped and all mammals may have been discovered. Still, that doesn't mean there aren't more areas to explore on Earth.
The Beyerlings have taught a new generation of explorers an important lesson -- to people like the girl they met in Beloit.
This lesson would go something like this. Don't assume that what we perceive now is everything.
Pursue dark matter in the areas you choose to explore.
The unknown is all around us, waiting to be discovered.
thank you very much.
(applause)
i want to talk about religion
But it's a very sensitive and broad topic, and I can't talk about it all, so I'm going to narrow it down.
I can't talk about everything, so I'm going to narrow it down to just the relationship between religion and sex.
(Laughter) No, I'm serious.
The most wonderful thing I can remember
I'll tell you the story of when a young couple whisper to each other "Let's have a baby" I'll tell you the story of when a young couple whisper to each other "Let's have a baby"
What I'm going to talk about is the effect of religion on the number of babies per woman.
It's important because there's a certain limit to the number of people that can live on the planet, and there's a certain limit to the number of people that can live on the planet.
The world's population continues to grow in this way The world's population continues to grow in this way From 3 billion in 1960 to 7 billion last year Religions that forbid birth control There are some people who say that this increase will not stop because there are religions that forbid birth control.
Are they correct?
When I was born, there were less than 1 billion children in the world, and in 2000, it was closer to 2 billion.
What happened? How do the experts predict the number of children we will have in the future What do the experts predict the number of children we will have in the future
This is a question What do you think will happen?
Do you think it will go down to 1 billion?
Do you think it will stay at 2 billion until the end of the century?
Will the number of children under the age of 15 increase year by year? Or do you think it will continue to grow at the same rate - up to 4 billion?
I'll tell you the answer at the end of this speech.
So how does religion relate to this?
Categorizing the world by religion is a harder task than it sounds.
If you go to Wikipedia, the first thing that comes up is this map.
The world is divided between Abrahamic religions and Eastern religions, but that's too broad.
I looked it up on Wikipedia and found this map
But on this map, Christianity, Islam, and Buddhism are further subdivided -- that's too much detail.
So we created our own Gapminder map, and it's this.
A circle is a country
Size is population. China and India are big.
color is the majority religion
Major religion followed by more than 50% of the population Major religion followed by more than 50% of the population
Red is an oriental religion found in India, China and neighboring Asian countries.
The countries that practice yellow Islam span the Atlantic Ocean, the Middle East, Southern Europe, Asia, and Indonesia.
This is a Muslim-majority country
Countries with a Christian majority are blue.
There are a few in America, Europe, Africa, and Asia.
White circles are countries that cannot be categorized because they don't have more than 50% religion, or because the data is questionable.
I was careful
Now let's switch diagrams with this simplification.
this is 1960
This is the number of babies per woman, like two, four, six -- more or less.
This is per capita income in dollars.
This is because people with higher incomes are said to have fewer children.
This is low income and this is high income
In 1960, it was certainly the rich Christians who had the fewest children In 1960, it was the rich Christians who had the fewest children.
Japan is an exception
Except for Japan here, it's a Christian country.
Except for Japan here, it's a Christian country.
Of course, even in Christianity, there are countries where six or seven children are born.
countries in Latin America and Africa
Muslims in almost every country - six to seven children, regardless of income.
Eastern religions are at the same level, except for Japan.
Let's see what the world is doing
I'll start
1962 - You got a little richer. How about the number of children?
China is declining
Muslim countries of all income levels are having fewer children. Middle-income Christian countries are having fewer children.
As we enter the 21st century, more than half of humanity is concentrated below.
In 2010, 80% of the human race lived in countries with about two children.
(Applause) It's an amazing change.
(Applause) From the United States with a per capita income of $40,000 or more -- from the United States with a per capita income of $40,000 or more -- France Russia Iran Mexico Turkey Algeria Indonesia India To Vietnam, to Bangladesh and Vietnam, where the per capita income is less than 5% of the US, the number of children is the same.
The data on the number of children per woman -- in every country -- is pretty accurate.
It's census data.
Not Inaccurate Statistics
We can conclude that you can have fewer children without money.
declining around the world
Now let's look at religion. All the countries of Eastern religions have three or fewer children. Three or fewer children.
Muslim countries and Christian countries, although widely distributed,
There is no big difference between these two religions
There is no big difference between these two religions
but there is a difference in income
The country that produces the most children here - the income is quite low.
mostly in sub-saharan africa
But here we have countries like Guatemala, Papua New Guinea, Yemen, Afghanistan.
Because Afghanistan and Congo are badly conflicted areas -- Afghanistan and Congo are badly conflicted areas -- people tend to think that population growth is slow.
but it's the other way around
In today's world, countries with higher mortality rates - faster population growth.
Because when one person dies, they give birth to one person to make up for it.
A country like this has six children.
Child mortality is one to two per woman,
Thirty years from now, Afghanistan's population will grow from 30 million to 60 million.
Congo increases from 60 million to 120 million
These are the countries where the population is growing rapidly.
Many people think that these countries are not growing in population.
Now let's compare Senegal, a Muslim country, to Ghana, a Christian country.
Bring these two nations back to their time of independence, and these two nations were here in the early 1960s.
see the change
It's amazing progress, going from having seven children -- from four to five.
very big progress
What was the reason?
I know the conditions that were necessary for a country like this.
child does not die
To get out of poverty, because you no longer need children as a labor force.
What family planning can do
And the fourth condition is the most important.
The fourth condition is - I'll use Qatar as an example.
This is Qatar today This is Bangladesh today
We bring these two countries back to their time of independence, in '71 and '72, so it's pretty much the same time, and we're going to see some amazing changes.
Compare Bangladesh with Qatar
A similar decrease in the number of children despite a large difference in income A similar decrease in the number of children despite a large difference in income
What is the reason for Qatar's decline?
investigated in the same manner as usual
I saw the website of the Qatar Bureau of Statistics. It's a good website. I recommend it.
There's a lot of very interesting information tomorrow.
I looked at women's fertility rates.
It's written by government academics and experts who say that the biggest impacts on fertility rates are the rising age at first marriage and women's higher levels of education and social participation.
I totally agree with you from a scientific point of view.
Qatar is very interesting - it's been on the road to modernization.
Let's review the four conditions: Children must not die; they are not necessary as a labor force; women should receive an education and enter the workforce;
please watch this again
The average number of children in the world today is 2.4, the same as in Colombia. The average number of children in the world today is 2.4, the same as in Colombia.
above is a poor country
This is where we need family planning and child survival.
Check out Melinda Gates' recent TED Talk
There are a lot of countries here with less than two children.
Well, here's the answer to the first question, the correct answer is 2.
the number of children does not increase
The world's child population is no longer growing.
There's been some debate about oil reserves, but the number of children has peaked.
World population growth will stop
UN Population Division says world population will stop at 10 billion UN Population Division says world population will stop at 10 billion
But why is the population growing to 10 billion if we can't have more children?
But why is the population growing to 10 billion if we can't have more children?
I'll use this box that the notebook I gave you was in to explain.
Boxes are convenient for education.
One box is 1 billion people
2 billion children in the world
2 billion young people between the ages of 15 and 30
is an approximate number
30 to 45 years old is 1 billion. 45 to 60 years old is close to 1 billion.
this is my box
people over 60
we are the top
What's about to happen is what we call "big hole filling."
3 billion here is missing
not dead not born
Fewer people were born before 1980 Fewer people were born before 1980
the story is simple
Unfortunately we old people die
You will grow old, and you will have two billion children.
old people die
The rest will grow old and have 2 billion children.
Another billion people will die and two billion children will be born.
(Applause) That's a big hole-filler.
always wake up
No longer living, no more children No longer living, no more children
Religion has little to do with number of children
Any religion in the world can adapt to the new era with its own values.
And the world's population will stop at 10 billion, if there were no poverty, if children could survive and they could have family plans.
it's necessary
But a population increase of two to three billion is inevitable.
So, when discussing the future resource and energy issues of the earth - so when discussing the future resource and energy issues of the earth - so when discussing the future resource and energy issues of the earth - 10 billion think for yourself
thank you
(applause)
This sound, this smell, this light reminds me of the campfires of my childhood Everyone is a storyteller in front of a bonfire
At the end of a wonderful day, both man and fire fall asleep at almost the same time.
it's a dream time
Talk about dreaming For me dreams come true
I held a one-man show last year
For an hour and a half, I was able to tell the audience how I dedicated myself to creating, how I pursued perfection, and how I made the impossible possible.
And then TED challenged me, "Can you shorten this to 18 minutes?"
(Laughter) 18 minutes, obviously not.
but i did
One way to do it is to speak fast - leave it up to God to understand what you're cramming?
No no
First of all, let's pay homage to the god of creation.
Please join us in a minute of silence
It's fake and it's 20 seconds-
It can't be helped because it's TED
When I was six years old, I fell in love with sleight of hand.
For Christmas I got a set of magic tricks and a book of ancient card tricks.
I was attracted to simple card manipulation rather than trivial gimmicks
This is the most difficult of all
Sorry, but I'll show you where the card is, right here.
The trick consisted of seven movements, and the instructions were seven pages long.
1、2、3、 4、5、6、7、
Moreover
The card was bigger than my hand at the time
Two months later, at the age of six, he mastered seven movements.
I did it in front of a famous magician
I'm a 6 year old
he said "it's terrible
It's taken two seconds, and I can see the card.
If you're a professional, you have to be able to do it perfectly in less than a second."
2 years later this is
no cheating it's on the backside it's perfect
[Passion] We tackle everything with passion.
When I was studying magic tricks, I was told many times, "If you juggle, you become dexterous and control your hand movements."
I've admired the juggler's quick, fluid movements for years.
And so a 14-year-old juggler was born
I befriended a young juggler who sold me three clubs.
The Unfamiliar “Club” in America
To explain
It's a bowling pin-shaped beautiful object, and it's very difficult to make.
must be cut accurately
When I got it sold--that friend was concerned about the public eye.
i didn't care
practiced at the new club
I didn't understand
Even though there was speed, there was no smoothness
Always running away from my hands
I was always trying to pull back
The best juggler in the world, Francis Blanc, saw it one day
frown—
say "show me the club"
I showed you openly
he said "you have been deceived
It's a defective product. It's not adjusted at all.
I can't do this well."
[Indomitable] In my indomitable spirit, I never gave up
I saw a lot of tricks, no, I didn't
i heard
Amazing people who walk in the air, tightrope walkers.
When I was a kid, I used to play with ropes and climb trees, so at 16 I became a tightrope walker.
First, find two trees, not just ordinary trees, but trees with a certain character, and take a long rope.
Round and round and round and round and round
the rope is parallel
Put it together with pliers and a hanger and you have a rope path.
The world's widest tightrope rope
I needed the widest shoes in the world
I put on huge, clunky ski boots, and I wobble up the rope.
In a few days I will be able to cross over
I cut a rope
the next day too
A few days later, the rope was one piece.
You see, I had to replace my ski boots with slippers.
For those of you who want to try, I don't recommend this method.
(laughs) [Intuition]
Intuition was essential to my life, during which time I was expelled from five schools because I was teaching myself, not my teacher, learning new tricks and juggling on the street.
I quickly became a pro at tightrope walking, but I wasn't satisfied.
So I developed my craft and started honing it.
but no job
I pulled the rope in silence and performed without permission.
Notre Dame, Sydney Harbor Bridge, World Trade Center.
I've gained confidence. I'm confident that I can cross over to the other side.
what you need for the first step
Having said that, though, at the World Trade Center, I found myself intimidated.
All of a sudden the density of the air changed
Manhattan shrinks—
The noise is mixed with the squall, and I don't even know how fierce it is anymore
Approach the edge with a stick in hand
take a step
I put my left foot on the rope and put my weight on my right foot on the side of the building.
Should I put some weight on my left leg?
The load on my right leg is reduced and I can easily put it on the rope.
On this side, the life I've accumulated
On the other side is a universe full of clouds In an unknown world, it's as good as "nothingness"
Underfoot is a 55m rope leading to the North Tower
It's a straight rope that bends and shakes and trembles and turns It's cold and stretched with three tons of force It's about to burst-- It swallows me up
I hear a growl in my heart, a mad voice saying "I want to run away"
But it's too late
are ready
My right foot was firmly on the rope
[Belief] In my head, I replace "doubt" with "belief"
"Why did you do it?"
"Is it possible?"
"Challenge record-breaking heights" No
I see the World Trade Center and the lower ones on the same level of skill, even if they're completely different kinds of tricks.
e.g. juggling
Anytime I draw a circle on the road with chalk I'm a comical character with no dialogue I've been doing it for 45 years I'm just as happy as I am in the sky
Well, this place isn't on the side of the road.
I don't do tricks
You don't want to see
I want to see?
It's not like that, is it?
(Applause) (Music) (Applause) Thank you very much.
When I perform on the roadside, I always add ad-libs [Improvise]
Then you will gain strength and enter unknown territory.
"Impossible" is always in unknown territory, so improvising makes the impossible become possible.
I've made the "impossible" possible over and over again
For example - Israel
Once upon a time, I was invited to the opening of the Israel Festival to walk a tightrope.
It crossed between the Arab and Jewish quarters of Jerusalem.
I thought it would be a good idea to stop in the middle of the rope and, like a magician, release the dove, the symbol of peace, into the sky.
I can tell you now that I struggled to find the pigeons
I practiced in a hotel, and every time I took it out and let it go in the air, it would skim the wall and go back to bed.
I thought it was because the room was small.
On the day of the performance-
It's a big place so it's okay
Now it's the day of the show
80,000 people packed the streets
Mayor Kolek encouraged me.
you seem nervous
It was tense not only on the rope, but also on the ground.
Because--the people who gathered there were enemies.
I started walking the tightrope smoothly
stop in the middle
take out the pigeon
people clapping hands
With a majestic hand I flutter the symbol of peace into the blue sky
But the pigeon didn't fly - it landed on my head.
(Laughs) Because I yelled
I grabbed the pigeon and released it into the air again, but-
He doesn't seem to know how to fly Thump! And this time I landed on the balance bar
(Laughter) It sure makes me laugh.
I quickly crouched reflexively
the crowd will go crazy
"This pigeon- let me do this
Are you still a pro?
(Laughter) Bow and say hello-
I hit the balance bar and chased away the pigeons.
As you can imagine, this flightless pigeon flutters again and lands on the rope.
the crowd is in a commotion
but there is more
It's 50 yards, I'm exhausted, my steps slow
At that time-
Somewhere, an onlooker clapped his hands along his steps
And in an instant, the whole crowd started clapping their hands.
It wasn't applause of joy, it was applause of encouragement.
For a moment people forgot the distance
They united and wished me success.
Taste a little, a wonderful symphony
I'm here, that chair is the end
clap my hands when i walk
(Applause) (Applause) (Applause) (Applause) (Applause) (Applause) I became friends with the mayor
You have a picture of me with a pigeon on your head on your desk?
without knowing anything
It's a city that's hard to run, and when you face challenges, you don't give up, look at the picture, and say, "If Philip can do it, so can I."
[encouragement]
If you empower yourself, you can empower others
Don't forget that, don't forget everyone
Remember when you go home, put wings on your arm, fly away, and see the world from a different angle.
Even if you can see mountains, don't forget that mountains can be moved
(Applause) Thank you, thank you.
thank you
(applause)
Let me tell you a story
Once upon a time, less than two years ago, in a not-so-distant kingdom, a man came from far, far away to work for an internationally renowned company, the kingdom's main industry.
Let's call it "Island Networks"
Now, this kingdom had abundant resources and great ambitions, but lacked manpower.
So I decided to call in workers from all over the world to help me build a nation.
But in order to enter and stay, they had to pass some tests.
That's why the man from earlier turned himself in to the kingdom's authorities, looking forward to his new life.
but something unexpected happened
The medical worker who took this man's blood didn't tell him what the test was.
The recommended counseling was not given before or after the test.
The man wasn't even told the results of his blood tests.
But a few weeks later, all of a sudden, he was sent to prison and given a medical examination, and a full body check in front of the people in the same cell.
He was released, but a day or two later, he was taken to the airport and deported.
What did this man do to get this kind of treatment?
What was his crime?
he had HIV
The Kingdom is one of about 50 countries in the world that restrict the entry or stay of people living with HIV.
The Kingdom's argument was that there was a law that could detain or deport foreigners who threatened the country's economy, its security, its public health and its ethics.
But applying these laws to people living with HIV violates the international human rights conventions that these countries have ratified.
but what do you think
Philosophy aside, in practice, this law put HIV underground.
People have voluntarily opted out of testing, treatment, and disclosing their medical conditions, but these actions do not serve the individuals and communities that the law seeks to protect.
HIV can now be prevented
With treatment, symptoms can be controlled.
Gone are the days when the only way to stop a disease was to isolate the infected, as in this painting, "Expulsion of the Leprosy."
Why do we, living in this age of science, still adhere to the laws and policies that come from the age of superstition?
let's raise our hands
People who have been exposed to HIV – have you been infected? Family members, friends or co-workers living with HIV?
please raise your hand
Well I see
there are quite a few of us
You know better than anyone that HIV brings out the best and the worst of human nature.
And the law reflects this attitude.
I'm not just talking about the laws in the books, but the laws that are enforced in the streets and the laws that are decided in the courts.
And I'm not just talking about the laws that concern people living with HIV, but people who are at risk of being infected -- drug users, people who work in the sex industry, people who have sex with men, people who are transgender. It's about people, immigrants, prisoners, etc.
And that includes women and children, who are particularly vulnerable in many parts of the world.
Many parts of the world have laws that reflect the magnificence of human nature.
These laws provide a compassionate reception for people living with HIV.
These laws respect the human rights of all people and are evidence-based.
These laws ensure that people living with HIV and those at risk are protected from violence and discrimination and have access to prevention and treatment.
Unfortunately, these good laws are countered by so many bad laws -- laws based on moral judgments and fears -- misinformed laws that specifically punish people living with HIV and those who are at risk. is a law
These laws are diametrically opposed to science, based on prejudice and ignorance, based on the distortion of tradition and the selective interpretation of religion.
don't take my word for it
Let's hear from two people who are unfairly punished by the law.
The first is Nick Rose, he's American.
He was found guilty under Iowa's HIV transmission and transmission law, but he didn't commit any charges.
(Video) Nick Rose: If you did something illegal, would you tell society that it was unacceptable and bad behavior?
The severity of the penalties teaches us how bad we are as human beings.
"You're a class B criminal, a lifelong sex offender.
you are a very bad person
You did something really bad."
It is imprinted like that
As I go through the rehabilitation program, everyone says the same thing.
That's why I think, "I'm a bad person."
Elfeki: This is not just a matter of unfair and useless laws.
Some countries have good laws, laws that can stop the wave of the HIV epidemic.
The problem is that these laws are neglected.
Because by imprinting, you give them unofficial permission to treat people living with HIV and those at risk of infection differently than other citizens.
Hilma and Dongo in Namibia experienced exactly this.
(Video) Hilma: I found out when I went to the hospital for an antenatal check-up.
A nurse told me that all pregnant women should be tested for HIV that day.
The test result was positive
That's the day I learned of the infection
The nurse said, 'If you know you're HIV positive, why are you pregnant?
Why did you get pregnant even though it was positive? "said
I know now that I was sterilized because of that.
because he was HIV positive
They didn't give me the papers, they didn't tell me what was written there.
The nurse just brought me a piece of paper with a marked place to sign.
I couldn't afford to ask you to read what was written in the pain of labor.
I just signed
Elfeki: Hilma and Nick and the men who came to this kingdom are part of the 34 million people living with HIV according to recent statistics, part of the 34 million people living with HIV according to recent statistics.
But they're the lucky ones, because they're still alive.
According to this statistic, 1.8 million people died from AIDS-related illnesses in 2010.
this is a terrible and sad number
But when we look at the statistics a little more broadly, we can see some hope.
Globally, the number of new HIV infections is declining.
And the number of deaths worldwide is also declining.
There are many reasons behind these improvements, but the most notable is that more and more people around the world are on antiretroviral therapy, which is a drug that suppresses HIV in the body.
still many problems remain
Only about half of those who need treatment actually receive it
In some parts of the world, like here in the Middle East and North Africa, new infections are rising and deaths are rising.
And money. Globally, the funding needed to respond to HIV is declining.
But for the first time since the 30-year epidemic, we have a real opportunity to tackle HIV head-on.
But to do that, we have to grapple with the spread of very bad laws.
And to this end, the Global Commission on HIV and the Law, of which I am a member, was established by a United Nations agency to help people living with HIV and those at risk of infection. It looks at how the legal environment affects people affected by HIV and offers advice on how to make the law an ally, not an enemy, in the global HIV response.
Let me give you one example of how the legal environment can bring about positive change.
People who inject drugs are one of the groups mentioned.
They are at high risk of contracting HIV through contaminated syringes and other risky practices.
In fact, 10% of new HIV infections are people who inject drugs.
drug use and possession is illegal in almost every country
But some countries have stricter restrictions than others.
In Thailand, even if you're a drug user, or even suspected of using drugs, you're supposed to be put in a jail like this one, and you're put in a jail like this one, where you wash your hands off the drugs.
There's absolutely no evidence that people in custody have gotten out of drug addiction.
However, there is ample evidence that people who are incarcerated are at increased risk of HIV and other infections.
We know how to reduce the risk of HIV and other infections in people who inject drugs.
It's called "harm reduction," and there are many ways to do it, including providing clean needles and syringes, opioid replacement therapy, and evidence-based treatments to reduce drug addiction.
To reduce HIV transmission, we provide information, education, condoms, HIV testing, counseling, and treatment for those who do become infected.
The results in legal environments where harm reduction can occur are spectacular.
Australia and Switzerland are two countries that introduced harm reduction very early in the HIV epidemic, and in those countries HIV prevalence among drug users is quite low.
The United States and Malaysia started harm reduction a little later, so they have slightly higher HIV prevalence.
However, Thailand and Russia have strict laws that reject harm reduction and punish drug use.
And don't be surprised - the rate of HIV infection among drug users is very high.
The World Commission has studied the evidence and listened to the experiences of 700 people in 140 countries.
What are the trends? very clear
It's fueling an epidemic of criminalizing people living with HIV and those at risk of infection.
Developing a vaccine for HIV, developing a cure for AIDS, it's like launching a rocket.
But changing the law is different.
In fact, many countries have made progress at different points in time.
Countries must first scrutinize the laws that concern people with HIV and vulnerable groups.
Following that, governments must repeal laws that punish or discriminate against people living with HIV or at risk of contracting it.
Reversing laws is not easy, especially when it involves sensitive issues like drugs and sex.
But there's a lot that can be done while this process is going on.
One of the big things is the renewal of the police force, which has to make better decisions on the ground.
For example, to ensure that those who distribute condoms to at-risk people as a welfare activity are not harassed, insulted, or unjustly arrested by the police.
We can also train judges so that they can find flexibility in the law so that they can make judgments without prejudice and with tolerance.
We can improve prison facilities so that HIV prevention and harm reduction are available to prisoners.
Key to all of this is strengthening civic societies.
Because civil society is important in raising awareness of the legal rights of vulnerable groups.
But awareness requires action
So we must ensure that people living with and at risk of HIV have access to legal services and equal rights to go to court.
Equally important is dialogue with communities so that we can change the interpretation of religious and customary laws that are too often used to justify punishment or fan the mark.
For many of us here, HIV is not an abstract threat.
It's coming very close
Law, on the other hand, can seem like a distant and elusive entity, reserved for specialists, but it's not.
Because for those of us in democratic countries -- or countries that aspire to democracy -- the law begins with us.
Laws that treat people living with HIV and those at risk of infection with dignity start with us treating them as equals.
If we are to stop the spread of HIV in our lifetimes, it is this change that we must unleash.
thank you
(applause)
[Spanish-like language] [French] You should see it once in a while because the people around you... do something here, so you can eat it.
[French] But if you're angry with someone [French] Forgive me [English] At first
[British English] I think this is the most fun thing about TED.
Our relationship with the world is neither deep nor shallow.
(Laughter) But this is selfish and selfish, like figuring out a life plan just for us.
(Laughter) The future is telling us that there's nothing left but the mirror of memory that we live in, and that sense of it crumbles away.
(Laughter) Common sense, but still important!
(Laughter) In times like these, facing fear and being surrounded by fear also creates anti-fear.
It is difficult to imagine or measure
Background radiation is so motionless that it cannot be seen in normal spectral analysis.
[American English] But we're like, many times before, most of us -- you know what I'm saying?
But- do you really know?
Look, like hip-hop, you know TED is amazing, you know?
i made a song i hope you like it
This song is about people and Bigfoot. (Laughter) And about science in France.
French science
so let's get started
(singing) I'm trying inside myself I'm in a little trouble (Applause) I'm in trouble It's my fault But I can't get away I'm trying to be you're driving me crazy For you baby you can do anything Gotta get hurt on the way home (Beatbox) If I survive I'll tell you what went wrong 'Cause if you [unintelligible] ] You look like [unintelligible] I'll tell you what I want to be (music) (music suddenly stops) [British English] And you can do whatever you want, right?
(Applause) No matter how many computer models we have, no matter how many people use them, we can never reach the same conclusion.
Four years ago, at the Brookings Institution, I worked with a few people and came to a conclusion.
(Laughter) Tomorrow is a new day.
(Laughter) It's not just any day, it's just one day.
There is no doubt that tomorrow will come
The important thing to remember is that this simulation is a good one.
believable and tangible
Reachable and sturdy
can move things from one place to another
you can feel your body
You can say, "I want to go to this place," and you can move this mass of molecules through the air at will.
(Laughter) I live in that atmosphere every day.
Now, with the apportionment and understanding of the lack of understanding, we enter a new age of science. It is metaphorically drawn to a combination of our incomprehension and partial understanding of the networks from which we source and draw conclusions, whether non-comporative.
(Laughter) As I said before the song, I feel that we live in a plane of infinity rather than a sphere, haunted by the illusion that we can return to our origins.
(Laughter) All the celestial bodies in the sky stretch to infinity -- if you know they're planes, they're plain (easily).
(Laughter) (audience) (Laughter) Last song.
Remember, the notion of yourself, being aware of negative space is more important, because music only divides space. informs us by comparing it to something else that tells us what it wants to be.
let's do this
(Applause) Thank you.
(Applause) This is fun.
do this
(Beatbox) (Gibberish) (End of music) Now the last song is very similar to this
Please notice which song
Do!
I'm fine okay
Let's do it!
(laughs) (Beatbox) Let's do it!
(beatbox) yay yo yo yo (sniffing) (music slows down) thank you enjoy the next talk
(applause)
I know it sounds strange, but robots inspire us to be better people.
I grew up in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, home of Bethlehem Steel.
My father was an engineer, and when I was a kid, he taught me how things work.
We worked on a lot of different projects together, like rocket models and slot cars.
This is the go-kart we made together
That's me behind the wheel, along with my sister and my best friend at the time.
When I was about 10 years old, my father came home one day and we were eating dinner and he said, 'My next project is a robot.
robot
I was thrilled because there was this bully at school, Kevin, who was bullying me because he was the only Jew in the class.
I couldn't wait to start this project, to introduce Kevin to my robot.
(Robot sounds) The robots my father had in mind weren't.
My father ran a chrome plating company, and they had to move heavy steel parts from tank to tank of chemicals.
So we needed an industrial robot like this one that could lift heavy things.
But my father never got the robot he wanted.
We worked on robots for some years, and that was in the '70s, and the technology wasn't yet available to amateurs.
My father continued to do this kind of work by hand.
And years later he was diagnosed with cancer.
The robot we were trying to build wasn't meant to lift loads,
I was issuing a drug warning.
He didn't realize it and got leukemia.
died at age 45
i was shocked
The robot I was building became unforgettable.
In college, I decided to study the same engineering as him.
I did a PhD in robotics at Carnegie Mellon University.
Since then, I have been researching robots.
I want to share with you four robotics projects and how they inspired me to become a better person.
In 1993, I was a young USC professor setting up my own robotics lab, the year the World Wide Web was born.
I remember my students telling me about the World Wide Web, and we were really impressed.
After an afternoon playing around with the World Wide Web, I realized that this new universal interface could be used by anyone in the world to operate the robots in our lab.
So instead of fighting and working in factories, I decided to build a robot that grows plants, and I put the robot in the middle and called it Telegarden.
And then I put a camera in the robot's hand, and I wrote some scripts and software so that people from all over the world could come and click on the screen to move the robot around and visit the garden.
We also have another piece of software that allows you to participate in watering your garden.
If you water it a few times, you'll get your own seed that you can plant.
This was an engineering project, and we published several papers on the design of the system, but at the same time, we thought of this project as a work of art.
After a year of experimentation, the garden was invited to display in the lobby of the Ars Electronica Museum in Austria.
I'm glad that it worked online 24 hours a day for almost nine years.
This robot has been operated by more people than any other robot in history.
One day, I got an unexpected phone call from a student who asked a simple but essential question.
"Is this real?"
Everyone else thought it was real, and we, who made it, knew it was real.
But I get what he means, it's not hard to take a bunch of pictures of gardens and flowers and basically index them and make a computer make them look like real robots.
The more I thought about it, the more I couldn't explain to him how to tell the difference.
This was around the time I moved to Berkeley University.
When I got to Berkeley, I visited Hubert Dreyfus, the world-famous philosopher, and I discussed with him this question, which is one of the oldest and most fundamental problems in philosophy.
From Ancient Greek Skeptics to Descartes
It's a question of epistemology, a question of how to know why something is true.
So we started working together, defining a new term, "remote epistemology," which is the study of knowledge at a distance.
We asked eminent artists, engineers and philosophers to write reviews of this research, and the result is this book from MIT Press.
I am grateful to my students for asking this question that we all take for granted. This project has taught me an important life lesson: always question what you think is right.
The second project is an offshoot of Telegarden.
My students and I were interested in how people interacted with each other when the telegarden was in motion, and what they were doing in the garden.
So I started thinking, what if the robot could leave the garden and go to other interesting places?
For example, a dinner party at the White House (laughs).
We were more interested in how the system was designed and the user interface than the device itself, so instead of having robots go to parties, we decided to have humans go to parties in place of robots.
I named this tele actor
We picked people who were active and gregarious, and we asked them to put on helmets with various devices like cameras and microphones, and carry backpacks with wireless Internet connections.
The idea was to take her to some remote and interesting place and use the internet to let people experience what she was going through.
You can see what she's seeing, and more importantly, you can communicate with each other and decide what she should do next, where she should go, and then tell her what she's decided on the TV.・Tell the actor
We had the opportunity to bring tele actors to the Webby Awards in San Francisco.
That year's host was Sam Donaldson
Right before the event started, I had 30 seconds to explain to Donaldson what we were going to do.
I said Tele Actor will be on stage with you.
It's a new experimental project where people are looking at her through a screen, and she's wearing a camera, a microphone, earbuds, and a network of people giving her advice and telling her what to do next. I explained that I was there and he said, wait a minute
I said that's what I do (laughter)
He liked the concept. The tele-actor walked up to the stage and walked straight up to him and kissed him on the lips. (Laughter)
We were really surprised, we didn't expect that to happen
He was great He gave her a hug in return Everything was fine
That night, when I was cleaning up, I asked the tele actors how they decided to kiss Sam Donaldson.
she said she hasn't decided
When she walked on stage, they were still debating what to do, and she just walked on stage and did what seemed most natural. (Laughter)
The secret to the teleactor's success that night was that she was a great actor.
she knew when to follow her intuition
This project taught me another lesson: when in doubt, make decisions on the fly. (Laughter)
The third project is based on my father's experience when he was in the hospital.
My father was undergoing chemotherapy, but there was another treatment called brachytherapy, in which small radioactive seeds are implanted into the body to treat cancerous tumors.
It's done like this, a surgeon uses a needle to implant the seed into the body.
Many needles are embedded in parallel like this.
This causes the needle to penetrate delicate organs, and as a result
Needles can damage organs and cause trauma and side effects.
So my students and I thought, what if we could modify this system so that the needles were implanted at different angles?
We ran simulations and developed algorithms for some optimizations.
Further simulations showed that sufficient radiation could be delivered to the cancer tumor while avoiding destruction of delicate tissue.
Now, working with doctors at USCF and a group of engineers at Johns Hopkins, we're developing a robot with many specially designed joints that can insert a needle at any angle.
As you can see, the needle is able to reach its target while avoiding sensitive organs.
By asking why needles need to be inserted parallel, this project taught us an important lesson: when you hit a wall, turn around.
And the last project also has to do with medical robots.
This is inspired by a system called the da Vinci surgical robot.
This is the actual device for sale
Used in 2000 hospitals worldwide
The idea is to allow the surgeon to focus on the operation while continuing to work as usual, like stitching in the operation.
There are many routine and tedious tasks that are now under the direct control of the surgeon.
As time goes on, surgeon fatigue builds up.
We thought, what if we could program robots to do these tasks for us, and if we could free up the surgeon to focus on the more critical parts of the surgery, and the time it takes to perform the surgery. What if robots could do the work and save time?
It's hard to get a robot to do this kind of detailed work, but my Berkeley colleague Pieter Abeer said,
They were developing a new set of techniques to train robots by showing humans how to operate them.
He was able to get a robot to fly a helicopter and do some really interesting, amazing aerobatics by observing human control.
I decided to have a robot like this help me.
I started doing research with Peter and his students.
We asked the surgeon to do a specific task, and the robot
I instructed this surgeon to do what he was doing, and recorded the movements of the robot.
Let me give you an example
This is an example of tracing the figure 8
Here are three examples of robots doing this work.
It's better than what a beginner like me would do if he did the same thing, but it's still jerky and imprecise.
We record these examples and do a series of actions.
First, we apply a technique used in speech recognition called dynamic time warping.
This allows us to level all working examples.
And then we apply a Kalman filter, a technique that comes out of control theory, that statistically analyzes all the noise and extracts the trajectories we want behind it.
What we're doing is removing noise and imperfections from human manipulation and extracting predictable trajectories and control sequences for robots.
And then we run that operation on the robot, see the results, and then we tune the robot's control using a technique called iterative learning.
And we're going to speed up the speed at which the robot operates a little bit.
Check the results, adjust the controls again, and check the results again.
Repeat this series of steps several times
this is the result
This is the expected trajectory, and this is the result of the robot performing the task at the same manipulation speed as the human.
This is what happens when you work four times faster.
this is seven times faster
And this is 10 times faster than a human
And when you do the work, we're able to get robots to do delicate tasks, like surgery, 10 times faster.
In this project, too, practice and learning, I learned a lesson from doing the same thing over and over again. If you want to do something well, practice is the only way to do it.
These are the four lessons I've learned over the years from robots.
The field of robotics has changed over time
We've come a long way, and today high school students can build robots, just like my dad and I tried to do.
Odessa to me now
have a daughter
she is eight years old
i really like robots
Maybe it's a blood line (laughs).
I wish my daughter could meet her father.
Now I'm teaching her how things work, and we're doing projects together.
I'm curious what lessons she'll take from it.
Robots are the most human of machines.
It can solve various problems in the world, but I feel that it teaches us something more important than that.
The technological innovations you're interested in and the machines you wish you had
think about what i'm telling you
Because I have a hunch that innovations and nice-to-have devices will inspire us to become better people.
Thank you. (Applause)
When the Industrial Revolution began, Britain's carbon reserves as coal rivaled Saudi Arabia's carbon reserves as oil.
It was this carbon that fueled the Industrial Revolution and gave Britain prosperity and superiority over the rest of the world.
British coal production peaked in 1918 and has been steadily declining ever since.
During this time, the United Kingdom began using North Sea oil and gas, and North Sea oil and gas production also peaked in 2000 and has since declined.
Given this limited supply of readily available fossil fuels in our country, it's understandable to ask, "What's next?"
What will life be like after fossil fuels?
I think we have to seriously think about moving away from fossil fuels.
Another factor, of course, is global warming.
And when people talk about the energy that will replace fossil fuels and talk about how to prevent global warming, I think there are all sorts of misconceptions, misinformation, and misinformation. I feel that I have a role to play in guiding them so that they don't get distracted, that they can take action to really make a difference, and that they can focus on ideas that work.
I'll explain this using what scientists call "back-of-the-envelope math."
We love "calculations on the back of the envelope"
Ask a question, write down some numbers, and you'll come up with an answer.
It may not be accurate, but it's enough to say "Hmm."
So here's the question, using biofuels.
Let's say we don't need fossil fuels anymore.
No more petroleum for transportation
Suppose we grow crops for biofuel on the side of the road.
How wide a planted area would you need to get the biofuel you need?
Let's put in the numbers
Let the speed of the car be 60 mph
Assume fuel consumption is 30 miles per gallon
This is the average of new cars sold in Europe.
A biofuel plant productivity of 1200 liters per hectare per year
This is the real productivity of European biofuels
And let's say the distance between cars is 80 meters, and let's say the car is moving incessantly.
The length of the road doesn't matter, because the longer the road, the more biofuel can be produced.
Now what to do with the first number with the remaining three numbers
Divide by 8 kilometers
This is the answer This is the required acreage
If you calculate with this assumption
you might say "hmm"
Using biofuels may not be as easy as you think
And you might think that area might be an issue.
In this talk, I'd like to talk about whether there's a problem with the amount of land you need.
The answer is yes, but it depends on which country you are in.
Let's start with England, because that's where we live.
I'd like to quantify the UK's energy consumption by light bulbs, not just for transportation, but for all energy consumption.
It's just like having 125 light bulbs on all the time, 125 kilowatt-hours per person per day, which is the energy consumption of the UK.
40 light bulbs are needed for transportation 40 light bulbs are needed for heating 40 light bulbs are needed for power generation Other energy consumption is less than the above three large energy consumptions. Become
This energy consumption increases even more when we consider the energy for the goods we import.
It is estimated that 90% of these energies today come from fossil fuels, with only the remaining 10% derived from other green energy sources, such as nuclear and renewable energy.
More than
The situation in the UK. The population density in the UK is
250 people per square kilometer
Now the situation in other countries is also shown by the same two indicators.
On the vertical axis, per capita energy consumption, the number of light bulbs, we're at 125 light bulbs.
And the blue dot is the area of ​​Great Britain.
The horizontal axis shows population density, we have 250 people per square kilometer.
Let's add the European countries in blue, and you'll see there's a lot of diversity.
I'll point out that both axes are logarithmic, so from one gray line to the next gray line is 10 times.
Now let's add the Asian countries in red, the Middle East and North African countries in green, Sub-Saharan Africa in blue, South America in black, Central America in purple, North America, Australia and New Zealand in yellow.
You can see that there's a wide range between population density and per capita energy consumption.
The situation differs from country to country
At the top left are countries like Canada and Australia, with huge territories, high energy consumption of 200 to 300 light bulbs, and very low population densities.
On the top right is Bahrain, which has roughly the same energy consumption as Canada, more than 300 light bulbs, but about 300 times more densely populated, at 1,000 people per square kilometer.
On the bottom right is Bangladesh, which has the same population density as Bahrain but consumes 100 times less energy.
There are currently no applicable countries in the lower left
There used to be many countries here
There is something else that can be read from this figure
Added small blue tails to Sudan, Libya, China, India and Bangladesh
This represents 15 years of change
Where were you 15 years ago and where are you now?
The message here is that many countries are moving towards the top right.
Upper right, in other words, areas with high population density and high per capita energy consumption
In this quirky upper right corner, in addition to Great Britain, we have Germany, Japan, South Korea, the Netherlands, and some quirky countries, and many other countries are heading to join us in this upper right area.
We are an example of what the future energy consumption of other countries will look like.
I've also added a pink line going down and to the bottom right.
This is the line of equal energy consumption per unit area, measured in watts per square meter.
For example, this middle line shows energy consumption of 0.1 watts per square meter, in purple, Saudi Arabia, Norway, Mexico, and Bangladesh 15 years ago.
And half the world's population already lives in countries above this line.
UK 1.25 watts per square meter
Germany and Japan consume slightly more energy than this.
Now let's think about what this line means.
Renewable energy can be measured in the same units, and other energies can be measured in the same units.
Renewable energy is one of the ideas we have for getting rid of 90% of our dependence on fossil fuels.
This is what renewable energy looks like
In European climates, energy-convertible crops provide 0.5 watts of energy per square meter.
what is this
Maybe that's what you might have expected from the biofuel story I told you about earlier.
we consume 1.25 watts of energy per square meter
What this means is that even if we took all of Britain to grow energy-saving crops, we wouldn't be able to meet today's energy consumption.
Wind power produces a little more energy, 2.5 watts per square meter.
So the energy consumption is 1.25 watts per square meter.
In order to cover all our energy consumption with wind power, we would literally need to dedicate half of the UK to wind farms.
By the way, we have data to back up our calculations so far.
Solar power is next
If you put the solar panels on your roof, you get 20 watts of energy per square meter in the UK.
For facilities with a large number of solar panels, traditional Bavarian farming methods have to be applied, which means that not only the roofs of buildings, but also the countryside must be filled with solar panels.
Since the panels in the solar park are far apart,
Energy efficiency drops to about 5 watts per square meter.
The actual value for a solar park in Vermont is 4.2 watts per square meter.
We consume 1.25 watts per square meter, 2.5 for wind farms and 5 for solar parks.
So no matter what renewable energy you choose, no matter what combination you choose, you're going to need between 20% and 25% of your land for renewables to power the whole of the UK. increase
I'm not saying it's a bad idea, but you also need to understand the numbers.
I'm not against renewable energy, I love it.
But I'm also a number believer (laughs).
Solar power in the desert can provide more energy per unit area because there are no clouds.
That's 14 watts per square meter, that's 10 watts per square meter here in Spain, 5 watts per square meter.
On average, solar power produces 20 watts of energy per square meter.
I think it's available. That's great.
Of course there are no deserts in England
not yet (laughs)
To summarize the conclusions so far, all renewable energy is decentralized.
All of them have a small amount of energy per unit area.This constraint is unavoidable.
In order for renewable energy to have a real impact in a country like the UK, while maintaining current energy consumption, renewable energy installations would have to be national scale, not the whole country. even if
A significant percentage of the area is required for facilities
There are other forms of energy that don't use fossil fuels.
For example, for nuclear power generation, on this Ordnance Survey map, you can see that Size Well B is within the 1 square kilometer area surrounded by the blue line.
That's 1 gigawatt per square kilometer, or 1,000 watts per square meter.
So, as long as you follow this metric, nuclear power doesn't take up as much space as renewable energy.
Clearly, other metrics matter, too, and nuclear power has a lot of problems.
But it's the same thing with renewable energy.
Here's a photo of a protest in a small town outside of Edinburgh called Penicuit, where the children of Penicuit are burning a windmill in Haribote.
People will disagree with a lot of things, so we have to keep all possible candidates.
What can a country like the UK do in terms of energy supply?
I think you have three options: choose renewable energy and set aside an area the size of your country for it. To be polite to the countries on the top left, we don't want a renewable energy facility in our backyard, so your country. choice to ask if you can put it in
this is a serious choice
in a way to tackle this problem on a global scale
Countries such as Australia, Russia, Libya and Kazakhstan are our dear friends in the production of renewable energy.
The third option is nuclear power.
These are the options from a supply perspective
Remember that we need a lot of energy in addition to the supply knob that we can set, because now we get 90% of our energy from fossil fuels. There's another way to solve it, which is to use less energy.
This means reducing the population, which I don't know how to do, or reducing per capita energy consumption.
Now let's talk about the three big knobs, the effective knobs from a consumption standpoint.
The first is transportation related, and the laws of physics tell us that
What can be done to reduce transport-related energy consumption?
They say technology can solve everything
So if we can build vehicles that are 100 times more energy efficient, then by and large this is a correct statement.
The energy consumption of this heavy-duty vehicle is 80 kilowatts, assuming one person travels 100 kilometers per hour.
This is the average value for European cars
80 kilowatts per hour, 100 times more efficient than this
Is it possible to make a vehicle
Yes, bicycles are the answer and are 80 times more efficient
It runs on a kind of biofuel breakfast cereal.
(Laughter) And you can choose between a car and a bicycle, because people who drive large vehicles say they can't change their lifestyle like that.
Maybe I can convince you to take the train, which is a more efficient vehicle than the car, although it will change your lifestyle.
There is also an eco car on the upper left
It's small enough for a teenager to ride on, it's lower than a road construction cone sign, and it's about as efficient as a bicycle, but assuming you're traveling at 15 miles an hour.
In the meantime, there's a more realistic option -- this knob -- the transportation knob -- is electric vehicles. Electric motorcycles and electric cars are in the middle, which are probably four times more efficient than regular gasoline-powered cars.
Next is a knob related to heating.
Heating is the third largest consumer of energy in the UK, with the majority of it being used for heating homes and buildings and for hot water supply.
This is a typical British house
This is my house with a Ferrari parked in front
what can you do
You can see the laws of physics here, so you can see what and how it affects the energy consumption associated with heating.
What we can control is the temperature difference between indoors and outdoors, using the amazing technology of a thermostat.
You can use it by grabbing the knob and turning it to the left to reduce your home's energy consumption.
I tried it and it worked. Some people call this a lifestyle change.
It's also possible to call in contractors to lower the heat dissipation in the building, such as putting insulation in the walls and the roof and installing new front doors.
The sad fact is that this saves
Although this is a good thing
The reality is that we can only control about 25 percent of the heat dissipation by doing something like this.
If you're serious about trying to get closer to a standard Swedish building, you'll need to add extra insulation to the outside of the building, like this apartment in London.
You can also use heat more efficiently by using heat pumps, and with a little use of high-grade energy like electricity, you can bring heat from your garden into your home.
A third energy saving option on the consumer side is to read the electricity meter.
Smart meters are a hot topic, but you can read them yourself. Use your own eyes to smartly read meters.
If you're like me, life will change
this is the graph i made
I was writing a book on sustainable energy, and a friend asked me, "How much energy do you use at home?"
I felt embarrassed because I didn't understand
So I decided to read the electricity meter every week.
Here are the results: old on top, 2007 on bottom in green
Reading my electricity meter every week changed my life.
I started experimenting with what affects energy expenditure.
By tweaking the thermostat and changing the timing of the heating system, we drastically reduced our gas consumption, which cut our gas bills by about half, and the same thing happened with electricity.
By turning off the DVD players and stereo computer peripherals that were always on, and turning them on only when needed, we were able to reduce our electricity bill by another third. rice field
Like I said, you need a well-calculated plan.
has 6 knobs
We get 90 percent of our energy from fossil fuels, so we need to act boldly, and we need to cut down on many, if not all, knobs.
And a lot of the knobs are related to "preferences." Remember, if there's one knob you don't want to use, it's another knob that requires more effort.
I think it's important to have adult conversations based on numbers and facts.
And finally, I'd like to talk about this map, which is the amount of land required to provide enough energy per person to power 16 light bulbs, and so on.
This is when you need the energy of 16 light bulbs, so remember that our total energy consumption is 125 light bulbs, if we get 16 light bulbs from wind energy.
In the UK, we would need 160 wind farms per 100 square kilometers, which is 20 times the size of our current wind farms.
If we use nuclear power, we have 2 gigawatts of power generation capacity for each purple dot on the map.
We'll need four times as much as our current nuclear power plants.
Biomass power requires 3.5 times as much land as Wales to provide energy for 16 light bulbs per person, somewhere in the country, somewhere outside the country, Ireland or somewhere else. (Laughter)
For the fourth candidate, solar power, you need someone else's desert.
If you need the energy of 16 light bulbs, and I'm talking about the eight hexagons on the bottom right.
The total area of ​​these hexagons is the size of someone else's Sahara desert, the size of two Greater Londons.
I need a plan that fits the calculation
We need to stop yelling and start talking
And if you can have a grown-up conversation, you have to plan and execute. This low-carbon revolution could be interesting. Thank you for your attention.
(applause)
I teach history at Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School.
On February 14th, 2018, my school had the worst mass shooting in American history.
People want to know what we saw and how we felt.
I don't remember everything, but I do remember having that maternal reaction at the fire.
don't be emotional
I had the kids line up and put up signs to follow them down the hallway, just like a fire drill.
I heard gunshots coming from one direction.
Fortunately, we're already moving in the opposite direction.
i was able to escape
to a safe place
i called my mother
"Because I'm fine"
I called my husband
"Because I'm fine"
Then my daughter's phone calls, I couldn't control my voice trembling, and I thought I had to stay strong.
I was alone in my thoughts and worried about my colleagues and students.
For some reason we sit down and all we know is Valentine's Day - all we know when we sit down is that on Valentine's Day all our children died and we don't know what to do next. did not
It's been two months since then, but I still can't get the sound of gunfire out of my ears.
I remember the look of terror on the students' faces when they realized it wasn't a drill.
Yet there are no lasting emotions, just bursts of pain, sadness, anger, news, insensitive comments, or silence.
At Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School, 17 precious lives were lost on that horrible day.
Then the students asked us adults a difficult question: "How can we stop this senseless violence?"
This was the hardest question I was ever asked
But it's not the first time I've been humbled by a student's question.
I've taught in public schools for 33 years, so I know that before you can teach what you know, you have to admit what you don't know.
As a student, as a teacher, as a citizen, there are ways to be actively involved.
First, listen carefully to the person asking the question.
Second, admit your weakness and admit that you don't know
Third, do your homework
Fourth, humbly pass on your knowledge
I know a lot about this process
My students always ask me very thoughtful questions.
They are eager to learn and sometimes try to show what they can do.
When I don't know the answer, my students know it.
So when students ask, "How can we stop this senseless violence?"
I listened and admitted, "I don't know."
As I always do when I don't know the answer to a question, I started doing my homework.
As a history teacher, I knew I should start with the Second Amendment and the National Rifle Association.
It may be a long time since we learned history, so let's review the Second Amendment: "A well-disciplined militia is necessary to the security of a free nation, so that the people keep their arms." Rights must not be violated
This means that the federal government cannot infringe on citizens' right to join an organized militia.
The Second Amendment to the Constitution was passed 226 years ago.
Before the federal government became one of the world's greatest militaries, militias were seen as essential to defending the nation.
80 years later in 1871
The Civil War had ended years ago, but people on the battlefield who had witnessed the poor shooting
Founded the National Rifle Association to encourage practice shooting for future conflicts.
So the 2nd Amendment is to allow the fledgling and unstable states to use militias.
And the original purpose of the National Rifle Association was to enable future soldiers to shoot.
Over the next 150 years, the discussion of gun control in America and the changing interpretations of the Second Amendment could teach you a whole season.
Nearly every significant event in American history has influenced how we make, discuss, regulate and feel about guns.
there have been many changes
In fact, for the first time, the Supreme Court has recognized that the Second Amendment protects the right of individuals, regardless of militia organization, to keep and use firearms for traditionally legitimate purposes, such as self-defense "at home." was in 2008
"at home"
This change over time is striking, because it means that interpretations of the Second Amendment and cultural attitudes to guns have changed over time.
I have hope that it can change again.
(Applause) This is a very complex and dynamic history lesson, but I don't think I'll share it with you today, because I don't have time.
It's not that I don't have time here
we have no time to waste
According to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, an average of 96 people have died from guns every day in the United States over the past five years.If I don't find answers to my students' questions sooner, it could be one of us next.
The best way, in my opinion, to answer the question, "How can we stop this senseless violence?" is a multiple-choice question.
You remember doing multiple choice questions in school?
let's get started
[Option A] Holding gun manufacturers accountable for lethal products would end this problem.
You may be surprised, but this has been considered before.
Between 1998 and 2000, 30 counties and cities sued firearms manufacturers to make their products safer and better track the products sold.
In response, the manufacturer insisted that they were not directly responsible for how their products were used.
If something goes wrong, it's the store that sold the gun and the person who bought it.
In response to this and many other lawsuits, the National Rifle Association lobbied for passage of the Protected Legal Commerce in Arms Act (PLCAA).
The PLCAA was passed in 2005 with bipartisan support, and it commits the safe design of guns to manufacturers, the responsible sale of guns to distributors, and the responsible use of guns to owners.
So I can't hold any of these people accountable for the 17 students and staff who died at my school.
Let's look at another option: Option B. If we take responsibility for and regulate the estimated 300 million guns in America, we can end this problem.
Voting is the best way to take responsibility for gun violence.
Getting lawmakers to make common sense reforms about guns would be the most effective way to get 300 million guns under control.
Gun owners themselves can take the initiative.
If you own a gun, I want you to ask yourself: Do I have extra guns that I don't need?
Will it fall into the wrong hands?
Are you properly trained in firearms?
Or maybe you should ask yourself, as a gun owner, whether your mental health is okay.
When it comes to gun violence, you can't have a mental health discussion if people don't accept their own vulnerability.
1 in 6 Americans have a heart problem
If you own a gun, you should take your emotional health very seriously so that you don't pull the trigger when you're sick.
Otherwise, you should seriously ask yourself if you have the time and attention to carry a gun.
Or maybe it's time to lay down our weapons for some of us.
Then there's option C. If we take good care of each other, we can end this problem.
A variety of social issues affect why people buy and use guns.
Between 2012 and 2016, 62 percent of gun deaths in America were suicides, yet we're humiliating them by calling them madmen, psychopaths, and so on.
We're building a wall for people who need help.
Why are we humiliating each other?
Let's make it easier, not harder, for people to get mental health care.
What else is sexism, racism, poverty also influences gun ownership and gun deaths.
Between 2010 and 2014, an average of 50 women every month died in their own homes from domestic violence with fatal gunshot wounds.
Let's empower women and children to learn how to resolve conflicts and emotional problems with words, not weapons.
Nearly 1,000 people were fatally injured by police officers on duty last year, according to the Washington Post.
Talk to Black Lives Matter and the police union.
need to address this issue
(Applause) At the end of the day, if everyone felt just as safe and healthy and respected and cared for, maybe nobody felt the need to buy or use a gun.
Debate time is over
it's time to answer the question
“How can we end this senseless violence?”
Is it option A? [manufacturer's responsibility] Option B? [Responsible to ourselves] Option C? [Caring for each other]
I know what everyone is thinking
Remember, multiple-choice questions aren't usually just three choices.
There is always a fourth option [Option D] All of the above
maybe that's the answer
Or maybe "all of the above" is too easy, and this is not an easy problem.
It requires deep analytical thinking on the part of all of us.
So let's make it your homework: Write down your choice D, along with a detailed rationale for it.
If you don't know where to start, look to my students.
They have great communication skills and civic awareness, and I'm very inspired.
(Applause) There are public school students working on the issue of gun control, and the desperation of them is very moving.
Actually, it's not something that those children have to do by themselves.
Those kids are calling us all to join.
This is nothing to see
So what is the correct answer?
I don't know, I'm not a gun control expert or anything.
i teach humanities
To be human is to learn, and to belong to civilization is to share your knowledge.
That kind of sincere, courageous, heartfelt involvement is what I ask of my students, what I expect of myself as a teacher, and what I'm asking of you now.
you all need to do your homework
What to do then?
humbly share your knowledge
Please tell your family, tell your community, your city council, your state council.
Please tell Congress
thank you
(Applause) Thank you very much.
(applause)
Many books written in ancient times don't exist today in their original form.
Those books were passed down by medieval scribes copying over and over again These books were passed down by medieval scribes copying over and over again
Now let's turn our attention to Archimedes, the great Greek mathematician.
Everything we know about the mathematician Archimedes is based on just three books, called the A, B, and C manuscripts.
Of these, manuscript A was lost by an Italian humanist in 1564.
Manuscript B was confirmed in 1311 to be in the papal library at Viterbo, about 100 miles north of Rome, and has been missing since.
Only manuscript C has been found so far, in 1906, and it came to me in Baltimore on January 19, 1999.
This is the C manuscript
Manuscript C is now in this book
A buried treasure so to speak
because this book is actually a prayer book
It was completed on April 14, 1229 by a man named Johannes Milones.
He used parchment to make his prayer book
He didn't use new parchments. He reused parchments from previous manuscripts. He reused seven manuscripts.
Codex C of Archimedes was one of the seven.
He took apart the Archimedes manuscript and other manuscripts
I erased all the text in it, cut the parchment in the middle, shuffled it, rotated it another 90 degrees, and wrote a prayer on it.
These seven manuscripts, lost for 700 years, are now here.
This prayer book was discovered in 1906 by Johann Roosevie Heibear.
Using only a magnifying glass, he transcribed as many sentences as he could.
And he found two sentences in this manuscript, and they were strange sentences.
These two texts were not from Manuscripts A and B, but were unknown texts by Archimedes, and they are called "Method" and "Stomachion."
These became world-famous manuscripts
I hope you can see that the condition of this book is not good.
The book's condition deteriorated in the 20th century after Highbear found it.
Overcoated and lost its shape
apparently irreparable
You would think that this book is in the proper custody,
In 1998, the book was purchased by a private owner.
why did he buy this book?
he wanted to save this damaged book
and wanted everyone to see
Free to see the unreachable
he acted according to his convictions
Not many people want to know about the ancient Greek Archimedes, but they should at least have the chance to.
So he gathered a group of Archimedes lovers and promised them a reward for their work.
It was an expensive undertaking, but not as much as you might think, because they weren't there for the money, they were there for Archimedes.
Bringing together people from diverse backgrounds
Some were in particle physics, others in classical physics. there was also a manager
they worked together on this manuscript
The first problem was about saving
This problem was inevitable. The spine of the book was glued on.
Please take a good look at this photo.The bottom half is very discolored.
The glue used was glue
If you're a conservator, you'll have no trouble removing this glue. If you're a conservator, you'll have no trouble removing this glue.
The upper half was glued with wood glue
The component is a vinyl acetate resin emulsion that does not dissolve in water once dried.
So the glue was stronger than the parchment itself.
That's why I had to take the book apart before I could shoot it.
It took four years to dismantle
Everyone, this is a precious piece.
(Laughter) Another problem was that we had to get rid of the wax, because the book was used by the Greek Orthodox Church during their services, and they used candle wax, and they used candle wax. because it was
Wax is dirty and difficult to image from above
I had to be very careful and scrape off all the wax.
It's hard to tell you exactly how bad the condition of this book is, but it was often missing pieces.
I wouldn't worry too much about a normal book, but this fragment might contain some of Archimedes' precious writings.
Even small pieces we managed to put back in place.
After tearing it down, we got to work on the imaging.
We tried to image the manuscript with 14 wavelengths of light.
What you see depends on the wavelength of the light you hit
This picture shows a page at 14 different wavelengths.
I could not image well at any wavelength
So we decided to process the images together, and display the two images on one screen.
Here are images of two different manuscripts of Archimedes
The image on the left is a red visible light image.
And the image on the right is an ultraviolet image
In the image on the right, you can read some of the text.
Combining these two images on a computer shows that the parchment is bright in both images.
The prayer book appears dark in both images, and it appears dark in the composite.
Archimedes' text appears dark on one side and bright on the other.
And after compositing, it's dark but red, and you can decode it pretty clearly.
this is how it looks
This is a before and after image comparison. You can't read it on a screen like this.
Zoom in, zoom in, zoom in, zoom in, zoom in, now you can read it.
(Applause) By processing the same two images in a different way, we can eliminate the prayer book text.
This is a very important document, because the figures in the manuscripts, this is a very important document, because the figures in the manuscripts are the only ones that convey the figures that Archimedes drew in the sand in the 4th century BC. Because it's the only way to tell the shape you drew in the sand in the century.
That's the image you're looking at right now.
Even with imaging technology that uses infrared rays, ultraviolet rays, and invisible light, it is not possible to take an image from the top of Kinpaku.
So how do you shoot?
We decided to use X-ray fluorescence analysis on manuscripts.
When the figure on the left is hit by X-rays, electrons are ejected from the atomic shell.
and the electron is gone
Where the electron is missing, another electron jumps in from the outer atomic shell and takes its place.
And at this time, electromagnetic waves are emitted from the atom.
This is also one of the X-rays
X-rays become X-rays specific to the atoms they hit
The X-rays we want to obtain here are the X-rays of iron.
Ink contains iron
If you can locate where the X-rays of iron come from on a piece of paper, you can map the iron and read the image.
However, this method requires a strong light source.
So I brought the literature to the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory in California, and it's a particle accelerator.
Electrons orbit in one direction, positrons orbit in the opposite direction.
When the two meet in the middle, they create particles even smaller than an atom, like charm quarks and tau leptons.
I wasn't trying to beam the material
X-rays are produced when electrons spin at the speed of light.
This is the strongest light source in the solar system
This phenomenon is called synchrotron radiation, and it's commonly used to look at substances such as proteins.
What we wanted to see here was an atom of iron, which we thought would allow us to read the material.
And how we succeeded in deciphering
It took me 17 minutes to decipher one page.
What do you think we have discovered?
One of the texts by Archimedes is called "Stomachion" One of the texts by Archimedes is called "Stomachion"
This "stomachion" does not exist in manuscript A or manuscript B.
It had this square written on it
This square is a perfect square, divided into 14 small pieces.
It was unclear what he intended to do with these 14 pieces.
Somehow I found out
He wanted to see how many different ways there could be to rearrange these 14 pieces to make a square.
Anyone know the answer?
The answer is 17,152, 536 if symmetrical is removed.
The important point here is that this problem is the earliest work on combinatorics in mathematics.
Combinatorics is a wonderful and interesting branch of mathematics.
Amazingly enough, it was through this manuscript that we were able to find other manuscripts that the scribes had reused, and one of them was the manuscript containing the writings of Hypereides.
Hypereides was a 4th-century BC Athenian orator.
he was contemporaneous with Demosthenes
In 338 BC he joined Demosthenes against the military might of Philip, King of Macedon.
Athens and Thebes then went to war with Philip, King of Macedon.
This was not a wise course of action, because the Macedonian king had a son who would later become Alexander the Great.
Alexander the Great set out to conquer the world Hypereides was tried for treason
Here's the speech he gave during his trial, and it was a very good speech, and he said, "The best thing is to win."
"But if you can't win, fight for a noble cause and your name will go down in history.
think of the spartans
They won many battles but no one remembers who they were 'cause they fought for themselves
The only Spartan battle that everyone remembers is the battle of Thermopylae, where the Spartans were beaten badly, but they fought for the freedom of Greece."
It was such a wonderful speech that acquitted Hypereides.
He lived another 10 years and was captured by Macedonian factions.
He had his tongue cut off as a testament to his eloquence, and no one knows what happened to his body.
This is the discovery of an ancient lost voice. It wasn't written in a tomb. His tomb doesn't exist. It was a document by the Athenian court.
Now, I'd like to point out that normally when you look at a medieval manuscript that's faded, you can't read anything special about it.
Furthermore, finding two manuscripts in one book is extremely difficult.
It's nearly impossible to find three
we have found that
Aristotle's Category Theory is one of the foundational texts of Western Philosophy Aristotle's Category Theory is one of the foundational texts of Western Philosophy
We found there a commentary in the 3rd century AD, probably written by Galen and Porphyria.
All the data we collect, all the images and the originals, all the copies of them, etc., are published online under a Creative Commons license for anyone to use, including for commercial purposes.
(Applause) Why did the owner of this manuscript do this?
This was a move he made because he understood books and data.
When it comes to books, if you want to save them for the long term, you hide them so that other people can't easily see them.
When it comes to data, if you want it to live, you're going to have the least amount of control so that it's public and anyone can have it.
that's what he did
Every institution can learn from here
Because various institutions now regulate the data they hold with things like copyright.
If you want to browse old manuscripts on the Web, currently you have to go to some national library site or some university library site, which is the most tedious way to get digital data.
I would like to consolidate these sites into one.
In the future, the network of old manuscripts will not be created by institutions, but
It's going to be shaped by individual users -- data collectors, people who want to collect and organize maps and stuff from all sources, people who want to collect medieval stories from different places, people who want to curate their own collections of beautiful objects.
This is the future of materials on the web
If we can make that happen, it's an attractive and beautiful future.
Today, at the Walters Art Museum, we're following that example, making all the manuscripts available on the web for anyone who wants to use them, with all the source material, the legends, the metadata, all under a Creative Commons license.
published on the web
The Walters Gallery is a small museum, but it's full of great manuscripts, and the data is amazing.
As a result, for example, if you enter the search word ``Illuminated manuscript Koran'' in a google search, 24 of the 28 images displayed are ours. is due to an association
(Applause) Let's think about this a little more.
why does my group do that
The interests of associations are many and varied.
You can look at it in terms of charity, but let's think about selfish interests here.
To see the nature of corporate interests, we need to ask the following questions: Why do people go to the Louvre?
they go to see the mona lisa
why do they go to see the mona lisa
Because we already know what the Mona Lisa looks like
Everyone knows the face of the Mona Lisa, they've definitely seen this painting somewhere.
We don't need regulations because we all know
I think the various groups should step up and open up all their data in an unrestricted way, and that action would be for everyone's benefit.
I believe that giving everyone access to this data, and letting them sort through old knowledge, beautiful things, great things, will increase the beauty and cultural significance of the Internet.
Thank you for your attention
(applause)
In 1994, Murray and Hernstein published a book called "Bell Curve," a highly controversial book that argued that, on average, people of different races were smarter and more likely to succeed.
Murray and Hernstein also suggest that a lack of critical intelligence is responsible for significantly more violent crime in poor African-American communities.
But Murray and Hernstein aren't the only ones who think so.
In 2012, author, journalist, and political commentator John Derbyshire wrote an article that he described as a "non-black" version of the story many black parents feel compelled to teach their children: "Advice for staying safe." "is
In it, Derbyshire advises, "Avoid attending events that are likely to attract a large number of black people." matter"
But in 2016, I invited John Derbyshire and Charles Murray to speak at my school, fully aware that I was giving the stage and the attention to ideas I despised and rejected. that was
But this is just one more development in my life's "bad learning" journey.
When I was 10 years old, my mother was diagnosed with schizophrenia, a mental disorder characterized by mood swings and paranoid delusions.
All my life I've lived like my little house turned into a minefield every time my mother got furious.
But even though I feared my mother's fury every day, I also learned a lot from her.
My relationship with my mother was a complicated and difficult one, and when I was 14, it was decided that I needed to live away from her.
But over the years, I've come to understand the important lessons my mother taught me about life.
My mother was the first to tell me to learn from someone on the other side.
My mother, like me, was born and raised in a liberal Democratic home.
He told me to look at the world and the problems it faces as complex, controversial and ever-changing.
One day I found the words "Affirmative Action (AA)" in a book.
When I asked her what the word meant, she spent an hour explaining it in such detail and thoughtfully that even a young child could understand it.
My mother told me at least as interesting a story as any university professor would.
She gave me all sorts of reasons why people with different political views might disagree with or agree with AA. So when you look at it, it's important to know that it's got its pros and cons, its long history, its unpredictable future, and its many complicated factors.
My mother also felt that while A.A. could increase enrollment of minorities in elite institutions, it could also be detrimental to hardworking people of other races who came from more affluent backgrounds.
What my mother tried to make me realize was that we shouldn't just dismiss opinions that we don't agree with or don't like, even though there's always something to learn from someone else's perspective. even if it was difficult
But my life at home with my mother wasn't the only unpleasant aspect of life that shaped me.
In fourth grade, my mother decided that I should be sent to a private school to get the best possible education.
As a black student in a predominantly white private school, I've encountered attitudes and behaviors based on racial prejudice.
Some of my friends' parents saw me and immediately decided that basketball was what I was good at.
I found it frustrating that just because I was black, I was invisible to students who liked to read, write, and speak.
Experiences like this motivated me to work tirelessly to challenge people's stereotypes.
My mother also told me that I had to be persistent, alert, and extremely polite to make a good impression.
To prove I was right for the occasion, I had to be calm and confident, speak well, and demonstrate my ability to listen seriously.
That was the first time I was in a position where I was recognized as qualified to be there on par with my peers.
Despite the racial prejudice and stigma I often felt, what I learned at an elite private school was incredibly valuable.
Encouraged by my teachers, I explored my curiosity, tried new things, and deepened my understanding of the subjects that most appealed to me.
And the next step was going to college
I was thrilled to take my intellectual appetite and interest in the world of ideas to the next level.
I was eager to engage in heated debates with my classmates, professors, and external speakers to listen and learn to better understand myself and others.
I was fortunate enough to meet students and professors who shared similar interests, but on the other hand, my desire to tackle thorny problems was sometimes met with resistance.
As a way to start engaging with conflicting opinions in the real world, I joined a circle that brought controversial speakers to campus.
But this was met with great opposition from many people, and considerable opposition from students, faculty, and university authorities.
What was the value in having a controversial speaker, to most people it was seen as incomprehensible and only harmful.
And there have been times when I've been disappointed, as I've been personally attacked, my talks have been canceled by university authorities, and I've heard people misinterpret my intentions.
I understand that my efforts have offended a lot of people.
Of course, no one likes being offended, and I don't enjoy hearing from problematic speakers that "feminism has become a war against men," or that "blacks have lower IQs than whites."
I also understand this point that some people have gone through traumatic experiences in their lives.
Listening to demeaning opinions can relive the trauma you desperately overcame.
There are many people who say that providing such a speaker with a platform to speak will do a lot of harm and no good, and I remember it well, but every time I hear this kind of opinion, I feel sick to my stomach.
But ignoring the dissent doesn't make it go away, because it has a lot of supporters.
To understand the possibilities of a society moving forward, we must understand the opposing forces.
I believe that by facing controversial and offensive ideas, we can find common ground.
By facing each other, we may reach a better and deeper understanding of each other's beliefs, and we may retain our ability to solve problems, which we can only do if we make an effort to talk to each other and listen to each other.
But as soon as I announced that I had invited Derbyshire to campus, there was a student backlash on social media.
In fact, the wave of resistance was so strong that the president scrapped the invitation.
This is deeply disappointing, because in the future of work, even if some people agree with Derbyshire, I and my colleagues will have no choice.
If you look around what's going on in college, you see anger.
it is understandable
I wish I could have told everyone that it's worth putting up with the discomfort, it's worth listening to, and that it only makes us stronger, not weaker.
As I thought about my own experiences with learning that was unpleasant, and reflected on those experiences, I realized that it would be very difficult to change the values ​​of the intellectual community that I belonged to.
But there are times when I have expectations, and that's when I think about the exchanges I've had with students who support what I'm doing, students who feel threatened by it, and students who don't.
What I've found is that while it's hard to change the values ​​of a community, there's a lot to be gained from interacting with individuals.
I wasn't able to meet Derbyshire because the rector canceled the invitation, but I was able to have dinner with Murray before going on stage.
I knew it was going to be a difficult conversation.
Also, I wasn't expecting a comfortable conversation.
But the conversation was sincere, and I was able to understand what he was saying.
It turns out that he, like me, is trying to create a more just society.
But his understanding of what fairness entails was very different from mine.
The way he tried to understand this issue, the way he tried to tackle inequality, was also different from mine.
And what he's found to underlie his understanding of issues like welfare and AA is his understanding of various libertarian and conservative beliefs, and what makes or breaks their presence in society. bottom
He spoke eloquently, but I was never convinced.
But I certainly understood deeply
My belief is that progress in the face of adversity requires a genuine commitment to a deeper understanding of human nature.
My hope is that there will be more leaders in this world who understand the depth of the mindset of those who disagree with them, so they can better understand the people they represent.
I see this as an ongoing process of constant learning, and I believe that as we continue to build empathy and understanding through working with perspectives that are unfamiliar to us, one day we will be able to add value. increase
thank you
(applause)
tell a story about a friend
she is an actress in her 60s
She's very smart, she's the best woman, and she's a caring person.
A few days before Christmas, she was at the post office.
It was before Christmas, so it was crowded as usual, and she was very focused on filling out some forms.
And suddenly, someone pushed her away, and they said he grabbed her by the hand and pushed her out.
Apparently, she was blocking the man's search, so he got rid of it.
Did the man speak or not, did she not hear...
Either way, when she's focused on filling out the form,
Before I knew it, someone had touched me and pushed me away.
By moving her away, the man grabbed what he was looking for and hurried away.
She said she was stunned at first That's right
And then, she said, an indescribable rage welled up. She said it wasn't maddening, it wasn't frustrating, it was anger.
And then he continued, "I almost wanted to punch you.
I can't say it well, but I felt a strong anger
But I don't understand why
I didn't get hit by that person.
I wasn't hurt, I wasn't assaulted
Just being kicked out made me so angry that I wanted to hit him, or at least I wanted to chase him down and yell at him."
After that, I thought a lot about this anger, and as I listened to her talk, I thought about why I, too, felt angry, and why I hear the word anger so often these days.
It's almost time for the men to be here -- you're starting to look uncomfortable.
(laughs) It's okay.
please listen a little more
"Anger" is a word I've been ruminating on since the last US presidential election.
so do many women
My friend wasn't the only one who felt this anger.
Her anger is fueled by generations of men who have taken a liking to women's bodies without their consent.
There's a cultural climate where men are allowed to like women, and in this case, it's seemingly trivial. Women's bodies were treated like salt on the table. (Laughter) It pales in comparison to the terribly vicious, violent, terrifying situation.
Some of you may be wondering what the connection between the silly and the terrifying is.
The common denominator is just that spectrum.
It's the trivial things that create the terrible things.
Women have to put up with those two extremes and anything in between.
Guys, what if you were talking on your cell phone and someone walked up to you and took your phone away?
The other person says, "Hey, why are you so angry? I just want to make a phone call.
I'll return it as soon as I'm done
Jeez"
And what if someone takes your phone away every now and then, like once a day, twice a day?
The explanation for that is, "No, it's a good case," or "It's bad that it's out of your pocket."
But nobody wants to talk about people who take away their phones.
I know it's an oversimplification, but you know what I mean.
Men are so accustomed to doing what they want
can't seem to stop
This is not because men are inherently ethical, but because for many men this is a huge blind spot.
When someone takes a woman to his liking, it evokes not only discomfort and suffering, but the unspoken experiences of mothers, sisters, generations of women. is
For generations, women have dealt with men who think they know better than them, who are owned by their husbands, who are owned by their landlords, who are old white men who are forced to succumb to their genitalia. Our destinies were decided. For generations, women's bodies were used as objects of affection and lust, and we weren't allowed to control ourselves. Complying or not, they have been forced to endure harassment, assault, and terrible things.For generations, women's bodies have been beaten and wounded, manipulated and removed, and deserving of no respect. have been treated for generations as unable to express the anger boiling in their bodies.
It is only natural that we feel this anger.
Add in the history of racism, and it's a big, separate issue, and things get exponentially more complicated.
When women are mistreated, they try to give an explanation. They try to figure out what it was.
Come to think of it, maybe I didn't notice when you called out to me
I just overreacted
I'm too sensitive."
wrong
It is different
completely different
It's not like that at all
We've been taught to think that women are overreacting, that they're too sensitive, that they're irrational.
We swallow our anger in an attempt to justify unpleasant behavior.
I try to push my anger to the back of my mind, but it doesn't go away.
Anger stays in place even while we practice smiling "Yes, of course."
"Yeah, right." Because women are supposed not to get angry.
The anger that a friend of mine experienced was filled with the experience of generations of resentment, frustration, and rage that were not allowed to be directly confronted or expressed.
Every time someone thinks it's okay to like a woman's body, it not only ignites contemporary rage, but also illuminates the past.
One scene at the post office that seems so silly is an angry grenade.
Boom!
Today, what women around the world have gone through has reached a point where it can no longer be ignored.
The days of overreacting and thinking "that's the way it is" are over.
Gone are the days when women were to be blamed for men's misdeeds.
It's up to men to change their bad behavior.
(Applause) The tide is turning, and now is the time.
Dear fellow women, and gentle men, in the massive movement towards equality of women's rights, in coming together in this special place today, and envisioning the future we have yet to see, we are expected to do something different.
Dear men, you are our fellow women. Let's work together for change.
Be a trustworthy and introverted compatriot Be compassionate and open minded
Ask how we can support women and drive change.
May help come to you when you need it
And women, I urge you to recognize your anger.
you can express it in words
Please share in a safe manner from a safe location
your anger is not something to fear
That anger contains the wisdom of generations.
Let your anger out in the open and hear the voice
thank you
(Thank you for applause
(applause)
CA: Two months ago, something amazing happened.
Can you tell me that story? because everyone is interested
(Gwynne Shotwell) First shut up and watch, then we'll talk.
(Video) 5, 4, 3, 2, 1
(Cheers) (female voice) Launch, go, Falcon Heavy.
Gwynne: This was a really big moment for SpaceX.
First with the Falcon 9, now with the Falcon Heavy, any cargo ever and now conceived can be launched into orbit.
We have two Falcon Heavy launches later in the year, so this had to be successful.
In the first launch of the Falcon Heavy, this is the landing scene of its two main auxiliary boosters.
i'm so excited
(Laughter) Thank you to the whole team.
At that time, there were about 1,000 people around.
Then there is "Starman"
Starman didn't steal the topic. Booster is the star.
(Laughter) (Chris) I've got to load something up, so I'm going to take a Tesla into space.
(Gwynne) yeah it was perfect
Chris: Let's go back in time a little.
How did you become an engineer and president of SpaceX?
Were you originally a tech geek girl?
GW: I'm not a tech nerd, but I certainly did things that girls don't do.
When I was in third grade, I asked my mother, who is an artist, how a car works.
But the reason I went into engineering wasn't because of that book, but because I admired a female engineer who was speaking at a Society of Women Engineers event my mother took me to.
That person was doing a really important job, and he was cool in his suit.
(Laughter) That's what 15-year-old girls are attracted to.
I used to be embarrassed to tell this story, but I thought if that's why I became an engineer, I should tell you.
CA: Sixteen years ago, you became SpaceX's seventh employee, and over the next few years you signed a multibillion-dollar contract with NASA, even though SpaceX had failed its first three launches. is
What did you do?
GW: To sell rockets, it's all about relationships, building relationships with your customers.
You don't have a rocket to sell, so you pitch your team, you pitch your business-savvy CEO. It's not that hard these days, and it's about being responsive to any technical problem or concern they have.
So I think being an engineer myself helps.
It helps me in my role as head of sales for Elon.
CA: Right now, I think SpaceX's focus is to compete with Boeing and provide NASA with the service of launching humans into orbit first.
Of course, safety considerations are important.
can you sleep?
(Gwynne) I actually sleep a lot. Being able to fall asleep is one of my greatest strengths.
But when you launch people, you're probably going to be sleep deprived.
Safety is fundamental to the design of systems that fly people, and we've been working on it for years, and we've been doing this technology for almost a decade.
It's based on a cargo Dragon rocket, modified to carry a crew.
I've been working on safety technology for quite some time.
(Chris) There is a system that allows you to escape immediately when something goes wrong, right?
GWYE: Yeah, it's called a "launch escape system."
CA: I have a video, let's see it.
GWYN: This is footage from a test we did in 2015.
I'm assuming a situation where there's a big problem on the launch pad.
What I want to do is get the crew capsule out.
They want to get away from the rocket that's going badly beneath them.
This is in case something goes wrong with the launch pad.
We also plan to test later this year if there is a problem with the rocket in flight.
Chris: So the rocket has other functions as well.
GWYE: Yeah, the Dragon spacecraft's launch escape system is unique.
it's integrated
It's propellant, and the capsule has an integrated propellant system and thrusters that push the capsule out when it detects a problem with the rocket.
Previous capsule safety devices were like tractor tows, but we didn't choose that because the tow object had to disengage before the capsule could safely re-enter, a potential design failure. I wanted to get rid of something
CA: SpaceX is making rockets reusable like normal, something no national space program has ever done before.
How did you do it?
GWYN: There are several factors that make SpaceX successful — millions, actually.
One is that we stand on the shoulders of giants.
We look at the rocket industry and developments to date, pick the best ideas, and live with them.
Also, our system didn't have a technological heritage to include.
We didn't have to design to incorporate "legacy" elements, which might not be the most reliable or expensive, and we could design the system based solely on physics.
CA: There are other things that were developed from scratch.
Lastly, you mentioned physics-based design. Can you give us an example?
GW: There are actually hundreds of examples of that, but we started the rocket design with a blank slate, and we could decide whatever we wanted.
The design of the tank is a common dome shape
It's shaped like two beer cans stacked on top of each other, one with liquid oxygen and one with a propellant, which can reduce weight.
Same design, loaded more cargo.
Another thing that's unique about the rockets we're flying right now is that we use high-density liquid oxygen and high-density propellant, and we're doing it at very low temperatures so that we can pack more propellant into the rocket.
And even if others are doing it, it's probably not as good as we are, and it's going to give the rocket more headroom and make it more reliable.
CA: I think it was 10 years ago when you became president of SpaceX.
What's it like to work alongside Elon Musk?
Gwynne: I love working for Elon.
This year will be the 16th year
I'm not stupid enough to do nasty things for 16 years.
He's a funny guy, and even if he doesn't say anything, people around him want to do their best work.
he doesn't need to say anything
I want everyone to do a good job.
CA: I think you're in the best position to answer one question that's been baffling me, and it's about a strange unit of time called "Earon time."
For example, last year when I asked him when Tesla would be driving itself across the United States, he said last December, which would be perfectly correct in Elonian time.
What exactly is the conversion ratio between Elonian time and real time?
(Laughter) (Gwynne) For putting me in a delicate position.
Thank you very much
It's true that Elon is very bullish about his time goals, but it's also what drives us to do better and faster.
It's important to put pressure on your team to do it faster because you don't get the best results by spending all the time and money in the world.
CA: It seems to me that you are playing an important intermediary role.
Elon could set a strong, outrageous goal that, under different circumstances, could have crushed the team or set impossible expectations.
In response, you say, "Okay, Elon," and you seem to make it happen in a way that's acceptable to both him and his employees.
CA: There are two important realizations about that.
First, when Elon says something, don't pause and immediately say, "That's impossible," or, "I have no idea what to do."
Close your mouth, think it over, and find a possible way.
And the other thing I've noticed is that this makes it really hard to find job satisfaction.
I see it as my job to turn those ideas into viable company goals, and to help them get over the steep hills and calm down.
When you finally get there, you're over it, and everyone's happy, Elon throws you something else, and your satisfaction is blown away, and you start climbing the steep hill again.
But I realized that that's his job, and that it's his job to bring the company closer to our comfort zone. It's happened. Instead of being irritated
CA: The conversion ratio between Elon's time and your time is 2x according to my calculations.
Gwynn: I don't think it's bad, but you said that, not me.
(Laughter) (Chris) Looking ahead, SpaceX is rumored to be working on a big plan to bring low-cost, high-capacity Internet connectivity to every corner of the planet through a network of literally thousands of low-orbit satellites. about it
Can you tell us something about this matter?
GW: I haven't talked much about this project, but it's not because I'm hiding it, but because it's probably one of the most difficult projects we're doing, if not the hardest.
No one has succeeded in building a large-scale satellite network to provide broadband, but the challenge is not physical.
I think we can come up with the right technical solutions, but we just need to turn them into businesses, and they're going to cost about $10 billion to build.
We're making steady progress, but we're not quite there yet to declare victory.
CA: The impact of ubiquitous internet connectivity is going to be huge. If everyone suddenly gets cheap connectivity, it will change a lot.
GWYN: Yeah, it's definitely going to change the world.
CA: How much of a concern and obstacle is space junk to that plan?
many people are concerned
It would greatly increase the total number of satellites in orbit.
is that a problem?
GW: Space junk is certainly a problem, not because it's likely to happen often, but because when it does, the consequences are devastating.
If you litter an orbit with too much debris, the orbit will be rendered useless for decades.
In fact, every time we launch, we need to drop the second stage to the ground, so that the debris from the rocket doesn't remain in orbit.
must be managed responsibly
CA: Despite the impressive success of the Falcon Heavy Rocket, you haven't focused on that in your plans for the future.
They're trying to build an even bigger rocket, the name of which is BFR, that is-
(Gwynn) Big Falcon Rocket (Chris) Oh yeah
(Laughter) So what's the rationale behind investing in this amazing technology and then trying to build something even bigger this time around?
GW: There's something we've learned over the years that we've been developing launch systems.
We don't want to introduce a new product before we've convinced our customers that it's their next product. Keep flying 9 and Falcon Heavy
Just because we're working on the Big Falcon doesn't mean we're going to stop Falcon Heavy or Falcon 9, we're just adding new ones.
CA: So BFR is what we need to send humans to Mars?
(Gwynne) That's right.
CA: But you guys have other business ideas for that as well.
GW: Yeah, the BFR can carry satellites that we have in various orbits right now.
We can launch satellites like never before.
The streamlined hull is eight meters in diameter, and it's conceivable that you could put a really big telescope in the cargo hold and see the wonders of the universe and make great discoveries.
But there's also the extra capacity that comes from the BFR.
(Chris) Surplus capacity? (Gwynn) It's surplus capacity.
(Chris) Are you talking about this?
Let me ask you what this is. (Gwynn) This is the Falcon Heavy.
By the way, I would like to say
This is a very nice rocket, and the Statue of Liberty fits in that hangar, so you can imagine the size of the Falcon Heavy Rocket.
(Chris) And the fact that there are 27 engines.
This is your design philosophy, not just building a new big rocket, but putting it together.
GW: This is just an example of surplus capacity.
We developed the Merlin engine for the Falcon 1.
We could have ditched it and built a new engine for the Falcon 9.
Well, it would have had a different name -- nine Merlin engines -- Falcon 9 -- but instead of spending billions of dollars developing a completely new engine, they decided to use the same nine engines.
It's surplus capacity, and now we've combined three Falcon 9s to create the largest rocket currently in use.
This is expensive, but it's much faster than starting from scratch.
CA: How many times more than this is the BFR in terms of propulsion?
Gwynne: The BFR's payload is, I think, 2.5 times that.
CA: If that makes this possible -- I still can't believe what I'm about to show you.
What the hell is this?
GWYN: We're on Earth right now, but this is space travel for Earthlings.
I can't wait to see this surplus capacity come to fruition.
Basically, what we're trying to do is fly the BFR, like an airplane, for travel around the globe, flying out of New York or Vancouver and flying halfway around the globe.
I'm on the BFR, maybe 30 minutes, 40 minutes, the longest is— yeah, that's cool.
(Applause) The longest part is the boat trip.
(Laughter) (Chris) Sure, it's cool, but it's crazy, isn't it?
This can't really happen
(Gwynne) No, this will happen.
definitely
(Chris) How?
(Applause) Above all, countries have to accept the missiles that come their way, right?
we do it all the time
We're recalling the first stages of our rockets and landing them on state land and air force bases.
So this will probably start and end somewhere that's only 5 or 10 kilometers away from the city.
CA: How many passengers do you think will have the luxury of flying through space?
Gwynne: The first BFR had about 100 passengers.
let's talk a little business
Everyone thinks rockets are expensive, and they're generally right, but how can they compete with airline tickets?
If you can move this in 30 minutes or an hour, you can fly dozens of times a day.
A long-haul plane can only fly once a day.
So even if the rocket is a little more expensive, and the fuel is a little more expensive, we can still fly 10 times more than an airplane in a day, and we can generate the income we need from this system.
CA: So you think this is really going to happen in the future? When will it be?
(Gwynn) Definitely in 10 years
(Chris) Is it Gwyn time, is it Elon time?
(Gwyn) It's Gwyn time. Elon will tell you to go faster.
(Laughter) (Chris) That's certainly great.
(Laughter) (Gwynn) Personally, I'm looking forward to this. I travel a lot, but I don't like to travel, so I'll leave early in the morning to meet my clients in Riyadh, and by the time dinner's ready. nice to be back
(Chris) Let's do the math.
So, in 10 years, will a flight from New York to Shanghai cost about the same as an economy class ticket or $2,300?
GWYN: Yeah, it'll be somewhere between economy and business, but you can get there in an hour.
CA: It's certainly a small thing.
(Laughter) Another use for the BFR in development is to go a little further than Shanghai.
let's talk about it
You guys are actually making videos detailing how humans get to Mars.
GWYN: Yes, this video is a shortened version of what I've shown elsewhere, but there are some new additions.
We're going to launch from the launch pad, we have the boosters, we have the BFS—the Big Falcon Spaceship.
make a launch—
The booster puts the spacecraft into low earth orbit, and then it comes back down to earth, just like we're doing now.
It sounds amazing, but we're working on individual technologies and making them happen one by one.
boosters are back
What's new here is that it's coming back to the same launch pad it started from.
It's now landing on another launch pad or barge.
Can be relaunched quickly
They're loaded with fuel from either a cargo ship or a fuel depot, they're launched into orbit by boosters, they're docked, the spacecraft is refueled, and then they head to their respective destinations, this one to Mars.
(Chris) So you're going to transport 100 people to Mars at a time. Is it about six months? Or two months?
GWYN: It depends on the size of the rocket.
We're making bigger and bigger BFRs, but the first one is about three months old.
Right now the average is 6-8 months, but I'd like to do it sooner.
CA: When do you think SpaceX will bring the first humans to Mars?
GWYN: It's probably about the same time as ground flights.
same as ability
Within 10 years — not the 2010s
CA: Within 10 years in real time.
It's amazing again
(Laughter) But seriously, why?
At your company, that's the official mission statement.
We're all on that mission, and I'm sure many of you are wondering, what am I going to do with all that talent and technology?
Even though there are many pressing problems on the planet,
Why would you want to go to another planet
(Laughter) (Gwynne) I'm glad you're asking about that, but we need to broaden our horizons.
There's a lot of work to be done on the planet, but there are a lot of companies working on it.
I think we're doing the most important job we can do, which is to find another place where humanity can continue to live and thrive.
If anything happens on Earth, humans will have to live somewhere else.
(Applause) It's fundamental risk reduction for humanity.
This isn't about trying to neglect making the planet a better place.
But let's not take the depressing view of going to Mars to save all of humanity from extinction.
That's a terrible reason to go to Mars.
Basically, it's a new place to explore, and that's what makes us different from other animals: our inquisitiveness, our curiosity, our ability to learn new things.
I would also like to say that this is the first step for us to go to other star systems and even other galaxies. I want to meet people from star systems.
Mars is fine, but it's a ragged planet.
I have to do a lot to make it livable.
(Laughter) I would like to find people from other star systems, maybe not called people.
Chris: That's a grand vision.
thank you very much gwen
I think your work is the coolest thing on the planet.
(Gwynn) Thank you very much Chris.
I'm sure some of you are familiar with today's story.
About the Arab Spring
You know, right?
(Applause) In 2011, the power shift liberated power from the few to the masses, from the president's office to the central square, from the controlled airwaves to the Internet.
Even before Tahrir Square became a global symbol of liberation, polls showed a quiet but powerful shift in public opinion.
I am a gallop surveying Muslim societies around the world
Since 2001, I've interviewed thousands of people -- men and women of all ages, educated and illiterate.
Today, I'm going to use this research to talk about why Arab societies are rising and what they want.
Arab society is diverse, each country is unique
But revolutionaries have common grievances and similar demands.
The story centers around Egypt.
Of course it's not because I was born in Egypt.
Because Egypt is the largest Arab country and has a lot of influence in the region.
Finally, I'll broaden my focus to the region as a whole, discussing the ever-popular views of religion and politics from the perspective of Arab society and their impact on women, along with some surprising findings.
After analyzing a ton of data, we found that unemployment and poverty weren't the only things that caused the 2011 Arab Revolution.
If despairing Tunisian fruit vendors sparked a series of revolutions, it was the gap between what Arabs actually experienced and what they expected that fueled them.
I mean, look at this trend in Egypt.
Egypt was doing well on paper
Egypt's economic development has been admired by multinational corporations.
But underneath the surface was a completely different reality.
Just before the 2010 revolution, even though GDP per capita had been growing at an annual rate of 5% for several years, Egyptians were seeing their standard of living deteriorate dramatically.
It's a very strange thing, of course, because on a global scale, the richer the country, the better the lives of its citizens.
Because there will be better job opportunities and better social security for the nation.
But in Egypt, the opposite happened.
Unemployment rose as the country prospered, satisfaction with housing and education plummeted.
But it wasn't just the economic anger.
Craving for freedom is another factor
Contrary to the clash of civilizations theory, the Arabs did not despise the freedom of the West, they craved it.
Back in 2001, we asked ordinary Arabs and Muslims around the world what they admired most about the West.
Liberty and justice were the most common answers
One of the free text responses was, "Western political systems are transparent and embody true democracy."
Or they cite "freedom and justice, tolerance of others" as strengths.
In a 2005 survey, more than 90% of respondents in Egypt, Indonesia and Iran said that if they were to write a new constitution for their theoretical new nation, they would guarantee freedom of speech as a fundamental right, especially in Egypt. was
88% of respondents said promoting democracy would help Islam develop, the highest number among the countries surveyed.
But in response to the push for democracy, the day-to-day situation was very different, especially in Egypt.
Despite its push for democracy, Egypt has not been the most democratic country in the world, as evidenced by only 4% of respondents saying they had a say in the administration over the past month. increase
While economic development has brought wealth to some people, it has made things worse for others.
People felt that their freedom was being constrained, and that state support was dwindling.
So, in the eyes of the public, the previous government looked more like a prison guard than a tolerant, overprotective father.
After 30 years of Mubarak rule, Egypt has the potential to become a role model for the region.
If Egypt succeeds in building a society under the law, it will set an example.
On the other hand, if the core issues that sparked the revolution go unresolved, the consequences could be devastating, not only for Egypt, but for the entire region.
Some say the current signs are not good.
Because Islamic fundamentalists, not revolutionary young liberals, won a majority in parliament.
The military's Supreme Council has cracked down on civil society and protests, and the country's economic situation continues to deteriorate.
But judging Egypt on these factors alone misses the true meaning of revolution.
Because Egyptians have become more optimistic than ever before, because the line between religion and the world is lower than we think, and they're trying to democratize.
Fundamentalists and liberals, supporters of both sides want governments to have common policies: jobs, security, education, not moral policing.
What's even more noteworthy is that for the first time in decades, the public is taking a stand and saying, "Let's actively participate in national affairs" and "Let's stop being a bystander."
A few weeks ago, I had a meeting with a group of newly elected members of the Egyptian and Turisian parliaments.
What struck me most was that they seemed not only optimistic, but frustrated that the world wasn't improving.
A member of Congress once said, "People used to gather in cafes to watch football." Soccer, as we call it in America, "Now we gather and watch Congress."
(Laughter) "People are really paying attention to what we're doing, and I'm very worried about whether we can live up to their expectations."
And what's even more impressive is that just two years ago, it was the people who were under the watchful eye of the government that were so nervous.
People's expectations are high because they have new hopes for the future.
Just before the revolution, the Egyptians said they were in deep despair, and they thought the future was bleak.
It's not the improvement in living standards that has changed much since Mubarak was ousted.
actually made it worse
However, public expectations for the future have significantly improved.
It's this hope, this optimism that endured the tumultuous year of transition that followed.
One of the reasons for this optimism is that, contrary to what most people think, many Egyptians agree that many things have changed.
Before the revolution, Egypt was notorious for having less than 10 percent voter turnout, but in the latest elections it exceeded 70 percent, both men and women.
In 2010, just over 25% of Americans felt the elections were fair, but a staggering 25% felt that the elections were fair. In the latest election, 90% felt the elections were fair.
Importantly, we found a relationship between public confidence in the pro-democracy movement and the confidence of oppressed peoples that they could improve their situation on their own through peaceful means alone.
(Applause) Some of you may be thinking,
The people of Egypt, and the people of Arab countries in transition after the revolution, all expect too much from their government.
Having been under a dictatorship for so long, it's only natural to expect a sympathetic country to solve all our problems.
But what this view misses is the tectonic transformation that's happening all over Egypt, far from the cameras in Tahrir Square.
After all, the Egyptians' high expectations are directed at themselves.
What was once a passive, yielding country where only 4% of the population would speak to the government, now 90% of the population believes that if there is a problem in their community, they should solve it themselves. saying
(Applause.) And three-quarters of Americans feel a responsibility to do so and believe they have the power to change.
This power also applies to women, and women played a major role in the revolution.
Many were doctors, dissidents, artists and organizers.
Women made up one-third of the people who stepped forward in front of tanks and tear gas to demand freedom in Egypt.
(Applause) Some people fear that the rise of Islamic fundamentalism will have a negative impact on women.
Our research reveals inconsistencies in women's public opinion about the role of religion in law and in society.
It turns out that women in certain countries hold more of the same opinions as men than women in other countries, and it varies from country to country.
What this tells us is that the context in which women view the role of religion in society is shaped by the culture and context of each country, rather than a singular belief that religion is bad for women.
But women share the same view of their role: their role is central and active.
Where we see the biggest differences between men and women in the country is the issue of women's rights.
How men view women's rights will affect the region's future.
Because we found a correlation between the degree to which men support women's employment and the percentage of women who are actually employed professionally in the country.
So the question is, what motivates men about women's rights?
What about men's views on religion and law?
Are men's opinions about the role of religion in politics relevant to women's rights?
the answer is no
Our findings showed no causal relationship between those two variables.
What drives men to support women's employment is men's own employment, men's education levels, and high scores on the United Nations Human Development Index.
What this means is that the transformative empowerment of women in the Middle East requires human development, not secularization.
Now the change starts on Wall Street
It's on its way to Mohammad Mahwood Street, and now more than ever it's important to understand the desires of the public.
thank you
(applause)
Today I'm going to talk about moral persuasion. What is moral and what is immoral when we use technology and design to change people's behavior?
I don't know what you think, but when I thought about this question, one of the things I realized early on was that I couldn't answer.
The reason we can't answer what is moral or immoral is because our society is pluralistic.
My values ​​may be very different from yours, which means that the moral and immoral judgments I make based on my values ​​may not necessarily match yours.
But there's one thing I can tell you, and that's what the man behind me showed the world, according to Socrates.
It is "to ask"
What I can do, and what I want to do with you, is that you think for yourself about the series of questions I asked you at the beginning, and peel it off like an onion, one by one, and find out what moral and immoral persuasion you believe in. to get to the heart of what is
To do that, I'll give you a few examples, examples of gamified techniques for manipulating people.
The first question for you is a very simple and obvious question: when you design something, what is the purpose?
But it's not enough to just think about purpose. So let me give you another example.
This is an environmental impact dashboard, a display panel that's installed in the car to encourage you to drive more fuel-efficiently.
Nissan's My Leaf can compete with you to see who drives the most fuel-efficient car by comparing your driving with that of others.
They're very effective, but -- they're so effective that they encourage dangerous driving where you don't stop at a red light, because if you turn the engine off and start it again, you're using a lot of gas.
So even though it was made for a very good purpose, it clearly had side effects.
Let me give you another example of a side effect.
It's a compliment. There's a website where kids get little badges for doing what their parents want them to do, like tying their own shoelaces.
At first glance, it's a very good thing, and it seems harmless and well-intentioned.
But if you look closely at research about people's thinking, you'll find that caring about results, caring about public recognition, caring about public prizes like this isn't necessarily good for your long-term mental health. it's not useful
intended to learn
It's so much better to look at yourself than how other people see you.
These motivational tools have long-term side effects in and of themselves, and we recognize that it is good and natural to emphasize evaluation whenever we use techniques that involve public evaluation, social standing, and so on. It can be detrimental to our long-term mental health as a culture.
So that's the second obvious question: What are the consequences of what you're doing? The effect of using tools that save fuel, and the effect of tools like public assessments that we use to get people to do things.
Purpose, Effect Is that all?
Of course, there are techniques that combine both.
Both have good long-term and short-term benefits, and they have benevolent intentions, like Freedom, designed by Fred Stutzman, in which the program resists annoying calls and requests from attacking your PC for a preset amount of time. You can drop the connection and get the job done efficiently.
Most of you will agree with me that this program is well-intentioned and has good results.
It's what the philosopher Michel Foucault calls "the technology of the self."
It's the art of inspiring individuals to determine their life path and shape themselves.
But the problem, as Foucault pointed out, is that all self-technology involves the power to govern.
As in today's modern liberal democracies, nations and societies not only allow us to be self-determined and self-made, they demand it.
It demands that we seek to be efficient, to self-regulate, to constantly self-manage, because that's the only way a liberal society works.
These techniques are devised by society to keep us a part of society.
i want to be more fit
For that reason, we seek to increase efficiency
This isn't necessarily a bad thing, and I think this example opens the door to universal understanding. it means it has value
and we can question their value
The question is, is it good for all of us to continually improve our efficiency in order to better fit into society? is
Let's take another example. Let's think about how to persuade a Muslim woman to wear a scarf.
Is it good or bad in its purpose and effect?
Basically, you're mobilizing your values ​​to make these decisions.
So the third question is, what values ​​do you use when you make decisions?
Speaking of values, when I was arguing with others online about moral persuasion, I noticed that there was often a strange bias.
That prejudice is what we're asking: "How far is it ethical?"
"How far" is within the allowable range? is that
For example, when you donate to Oxfam, the form is pre-configured as a monthly donation, perhaps subconsciously encouraging or urging you to make a monthly donation rather than a one-time donation, which is acceptable. Is not it?
Is this ethical?
This may seem like a low-level argument, but it's actually
The question "How far is ethical?"
It's one way to measure morality.
If you look at the gateway to ethics in Western culture, you'll see a completely different idea of ​​ethics.
For Aristotle, ethics was not a question of, "Is this acceptable?"
Ethics was about how to live a good life.
He expressed this with the word "arete," which in ancient Greek translates to "virtue."
It really means "excellence"
It's about living to the fullest of your human potential.
And this idea is well articulated by Paul Richard Buchanan in his recent paper, "Products provide a vivid discussion of how we live."
The design of things is neither ethical nor unethical in the way it persuades us.
Design simply has a moral component that gives us a vision and aspiration for a better life.
Look at the designs around you, and ask yourself, "What is the vision of a better life that our products and designs represent?" You might shudder to realize how little you expect from life and what you consider to be an abundant life.
So my fourth question is, what is the image of a rich life that you want your designs to convey?
And speaking of design -- you've already broadened the discussion, because it's not just the art of persuasion, it's all about design in the world.
I don't know if you know, but the great communication scholar, Paul Watzlawick, made the argument in the '60s, "We can't avoid communication." We had an argument, even if we didn't say it aloud.
I choose to be silent, and by being silent I communicate something.
And just as communication is inevitable, so is persuasion. Every time we do something or don't, and every time we present it to the world as part of our design, it has an element of persuasion.
this affects us
It presents a certain image of a good life, according to the Dutch tech philosopher Peter Paul Verbeek.
We as designers speak of embodying a moral code whether we intend it or not.
to complicate or simplify something
systematize human existence
We make judgments about what's in the world, good or bad, standard or normal, on a fixed scale.
Even the seemingly innocuous school chair is an art of persuasion because it presents and embodies specific images of teaching, learning and listening that conjure up a rich life. Listen, sit while you study, study for yourself, don't change this rule, because your chair is fixed to the ground, and so on.
Even one seemingly harmless chair, like this one designed by Arne Jacobsen, is a persuasive technique, because once again it conveys the idea of ​​a good life. "In an affluent life, products like this chair are produced sustainably or unsustainably, and the people who use them are like the person who made that chair.
to admit that they will be treated better or worse
A rich life also means putting a lot of weight on design, because people spent time and money to create such a well-designed chair. A chair like this would be a symbol of that, and where obvious waste is the norm, spending millions of dollars on a chair like this, you can show off your social status to others.
These questions are the skin of an onion. What I wanted you to think about today is what purpose do you add when you design something? about it
What are your intended and unintended influences?
What values ​​do you use to judge it?
What are the virtues and aspirations that you want to express there?
How do you apply it to everything you design, not just the art of persuasion?
Shall we stop here?
Can not do that
I think all these keywords derive from one core thing: life itself.
The question of what it means to live a good life goes to everything we design, but it's important to ask, "How does this affect our lives?"
"If lamps and houses are works of art, so are our lives."
In the words of Michel Foucault
Let me give you the example of Buster Benson.
This is Buster building gymnastics equipment in his new Habit Institute office. They're trying to start a health program like Health Month. Is not it?
There's a principle here. What Buster started at Habit Labs is related to how the team wants to work. When they created this program, they set a moral code for themselves. Because one of them was, "Watch your health and how much you exercise."
What that means is that you need to ask yourself, what is a good life? What is the image of a good life that you want your designs to convey or create? Huh?
Thank you very much
(applause)
(music) (applause) (music) (applause) (music) (applause) (music) (applause)
Does E.T. (extraterrestrial life) exist?
I work at the SETI Institute
SETI, which is very similar to my name (Seth), is the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence.
I mean, I'm looking for aliens, and when I tell this story at a cocktail party, people usually look at me with suspicion.
I pretend to be casual
A lot of people think that searching for aliens is a dream, absurd and impossible, but I want to tell you briefly why I think my work is so special and how I got started in it. I think that I want to do it
Can this be returned?
People of Earth, please respond
you're back
The Owens Valley Radio Observatory, deep in the Sierra Nevada, in 1968, where I was collecting data for my doctoral dissertation.
But collecting data is a lonely and boring task, so I enjoyed taking pictures of telescopes and myself at night, because at night there are no hominids within a radius of about 50 kilometers.
this is my picture at that time
At the observatory, there was just a new book written by a Russian cosmologist named Josef Szyklovski, with a then-unknown astronomer at Cornell named Carl Sagan, who wrote the manuscript, translated it, and edited it. was doing
I remember reading this book at 3:00 a.m. in the morning to measure the rotation of the galaxy, and the antennas I use to communicate and transmit information from one star system to another. I learned that it can also be used for
Alone at 3:00 a.m. and barely sleeping, this seemed like a really cool idea, the fact that we could prove that there is intelligent life on the planet just by using the same technology. I got a job at the SETI Institute. My memory is so full of holes that I wondered if my memory was true or false. you can see the book under the analog calculator
my memory was correct
The idea of ​​searching for extraterrestrial intelligence was still in its infancy at the time this photo was taken.
In 1960, a young astronomer named Frank Drake, in West Virginia, aimed this antenna at several nearby stars in an attempt to intercept messages from E.T.
couldn't hear anything
In fact, the signals we heard were from the United States Air Force, not extraterrestrial intelligence.
But Drake's idea got a lot of attention, because it was a compelling one, and I'll say it again. Even though this experiment didn't work, we used it to continue listening to the universe. Although it is interrupted from time to time, the activity continues.
still can't hear anything
still can't hear anything
In fact, we don't even know that extraterrestrial life exists.
This is the Allen Telescope Array about 560 kilometers from your seat.
That's what we're using now to find E.T., and electronics are much, much better than they used to be.
This was used by Frank Drake in 1960.
Here's one from the Allen Telescope Array.
A lazy academic has calculated that today's new experiment is about 100 trillion times better than the 1960 one.
This is progress that deserves recognition.
But what the general public doesn't realize is that experiments keep getting better and, as a result, tend to get faster.
I'm going to show you a graph.
I have 12 of these -- (Laughter) -- but I'd like you to see how the search speed changes in this graph.
It's like looking for a needle in a haystack.
We know the size of the haystack, it's the galaxy.
But now I use a bulldozer instead of a teaspoon to plow through the hay, because the speed of my experiments is increasing.
If you're still listening and you're good at math, you'll notice that this graph is a semi-logarithmic graph.
So the rate of climb increases exponentially.
You can see that we're progressing exponentially, and the word exponential is overused and used a lot in the media.
Without knowing what it really means, but this is really exponential.
It's doubling every 18 months, and it's Moore's Law, which computer geeks are familiar with.
At this rate, in 24 years, we'll be able to see a million star systems and look for people in the universe.
A million star systems. Isn't that fun?
How many of them have planets?
In fact, we didn't know the answer even 15 years ago. In fact, even six months ago, we really didn't know how much.
But now we know, according to recent results, stars almost always have planets, and more than one of them.
It's like a pregnant cat
Not only one is born, but many are born.
That's a fairly accurate estimate of the number of planets in our galaxy. It's the only galaxy. For those of you who aren't familiar with astronomy, this galaxy with Earth is one million telescopes. is one of the galaxies
There are plenty of planets, but places like Mercury and Neptune don't make a lot of sense.
You never thought of Neptune
So what percentage of planets are habitable?
We don't know yet, but we'll know this year, thanks to NASA's Kepler telescope, and according to the insiders who do this work, there's one in a thousand planets, maybe a hundred, that could have life. It seems that there is about one in
Even pessimistically, one in a thousand means that there are at least a billion Earth siblings in our galaxy.
I've given you a lot of numbers, but they're mostly big numbers, so that means there's plenty of places to live. I know we all like to think we're miracles, but when you study science, every time you think you're a miracle, you realize you're wrong.
And so we come to the conclusion that, with the speed of our investigation, and the number of planets that are likely to be habitable, I think we'll pick up some kind of signal within 24 years.
I'm pretty confident, so I'm willing to bet that in 24 years we'll find E.T., or I'll buy you a cup of coffee.
It's a good bet in 24 years, isn't it? Find news about signal interception on the Internet, or get yourself a cup of coffee.
Now let's talk about the aspect that people don't think about, which is, "What happens?"
I don't really know, but I think it will.
Suppose that in 24 years we will receive a signal that will tell us that we have a companion in this universe.
What would be the result?
I may be at the scene of discovery.
I can actually imagine what's going to happen to me, because in 1997, it never happened. Here's a picture I took around 3:00 a.m. here in Mountain View, staring at my computer screen. I received the signal
You think Men in Black is coming
And I thought someone was going to call me, and I didn't have a call from my mom, or a government agency, but I was so nervous that I couldn't sit down.
I wandered around the room and took many pictures like this with my hand held lid.
Around 9:30 in the morning, I was exhausted from an all-nighter, and I was resting my head on my desk when the phone rang. It was the New York Times.
The lesson we've learned from that is that if we get a signal, the media will sniff it out faster than weasels.
I think it's going to be a wasted week. It's going to be a week where you can't do anything else.
But what about you?
unfortunately i don't know yet
Unfortunately, we don't know yet, not in the long term, not even in the short term.
This question is like going back to 1941 and asking Columbus, "What would you do if you found out that there was a continent between you and Japan? If you did, what would the consequences be for mankind?" what happens as a result? "
He might give you an answer that you don't understand, but it's probably not right.
But I can say a few things
First, E.T. societies are much more advanced than our societies.
You wouldn't get a signal from an E.T. like a Neanderthal.
Because we can't build radio transmitters, they're thousands or millions of years ahead of us. maybe you can take a shortcut
You might think I'm exaggerating, but even so, it can happen, isn't it? It's like teaching Julius Caesar English and giving him the keys to the Library of Congress. This is teaching Julius Caesar English and the United States Congress. It's like handing over the keys to the library
his life is turned upside down
First of all, the other thing that will definitely happen is that it teaches us a lesson.
We find ourselves not a miracle, we are just ordinary beings. We are not the only life around here.
we are not a miracle
The third is kind of vague, but I think it's interesting and important, and it's that if we get signals from more advanced societies, if we get signals from more advanced societies, that's our potential. suggests that we are not destined to perish by self-destruction.
If they survived, so can we.
Normally, the farther you look into space, the more you look into the past.
that would be interesting for astronomers
But this way you can see the future, it's blurry, but you can see it.
These are the things that would happen with the discovery of the signal.
So let's talk about what happens before you find that signal. I think SETI is very important because it's not just a survey, it's an understandable survey.
In fact, I read books about explorers all the time. Exploration is very interesting. Arctic expeditions by Magellan, Amundsen, Shackleton, Franklin Scott, etc. are very cool.
They were fascinated by exploration, and you might think, "Oh, that's bullshit," but it's not bullshit at all, because ants, for example.
Most ants follow the ants in front of them in a line, but a few, about 1%, are so-called pioneers and roam through the line.
They are the ants on the kitchen counter
You have to squish them with your fingers before they find the sugar or something.
Even though these ants are mostly dead, they are essential to the survival of the ants in the colony, which means exploration is important.
I also think that exploration is important because it allows us to address what is so critically lacking in our society: our lack of education and understanding of science.
There are many articles criticizing the lack of scientific education in America.
you've heard
let me give you an example
There's a poll that was done 10 years ago.
This is about a third of the people who believe that aliens are here, not somewhere in the universe that we're looking for.
Show up in a flying saucer and kidnap people for terrible experiments.
Well, it would be interesting if it were true, and if it were, my job would be safe, but the evidence is very unbelievable.
But there are a lot of things that people think are important, like the efficacy of homeotoxic therapy, or evolution is a crazy idea by some crazy scientist, or things like global warming.
The idea that you can't trust scientists is baseless.
We have to solve these kinds of problems, because these are very important problems.
Of course, SETI can't solve these kinds of problems.
But you can get involved. It opens your kids up to science. Science seems hard, and it's true. But this is the result of 400 years of science.
In the 18th century, you could go to a library and read a book for a few hours and become an expert in any field of science, if only you could find a library.
In the 19th century, if you had a laboratory in your basement, you could make a scientific breakthrough in your own home, right? Because there were things out there that could be the subject of scientific research.
but not now
It takes years of graduate school and years of research work to finally understand what the big issues are.
it's really hard
Let me give you an example, the Higgs boson, to find the Higgs boson.
So ask 10 random people, "Hey, how would you feel about spending billions of Swiss francs to find the Higgs boson?"
The answer would be something like, "Well, I don't know what the Higgs boson is, and I don't know if it's important."
Most people don't even know the value of the Swiss franc.
But we're pouring billions of Swiss francs into this problem.
But it doesn't help people get interested in science, because they don't understand anything.
SETI on the other hand is very simple
We use a big antenna, we just pick up the signal, and everybody knows it.
It's technically advanced, of course, but anyone can get the idea.
This is the first, and the second is that it's fun science.
Because we've always been interested in other intelligent life forms, and I think that's a permanent thing.
So, interest in potential enemies is constant, and romantics may be interested in them as lovers.
It's similar to how humans are interested in things with big teeth -- (Laughter).
We're fascinated by creatures with big teeth, and how they help us evolve, and our taste for them can be seen in "Animal Planet."
A furry mouse is rarely on the show
It's all about creatures with big teeth.
we are interested in such
It's not just us adults, it's children too.
So E.T. is a great way to get people interested in science. SETI is involved in all areas of science, not just biology and astronomy, but also geology, chemistry, and many other disciplines, saying, "We're looking for E.T." You can introduce by saying, "We're looking for E.T."
For me, this is very important. Actually, it's my belief that if you talk to adults, they'll be back to normal after two days.
But if you talk to children, about 1 in 50 will have an epiphany, and they'll go, "I've never thought about it," and read a book or a magazine.
they were interested in something
This is just a theory based on my own experience, but kids are most interested in things between the ages of 8 and 11, and we have to make the most of this opportunity.
Talking to adults is important, but I give 10 percent of my talks to kids.
I remember this guy coming to my high school, middle school, when I was in sixth grade.
He talked to me about something, and the only word I remember was "electronics."
It's like when Dustin Hoffman in the movie "The Graduate" hears the word "plastic."
Anyway, I don't remember anything other than hearing the word "electronics." Actually, I don't remember anything I learned in sixth grade, but I did remember one word.
And then I got interested in electronics, and I got my amateur radio license and played around with making electronic circuits.
I was 15 years old at that time
I was very influenced by that word.
So it means that you, too, can have a huge impact on children.
It's kind of similar, but a few years ago, I gave a talk at a school in Palo Alto, and there were probably a dozen kids, maybe 11 years old, who came to listen to me.
I was going to talk to the children for about an hour.
There were 11-year-olds sitting in a semicircle, staring at me with big eyes, and they started by writing 22 zeros on a whiteboard in the back and saying, "This is the number of stars in the universe we can see. But this number is so big that it doesn't even have a name."
One of the children quickly raised his hand and said, "No, I have a name.
That's what you call immeasurable, right? "said
Unfortunately the kid was wrong, but I knew they were smart.
so i stopped talking
they just wanted to ask
Finally, I said to my children, "They're smarter than the people I work with," and -- (Laughter) they didn't even care.
What they wanted was my email address so they could ask more questions -- (Laughter) I'm lucky to have this job, because we live in special times.
A generation ago, we wouldn't have been able to do the experiments we're doing now.
But a generation later, the experiment will have been successful.
So I'm really glad that when I look in the mirror, I can't see myself.
I see the next generation
This is a fourth grader at Huff School.
I spoke here about two weeks ago
If you can get people interested in science and teach them how it works, that would be great. Thank you.
(applause)
let's talk about identity
very interesting topic for me
The reason is that when I got this request, I had just finished reading a paper, and I don't remember the specifics, but someone at Facebook suggested "mandatory real-name disclosure."
That basically solves everything.
But that's wrong, because it's this conservative view of identity that gets you into all sorts of trouble.
So I'd like to describe four problems and propose solutions to them, and I hope you'll be interested.
To capture the problem, first of all, what is real in the first place?
This is a cell phone camera shot of me looking at the painting.
[So? ] Actually, this painting was painted by a notorious forger - I'm so bad at presentations that I completely forgot the name on the card -
The painter was imprisoned in Wakefield Prison for copying classics like French Impressionism.
He was so good that when he was in prison, the warden and everyone wanted him to paint a masterpiece for their walls.
It's a masterpiece, but it's a masterpiece counterfeit, and the canvas says it's a genuine counterfeit.
(Laughter) I think it's a good example of how when we talk about the real thing, it's more fractal than it looks.
I would like to give four good examples
The first question is about chips and PINs.
[Legacy that leads to bank and system collapse] [Offline solution] Everyone has a card with an IC, right?
Why do we use it as an example?
Because it's a great example of how the traditional concept of identity verification is destroying the security of building systems.
You've got this card with an IC in it, and it's got a little IC that's cost millions of pounds to develop, and it's pretty safe, even if you can look it under an electron microscope and tear it apart.
From what I've read in the newspapers, this chip has never been cracked.
Just kidding, we've gone to the trouble of putting this super-secure chip on magnetic tape that's easy to counterfeit, and embossed it for sloth criminals.
So if a criminal is in a hurry to copy someone's card, they can just put a piece of paper on the card and rub it with a pencil -- that kind of speed trick.
And this is interesting, my debit card is the same, it has your name, your salt code, etc. written on the front.
Why?
There's no real reason to put your name on an IC card.
Come to think of it, this is a much deeper problem than you might think.
Because only criminals benefit from signing cards.
Because you know your name, right?
(Laughter) When you go out and buy something, it's the PIN that matters, not the name.
Currently, only the United States requires a name on the back of the card.
When I go to the U.S. and pay with a magnetic stripe card, I sign with Carlos Tethers. It's just a security measure, but if there's a Dave Birch signature, it's card fraud. I don't sign with Dave Birch. so i know he's a criminal
(Laughter) If you drop a card in the street and a criminal picks it up, they can read it.
If you know the name, then you can look up the address and shop on the web.
So why put your name on the card?
Because we believe that personal identification has to do with names, and we're so caught up in the concept of ID cards that we can't escape.
That was banished a few years ago, but if you're a politician or a sole proprietor and you're thinking about ID, you can't just think of personal identification based on the name on your card.
very deadly now
A second example is a chat room.
[Chat and kid] This is a proud picture of my son playing his first band gig with his friends and making money.
(Laughter) I love this photo.
(Laughter) For now, I like this picture.
why use it
Because it's interesting to look at this experience from a parent's perspective.
My son and his friends would get together and book a room in a church hall or something like that, and then they'd round up a bunch of friends who were in a band, and they'd sell tickets, and they'd put the first band on something called a menu, and the menu would be. It's not the right word
The top-ranking band, the one that's played in public places, gets 20 ticket sales, and the next band gets the next 20 sales.
It's the fifth lowest item on the menu, and I didn't think my sons had a chance.
I actually made £20 Isn't that great?
In short, except for the web, everything went well.
They're texting back and forth on Facebook, arranging things, but they don't know who they're talking to, right?
this is the problem i want to solve
If everyone used their real name, there would be nothing to worry about on the internet.
So when my son said to me, "I want to talk about guitar in a chat room," I said, "No, you can't talk about guitar in a chat room. We're not just friends. Perverts, teachers, pastors." because there might be
(Laughter) You read a lot of these things in the newspapers, don't you?
i want to know who is in the chat room
The only time you can go to a chat room is when everyone is using their real names and they've disclosed their criminal records.
Of course, if someone asks my son what his real name is, I say no, I can't reveal my real name.
What if the other person is a pervert or a teacher?
It's a strange paradox. If I knew who was there, I would let my son use the chat room, but I didn't want him to reveal his real name.
You want to know who you're talking to, but you hide who you are - that's the limit of identity verification.
No progress here, I'm stuck
Chat rooms don't work, and they're a bad way to think about identity verification.
About RSS feeds I said critical things
you should stop doing that
I don't know why, but there's something in my inbox about cheerleaders.
So I read it, and it was really interesting.
It happened two years ago in the United States.
US high school cheerleaders badmouthed their cheerleading coach Kids often badmouth their teachers, kids often badmouth their teachers
very angry
So I said to one of my students, "Give me your Facebook password."
In education - it happens even in colleges In education - it happens even in colleges facebook password
The children had no choice but to hand it over
You are a child!
What I really should have said was, "My lawyer will call you first thing in the morning.
This is a clear violation of the 4th Amendment. It is a violation of my right to privacy.
should have said
But you're a kid, so I gave you the password.
The teacher cannot log in from school because the school blocks facebook.
I can't log in until I get home
What's the matter with the girl calling her friends?
before the teacher logs in
They logged in on their phones and deleted their profiles.
When the teacher logged in, there was nothing left.
In short, it is a difference in the way of thinking about ID
ID is fluid, especially for teens
there are several
We're never satisfied with just one. If you don't like it, or it's dangerous, or it's inappropriate, just delete it and get a new one.
The idea of ​​using a government-issued ID issued by a mandate everywhere is completely wrong.
It doesn't matter who you are on Facebook, as long as you're not harassing me.
this won't work
The fourth example I think you'll be interested in. The fourth example I'm sure you'll be interested in. Here's a picture of me at the G20 protests [on slide].
I didn't actually attend the demonstration, I had a meeting at the bank on the day of the G20 demonstration, and I got an email from the bank telling me not to wear a suit so as not to provoke the demonstrators.
But I look better in a suit, and I can see what drives the demonstrators into anti-capitalist madness.
(Laughter) So I thought
If you don't want to provoke the demonstrators, what you should do is dress like everyone else.
Dressed in all black - black balaclava with gloves, though I take them off when writing the visitor's book.
(Laughter) Black pants and boots, completely black.
I went to the bank at 10 o'clock and said, 'I'm Dave Birch and I have an appointment at 3 o'clock.'
register at the reception
got a visitor badge
(Laughter) Beyond the nonsense of using your real name on Facebook is security like this.
It's fake security, it's not real, but it's what security plays out.
If you remember the lines, everyone will be safe
But this is not real security
Especially since I work on the banking side, I hate them more than the G20 protesters.
In fact, what the bank thinks is much worse.
(Laughter) But suppose you're working next to someone who's doing something in a bank, but if you're working next to someone who's doing something in a bank.
Suppose you're next to a bad trader and you want to report it to your bank manager.
log on for whistleblowing
Even if I send a message that this guy is a bad trader
If you don't know that I am a trader at this bank, this message is meaningless.
Even if you receive a message from an unknown sender, its information value is zero.
no point in sending a message
But if I had to prove who I was, I wouldn't send you a message.
It's like a hospital nurse accusing a drunken surgeon.
I will send you a message if you are anonymous
So if the system doesn't give you anonymity, you don't get what you need.
These are the four problems, but how do we deal with them?
What we tend to do here is imagine Orwell's world.
Let's try that electronic version of the ID card that was discontinued in 1953.
If you had a card, you could use your facebook login to prove your identity, and if you always carried it with you, the problem would be solved.
Of course, it doesn't solve all the things I just talked about, and it can make things worse.
The more often you're forced to use your identity in transactions, the more likely it is that your identity will be stolen.
The purpose of a transaction is to avoid using IDs that you don't really need, which is the case for most transactions.
In most transactions, you never reveal your personal information.
When you need it, it's like driving a car, permission to enter a building, proof that you're over 18, etc.
My suggestion here is, like James, a resurgence of interest in R&amp;D.
it can be solved
it is possible for us
In this situation, of course, we turn to Doctor Who.
Because Doctor Who has already given us the answers in many different professions.
Well, if you're from overseas, Doctor Who is Britain's greatest scientist.
This is Doctor Who and Psychic Paper.
You know the psychic paper
Jesus is not a geek
Has anyone seen psychic papers?
You're always studying in the library, aren't you?
I will explain now
Psychic paper works by holding this piece of paper up to a person, and it works in the brain of that person to make it look like they need it.
If you need a UK passport, Psychic Papers looks like a passport to you.
If you want to go to a party, show them your psychic paper and it will look like an invitation.
You look like what you want to show
So you need this electronic version, with a little modification, and if you really have it, you can show it on your UK passport.
If you actually have it, just show it to the party invitation
If I'm over 18, just prove it
that's all
If the security guard at the pub verifies that I'm over 18, and if I show my driver's license, they'll know I can drive, and I'll know my name and address, but the psychic paper will only tell me if I'm over 18.
that's how it is
A fantasy idea?
no that's why i told you
In order to make it work, I'm not going to go into detail, but I'm going to go through this: You need a plan to build an infrastructure that solves all the problems that everyone can use.
We're going to create a utility that can be used by anyone, anywhere. It's something that can be used by anyone, anywhere.
This is a Japanese ATM, and your fingerprint information is stored inside your phone.
When you want to withdraw money, hold your mobile phone over the ATM and touch it with your finger. Your fingerprints will be captured in the phone, and your mobile phone will perform authentication, etc., and anyone can withdraw money from the ATM.
Must be a utility that can be used anywhere
It's very convenient and you can take it with you to the pub.
What you need at the entrance of the pub is a device that verifies that you must be over 18 to enter the pub.
The idea is that if I tap my ID card at the door and it's authenticated, it shows my picture, and if it doesn't, it shows a red cross.
No other information will be disclosed
No special tools required
I agree with you, and following what Ross said, there's only one answer.
No special tools required, just make it work on your phone
It's the only option, let it work on your phone.
6.6 billion mobile phones are in use
My favorite statistic is that only 4 billion people use toothbrushes.
I don't know what this means
(Laughter) I'm a futurist about extended utilities.
I count on you to tell me
It's something that anyone can build on top of existing utilities.
Anyone can use this infrastructure, no permissions or licenses or anything like that, anyone can code it.
Symmetry is well-known, so no illustration is needed.
let's do it this way
It is realized by using mobile phones instead of proximity IC cards.
Psychic paper is already a reality, and with Barclays' new contactless debit card, you already have this technology.
When I say go to a big city and use an Oyster card, it sounds right, doesn't it?
there is technology
The first phones with this technology are Google Nexus, S2 Samsung Wifi 7.9, the first phones with this technology are already on sale.
When a Gas inspector visits my mom's house, shows her phone, taps on her phone, and if you're a British Gas employee, you get a green light and you're approved, but a red light means you're done.
this technology exists
Beyond that, some of the examples sound counterintuitive, but proving you're 18 or older without revealing any personal information isn't just about cryptography, it's well-known and pervasive.
Anonymization through digital signatures and public key certificates -- the technology was ubiquitous, but there was no way to bring it together.
This technology already exists
It actually works. There are a few experimental uses of this technology.
This is London Fashion Week with the Q2 system at the wireless festival in Hyde Park, and as you can see, people enter with VIP bands, they read it on their Nokia phones, they check it.
I put it in just to show you, it's not unusual, it works in all environments.
nothing special
It's the episode of Doctor Who that shows this is possible, but in the Easter special, he took a bus to Mars.
this is a special case
It's the London Bus to Mars episode, but I can't show you this clip because of the BBC's strict copyright protection of Queen Anne's Ceremony. I am using
Now you can see that it has an MSE interface
thank you
Like many good stories, this one begins a long time ago, when there was basically nothing.
Here's a picture of the universe as it was 14 billion years ago.
all the energy was focused on one point
For some reason, the energy burst into a situation like this.
this is 14 billion years ago
And they kept expanding and expanding into these giant galaxies that grew into trillions.
And inside the galaxy, there's a giant cloud of dust.
What I want you to notice are the three little bumps in the center of the painting.
If you zoom in on this part, it looks like this
This is a pillar of a lot of dust, by the way, on a scale of 1.6 trillion kilometers.There's a huge amount of dust here, and these clumps of dust condense into each other, causing nuclear fusion reactions.
What you are seeing is the birth of a star.
Stars born from here
When enough stars are born, it becomes a galaxy.
The galaxy you see is particularly important because it's our own galaxy.
(Laughter) If you look closely at this galaxy, you'll see relatively normal stars that aren't particularly interesting.
By the way, here's roughly 2/3 of the story.
So this star wasn't even born at this point.
What happens next is that a certain amount of dust that doesn't become a star becomes a planet.
this is 4 billion years ago
Shortly thereafter, the remaining material forms a primordial soup, the source of life.
Life continues to expand and ruin
(Laughter) What's strange is that life doesn't get ruined once or twice, but five times.
Nearly all life on earth has been destroyed about five times.
After that, matter becomes more complex, and there are more and more materials to make new things.
As for our ancestors, they don't appear until about 99.96% of the way through the story.
In this context, there are two theories about the origin of the human race.
The first theory is, "Because Mother decided so."
In this theory, our existence is the only thing that matters in all of creation.
The reason why trillions of galaxies and planets were born was to create you, her and him.
This was the purpose of the universe, and it all comes to an end or more.
(Laughter) You may be wondering, is this a little too arrogant?
Well, I think so, especially considering we're almost extinct.
At that time there were only 2,000 people left.
Had the drought continued for a few more weeks, these great men wouldn't have appeared.
Einstein, Gates, Feinman, Bezos, Pele, Anderson, Colbert, Stein, Gaga, Gissani... (laughter, applause) If the first theory fails, then we have to come up with a second theory.
Second theory Can we upgrade?
(Laughter) Why would you think that?
Because humans have upgraded at least 29 times.
had already upgraded
again and again
Evidence has been found many times
I found this last year
this was discovered last month
All of this can lead to questions such as: Why is there only one human species?
Wouldn't it be strange if we found the exact same bird in Africa, Asia, Antarctica? And at the same time, on the same planet, there were at least eight different species of humans besides humans.
So there's usually not just one human species, but several different species of humans.
This also raises the question: How much should we mutate if we want to create something else?
Svante Pääbo has the answer
The genetic difference between humans and Neanderthals is 0.004%.
This is the size of the difference between one species and another.
testifies to the quality of contemporary political debate.
(Laughter) But if you look at this, what's interesting is how small the mutation is and where it occurs.
The differences between humans and Neanderthals are sperm and testes, smell and skin.
And these are the genes that differ between species.
Small changes lead to big changes
Even as we do this, we continue to mutate.
About 10,000 years ago, in the Black Sea, a mutation in one gene gave rise to blue eyes.
and this continues to be inherited
Meanwhile, we will identify the first 10,000 of the human genome this year, thanks to cheap genome sequencing.
After this work, you will find the difference
By the way, we're not prepared to have this discussion. So far, this area of ​​science has been misused.
In the 1920s, I thought there was a big difference between people.
Part of it is attributed to Francis Galton's research
he was Darwin's cousin
But Carnegie Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and the American Neurological Society pushed the theory forward.
mistakenly became widely used
In fact, horrific racism happened because of false knowledge.
And since the 1940s, we've been saying that there's no difference between humans, we're all the same.
We'll know the truth later this year
And in that, we started looking at, for example, do you have top-notch genes?
Why does it matter?
This is because there is no example of a person who does not have super-first-class genes climbing an 8,000-meter-class mountain without supplemental oxygen.
More specifically, what about the 577R gene, for example?
Research shows that male Olympic athletes in physical fitness have at least one variant of this gene.
If that's true, it raises some very complex questions about the London Olympics.
You have three options: do you want the Olympics to be a showcase for mutants?
(Laughter) Second, let's do it like golf or sailing.
We handicap them at the start according to their genetic differences.
Third, if you didn't inherit this naturally occurring gene from your parents, let's give them the right to upgrade.
These are the three
If these differences are the difference between medalists and non-medalist
As our research progresses, humans have a desire to change how they look, how they behave, and how they function.
There are 10.2 million plastic surgeries performed in the United States today, but compared to the techniques that are emerging today, today's corrective, erasing, augmenting, augmenting techniques are child's play.
Did you see Tony Atala's work at TED, where you can put cells in inkjet cartridges, print them three-dimensionally, and create skin, organs, and many other body parts?
And then as technology advances, the same breakthroughs repeat themselves, the human genome sequence in the year 2000, and nothing seems to be making progress until something happens.
Maybe now is the moment of turbulence
Then in 2000, these two and a public enterprise sequenced the human genome, and after a long silence, the results of an experiment in China were published last year, where skin cells were taken from this mouse, and four chemicals were administered to it. and turned it into a stem cell, and from that stem cell made a copy of a whole mouse.
this is a big deal
Because what this means is that you take a cell, and it's a pluripotent stem cell. After division 16, there are too many, so the cells begin to differentiate.
one down one slope the other down another slope
Once the direction of descent is determined, this one becomes bone, and the cells that go down the other route become platelets, these become macrophages, and these become T cells.
Once down it's very difficult to climb up
Unless, of course, there is a ski lift.
The role of these four chemicals is to bring any cell back to its peak and allow it to re-differentiate.
If you think about it, this means that you can potentially make a perfect copy from any single cell in any organism.
This is a big deal, because you can make human stem cells from human skin cells, not just mouse cells.
In October, they took stem cells from skin cells and made liver cells.
Theoretically, any organ can be made from a single cell.
Now for the second experiment, if you can copy your body, you might want to copy your mind as well.
About a year and a half ago, one of the talks you heard at TED was Ed Boyden.
gave a very professional presentation
Professor at MIT
The point of his talk was to inject a retrovirus into mouse brain cells.
tag them with glowing proteins
Then you can see, feel, touch, remember, and love the circuits in the mouse's brain.
You can activate the same circuit using a fiber optic cable.
And by the way, you can use two colors of light to do this, which means you can download that information to your computer as binary information.
What is the destination?
You can pretty much imagine that you'll be able to download your own memories and input them into your new body.
You can also upload other people's memories
This would have some subtle ethical, political and moral implications.
(Laughter) I just had an idea.
This question is becoming an interesting subject for philosophers, rulers, economists, scientists, for philosophers, rulers, economists, scientists.
Technology develops very quickly
And finally, in a related way, I want to talk about the brain.
The first place where today's vast evolutionary influence seems to be found first is in the brain, because of the enormous and growing amount of information and organ plasticity.
Is there evidence?
Let's look at the rate of autism per 1,000 people
6.7 in 2000
6.4 in 2002 9.0 in 2006 11.4 in 2008
That's a 78% increase in less than a decade.
I don't know the cause yet
What we now know is that the brain is overreacting and hyperplastic, and hypersensitive individuals are beginning to emerge.
this is just an example
There are people who are extraordinarily smart, people who can remember everything they see, people with synesthesia, people with schizophrenia.
There are various events, and we still don't know why or how they appear.
Just think about it: aren't we witnessing an exponential evolution of the brain and data processing?
Given the amount of information our brains receive, today we receive in a day what we once received in a lifetime.
There are four main theories about this, and there are many others.
i don't have a good answer
more research is needed
The first is the fast food fetish theory
While it's unclear whether this affects how an infant's brain works, evidence is emerging that obesity and diet have some effect on genetic mutations.
The second is the sexy geek theory
this would be extremely rare
(Laughter) (Applause) But what's happening is that geeks have a strong aptitude for programming, and like any other detail-oriented task, they're highly valued and geographically focused.
So it's a theory of assortative mating that reinforces certain genes under those circumstances.
The third is the information overload theory.
In trying to handle so much information, some people develop synaesthesia, a thick circuit trying to remember everything.
some people overreact
Some people have a variety of psychological states that provoke a variety of responses.
Or the fourth chemical theory.
In any case, if changes are occurring in this order of magnitude, either the measurement is wrong, or something is happening fast enough to trigger evolution in real time.
The conclusion is
I think we are changing as a species.
I didn't think about it when I started writing with Steve Garlands.
I think we are, for better or worse, transitioning to Homo evoltis. We are not only consciously aware of our environment, but we are directly and intentionally controlling the evolution of our own species, bacteria, plants and animals. is
Such a big change could make your grandchildren and great-grandchildren a very different species than you.
thank you
(applause)
If I go to a party, they'll quickly find out that I'm a sex scientist.
Then a lot of questions popped up.
There seems to be a certain pattern in this
The question begins with, "I heard from a friend..." The question ends with, "Is it true?"
Fortunately, I can answer most of the questions, but sometimes I can't. I have to say, "Sorry, that's not my area of ​​study." "I'm sorry, that's not my area of ​​study." sometimes
I'm not a clinician, I'm a comparative biologist who studies anatomy.
I study normal tissue and organ function in a variety of animals, so what I do is a little different than a clinician who looks for solutions when things go wrong.
We're looking for similarities and similarities in solutions to simple biological problems.
Now, I want to tell you today that this is not a researcher's monopoly, and that the insights that come from studying a wider range of animal species, tissues, and organ systems have implications for the health of all of us. it means there is
This has been proven to be true both in recent studies of gender differences in the brain and in studies of penis function and anatomy.
You know why I love parties?
(Laughter) Well, today I'm going to show you an example from my penis research to show you how information from one organ system can inform a different area.
As I'm sure you all know, my 9-year-old son didn't know much about the penis, so I explained to him that the penis is the way that the sperm is transferred from one organism to another.
The slide in the back is just one example of a penis you see in the animal kingdom.
Penis in the animal kingdom is very diverse.
Some have deformed muscle tubes, fins, and some mammals have fleshy tubular organs that expand.
(Laughter) The reason there are so many different types is that they effectively solve a fundamental biological problem: getting the sperm to reach the egg to create a fertilized egg.
In fact, you don't need a penis for internal fertilization.
When I talk about this, people always ask me, "Why are you interested in this?"
The answer is "bone"
You wouldn't normally think that bones and penises are so closely related.
So we tend to think of bones as just a ticking lever to create speed and force.
My first biology research was in undergraduate dinosaur fossilology, which was pretty decent biology.
But when I went to graduate school to study biomechanics, I wanted to find a project topic that would allow me to learn more about bone function.
I tried various
there was little fruit
But one day I thought, what about a mammalian penis?
After all, it has a peculiar structure
There must have been some dramatic change in mechanical behavior before it was used for internal fertilization.
historically flexible and bendable
was an organ
But when used for sexual intercourse, it must be rigid and not easily bent.
Of course it also has to work
Individuals with erratic reproductive function cannot produce offspring and are therefore excluded from the gene pool.
So I thought, "Bone is the problem." Not this kind of bone, but this kind of skeleton. Anything that supports tissue and transmits force. Functionally, anything that supports tissue and transmits force. Because functionally, you can call it a skeleton.
We already knew that animals like earthworms usually support their bodies without leaning against their skeletons.
Instead, the body is like a reinforced water balloon.
We call this a hydrostatic skeleton.
A hydrostatic skeleton requires two elements.
It's the pressurized fluid and the part of the wall that surrounds it, to which fibrous proteins are added to create stiffness, to which fibrous proteins are added to create stiffness.
This interaction is of paramount importance
Only when you have both can you get support.
Even if there is only bodily fluid, if there is no wall surrounding it, the pressure will continue to rise and it will just become a puddle.
The wall alone eliminates the water pressure, leaving only small pieces of rags.
If you look at a cross-section of the penis, you can really see the characteristics of the hydrostatic skeleton.
The center is an erectile, spongy tissue, filled with a fluid called blood, and lined with a wall rich in a tough structural protein called collagen.
But when I started this project, the most plausible explanation for penile erection was the compression of the blood in the spongy tissue and the surrounding tissue that covered it. was to get an erection
This could explain the distension phenomenon, the blood flowing in and the tissue swelling, but it didn't fully explain the erection.
Because it didn't include a description of the mechanism that makes it difficult to bend.
Nor was there a systematic observation of the surrounding tissue.
So this wall is to solve the mystery
I thought it was the key
Right around that time, my graduate school advisor said to me, "Wait a minute! Calm down."
After half a year of talking about the project, he realized that I was seriously thinking about the penis.
(Laughter) He gave me a warning.
"Be careful if you take this road.
There is no guarantee of success.”
She was worried that I might go astray.
He didn't find my answer particularly interesting to this question, which is generally considered embarrassing.
The reason is that all hydrostatic skeletons found in nature at the time were basically the same.
There's a liquid in the center, and a wall that surrounds it, and inside the wall is an axis, and a spiral of intersecting fibers running around it.
The back image shows a portion of the intersecting spiral skeletal tissue. This is a portion of the intersecting spiral skeletal tissue.
the arrow is the central axis
You can see that the array of double layers, colored in blue and yellow, is evenly spaced.
Without looking at the cross-section of the fiber, it would have ended up as a simple spiral around an axis, similar to the handle of a Chinese finger trap where you can't pull it out when you put your finger in it.
This skeletal structure has a peculiar behavior that I'm going to show you.
This is a spiral fiber model made by wrapping a balloon with fabric.
The fabric has diagonal cuts
You can see it's wrapped in a spiral, and the fibers reorient with the movement of the skeleton, so they're flexible.
It stretches, contracts and bends in a way that accommodates internal and external forces.
My advisor was worried, "What if the walls of my penis were like the rest?"
research becomes meaningless
It becomes impossible to provide new knowledge to biology.
That's when I thought, "That's true."
And I worried for a long, long time
One thing that bothered me was that the penis doesn't move around while it's erect.
(Laughter) So there's something going on.
So I got some tissue from the wall of my penis, made it erect, cut it up, put it on a glass slide, and looked at it under a microscope.
but in reality the penis
There were two walls, inside and outside.
Arrows are skeleton axes
this really surprised me
I showed it to other people, and they were equally astonished.
Why was everyone so surprised?
We knew, theoretically, that a different fiber arrangement could still form a hydrostatic scaffold, if the fibers interlaced at right angles to the axis.
But no such organization was found.
i was just looking at it
The interlacing of the fibers at this angle gives the skeletal peculiar behavior.
Let me show you a model made out of the same material.
Same balloon, same fabric, same internal pressure
The only difference is the way the fibers intersect.
Unlike the double helix structure, it doesn't stretch or contract, and it doesn't bend.
What this tells us is that the wall tissue isn't just covering the vascular tissue.
It forms part of the skeleton of the penis.
Without a wall around the erectile tissue, it wouldn't be this rigid.
This observation can be applied to humans in a medical way, but I think it's relevant to basically anything else, like prosthetics or soft robotics, where changes in shape and stiffness are important.
So to sum it up, 20 years ago, if I said, "I'm a little interested in anatomy," in college, my advisor would tell me, "Anatomy is a dead science."
this was totally wrong
I believe that there is still much to be learned from the nondescript structure of the human body.
There's something to be learned not only in molecular biology and genetics, but also in the flesh on the surface of the body.
time is limited
So it's easy to get stuck in a single disease model problem, but my experience is that it's important to take the time to think about the bigger picture, apply ideas, and consider the consequences.
Ultimately, the ideas about the vertebral skeleton gave us information about mammalian reproductive organs, so there may be more, as yet undiscovered, interconnected information.
thank you
(applause)
Answer the questions people are asking
The question is - why X for unknowns? Why X for unknowns?
Yes, we learn it in math classes, but we see it all over the culture: The X Prize, The X Files, Project X, TEDx...
Where did X come from?
About six years ago, I was learning Arabic, and about six years ago, I was learning Arabic, and I found it to be a very logical language.
Writing words and sentences in Arabic Writing words and sentences in Arabic is like formulating equations, and the individual parts are very precise and contain a lot of information.
This is one of the reasons why much of the science, mathematics and engineering that we tend to think of as originating in the West was actually already invented by the Persians, Arabs and Turks in the first centuries of the Common Era.
So is the method in Arabic called "al-jebr." So is the method in Arabic called "al-jebr."
Simply translated, "al-jebr" is "a method of combining disjointed parts."
The word became the English word "algebra"
this is just one example
In the 11th and 12th centuries, Arabic texts containing this mathematical knowledge finally reached Spain, among Europe, and Spain among Europe.
As a result, this into European languages ​​As a result, there was more momentum to translate this into European languages ​​There was more momentum to translate this into European languages
just had a problem
Because some sounds in Arabic are difficult for Europeans to pronounce without a lot of practice.
I was the same
In addition, many of the sounds could not be represented by the letters of European languages.
This is one of the sounds in question
It's the letter "sheen," which stands for the SH sound in English, or [sh].
Also this is the first letter of "shayun" "something" Also this is the first letter of "shayun" "something" This is the English "something" - this is the English "something" - "some unspecified corresponds to the unknown in
In Arabic this In Arabic this with the definite article “al”
Make the qualifier “al-shayu” “the unknown” Make the qualifier “al-shayu” “the unknown”
This word appears frequently in early mathematics, for example, in this 10th-century method of solving roots.
On the other hand, the problem faced by medieval Spanish scholars in translating was that they couldn't translate the letter "sheen" or the word "shayun" into Spanish. Because Spanish doesn't have a 'sh' sound Because Spanish doesn't have a 'sh' sound
So they followed the convention and made the rules. borrowed using
When it was later translated into Latin, the common European language, the Greek "chi" was simply replaced with the Latin letter X.
We simply replaced it with the Latin letter X, which entered the Latin language and became the basis of mathematics textbooks for almost 600 years.
Now the answer is clear
Why X for unknowns?
The reason is that - you can't pronounce [si] in Spanish.
(Laughter) I think it's worth mentioning.
(applause)
I'm a medical illustrator, and I seem to have a slightly different point of view.
What we've seen for a long time is the expression of truth and beauty in art, and the expression of truth and beauty in science.
Both are wonderful in their own right, but they have something even greater in them. Truth and beauty, as ideals in science and mathematics, are like ideal twins, and perhaps the ideal date for a scientist. is the other party
(Laughter) Truth and beauty are represented as something awe-inspiring, and therefore worshiped.
powerful and nothing less
It's unique, it's useful, and sometimes you feel it, or you will.
Now let's look at the slides, because you don't want to see your face on the screen.
Truth and beauty are very vague to those outside of science.
Because they're the kind of things that people who have learned to express themselves only know when they understand the language and the way they use them.
When we look at the formula E=mc², when we look at the cosmological constant, when we look at the ideals of humankind and the inevitability of the evolution of life in terms of numbers that represent the universe, they are very difficult to understand.
When I started my apprenticeship as a medical illustrator, I continued to challenge myself. Ever since my father, a sculptor and my visual mentor, taught me about animation. Using animation and photography and telling stories to reveal things that are not always obvious to people so that they can be taught and understood.
Although today's students are learning that truth and beauty are inherent, they are placed in an environment where the existence of truth and beauty becomes difficult to see because the way they are taught is fragmented. increase
It's like boiling chicken until it loses its flavor, just like the old recipe for chicken soup.
I don't want my students to do that.
There is an opportunity to open the door to a new education
And then I got a phone call a few years ago from Robert Lu, a professor in the Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology at Harvard University, asking if my team would be interested in changing medical and scientific education at Harvard.
So I started a project that allows us to explore the cell, kind of explore the truth and beauty that we are all born with, in molecular and cellular biology, to give students a more holistic view and to keep that image in mind. I made it
I tried to help you visualize a cellular image of a big, vibrant, complex city filled with microscopic machines.
This microscopic machine is the heart of life.
This microscopic machine, the dream of nanotechnology researchers around the world, is a self-moving, powerful, precise, precise device made of strings of amino acids.
This microscopic machine moves cells
increase cells and move our hearts
moving our hearts
And what we've been working on is how to animate this, as a core program on Harvard University's "BioVision" website, in addition to the textual information that's in textbooks for students in the Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology. By incorporating the elements of the image, students can make the real cellular appearance their own, touch the truth and beauty of it, and by doing so, let their imagination shine, their passion shine, and they can keep going. to make new discoveries about how life works.
Start by looking at how molecules are assembled
I decided on the theme of macrophages, the cells that flow through capillaries. By touching the surface of the capillary wall, they get information from the cells there, and they send the information that there is inflammation somewhere outside the blood vessel to the macrophages. can't see or feel
And then they take into their cells what they need to make the parts that stop them and make the parts that reshape themselves, and then they get out of their capillaries and figure out what's going on.
So, with scientists at Harvard University, I set out to use molecular models based on accurate atomic configuration data to try to understand how molecular motors work and what they do.
And while it's true to the point of knowing what's going on, it's not so tightly packed inside the cell that you can't see it clearly.
So what I'm going to show you is a three-minute digest of a video that we made. It's a project that's still in progress, and I think it's going to continue for another four or five years.
Watch this video to see how cells create tiny walking machines (proteins) called kinesins that can carry large loads like they challenge ants.
please start
It's these machines that run our cells, and they're the foundation of all life.
share information with each other
Various things are happening inside the cell.
The cell immediately extracts information from the core of the molecule that loaded the gene and builds the parts it needs.
From the lives of small creatures to the lives of all of you here, no life can survive without these tiny microscopic machines.
In fact, if it wasn't for this machine, the venue would be empty today.
(Laughter) (music) This is a cellular FedEx courier.
These little things, called kinesins, have newly formed sacs full of proteins that give them to whatever is in need, whether it's a cell membrane or an organelle, to build or rebuild. supply to
Each of us has about 100,000 of these, and they're still moving around in our 100 trillion cells.
So no matter how lazy you are, at heart you're a hard worker.
(Laughter) Since I got home today, I've been thinking about how powerful our cells are.
Think about what we've learned about the structure of our cells.
If we knew everything about what was going on, we would only know about 1% of it right now, but if we knew what was going on, we would be in control of our health, our offspring, our longevity. You may also come to understand things like
And hopefully you'll find more truth and beauty in it.
(Music) These cells, these micromachines, wonderfully, recognize and supply what the cells need.
You can also make cells do what they need to do.
It's because of them that our bodies, the gigantic beings they've never seen, function properly.
thank you enjoy
(applause)
i work with bacteria
I'm going to show you a stop-motion animation that I made that shows bacteria accumulating minerals over the course of an hour.
This is where the bacteria are metabolizing, and in this metabolism, the bacteria create an electrical charge.
thus attracting the surrounding metal
These metals accumulate as minerals on the surface of the bacteria.
One of the problems we see all over the world today is that we don't have enough clean water, we don't have enough.
Water that has gone through a process called desalination to remove salt
You can drink it or use it as agricultural water.
The technology to remove salt from water, especially seawater, by reverse osmosis is essential in countries where clean drinking water is not available.
Seawater desalination is a type of membrane filtration technology.
By applying pressure to the collected seawater
Filter seawater through a membrane
It takes energy to make clean water.
But it leaves behind a highly concentrated salt solution, or bittern.
And it's too expensive to do in many countries because of the cost. And it's too expensive to do in many countries because of the cost.
Moreover, the bittern extracted is usually sent back to the sea,
It's detrimental to marine ecosystems.
I'm currently working in Singapore, which is at the forefront of desalination technology.
Singapore aims to produce 900 million liters of demineralized water per day by 2060.
But it also creates a lot of bitterness.
This is where my collaboration with bacteria comes into play.
This is where my collaboration with bacteria comes into play, collecting metals like calcium, potassium, and magnesium from the bittern.
The resulting magnesium and the 900 million liters of water that I mentioned earlier is equivalent to $4.5 billion of mining output for Singapore, which has no natural resources.
So this is the world's first non-polluting mining industry, which is made possible by bacteria that accumulate, precipitate and deposit minerals from bittern.
So this is the beginning of a new industry born in a test tube, a mining industry in harmony with nature.
Thank you. (Applause)
Thank you. (Applause)
Today I'm going to share with you three notable examples of design.
(Laughter) I'm also a well-known host on a second-rate TV show and an avid catalog collector for a DWR furniture store, so I know most things.
I'm sure you all recognize this building a few days ago at Los Angeles International Airport, a few days ago when you landed at Los Angeles International Airport on a private Zeppelin airship.
This is known as the Theme Building, and the origin of the name is extremely unclear.
This building is a fine example of ancient extraterrestrial architecture in Los Angeles.
First unearthed in 1961, during the construction of Los Angeles International Airport, scientists have traced its origins to 2000 BC as an interdimensional space station, a thriving business at the time, and the first ancient astronauts to come to the planet. It is said that they gave primitive humans at the time written language, technology, and a revolving restaurant.
It's a conversion of an old starship station that was originally located at the famous Stonehenge, and it's become quite popular for its uncluttered design, for getting rid of the Druid Monks that were always roaming around, and for the obvious convenience of a parking lot. thanks to access to
When it was discovered, its sleek, old-fashioned, futuristic design took the world by storm, dubbed it Googie, and was confused with the erroneous term Jet Age.
Because ancient astronauts seldom used jets and usually traveled in winged snakes instead of crystal skulls.
(Applause) (Accompaniment) Here's the table.
use every day
And on top of that is Juicy Salif
Philippe Starck, who designed it, should be in this audience right now.
His designs are evident in their precision, playfulness, innovation and ability to instantly transform into weapons.
(Laughter) It stimulates our intuition.
It's not a fork, so you're not grabbing three hors d'oeuvres at the same time, which would be convenient if that were the case.
Contrary to the apparent influence of ancient astronauts, space age and tripodism, this object's purpose is not to pierce the brain and extract thoughts.
It's actually a juice squeezer.
It's not just a symbolic design, it's a design that symbolizes function.
The theme building stays in place, but this one is different, you can take it home with you.
It's reasonably priced, and if you take it home and put it on your kitchen counter, it will look great -- it won't fit in your drawer.
And here's another feature: if you already own one, here's a feature you didn't know: it comes to life while you're asleep.
(Applause) Now what is this?
I have no idea
A small hot plate in terrible shape?
don't understand
does anyone know?
Eh iPhone
It certainly reminds me of a time when I used this to renovate a bathroom tile.
no i have an iphone
my favorite iphone
Do anything with this little device
I read a lot with this
I like buying books more. I don't look at them after I buy them, so I don't feel bad about not reading them.
Now every day I also weigh cows I also weigh cows
I sometimes call
But I usually forget
Once you see this design, you will forget it.
When it first came out in 2007, the surprise disappeared when I first touched it, because it became so popular, so familiar, and so easy to operate, that it became a part of our lives.
Unlike theme buildings, it's not alien technology.
Or rather, what this has done is that, unlike the people in this room, it's been very easy and instant to become familiar with technology that many people around the world are unfamiliar with.
And unlike Juicy Salif, it doesn't threaten to eat into your brain.
(Applause) You wouldn't even know it happened.
It's over. It was John Hodgman.
talked about design
thank you
(applause)
I've always wanted to do hands-on research into activities that connect with society, to be close to people and to empathize with their feelings and thoughts -- their intentions and desires.
As a scientist, I've always wanted to measure that empathy, that instant feeling of being with others.
You have an intuitive sense of how people feel, you know the meaning of what they do before it happens.
We are always placed in the position of being subjective objects of others.
can't be avoided without a break
And very importantly, the way we understand ourselves and the world around us is shaped from that very standpoint.
Humans are social to the bone
The starting point for my search for autism was an institution for adults with autism.
It was a long time ago, but the people there have spent most of their lives in hospitals.
For them, autism was life-devastating.
have a severe intellectual disability
I can't speak, but the worst thing is-
Extremely isolated, isolated from the world, the environment, the people around them.
Schools for autistic people back then were noisy and restless, and even if someone was doing something, they were always there.
I was alone
Staring at the ceiling lights, retreating to the corner of the room, being obsessed with meaningless repetition of self-stimulating movements.
It's a very deep-seated isolation.
We now know that autism is this discontinuity of empathy for others.
Empathy has been around for hundreds of thousands of years
It's a survival skill inherited by humans throughout evolutionary history.
Babies are helpless, so they need someone to survive—
I'm going to take care of them. It's natural that they have a survival system.
the baby faces the caregiver
From the day they were born and from the first few weeks, they preferred human noise to mere noise.
They prefer to look at people rather than things, especially people's eyes, because eyes are windows into other people's experiences, so they look at the person looking at them.
someone to take care of
The subject of the caregiver is a baby
This mutually reinforcing dance is crucial to the birth of the social mind, the mind upon which the brain depends.
Autism was once thought to develop later in life,
it's wrong it starts at birth
After interacting with the caregiver, the baby realizes, "There's something between the ears (the brain)." Something important, something invisible, but very important.
"attention"
Babies learn quickly, even before they can speak, to get what they want by capturing and moving this "attention."
We also learn to follow people's eyes, because what people see is what they have in mind.
And very soon they begin to learn the meaning of things, because when you look at something, when you point at something, you don't just give directions.
Because it shows other people what the object means.
Babies soon begin to build this system of meaning, but only within the scope of their social interactions.
Only by sharing experiences can we learn the meaning of things.
This little girl is 1 year and 3 months old and has autism.
Even if you get up to five centimeters from my face, you don't notice me at all.
What would you do if you could bring your face five centimeters closer?
maybe one in two
Either back off or call the police (laughter).
Something will happen. People will always react when their territory is violated.
instinctively and naturally
This is the wisdom of the body, the way the body works without the mediation of words.
it's been that way for a long time
not just humans
And animals that are closely related to humans, too. If you're a monkey and you're looking at another monkey, and that monkey has a higher status than you, it's taken as a signal or a threat, and your life ends there.
For other animals, it's essential survival wisdom, but for humans, it's just a social necessity.
If you're this close, I think you'll be able to see me and hear my voice.
After a few minutes, this kid goes to the corner and finds a little candy.
Her "attention" is not on me, but on something.
For most people, there is a world of things and a world of people.
For this child, the boundaries are not clear, and her interest in the human world is not as strong as might be expected.
Remember, we learn a lot through shared experiences.
The more she shuts herself in like she does now, the further she strays from the path of learning.
It's tempting to think that the brain has a deterministic role and that it predetermines who you're going to be.
But the truth is, the brain grows, too, and that's what's happening to the mind and the brain when this child's behavior becomes disconnected from social interaction.
Autism is the most strongly genetically determined of all developmental disorders.
it's a brain disorder
It begins long before a child is born
The autism spectrum is very broad
Some people are severely intellectually disabled, some are gifted.
People who don't speak at all, people who talk too much
Some people, if allowed to do so, run along the school fence all day.
There are far more people with symptoms than once thought.
When I started working in this field, it was thought that autism was rare -- four out of 10,000 people.
In the current study the rate is 1 in 100
It's calculated that there are millions of people with autism.
The cost to society associated with this disease is enormous - $35-80 billion in the US alone
Most of this cost
for young people and adults with severe disabilities who need comprehensive and intensive care
It's a care that costs $60,000 to $80,000 a year.
These are the people who didn't benefit from early treatment. As I said, autism has been found to manifest itself as it deviates from the learning curve.
What happens if we recognize symptoms early on, and we intervene and get them treated, something that has impacted my life for the last 10 years, that early intervention can help us to...
It can be mitigated. There is an opportunity. The brain has a limited window of flexibility, and that period is from birth to the age of three.
Even after that, the possibility of improvement is not closed.
effect is greatly reduced
The average age at which autism is diagnosed in the United States is five years old. People living in rural areas and racial minorities have less access to healthcare and are diagnosed at an even higher age. It's as if people with the disease are telling us that their symptoms are likely to get worse.
I feel bioethical responsibility
the existence of science
There is no point if it is not useful to society, so we have a chance to treat
We can't miss it, children with autism become adults with autism.
If we could do something sooner for these children and their families, it would make lifelong changes to children, families and communities.
this is our opinion
Genes associated with autism are
There are currently about 100 discovered, but the number of genetic abnormalities, not just genes, is believed to be between 300 and 600.
Now one question arises: if there are so many causes of autism, how do we get out of those disorders?
Is it an actual syndrome? Professionals like me can go to a playground and recognize a child with autism.
Many Causes—Why Common Syndromes Occur
The link between cause and syndrome is development
Disability doesn't necessarily lead to autism, so the first two years is critical.
Autism self-expresses
If therapeutic intervention can occur before the age of two, it may be possible to alleviate or even prevent symptoms in some people.
but what do i do
How can we make them experience empathy and make them aware of the presence of others?
When I met the 15-month-old girl earlier, I was wondering how to enter her world.
"Does she think of me or other people?"
So I devised a method
In short, get inside her
need to see the world through her eyes
So, over the years, we've developed a new technology that follows the eye.
You can see what your child is paying attention to moment by moment.
My colleague Warren and I spent 12 years developing it.
This five-month-old baby sees things in his world, his mother, the people around him, but he's not just that, he's also what he experiences in daycare.
We want to capture that world, and bring it into the lab. And to do that, we have to have very sophisticated technology, and we're going to capture, moment by moment, how adults and infants and newborns look at the world.
what is important and what is not
I created a metric to show that, I call it the "Focus Funnel."
This is the eye movement of a normally developing two-year-old when shown a video in which the frames are separated by about one second.
When you stop the frame, those kids move their eyes like this.
The green part is a child with autism.
So what the average child sees in the frame is the emotional expression of a boy in a fight with a girl.
A child with autism says
Watching the revolving door open and close
The differences I just showed you weren't just during this experiment.
It's happening all the time in their lives, and their minds and brains are shaped and specialized differently than the minds and brains of normal children.
I borrowed the concept of a "growth curve" from a pediatrician friend.
We curve our relationship with society.
Observation begins at birth
The horizontal axis is the age in months 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, and so on until roughly 24 months.
The vertical axis is the percentage of time the child looks someone in the eye, and this is the growth curve.
It all started here, I like people's eyes, and that doesn't change much
seems to rise slightly in the first few months
For children with autism
a completely different curve
It starts so high, but it drops so quickly.
It's a natural reflex to see people, but it doesn't attract them.
Your presence doesn't affect what happens in their daily lives.
Given the clarity of the data, I thought it would be interesting to see what happens by the time they're six months old, because two- to three-month-olds are surprisingly social.
Even children under six months old can very easily distinguish between autistic and non-autistic groups.
Using this type of assessment, we've found that our scientific method can actually identify autism early.
Autistic behaviors don't have to wait until after age 1
If we could measure the signs that are highly conserved by evolution and that are developmentally very early in the first weeks of life, we could push the detection of autism to the first few months of life, which is what we're working on now.
The perfection of the best techniques and methods for diagnosing autism in children, but without changes in their social lives, it's meaningless.
Of course, I would like to see people on the front lines -- the primary care physicians who see every child -- take advantage of this technology to help those who see many children.
I want it to spread widely so that you don't miss it.
But this diagnosis is immoral unless the environment is in place to intervene and treat.
What we need is to help children with autism -- families -- get through the first few years -- because "anyone can get a diagnosis."
We need to move to the point where treatment is accessible to everyone, because these treatments will change the lives of not only children with autism, but their families as well.
When I think about the treatments available in the first few years, I think, after working in this field for so many years, I feel really rejuvenated.
There's also the feeling that I've been able to change things based on the science that I've been working on.
Things have changed and many things have become possible.
"Cure Autism"
not the way of thinking
We want to prevent the sometimes devastating things that happen to people with autism, like severe intellectual disability, language impairment, severe isolation.
In fact, people with autism seem to have a particular way of looking at things, where diversity is necessary, and in certain abilities.
very good, predictable, definable
Because they learn about the world, not how it works in the world.
This is a capability for technology, for example.
Some people have amazing artistic talent.
Not only do I have to face pain
I want the next generation of people with autism to play to their strengths and let their talents flourish.
Thank you for your attention. (Applause)
I'm an idealist, like most journalists.
I love discovering good stories, especially stories that aren't told.
I never thought in 2011 that women would still be in the untold story.
I represent the Press and Women's Symposium
Short for JAWS This is Sharkey (laughs)
I joined 10 years ago because I was frustrated with the lack of female role models, the lack of advancement for female journalists, and the image of women in the media.
Women are half the world's population But only 24% of the news are women But only 24% of the news are women
And only 20% of women were featured as professionals.
With today's technology, you could even eliminate the woman from the photo entirely.
A photo of President Obama and his aides tracking down an operation to kill bin Laden with Hillary Clinton on the right.
Hillary Clinton is on the right in pursuit of bin Laden's murder operation.
This is what this photo looks like in a Brooklyn-based Orthodox Jewish newspaper.
Hillary has gone somewhere (laughs).
Newspapers apologize, but they say they can't publish women's pictures. Newspapers apologize, but they say they can't publish women's pictures, because it could be sexually provocative. (Laughter)
Although this is an extreme example
Only 19% of political sources are women, only 19% of political sources are women, and only 20% of economic sources are women.
The news gives the impression that men outnumber women in almost every profession, except for students and housewives (Laughter).
The facts are distorted
The problem is that there are fewer women in the newsroom The problem is that there are fewer women in the newsroom
Only 37 percent of the news is reported by women, including all print, TV and radio.
Even in the news about sexual violence, men dominate the headlines and airtime.
Men occupy most of the paper and airtime. Here's a good example: J. McKinley's article in the New York Times this past March: Rape of an 11-year-old girl in a small town in Texas. 11-year-old girl in a small town in Texas. was raped by
According to this article, the question locals ask is, "Why are boys drawn into crime?"
"Dropped" This is as if you were tempted to commit sexual violence "Dropped" This is as if you were tempted to commit sexual violence
According to the first interviewee, "The boys will have to live with this case for the rest of their lives."
(Bubbles) Almost nothing is reported about the 11-year-old victim. It's just that I was wearing make-up.
Times flooded with criticism
The company defended itself, saying, "This is not our opinion, it's what we've learned from press research."
As you probably already know, articles are made.
Reporters in research and interviews
I'm trying to get the facts straight
unconsciously prejudiced
But the Times sounds like they're saying that anyone would have reported something like this.
I do not think so
Three weeks later, the Times corrected the article.
This time female reporter Erica Goode has been added to the article's byline This article has been added by female reporter Erica Goode
And this reveals the sad and terrifying story of a poor girl and her family.
she was raped many times by many men
Originally she was a bright and laid-back girl
Even though I'm physically mature - my bed is full of stuffed animals
It will be a completely different article.
Perhaps the addition of Mr. Goode made the story more complete.
The Global Media Surveillance Project found that female reporters were more likely to challenge stereotypes than male reporters.
KUNM Broadcaster Ellen Baumgartel Her graduate studies focused on articles on violence against women Her graduate studies focused on articles on violence against women
What the study found was that many of the articles criticized victims and devalued their lives.
It tended to be sensational and lacked background context and context.
Ellen's research has three parts: 11 women were murdered and buried in West Mesa, Albuquerque.
Challenging article patterns and stereotypes - challenges facing journalism.
Aiming for nationwide broadcasting in collaboration with NPR's editors Aiming for nationwide broadcasting in collaboration with NPR's editors
If the editor wasn't a woman, I say I don't care if it could have happened If the editor wasn't a woman, I say it doesn't matter if it could have happened
Women are twice as likely to be reported as victims than men, women are twice as likely to be reported as victims than men, and they are often seen as a body part first, rather than who they are.
November 2010 Wired Magazine
The special issue is breast tissue engineering
It's distracting, isn't it? (laughs) I'll turn it off now
Here are my eyes (laughs).
So... (Applause) The problem is that this magazine doesn't have women on the cover.
There's something to catch, Pam from The Office, a cartoon girl, and a sexy model covered in synthetic diamonds.
Professor Loyal of the University of Texas wrote in his blog, "Will a young female student read this and be inspired to pursue a career in science and technology?"
Wired editor Chris Anderson defends himself by saying, "In science and technology, there aren't many prominent women on the cover."
This is partly true, there aren't many prominent women in science and technology.
But here's the problem with this story. Every day, the most important stories we see are chosen by the media, and even where they're seen by the public. It's called agenda setting.
How many people knew the founders of Facebook and Google before they were published in magazines?
It was recognized by being published in a magazine.
The magazine "Fast Company" has the same idea.
On the cover of November 15, 2010
Featured on the most prominent and influential women in science and technology
Editor Robert Saffian told the Poynter Institute, "Silicon Valley is full of white men and men.
Fast Company believes this is not the future of business. We want to show the way forward in a globalized world."
By the way, Wired seems to have regretted it.
This is the article from April (laughs)
Ada Flute Industries founder Lymer Fried's pose for "Rosie the Riveter" (symbol of feminism)
women leaders in the media industry
The good news is that a recent global survey found that 73 percent of management positions in the media industry are still men.
But an even more complex problem is our unconscious biases and blind spots.
Svedantam is the author of The Hidden Brain: The Unconscious Science of Manipulating Preferences, Morals, Markets and Groups.
The author speaks to a former NPR ombudsman who reported on the treatment of women in NPR's reporting, and unconscious bias is hidden in everyday life.
It's really hard to untangle
but he has a suggestion
When I used to work for two editors, I was told to include at least one woman in the source.
I was hesitant at first when my editor told me, but in the end I was more than happy to follow his instructions, because it improved the quality of my articles and made my job easier.
I don't know if one of the editors was a woman, but having a woman makes a big difference.
The Dallas Morning News won a Pulitzer Prize in 1994 for a series that featured women from all over the world, and one of the female reporters told me that if it hadn't been for women in the foreign news department, I'm sure it wouldn't have won. Because there were female reporters and editors, especially when it came to reporting on female genital mutilation, she said, if you were a man, you wouldn't be able to enter.
This is an important point, because a lot of our international policy deals with countries like Afghanistan, where women are mistreated.
Behind the argument that the United States should not leave Afghanistan lies the harsh plight of women in the country.
In today's Kabul, male reporters
I'm interviewing women, but in traditional areas like rural areas, you probably can't have a conversation with a man you don't know.
The case of Lara Logan - it's important to keep talking about this issue.
She was a CBS News correspondent who was brutally assaulted in Egypt's Tahrir Square shortly after this photo was taken.
Pretty soon the critics were blaming her and saying things like this -- Pretty soon the critics were accusing her and saying things like -- 'women shouldn't be in the news about this stuff. ”
No one said that about Anderson Cooper and his crew who were attacked for reporting the same story.
One way to increase female leadership is to have female mentors guide them.
One of our board members is the editor-in-chief of a global media company, and I never thought I'd be until I met the role models of women at JAWS.
But this isn't just about super journalists or just my organization.
You have a stake in building a strong, vibrant media.
analyze the news, like The Times example,
We speak up when equality is missing from the news.
I suggest to reporters and editors that they hire female sources.
Remember that doing so may allow the facts to be told as they are.
I'm going to show you a video clip at the end. The first time I saw it was in 1987, when I was a student in London.
It's from the Guardian paper
It's been a while since I decided to become a journalist, but I was very interested in how we came to perceive the world.
Narrator: One view of an event, one impression.
If you look at it from another perspective, it looks quite different.
But only by looking at the big picture can we understand the whole event.
"The Guardian" Kammrick: The world is better when we see the big picture, and I'm sure you all agree.
I'm not much of a designer
That's what my dad did. It's funny to grow up in a house like that.
It made me think about the meaning of my father's work and why it was important.
Ever since I was a kid, I've heard a lot about bad design. "John, it's because the people who make it don't think about it." Whenever something went wrong, my dad said, like when a kid got hurt by a lawn mower, or a ribbon on a typewriter. tangled or the whisk gets stuck and does not move
"There's no excuse for bad design
This kind of thing happens because you make it without thinking about it
John, each thing should have a purpose and be made with the person using it in mind.
John, each thing should have a purpose and be made with the person using it in mind.
Don't forget that both the user and the object are the main characters.
"Good design is --" continues my father. "There must be an intention."
I said
My father was involved in designing the control panel for the IBM 360 computer.
It was an important job, and my job at Kodak was an important one.
Designing office furniture such as desks and chairs for Steelcase was also an important job.
Design was important in our home because our lives depended on it.
My father incorporated design into everything he did.
I used to play Louis Armstrong songs with my friends in the Dixieland jazz band.
I used to ask my dad sometimes, "Do you want to play like a record?"
I had a lot of old jazz records at home.
"No, John, that's no good.
The song is just a premise
Play it your way, design it yourself
Don't let me know what you mean."
“It is important to act on the basis of design.”
"For everyone," said my father
"Everybody? Should be a designer?"
father father
The song is just a premise
how you play it is important
think about this word
This wheelchair might be like that too, right?
It's a little scary song on the sheet music
"What happened to that poor person?
I can't walk I wonder what happened
Does anyone know? "
I don't really like to talk to people, but today I'm going to tell you how this happened.
Thirty-six years ago, exactly this week, I was in a ill-designed car, hit a ill-designed guardrail, and fell straight down a 60-meter embankment off a ill-designed Pennsylvania road, killing two people in the car.
Since then, a wheelchair has become a staple of my life.
My life is a life of good and bad design.
If you think about it, by design, wheelchairs are very difficult.
Wheelchairs make us feel tragedy, fear and unhappiness.The viewer sees only the tragic message.The viewer sees only the tragic message.
Even if you move smoothly in the airport
Mothers pull their children closer and tell them not to look at them.
Poor child, with that terrified look on his face, how does he feel?
I've been thinking about what causes this situation and how we can deal with it and improve it.
While moving in a wheelchair, looking away and trying to look a little grumpy
Or try to dress smartly
On the contrary, I tried making eye contact with everyone, which was creepy, and of course not.
(Laughter) I tried everything, including not taking a shower for a week, but nothing worked.
That all changed a couple of years ago, when my six-year-old daughters looked at a wheelchair catalog and said, "Dad! Look at this! These shiny wheels would be great on Daddy's wheelchair!"
I replied, "Daddy's a good journalist, so this is weird."
Then, of course, they were disappointed and said, "If you're a journalist and you can't have shiny wheels,
Papa isn't that great, is he? I was told
I couldn't accept that, so I said, "Okay, I'll buy it." I got those shiny wheels and put them on my wheelchair -- look, can you change the lights?
(laughter) look
Look look look look at this
This thing that you're looking at has completely changed my life, really changed it completely.
People who were staring and feeling uncomfortable pointed and smiled People who stared and felt uncomfortable pointed and smiled
"Uncle! That's a cool wheel! That's amazing!
I want something like that too.” A small child once asked me, “Can you give me a ride?”
(Laughter) Of course, every once in a while, some people, usually middle-aged men, say, "Oh, nice wheels, that's for safety, right?"
"Oh, nice wheels. It's for safety, right?"
(Laughter) Of course, nothing to do with safety.
It's not like that
What's the difference?
The difference is "intent"
Yes, I am no longer a victim.
He changed his situation and became the captain of the phaser-wheeled starship "Wheelchair."
Intention makes all the difference
By adding simple design elements, by adding simple design elements, we improved the response to the wheelchair.
It is an intentional act
Personality comes out in the wheelchair
Makes you feel like you're riding
reassure and attract people
The people on board are in control of their own way of life.
Playing a tragic song in a different way By playing in a completely different atmosphere
It changes the way people perceive
It sounds so simple, but in our society and culture, we have a big problem with intention.
look at this guy do you know anyone
This is Anders Breivik, last year in Norway, if he killed a lot of young people on purpose, if he did it on purpose, he would be punished as a heinous criminal.
In America it's either life imprisonment or the death penalty, but in Norway it's not that far.
But if you're indulging in delusional fantasies and you're doing this, which is to say that some kind of mental illness is the cause, then that's an entirely different matter.
Even if I'm isolated somewhere for the rest of my life, I'll treat you like a patient.
fundamentally different category
If he was a deliberate killer, Andesh is nothing but evil.
But if he's mentally ill and the case is a psychopathic murder, it's not as simple as that.
Makes me feel the chaos of something primitive and old Makes me feel the chaos of something primitive and old
It might be a mutation It might be a mutation
he's not normal
It seems to me that intention is essential to human nature.
being human
We are supposed to act with intention and with design in mind.
We are supposed to act with intention and with design in mind.
Intention is the mark of civilization
The next story is closer to me. My family is completely intentional.
As you can see in the picture, I have two sets of twins, the result of IVF, or in vitro fertilization.
IVF is as intentional as livestock breeding IVF is as intentional as livestock breeding
Some of you may have experienced
A technique for extracting sperm from spinal cord injury patients was actually developed by a veterinarian.
I met him in person and he's a nice guy.
I had a big leather bag full of sperm collection equipment, and they said it was for different animals, different kinds of animals.
I'm so proud of the gadgets I designed I'm so proud of the gadgets I designed
He used to say, "John, you're somewhere between a horse and a squirrel."
(Laughter) Anyway, as I approached middle age, I had a discussion with my wife, and with four children, we decided to enjoy life in a slightly different technology. apparently
"No need for contraception? Doctor, are you sure you're okay?"
"John, look at the sperm test results.
"John, if you look at the results of the sperm test, being you is contraceptive." Being you is contraceptive.
I see
(Laughter) This is comfortable.
And I had a lazy weekend with my wife. And I had a lazy weekend with my wife. I think it's worth it, but I'm not going to do it today. A few weeks later, to my surprise, a familiar symptom appeared.
It seems I was wrong to believe that being me was contraception.
Look at this typeface my wife was angry
who designed this
Designers don't do this
maybe that's the reason
Soon this Ajax was born
It's not that different from the older kids, but it's totally different The older kids aren't that different, but it's totally different.
It's kind of like the accident I had. It came out of nowhere.
It's kind of like the accident I had. It came out of nowhere.
My life changed forever, but instead of just reacting to what happened, I decided to intentionally follow this new experience.
We're five, we're five
Confront with intent, act on design
Ajax is such a weird name, it can't be unintentional.
hope you like it in the future
(Laughter) I didn't become a designer, I never wanted to.
But there are some great designs that I've always loved, like this calculator, the HP 35S -- it was good, and I still miss it.
That was really good I could have bought this
That was really good I could have bought this
Out of reach, I also liked the 1974 911 Targa
When I was a student, I studied a completely different field from design and engineering.I studied only the classics and things that were not very practical, but I learned something there, too.This man, Plato, was actually a designer.
In his book "The State," he designed a government, although it never materialized.
This is one of the characteristics of Plato's design of government 4.0. This is one of the characteristics of Plato's design of government 4.0. The more bad the government gets.”
it looks like we went wrong somewhere
But the great thing about this sentence is that it's the intent itself.
What is Plato doing here?
The grand idea of ​​design. The great idea of ​​design is common to all the religions and philosophies born in the classical period.
What happened during this period? We were all looking for an answer to a question
What happened during this period? We were all looking for an answer to a question: the end of an era where survival was the only goal, and the question of what humans should do.
Humans who survived prehistoric chaos, random and harsh nature, humans who survived prehistoric chaos, random and harsh nature, suddenly had time to think.
All of a sudden, human existence needed intention.
I needed a purpose in life
reality itself needs a designer
A given situation has been replaced by intentions, designs, religions, etc. Replaced by intentions, designs, religions, etc. Replaced by intentions, designs, religions, etc.
Religion is still in dispute
Today we don't have to face the chaos of nature,
We must face up to the chaos mankind has wrought on our planet.
This new concept of design is characteristic of the emerging culture of our time, and I believe it will answer the following new questions: What do we do in the face of the chaos we have created? What do we do in the face of the chaos we have created?
What do we do in the face of the chaos we have created?
How do we carve our intentions into the things we create and the places where we give change? How do you engrave your intentions?
It's a challenge for a planet with seven billion people and an ever-growing population.
This is the song we all play
We cannot imitate the past
it doesn't work
That's no good at all
I'll tell you about one of my favorite design memories in the 1990s, in the city of Kinshasa in Zaire, where I was working for ABC News, covering the downfall of Zaire's brutal dictator Mobutu Sese Seko, who plundered and destroyed the country. was
Riots broke out in the center of Kinshasa
The city was on the verge of collapse. It was really bad. My job was to go to the center of Kinshasa and cover the riots and looting.
people took cars and parts of buildings
Soldiers had shot at the looters and many had been arrested.
In the midst of this chaos, I was scurrying around in a wheelchair.
I'm in a wheelchair so I don't look like a looter
I'm in a wheelchair, so I can't see it from the reporters, or at least not from the eyes of the locals.
I can't even see the soldiers. That's right.
It became part of Zaire's harrowing backdrop, completely invisible to the public.
And then suddenly, from the other side, there appeared a young man with a lower body, like me, in a wheelchair made of metal, wood and leather, a three-wheeled one with pedals, pedaling hard.
While calling
He rushed over to me, and he didn't seem to understand any more English, but I don't need words.
Comparing each other's wheels, tire spokes and tubes
They also showed me the strange pedal mechanism, and they were very proud of their own design.
I want to show you
His smile and the way we were animated in the universal language of design His smile and the way we were animated in the universal language of design were completely invisible in the chaos around us. seemed to be completely invisible from
His stuff was homemade, screwed on here and there, rusty and funny.
Mine is a solid, sleek design made in the USA.
He seemed to especially like the comfy seats He seemed to especially like the comfy seats, with fluttering drapery on the edges, like a war carriage carrying a hero.
If I had this shining wheel back then, I wanted to show it to you
I'm sure you were happy I'm sure you understood
I'm sure you were pleased I'm sure you understood I met a chariot with pure intentions in that chaotic city I met a chariot with pure intentions in that chaotic city
In the midst of all this, I could only see design for a while.
We enjoyed our conversation for a few minutes, then slipped back into the chaos that each came with.
The young man disappeared into the streets of Kinshasa, and I returned to my hotel, and I still remember him.
and I think
Objects that are imbued with intent have power, are valuable, and are attractive.
The unintentional is meaningless and imitative, it's distasteful, it's trash like a leaflet in your mailbox.
We should always strive to approach our lives, things, and situations with intention.
I think I have an advantage over you on this point.
Today is a special day, so let me tell you why.
Thirty-six years ago at this exact time, a 19-year-old boy woke up from a coma when he tried to ask a question to a nurse, who had already prepared an answer.
"I had a terrible accident and broke my back.
Unfortunately, I can't walk anymore."
I replied, "I know that--I want to know today's date."
I remembered that the car crashed through the guardrail on February 28th, and I also remembered that 1976 was a leap year.
I asked, "Nurse, is today the 28th or 29th?"
He looked at me and said, "It's March 1st" He looked at me and said, "It's March 1st"
"It's tough. There's a lot of work to do."
"It's tough. There's a lot of work to do."
From that moment on, I knew that my life would be premised on an accident and that I would have to do something about it because I couldn't walk.
Intention -- you have to live with the intention, you have to live the life you've been given by design, and you have to live the life you've been given.
At times like this, everyone has to do that.
You have to go back to this, go back to design, live like your father taught you long ago, "Play your own way, John."
Let everyone hear what you mean."
Dad please listen Dad please listen
(music) ♫ Jojo thought he was a lone wolf ♫ ♫ Turns out he wasn't ♫ ♫ Jojo left Tucson, Arizona for an event in California ♫ ♫ Go back, go back ♫ ♫ Go back to where you were ♫ ♫ Go back, go back ♫ ♫ Go back to where you were ♫ (Applause)
During my freshman year of college, I applied for an internship at the Greater Boston Legal Services Housing Department.
On the first day, when I showed up to serve tea and help with photocopying, I was paired with a lawyer who had a strong sense of justice and was very ambitious. Jeff Purcell put me on the front lines from day one. made me work on the front lines
Over the next nine months, I had the opportunity to talk to people from low-income families in Boston, who came to me for housing problems, and they always had health problems.
A client was being evicted for nonpayment of rent.
He had to pay for his HIV medications, and he didn't have the money to pay for both, so he had to pay his rent.
A mother lived in a place where her daughter, who had asthma, woke up every morning covered in cockroaches.
One of our litigation strategies is that I bring a big glass bottle and go to the client's house.
Then you collect the cockroaches in a bin, glue them to a poster board, make a specimen, and take it to court as evidence.
And the judges saw that and they got sick of it, and we always won.
I'd say it's more efficient than anything you learned in law school.
But over the last nine months, I've become more and more frustrated that we've intervened in our clients' lives too late. was in a critical condition
Near the end of my first year of college, I read an article about Dr. Barry Zuckerman's work as head of pediatrics at Boston Medical Center.
The first thing he hired was to hire a legal counsel to represent his patients.
So I contacted Barry, and with his permission, in October of 1995, I walked into the waiting room of the Boston Medical Center Pediatric Clinic.
I'll never forget the animation that was playing endlessly on the TV screen.
I could feel the fatigue of the mothers who took two, three, and even four buses to see their children at the doctor.
It seemed impossible to the doctors, no matter how hard they tried, to give every patient enough time.
For the next six months, I would run up to doctors in the hallway and ask the naive but basic question, "If you had unlimited resources, what would you give your patients first?"
The answer was always the same, and I've heard the same answer hundreds of times since.
"Every day a patient comes into the clinic, and my child has an ear infection, and I prescribe antibiotics.
But the real problem is that we have nothing to eat at home.
The real problem is that he lives in a three-room apartment with 12 other people.
I don't even ask about these issues, because I can't do anything about it.
I have 13 minutes to spare for each patient.
Patients are flooding the waiting room of the clinic
I don't even know where the nearest store is
We don't have enough people.”
That clinic still has two social workers for every 24,000 pediatric patients, which is still better than other clinics.
Health Leeds was born out of these conversations, and it says that doctors and nurses can prescribe nutritious foods, and in the winter they can distribute heating and other basic resources like prescribing medicine, simple. is a model
Patients bring their prescriptions to a desk in the clinic's waiting room, and well-trained college students who advocate for our work interact with these families and refer them to a number of existing community resources.
Our work began at a card table in the clinic's waiting room, just like a roadside lemonade stand.
But now, we have 1,000 college students, and we're referencing about 9,000 patients and their families to resources to help them live well.
18 months ago I received an email that changed my life.
It was from Dr. Jack Geiger, and there was a tribute to "Health Leeds" and what he said was a little historical context.
In 1965, Dr. Geiger built one of the nation's first two community health centers in a destitute section of the Mississippi Delta.
Many of his patients were showing symptoms of malnutrition, so he prescribed food.
The patient took this prescription to a local supermarket, which provided them with the food and charged it to the clinic's pharmacy budget.
When the Office of Economic Opportunity in Washington, D.C., which funded Dr. Geiger's clinic, learned about this, they were outraged.
The Office of Economic Opportunity sent a bureaucrat to tell Dr. Geiger that their money should be spent on health care. It was written that food is good for treating ataxia."
(Laughter) So when I got this email from Dr. Geiger, I knew I should be proud to be a part of this history.
But actually I was devastated
Because, 45 years after Geiger began prescribing food to his patients, doctors say they have a 'no-ask-no-say-no-say' policy on these issues.
45 years after Geiger, Health Leeds has to start all over again so they can prescribe basic resources.
So I spent a long time pondering the meaning of this strange awakening from hibernation.
For decades we've had very simple tools to keep patients, especially low-income patients, healthy, so why haven't we taken advantage of them?
If we know what the health care system needs, rather than the sick care system, why don't we act on it?
We don't have answers to these questions not because the answers are complicated, but because we have to be honest with ourselves.
I find it too painful to articulate what we want the health system to look like, or even admit that we want it to improve.
Because our ideal of medicine is so far removed from our current reality.
But I have not changed my mind, and I believe that all the people in this room, all the people, all of us, deep down, have the same desire.
If we're honest with ourselves and listen quietly, we all have the same high ideals for medicine: medicine that keeps everyone healthy.
The longing for health care that keeps us healthy is a very powerful one.
When I think about this, I think health care is like any other system.
I think it's made up of a series of choices people make.
What if we choose differently?
What if we chose the part that has strayed from the original purpose of medicine, and selected the part that has strayed from the original purpose of medicine, and say it once and for all?
"No, this is ours.
these are used for us
It should be used to realize our ideals."
What if we had everything we needed to get the medical care we wanted right in front of us?
Thus began Health Leeds
It started with a prescription form made of plain paper, asking not what the patient needed to get better -- antibiotics, inhalers, medicine -- but what they needed to stay healthy. What should I do to avoid getting sick?
We decided to use prescriptions for that purpose.
A few miles from here, at the National Children's Medical Center, when a patient comes in for a consultation, they ask a few questions.
“Are you going to run out of food at the end of the month?
Do you live in secure housing? "
So, before the doctor begins an examination, he knows the patient's height, weight, whether there's enough food in the house, and whether the family lives in a shelter.
So not only can doctors make the right clinical choices, but Health Leeds can be used like referrals to other specialists to prescribe those resources to patients.
The problem is, once you hit one goal in medicine, you want more and more.
So I thought to myself, if individual doctors can prescribe these basic resources to their patients, we can change the assumptions of the entire healthcare system.
So I tried it anyway
Now, if a patient with a high BMI arrives at the Harlem Hospital Center, the hospital's electronic medical record will automatically issue a prescription for Health Leeds.
And volunteers connect patients with healthy diets and exercise programs that are accessible in their communities.
We hypothesized that a patient with a high BMI who came into the hospital wouldn't be able to get all the answers to being healthy in the walled room of the doctor's office.
need more than that
In a way, you could say that this is just a reclassification of electronic medical records.
Electronic health records have gone from simply being a repository of diagnostic information to becoming a health promotion tool -- a fundamental shift.
In the private sector, when you squeeze that kind of value-add out of fixed-cost investments, when you squeeze that kind of value-add out of fixed-cost investments, it's called a billion-dollar company.
But in the medical world, it's called obesity reduction or diabetes reduction.
It's called medicine, and it's a system where doctors can prescribe solutions to improve health, not just manage disease.
It's the same in the doctor's office waiting room.
Every day in this country, 3 million patients visit the waiting rooms of about 150,000 clinics.
what do they do there?
Sit and watch the goldfish in the tank or read a magazine like 'Good Housekeeping' which is very old.
But most sit in the long wait
Why would you spend thousands of square miles of space and thousands of hours just waiting?
What if there was a waiting room where you could actually get healthy instead of just sitting there when you came in with a cold?
Airports are now shopping malls, McDonald's are children's playgrounds, doctor's waiting rooms are being reborn.
That's what Health Leeds tried to do, repurpose that space and time, to use it as a place to connect resources to help patients stay healthy.
It's a harsh northeastern winter, your child has asthma, and the heating in the room has been turned off, and you're in the emergency room waiting room, because the cold triggered the child's asthma.
But rather than waiting in fear for hours, why not have Health Leeds make arrangements for your home to be reheated in the waiting room?
Of course, this requires a wide range of workers.
But if we get creative, we can already have those people.
We know that doctors, nurses and social workers are not enough. There are too many constraints in the medical world where every minute counts.
medical care takes a lot of time
We need a bunch of people who aren't clinicians -- community health workers, case managers, and many others.
What if some of the next generation of healthcare workers were this country's 1 million college students?
If they had the unparalleled aptitude for information retrieval, cultivated using Google, despite the denials of bureaucrats, who tended to impose a burden on patients, who were unencumbered by clinical work. What do you think?
How could a college student volunteer make such a commitment? Well, here's the phrase: "March Madness."
During the National Collegiate Athletic Association men's basketball tournament starting in March, players will spend 39 hours a week playing the sport.
Whether it's good or bad, it's true anyway
Based on these assumptions, Health Leeds, for too long, we've overlooked the potential of college students when it comes to making a real impact on communities in need.
If you're a college sports team, you'd say, ``We spend dozens of hours, very early in the morning, on the campus field, measuring you and your team's performance. drop out of
But we will invest heavily in training and development and provide a great community of peers."
Many applicants will line up in front of the door to join them.
So I'm thinking that the tools that can be used for rugby teams can also be used for health and poverty.
Health Leeds also offers good hiring conditions, focused training, professional coaching, demands a lot of time, builds close-knit teams, and measures results -- the medical version of Teach for America.
Top 10 U.S. Medicaid Cities
Each of the top 10 U.S. Medicaid cities has at least 20,000 college students.
New York alone has 500,000 college students
This is not a short-term workforce to connect patients with basic resources, but a pipeline to the next generation of healthcare leadership. people I talked to about health needs
And they leave here with the conviction, the ability, the ability to realize the most basic ideals of our health care.
Thousands of these people already exist
Mia Lozada is the Chief Resident of Internal Medicine at UCSF Medical Center, and during her three years of undergraduate studies she volunteered for Health Leeds and worked in the Boston Medical Center clinic waiting room.
Mia says, "When my classmates prescribe, they think the job is done.
When I write a prescription, can my family read it?
Do you have transportation to the pharmacy?
Do you have any food to eat with medicine?
Insurance to pay for prescriptions?
It brings to mind the questions that I learned at Health Leeds that I wasn't taught in medical school."
None of these solutions -- prescriptions, electronic medical records, waiting rooms, thousands of college student volunteers -- are perfect.
But all of us are at our disposal. These are simple examples of vast underutilized resources in health care. These are simple examples of vast underutilized resources in health care. If we recognize and redeploy, we can realize the most basic ideals of our healthcare.
By the time the idea for Health Leeds hit my head, I had been working in legal services for nine months.
I had to tell my attorney, Jeff Purcell, that I wanted to quit.
I was very nervous that I would abandon my patients and disappoint him because of this outrageous idea.
I said to him, "Jeff, I have an idea to mobilize college students to address the underlying health needs of patients."
To be honest, I just hoped you wouldn't get mad.
But he said, "Rebecca, if you have a vision, you have an obligation to make that vision a reality.
You must pursue that vision."
I said, "Wow, that's a lot of pressure."
thought
I wanted you to understand, but I didn't want these directives.
But the truth is, I've spent most of my waking hours almost every day since then chasing that vision.
I think we all have a vision of healthcare in this country.
And in the end, the quality of health care will not be measured by the number of diseases it cures, but by the diseases it successfully prevents.
It's not about the excellence of our technology, or how sophisticated our specialists are, it's about how much we can live without the need for them.
And above all, when we measure the quality of health care, we shouldn't be talking about what kind of system it was, but what kind of system we chose.
thank you
(Applause) Thank you.
(applause)
It seems that people of all ages and cultures create their identities in some form of narrative.
From mother to daughter From preacher to believer From teacher to student From speaker to listener
Whether it's cave paintings or the Internet, humans have told history and truth in the form of parables and fables.
I am a true narrator
But at a time when religion is losing power and the world is dividing, can we present a common experience without going through mass consumption?
What stories, histories, identities and morals will you pass on to the next generation?
Cinema is arguably the most influential art form of the 20th century.
Filmmakers have told stories across borders, across languages, genres and philosophies.
In fact, there are very few themes that movies don't address.
In the last decade, media has become a global consolidation dominated by Hollywood blockbuster culture.
What we are given is increasingly preceded by sensations rather than narratives.
The intergenerational storytelling that we all shared 40 years ago is now rare.
As a filmmaker, I worry.
As a human being, I feel fear.
What kind of future can the younger generation create? Even though we know so little about our background and our potential stories.
It's ironic that we have more exposure to technology than ever before, and very little exposure to culture.
So in 2006, we started FILMCLUB, a group that hosts film screenings and discussion sessions in schools every week.
If we can take something from the 100-year history of cinema, maybe we can create stories and give meaning to the fragmented and unstable world of young people.
Technology is so familiar that even a small rural school can project a DVD on a whiteboard.
In the first nine months, we ran 25 clubs across the UK, where kids aged five to 18 watched a movie for 90 minutes.
The line-up was pre-selected and associated,
The children chose the films they watched, and the children soon learned to choose from a rich and varied selection of films.
Results are immediate
It's become a very profound and transformative educational space.
With as many as 150 children and as few as three, the children discovered new places, new ideas, new perspectives.
By the end of the trial period, there were 1,000 schools that wanted to participate.
There's a movie that changed my life: Vittorio De Sica's 1951 film Miracle in Milan.
This movie is an excellent critique of slums, poverty and hope.
I saw it on my dad's 50th birthday.
The technology back then was renting a movie set, finding and hiring filmmakers and projectionists.
Still, my father loved De Sica's vision emotionally and artistically, so he decided to celebrate half a century of his life with his three teenage children and 30 friends. My father said, "To pass the baton of anxiety and hope to the next generation."
In the final scene of "The Miracle of Milan," the slum dwellers levitate on flying broomsticks.
It's been 60 years since this movie was made, and it's been 30 years since I've seen it, but seeing the surprised faces on the faces of the kids reminds me of my own childhood.
The enduring value of this movie is that when a child sees this movie, they immediately think of "Slumdog Millionaire" and "City of God."
In a series dealing with democracy and government, we showed "Going to Smith City."
It was made in 1939, so it's older than the children's grandparents.
In this masterpiece, Frank Capra emphasizes the value of independence and civility.
It expresses doing the right thing and acting proudly even if you are clumsy.
At the same time, the film expresses faith in the political machine that is the source of honor.
Around the time "Smith" became a FILMCLUB staple, there was a week-long all-night filibuster in the House of Lords.
What made me so happy was that young people all over the country were confidently explaining what filibuster was and why members of the House of Lords would stay up all night to advocate for their causes.
James Stewart, who played the lead character, also filibustered two rolls of the film.
The child who chose "Hotel Rwanda" witnessed an extremely brutal genocide.
While the film brought tears to my eyes, it also elicited penetrating questions about why the peacekeepers weren't armed and why the West betrayed us.
"Schindler's List" told us that we should never forget the genocide, and one child with a broken conscience said, "Everybody forgot. If they haven't, why is Hotel Rwanda happening?"
The more movies they watch, the richer their lives become.
When I saw "Pickpocket," it turned into a discussion about criminal civil rights stripping.
"Always have the sun in your heart" shook the children's hearts
While he was happy that attitudes toward non-white Britons had changed, he was frustrated with the current precarious school system, which did not respect its collective identity and contrasted with the polite guidance of Sidney Poitier. because it's a target
Thoughtfully, with their own opinions and curiosity, the children challenged themselves to any type of film: black-and-white, subtitled, documentary, abstract, fantasy... and even writing detailed reviews to compete and recommend their favorite films was a pain. I didn't. The style is passionate and increasingly sophisticated.
6,000 reviews each week compete for the weekly award
What started out as 25 clubs has grown to hundreds, then thousands, and now there are 7,000 clubs nationwide with 250,000 members.
It's a staggering number, and it's likely to continue to grow, but what's even more striking is that the experience of curiosity and critical thinking is part of our everyday lives.
There are children who have started arguing with their parents, teachers and friends There are children who have started arguing
There are children who didn't have friends before, but have started trying to make them.
Across all divisions, movies create solidarity
The stories in the movies give us a shared experience.
A girl watched "Persepolis" and was able to get closer to her Iranian mother. A child watched "Jaws" and learned to talk about the horrors she experienced. My mother was pushed overboard during the voyage.
who is right who is wrong
what would you do if you were in the same situation
Is the story well told?
is there a hidden message
How will the world change and how will it change in the future?
Questions were pouring out of the mouths of children who were not thought to be interested.
I never thought the kids would be interested in themselves.
I started looking inward in the process of writing and discussing it, not while watching the movie.
I have an aunt who speaks very well
In no time at all, you can imagine running around Table Mountain barefoot or playing tag.
She recently told me about a voyage to Israel in 1948, just two sisters and my father.
In the middle of the sea, when sailors rioted demanding better conditions, it was these teenagers who helped feed the crew.
When I was 40, my father passed away.
We never talked about that trip.
My maternal grandmother fled Europe, left her husband behind, took her three-year-old daughter with her, and sewed diamonds into the edges of her skirt.
Two years after I went into hiding, my grandfather came to London.
I never went back to my old grandfather
His story was hidden when he came to live as an Englishman.
My own story begins in England, where I knew nothing and my immigrant parents never told me.
But I had The Diary of Anne Frank, The Great Escape, Shore, and Triumph of the Will.
Leni Riefenstahl helped me understand the struggles of a family through a beautiful Nazi propaganda film.
These movies express the painful and unspeakable, and that's why they served me better than the whispers of survivors and the glimmering tattoos on my unmarried aunt's wrist.
If you're a purist, you'll feel like, "Fiction is a waste of the original search for humanity." "Film is too immature to recount the intricacies of history." "Filmmakers always prioritize drama over truth." ”
But film has purpose and meaning.
A 12-year-old kid saw "The Wizard of Oz" and said, "Everybody has to see this movie, because if you don't, you might not know you have a heart."
If we celebrate reading, why don't we celebrate movies in the same way?
"Citizen Kane" has the same value as Jane Austen.
No one would argue that "Boyz n the Hood," like Tennyson, represents the ebb and flow of emotion and the heightened understanding.
They're all memorable pieces, and they're all part of who we are.
It doesn't matter if you think of Tom Hanks before Apollo 13's commander, Jim Lovell, or if Gandhi's face overlaps with Ben Kingsley.
Eve Harrington, Howard Beale, and Mildred Pierce don't exist, but they give us the opportunity to understand what it means to be human, in terms of understanding life and times, the way we understand Elizabethan England from Shakespeare. that's the thing
We believe that film is the meeting point of story, theater, music, literature and experience, and that's why the young people who come to FILMCLUB are captivated and moved.
What we didn't expect was to see tremendous growth in the children's behavior, confidence and achievement.
Students who were previously reluctant to go to school go to school, talk to their teachers, and instead of competing on the playground, they compete on the next movie they see. I'm finding a desire to
We reject the extremes that are so common when talking about children.
They're not ferocious, they're not cooped up
Like other young people, they're trying to survive in a world of endless possibilities, they just don't know how to find meaningful experiences.
We were astounded at the behavior of people who defined themselves by the size of a check mark on their sneakers, but the stories we provided stuck with us.
If you want different values, you have to tell different stories. Your personal story is an essential part of your individual identity. Your collective story is an essential part of your cultural identity. I can't think
Because when you're walking home from a screening of "Rear Window," and you're looking up at the building next door, you have a way of imagining who else is there and what story they have.
thank you
(applause)
When I lived in the state of Maine in the United States, I used to love finding squash kashipan, a type of sea urchin, on the beach because my parents said it brought good luck.
but i can't find it
I can't see it because it's covered in sand
Even so, I gradually got used to searching
I was able to see and collect shapes and patterns.
This led to my interest in archeology, looking for something from the past.
Eventually, I started studying Egyptology, but I realized that the naked eye wasn't enough.
Because the target range is from the small coast of Maine to the 1,300-kilometer-long area of ​​the Nile in Egypt.
And my sukashi kashi bread is the size of the city
And that leads to the use of satellite imagery.
I needed a different eye to paint a picture of the past.
So let me show you a sample of how you can see the difference using infrared.
This is Bendix, located in the eastern Egyptian delta.
The place looks brown, but when you use the infrared image and process it, suddenly the place appears in the false color bright pink.
And there you can see the activity of the ancient Egyptians and the chemical changes caused by the building materials.
What I want to share with you today is how we used satellite imagery to find an ancient city called Ichitaui, which had been lost for thousands of years.
Ichtaui is the capital of ancient Egypt, which existed for over 400 years during the Middle Kingdom about 4,000 years ago.
It's located in Fayum, Egypt, and it's a very important place, because the Middle Kingdom was a renaissance of art, architecture and religion in ancient Egypt.
Egyptologists knew that Ichitawi was near the Pyramid of the Two Kings, marked by this red circle, in this massive floodplain.
This area is very large, measuring 6.5 by 5 kilometers.
The Nile flowed right alongside Ichitawi, and as the river moved eastward, it blanketed the city.
So how do you find a buried city in this vast land?
Searching at random is like looking for a needle in a haystack with a baseball mitt over your eyes.
What we did was use NASA terrain data to map out subtle changes in the land.
And we've found where the Nile used to be.
But there's a more detailed and interesting thing: this slightly raised circle is where we think it's probably a weasel.
So we worked with Egyptian scientists to do core digging like this.
Core drilling is similar to drilling ice cores, but looking for layer changes due to human activity rather than climate.
And under a five-meter thick layer of mud, we found a dense layer of pottery.
What this means is that five meters down here, there's a stratum from a certain period of time, several hundred years in the Middle Kingdom, and it's thought to have been Ichitawi.
Stonework such as carnelian, crystal, and agate has also been found, suggesting that there was a jewelry factory here.
They may not look like much, but when you think of gemstones that were common in the Middle Kingdom, these are the stones.
Now, here was a dense layer of rock from the Middle Kingdom.
What the traces of the jewelry factory mean is that there was a city of something very important.
We don't yet know if it's Ichitawi, but we'll be back here and figuring it out in the near future.
And more importantly, we're training young Egyptian staff to use satellite technology, and they too can be one of the great discoverers.
So I'd like to conclude by quoting one of my favorite Middle Kingdom quotes, probably written in Ichtaui, 4,000 years ago.
"Knowledge sharing is one of the greatest human desires.
Nothing on earth can beat it."
So TED didn't start in 1984 A.D.
(Laughter) In fact, this idea started in 1984 B.C. in Ichtawi.
And this is just an epic beach shell hunt.
thank you
(Applause) Thank you.
(applause)
When I was 16, I was in the middle of summer vacation and I was at home changing channels on the TV. I was looking for a movie to watch on HBO.
It was a good movie, right? I saw Matthew Broderick on the screen, and I thought, "Yeah! It's Ferris Buehler. Let's watch this!"
But it wasn't "Ferris All of a sudden one morning." I also apologize to Matthew Broderick, because he's been in other movies, and when I see him, I think it's Ferris.
At that time, he played a gay role that was completely different from Ferris.
That movie was 'Torch Song Trilogy'
It's a movie adaptation of the stage, the story of a drag queen searching for love.
love and respect are the themes of the movie
As I was watching the movie, I realized I was talking about myself.
It's not about being a drag queen, it's about being gay 'cause I don't shave
It's the part where you seek love and respect and find your place.
There was a memorable scene that brought tears to my eyes, and it's stuck in my head for the last 25 years.
This is the line that the main character, Arnold, says to his mother, during an argument about his personality and his life.
"One more thing, just one more thing I want you to know
I've learned to sew, I've learned to cook, I've learned to fix plumbing, I've learned how to make furniture, and I can give myself credit if I need to, so I don't have to rely on anyone.
All I need is love and respect, and I have no use for those who can't give me those things."
I remember that scene like it was yesterday I cried when I was 16 and I hadn't come out yet Ferris Buehler and a man I'd never seen fight for love
After that, I started living my life. I came out and accepted myself. I was really happy. I was a happy gay, because gay means happy.
But I learned that there are people like me who aren't "gay" in the sense of "happy," not in the sense of "same-sex attracted."
Some people, like me, feel intense disgust and anger toward gays and gay lifestyles, as well as strong feelings of impatience and fear.
I thought about that "gay lifestyle." I often hear the term "gay lifestyle."
Some politicians have even said, "The gay lifestyle is a serious threat," arguing it's a bigger threat to society than terrorism.
It's scary
Because I'm gay, I thought I was going to destroy civilization What the heck is a gay lifestyle? If it's that scary, you have to stop it now!
(Laughter) So I thought about my life.
The super toxic gay lifestyle (Laughter) I'm going to talk about some of the toxic behaviors, starting in the morning.
i drink coffee
It's not just me who drinks it, other gay people drink it too.
I'm stuck in a traffic jam. It's a very harmful traffic jam.
Sometimes you stand in line at the airport
I look around and say, why are there so many gays!
People are standing in long lines to get on the plane.
What a toxic lifestyle!
I'll clean it too. By the way, this isn't my son's room. His is more messy.
I have a 15-year-old son, so I spend most of my day cooking.
Anyone with teens? Why do they eat so much? Eat two, three, four meals a night, like idiots!
this is the gay lifestyle
After cooking, cleaning, queuing and getting stuck in traffic - you're going to meet your partner for a wild and crazy night out.
(Laughter) I go to bed at a time when I know who's dropped out of "American Idol."
I'll let you know who's left the next morning.I'm too tired to stay awake.
This is the super toxic gay lifestyle.
Everyone, please escape to a safe heterosexual life.
(Applause) When I started dating my partner, Steve, he told me about penguins.
I didn't know what to say at first
He looked a little nervous as we talked. When penguins find someone they want to spend the rest of their lives with, they give them a beautiful pebble.
After we talked about it, he pulled this out of his pocket and handed it to me.
i saw it i was very impressed
And he said, "I want to spend the rest of my life with you."
I wear it whenever I'm doing something that makes me nervous, like this TEDx talk.
I also wear it when I'm separated from him for a long time
Sometimes I wear it for no reason
How many people are in love? Are you in love with someone?
you might be gay
(Laughter) I'm in love, so that's the gay lifestyle.
(Applause) You should tell your partner, because if he's in love, he might be gay.
How many people are single? single person?
You might be gay too! I have a friend who is single and gay.
The gay lifestyle is just horrible, super toxic, and the list goes on and on.
There are so many it's scary!
Don't you think it's really stupid?
So when President Obama said, (Applause) "I support it," (Applause) he said, "I support same-sex marriage."
It's a great moment in American and world history, because a sitting president said it, and he finally said it to himself and to the world.
that's great
There's something that's been bothering me since the president made this statement a while back.
This must be a gay activist operation, and it must be on the gay agenda.
I've been openly gay for a long time, and it's been on my mind for a long time.
I go to rallies, I attend fundraising events, I write articles, but I haven't received a copy of the "Gay Agenda."
(Laughter) I've paid my dues on time. (Laughter) I've traveled all the way to participate in the gay pride flag parade, and I've never seen a copy of the gay agenda.
I'm very frustrated, I feel ostracized, I feel disqualified as gay.
But something wonderful happened. I was shopping as usual when I stumbled upon a bootleg version of Gay Agenda.
That's when I thought, I thought it didn't exist, but
When I stand in front of everyone, I'm going to talk about this
I want people to spread the gay agenda so that what the gay agenda is
What are these gay guys up to?
No one has to worry about what the hell they want
Let's cut this short and let me show you the real thing.
Gay Agenda (music) This is the Gay Agenda!
(Applause) How are you?
Did you take a closer look? This is the "Gay Agenda"
Some people call this, umm... what the heck, the "Constitution of the United States." Do you agree?
The U.S. Constitution is the gay agenda.
Gay people like me just want our rights as citizens.
I was shocked when I saw it, wait, is this the gay agenda?
Why didn't you tell me from the beginning that it was the Constitution of the United States?
That way I wouldn't have to be confused or upset
But this is it, the gay agenda.
Escape to a safe heterosexual life
There are states that aren't colored. Gays, lesbians, bisexuals, and transgenders -- in states that aren't colored -- can be kicked out of their homes.
Landlords can evict residents for any reason, and there are no laws to protect GLBT people from discrimination.
In uncolored states, gays, lesbians, bisexuals, and transgenders can be fired in those states.
It doesn't matter how good or bad the job is, and no matter how long you've been there, if you're gay, lesbian, bisexual, or transgender, you can get fired.
In front of the gay agenda, which we call the U.S. Constitution, this is happening.
Pay particular attention to this short amendment: "No state shall make or enforce any law which shall limit the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States of America."
What about North Carolina?
You're not following the U.S. Constitution.
The gay agenda is just about equality. It's not a special right. It's a right that's already written in the Constitution.
Well-educated, well-dressed people (Laughter), and some of you might think it's weird clothes.
(Laughter) Either way, they're our ancestors.
It is said that they wrote the constitution with everything in mind, you could call it the gay agenda.
Efforts are ignored
So I thought I'd show you this gay agenda.
Because I thought that if I told you something funny, you wouldn't be surprised.
Because I thought it would be easier to accept if I said it from a slightly different angle.
But as you can see on that map, here in Michigan, you can legally fire people for being gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgender. So, the issue of same-sex marriage isn't about depriving anyone of their rights, it's about guaranteeing rights already written into the Constitution.
We're just trying to exercise the rights written in the Constitution, which everyone recognizes.
Some people live in fear that they might lose their jobs, so they don't let anyone see their true selves.
Let me brag a little bit.I'm married and have a 15-year-old son.
Excellent grades
At school, we're trying to start a club to discuss policy.
He is also showing his talent in track and field.In all the competitions he has participated in, he has broken records for junior high school students.
I also do volunteer work
pray before eating
He lives mostly with me, so as a father, I like to think that I have some influence over all of this.
I want to think I'm a good son I want to think I'm a fine young man I want to think I'm doing a great job as a father
But in Michigan right now, I can't adopt a child in an orphanage because I'm not eligible because I'm gay.
It doesn't matter if you have the heart to raise fine children.
That's what the state of Michigan says, I'm not eligible to be an adoptive parent.
It's not just me. Many other Michigan citizens who are Americans have trouble understanding why being gay is more important than who they are.
This story is repeated over and over again in American history.
There was a time in American history when black people were denied equal rights.
There was a time when women didn't have equal rights and couldn't vote.
Before the Americans with Disabilities Act, employers could fire people with disabilities.
we keep repeating this
It's 2012, because it's the gay agenda, it's the gay lifestyle, it's that I'm not a good father, I'm not even given the right to protect my family, it's because I'm gay.
The next time you hear the words "gay lifestyle" or "gay agenda," please do two things.
look to the right
The person next to you is the same person as you
Please treat me with love and respect
thank you
(Music) (Skateboard sound) (Music) (Applause) This is my life's work (laughs)
(Applause) Thank you. (Applause)
I spent my childhood on a farm in Florida and experienced what most kids do
I played baseball and other things But I always felt like an outsider Until I saw a picture in a magazine There was a picture of boys skating And I thought, "This is it!"
No coach to direct them, they were free
had no competitors
I loved it, so I started skating in 1977, when I was about 10. Once I started, I got the hang of it.
This picture was taken around 1984
I won my first amateur tournament in 1979.In 1981, when I was 14, I won my first world championship.It felt great.It was my first true victory.
Oh look at this, the board is turned upside down with a trick called kesper slide
Remember
this is ollie
As she exaggerated earlier, that's why I'm called the godfather of modern street skating.
Check out some of the pictures that represent it
When I was about to enter the middle stages of becoming a pro, I think it was in the mid 80's.
Freestyle itself was developing flatland tricks like this, but new styles of skateboarding were evolving and skaters were taking the Ollie I showed you earlier on the street.
I started riding on benches and railings and stairs and did other cool things
So skateboarding was evolving upwards.
Today's skaters are mostly street skaters Freestyle lost its popularity in about 5 years At that point I was champion of champions for 11 years
And suddenly it's all over, it's all gone
My boards are no longer in stores, it's like they say you're dead
Your own signature model boards and wheels
earning money with shoes and clothes
it all disappeared
Believe it or not, I'm so free now that I don't have to defend my "champion" status.
It sounds silly, but that's the way it is
So I got back the freedom I had when I started skating and just started making new tricks, because I've always enjoyed making new things.
Another thing was the accumulation of tons of tricks that could be modeled after Flatland tricks.
everybody's skating so different
It was humiliating and unpleasant
When I went to a place where skaters gathered, I was a "celebrity"
And everyone thought I was good, but I'm the worst in new fields
Everyone watching said, "He's that famous..."
"What happened to Mullen?" It was humiliating, but I started from scratch again
Here are some of the tricks I introduced into this new field
You can see the influence of freestyle at my roots
trick now? This is the most complicated trick I've ever done
"Dark Slide"
Can you see it sliding on the backside?
That's a lot of fun (laughs) and it's actually not that hard
The root of the current technique is "Casper" Do you know how to throw?
So easy, right? No big deal (laughs).
The front paws are gripped like this... I've seen someone slide on the back of the board, so how do I flip it over?
'Cause no one ever flipped
And then I realized that this is one of the things I want to say
I had a foundation From the roots of freestyle Yes, just use your feet
It's a way to flip the board
It's easy to do if you use the edge, and if you realize it, 20 new tricks will be created by applying it.
For example, this is another method.
There is a trick called primo slide
(sound of skateboard) It's the most fun trick (sound of skateboard)
looks like a skimboard
Notice how this trick slides sideways in all directions?
If you're skating normally and you fall, the board will fly this way and that direction.
Mostly predictable In this case, it's completely unpredictable When you fall, it's like a cartoon I love that
It's just a fun trick
When I actually started doing this trick
I remember because I had an injury, I had to have surgery on my knee.
So a few days, actually a few weeks
I couldn't skate at all I couldn't hold my knees So I was looking at other skaters In the warehouse where my friends were skating
I want to start over I want to start over
So I watched it the night before my surgery and I was like, 'How am I going to do that?'
I jumped on my board and flipped Caveman down and landed really lightly and thought that if my knees were bad, I'd just have a long surgery tomorrow.
(Laughter) So it was crazy like this.
How many of you have had surgery? But (laughs) you're helpless anyway, aren't you?
I was on a stretcher, looking up at the ceiling, every time, and until I was about to put on a mask and be anesthetized, all I could think was, "When I wake up and feel better, the first thing I'll do is film that trick."
And it was the first trick I actually filmed, so it was awesome
I just talked a little bit about the theory of evolution of tricks.
Thinking about the content
We street skaters do tricks like this, practicing darkslides, or primo, you know
I've been skating over a hundred times and I'm skating on the same road and suddenly it's in this target area I already have an idea so I wonder what would fit this trick
How can I develop this trick so that this situation, this environment, will influence my future behavior?
And I just keep skating And I have to admit, I was a little bit conflicted inside, 'cause it's such an honor to be standing in front of you all here on the campus of USC University, 'cause how many times have I been Because I was taken away from this campus (laughs)
(Applause) So here's an example of how context affects the end result.
One more thing, this place is not far from here.
I hesitate at first because it's very unsafe and I'm afraid I'll get beaten up.
Still go - see this wall?
very gentle slope
Just asking for a bank trick, right? But there's another side to Willie, look, he's got some tricks
Also the environment influences the nature of the trick.
Freestyle oriented manual down wheelie down
Look what's this? Oh this is awesome This is like riding a wave like surfing
And this guy is a little dangerous in the opposite direction, look at his hind legs,
I did it lol
Here, hind legs, hind legs, right here?
Now it's called a 360 degree flip
board overturned
Notice it rotates on both axes?
So here's another example of how things turned out differently. For me, and for many skaters, the creative process is to get out of the car, skate, and check the security guards and other stuff. (Laughter)
It's very interesting, and I'm starting to understand their rhythms, and skateboarding is a really humble sport.
No matter how good you are, there's this And there's a wall And when I hit you, at first you fall forward But it's okay, tell me it's okay
so apply it
By pushing upwards like this, the shoulders flow in this direction.
I think 'this should do a 360 degree flip' because this is a 360 degree regime
I want to emphasize here that as you may have already imagined, these tricks are small movements, advanced motor functions. It's a trick made by combining
So, as I was climbing, I had a lot of thoughts going through my mind, and I relaxed my cognitive mind, calmed down a little, and said, I have to let my intuition take over.
Little movements like these are just floating around, and when you hit a wall, they kind of connect, and your cognitive mind is like, "Oh, I can do a 360-degree flip."
For me, the creative process, the street skating itself, works like this
Next - look at it (Laughter) They're a community.
top skaters in the world
they are my friends what a wonderful people
And the real beauty of skateboarding is that there is no number one
To be honest, I'm sorry, but there are some guys who look unnatural when they're skating because they're my friends.
How are you able to express yourself?
Look at the silhouette of any one of them, "Oh he's Haslam, he's Koston They're friends, they're friends.
Skaters are outsiders and they want mates, but they want mates by their definition
Respect from the bottom of my heart is a basic trick that other people are doing, a 360 flip, by taking them and making them yours and giving them back to the community.
Contribute to the community. The more you contribute, the more you express your individuality, the more you become an individual.
The results gave me the power to accomplish things that I could not have achieved on my own.
This is what I want to convey about our connection to the community and
There is a beautiful harmony in the individuality expressed by skating.
next they very much to foster innovation
It's a similar community, here are some photos of the police station.
I think you'll find it very similar What does it mean to hack?
Wouldn't that be knowing enough to use a technology other than what it was originally invented to be used for?
Not all bad guys Linux kernel hackers keep Linux stable
make it safe and strong
iOS hackers make iPhones behave unexpectedly
Not accredited but not illegal
and there are people like them
What they do is very similar to our creative process.
They put together different pieces of information that security analysts didn't anticipate.
Shape it Right? I'm not a good person, but that's the mind of an engineer, the mind of a creative community, the mind of an innovative community.
a very similar community
We also have edgy parts
my father was not wrong
they are like me
I respect them and they respect me because they have the skills and they can do great things.
One of them was Ernst & Young San Diego County Entrepreneur of the Year They weren't bad guys to begin with
Everyone had some degree of fame.
i have a lot of success
Strangely, I don't think I deserve it. I got a patent, and that's pretty cool. I started a company, I grew up, I got the biggest of its kind, and then I got stagnant, and I got the number one again, and it was better than when I was the number one in the first place. I sold the company and then sold it again.
success was finally with these successes
What drives your success?
What about those shocking punches like the injured knee I was talking about?
not just mental
What are the barriers that will help you reach the next level? And then there are those who take it all and sometimes leave with talent And what they all have in common is fame It's the greatest kind of notoriety you can throw away.
Around the world Thousands of children screaming their names It's a very strange and moving experience
Sometimes it's confusing, and then you get in the car, and you get out in 10 minutes, and nobody notices (Laughter).
And it becomes clear to me that name recognition and popularity have no meaning, that I am who I am
Skating for the respect of my peers, that's what drives me
I've broken over 10 bones and they, he's had 10 concussions, am I laughing?
It's actually funny he gets teased sometimes
Next This is a bit deeper, I was reading Feynman's biography while on tour.
It was either the red one or the blue one
There was a sentence that was deeply influenced by
It was, "The Nobel Prize is the gravestone of all great service." For me, who won 35 of the 36 competitions I entered in 11 years, I could relate to it so much that it seemed crazy.
winning is not the right word
I've only won once, and since then I've only been defending.
I didn't enjoy skating I didn't skate for the fun of making new things And when my competitiveness was gone I had the freedom to make things and I could make them again
What I'm talking about sounds like a sermon
I know I'm not here to preach
But all of you here are privileged people.
Those who aren't already community leaders will eventually become, and if there's one thing I've learned from skateboarding that I can share with you, it's something that's truly meaningful and lasting.
It's not a name recognition it's just that there's real value in creating something (Laughter) I took this creativity out into my community and watched it spread, living to a level beyond what many younger, more talented, different talents could have imagined. keep going
Thank you all for your precious time.
(Applause) Christie Holly: I have a question.
Reborn from freestyle to street I officially retired 4 years ago Is that the end? next?
Rodney Mullen: Good question
Christie: I don't feel like I'm done with this, but Rodney: Strangely, when I think I've mastered something, no matter how good I am at it, I feel like I'm just brushing my shit.
How many people do you know? (Laughter) So if we're going to continue like this, we have to change fundamentally.
That's what I thought, and I started doing it, but it's a long, hopeless story, so if you don't just talk about it, but if you do it, I'll be the first to let you know.
Rodney: I'll email you
Christie: (Laughter) Yeah, thank you, that was great. (Applause) Rodney: Thank you, thank you. (Applause)
(applause)
This is from a recent Los Angeles Times
What is the punchline of the manga?
"I don't have to wake up at 4am every morning to feed my labrador"
This is the cover of New York magazine
Cancer, childbirth, heart disease, hip joint surgery, and a good hospital where a doctor can rush to an emergency at 4 in the morning
And here's a medley of songs that I've collected (several songs with ''4am'' in the lyrics) Have you noticed that 4am has become some kind of concept or watchword?
It means it's happening at the worst possible time.
(Laughter) Inconvenience, bad luck, much-needed time.
It's also time to plot a police killer, like this scene from "The Godfather."
In Coppola's script, they are "dressed in shirts.
It's '4am' and I'm exhausted."
(Laughter) What's even creepier is that it's time for autopsies and corpses in Isabel Allende's "House of the Spirits."
After green-haired Rosa is killed, doctors use chemicals to preserve her body.
they worked until 4am
And what's even creepier is last year's New Yorker magazine
It's a novel by Martin Ames, "September 11, 2001, in Portland, Maine, I woke up at 4:00 a.m. -- the last day of Mohamed Atta began."
4:00 a.m., which I thought was the most peaceful and the least eventful, got a bad name (Laughter) from a lot of the mainstream media.
I wondered here
Artists all over the world can't use this kind of expression as if they invented it themselves, right?
Should there be some other reason?
Something deliberate and hidden, who made 4:00 a.m. the bad guy?
This is Alberto Giacometti, on a Swiss banknote with a sculpture he made himself.
He made his name with a work in the Museum of Modern Art, New York
It's called "Palace at 4 A.M." (Laughter) It's from 1932.
There's likely to be something more than the first appearance of "4 A.M."
This surrealist sculpture had an astonishing influence on subsequent depictions of 4 a.m. by artists.
I named it Giacometti Code, and it's exclusive to TED.
If you have a Blackberry or iPhone, please search for it later.
Here's a recent Google search for "4 a.m."
Results change from time to time
4 of the usual top 10 are Fallon Young's song "It's For In The Morning" 3 are Judi Dench's movie 4:00 A.M. 1 is Wislawa Szymborska's poem '4:00 A.M.'
But what does a Polish poet and an English lady inducted into the Country Music Hall of Fame have in common other than this amazing Google ranking?
First, Fallon Young, who happened to be born in 1932.
(Laughter) He shot himself in the head in 1996, which coincidentally happened to be Judi Dench's birthday on December 9th.
(Laughter) But he didn't die on his birthday.
He died at the age of 64, suffering from his own bullet wounds until the next afternoon, the same age at which Alberto Giacometti died.
Where was Wislawa Szymborska?
She had the most perfect alibi in the world.
December 10, 1996 "Mr. 4:00 AM" The very day Fallon Young nearly died in Nashville, Tennessee "Miss 4:00 AM" Wislawa Szymborska was winning the Nobel Prize in Literature in Stockholm, Sweden is the
Exactly 100 years after Alfred Nobel died
Coincidence? no it's creepy
(Laughter) Coincidence is much simpler.
Coincidence: "Did you know that the Nobel Prize was established in 1901? It 'coincidentally' happened to be the same year that Alberto Giacometti was born."
Not all coincidences are this simple, so there's almost certainly something going on.
In fact, there may be people in this room who don't want to see this video.
(Laughter) Video: There's a tennis court, a pool, a home theater, and if I want a pork chop, even in the middle of the night, can he bring it to me?
Of course that's what I hired him for
How about a housekeeper for towel washing?
wait wait wait - that's what it means
4 a.m. on Christmas
my stomach is growling
homer
waited waited
That's what it means Matt
(Laughter) When Homer Simpson imagines the most inconvenient time of the day, or of the year, it just so happens to be 4:00 a.m., Jesus' birthday.
I don't know what this means in other complex dimensions, but there is clearly a code message.
(Laughter) I said code messages exist.
Ladies and gentlemen, you can buy Bill Clinton's "My Life" here at TED's bookstore.
Look for hidden messages
You can also quote from the random house site
How far down do you have to scroll to find the hidden message?
can you believe
If you have a paperback handy, turn to page 474. "The draft of my inaugural address is getting better, but I'm still not satisfied.
On the day of the inauguration, I worked from 1:00 to 4:00 a.m. - and the speechwriters would be tearing their hair out as I asked for a change."
You've spent a lifetime preparing for this historic quarterly event.
And then -- (Laughter) three paragraphs after that, we're back at Blair House, and we're doing final checks on the speech.
It was a lot better than it was at 4am."
Why?
According to the notes, he was either napping at a meeting with Al and the Tippers, or out of a suitcase, and all he could think about was launching a nuclear missile.
What happened to the President of the United States at 4:00 a.m. during his inauguration?
What happened to William Jefferson Clinton?
you may not know the truth
Clinton, who hasn't been showing up at all lately, doesn't want to answer this question, does he?
(Laughter) It's going to be awkward.
everything happened under his supervision
If he were here -- (Laughter) As he concludes his autobiography, that's the day that Bill Clinton's life journey began, the first Democratic president in decades to be elected for two terms in a row.
will make us remember
He's the first president in American history since Franklin Roosevelt was elected twice, the first since 1932. (Laughter) The year of Alberto Giacometti.
The year the next voice, now unheard of, was born in the crazy world we live in.
(Music: "It's For In The Morning" by Fallon Young) (Applause)
Two weeks ago, I was sitting at the kitchen table talking to my wife, Katia, about what to talk about today.
11-year-old son Lincoln at the same table
I was doing my math homework, and in the middle of the conversation, I glanced at Lincoln and was suddenly shocked. I remembered a client.
A man named Will
I was from North Texas
He had no way of knowing his father, who had evaporated, leaving his pregnant mother behind.
There, he was raised by a single mother. Like many others, this mother had paranoid schizophrenia. At the age of five, Will was nearly killed with a kitchen knife.
His mother was put in a psychiatric hospital, and for the next few years Will lived with his brother, who killed himself by shooting himself in the chest.
After that, Will moved from one relative's house to another, and by the time he was nine years old, he was living on his own.
That morning in the family, I noticed from my son that by his age, Will had been living alone for two years.
Eventually Will became a member of a gang and committed a number of serious crimes, the most serious of which was a horrific and tragic murder.
was executed
But what I want to talk to you about today is not the morality of the death penalty, of course, the death penalty for our clients.
I'm not convinced, but today I'd like to talk to you about the death penalty from a different angle, and I'd like to tell you a story that will convince you.
The reason I think it's possible is that the debate on the death penalty converges at some point, and this intersection is an important point on which everyone agrees, both those who strongly support the death penalty and those who strongly support its abolition.
It's a point I agree with, and I'd like to think about that.
But before I do that, I'd like to give you a quick overview of the process leading to the death penalty, and then I'd like to share with you two lessons I've learned over the last 20 years, which I've learned as a lawyer working on more than 100 cases involving the death penalty.
The story leading to the death penalty consists of four chapters
Think of it as a story, the first chapters are all the same
It's a tragedy, starting with murder -- an innocent man is killed, then tried, convicted, and sentenced to death, a death sentence that is eventually upheld by state courts of appeal.
Chapter two is a complicated legal process, called a state habeas corpus request.
Chapter 3 is the more complex legal process, the federal habeas corpus process.
And in Chapter 4, a lot of things happen, and lawyers may file petitions for reduced sentences.
There could be more complicated legal battles, or maybe nothing.
Either way, Chapter 4 ends with the execution.
I started working with death row inmates over 20 years ago, and at the time, they were not entitled to a defense in chapters two and four of this story.
there was no one to help them
Even the right to defense in chapter 3 only came in the late 80's
It was a gift, so we had to rely on volunteer lawyers to handle the legal proceedings for those on death row.
The trouble is that there are far more death row inmates than there are lawyers with an interest and expertise in the death penalty.
Inevitably, it's no surprise that lawyers flock to Chapter 4 cases, which are the most urgent cases.
The execution of the defendant is near
If all goes well, the client will face another hearing.
And sometimes clients live longer, sometimes years, sometimes months.
But that didn't mean that the number of executions per year in Texas would continue to drop significantly.
In fact, if you look at the graph, executions in Texas have sped up since the mid-'90s, and there are only a couple of years when there are fewer than 20 executions per year.
In Texas, a typical case averages two people a month.
In some years, we've executed nearly 40 people, and in the last 15 years, that number hasn't dropped significantly.
On the other hand, while we carry out roughly the same number of executions each year, the number of people sentenced to death each year is dropping relatively rapidly.
There's a paradox: more people are executed each year, but fewer new death sentences.
I wonder why
It's not because the rate of homicides has gone down, it's not, in fact, as fast as the red line in this graph.
What happened instead was that juries began choosing life imprisonment without parole instead of sending them to the gallows.
how did this happen
It's not because the death penalty has lost its support base.
Death penalty support in Texas is at an all-time low, and anti-death penalty opponents are very happy.
Do you know what "all-time low" means?
It's in the lower half of 60 percent.
That's a big step up from the mid-1980s, when over 80 percent of people were in favor of the death penalty.
So what's happening
In fact, the lawyers who represent death row inmates began to focus on the early stages of the death penalty story.
25 years ago we focused on Chapter 4
Moved from Chapter 4 25 years ago to Chapter 3 in the late 80's
From Chapter 3 in the late '80s to Chapter 2 in the mid-'90s, in the mid-to-late '90s.
Chapter 1 began to be focused on
Opinions will be divided on the decrease in the death penalty and the increase in life imprisonment.
I won't talk about it today
What I want to tell you is why this happened, because a lawyer for a death row inmate realized that the sooner he intervened in a case, the more likely he was to save the life of his client.
this is the first thing i learned
Next is number two. There's a law that applies to my client Will, and it's exactly what happened.
I have a story to tell you, if you give me the name of a death row inmate, regardless of his condition, regardless of whether I've met him or not, I'll show you his life story.
89 out of 10 the descriptions of their background overlap more or less even in the details.
Because 80 percent of death row inmates are born into broken families like Will's.
Eighty percent of death row inmates have a history of being involved in the juvenile justice system.
This was the second lesson I learned
Now, we're getting close to a point that everyone would agree on.
Everyone in the audience will disagree about Will's execution, but in the best version of his story, there's no murder in the first place, and everyone will agree on this.
How can we do that?
Two weeks ago, my son Lincoln was working on a big, nasty math problem.
I was learning how to break problems down into smaller ones to solve these big, hard problems.
This practice, which is common in physics and mathematics, is also used in social problems, where you break the problem down into smaller chunks to make it more manageable.
But as Eisenhower said, sometimes you can solve a problem by looking at the big picture.
The way to solve this problem is to look at the death penalty in a bigger way.
should say this
The death penalty story has four chapters, but what happens before this story begins?
How can we intervene in a murderer's life before the murder happens?
How can you reach out to someone who strays and has the worst consequences? The worst consequences are the consequences that proponents and opponents of the death penalty alike want to avoid -- that is, innocent people are killed. is that
Have you ever heard the term rocket science?
You know, it's a term we use when you say that the problem you're talking about is really simple compared to something really complicated called rocket science.
Rocket science deals with the mathematical representation of the thrust produced by a rocket engine.
What I'm talking to you about today is equally complicated.
And what we're talking about today is also "rocket science."
Both Will, our client, and 80 percent of death row inmates had five chapters in their lives before the four-chapter story leading up to the death penalty.
This is the fifth chapter to intervene, and the point at which our society should intervene in their lives to divert them from the path they're on, a path that supporters and opponents of the death penalty alike want to avoid. is the route to the result of
During each of the five chapters -- when his mother was pregnant with him, when he was a toddler, when he was in elementary school, when he was in middle school and when he was in juvenile justice, there was so much that society could do during those five years.
In fact, if you think about it, each of the five chapters has five different ways of social intervention, and you can combine them in whatever way you like, and you have more than 3,000 strategies to choose from, like Will. It changes the course of a child's tread.
I don't have the solution right now
The reality is that there's a lot to learn, but it's not that I don't know a lot of things.
And I've had experience in other states, and there's a wide range of interventions that can be used in states like Texas, where they're not yet covered, to prevent what everyone thinks is the worst possible outcome.
Here are some examples
I'm not talking about reforming the justice system.
We should talk about it when lawyers and judges get together.
Instead, I'm going to talk about some of the interventions that can be achieved with your help, when legislators and policy makers -- taxpayers and citizens -- agree that they should and they're going to spend their money. because it's a way of intervening that appears in
There is provision of care for young children who are financially or otherwise in need, and it is free of charge.
We can change the course of children like Will who stray from our path.
Some states do this, but not mine.
Special support schools can be set up in high school, middle school, and even elementary school, especially those who are struggling financially or who are involved in juvenile justice.
A handful of states are doing this, but not in Texas.
There are other things that can be done, there are many, but what I'm about to say is probably the most controversial point in today's talk.
A more aggressive intervention is to intervene in a dangerously broken home and rescue a child before the mother can pick up a meat cleaver and say she's going to kill him.
If we were to do that, we would need a place to receive the children.
Even with all of this in place, some people will still slip through the net to the chapter on murder, and they'll end up in juvenile justice.
If so, there's still time
We still have time to change course. Let's not just think about punishment, let's think about changing course.
There are two professors at Yale University and the University of Maryland in the Northeast, who have established a school attached to a juvenile prison.
Boys go to school from 8 to 4 while they're in prison.
was difficult to implement
Recruitment of teachers to teach in prisons Strict separation between school workers and prison overseers There was also a need for a new curriculum. Why?
The movement of people in and out of prison is irrelevant to the semester.
I have dealt with all these problems
What do all these things have in common
Costs are common to all
If you're older here, you might remember the old oil filter commercials.
It's a line like this, "Even if you don't pay now
You'll have to pay for it eventually." The death penalty is a way to make you pay later.
The bottom line is that every $15,000 spent early on helping children in financial or other need, every $15,000 spent early on saves $80,000 in future criminal costs. I can
Even if we disagree that it should be done out of moral imperative, it makes sense economically.
I'll tell you about the last conversation I had with Will.
We were talking on the day he was scheduled to be executed.
in his case
There's nothing left to do, we talked about his life.
At first he talked about his father, whom he knew very little about.
Still alive I said "I know the story
I read the record
I was almost killed by my mother.”
"I've always wondered, do you really remember that?"
"I don't remember anything about when I was five years old.
Do you remember what someone told you? "
He looked at me and leaned over and said, "Professor"—he'd been called a professor through our 12-year relationship.
"Professor, I don't mean to be silly, but my mother with a meat cleaver bigger than me chased me around the house yelling that I was going to kill her, locked herself in the bathroom, locked it up, and yelled at the cops. If you can help me" Continue to look at me "It's not something you can forget"
One thing I want you to remember is that between the time I got here this morning and my lunch break, there were four murders in America.
It's happening, and we're going to be pouring a lot of social energy into these criminals, and it's justified to punish the bad guys.
But three of them are preventable.
If we take a broader view and focus on an earlier phase, Chapter 4, which leads to the death penalty, doesn't even need the sentence at the beginning.
thank you
(applause)
If you've seen the movie "Moneyball" or read the book by Michael Lewis, you're familiar with the story of Billy Beane.
"You're going to be a great baseball player," the scouts all said.
I told Billy's parents that he was going to be a star player.
By the way, he didn't want to sign because he wanted to go to college. Speaking of college, I followed the advice of my mother, who loves me. I had a hard time
After a few trades, he spent most of his career in the minor leagues before eventually becoming the general manager of the Oakland Athletics.
To be put into management -- I've been entrusted, I think you would consider it a success.
But let's face it, for young people who want to make it in the big leagues, becoming a manager is not a success, it's a defeat.
I want to tell you today that our healthcare system is really, really bad at predicting the future health of our patients and other people, just like those scouts who predicted Billy's future.
But every day in this country, thousands of people are diagnosed with predisposing diseases.
I often hear about prehypertension and predementia, and I also have pre-anxiety.
We also refer to asymptomatic health conditions.
Even asymptomatic atherosclerosis can clearly lead to heart attack.
The masterpiece is "asymptomatic acne"
If you search for asymptomatic acne, one website says it's the most treatable acne. (Laughter)
No pus, no redness, no inflammation.
It may not be acne in the first place
There's a word for this whole phenomenon, the word with pre- is preposterous.
In baseball, the game starts before the game, the season starts before the season
it is continuing
But the reserves ahead are different. They don't always get ahead.
Precancerous doesn't always mean cancer
Yet, for example, in the case of so-called osteopenia, which is a preliminary group (asymptomatic stage) of osteoporosis (a disease in which bones are thinned), 270 women must be treated for three years to prevent a single fracture.
Multiply that by the number of women diagnosed with osteopenia, and the numbers are staggering.
Isn't it crazy? What about the costs and side effects of these reserve medicines, spending more than two trillion dollars each year on health care, and conservatively estimating that 100,000 people each year receive treatments that were not caused by the underlying disease. and died from complications
In this country, everything has been medically targeted.
Now, ladies, I have some pretty bad news for you. Did you know that many aspects of your life are covered by medical care?
For example, when Strike 1 hits puberty
Even those who visit once a month are eligible for medical treatment.
It's a health condition, which means you need treatment. Then strike two, when you're pregnant.
Also subject to medical treatment
Pregnancy requires high-tech medicine, or you might run into trouble somewhere.
And Strike 3 is menopause
As you know, for decades, many women were treated with hormone replacement therapy for menopausal symptoms, until the results of a study funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) came out.
The report found that many hormone replacement therapies are more likely to cause harm than cure.
And just in case you don't want to leave any men behind -- and I'm a man myself -- I have some very sad news for everyone here, including all of you watching, without exception.
i.e.
You could call it a "pre-death group." (Laughter)
Everyone has a risk factor, which is being alive. (Laughter)
But there's good news, too, because as a journalist, I want to end things on a happy, positive note.
If you survive until the end of my story -- you'll know the outcome in no time -- pre-vivor. (Laughter)
"Pre-death" is a term I coined. I apologize if someone said it before, but I think it's probably a term I coined.
Previvor is not my coined word
Previvor is a term that a cancer patient advocacy group calls on people who are at risk of developing cancer but who have not yet developed it to call themselves that name.
you are a previvor
HBO TV was here this morning. Mark Burnett, Producer, how about this, a reality show called "Previvor." (Laughter)
If you get sick, you'll be banished from the island (laughs).
But the problem is, our system is all about facilitating this kind of thing.
We've chosen to play a role at every point in this system and give everyone a reserve group name, and sometimes a disease name later.
First, let's consider the relationship between doctors and patients. Most doctors are fee-for-service, so they basically increase their compensation, so they tend to overdo treatment, tests, and prescriptions.
A patient comes in. A patient wants to do something. We Americans just can't sit still, we want medicine.
The patient wants to be treated, they want to know the name of the disease and the treatment, and if the doctor doesn't do that, they just go to some other doctor.
This makes it difficult for doctors
Or, even worse, a doctor who didn't test something when it was later diagnosed -- can be sued.
And pharmaceutical companies are always trying to expand their reach and reach more people, because it's definitely going to be profitable. If you make people think of you, you can get a lot of money and be known
But I'm not really telling this story to denounce any one player, which is typical of the journalistic profession.
we are all responsible
I am also responsible
In fact, I support the Yankees, which means I support the worst rule-breakers as much as I can.
thank you (laughs)
But we are all responsible
When I went to medical school, there were no classes on how to think skeptically or how not to order tests.
It's our own uneconomical actions that have led to this system.
I didn't realize incentives until I actually became a journalist. Economists say it's the incentives that are bad, not the people.
it's a fact
It's a "Field of Dreams" system in medical technology.
That means adding MRIs everywhere, putting surgical robots in every hospital, and saying, "Everyone should have robotic surgery."
We have created a system that says, "If you build equipment, patients will come."
And then there's the mechanism that actually makes you believe that you should and should go on purpose.
I became a journalist when I realized that everyone, including myself, was part of the problem.
I wrote and commissioned manuscripts to medically treat every risk factor, and I didn't mean to, but it seems like I was fueling people's worries every day.
But there is a way out of it
Last week, when I went to see my internist, he told me, what he said could have been told to me for free by everyone here, but for a story like this, go to him. "You need to lose weight, don't you?"
Yes, he's right. I've had bonafide hypertension for ten years now. I got it when my dad was the same age.
He's right, but he didn't say pre-obesity or pre-diabetes or anything like, "Start taking this statin to lower your cholesterol."
I said, "Let's go outside and lose some weight. Come back in a little while, or call me and see how it goes."
it was a step forward for me
Billy Beane learned the same thing.
He watched and learned from the players he chose that really worked for him, the kind of hitting that a rich team like the Yankees would want, a home run by a heavy hitter, or going to hit every pitch. i know it's not legal
I've learned that we should identify and scout for the type of player who chooses to walk to base. Walking to base is just as valuable. Is it a good ball or something that shouldn't be missed and thrown? about it
thank you
As a magician, I'm interested in staging that incorporates elements of illusion.
I think one of the best is the Tanagra Theater, which was very popular in the early 20th century.
We use mirrors -- to create the illusion of dwarves performing on a miniature stage -- although we don't use mirrors this time -- it's kind of a digital tribute to Tanagra Theatre.
let the story begin
It was a dark and stormy night - July 10, 1856
A baby was born as lightning lit up the night sky
My name is Nikola Tesla My name is Nikola Tesla
grew up to be a very smart young man
let me show you
What about Tesla 236×501?
"The answer is 118,236"
Tesla's brain was extraordinary
The moment you hear the word - the image comes to mind.
trees and chairs and girls
Everything is an illusion and disappears the moment you try to touch it.
Maybe it was a kind of synesthesia.
But - he then uses this ability.
Ordinary scientists experiment, but Tesla invented it in his head.
"I found it very easy to imagine an invention."
I had a clear picture, made sure it worked, and then built it in the workshop.
"We didn't need models, drawings, or experiments.
I imagined it like the real thing, worked it in my head, tested it, improved it
Then I will make it for the first time.”
His great achievement is alternating current His great achievement is alternating current
But how do you convince the public that millions of volts of electricity are safe?
To spread the invention, Tesla started a show.
"We are witnessing the dawn of a new era, the dawn of the electric age.
After research and research, it became possible to transmit power through the ether with the push of a switch.
This is the magic of science."
(Cheers) Tesla has over 700 patents, radio, wireless telegraph, remote control, robotics.
We even performed transparent photography of the human skeleton.
But the pinnacle of invention was turning a childhood dream into a reality, bringing light to the city with the ferocious power of Niagara Falls.
But success doesn't last long
"I have more ideas
Illuminating the city with lights is just the beginning
It's the World Telegraph Center. Imagine news, messages, sounds and images - wirelessly sent all over the world in an instant."
It's a great idea, but -- it was a huge project, and it cost a lot of money.
"I can't collect money"
I wish I hadn't told you I could communicate with other planets.
"It certainly failed."
Fame falls to the ground and becomes a hermit
Fame falls to the ground and becomes a hermit
Hated even by the gods of death, he spent most of his time in suites at the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel.
"I gave my all for humanity - to create a world where the rich are tyrannical and the poor are despised - and the fruits of my intellect, science and art serve society and make life better and more beautiful. For such a world
Tesla died on January 7, 1943
The ashes rest in eternal rest in a golden sphere in the Nikola Tesla Museum in Belgrade.
His legacy is still around us today.
Tesla lit the world, but that's just the beginning.
he had a deep insight
"If the forest disappears and all the coal is mined - what do you think will happen to mankind?"
he seems to have the answer
But we still keep asking
Thank you very much
(applause)
Good evening
We're enjoying a cool night tonight in this open, wonderful amphitheater tonight, we're enjoying a cool night, ten years from now, in Qatar, in 2022, football world. The Cup, the World Cup, is held in June and July, when the sun is shining and the heat is very harsh.
When Qatar was chosen as the host city, a question arose around the world: Will the players be able to run around the field and play great in this desert climate? can you play? Can spectators enjoy sitting in an open-air stadium and watching a game in the scorching heat?
Our engineers at Transsolar have worked with architects at Albert Speer & Partners to build an open-air stadium with 100% solar-powered air conditioning.
Well, the first thing I'm going to talk about is comfort.
A lot of people don't really understand it, a lot of people don't really understand it, and it seems that they confuse thermal comfort with ambient temperature.
If you look at this chart, the red area represents the temperature in June and July, and the red area represents the temperature in June and July.
it's really hot
But temperature isn't the only climatic factor that determines comfort, and temperature isn't the only climatic factor.
So I'm going to show you what my colleagues have done around the world about comfort at the World Cup and at the Olympics, and they're looking at the comfort levels, looking at the comfort levels, and analyzing what people feel is comfortable. Let's start from Mexico
The temperature in Mexico was between 15 and 30 degrees, and everyone seemed to enjoy watching the game comfortably.
It sounds like you had a great time at the game in Mexico City.
At a similar open-air stadium in Orlando, the sun was so strong this afternoon and the humidity was so high that they weren't comfortable and didn't enjoy the game.
It wasn't very hot, but it didn't seem comfortable.
what about Seoul? All the games were played in the late afternoon because of the broadcast rights, and I was told that they were comfortable because the games were after the sun had set.
what about Athens? The climate is mediterranean, but the sun was blazing and it wasn't comfortable.
Spain is often described as "sun and shadow"
The prices for the shaded seats are higher than the tickets for the sunbeds, because you can watch the game in a comfortable environment.
in Beijing?
Here too, the sun was strong during the day and the humidity was high, so it wasn't comfortable.
If you look at these results over and compare, if you look at these results over and over again, you'll find that everywhere the temperatures are roughly 25 degrees to 35 degrees everywhere, and then 30 degrees. If you look at it from top to bottom, you can see that all the comfort that you felt in the outdoors, all the comfort that you felt in the outdoors, was recorded. Varies from to “very uncomfortable” Varies from “very comfortable” to “very uncomfortable” Varies from “very comfortable” to “very uncomfortable”
I wonder why?
Because thermal comfort is influenced by factors other than temperature. The sun can be direct or diffuse light, and wind can be strong winds, gentle breezes, and the radiant temperature of our surroundings. There is also the presence of humidity, which affects
Of course there is also temperature.
All factors affect how comfortable the body feels. All factors affect how comfortable the body feels. All factors affect how comfortable the body feels. So scientists created a variable called perceived temperature, which made it easier for stadium designers to figure out what factors contributed to comfort and discomfort. made it easier
It's also related to the temperature we feel, and it's related to the temperature we feel, and these climatic factors, and these climatic factors, are related to our metabolism.
We humans produce heat thanks to our metabolism We humans produce heat thanks to our metabolism
While I'm heating up and talking. I'm guessing that each of you on board is producing about 100 watts of heat per person. This heat has to escape from our bodies. This heat has to escape from our bodies. When is low, this heat is not released well.
If you can't dissipate this heat, of course you die, of course you die.
Now, if we put these data together with the 2022 World Cup, what would happen? is scheduled for the afternoon, so the comfort will be the same as the other venues the comfort will be the same as the other venues.
So we formed a team with a goal: "Let's aim for a comfortable outdoor temperature." Underneath this, in the blue circle, is the temperature of 32 degrees Celsius. It's the temperature that makes it very high.It's the temperature that makes the comfort index very high.
People feel better when they're in an outdoor environment.
What is this?
Consider the previous result, in a very hot environment
Good architectural design and climate engineering won't do much to improve the situation.
We need more active measures
For example, we can combine radiative cooling with, for example, radiative cooling with gentle air conditioning.
What's it like inside?
The inside of the stadium hides the elements that create the comfort of the outside.
And that's not all. We need to adopt active systems.
Instead of blowing cold gusts of wind into the stadium, we can use radiative cooling technology, which works on the same principle as underfloor heating, with pipes buried under the floor.
By running cold water through the pipes, by running cold water through the pipes, the heat that is absorbed in the stadium during the day can escape. Not only that, by adding dry air instead of cold air conditioning, both spectators and athletes adjust their body temperature according to their respective locations and heat balance. It gives me comfort
Individuals can adjust to their own comfort.
There will probably be 12 stadiums with this system, but each country has one practice ground, 32 in total, one in each, 32 in total.
There, we used the same concept to create shadows on the driving range, install windbreaks, and plant grass, which is a great natural, well-watered lawn.
Excellent cooling effect of watered natural grass stabilizes temperature Cooling effect stabilizes temperature Dry air also increases comfort
But even good design has its limits to the passive, but even good design has its limits to the passive.
Need an active system
Need an active system
So I came up with a 100 percent solar powered cooling system. So I came up with a 100 percent solar powered cooling system. It's based on the idea of ​​putting away
This way we don't have to rely on fossil fuels This way we don't have to rely on fossil fuels
In other words, to neighboring countries
You will no longer be dependent on energy.
It's harnessing energy harvested from soft, large solar membranes on roofs and practice fields, potentially blocking sunlight in a few years, potentially blocking sunlight in a few years. In terms of nature, I think there will be an industry that realizes a photovoltaic membrane that can block sunlight and generate electricity at the same time, and an industry that realizes a photovoltaic membrane.
Now, solar energy is being harvested year-round, replacing traditional fossil fuels. Can be used in conventional cooling equipment after being taken out of the power storage equipment Can be used in conventional cooling equipment Can be used in conventional cooling equipment
You can start saving from the first year, and you can use it in a well-balanced manner over the next 10 to 20 years. I need it for the air conditioning of the cup.
(Applause) Thank you. We have been developing the future city "Masdar"
I was involved in the development of the central commercial area I was involved in the development of the central commercial area
I'm happy. Again, we've put in place a system to create a comfortable outdoor space. We've put in a system. Our goal was to create an environment where people could come out in the afternoon or on a hot summer day and have fun with their families. (Applause) Similarly. So we've been trying to block out the sun and the wind, and in the same way block out the sun and the wind, and we've been trying to make the most of the benefits of solar energy that can be harvested close to us.
This parasol is one of them.
Please think about the thermal environment tonight or tomorrow Please think about it tonight or tomorrow If you want to know more about the thermal environment For more information visit our website visit our website
There is a little sensory thermometer that can measure the comfort of the outdoors. There is also a sensory thermometer.
So if you have any ideas how engineers and designers can take advantage of all these climate factors, I'd love to hear from you. And it's going to change the way we think about comfort in our outdoor spaces. It's not just the traditional design, but we also need the active use of energy. In Qatar, that's solar energy.
(Applause) Thank you. (Applause) Thank you. (Arabic) (Applause)
About 75 years ago, when my grandfather was young, I went to a movie theater in a converted tent like this, and I fell madly in love with the actress, and that actress was Mae West.30 I admired my grandfather for all ages.
Many years later, when my daughter was born, I tried to name her after Mae West.
family was very against
When my twin brother, Keishava, was born, my grandfather decided to tweak the spelling of his name a little.
Mae West's Mae is M-A-E Let's Keshava's Kay be K-A-E
That's why I changed the spelling of Keishava.
Just a few weeks ago, Keishava gave birth to a boy named Reyhan.
Keishava deliberately put A-E in Reyhan's spelling, although I don't know.
My grandfather passed away a long time ago when I was very young, but my admiration for Mae West has been passed down to his descendants in the form of misspellings.
That's a fine legacy, isn't it, and by the way, I'm conspiring with my wife on a ridiculous legacy plan.
Every few years, we sit down on our knees and have heated debates to come up with our own 200-year plan.
my friend says it's a mess
our parents don't treat us insane
In fact, we both come from families where humility and wisdom are virtues, but we want to live beyond our lives.
The idea of ​​Raja Yoga is to be a fashionable person before becoming an ascetic.
I became a rock singer, but only in my house
how is it?
So 10 years ago, when my wife and I first conceived this plan, we wanted the scope of this plan to go far beyond our own.
What does it mean to surpass yourself?
In other words, I thought that in 200 years, there would be no one in the world with whom we had direct contact.
None of the people I've met in my life have lived to be 200 years old, so I thought it would be an ideal situation to let my creativity run wild in planning.
Actually, I don't believe in inheritance, because even if I leave something behind, I'm a painter.
Making a 9/11 cartoon was the root of the failure.
I was in a lot of trouble
very upset
The comic I wrote just for that week ended up staying around for a very long time.
I make art, and those works will definitely last longer than I do, so I think about what I want to leave behind through those paintings.
The 9/11 cartoon was a terrible failure, so I decided to draw another cartoon.
I've decided to stop making honest statements in public.
But of course, I kept making honest, raw work because I forgot how people had reacted to my work before.
In fact, sometimes forgetting is very important to being an idealist.
Losing memory is crucial to human survival.
As my wife and I draw up our 200-year plan, what is very important to us is what we should forget about ourselves.
We carry a lot of baggage from our parents, from society, from the people around us, fears, anxieties, the 200 Year Plan lists when all the problems of childhood will expire.
You actually put an expiration date on your childhood problems.
I recently set a deadline for my left-wing, feminist mother-in-law to stop fearing me, and it's today! Mother-in-law, do you see, on the one hand, I always think about what I want to remember about myself, which is very important to me.
It's directly reflected in my paintings.
Good at making memories with friends Facebook Pinterest Twitter Flickr YouTube
Anything goes
You kind of outsource your memory to the digital world, but that's the problem.
It's easy to think of IT as a memory, but our brains aren't the perfect memory storage devices that IT is.
I only remember what I want to remember, at least I do.
I believe that the human brain is the curator that selects and stores our memories. If IT is not memory, then what is it?
Me and Neitra see IT as a tool for collecting digital heritage in a 200-year plan.
Here's a picture of my mother, who recently created a Facebook account.
Do you know what will happen?
I gave you a lot of instructions on how to use it, but when this photo appeared on my page, I was horrified (Laughter). Don't post pictures!"
"Why? You're so cute," my mother said.
Maybe we are the first generation to use digital technology to record ourselves.
It will be the first time for them to actively record their lives.
For or against, legacy or not, we are always leaving digital footprints.
So, Neitra and I decided in our 200-year plan to collect our digital heritage, and with it, our past and our future, and we decided to collect.
"How?" you might ask
In the future, I think, instead of moving forward in time, I think that time will move backwards toward me.
I can envision my future approaching
Avoid what you don't want, embrace what you want
It's kind of like an obstacle race game. I'm getting better and better at it. When I'm painting, I'm imagining someone looking at the finished painting from behind, and seeing if they're really enjoying it.
Are you genuinely moved or just out of curiosity?
I draw a picture based on that
When I hold an exhibition, I think about what the visitors will bring home.
When I was 19, I had my first exhibition, and I wanted to make it known to people all over the world.
I didn't know about TED yet. I closed my eyes quietly and dreamed, and I saw people coming in, all dressed up, and my painting was glowing. I'm famous because of you
I woke up from my reverie and thought, Who is that? It was either Shavana Azmi or Raker. They were two very famous Indian actresses, the Meryl Streep of India.
The next morning I wrote them a letter, and Shavana Azmi wrote back and said they really did come to my first exhibition, 12 years ago.
It was a great way to start my life as a painter, because this way of looking at time allows me to collect both the future and the past.
Here's a picture of my family, this is my wife Neitra.
co-creator of the 200 year plan
Neitra teaches high school history.I love Naitra, but I hate history.
I always say, ``You live in the past, and I'll create the future, and when it's done, you can see it and study it.''
(Laughter) And she smiled generously and punished her, saying, "Tomorrow I'm going to teach you Indian history, so come over and I'll give you grades."
While thinking "what the hell"
I went and sat down. When class began, she handed out primary materials from India, Pakistan, and England.
I'm "wow" again
She continues, "Choose your favorite historical facts and prejudices and create your own dignified image of history."
Is history a tool for creating images?
i was so inspired
I made my own version of Indian history.
I added a story I heard from my grandmother.
My grandmother used to be a telephone operator, my grandmother used to be a telephone operator, so I overheard Nehru and Edwina Mountbatten talking, and I overheard Nehru and Edwina Mountbatten talking.
I knew other stories that I shouldn't have heard, and I added those stories as well.
It's my version of Indian history.
At that moment, I suddenly realized that maybe, really, maybe our brains are meant to support our dignity.
Head over to Facebook and take a look!
We don't expect anyone to implement this 200-year plan 150 years from now. Imagine a package from the past, open it, and be told to follow the instructions for the rest of your life.
we just want to set ourselves right
I used to think that education was the most important part of leaving a meaningful legacy.
education is great
Education helps us understand who we are and where we stand in the world. It's
I would argue that creativity is the most important tool.
It allows us to be ourselves and change what happens in the future.
I see myself as a storyteller
I believe that my past and my future are stories, waiting to be told and passed on. I hope that one day, you too will have the opportunity to publish your own 200-year plan.
thank you
thank you (applause)
What I'm about to tell you is something I picked up from a book I'm working on, "Letters to a Young Scientist."
Many years of teaching and teaching scientists in many fields
Let's introduce some of the principles we cultivated in that process Let's introduce some of the principles we cultivated in that process
First of all, I would like to strongly say to you, especially young people, that I want you to follow the path that you have chosen to the end that you can reach.
the world needs you so much
Mankind is in the midst of a technological age
there can be no turning back
There are differences between disciplines, such as astrophysics, molecular genetics, immunology, microbiology, and the emerging field of the human body as a symbiote, public health, and environmental science.
Medical and scientific knowledge in general doubles every 15-20 years Medical and scientific knowledge in general doubles every 15-20 years
So is technological progress.
Together, the two -- as we all know -- are pervasive in human life.
The development of science and technology is rapid and the twists and turns are shocking The development of science and technology is rapid The twists and turns are shocking No one can even predict what will happen in 10 years.
Of course, the rapid growth of discovery and knowledge since the 1600s, of course, the rapid growth of discovery and knowledge since the 1600s will reach a peak and then decline, but it doesn't matter to you.
Technological progress will continue for at least another few decades Technological progress will continue for at least another few decades
The situation in which humans are placed will continue to change rapidly The situation in which humans will be placed will continue to change rapidly
Traditional academic disciplines will continue to grow, and as a result will inevitably merge to create new disciplines.
Eventually all science will become a continuum of knowledge that covers all principles and laws.
So you shouldn't specialize in one area, you should get knowledge in related or seemingly unrelated areas.
always keep your eyes on and turn your head
The quest for knowledge is in our genes
It's a gift from our ancestors Spreading around the world, never knowing where to stay Spreading around the world, never knowing where to stay
We need more science-savvy people like you to understand and wisely harness intellectual inquiry as part of an evolving civilization.
In education, medicine, justice, diplomacy, government, business, media, and many other areas.
Our political leaders should have at least some degree of scientific knowledge, which is what is most lacking today - no applause.
Ideally, politicians should prepare themselves before taking public office, not afterwards.
In this regard, as a scientist, no matter how immersed you are in the lab, it's also important to play a teacher role outside the lab.
Now, I'd like to touch briefly on a subject that can be a significant asset or barrier to being a scientist.
If you're not confident in your math, don't worry.
Many of today's most successful scientists are half-baked at math Many of today's most successful scientists are half-baked at math
For example, if brilliant mathematicians, statisticians, and theorists are designers of an expanding scientific field, then brilliant mathematicians, statisticians, and theorists are designers of an expanding scientific field. The vast majority of basic and applied scientists, including the so-called gurus, measure terrain, venture out into uncharted wilderness, pave new trails, build new trails. carve out or build a building
It may sound reckless, but when I meet and talk to an aspiring scientist, I tell them not to worry about math.
In my 41 years of teaching biology at Harvard, I've unfortunately seen some of the brightest students abandon science careers or even skip non-required courses because they're bad at math. I'm afraid of
Mathematics phobia keeps science and medicine out of the people they need Math phobia keeps science and medicine out of the people they need
Here's how to get rid of anxiety Think of mathematics as a language Mathematics follows the rules of spoken language and has specific grammar like spoken language Mathematics follows the rules of spoken language and is specific like spoken language There is a grammar of mathematics follows the rules of spoken language and has a specific grammar of spoken language.
Anyone with average numeracy ability and elementary mathematics literacy can master mathematical concepts in most scientific disciplines. It's not difficult to understand the basics necessary to master mathematical concepts in most scientific disciplines.
The more reluctant you are to make the effort to be half-skilled, the harder it is to learn, just like spoken language, but it's something you can do at any age.
I am an authority with extreme experience on this matter I am an authority with extreme experience on this matter
I didn't study algebra until I got to the University of Alabama I didn't study algebra until I got to the University of Alabama
no one told me before
When I studied calculus, I was 32 years old, and I was already a tenured professor at Harvard. was
Some of them were Evolutionary Biology students I was teaching, and some were Evolutionary Biology students I was teaching.
I swallowed my pride and studied calculus
The important thing in science and its applications is not technical ability, but the imagination that can be applied The important thing in science and its applications is the imagination that can be applied, not technical ability It's not about technical ability, it's about imagination that can be applied.
It is the ability to create as a concept an image of an essence or a process drawn by instinct.
Most scientific progress doesn't come from upstream -- rather than standing at a blackboard and solving math theorems and equations. Rather than the image born while solving the theorems and equations of
Rather, it's the downstream, imaginative effort that drives scientific progress, and the mathematical underpinnings aren't necessarily important in the process.
Ideas come from a close study of part of the real or imagined world Ideas come from a close study of part of the real or imagined world
The most important thing is to have a comprehensive and systematic understanding of all the principles and processes of knowledge in the field you are trying to work in. A comprehensive and systematic understanding of all the principles and processes of knowledge.
If you discover anything new, theoretically one of the next steps to take is to proceed with the analysis using mathematical and statistical techniques.
If it's hard for the discoverer or the team If it's hard for the discoverer or the team then add the mathematician to the team as a collaborator Add the mathematician to the team as a collaborator is the
Let me introduce you to one principle, which I humbly call Wilson's Principle # 1. It is better for scientists, including medical researchers, to enlist the help of mathematicians and statisticians when they need it. It's much easier to enlist scholars than it is to find scientists who can use the equations that mathematicians and statisticians have created.
The important thing is that when you're deciding which direction to take in your science, once you've found a subject that intrigues you and that fits your abilities, focus on it.
So Wilson's Principle #2: Any scientist, whether you're a researcher, an engineer, a teacher, a manager, a business person -- every scientist, whether you're a researcher, an engineer, a teacher, a manager, a business person -- do a feat that's appropriate to their mathematical ability. There is a scientific or medical field that can be achieved There is a scientific or medical field that is suitable for the person's mathematical ability and that can achieve greatness There is a scientific or medical field that is suitable for the person's mathematical ability and can achieve greatness
So let's go on and give you some more principles, let's go on and give you some more principles that I think you'll find useful in teaching and mentoring young scientists if you're in your studies or your career as a teacher. If you're in the teaching profession, I think you'll find it useful in educating and mentoring young scientists.
To do original research and gain world-class expertise To do original research and gain world-class expertise Choose a field with few researchers
The fewer other students and researchers to explore opportunities, the better The fewer other students and researchers to explore opportunities, the better
Underestimate apprenticeship where essential extensive learning and high-level research takes place does not mean
Friends and colleagues who are the same age as you can get older mentors and encourage each other are important Friends and colleagues who are the same age as you can get older mentors and encourage each other are important colleagues are important
But even more than that, I'm going to break myself down and find the areas that aren't popular yet.
As already introduced in the previous talk
In terms of discoveries per researcher per year, that's the most likely way to speed up progress. is the best way
You've heard the military maxim You've heard the military maxim "March to the sound of the guns"
Science says the exact opposite: "March away from the sound of the guns."
Wilson's Principle #3: March away from the sound of artillery.
Observe from a distance, don't get into the hustle and bustle
make your own noise
Once you've established your specialty, and you've got a job and an opportunity that you're passionate about, and you study hard to become an expert, your chances of success increase exponentially. Your chances of success increase exponentially
Physics Chemistry Biology Medicine and Social Sciences Physics Chemistry Biology Medicine and Social Sciences Physics Chemistry Biology Medicine and Social Sciences
There are specialties out there that can make you an authority in a short period of time.
If there aren't many people doing research in that field, if you work hard, you can become a world authority.If you work hard, you can become a world authority.
The world needs experts like that and they will be very useful.
In the beginning, the information that exists and what you find will be weak, and you will find it difficult to relate to other knowledge areas. At first, the information that exists and the content that you find will be thin, and you will find it difficult to make connections with other areas of knowledge.
That's a great situation. Why is it "difficult" instead of "easy"?
This answer is principle #4.
Every problem is an opportunity in making scientific discoveries Every problem is an opportunity in making scientific discoveries The more difficult the problem, the more important the answer. increase in importance
Let's fundamentally categorize the methods of making scientific discoveries Let's fundamentally categorize the methods of making scientific discoveries
Scientists, including mathematicians, can take one of two paths: One can identify a problem based on early discoveries. one identifies the problem based on the initial findings, and pursues the solution.
The challenges may be relatively small, for example, where did the norovirus outbreak on a cruise ship originate?
Or the bigger question: What is the role of dark matter in the expansion of the universe?
In the search for answers, another phenomenon is discovered, which raises more questions.
This first method is like a hunter chasing one prey in the woods, finding another prey along the way.
The second approach is to study broadly the subject area. It's like Researchers are interested in all prey, whatever is interesting Researchers are interested in all prey, whatever is interesting
The purpose of inquiry is not the answer to the problem, but the problem itself that is worth solving.
The two methods of research, the original method of research, is my final principle. Every problem in a particular scientific field has a seed, a thing, or an event that embodies its ideal answer. there is a species or an event
Conversely, every species, thing, or phenomenon Conversely, every species, thing, or phenomenon has an important problem that is the target of the ideal solution it possesses
find out what it is
Find your own way of discovering, learning and teaching Find your own way of discovering, learning and teaching
There will be dramatic leaps in disease prevention, improved hygiene and improved quality of life in the near future Dramatic leaps in disease prevention, improved hygiene and improved quality of life will be made in the near future
The prosperity of all mankind depends on your mastery of medical and scientific knowledge and practice The prosperity of all mankind depends on your mastery of medical and scientific knowledge and practice
The path you choose will bring you the satisfaction of serving others for the rest of your life.
Thank you for inviting me tonight.
(Applause) Thank you.
thank you
respect to all
We are both learners and teachers We are all learners and teachers
This is where I'm being taught. My first teacher was my mother. My first teacher was my mother. This is my artificial intelligence class. This is my artificial intelligence class at Stanford University. I'm teaching students. I'm teaching 200 students at Stanford University.
It was a fun class, but it was a fun class, but I realized that the technology we use in the classroom is old against the progressive and modern content.
In fact, the technology I use is basically the same technology used in this 14th-century classroom.
As you can see, there are textbooks, there's a sage on the podium, and there's a student in the back who's dozing off.
Sebastian Thrun and I, who are teaching together, Sebastian Thrun and I, who are teaching together, thought there had to be a better way.
One of the challenges is that anyone in the world can take lectures that are as good as or better than Stanford. I decided to do an online class like
We announced the class on July 29th, and two weeks later, 50,000 people had registered for the class.
We ended up with 160,000 students from 209 countries. We ended up with 160,000 students from 209 countries.
On the one hand, I was thrilled by the response, and on the other hand, on the one hand, I was a little bit impatient that the class wasn't ready yet (Laughter). lol) I got to work right away.
We studied other programs to see what we could copy and what we could improve on.
Benjamin Bloom proves that one-on-one tutoring is most effective Benjamin Bloom proves that one-on-one tutoring is most effective So I decided to embrace that idea. Of course, in this case, it would be thousands to one. Of course, in this case, it would be thousands to one.
Here's a video camera that's shooting from above, recording what you're writing on paper while you're talking.
"This class is at an izakaya with a smart friend explaining something difficult."This class is at an izakaya with a smart friend explaining something difficult. One student said, "It's like having someone explain something difficult to you, and then you come to understand it."
that was exactly what we were aiming for
We learned from the example of Khan Academy that a short 10-minute video is more effective than an hour-long lecture recorded on a small screen.
We decided to make it shorter and more interactive We decided to make it shorter and more interactive
A typical video is two minutes, some are even shorter, none longer than six minutes, some are even shorter, none longer than six minutes, and there are quizzes in the middle of the videos to give a sense of one-on-one teaching. There's a quiz in the middle of the video to give it a one-on-one teaching feel.
Here's how a computer uses English grammar, and here's how a computer uses English grammar to parse a sentence. Now, pause, reflect on what you've learned, understand it, and check the correct box. go to next
Solving problems on your own is the best way to learn Solving problems on your own is the best way to learn
The idea is to get them to actively participate, to clarify ambiguities, to be able to reframe things on their own.
Don't ask questions like "What is the value of Y when X is 2 in this formula?" "What is the value of Y when X is 2 in this formula?"
I asked an open-ended question instead.
One student wrote, "I've come to realize that Bayesian networks and game theory are everywhere."
I think that kind of reaction is very good.
is what we wanted
Instead of just memorizing formulas, I want you to see the world differently. I want you to see the world differently.
we succeeded
Rather, the students succeeded.
It's a little ironic, but we should have aimed for something completely different from traditional education, but as a result, our online classes, as a result, our online classes ended up being much more like traditional college classes than any other program. It's become much more like a traditional college course than any other program.
Regular online courses are always available
So you can watch it whenever you want
But if you can watch it anytime, it means tomorrow is fine. (Laughter) So we decided to bring back the radical idea of ​​deadlines. (Laughter) So we decided to bring back the radical idea of ​​deadlines. ) You can watch the video anytime during the week You can watch the video anytime during the week But at the end of the week you have to turn in your homework But at the end of the week I have to submit my homework
This keeps students motivated, and because everyone in the class is working on the same thing at the same time, and because everyone in the class is working on the same thing at the same time, you can join discussion forums and get instant help from your peers. Join forums and get instant help from your peers
I'm going to show you some forums, mostly run by students.
From Daphne Koller and Andrew Ng, I learned the idea of ​​flipping the lesson.I learned the idea of ​​flipping the lesson from Daphne Koller and Andrew Ng.
After each student has watched the video, they meet up to discuss what they've learned.
From Eric Masur, I learned about student-to-student teaching. Sometimes peers are the best teachers, because they know firsthand that they don't know, they know firsthand, that they don't know.
Sebastian and I sometimes forget that
Of course, you can't have a discussion with tens of thousands of students in a lecture.
And finally, what I learned from Teach for America is that the lesson isn't just about the information, the lesson isn't just about the information.
Motivation and determination are even more important.
It's important that students know that we work hard and that they help each other.
The class spanned 10 weeks, and half of the 160,000 students watched at least one video each week. Half of the 160,000 students watched at least one video each week. spent hours handing in all their homework over 20,000 people spent 50 to 100 hours handing in all their homework
Certificate of Completion awarded
What have we learned from this experience?
I've tried a lot of old ideas and new ideas, but I still have more to try.
Sebastian is teaching a new class now.
I plan to do it again in the fall Stanford Coursera Udacity MITx and others
I'm planning on doing it again in the fall. There will be new classes coming out of Stanford Coursera, Udacity, MITx, and others. It's an interesting time.
There will be new classes.It's an interesting time.
But what's most interesting to me is the data that's coming in.
One student exchanges hundreds of thousands of information in one class. One student exchanges hundreds of thousands of information in one class. You learn something by analyzing it, you learn something by analyzing it, and as you experiment, the real change will come.
You should be able to see the results in the great students that grow out of it. You should be able to see the results in the great students that grow out of it.
(applause)
As a child, I loved space and things that fly.
I used to watch a science program called Nova on PBS all the time.
Elementary schools also often played science programs for children.
When I was in elementary school, my next-door neighbor gave me a book for my birthday.
It was an astronomy book. I read this book until I lost track of time. And all these things inspired me to pursue the dream of space exploration, flying around the solar system to the planets and the moon. I've always dreamed of visiting a spaceship.
Years later, after graduating from the University of California, Los Angeles, I joined NASA and was assigned to the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. i want to show
In fact, what I'm going to show you here has been developed so that you can enjoy it freely in your own home.
This is the Earth, and you can see San Diego, California in America.
This is the Earth, and you can see San Diego, California in America, and you can rotate the 3D model using your mouse and keyboard.
This is nothing new per se, and I'm sure many of you have seen something similar in Google Earth, but we often say within the development team that we're doing the opposite of what Google Earth is doing.
Google Earth is moving closer to Earth,
our stuff is going away from the earth
Of course, the Earth is wonderful, but what I want to show you here are satellites and probes. If you zoom out of the interface, you can see satellites orbiting the Earth.You can see satellites orbiting the Earth.
These are all scientific satellites
Not including military, weather, communications, or reconnaissance.
There are countless satellites like this, and if you include them, it's a mess.
Some of the satellites and probes have been created with 3D models, so you can visit them with a single double-click.
So let's take a look at the International Space Station.
We're currently flying right next to the International Space Station.
There's another cool feature that allows you to move the time, not just the camera. You can slide the jog dial here, and you can fast forward the time, and you can watch the sunset from the space station. (Laughter) So let's take a look at the other features.
So when I hit the home button, it takes me to the inner solar system, so let's take a look at the outer solar system.
You can see Saturn and Jupiter.
A lot of things are flying
This is the Mars Science Laboratory, which was just launched to Mars last week.
This is Juno heading for Jupiter
Next up is Dawn for Vesta, this is New Horizons heading to Pluto.
I'm showing you this because there's this weird perception going around that there are no more space shuttles going into space, or that NASA is dead.
In fact, robotic exploration is at the heart of NASA's activity, and there are many NASA probes in the air.
Now, of course, NASA doesn't send people out on spacecraft anymore, but NASA is still alive and well.
Now let's go back to the solar system.
Let's double-click on Vesta.You can see Dawn circling Vesta.It's actually flying over there right now.
Let's double-click on Uranus, and you'll see Uranus tilted and spinning on its side, and its satellites around it.
You can see that it is tilted 89 degrees.
It uses data from 1950 to 2050, so you can go to different places and set different times.
Of course, some of them are hard to come by, so the data isn't complete.
You can go to different places at different times, so you can explore as many things as you want. It's really endless, but there's one thing I want to show you. Let's take a look at the fly-by on Titan.
back in time
dated November 11, 1980
I came next to Voyager 1
Then you will see a strange sight
it's not moving at all
Although the program appears to have paused
In fact, it's changing at its natural speed. It's moving at a speed that's accurate to the second. Voyager 1 here is flying right next to Titan at, I believe, 61,000 kilometers per hour.
The reason it doesn't look like anything is moving is because it's 1,120,000 kilometers away from Saturn here, and 7,000 kilometers away from Titan.
The cosmic grandeur blinded me to movement.
To make things even more interesting, let's fast forward and have Voyager 1 fly close to and pass Titan, a dim moon of Saturn.
covered with thick atmosphere
Move Saturn back to the center of the camera
So what I want to zoom out to show you is Voyager 1 as it makes a flyby of Saturn.
important thing here
With a 3D model like this, you can see more than just the motion of the satellite.
I can explain more
And it's an interactive application, so you can see it any way you want.
You can also pause and fast forward
It's up to you to change the angle of the camera. It's up to you to change the angle of the camera. Voyager 1 can show you that Voyager 1 wasn't just passing by Saturn.
I'm actually flying under Saturn
As it passes under Saturn, it's caught in Saturn's gravity and accelerated upwards and out of the solar system.
Let's go back to the inner solar system
Today's date, let's go back to the present and show you where Voyager 1 is.
This is where we escaped from the inner solar system and have come this far.
I know how you got here
This is what this program is for This is what this program is for
manipulating time and place
Free to fly, free to learn
Today's theme is "The World in Your Hands"
This is a program that puts the solar system in your hands. This is a program that puts the solar system in your hands. think
My personal dream is to have my children explore the universe with this application, feel the mystery, and fall in love with science, technology, engineering, and mathematics just like I did when I was a kid, and let them dream of space exploration. to be pursued
Thank you. (Applause)
In the last 20 years, India has become the world's center for offshoring of software development and back office services, and it's only in the last 20 years that this giant industry has blossomed in India, with the expansion of offshoring of software development and back office services. White-collar jobs have flowed into India from developed countries one after another.
In addition, a huge amount of manufacturing industry also flowed out to China, so the suffering of people in Western countries is immeasurable.
In fact, the statistics show that support for free trade in Western Europe is on the decline.
But Western elites say this fear is misguided.
For example, in "The Flattening World," which many of you may have read, the author, Thomas Friedman, basically said that worrying about free trade is wrong, saying, "This worry is not something that can be invented. It's based on the erroneous assumption that everything has already been done."
He even said, "Because of the barriers of innovation, developing countries will never catch up with Western Europe." It's just labor,' he says.
Now the question is, is this correct? about it
Having become a global center for software development and back-office services, can India become a center of innovation in the same way?
For the last four years, I've been researching this topic with my co-author, Fanish Puranam.
As you all know, the proponents of the Western innovation model say, "Where's the Indian Google, the iPod, the Viagra? Indians are super smart, aren't they?" asked corporate directors, "Do you think India can go from being a hub of software and back office services to becoming a center of innovation?"
they laughed and cleaned up
"You know, Indians don't innovate."
And there was a slightly softer answer, "Look, Indians are good at programming and accounting, but they seem to lack creativity."
Some people pretended to be erudite and said, "This is not a matter of Indian genius.
It's a matter of a tightly controlled and regulated education system, because Indian education is designed to kill creativity."
I was told that if you want to see true creativity, go to Silicon Valley and look at Google and Microsoft Intel.
So I started researching R&D labs in Silicon Valley.
What I found interesting is that I was introduced to the head of what is called an innovation lab or an R&amp;D center, and again, most of them are Indians. But you didn't get your education in India, did you?"
"You went to college in America, right?"
But it turned out that they were all educated in India.
Apparently, I was looking for the wrong thing. I should have figured out how Indians in India can do innovative things.
So I traveled all over India -- Bangalore, Mumbai, Gurgaon, Delhi, Hyderabad -- and I went to urban areas to research the level of innovation in companies.
As the investigation progressed, it became clear that I was asking irrelevant questions.
The question, "Where's India's Google and iPod Viagra?" only captured visible innovation for the end user. It captured only visible innovation.
Some of you may have read this man's book, the famous economist Schumpeter said, "Innovation is new ways of creating and delivering value."
Not only products and services, but also new manufacturing methods and companies
Innovation includes a new management system
So when you think about it, there's really no reason to limit it to end-user innovation.
If you take a broader view of innovation, you can see enough innovation in India, but it turns out that Indian innovation is not what we expected. It's invisible innovation.
This invisible innovation from India can be categorized into four groups in particular.
The first is what we call innovation for our clients, the type of innovation driven by multinationals.In India in the last 20 years alone, 750 R&amp;D centers have been set up by multinationals and professionals. employs over 400,000 people
Now, historically, multinational R&amp;D centers have always been located at their headquarters or in their home country, so when you think about it, it's pretty amazing that there are now 750 multinational R&amp;D centers in India. It's what you should do
I went to the innovation center and asked what they were doing, and they said, "It's for the world."
In the past, R&D centers in India mainly localized products for the world market, but now they are localizing products for the world market.
Microsoft Google AstraZeneca General Electric Philips If you asked me if a multinational company like Philips could offer products and services to the world from R&amp;D centers in Bangalore and Hyderabad, yes. they answered
The end user, of course, doesn't know, because the only thing that shows up on the product is the name of the company, not where it was developed.
But the company added, "The R&amp;D centers in India and the U.S. produce different kinds of things."
So my co-author, Furnish Pullman, decided to look into this, so my co-author, Furnish Pullman, decided to look into this, and he's really smart.
He looked at companies that had R&amp;D centers in the United States and India, and he compared patents filed at the centers in the United States with similar patents filed by subsidiaries in India, India and the United States. By comparing the patents filed by the same company that has an R&D center in India, we can compare the quality of the patents coming out of the Indian center and the US center.
And what we found was interesting -- by the way, when we analyzed patent quality, we used something called the citation count, which is how many times a new patent cites an existing patent.
According to this data, when comparing the number of citations for patents originating from the R&D center, within the same company, the US and Indian branches had exactly the same number.
So within the same company, there was no difference in citation counts.
This is one of India's invisible innovations.
India's second invisible innovation is outsourcing innovation to Indian companies. Today, many companies outsource most of their product development functions for their global products to Indian companies, from which they sell their products to markets around the world. doing
The pharmaceutical industry, for example, has a lot of different compounds being developed, but most of the work is going to India.
And XCL Technologies is also developing two of the essential systems in India for the Boeing 787 Dreamliner project, one to avoid mid-air collisions and the other to enable zero-visibility landings. I do
Of course, when you get on the Boeing 787, you don't realize that this is invisible innovation from India.
The third kind of invisible innovation is what we call process innovation, which is the infusion of knowledge by Indian companies.
Process innovation is not product innovation
This is an innovation in how we design new products, how we develop them, how we manufacture them, not the new products themselves.
India is the only place in the world where hundreds of young people dream of call center jobs.
I wonder why? In the West, it's considered a boring job for someone who dropped out of high school.
What would happen if hundreds of thousands of young, talented, and highly motivated people were put into a call center?
You quickly get bored and start innovating. You start talking to your boss about how to approach your work better. And from this process innovation comes innovation in the products that will go on to go out into the world.
Until a decade ago, 24/7 Customer was a call center company that could be found anywhere, but these days, they've developed predictive models using analytics tools, and they've predicted and predicted what the call will be about before they pick it up.
What made this possible was the injection of knowledge into business processes, which in the West was considered old-fashioned.
And the last invisible innovation is what we call management innovation.
This is not a new product or method, but a new form of organizational management. We call it (GDM)
With the rise of GDM, previously centralized tasks can now be divided and divided, where they can be assigned to technically and cost-effective locations, and then reintegrated in any way after completion.
Without GDM, other invisible innovations wouldn't have happened.
Now, what we've learned from our research is that if end-user products and services are the tip of the innovation iceberg, India is a sizable part of the iceberg that lies beneath the surface.
And that means a lot of things.
The first is what we call the "sinking ladder of skills," which goes back to the job drain that I talked about at the beginning.
Now, when you decide to outsource to an Indian R&amp;D center, a multinational corporation, the first thing, as Tom Friedman predicted, is to move the simplest, the lowest level of operations, to India.
And what happens next is, you outsource the bottom-most jobs to an R&amp;D center in India, and after a while, you have a problem. After a while, you have a problem. It comes down to whether or not to put
You have two options here. You can lure Indians to Western Europe to take on the next level of work, which is emigration. There are a lot of them, so what about moving your business to India?
So the point is, once you outsource the bottom of the staircase, the staircase will go down and the job level will go up naturally.
You can't be a professor without student experience.
You can't be a consultant without being an assistant
So when you outsource the simplest of tasks, over time it automatically steps up.
The second thing that came to my mind was, "Changes in the skin color of the top management team."
As talent from R&amp;D centers and growth bases for large markets move to India and China, future corporate executives will have to deal with the problem of coming from India and China. Because two countries are product and market leaders Because these two countries are product and market leaders
don't you The final point is that this series of stories contains a caveat.
India's growing population is the youngest of any country in the world.
This youth population has some advantages, but it's not so easy to create a quality workforce.
India's schools and education system, with a few exceptions, are failing to provide enough quality education to sustain this innovation engine, and businesses are tackling this with innovation. But in the end, it's the governments that have created the educational structure that we have today.
And finally, let me give you some numbers for one company, and that company is IBM.
As you know, IBM has been considered one of the most innovative companies for the last 100 years.
In fact, if you look at all the patents in history, you'd be among the top three patents filed by private companies in the United States.
So let's take a look at IBM's headcount over the last 10 years.
In 2003, the total number of employees was 300,000 to 330,000, of which 135,000 were in the United States and 9,000 in India.
In 2009, we had 400,000 employees, down to 105,000 in the US, and up to 100,000 in India.
Since 2010, we haven't published numbers, so we've had to make guesses based on what's out there.
I don't know if this number is accurate, it's my guess.
You can get an overview
IBM has 433,000 employees worldwide, just under 100,000 in the United States and 150,000 in India.
Is IBM an American company? Or is it an Indian company? (Laughter) Thank you all for your attention. (Applause)
Alison Hunt: My three minutes haven't started yet, have I?
Chris Anderson: Speakers can't start on their own
reset the timer it's not fair
Oh my God. it's very hard here
Even though I'm already nervous
But it's still better than it was 5 weeks ago
5 weeks ago I had a total hip replacement
-- Did you know that there was such an operation?
I'm sick of electric saws and electric drills, but for David Bolinsky, it might be functional beauty.
Well, David, if it's not your own butt, it must be functional
Anyway, I had a really big epiphany about the surgery, so Chris invited me to talk to him.
But first, I want you to know two things about me
there are only two
I'm Canadian and the youngest of 7 siblings
Canada has a great healthcare system.
Get new hip joints for free
And from the standpoint of being the last of the 7 members, I've never been in the front row, right?
My butt hurts for years
Finally see a doctor - it's free -
The doctor referred me to an orthopedic surgeon - also free -
I waited 10 months to see the orthopedic surgeon - almost a year -
that's free
I went to see an orthopedic surgeon and got free x-rays. And when I looked at those x-rays, even I knew my hips were bad, even though my job is marketing.
So he said, "Alison, this is surgery.
It's a hip replacement. I'll wait about 18 months."
another 18 months
I've waited 10 months already, now I have to wait another 18 months
This long wait got me thinking about TED.
Unless I show up at this TED with a new ass
No TEDGlobal in Africa with a new ass
You can't come to TED2008 with a new ass
Same butt as ever.. very disappointed
I had an epiphany as I was walking out of the doctor's office and walking through the hospital.
The time has come for this youngest of seven siblings to take the front row.
Oh yeah.
Do you know how un-Canadian it is?
we don't think like that
I don't talk about it, I don't even think about it
In fact, it's a way to find other Canadians when traveling abroad.
"Go ahead." "No, no, you go first."
"Are you from Canada?" "You too!"
"Oh my!"
Suddenly I don't hesitate to push troublesome people off my list
A 70-year-old man looking to get a new hip for golf or gardening?
No, no. Do something about this first
So I was walking through the hospital lobby, and my butt hurts even more, and I needed a sign.
and found the sign
There was a sign in the window of a small hospital gift shop that said, "Volunteers Wanted."
they accepted me right away
No background checks or normal background checks at all
The average age of volunteers working in hospital gift shops is 75, so volunteers were desperately needed.
Yes, I needed new blood.
After that, I wore a volunteer blue vest, got a photo ID, and was being trained by my 89-year-old boss.
I'm the only one working in the store
I was at the gift shop every Friday morning
I casually ask, "What do you do?" while stamping a hospital staff member's time stamp.
Then he said, "I'm getting my hip replaced -- in 18 months.
How wonderful it would be if this pain was gone! "Is called
The whole staff got to know this spirited young volunteer
My next appointment with the orthopedic surgeon happened to be right after my shift at the gift shop.
Of course I went in with my waistcoat and ID.
I casually hung them on the chair in the examination room.
And when he walked into the room, I knew his eyes were on his waistcoat and his ID.
Soon after, my surgery was scheduled for a few weeks later, and I had a thick prescription for pain medication.
Everyone credits my volunteerism for getting me to the front row.
i'm not ashamed of it
there are two reasons
First and foremost, I love this new ass
But at the same time, I plan to continue the volunteer work that inspired this inspiration.
When Canadians cheat the system, they cheat for everyone's benefit.
When I heard last month that the print edition of Encyclopædia Britannica was coming to an end after 244 years, it reminded me fondly of the game I used to play with the encyclopedia in the library when I was 12 years old.
Playing that game in a new way for me who grew up
I tried
Type “Earth” in Wikipedia, the online encyclopedia
This time it's Earth, but anything will do.
The first rule of the game is
First, read the article until you discover something you didn't know, preferably something even your dad didn't know.
This time, I quickly discovered that the farthest point from the center of the Earth is not the summit of Mount Everest, but the summit of Mount Chimborazo in Ecuador.
As the Earth rotates around the Sun, it bulges a little bit in the middle, like some Earthlings --
Not even the highest peak in the Andes, but one degree latitude from the equator and above the bulge of the Earth, Chimborazo is the furthest from the center.
I like the pronunciation so much
So suddenly, I decided, this is the name of the game.
Please use it at TED
It's Chimborazo
I'm the child of "Eureka" and "Bingo"
"I didn't know! That's good!
Chimborazo! ! "
The second rule is also easy
just find other words and look them up
In the old days, I would go to another volume of the encyclopedia and turn the pages.
Now there are tons of links
You can literally fly all over the world.
Jump to Hot and Humid Climate Zones Surrounding the Earth
I only knew that the northernmost point was the Tropic of Cancer, the southernmost point was the Tropic of Capricorn, and the southernmost point was the Tropic of Capricorn. What surprised me was that the Tropic of Capricorn was not a line drawn on a map, such as latitude or borders, but the tilt of the earth. Determined and even changing year by year
to change up or down
In fact, in recent years, the tropic has been moving toward the equator by about 15 meters per year, and no one ever told us.
I had no idea
Chimborazo!
let's keep looking for new words
Since we're looking at "tropics", let's choose "rainforest"
Diversity Known especially for its racial diversity
There are still many uncontacted tribes on Earth.
They're all in the rainforest.
It's now the only place on earth where you don't have to be "friended"
This item begins exotic and ends mysteriously.
It mentions leopards, red coati, poison dart frogs, red boas, and "coleoptera," which means beetles.
For those who came here by mistake, unlike me, the music leads to the Beatles, the car leads to the Wagen Beetle. I came to see the Beetle Beetle.
This species is by far the most numerous on earth.
Between 20 and 25 percent of all life on earth, including plants, are beetles.
In other words, next time you go to buy some food and there are four people in line at the cash register,
Statistically, one of them is a beetle.
If that's you, you've adapted surprisingly well.
Carrion-eating deer beetles used to make skeletal specimens,
Some species attack and eat other insects, but they still look cute.
There are even species that roll animal droppings across deserts for their larvae.
In ancient Egypt, this dung beetle is associated with the god Khepri, the god who rolls the sun and reshapes it every morning, and is also engraved on Tutankhamun's breastplate.
Some beetle species speak the most romantically about love.
It's a firefly. It's a coleopteran.
Coleoptera have other ways of communicating,
The next link is the chemical language of pheromones.
From this item, I arrived at the video of the sexual behavior of sea urchins
don't do it
(Laughter) Next is a link to "aphrodisiacs."
When it comes to arousing sexual desire, it's chocolate
The "phenethylamine" contained in chocolate seems to be an aphrodisiac.
According to the article, even if you take it orally, it won't reach your brain because it's broken down by enzymes.
So if you've been eating chocolate all the time, you might want to experiment.
The next link I clicked on was "empathic witchcraft," even though I knew each word.
I don't know if it sticks
I like sympathy, and I like magic
I clicked on "empathy spell" and got "empathy spell" and "voodoo doll"
The luck of my childhood is back
Empathy spells use models
If you make a model of something, you can influence it.
That's how voodoo dolls are made, but so are "cave paintings."
A link to "cave painting" leads to the oldest art of humankind.
I wish I could see inside the cave with google maps.
Art from thousands of years ago
Common themes around the world are large wild animals and human handprints, usually on the left hand.
It's been a right-handed species for thousands of years, which is why the ancients traced handprints and sprayed paint -- I don't know the "why," but it's easy to imagine the "how."
And this is just like the mouse cursor that you use on your computer. Right now, I'm clicking on the "Hands" section. But the back of the hand is officially called the "opisthenar."
This puzzled me because I used to use the phrase "I know like the back of my hand" to mean "I know it from top to bottom", but I didn't even know its official name. It is
The next thing to click on is that lemurs, chimpanzees, etc. also have "opisthenar."
Let's call it "chimpanzee." It's the closest relative to humans.
The scientific name Pan troglodytes means "cave-dweller".
i don't live in a cave
lives in rainforests and savannas
Humans think that chimpanzees are behind us, that they're eerily behind humans in evolution, but sometimes they're ahead of us.
The link that you can't help but click "Space Chimpanzee Ham"
Clicking on this link closed two rings.
Hamm was born in Cameroon, right in the middle of the "tropics" we saw earlier.
Between these two events, Ham went into space.
Experience weightlessness, re-enter the earth, and the first manned spaceflight will take place a few months later by Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin.
Let's click on the item "Gagarin" Gagarin is a man with a surprisingly small body and a tremendous amount of courage.
This man, who was rated the best in the USSR, is less than 165 cm, or less than 5 1/2 feet, probably because he was malnourished as a child.
When the Nazis occupied Russia
Gagarin's house was also occupied by a Nazi officer, and the family lived in a mud hut.
A boy who grew up in a cramped mud house became, years later, a man in a tiny capsule, a capsule at the top of a rocket, volunteering to go into space, and being the first to truly physically leave Earth. became a person
We didn't just leave the Earth, we circled the Earth.
In honor of the 50th anniversary of the International Space Station, which is still flying around there, we matched its orbit with Gagarin's orbit, to the exact date and time, and filmed it on the internet for over 100 minutes. You'll see footage of the flight, full of tremendous fascination and loneliness, from the perspective of someone who's seen this spectacle for the first time.
Once you've enjoyed it, just click one more link
Return to the “Earth” item
I'm back where I started
The game is over now
Please look for one last new discovery.
In my case, I quickly found that the Earth has an error of 0.17 percent from a perfect sphere, which is less than the 0.22 percent error allowed for a billiard ball.
I loved these kinds of stories when I was a kid.
It's a fact that I found
It is calculated by calculation that even I can do
My father will never know this
So if you shrink the Earth to the size of a billiard ball, the mountains, the caves, the rainforests, the astronauts, the uncontacted tribes, the chimpanzees, the voodoo dolls, the fireflies, the chocolates, the marine creatures that have sex in the deep sea, you put it all together and make the Earth the size of a billiard ball. And when you shrink it down to a point, it becomes a sphere as smooth as a billiard ball, just with a little bump in the middle.
"Isn't it great?
I did not know
Chimborazo! ! "
thank you!
(applause)
A few weeks ago, a friend gave his eight-year-old son a toy car like the one you see here.
So instead of going to the toy store and buying it like we usually do, I went to this website, downloaded the file, and printed it on this printer.
The idea that anyone can use these devices to create things digitally is what The Economist calls the "third industrial revolution."
In fact, I think there's another revolution underway, and it's driven by open source hardware and the Maker movement. The printer my friend uses to print his toys is actually open source.
On that same website, you can download all the files you need to build a printer, the configuration files, the hardware, the software, and all the instructions.
It's also part of a larger community, with thousands of people around the world building printers like this, and there's a lot of innovation happening because it's open source.
You don't need anyone's permission to build something amazing
This situation is similar to the personal computer situation in 1976, where Apple and other companies were competing, and in a few years we'll see Apple in that market.
there are other interesting things
I said the printer itself is open source, but at the heart of that printer is Arduino, which I'm very much involved with.
It's the result of an open source project
Developed with my friends here
Of the five of us, two are American, two are Italian, and one is Spanish. (Laughter) As you can see, it's an international project. We met at a design school, where we started with designing simple shapes and progressed to designing interactions between people and things.
When you're trying to design something that interacts with people, it doesn't make sense to make a mock-up of a mobile phone.
Because you need something that actually interacts with people.
So we started working on Arduino and other projects to create a platform that students could easily use, so that they could build something that worked without having to spend five years studying electronics. I will do it in a month.
How do you make something that even children can use?
This girl named Silvia is actually building things with Arduino.
I've had 11-year-olds show me what they've built with Arduino, and it's frightening to see what kids can do with the right tools.
So let's take a look at what can happen with tools that anyone can use and build quickly. I'll show you some examples, but the first one I want to talk about is this cat feeder.
The person who made this has two cats.
One was sick and one was fine, so each had to be fed properly.
So I built a feeder that uses a chip on the cat's collar to identify the cat and open the door to feed it.
I took a CD player from an old computer, cardboard, tape, two sensors, and some LEDs.
I like the phrase "scratch yourself"
If you come up with an idea, all you have to do is make it yourself.
It's like doing sketches on paper with electronic components.
What's great about the Arduino is that this piece of hardware... was made in Italy with love, if you look at the back of the board, you'll see (Laughter) And... Plus, it's open, because all the circuit designs are publicly available on the internet, and you can download them and use them to build things, improve things, learn things.
When I was learning programming, I learned by looking at other people's code and schematics in magazines.
Looking at other people's work is a good way to learn.
A lot of this project is open Hardware is released under Creative Commons license Hardware is released under Creative Commons license
I think it's wonderful that hardware, like songs and poems, can be shared as part of culture on Creative Commons, and we can create new things based on it.
And the software is GPL, and it's also open source.
The documentation and hands-on training methods are also open source under Creative Commons.
Only the name is trademarked, but this is to clarify what is an Arduino and what is not.
The Arduino itself is made up of many open source elements, each of which would be too difficult for a 12-year-old to use, but you can mash them together on the Arduino and put them together to build something very quickly, which is a great user experience. I strive to be able to give
So, for example, some Chilean people, instead of buying boards, they build their own and use them in their workshops to save money. there are probably about 150
The company that made it is called Adafruit, and it's run by Limore Freed, better known as ladyada, and she's one of the heroes of the open source hardware and maker movement.
There's a thriving turbocharged DIY community of people who believe in the power of open source, collaboration, online collaboration, collaboration in different domains.
A magazine called "Make" brings these people together and brings them together as a community, where the most technically demanding projects are presented in simple language and beautifully presented.
Or this website, Instructables, where people teach each other all sorts of things.
What you see here is an Arduino project, but on this site you can learn how to make cakes and all sorts of things.
let's see some projects
this is a quadcopter
small model helicopter
It's a toy, so to speak.
Only a few years ago, it was military technology, but now it's open source, readily available, and available online.
A community called the DIY Drones builds this ArduCopter.
The people who started this startup, Matternet, realized they could use it to move supplies from village to village in Africa.
This is another project -- I was tired of seeing the same people on TV all the time, so I decided to do something about it.
In this Arduino project called "Enough", when the names of these over-the-top TV people come up, they mute the sound. (Laughter) Let me show you how I did it. Please look-
"We ran into Kim Kardashian this morning and what the heck is she going to wear—" Okay? (Laughter) It protects our ears from hearing all the details about Kim Kardashian's wedding.
Now, what's interesting here is that he found an Arduino module that processes the TV signal, and then he found a module that someone else wrote that generates the infrared signal for the TV, and put it all together and built this amazing thing.
Arduino is also used in serious sites like the Large Hadron Collider.
An Arduino board is used to collect data and measure parameters.
This is a music interface made by a (music) Italian student.
Or you can use it to make assistive devices.
This glove can understand sign language, convert it to speech, and display it on a display.It's also made from a variety of parts that you can find on any Arduino-compatible parts store.
This is a project from the New York University ITP, because this boy was so severely disabled that he couldn't play on a PS3, so they built this device so that he could enjoy baseball with his limited motor skills. Baseball. I made it so that you can enjoy
There is also an art project
This is called txtBomber
You put a message in this device, and it can transfer it to a wall. An electric spring presses a button on a spray can, and you just move it across the wall and it prints out a political message or something.
(Applause) Here's a potted plant
It's called Botanicals, and it's got an Arduino board with a WiFi module inside that monitors the health of the plants, and you can communicate with them through Twitter. I need water now." (Laughter) It gives the potted plant a personality.
(Laughter) This 14-year-old boy from Chile created a system that detects earthquakes and tweets them on Twitter.
he has 280k followers
A 14-year-old is a year ahead of a government project. (Applause) This is another project that parses a family's Twitter feed and points to where they are, like in the "Harry Potter" movies.
Details are on the website
(Laughter) In 2009, Gizmodo wrote, "Now Twitter finally has a purpose." So much has changed in three years. (Laughter) I'm serious.
When the disaster happened in Fukushima, many people in Japan realized that government information was neither open nor trustworthy, so they built 100 Geiger counters, Arduinos, and network cards and sent them all over Japan. The collected data is publicly available on this website, Cosm, where you can see real-time, reliable, unbiased data from the field.
This machine was born out of the DIY bio movement, and it performs certain steps necessary for DNA processing, and it's also all open source.
Students in developing countries are building replicas of expensive scientific equipment.
We're building our own much cheaper with Arduino and other parts.
this is a pH meter
These are Spanish children
When I was about 11 years old, I started learning how to build and program robots, and then I started using Arduino to build a soccer robot, and I became a world champion with an Arduino-based robot.
So when it came to building an educational robot, I said to them, "You design it, and you know what it takes to build a great robot that kids will be excited about."
An old man like me
(Laughter) Companies like Google are also using this technology to create interfaces between mobile phones and tablets and the real world.
Google's ADK is Arduino-based and open source. It's very different from Apple's closed-source, Apple-signed NDA.
Joey is standing on top of a giant maze, and when you tilt the tablet, the maze tilts.
In Italy, where I'm from, there's a lot of emphasis on design, even though it's very conservative.
We worked with a design studio in Milan called Habits to create this mirror, and it's completely open source.
Doubles as an iPod speaker
The hardware, software, design, manufacturing, everything in this project is open source, and you can build your own.
I hope that other designers will look at this and learn how to start with practical things and create beautiful devices and interactive products.
But what do you do when you have so many ideas?
There are thousands of ideas, and it would take seven hours to introduce them all.
I'm not going to do seven hours, so
But let me just give you this example: These guys built a company called Pebble, and they prototyped a wristwatch that connects to a mobile phone via Bluetooth and displays information.
We use Arduino And we raised $100,000 on Kickstarter to bring it to market We raised $100,000 on Kickstarter
And then we raised $10 million.
I got enough money, I don't need VC help, I don't need VC help, I just made people go wild with a great product.
The last project I would like to introduce is ArduSat.
It's a satellite that's going into space. It's not something you'd expect to do open source, but it's got an Arduino hooked up to a bunch of sensors, so if you know how to use the Arduino, you can upload your own experiments to this satellite and run it.
Imagine if your high school had a satellite at your disposal for a week to do an experiment in space.
Like I said, there are just too many examples, so let's stop here, and I want to thank the Arduino community for producing so many amazing projects every day.
Thank you. (Applause) (Applause) And thanks to the community.
Massimo, when we spoke this morning, you said that you never imagined that Arduino would be this successful.
yes
How does it feel to read all this and see the world open to you?
This is the work of so many people, communities enabling people to build amazing things, it's just overwhelming.
It's hard to put into words
Every morning when I wake up and see what Google alerts have sent me, I'm just amazed, spread out in every realm imaginable.
Thank you very much. (Applause) (Applause)
Open is the word for opportunity and possibility.
Blue ceilings, open fireplaces, open source, free trade policies (free drinks), open bars (laughter), the world is becoming more open everywhere, and that's a good thing.
Why is this happening?
A technological revolution is opening up the world
The internet used to be a platform for showing content.
The Internet is now a platform for data processing.
The Internet is becoming a gigantic global computer, and every time you connect and upload a video or search Google or remix something, you're programming this gigantic global computer that we share.
The creation of this machine allowed humans to cooperate in new ways.
Collaboration can happen on a global scale Collaboration can happen on a global scale
Now a new generation is also opening up the world
When I started researching children about 15 years ago -- more than 20 years ago, actually -- I realized that my children were so effortless in using such complex technology, and my initial thought was, "My kids are geniuses!" (Laughter) But it turned out that their friends were too, so the hypothesis turned out to be false.
After researching hundreds of children, we came to one conclusion: this is the first generation in the digital age to use bits as their first bath.
I called them the net generation
These kids aren't afraid of special, invisible technology.
These kids aren't afraid of special, invisible technology.
is like air
It's like I'm not afraid of the refrigerator.
And... (Laughter) And there's no group of people who are changing every organization more powerfully than the first generation of digital natives.
i am a digital immigrant
had to learn the language
The global economic crisis also leads to an open world.
All the opaque institutions that were born in the industrial age -- old-fashioned corporations, governments, media, Wall Street -- all stagnate, crumble, degenerate and fail in one way or another, and this is how platforms around the world are burning. is the
think about wall street
The traditional methods of Wall Street have nearly brought global capitalism to its knees.
Like an oil platform fire, it's probably more expensive to stay where it is than to move elsewhere and embrace radical change.
All our institutions need to transform and open All our institutions need to transform and open
And with all this push from technology and new generations of young people, plus this push from new generations of technology and young people, plus the demands of the new global economic environment, the world is opening up.
Now, I think we're at a turning point in human history, and I think it's finally time to rebuild many institutions from the industrial age along new principles. think it's time
what is open
When we say open, there are many different meanings. When we say open, there are many different meanings.
The first is collaboration.
It's about being open in the sense that the organizational boundaries are perforated and fluid.
Tell a story about the man in this photo Tell a story about the man in this photo
His name is Rob McEwen
I'd like to say that I'm going to share with you some amazing examples from around the world that I've collected through my work in think tanks.
The reason I know his story is because I live in the neighborhood.
was spoken to
"Thank you. What is your occupation?"
"I used to be a banker and now I'm a gold miner."
and told me a very interesting story
We got a gold mine, but our geology department didn't know where the gold was.
You can't decide where to dig, even if you invest money and add data, you can't decide where to dig.
Years later, when he was about to give up in disappointment, one day he had an epiphany.
"Even if you don't know where the gold is in the Geological Department, maybe someone else can."
So he did something "daring"
We put the geological data on the Internet, and we held a competition called the Goldcorp Challenge, and we held a competition called the Goldcorp Challenge.
The prize is $500,000 The question is, is the money there, and if so, where is it? (laughs) We received submissions from all over the world.
Using technology you've never heard of, Rob McEwen found a $3.4 billion gold mine as a result of a $500,000 bounty.
His company's market value went from $90 million to $10 billion, and I live in the neighborhood, so I know that he's having a good time. is
A company's most valuable asset is the employees who leave every night.
he had a different perspective on talent
I wondered who their companions were.
The geology department could have been fired, but they weren't.
Some leading suggestions not from geological experts Some leading suggestions not from geological experts
from computer scientists and engineers
The winner was a computer graphics company that created a three-dimensional model of the mine that could show where the gold was in the ground.
In his story, we can see that social production is starting from social media.
More than just connecting to the Internet
New means of production are being created
The ideagora he created was an open marketplace and a square for those with a special mind, part of a transformation that fundamentally questioned the structure of an organization, to generate innovation, to create goods and services, and outside. It was about how we can combine our powers to engage with the world, or in the case of government, how to create public value.
Being open means collaborating
Second, openness means transparency.
Unlike the previous story, what I'm talking about here is communication of information to stakeholders of an organization, to employees, to customers, to business partners, to shareholders.
Institutions are stripped everywhere
Many people are angry about WikiLeaks, but that's just the tip of the iceberg.
It's not just Julian Assange, but many people now have powerful tools that allow them to research what's going on, to let people know, to form a general public opinion.
All institutions are being stripped naked, and if they're stripped, there's an answer to that.
One of them is to keep your body in good shape.
Being prepared means having great value, and value is more important than ever.
Say you have a good product
Better is better, but you need value
Better is better, but you need value
If you don't have integrity in your organization's skeleton and DNA, you can't build trust without integrity in your organization's skeleton and DNA. Trust is an essential ingredient in this new networked world.
This is good and not bad
Sunlight is the best for sterilization.
This messy world needs a lot of sunlight
The third meaning of openness and its principle is sharing.
This is also different from transparency
Transparency is about communicating information
Sharing means letting go of assets and intellectual property.
There are various famous stories about this
IBM contributed 400 million dollars worth of software to the Linux movement and got billions in return.
The conventional wisdom is, "Our intellectual property is ours, and anyone who tries to infringe on it will use their lawyers to sue them."
The record companies didn't work this way, did they?
Instead of innovating in business models to deal with disruptive technology, we went for legal solutions, and the industry that brought Elvis and the Beatles to justice is now on the brink of collapse with judicial action against young people.
we need to change our minds about intellectual property
I'll give you an example
The pharmaceutical industry is facing serious problems right now.
First of all, there are not many innovative inventions in drug development. This is a big problem for human health, but the pharmaceutical industry faces an even bigger problem. I'm on the verge of falling off a cliff
Did you know?
The pharmaceutical industry will lose 20 to 35 percent of its revenue over the next 12 months.
What should I do? Should we try to reduce consumables such as clips? wrong
We need to change the whole model of scientific research.
The pharmaceutical industry needs to share assets, and start sharing pre-competitive basic research.
They should start sharing data from clinical trials, so that we can make a big difference, not just for industry, but for humanity as a whole.
The fourth meaning and principle of openness is to empower.
I'm not asking you to be motherly.
Knowledge and intelligence are power, and the more knowledge spreads, the more power that goes with it, the more distributed, the more distributed, the more divided it is happening all over the world.
an open world brings freedom
Take the Arab Spring for example
The debate about the role of social media in social change has come to an end.
Tunisia in a nutshell
and then spread in many directions
In the Tunisian revolution, the new media didn't start the revolution, it started with people's dissatisfaction.
Social media didn't create the revolution. It was created by a younger generation of people who wanted jobs and hope and didn't want to be controlled.
Just as the Internet has lowered the cost of doing business and cooperating in government, it has also made it possible to lower the cost of insurgency, resistance and rioting in unexpected ways.
During the Tunisian Revolution, regime snipers killed unarmed students on the streets.
So the students used their mobile devices to take pictures, survey their locations, and send them to friendly forces to eliminate the snipers.
Social media isn't just about online interactions
It was a military tool for young people to protect unarmed people from murderers.
It's a tool for self-defense
In the meantime, young people are being killed in Syria, and until three months ago, if you were injured on the street, an ambulance would take you to the hospital, and if you had a broken leg, for example, you would be sent home with a bullet in your head. was
So these 20-somethings built an alternative first aid system, and they used Twitter and tools that anyone could use to take an injured person, put them in a car they arranged, and take them to a makeshift clinic for treatment. We have built a system that will not be executed.
We are now in an era of great change.
not without problems
Up until two years ago, every revolution in human history had a leader, and when the old regime collapsed, that leader and the organization held power.
On the other hand, this wiki revolution happens so quickly that it creates a political vacuum. It's also going to be the old regime, the extremists, the fundamentalist forces, etc.
You can see this in Egypt today.
But that's okay, because things are moving forward.
The train left the station The cat escaped from the bag
The horse ran away from the stable Are there more? (smile)
the toothpaste came out of the tube
I can't go back
An open world gives power and freedom
By the end of the four days at TEDGlobal, we'll conclude that the turning point in history is moving in a positive and open direction.
If you go back a few hundred years, all over the world, it was a very closed society.
It was an agrarian society, a system of production and politics called feudalism, and knowledge was monopolized by the church and the nobility.
people are ignorant
there was no concept of progress
I was born, I lived my life, I died
But then Johannes Gutenberg came up with some amazing inventions that gradually opened up society.
As people began to learn for themselves, the institutions of feudal society appeared to be deadlocked, stagnant and failing.
When people are educated, the church's monopoly on medical knowledge doesn't make sense.
Religious Reformation will soon follow
Martin Luther called the printing press "God's greatest gift."
Businesses, science universities, especially the realization of the Industrial Revolution were all good things.
But there was a price to pay
And now, we're facing another period of technological change, but this time it's a little different.
The printing press made it possible for everyone to read documents,
The Internet allows anyone to publish information.
The printing press made it possible to access recorded knowledge
The Internet has made it possible to access not only information and knowledge, but also the intelligence of others on a global scale.
For me, it's not the information age, it's the networked intelligence age.
It's an era of expansive perspective, an era of collaboration, where organizational boundaries are changing, an era of sharing and understanding the power of the new common good, while the sunshine of transparency cleanses civilization, bringing freedom and power to the individual. It's time to give
So I'm going to tell you all, finally, I'd like to introduce you to a recent study that I've been working on.
I've researched many different organizations to understand what the future will look like, but recently I've also been learning from the natural world.
As you know, both bees and fish move in groups.
Starlings in the English moors around Edinburgh migrate in flocks. Murmuration comes from the murmuring of birds. Spread over a 20 mile radius and spend each
And at night, the starlings gather together to create the most spectacular phenomenon in nature, the most spectacular phenomenon in nature, and this is the swarm dance.
Scientists studying this phenomenon say they've never seen a collision.
This phenomenon has an effect
protect the birds from predators
On the right side, the unity of birds drives away predators.
There is leadership here, but there is no fixed leader.
Is this some kind of quirky analogy? Or is there something we can learn from this?
Yes, you can find some principles from the workings of group dance. These are roughly the principles I introduced you to today.
this is a huge collaboration
It's open. It's not just about location, trajectory, hazards, but it's all about food sources.
There is real interdependence, and each bird somehow understands that the interests of the group are its interests. I understand
Maybe we should understand that in a world that's collapsing, business doesn't thrive either.
But when I see things like this, I find it very encouraging.
Think of the youth of the Arab Spring and similar situations going on everywhere.
And imagine this idea: What if we could connect to this world through a vast network of wireless and fiber optics?
Can we go beyond just sharing information and knowledge?
Can we start sharing our intelligence?
Is it possible to create a sort of collective intelligence that goes beyond an individual or a group or a team, a kind of global consciousness that goes beyond an individual or a group or a team? Is it possible to create something like consciousness on a global scale?
If we can do this, we will be able to tackle some of the world's biggest problems.
Seeing stuff like this gives me a lot of encouragement, maybe this little networked open world that our children will inherit is better than the world we have now, and this new age of networked intelligence. I think it may be time to avoid a crisis situation full of promise.
Thank you very much
(applause)
I am female and have schizophrenia
I've spent hundreds of days in mental hospitals.
I almost spent most of my life in a psychiatric ward, but I took a different life.
In fact, I managed to avoid mental hospitals for nearly 30 years, and that's what I'm most proud of.
It's not that I've avoided fighting mental illness all along.
After I got my first legal job after graduating from Yale Law School, my psychoanalyst, Dr. White, told me he was leaving the practice in a few months, just a few years before I was about to leave New Haven.
I was so indebted to my teacher. Just the thought of him leaving was devastating. Just the thought of him leaving was devastating.
My best friend Steve flew over to New Haven when he sensed that something terrible had happened to me.
I quote from my own writing, "I opened the apartment door.
Steve would later say, "He's been working with me for my mental health problems, but this day was the worst I've ever been."
I haven't eaten anything in over a week.
I was emaciated and my walking legs were like sticks
My expression was like a Noh mask
I kept the curtains in my apartment closed all day, so it was pitch black in my apartment.
There was a bad smell and the room was in a mess
Steve is a lawyer and psychologist, and he's seen a lot of people with severe mental illness, and he'll tell you that he's never seen a patient this sick.
I said, 'Hello,' and went back to the couch, and sat there in silence for a while.
"Thank you for coming Steve.
A crumbling world, words, voices
Stop the clock because the time has come
Stop the clock, it's time.' 'Mr. White's gone,' Steve said gloomily.
"I'm going to the grave, I'm serious," I lamented.
"Gravity is pulling me
I'm scared, tell everyone to run away.'" Since I was young, I've been in a psychiatric hospital three long periods.
Doctors diagnosed me with schizophrenia and told me the prognosis was "serious."
In short, I was destined to be put in a nursing home and do menial labor.
luckily it didn't luckily it didn't
I'm a professor of law, psychology, and psychiatry at the University of Southern California School of Law.
(Applause) Thank you.
he's definitely the star of my life
I'm going to tell you about how I became mentally ill and what I experienced.
As a preface, this is my experience, and everyone's symptoms of mental illness are different.
Let's start with the definition of schizophrenia.
Schizophrenia is a disease of the brain
It's a bona fide psychosis, which means you lose your sense of reality.
Delusions and hallucinations characterize the disease Delusions and hallucinations characterize the disease
Delusions are false stereotypes about things that don't exist, and hallucinations are false perceptions of things that don't exist.
For example, when I'm mentally ill, I experience delusions in my mind that I've murdered hundreds of thousands of people.
Sometimes I think there's going to be a nuclear explosion in my head Sometimes I think there's going to be a nuclear explosion in my head
I have hallucinations, and I look back and see a man with a knife, and I look back and see a man with a knife.
Imagine having a nightmare while awake
Speech and thought often get out of control and disjointed.
You manage to make associations and put similar words together, but they don't make any sense, and the words get jumbled up in what's called a "word salad."
Schizophrenia isn't what we usually think of as multiple personalities or split personalities.
Schizophrenia doesn't split the mind, it shatters it.
We've all seen homeless people, slovenly and lanky, standing outside buildings mumbling to themselves and screaming.
A person like this probably has some form of schizophrenia.
But schizophrenia is found in a wide range of socioeconomic groups, and even regular, responsible professionals can suffer from the disease.
A few years ago, I decided to write about my experiences and my journey, and today I'd like to add to that my inner story.
It was seven weeks into the first semester of my freshman year at Yale Law School.
To quote from the book, "My classmate Rebel, Val, and I decided to meet up in the law school library on Friday evening and do our homework on the memorandum together.
But as soon as I got down to it, I started talking gibberish.
"Memorandum is the word of God," I said.
"There's a point over there
Pat said, Did you kill people?” Rebel and Val looked at me with water on their face.
"Erin, what the hell are you talking about?"
It's flat and safe.' Rebel and Val followed me and asked what happened to me.
"This is the real me," I said, waving over my head.
And then late Friday night, on the roof of Yale Law School, I started singing out loud.
"Come to Florida, nice weather, Mr. Bush.
Hey, let's dance?" "Are you getting high on drugs?"
Come to Florida, nice weather, Mr. Bush, there's a lemon in there, and it's turned into a devil, 'You're a scary person,' said one, and Rebel and Val went back to the library.
I shrugged and chased them
When I went inside, I asked them if they had ever seen their homework and their words came out one after another like I did.
I said, "I feel like someone has entered my alter ego."
"Isn't it surrounding the joints?
I don't believe in joints, but they hold the body together.'" An example of a meaningless association, "In the end, I went back to my dorm, but I was restless.
My head was full of noise, full of orange trees, endless legal memorandums, and the mass murders I had committed.
I sat on my bed, rocking and moaning in fear and loneliness."
Because of this, I was hospitalized for the first time in the United States.
already hospitalized twice in the UK
Continuing the quote from the book: "The next morning I went to the professor's office and asked for an extension of the homework deadline for the memorandum. Finally I was taken to the emergency room
There, I was attacked by what I call "The Teacher" and his entourage, who lifted me high into the air and slammed me into a metal bed, so violently that I would shoot stars out of my eyes.
And then they tied their limbs to the metal bed with thick leather straps, and they tied their limbs to the metal bed with thick leather straps.
A voice I had never heard before came out of my mouth, a mixture of moaning and screaming, an inhuman voice of terror.
And again, a raw voice crawled out from the depths of my stomach and down my throat."
I was forced into hospital because of this incident.
One of the reasons why the doctor ignored my will and put me in the hospital was "I have a serious disability" One of the reasons was "I have a serious disability"
The rationale is that I didn't do my homework for Yale Law School.
What about other Yale students?
(Laughter) The next year, I ended up spending five months in a mental institution.
Sometimes for as long as 20 hours, they were physically restrained, their hands and feet were tied, and their chests were tightly netted.
I never hit anyone
I never hurt or threatened anyone
If you've never been physically restrained, you don't know the feeling of fear.
nothing but fear
In the United States, one to three people are said to die each week from physical restraints.
Being tied up causes vomiting, choking, and heart failure.
It's unclear whether physical restraints save lives or just increase casualties.
When I was about to write an article about restraints for the Yale Law School journal, I consulted with a prominent law professor who is also a psychiatrist. It's painful, it's painful, it's horrible I admit it's painful, it's horrible
He looked at me vaguely, "Erin, you don't know, they're mentally ill.
I'm different from you and me
The restraints they feel are different from ours."
At that moment, I didn't have the courage to say that we were no different from the professor.
No one likes being tied to a bed and suffering for hours.
In fact, until very recently, it's true that some people thought that physical restraints made people with mental illness feel safe.
I've never met a mentally ill person who agrees with that opinion I've never met a mentally ill person who agrees with that opinion
Now, I'm very much in favor of psychiatry, but I'm very much against violence.
I don't think violence can be therapeutic, and it's terrible to use violence against someone with a serious illness.
I ended up coming to Los Angeles to teach at the University of Southern California School of Law.
Over the years, I tried my best to refuse to take medication.
I thought that if I could just get by without medication, I could prove that I wasn't really mentally ill, but that I was doing something horribly wrong.
My motto was, less drugs, less defects.
My psychoanalyst in Los Angeles, Dr. Kaplan, urged me to take medication to help me get back to normal life, but I was determined never to take it again.
Quoting from the text: "As soon as I started taking my medications less, I started to feel the effects.
After returning from a business trip to Oxford, I visited Dr. Kaplan, and I went to the corner, crouched down, covered my face, and started shaking.
Devils with knives surrounded
They were trying to cut me up or make me swallow burning coals.
Dr. Kaplan would describe me as, "I was writhing in pain," and I refused to take medication in the midst of such an acute, progressive state of mental illness.
the mission is not over yet
Shortly after Dr. Kaplan, I went to see a schizophrenia specialist, Dr. Murder, who was following up on the side effects of my medication.
he thought my mental illness was mild
Once upon a time, I crouched on his office couch and started muttering.
"My head explodes, people come to kill me
"Is it okay if I wreck my office?"
"It's okay, it's small, it's fire on ice, tell me not to kill me.
Tell me not to kill me Did I do something wrong?
Tens of Thousands of Thoughts Don't Do It Do You Think You'll Harm Yourself or Others, Erin Do You Think You'll Harm Yourself or Others?
i think you should be hospitalized
You can go through the hospitalization procedures right away, even secretly.” “Hahaha
Are you trying to put me in the hospital?
Hospitals are terribly crazy and sad places
You gotta run away like that, I'm God, or God's reincarnation.'" In the book, "I'm God, or God's reincarnation," my husband wrote a marginal note.
"Did you quit God or get fired?" (laughs)
"Did you quit God or get fired?" (Laughter) "I give life and take it away.
Forgive me, I don't know anything." Eventually, I gave in in front of my friends, and they convinced me to take the medicine.
I could no longer deny reality, I could no longer change it.
The wall that separated me, Professor Erin Sachs, from the crazy woman who spent years in a mental institution has crumbled The wall that separated me, the crazy woman who spent years in a mental institution, has crumbled into pieces was
It's inappropriate for me to be here with this condition, but I'm here now for three reasons. First, I've had excellent treatment.
I've been in psychoanalytic therapy four to five days a week for decades, and I've had excellent psychopharmacology.
Second, I've been blessed with family and friends who understand my illness Second, I've been blessed with family and friends who understand my illness
My family and friends gave my life meaning, and they even taught me how to live when I had symptoms.
Third, I work in a very supportive workplace at the University of Southern California Law School Third, I work in a very supportive workplace at the University of Southern California Law School.
This place not only tolerates my needs, but they're happy to accommodate them.
It was a very intellectually stimulating place, and immersing yourself in a complex problem was the strongest and most reliable way to protect yourself from mental illness.
And yet, despite excellent treatment, a wonderful family, and a supportive work environment, I didn't disclose my illness until relatively late in my life. too strong, too much anxiety
Please, just listen to me, there is no such thing as a "schizophrenic".
They are people with schizophrenia. They could be your spouse, your children, your neighbors, your friends, your coworkers. They could be your neighbors, your friends, your coworkers.
One last thing I would like to share
It's that we need to invest more resources in research and treatment of mental illness.
The more we understand mental illness, the better we can treat it, the better we can provide care, the less violence we need.
And mental illness should not be criminalized.
It's a national tragedy and scandal, but the Los Angeles prison is the nation's largest detention facility for mentally ill people.
America's prisons and detention centers are full of people with severe mental illness, and many of them end up incarcerated without proper treatment.
My destination must have been a prison or the street
People in showbiz and media have done a remarkable job fighting all kinds of prejudices.
Please continue to portray patients suffering from severe mental illness in your films, plays and columns.
Draw with empathy, not diagnosing. Draw with empathy, not diagnosing.
A friend of mine recently asked me, "If there was a drug that would cure you instantly, would you take it?"
Poet Reiner Maria Rilke was recommended psychoanalytic therapy.
He refused, saying, "Don't let the devil go, even the angel will run away." He refused, saying, "Don't let the devil go, even the angel will run away."
But for me, it's a nightmare in the middle of the day. The devil is so terrifying that even the angel escapes.
So do you want to take medicine?
That said, I don't want you to look like you're regretting not having a life free of mental illness, and I'm not asking for sympathy.
What I'm trying to say is that it's important to have a love of humanity that is shared by people with mental illness and those without.
We with mental illness want the same thing that everyone else wants: to work and to love, as Freud called it.
Thank you. (Applause) (Applause) Thank you for your kind attention. (Applause) Thank you. (Applause)
The phenomenon that you saw for a fraction of a second is called quantum levitation and quantum locking.
The objects that were floating here are called superconductors.
In superconductivity, matter is in a quantum state, and this phenomenon only occurs below a certain critical temperature.
This is a phenomenon that has been known for a long time, discovered 100 years ago.
But with some recent technological advances, I'm now able to show you all about quantum levitation and quantum locking.
Superconductors are defined by two properties
First, it has zero electrical resistance, and second, it eliminates the magnetic field from inside the superconductor.
Sounds complicated, doesn't it?
So what is electrical resistance?
Electricity is the flow of electrons in matter.
As these electrons flow, they collide with atoms, and lose some energy in these collisions.
This energy, as you know, is lost in the form of heat.
But in a superconductor, there are no collisions, so there's no loss of energy.
it's amazing think about it
In classical physics, there is some kind of frictional loss of energy.
But we don't have that here, because this is a quantum effect.
Not only that, because superconductors don't like magnetic fields.
Circulating currents try to eliminate the magnetic field from within.
This combination of two phenomena, the exclusion of the magnetic field and the state of zero electrical resistance, results in a superconductor.
But as you know, things aren't that simple. Sometimes magnetic flux, which is part of the magnetic field, remains inside the superconductor.
We can confine the magnetic flux inside a superconductor under the right conditions, like here.
Magnetic flux inside such superconductors exists in discrete quantities.
Why? Because it's a quantum phenomenon, because that's what happens in quantum physics.
And these behave just like quantum particles.
In this video, you can see how each one flows discretely.
This is magnetic flux. These are not particles, but they behave like particles.
That's why we call these phenomena quantum levitation and quantum locking.
So what happens when you put a superconductor in a magnetic field?
There are residual magnetic fluxes inside, but superconductors don't like them to move, because when the magnetic fluxes move, they dissipate energy and lose their superconductivity.
It's actually these chains, called fluxons, that are immobilized.
It locks the superconductor itself in place.
I wonder why? Because when the superconductor moves, it changes the arrangement of the fluxons.
And that's what causes quantum locking.
Here's a superconductor wrapped up to keep it cold.
If you put it on top of a regular magnet, it stays in the air like this.
(Applause) This isn't just levitation, it's not repulsion.
By changing the position of the fluxon, you can lock it in a new position.
You can also shift it to the right or left like this
This is quantum locking, actually locking the superconductor in three dimensions.
Of course, you can turn it upside down, and it stays in place.
Now that you understand that this floating phenomenon is actually a stationary phenomenon, yes, you understand, don't you?
It wouldn't surprise me to hear that a superconductor can rotate freely about its axis against this ring-shaped magnet with a uniform magnetic field.
Why? because it stays immobilized while spinning.
And like this, you can move the superconductor a little bit, you can even rotate it.
It's a completely frictionless motion.
This is quantum locking, and you can levitate above this magnet.
So how many fluxons are there in this one disk?
This is computable and turns out to be quite common.
There are 100 billion magnetic fluxes in this 7.5 cm disc.
Actually, there's something amazing that I haven't told you yet.
Amazingly, the superconductors you see here are very thin, only half a micron thick.
This very thin layer can levitate more than 70,000 times its own weight.
It's a phenomenal phenomenon, and it's very powerful.
By enlarging this circular magnet, it is possible to create a free track.
For example, you can make a large circular track like this.
If you put a superconductor on top of this, it will move freely like this.
(Applause) And that's not all. You adjust the position and rotate it, and it keeps it in the new position and moves around.
Let's do something new here that we've never done before
I'm going to put this disc on here and while it stays here -- not moving -- I'm going to try flipping the track, hopefully it will keep it hanging.
(Applause) This is quantum locking, not levitation.
So while we're spinning around for a while, let me tell you a little bit more about superconductors.
So -- (Laughter) -- we've found that we can send tremendous amounts of current inside superconductors like this, and we can use them to generate powerful magnetic fields for things like MRIs and quantum accelerators. can
And with superconductors, we can store energy without losing it.
We could also create power lines to carry vast amounts of energy between power stations.
Imagine being able to back up the power of a single power plant with a single superconductor transmission line.
What is the future of quantum levitation and quantum locking?
Let me give you an example for this simple question.
So let's say you have something similar to the disk you see here, about 7.5 centimeters in diameter, but with one difference.
Let's say the layer thickness in the superconductor is 2 millimeters instead of 0.5 microns thin, which is still pretty thin.
This two-millimeter superconductor layer can hold 1,000 kilograms, so the palm of your hand can hold a small car.
amazing thank you
(applause)
I study the future of crime and terrorism, and frankly, I'm terrified.
the future i see
I'd like to believe that technology can bring us a utopia, but I've been a police officer all my life, and that's how I see things.
I've worked as a town cop, as an undercover agent, as a counter-terrorist strategist, and in more than 70 countries around the world.
In doing so, I see more violence and darker side of society than the average person, and that affects my perspective.
Criminals and terrorists can teach us a lot
I've learned a lot from them, and I want to share with you what I've seen.
Today, I'm going to show you the underside of technology that we love and that we've always admired.
Technology, in the hands of the TED community, is a wonderful tool for positive social change, but in the hands of suicide bombers, the future looks very different.
When I started working as a young police officer, I began to see how criminals could use technology.
Back then this was high tech
You might laugh, but drug dealers and gangsters had these tools long before police had them.
Twenty years later, criminals are still using cell phones, but they're building their own cell phone networks, like this one, which has been deployed by drug cartels in all 31 states in Mexico.
We have a nationwide encrypted wireless communication system.
please think about it
that innovation is being used in such a way
Think about the infrastructure you need for that.
And think about it, why can't I get a cell phone signal in San Francisco? (laughs) Is there such a thing? (Laughter) I'm not convinced. (Applause) We always underestimate what criminals and terrorists can do.
Technology is making our society more open, and for the most part that's great, but it also comes with unintended consequences.
Remember the terrorist attacks in Mumbai in 2008?
The terrorists were armed with AK-47s, bombs and grenades.
They threw hand grenades at people eating in cafes and innocent people on their way home on the train.
But heavy weapons like this are nothing new in terrorist attacks.
guns and bombs are not new
What was different was the way terrorists used modern communications technology to locate and kill their targets.
they are mobile
using a blackberry
had access to satellite imagery
I even had a satellite phone and night vision goggles.
But perhaps the biggest innovation is this
You see a lot of pictures like this on TV and in the news, it's the command center.
The terrorists set up their own command center on the Pakistani border to monitor programming on BBC Al Jazeera CNN Indian local stations.
They also monitored the internet and social media, monitored the progress of the attacks, and the casualties.
We were doing it all in real time.
The command center innovation has given terrorists unparalleled situational awareness and a technological edge over police and government.
what were they doing with it?
I used it very effectively.
During the 60-minute siege, the terrorists went from room to room looking for someone to kill.
I kicked down the door of a hotel suite on the top floor and found a man hiding in his bed.
They asked, "Who are you? What are you doing here?"
The man replied, "I'm just a school teacher."
Of course, the terrorists knew that an Indian schoolteacher couldn't be staying in a suite at the Taj Hotel.
They took their IDs and called the command room and gave the man's name to the command room, who used Google to find the photo and asked the operatives on the ground, "Is this guy big?"
"Do you have baldness on your forehead?" "Do you wear glasses?"
Answer "yes" to all
It matches the information we found in the command room.
the man is not a school teacher
He was India's second-richest businessman, and after confirming this information, the command room relayed orders to the terrorists in Mumbai.
("Kill it") We care about Facebook's privacy settings, but the truth is that our openness can be used to attack us.
the terrorists did
Use a search engine to decide who to live and who to kill.
That's the world we live in now
The terrorists who attacked Mumbai relied heavily on technology, and eyewitness accounts show that the terrorists used a gun in one hand to shoot hostages while checking messages on their cell phones with the other.
In the end, 300 people were seriously injured, and 172 men and women, including children, died that day.
think about what happened here
In the 60-hour siege of Mumbai, 10 terrorists armed not only with weapons, but with technology, froze the city's 20 million inhabitants.
Ten people nailed 20 million and the news went around the world.
That's what openness has made possible for extremists.
This is about four years ago
What has technology enabled today's terrorists to do?
What will we be able to do tomorrow?
The number of people one person can influence is growing exponentially, both for the better and for the worse.
Not only in terrorism, but also in crime.
there was a big paradigm shift
Larger crimes became possible.
It used to be knives and guns
Then the train robbery shows up
Now you can rob 200 passengers at a time, great innovation.
The Internet made it even bigger
Many of you may remember the recent PlayStation hack.
Over 100 million people were murdered in that incident.
please think about it
Was it ever possible for one person to steal from 100 million people?
Of course, the story is not limited to theft.
There are other types of technology that criminals can exploit.
Many of you may remember this cute video from last time at TED, but not all quadcopter swarms are nice and cute.
Not everyone wears drumsticks
It could be equipped with a high-definition video camera and used to monitor protesters.
Little robots are cute when they're playing music.
If they swarm the streets and shoot at you, it might not look so cute.
It wasn't the terrorists who first put guns on robots, we all know who started it, criminals.
I take it in quickly
Al-Qaeda activists in the United States, recently arrested by the FBI, were planning to carry remote controlled drones like this one with C4 bombs to attack government installations.
By the way, this drone can fly at 1,000 kilometers per hour.
Every new technology has been exploited by criminals.
3D printers have advanced recently.
We can print 3D on a variety of materials: plastic, chocolate, metal, and concrete.
And it's very accurate.
But I thought to myself, what are these people who have bombs wrapped around their bellies and blow themselves up, what are they going to do with this 3D printer?
it might be something like this
If you can print on metal, you can make something like this, and you can make this too.
I know that guns are heavily regulated here in the UK.
You don't have to bring your guns anymore
You can bring in a 3D printer, print a gun, and you can even make a magazine to put your bullets in.
What will be created in the future when larger things become printable?
Advances in technology will allow us to make big printers.
There will be even more new technologies in the future, like the Internet of Things.
We're connecting more and more of the things in our lives to the Internet, and the "Internet of Things" will soon be hacked too.
All tangible objects in the world are being transformed into information, and that has important security consequences, because more connected devices also become more vulnerable.
Criminals know that
Even terrorists and hackers know
If you hold the code, you hold the world.
That's the future that awaits us
There has never been an operating system or technology that hasn't been hacked.
This is a problem because the human body itself is becoming infused with information technology.
As you can see, we're becoming cyborgs.
Thousands of cochlear implants, insulin pumps, pacemakers, and defibrillators are implanted in people's bodies every year.
There are 60,000 pacemakers in the United States that are connected to the Internet.
The defibrillator is designed to allow a doctor to remotely shock a patient's heart when needed.
But it's not so nice to shock someone you don't care about when you don't need it.
Technology goes deeper into the human body
These days, it's getting down to the cellular level.
All the technologies I've talked about so far have been based on 0's and 1's in silicon, but there is another kind of operating system, the original operating system, DNA.
For hackers, DNA is just another operating system waiting to be hacked.
it's a bit of a challenge
There are people who are already hacking the software of life, many of them for the cause of helping people, but there are others who are not.
How would criminals exploit it?
Synthetic biology can do some really cool things.
For example, I think we're going to move from plant-based to synthetic drugs, because we don't need plants anymore.
If you take the DNA information from marijuana or poppy or coca leaves and put it in yeast, the yeast will start making drugs like cocaine and marijuana.
It's going to be interesting to see how yeast will be used in the future.
We may be able to make some really interesting bread and beer in the next century.
The cost of sequencing the human genome is plummeting.
It used to be Moore's Law pace, but in 2008 things changed.
As technology improved, DNA analysis progressed five times faster than Moore's Law.
this has big consequences
It took 30 years from the advent of the personal computer to the emergence of today's cybercrime, but biology has progressed so quickly that anyone who knows criminals and terrorists can't help but expect biocrime to appear before too long.
Anyone can create a virus, like an enhanced Ebola virus, an anthrax virus, a weaponized flu virus.
In a recent case, a researcher created an enhanced H5N1 bird flu virus.
It's a virus that still has a fatality rate of 70 percent, but it's hard to spread.
The researcher tweaked the genes a bit to make them more susceptible to human infections so that they could be weaponized, so the deaths would be in the tens of millions instead of the thousands.
It could spark a new epidemic, and the researcher wanted to be proud of his work and publicize it widely, so the information is available for everyone to see.
There are even deeper techniques
As DNA researcher Andrew Hassell has pointed out, if modern cancer treatment techniques can target only cancer cells and leave the surrounding cells unharmed, it's possible to target specific individual cells. It is
The flip side of personalized cancer treatment is a personalized bioweapon, which means it can target every single person in this picture.
How should I protect them?
How do we deal with all this?
The question I always get asked
And for those of you who follow me on Twitter, I'll give you the answer in a tweet later.
I don't have the answers to all the questions, but I do know some things.
After 9/11, the best people in security got together and built this for safety (the long line at the security gate).
If you want the people who built this to protect you from the coming apocalyptic robot wars, you might want an alternative. (Laughter) Nothing wrong, just a thought. in a closed system
It's organized nationally, but the threat is international.
Police can't scale globally, and so far at least, our current systems of guns, border security, big gates and fences are outdated for the new world we're heading into.
So how do you prepare for a threat like an attack on a president or a prime minister?
The normal response governments take is to try to seal and protect government officials.
but this won't work
The cost of DNA analysis just got cheaper
Anyone can do it
We'll have to think of a more progressive way.
How about giving the DNA of presidents and kings and queens to hundreds of credible researchers to examine the DNA and have it penetration tested to protect the dignitaries?
Or send it to thousands?
There will be controversy and risks, but what happens when it's open to the public?
Then everyone can participate in this activity.
There are already examples of this working well
In the OCCRP (Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project), journalists and citizens are using crowdsourcing to track what dictators and terrorists are doing with public money. There are 50,000 drug-related murders in
There are so many dead that they can't be properly buried and are buried in unmarked cemeteries like this one outside of Ciudad Juarez.
What can we do? the government is not working well
In Mexico, citizens are taking risks and taking effective action.
Here's a crowdsourced map of drug dealer activity.
Whether we realize it or not, we are in a technology arms race, a battle between those who want to use technology for good and those who want to use it for bad.
It's time to prepare for this grave crisis.
I can assure you that terrorists and criminals are prepared.
In my personal opinion, it is better for ordinary citizens to collectively tackle the problem and see what they can do, rather than have a small number of highly trained government professionals protecting everyone.
We can make things much better if everyone plays their part.
The tools to change the world are in everyone's hands
How we use it is up to all of us, not just me.
This is a technology that I have often deployed as a police officer.
But in today's world it's outdated
It doesn't scale, it doesn't work globally, it certainly doesn't work in the virtual world.
We've seen paradigm shifts in crime and terrorism.
The police function needs to become more open and more participatory.
That's why I want you all to participate.
Civil safety is too important to leave to the experts.
Thank you very much. (Applause) (Applause)
i want to talk about my father
father has alzheimer's disease
Symptoms appeared about 12 years ago, and I was officially diagnosed with Alzheimer's in 2005.
Now my father is very sick. He needs help eating and dressing, and he doesn't know where he is or what time it is.
My father was my hero and my mentor in life, and for the past 10 years, I've watched him fade away.
My father isn't the only one. There are 35 million people with dementia in the world, and that number is expected to double to 70 million by 2030.
that's a huge number
We fear dementia, the symptoms of confused facial expressions and trembling hands - we fear the growing number of cases.
Because of that fear, we tend to react to dementia in one of two ways: one is denial: "It's none of my business, it can't happen to me."
Another response is prevention: "I'm not going to get Alzheimer's because I'm taking all the precautions."
I'm taking the third route, and I'm going to say, "Get ready for Alzheimer's now."
Prevention itself is a good thing, and I myself do a lot of things for prevention.
Eating right, exercising, and being positive — what research suggests as preventive measures.
But research also shows that there is no 100% prevention method.
There is no way to escape if you are targeted by Alzheimer's disease
That's exactly what happened to my father
My father was a bilingual university professor whose hobby was writing a column for the Chess Bridge newspaper.
(Laughter) And yet my father got dementia.
If you are targeted by this monster, you cannot escape.
I can't escape it, especially because the disease tends to be hereditary.
So I started preparing for Alzheimer's disease.
Through researching what it means to live with my father's caregiver and dementia, I decided to do three things: change my hobbies, build my fitness -- and, hard, be a better person.
Let's talk about hobbies first.
You lose track of your old friends, so it becomes difficult to talk to them for long periods of time.
Watching television is confusing and often even frightening.
Reading is completely impossible
Training for dementia caregivers -- learning to give patients familiar, sustainable manual tasks.
In my father's case, paperwork was such a manual process.
My father was a professor at a state university, so he knows what paperwork is like.
So if you see the underline, sign everything, check all the boxes -- number where you think you need to.
When I saw my father like that, I thought, What would the person who takes care of me do?
I, my daughter, have read and written and thought a lot about global health.
So can you give me an academic journal so I can write in the margins?
Or will you give me graphs and charts so I can color them?
I don't think that's possible, so I'm trying to do manual work.
I've always liked drawing, so I'm not very good at it, but I try to draw a lot.
I also do origami. I can make a beautiful box.
(Laughter) I'm also self-taught in knitting.
But the important thing is not whether you're good at it, but whether your hands remember how to do it.
If your hands have a lot to remember, even if your brain is slowing down, you can still have fun and be absorbed.
People who have something to do are happier - they're said to be easier to care for and have slower disease progression.
this seems very important
i want to be happy for as long as possible
What many people don't know is that Alzheimer's disease has not only cognitive symptoms, but also physical symptoms: loss of balance, muscle tremors, and less movement.
fear of walking or moving
That's why I do exercises that train my sense of balance.
I do yoga and tai chi so that I can move even if my sense of balance is a little weak.
I also do exercises that use my body weight as a load so that I can still move even if my muscles are a little weak.
And finally, the third point, I'm trying to be a better person.
My father is kind and loved by all, and he's been the same since before he got sick.
I've seen my father lose his intelligence, his humor, his language skills, but I've also seen him continue to love me, my sons, my brothers and mothers, the caregivers.
It is that love that keeps us around our father, even in the present very difficult circumstances.
It's what keeps us connected
Even if everything he learned in this world was taken away from him, the brilliance of his heart would never fade.
I wasn't as kind and loving as my father.
But now I feel strongly that I want to be like my father.
I strongly wish to have a beautiful heart that does not lose its brilliance, even if dementia deprives it of decorations.
I don't want to get Alzheimer's
I hope within 20 years we'll have a cure in time for me.
But if this monster targets me, I'm ready.
thank you
(applause)
What do these three things have in common in the ocean? Crude oil Plastic Radioactivity
At the top is the Gulf of Mexico oil spill. Millions of barrels of oil spilled into the Gulf of Mexico.
In the middle are the hundreds of millions of tons of plastic waste in the ocean, and in the bottom is radioactive material leaking from the Fukushima nuclear plant into the Pacific Ocean.
What these three problems have in common is that they are man-made problems that are controlled by the forces of nature.
We should be both horrified and hopeful about this, because if humans have the power to create these problems, we should also have the power to fix them.
But what about the forces of nature?
And that's what I want to talk to you about today. How can we harness the power of nature to fix this man-made problem?
At the time of the Gulf of Mexico accident, I was in charge of oil spill cleanup technology development at MIT.
And I went to the Gulf of Mexico to meet fishermen and hear stories of the harsh conditions in which they work.
More than 700 such boats, converted from fishing boats, are working. They're white adsorbents that collect orange oil.
What I was working on at MIT was a very interesting technology, but it's a very long-term project, and it's going to be very expensive and patentable.
I thought it could be done faster and cheaper, and I thought it would be open source, because I thought oil spills weren't just about the Gulf of Mexico, and we should be using renewable energy.
So I quit my dream job and moved to New Orleans to study how oil spills happen.
Current methods use small fishing boats to clean up the polluted sea in lines.
Using the same size of crude oil sorbent looks good. If you're careful with nature, you'll find that you can get more sorption going upwind.
If you multiplex the device and have multiple layers of adsorbate, you'll be able to remove even more.
But it's very difficult to pull a large sorbent against the wind, against the tide, against the waves.
because it takes a lot of force
The simple idea is to use ancient sailing techniques to tack and capture crude oil that is being swept away by the wind.
No need for new technology
I tried using an ordinary yacht to pull something long and heavy, but as I was tacking it lost traction and lost direction.
So I thought maybe if I put the rudder in the front instead of the back, I might have better control.
So I decided to build a little yacht with this rudder up front, and make it long and heavy and have it pull a 4-meter strip, and to my surprise, I was able to control a 4-meter stick very well with a 14-inch rudder.
Delighted, I continued to experiment with this robot, and as you can see, it has a rudder in front.
usually behind
When I was doing it, I was amazed at how maneuverable it was. It was able to dodge obstacles at the last minute.
When I started putting things out online, people in South Korea got interested in it, and they built yachts with both front and rear rudders, and they started interacting with each other, and the improvement was very small, but the balance got worse. Then I thought, why don't we add more control points?
The whole ship is a control point
What if you could change the shape of your ship?
(Applause) Thank you. (Applause) And so the Protey was born.
It's also efficient if you steer like you're surfing and head upwind.
Greater maneuverability at low speeds in low winds We're going to jibe here Notice the position of the sails
The shape of the hull changes, so the front and main sails are positioned differently in the wind.
The wind can be caught on both sides
That's exactly what you want when you're pulling something long and heavy.
No loss of traction or direction
I wanted to see if I could take this to a practical level, so I built a big hull with a big sail.
Then, to see if we could automate the system, we put a skeleton on the same thing and tried to see if it worked.
We used the same air injection method and took it out for testing.
this was done in the netherlands
I floated it in water without a cover or ballast to see if it worked.
Then I put a camera on it for control, but I realized that I needed more weight on the bottom, so I took it back to the workshop, put the cover on it, put the batteries and the remote control on it, put it in the water, and saw what happened. I wanted to go, and it worked, but there was still a lot to do.
I knew this little prototype would work, but there was still a lot of work to be done.
What we're doing is accelerating the advancement of sailing technology.
You change the rear rudder to the front rudder, you go from two rudders to multiple rudders, you go to a transforming hull, and as you go on, the design becomes simpler and sweeter.
Fish move their bodies like this, but our boat uses the wind to propel itself, and the hull controls its trajectory.
I'm here on the TED stage for the first time showing ProTay 8. It's not the newest, but it's a good demo.
What you're seeing on screen is the potential for better control over the trajectory of a sailing ship, so you're never stuck in the wind because you can't catch it.
It's a new property for sailing ships.
Looking at the hull from this angle, it looks like a cross-section of an airplane wing.
As it moves in this direction, an upward force acts to take off.
If you take the same system upright and fold it, and you're going in this direction, you'd think it would turn that way, but if you're going fast enough, there's a force called lateral lift that allows you to go upwind or downwind.
Another characteristic is that a normal yacht has a drooping keel in the middle and a rudder at the back, which creates drag and turbulence in the water. We expect to be able to reduce
Another thing is that when a ship reaches a certain speed, it hits the waves and hits the surface of the water, losing the ability to move forward.
But if you go with the flow, instead of trying to force yourself to go, if you look at the natural patterns and follow the flow, you can absorb the environmental noise and the force of the waves to keep you moving forward.
Now that we've developed an efficient technology to pull something long and heavy, what's the point of technology if it's not in the hands of the people who need it?
Ordinary technology is developed like this: someone comes up with an interesting idea, other scientists and engineers take it to the next level, create a theory, or patent it, and someone manufactures and sells it, a monopoly. We sign the contract, and finally the buyer buys it, and we just hope it's put to good use.
But what we really want is for innovation to happen continuously. Inventors, engineers, manufacturers, all working at the same time.
What we really need is neither sequential nor parallel.
network of innovation
It's about having everyone working at the same time, as we do now, and that can only happen if everyone decides to share information, and that's what open hardware is all about.
replace competition with cooperation
Turn new products into new markets
What is open hardware?
basically a license
Intellectual property rights
Anyone can use it, improve it, and distribute it for free, but in return they're expected to give credit to the project name and share their improvements with the community.
very simple condition
I started this project all by myself in my garage in New Orleans, but I wanted to get it out there and share it, and I started raising money on the platform Kickstarter, and in about a month, I raised $30,000.
With that money, he recruited young engineers from all over the world and rented a factory in Rotterdam, Holland.
Together we learned, we designed, we built, we prototyped, and the most important thing is to try prototypes on the water as often as possible, fail fast, and learn from them.
Here's a South Korean Protey member.On the right is a multi-mast design proposed by the Mexican team.
This idea inspired Gabriella Levine from New York, who decided to build a prototype and shared the process on the invention-sharing site Instructables.
In less than a week, a team from the Technical University of Eindhoven built it.
published a simpler design
They also published it on Instructables, got 10,000 views in less than a week, and made a lot of new friends.
We're also working with young people on simple technologies that aren't complicated, and also with older people like this dinosaur from Mexico. became a network
What binds us together is the world's common understanding of the word "business," and a shared sense of what it really should be.
This is the way it is prevalent today.
In business, the most important thing is to make a profit, and we use technology to do that, and humans are the workers and the means to that end, and the environment is usually a low priority.
It's just a way to get a high price under the guise of being environmentally friendly.
What we try to do and believe is that this is the way the world should be, without the environment there is nothing.
(Applause) Thank you very much. (Applause) This is the way the world should be. If we have the courage to understand and admit that it does, then it makes sense to choose open hardware to develop environmental technologies, because we need to share information.
As for future plans
I'd like to make a small remote control toy like this, about a meter long, and I'd like to upgrade it to replace the remote with Android and Arduino microcontrollers so that it can be controlled from a phone or tablet.
And then I'd like to build a 6-meter one and see the maximum performance, and it's a really fast one.
Please try to imagine
You lie in a flexible torpedo and sail at high speed, using your hands to control the sails while your feet control the shape of the hull.
So that's what we're going to develop. (Applause) And then we'll do it without the human, for example if you're doing radiation measurements, you don't want to have a human on board, right?
this is what we dream of
Someday, I want to clean up an oil spill, or I want to collect plastic trash from the ocean, or I want to monitor a coral reef with a bunch of robots controlled by a game engine in a multiplayer video game, or I want to monitor a fishery.
Our hope is to use open hardware technology to better understand and protect our oceans.
Thank you. (Applause) (Applause)
(Playing) (Applause) (Applause) (Playing) (Applause) (Playing) (Applause) No, that's amazing
absolutely amazing
(Applause) Shouldn't we do this every day?
(Laughter) Usman, the official explanation is that you learned to play the guitar by watching Jimmy Page play on YouTube.
Yes, at first, that's how I studied.
I saw a lot of Khaki King, and she often said that she was influenced by Preston Reed, so I started watching his videos. LOL) (Applause) It's his song now. Was that how you learned it? How did it come true?
It was my first time doing this, but he said let's do this, so I'm used to it, and it's even more fun to do it while learning.
I feel like I've finally made it
(Laughter) How does it look from your point of view? 20 years ago you created
How can someone like him come out and learn your tricks and do it so well?
It's amazing and I'm so honored
He's such a good musician and he's so cool.
(Laughs) Isn't there something that can be done in about one minute for one song?
Impromptu or something? Anything?
I'm not ready at all
If not then let's do this
30 seconds, 40 seconds, 30 seconds, 40 seconds.
It's okay if things go wrong
(Applause) (Laughter) (Playing) (Applause)
I'm a gamer so I like setting goals
Like a special mission or a secret purpose
So for today's talk, I have a mission: to extend the lifespan of everyone in this room by seven and a half minutes.
Literally, if you listen to this talk, you'll live seven and a half minutes longer.
That's fine, we have the math to prove it's possible.
I don't know yet
I'll explain it later, so just pay attention to the last number, which is 7.68245837 minutes.
This is what I will present to you when my mission is accomplished.
Everyone has a secret mission
It's about finding a use for this extra seven and a half minutes.
I think we should use it for something different, because it's a bonus and it didn't exist in the first place.
I'm a game designer, so I'm like, "What are you going to do with that time—
I know you want me to let you go.
It's a fair guess, because I've been telling people all this time to play more games.
For example, in my first TEDTalk, I suggested that the planet should spend 21 billion hours a week playing games.
21 billion hours is a lot of time.
And that's why the number one comment I got from people around the world after that TED Talk was, "Jane Games are fine, but do you want to play more Angry Birds when you're on your deathbed?"
It's a very common notion that gaming is a waste of time and you'll regret it later... you hear it everywhere you go.
It's a true story, and just a few weeks ago, when this taxi driver saw that my friend and I were in town for a gaming conference, he turned around and said, "I hate games. You're wasting your life.
Think about what you will regret at the end of your life."
I want to take this matter seriously
I want games to be a force that makes the world a better place.
I don't want gamers to regret the time they spent playing games.
So I've been thinking a lot about this issue lately.
At the end of our lives, will we regret the time we spent playing games?
It may surprise you, but there's actually scientific research into this question.
those who reach the end of their lives
A hospice nurse who cared for her recently wrote an article about common regrets people have on the brink of death.
Today, I'm going to share with you five things that people most often regret on the brink of death.
First, I shouldn't have been doing so much work
Number 2: I wish I had kept in touch with my friends
Number 3: I wish I had made myself happier
Number 4: Show your true self I wish I had the courage
Number 5: I wish I had lived true to my dreams instead of meeting other people's expectations.
As far as I know, no patient ever said they wished they'd played more games. rice field
"I shouldn't have been doing so much work."
Because, in many cases, I think I should have spent more time with my family and my growing children.
Playing games together is good for the family
A lot of it. A recent study from the School of Home Economics at Brigham Young University found that parents who spent more time playing video games with their children had stronger bonds with their children in real life.
“I wish I had kept in touch with my friends.”
Hundreds of millions of people keep in touch with friends and family on a daily basis through social games like Farmville and Words with Friends.
A recent study from the University of Michigan found that these games can be very powerful tools for maintaining relationships.
By playing games together, you can maintain relationships with people who tend to be estranged.
“I wish I could have made myself happier.”
I can't help but think of a groundbreaking clinical trial recently conducted at the University of East Carolina that showed online games were more effective than drugs in reducing anxiety and depression in patients.
Just 30 minutes of online gaming each day dramatically improved mood and long-term well-being.
An avatar is a heroic, idealized way of representing who you really are.
This picture of a gamer and his alter ego, taken by Robbie Cooper, illustrates that very well.
A five-year study from Stanford University found that playing games with an idealized avatar changed the way we think and act in real life, making us more brave, ambitious, and goal-focused.
"I wish I lived true to my dreams instead of meeting other people's expectations"
I don't know if the game does this
I added a Super Mario question mark
I will come back to it later
You might be wondering why game designers talk about dying regrets.
Admittedly, I've never worked in a hospice, and I've never faced death myself.
But recently, I spent three months in bed wanting to die.
I really wanted to die
let's talk
Two years ago, I hit my head hard and got a concussion.
The concussion didn't go away, and after 30 days I had constant headaches, nausea, dizziness, forgetfulness, and a foggy mind.
The doctor says I need rest to heal my head
Forbidden to trigger symptoms
So no reading, no writing, no games, no work, no email, no running, no alcohol, no coffee.
In other words, it's like there's no point in living.
It's funny, but seriously, brain trauma can often lead to suicidal thoughts.
It happened to 1 in 3 people, and it happened to me too.
My brain started saying, Jane, you want to die, right?
I'm sure it won't heal
The pain will never go away
I started to really worry about my life because the voice was so strong and unstoppable, and I remember clearly, on the 34th day, I thought, I have no choice but to kill myself or make this into a game.
why a game?
After more than a decade of researching the psychology of games, I've found that there's academic research, but when we play games, we become more creative, more determined, more optimistic, and more likely to ask for help from others. it becomes easier
I wanted to use the characteristics of this gamer to solve real-world problems, so I created a recovery role-playing game called "Concussion Hunter Jane."
This became my new secret self, and one of the first things I did as a hunter was to tell my identical twin sister, Kelly, "I'm playing games to clear my head, and I want you to join me. ”
It was easier to ask for help that way.
My sister was the first to join us in this game, followed by my husband Kiash, and we all found the bad guys and took them down.
The bad guys are the things that cause my symptoms and slow my healing, things like bright lights and crowds.
And I collected the power-ups and activated them.
Even if it's your worst day, it's something that makes you feel a little better and makes you more productive.
Cuddle your dog for 10 minutes or get out of bed and run around the neighborhood.
The game is simple: become your secret self, gather allies, fight bad guys, and activate power-ups.
The game is simple, but after just a few days of playing it, the fog of depression and anxiety lifted, it disappeared, it was like a miracle.
Headaches and cognitive symptoms didn't magically go away.
It lasted for over a year and was the hardest time of my life.
But I had symptoms, I had pain, and I didn't feel sick anymore.
Then something amazing happened in this game
I wrote a blog and uploaded a video explaining how to play.
But not everyone has a concussion, and not everyone wants to be a "hunter," so we renamed the game "Super Better."
There was an immediate reaction from people all over the world, people who transformed themselves into secret selves, recruited allies, and became "superbetter" in the face of cancer, chronic pain, depression, Crohn's disease.
Even people with incurable diseases like ALS were playing this game.
In the messages and videos they've sent me, I've learned that this game has helped them as much as it has helped me.
Understood "I began to feel strength and courage"
“I got to know my friends and family better.”
“I learned to feel happy in the face of pain and the biggest challenges of my life.”
What does this mean?
Why is it that a game so simple can be so powerful in such a serious and sometimes life-or-death situation?
I don't think I would have believed it if I hadn't experienced it myself.
Again, I've found that the science backs this up: some people are stronger and happier after a serious event.
that's what happened to us
The game was promoting what scientists call "post-traumatic growth," a term you don't hear very often.
We often hear about "post-traumatic stress syndrome."
But scientists have shown that traumatic events don't haunt us forever.
On the contrary, you can use it as a springboard to bring out your strengths and lead a happy life.
Here are five things that people who have experienced post-traumatic growth often say: "My priorities have changed and I'm no longer afraid to pursue happiness."
“I am closer to my friends and family”
"I came to know myself better, I knew my true self"
“It gave me a sense of meaning and purpose in my life.”
“I am now able to focus on my goals and dreams.”
Sound familiar?
The five characteristics of post-traumatic growth are exactly the opposite of the five things we regret on the verge of death.
It's funny, is not it?
It's as if a traumatic event unlocked the ability to live life with no regrets.
But how does it work?
How can trauma lead to growth?
Wouldn't it be nicer if you could get the benefits of post-traumatic growth without the trauma? Without banging my head...
Wouldn't that be better?
Wanting to understand more about this phenomenon, I dug through the scientific literature and learned something.
There are four types of resilience that contribute to post-traumatic growth, and there are scientifically-backed things you can do every day to increase it, and it doesn't require trauma.
I could explain the four types of power, but I want you to experience them yourself.
From now on, let's all acquire this power
What I'm going to do
it's a simple game
You'll get the promised seven-and-a-half-minute bonus on this game.
You will complete the first four quests of "Super Better"
I believe you can do it
Let's get started. It's the first quest.
Choose one Stand up and take 3 steps or Clench both fists and push them high above your head for 5 seconds Start! There are people who do both.
(laughs)
Well done This is physical resilience +1
It means your body will be more resilient to stress and will be able to recover faster.
The best way to increase your physical resilience is to not sit still.
that's all
Every second of your time that you're not sitting still is actively making your heart, lungs and brain healthier.
Let's go to the next quest, snap your fingers exactly 50 times
Count down from 100 by 7
start!
(clap fingers) don't give up
(sound of snapping fingers) Don't miss the count with each other's voices (laughs)
nice it's the first time i've seen this
Bonus points for physical resilience. Well done.
Now it's mental resilience +1. It increases focus, self-control, determination and willpower.
Scientific research shows that willpower is like a muscle.
The more you train, the stronger you become.
Science shows that if you stick with it, even the smallest challenge, you can increase your willpower by doing something as trivial as snapping your fingers 50 times or going from 100 to 7 steps.
Well done, it's the third quest.
At this place, it's decided what you can do, but I'll choose from two.
If you're indoors, look out the window
If you're outside, look in the window
Or you can go to YouTube or Google and find a picture of a baby animal that you like, or you can look it up on your phone, or tell me the name of the animal -- and I'll find it and put it on the screen.
what do you want to see
Sloth Giraffe Elephant Snake Let's see
baby dolphins baby llamas see
How do you like it?
I'll give you another one, it's a baby elephant.
Some people are clapping
wonderful people now
What you're feeling is +1 emotional resilience, the ability to evoke strong, positive emotions like curiosity and love. It's the feeling you get when you see a baby animal or when you need it most. You see a baby animal. Sometimes, it's a feeling that comes right when you need it.
Let me give you some tips I found in the scientific literature.
If you experience three positive emotions for every one negative emotion in the space of an hour, a day, or a week, you'll dramatically improve your health and problem-solving skills.
This is called the three-to-one positive emotion ratio.
It's one of my favorite "superbetter" tips.
This is the final quest Shake someone's hand for 6 seconds or thank someone by email, Facebook or Twitter Start!
(chattering voice) Feeling good, feeling good, keep going
Sounds good
Ladies and gentlemen, this is +1 social resilience, empowered by your friends, your neighbors, your family, your community.
A good way to build social resilience is gratitude
touch is better
Here's another tip: Shaking someone's hand for six seconds dramatically increases blood levels of oxytocin, the trust hormone.
People who shake hands biochemically like each other and are more likely to help each other.
The effect will not disappear immediately, so please use it as an opportunity to interact during breaks.
(Laughter) You've completed four quests, so let's see if I can complete a mission that gives me seven and a half minutes of bonus life.
I'd like to introduce another piece of scientific knowledge.
People who routinely improve their physical, mental, emotional, and social resilience are known to live 10 years longer than those who do not. increase
It's true
If you stick to a 3 to 1 positive emotion ratio, don't sit for more than an hour straight, keep in touch with someone you care about every day, and challenge yourself with small goals that boost your willpower, you'll live 10 years longer than those who don't, and I'll show you first. A formula is derived for
In the United States and the United Kingdom, life expectancy is 78.1 years, but more than 1,000 peer-reviewed scientific papers show that we can increase this by 10 years by increasing four resilience capabilities.
So, per year, four resiliences add 0.128 years of lifespan, or 46 days or 67,298 minutes. In other words, four resiliences add 184 minutes per day and 7.68245837 minutes per hour. is
You did it. Seven and a half minutes is yours.
(Applause)
it must be amazing
hey wait
I still have a secret mission
What are you going to do with this seven-and-a-half minute longevity bonus?
how about this
This time is like asking a magic lamp
You can even ask for a million plus wishes first.
Good idea, right?
So if you're using these seven and a half minutes today to feel good, move your body, connect with people you love, and try to solve small puzzles, you'll be able to build your resilience and gain more time.
And I can keep doing it
Every hour, every hour, every day of my life, all the way to the end, and that time is 10 years ahead of what it was originally.
And at the end of the day, you'll no longer have those five regrets, because you'll build strength and resilience to live your life true to your dreams.
And if you have an extra decade, you'll have more time to play games.
thank you
(applause)
start with a short story
I grew up around here, and at the age of 15, my body went from being a young athlete to slowly emaciating over the course of four months until I became a victim of starvation, accompanied by an uncontrollable thirst.
I can say that I have digested my body
The biggest peak was during my first backpacking trip The biggest peak was during my first backpacking trip Old Rag Mountain in West Virginia I stuck my face in a puddle and felt like a dog drank water like
That night, I was rushed to the emergency room and diagnosed with classic type 1 diabetic ketoacidosis.
Thanks to modern medicine, including insulin, I recovered and gained more weight than I had.
After this incident, something touched my heart.
What on earth causes diabetes? ...
There was a time when people thought that diabetes was an autoimmune disease, that your body was fighting itself. When your immune system was exposed to a pathogen, it went into combat mode, killing even the cells that make insulin.
I've been thinking this way for a long time, and in fact, medicine and people have paid a lot of attention to the fact that microbes do bad things.
I need an assistant here
some of you may know her
I apologize for missing some of the talks yesterday because of this. I was at the National Academy of Sciences, where they sell toys, giant microbes.
This one! What I just threw was a man-eating fungus.
I have to practice baseball too
(Laughter) Unfortunately, but not surprisingly, most of the microbes sold at the National Academy are pathogens.
Everyone looks at what kills them, so did I.
But the truth is, we're overwhelmed by swarms of microbes, and those microbes are mostly doing us a favor instead of killing us.
it's been a while since we noticed this
We use a microscope to look at microbes, and it's kind of distracting.
Microbes enveloping us
Under a microscope, you can see that there are ten times more microbial cells than human cells.
Microbial mass is greater than our brain mass.
We are literally a microbial ecosystem.
Unfortunately, if you want to know about microbes, microscopy is not enough.
I just heard about DNA sequencing.
I've found that the best way to look at and understand microbes is to look at their DNA.
I've been doing this for 20 years, taking samples from different places, including the human body, and using DNA sequencing to read the sequence of the DNA and learn about the microbes in a particular place.
Surprisingly, when we use this technology, humans, for example, aren't just covered in microbes.
there is a huge variety of microbes
It's the microbiome that covers the human body, covered with millions of microbial genes.
This microbial diversity varies from person to person, and we've learned over the last 10 or 15 years that these microbes, this group of microbes that coat us inside and out, and the differences, perhaps, are related to differences in health and disease. I've been thinking
So back to what I was talking about, diabetes.
We believe that one of the triggers for type 1 diabetes is not fighting the pathogen, but a failure to communicate with the microbes that live inside and outside of us.
I suspect that somehow the microbial community inside and outside of me has been lost, leading to some sort of immune response that kills the cells that make insulin.
What I'd like to share with you here is what humans have learned using the technology of DNA sequencing, specifically the study of the microbial populations that live inside and outside of humans.
I will tell you about my own project
My first experience with studying microbes in the human body was triggered by my own talk at Georgetown University on this corner.
At the time, a family friend who happened to be the dean of the Georgetown University School of Medicine, who was in the talk, came up to me after the talk and said, "I'm doing ileal transplant research in medical school.
And they wanted to look at microbes after transplant.
So I started working with them, Michael Zaslov, Thomas Fischbein, and I looked at the microbes that colonized the new ileum after transplantation.
I could tell you the details of the microbial work that I did there, but the reason I want you to hear this is because early on in this project, we did something really amazing.
They take out the organ donor's ileum, which is full of microbes.
I washed it out of all the microbes and then transplanted it.
They did this because it was a common practice in the medical world, even though it was clearly not a good idea.
Fortunately, halfway through this project, transplant surgeons and others decided to forget about the common practice, and we needed to switch.
And they've actually switched to leaving some of the microbial community in the ileum, which in theory might help ileal transplant recipients.
So folks, here's the research I did.
In the last few years, methods using DNA technology have become widely used to study the microbes that live inside and outside of people.
There's something called the Human Microbiome Project in the United States, MetaHIT in Europe, and many others.
People do a lot of research, and they learn a lot, for example, that when a newborn is born through the birth canal, he inherits his mother's microbes.
Although there are risk factors associated with caesarean section, some of these risks may be due to removing the baby from the mother, not through the birth canal, so the microorganisms do not become colonized.
In addition, various studies show that the microbes that live inside and outside of us help develop our immune system, help fight off pathogens, help our metabolism, and probably by determining our metabolic rate. It determines our odors and also shapes our behavior in many ways.
And these studies either demonstrated or proposed a variety of important functions of this non-pathogenic microbial community that lives inside and outside of us.
There's one area that's very interesting, and I'm sure many of you have taken the microbes that I threw to you earlier, and it's what I call germophobia.
Most people like cleanliness, don't they?
We have antibiotics on our counters, we clean our bodies all the time.
Killing pathogens when you're sick is a good thing, but what you have to understand is that when you put chemicals and antibiotics into your body, you're also killing the microbes that live inside and outside of us.
Overuse of antibiotics, especially in children, also risks many problems, such as obesity and autoimmune diseases, that may result from disruption of the microbial community.
Whether we want it or not, mistakes are made in the microbial community, or we can kill them with antibiotics.
I'm sure you've all heard about probiotics.
Probiotics can be used to try and restore the microbes that live in our bodies.
In some cases it certainly works
There's an ongoing project at the University of California, Davis, using probiotics to treat or prevent necrotizing enterocolitis in premature infants.
There is a big problem with the microbiome of premature babies.
Probiotics may help prevent the dreaded necrotizing enterocolitis progression in premature infants.
But probiotics are a very simple solution.
Most pills, or the yogurt you eat, contain one, two, maybe five, but the human microbial population consists of thousands.
Now that we have thousands of species, how do we restore our microbial community?
Animals do this. They eat poop. Coprophagia.
And many veterinarians, especially old-school veterinarians, do what's called "poop tea." It's not booty, it's pooty. It treats colic and other ailments in animals like horses and cows. to make a tea out of the dung of individual healthy animals and feed it to sick animals.
For those of you who have never stuck your hand in the rumen of a cow that has been pierced in the flank, think that the best way to distribute microbes is through the mouth and directly through the upper part of the digestive tract. Now, some of you may have heard that instead of giving us a couple of probiotic microbes orally, we do fecal transplants. They're a group of probiotics. carries microbial communities from healthy donors
It's been found to be very effective against certain persistent infections, such as Clostridium difficile (C. diff) infections that linger in the human body for years.
Fecal Transplants from Healthy Transplants Transplantation of microbes from feces cured some people of systemic infections caused by C. diff.
Now, inspired by these fecal transplants, fecal teas, a lot of people have come to the same idea: the microbial communities we have are organs.
We should see it as a functioning organ, part of us.
It should be treated with care and respect, and I don't want to ruin it with cesareans, antibiotics, and over-cleansing for no good reason.
What should we do with DNA sequencing technology? A detailed study of, say, 100 people with inflammatory bowel disease and 100 people without it.
Or a detailed study of 100 people who used antibiotics in childhood and 100 people who didn't.
Now we can compare the microbial communities and their genes for differences.
And finally, we may be able to understand that those differences are causal, not just correlated.
Studies using model systems in mice and other animals have also been helpful, but the reason we use this technology today is because it's cheaper to study the microbes of different people.
What I'm trying to say here is the continuation of my diabetes story.
My father was a doctor who studied hormones, and I would often complain to him about symptoms like thirst and fatigue.
But he just shrugged his shoulders. Maybe he's a complainer, or like a typical doctor, he thought, "My kid won't get sick."
My family even went to an international endocrinology conference in Quebec.
Every five minutes I would go to the bathroom and everyone at the table would give me water to drink and they would think I was a drug addict.
(Laughter) The reason I'm telling you this is that in the medical community, like my dad, sometimes you can't see what's in front of you.
Microbial communities are also right in front of us.
You can't see it, so you can't notice it.
But you can tell by their DNA, by how they affect people.
What we need now is to start thinking about microbial communities in the context of the entire spectrum of human medicine.
I don't know if it affects all parts of us, but it might.
What we need is a complete field guide to the microbes that live inside and outside of humans, and to understand how they affect us.
we are part of them they are part of us
thank you
(applause)
My passions are music, technology and making things My passion is music, technology and making things
Combining these things, visualizing sound has become a hobby, sometimes with fire.
This is a Rubens tube, one of the ones I made.
It's a 2.4m metal tube with about 100 holes - a 2.4m metal tube with about 100 holes - one side is the speaker and the other side is the pipe to the tank. it's propane gas
let's light the fire
Next, let's play a sound with a frequency of 550Hz.
(Sound) Thank you. (Applause) You can clap for the laws of physics. It affects the combustibility of propane through its molecules, creating a waveform that alternates between high and low pressures -- so you see the frequency. The height represents the amplitude.
Now let's change the frequency of the sound and see how the flame changes.
(Increase the frequency) When the resonance frequency is reached, a standing wave appears and the sine curve of the flame appears.
It's indoors so let's turn it off
Thank you. (Applause) I've also brought the Flame Table
Like a Rubens tube, we can visualize the physics of sound, like the eigenmodes. Let's light a fire and see what happens.
(Laughter) While the pressure on the table is increasing, I want to point out that sound doesn't travel in a straight line, it travels in all directions. A Rubens tube cuts sound waves into a line, whereas a flame table does. You could say it slices sound waves into a plane, and it's so detailed and complex that it's perfect for watching Jeff Farina play guitar.
(music) Like a delicate dance
If you look closely -- (Applause) -- you might have seen some eigenmodes, and you'll also notice that fire and jazz go well together.
There are many things that go well with fire, but fire is just the foundation.
Fire shows us what our eyes can hear. Fire shows us what our eyes can hear. What I find interesting is that we can use technology to take advantage of the properties of our eyes to make us see sounds, like time. can be ignored
I used a rendering algorithm to visually convert the frequencies of the Nirvana song "Smells Like Teen Spirit" into one visual image. and the cerebral visual cortex are excellent at pattern recognition.
If you look at another song on the same album, you can see that Nirvana uses repetition, and if you look at another song on the same album, you can see that Nirvana uses repetition. You can see a certain clear-turbidity-clear sound pattern. You can see the clear-turbidity-clear sound pattern that is characteristic of this band.
As for how powerful it is, take a look at the next four songs -- this is "Smells Like Teen Spirit," by the way -- and it's mostly correct without even hearing it. Fans are likely to love this song - you could say it's ``I'll Stick Around'' by the Foo Fighters Lead singer Dave Grohl was the drummer for Nirvana
The two songs are certainly similar, but I'm mostly interested in the idea that one day you might buy a song for its looks.
See more sound data
This was recorded at a skate park, Mabel Davis Skate Park in Austin, Texas. In fact, every trick begins with a distinctive sound — a pop when successful, and a scraping or rolling sound when failed.
So if you were to visualize the sound here, it would look something like this.
And that's all there is to this 40-minute recording. What the algorithm tells us is that many of the tricks are failures, and the rail tricks are often accompanied by cheers.
The skater slides in this direction because it's easier to hit obstacles this way.
This was picked up by the mic in the middle of the recording, but later in the recording, the boy showed up -- using the course above, on the tall rail, and started doing a very difficult trick.
Interestingly, at this moment, all the other skaters turned the course 90 degrees to make room for him.
The park has detailed etiquette, and there are people who are influential. Such people are usually seen as having great arms or wearing red pants.
Now let's move from the physics of skateboarding to theoretical physics.
I'm a big fan of Stephen Hawking, and I thought I'd take eight hours of his Cambridge lectures and create a tribute to them.
In this series of lectures, Hawking speaks with a computer, so it's easy to identify the end of a sentence, so I created a steering algorithm.
So this takes the lecture, and uses the amplitude of each word to move the point on the x-axis, and then captures the change in tone of the sentence to move the point up and down the y-axis.
If you look at this trend line, you can see that there are more questions about the laws of physics than there are answers.
There are a lot of sentences, so there are a lot of stars.
This is Stephen Hawking's Universe
(Applause) It's an image of an eight-hour Cambridge lecture.
I created an interactive version, where I used the temporal positions of the lectures to place the stars in three-dimensional space, and I used my own software and a Kinect to help me step into the lectures.
Wave your hand toward the Kinect and operate it Wave your hand toward the Kinect and operate it Reach out your hand and touch a star to play back the original sentence that generated that star Play back the original sentence that generated that star can
"There is only one arrangement in which each part constitutes a complete image."
Thank you. (Applause) There are 1,400 stars here.
Lectures are fun to explore Is it worthy of homage?
See the final work in progress
30 Years After Closed Captioning - We Got An Opportunity To Make An Enhanced Version
People watch TED Talks online, but let's see one with the sound off and the closed captions turned on.
The TED theme doesn't have subtitles, and even without subtitles, if you watch a lot, you'll hear the theme and applause in your head.
It starts here, rises and disappears
Sometimes the applause is especially loud, and even Bill Gates is breathing anxiously before the talk begins.
watch the video again
this time i won't speak
There's no audio, but it's a visual rendering of the sound that's displayed in real time at the bottom of the screen.
What can your eyes "hear"?
i think it's amazing
You can spot patterns in one look, but after multiple looks, your brain gets used to translating patterns into information, and it gets used to translating patterns into information.
You'll learn the tone, the tone, the pace of speaking. You'll learn the tone, the tone, the pace of speaking.
And you'll be able to see things that are typical of horror movies, where someone is approaching you from behind. And this information can be useful when the audio is off or you can't hear, and deaf people are more likely to be deaf than hearing people. I think I'm good at seeing sounds
It's still a hypothesis, I don't know for sure.
it's just an idea
And last but not least -- sound spreads in all directions, so does the idea.
Thank you. (Applause)
Have any of you ever sat behind the wheel when you weren't supposed to be driving?
Sometimes you're in the car all day and you just want to get home.
I'm tired
Maybe you think you're okay because you don't drink as much as other people.
Sometimes you drive while you're thinking
Do you have any idea?
Wouldn't it be great if all you had to do was push a button on your dashboard and get home safely?
Ever since GM unveiled the Futurama at the 1939 World's Fair, it's been said that we'll have an autonomous car that doesn't need a driver.
It's been thought that it's a dream story of a common distant future
But two weeks ago, that dream came one step closer to reality when the state of Nevada issued the first license plate for Google's driverless car, which can be tested on public roads in Nevada.
California is considering a similar law, but it won't work outside of Las Vegas -- hopefully it won't be self-driving cars.
(Laughter) My lab at Stanford University is also working on self-driving cars, but it's a little bit different -- we're developing robotic racing cars, cars that can push themselves to the limits of physics. It is a car that can demonstrate performance up to
Why are you doing this kind of research?
there are two reasons
We thought that before humans let autonomous vehicles take control, autonomous vehicles needed to catch up with humans, who have the best driving skills.
70% of the population, myself included, consider themselves above average drivers - a very high standard.
there's another reason
Racing drivers -- they exploit the frictional forces between their tires and the road surface to maximize the speed of their cars -- and we want to harness all of those human capabilities to prevent accidents.
It's not just when a car hits its limits when it's going too fast, it's when conditions change, like icy roads, for example.
Even in such a situation, depending on the performance of the car, accidents can be avoided.Depending on the performance of the car, accidents can be avoided.
There is actually a third reason.
i love racing
I used to own a racing car, I was a chief engineer, I was a driving coach.
One of the cars that we have developed in our lab -- and we've developed quite a few -- is the world's first autonomous drift car.
It's a category with no rivals.
(Laughter) This P1 is an electric car that the students built. It's a rear-wheel drive car with steer-by-wire on the front wheels, and it drifts around corners.
It drifts like a rally car.It does not fail even on sharp curves.It does not spin even on slippery roads or when road conditions change.
With Volkswagen Oracle, we co-developed the Shelley, an autonomous vehicle that can reach speeds of 240 kilometers per hour on the Bonneville Salt Flats, withstand the sun, wind and rain at Thunderhill Raceway Park, and 153 on Colorado's Pike Peak Hill Climb. We drove 12.4 miles of corners with no one driving 153 corners of 12.4 miles with no one driving
(Laughter) (Applause) I don't think you know, but it's really fun research.
And I've learned this during the development of autonomous vehicles like this, and I've learned during the development of these autonomous vehicles.
It's amazing the driving skills of a racing driver.
We compared the performance of autonomous vehicles to the ability of humans to drive.
And I marveled at the power of humans.
You can take the track map, you can take the math model of the car, and you can iterate and you'll find the fastest line.
If you compare this data to the driving data of professional drivers, if you compare this data to the driving data of professional drivers, it's strikingly similar.
Of course, there are slight differences, but human racers are running incredibly fast lines, and if you're maxing out your speed in this corner, your time on this straight will drop a little bit, so you don't need to compare, you don't even need to compare.
Not only that, but they can do the same thing over and over again.
Every time you hit the track – you can always push the car to its limits
I am really impressed to see
Even in a new car, after just a few laps, it finds the fastest line and goes to the race.
It's totally strange. What's going on in their brains?
We're researchers, so we decided to look into that.
And not just in the car, but also in the driver, so that we can get a peek inside the driver's head while driving.
This is Dr. Reine Harbot putting electrodes on John Morton's head This is Dr. Reine Harbot putting electrodes on John Morton's head
He's a former CanAm and IMSA racer who won his class at Le Mans.
You're a great driver, students, you've withstood this experiment You're a great driver, you students, you've withstood this experiment
We put electrodes on his head to monitor the electrical activity of his brain while he's running.
Of course, just because he's got a few electrodes, doesn't mean he can tell you everything he's thinking while he's driving.
But neuroscientists have found that there are certain patterns in brainwaves.
For example, a resting brain emits a lot of alpha waves.
Theta waves, on the other hand, represent active cognitive activity, such as visual processing and thought.
By measuring this, we can compare the strength of theta and alpha waves.
It can measure mental workload, which tells us how much of the driver's cognitive capacity is being used at any point on the course.
I went to Laguna Seca to actually go out and record this.
Legendary circuit halfway between Salinas and Monterey
There's a corner here called Corkscrew.
A corkscrew is followed by a chicane - a high-speed right-hand corner is a three-storey descent.
I had someone explain to me how to drive here, and they said they were aiming for the bushes in the distance, but when they went downhill, it was the tops of the trees.
Luckily, Stanford University has a Revs program, so I took John there to drive a 1960 Porsche Carrera Abarth.
Ordinary cars aren't fun, are they?
This is John running the track, going uphill. Oh, that's amazing. As you can see, the mental workload is represented by the red bar, because it changes as you run.
shift down
turn left
Descend while looking at the trees
I know it's hard driving
As you can see, his mental workload -- when it comes to complex movements, it jumps.
But what's really interesting is where his mental workload doesn't change at all.
What I'm going to show you is the other side of the course.
John rushes into the third corner, the rear of the car is swung outward.
he has to correct course
Please see the situation
Look at the mental work load and the movement of the handle
The car slides and you correct it with a sudden steering move, but the mental work load doesn't change at all.
It's not a difficult drive.
I'm doing it reflexively
We're just starting to analyze the data on this, but it seems that racing drivers do these feats intuitively, intuitively.
Because it's a habitual movement
Almost no mental workload Almost no mental workload
great move
Really great steering for the situation.
This gave us ideas and inspiration for our autonomous vehicle research.
We thought, could we move away from the algorithm a little bit and introduce some intuitive motion?
Couldn't we study the reflexive movements of top-class racing drivers and incorporate them into the systems of our self-driving cars and public cars?
We still have a long way to go to bring self-driving cars closer to the best human drivers.
but we started to think deeply
Is it enough just to have a car that takes the place of the driver? Is it enough just to have a car that takes the place of the driver?
A car that can act as a partner, a coach, and assess the situation will expand our possibilities.
Instead of just replacing humans with technology, wouldn't technology maximize our reflexes and intuition?
Technology is evolving, but stop for a moment and think about it.
What is the ideal balance between humans and machines?
When you think about it, think about the amazing capabilities of the human body and mind.
thank you
(applause)
It was in the early hours of May 2, 2000. Something big happened to change society. Something happened to change society.
Ironically, no one noticed the change.
The change was silent and imperceptible, and unless you knew the facts precisely, you couldn't notice it.
That morning, President Bill Clinton ordered a special switch to be turned on, a switch on the orbiting satellite that governs the GPS.
In no time, the errors of all civilian GPS receivers on the planet shrunk from the size of a football field to the size of a small room.
The impact that this shift in precision had on us was tremendous.
Before this switch was turned on, there weren't any car navigation systems that would give you directions, because GPS back then couldn't even tell you where you were, let alone where you were.
Geolocation is all about accuracy, and it's gotten more and more accurate over the last decade.
With more base stations and ground stations, more sensitivity and better algorithms, GPS can tell you not just the road you're on, but even somewhere along the way.
Improving the level of positional accuracy has caused an explosion of innovation
I'm sure there are many people who came here today with the help of mobile car navigation systems and smartphones.
Paper maps have become obsolete
But we are on the cusp of yet another revolution in location accuracy.
What if I told you that you'll be able to get a location that's much more accurate than the two-meter accuracy that your current handheld navigation system or smartphone gives you?
In fact, it's a well-known fact that if you look at the phase of the GPS signal's carrier, and you have an internet connection, you can go from meter accuracy to centimeters, millimeters.
So why isn't this feature in mobile phones?
I think it's just a lack of imagination
None of the manufacturers have implemented this phase technology into their cheap GPS chips, because I can't imagine how people could take advantage of the positional accuracy of being able to identify the wrinkles on their palms.
But you and I and other inventors see the potential in the next leap in accuracy.
Imagine, for example, an AR (augmented reality) app, where the virtual world overlaps the real world with millimeter accuracy.
It's possible that only you or a friend can see a 3D structure placed with millimeter precision.
This level of position accuracy has been something we've been wanting for a long time, and I'm sure that in the next two to three years, we'll have these very precise carrier-phase positioning techniques cheaply and easily available, and that's a great result. brings
What you want is a GPS dot miniature GPS transmitter.
Remember the movie "The Da Vinci Code"?
Professor Langdon picked up a GPS dot and a colleague told him it was a tracking device that could locate anywhere on Earth with an accuracy of 60 centimeters.
For example, GPS doesn't work indoors, and you can't make GPS that small, especially if you have to hop over a network to send the measurements.
These objections are certainly true, but things have changed in the last few years.
The trend is to keep getting smaller and more sensitive, and as a result, a few years ago, GPS receivers like this were like the bulky boxes next to your keys.
Compare that to what was announced a few months ago, and it's now the size of a key ring. State-of-the-art GPS receivers are only one centimeter on a side, but they're much more sensitive than GPS dots. It seems that it will soon appear in the world of non-fiction.
Imagine a world full of GPS dots
No more lost wallets, no more lost keys, no more kids lost in Disneyland
Buy GPS dots in bulk and stick them on items worth more than 2,000 to 3,000 yen.
If I couldn't find my shoes, I would usually ask my wife where they were.
But I don't have to bother my wife with trifles anymore
Just ask your house Where are your shoes?
(Laughter) If you've ever switched to Gmail, just remember that what used to be organizing and organizing your email is now a simple search.
GPS dots can do the same thing with your belongings.
Of course, GPS dots also have their downsides.
A few months ago, I got a phone call at work.
The woman on the other end of the phone, her name is Carol, was panicking.
Apparently, his ex-boyfriend in California found her in Texas and said he's been following her.
You might wonder why she's talking to me
I think so
In fact, Carol's case involved technical expertise.
My ex-boyfriend always showed up at the most unlikely time and place. They asked me to turn off the device.
I suggested, "Why don't you show the car to a good mechanic?"
It was said that "I already did it"
It is said that he was told, "I can't find anything strange, and I won't know until I disassemble the car."
I suggested that you should go to the police.
"I did that too" was the answer
"There's no hard evidence of a crime, and the police don't have the technology to find the device," he said.
"I see, what about the FBI?"
"I did that too, but the answer was the same."
I had her come to the lab, and I carefully examined the radio waves coming out of the car. It was
i couldn't find anything
I'm sure there are many other people besides Carol who find themselves in this terrifying and worrying situation because of GPS tracking devices.
In fact, while researching her case, I learned a shocking fact: It's not necessarily a crime to put a tracker in someone's car.
The Supreme Court ruled last month that police need permission to use tracking devices for an extended period of time, but it's not clear when ordinary people do so. (Laughter) Carol also had a powerful alternative: the wave bubble.
It's an open-source GPS jammer developed by MIT graduate student Limore Freed, who Limore calls it "a device that reclaims your space."
When you turn it on, it creates a bubble all around, and the GPS signal can no longer exist.
it's drowned out by the bubble
Limore designed this because, like Carroll, he felt threatened by GPS tracking.
And she posted her designs on the web and made them available for people who didn't have time to build their own.
Chinese manufacturers are now selling almost the same thing in bulk on the Internet.
"Wave Bubble" might have sounded great.
It would be nice to have one at home
But please know that the use of this device is completely illegal in the United States.
Why you ask?
because this is not just a "bubble"
Jammers can't be confined to your personal space or your car.
It disables even harmless GPS, for miles around. (Laughter) If you're scared of Carol, Limore, GPS trackers, you might want to use "Wave Bubble." is going to be a big deal
Imagine, for example, that you're the captain of a cruise ship, and you're trying to get through a thick fog, and a passenger behind you turns on a "wave bubble."
All of a sudden, the GPS goes dead, and you're in a fog, and all you can do is use data from your radar system, if you know how to use it.
They didn't actually update or maintain the position of the lighthouse, and their GPS backup, LORAN, was retired last year.
Our modern society has a special relationship with GPS.
You could say I'm blindly dependent
deep into our systems and infrastructure
It's sometimes called an "invisible public service."
Turning on the "Wave Bubble" might be more than just an annoyance.
it can be life threatening
In fact, there is something more powerful and destructive than the wave bubble, which sacrifices public GPS reliability to protect individual privacy: the GPS spoofer.
The GPS spoofer concept is simple
Instead of jamming the GPS signal, it pretends to be the signal.
It mimics GPS signals, and hopefully the attacked device won't even realize it's fake.
Let's see how it works
Any GPS receiver has peaks inside it that correspond to real signals.
The three red dots are the tracking points, and we're constantly adjusting them to keep the peak centered.
But if you send a fake GPS signal, and if you can pinpoint those two peaks, your tracking point will become indistinguishable and will be hijacked by a stronger fake signal, so the real peak is no longer useful.
Game over at this point
A fake signal now has complete control over this GPS receiver.
Is this really possible?
Can anyone really control the timing and positioning of a GPS receiver like this with a spoofer?
I'm here
Civilian GPS signals are completely open.
No encryption, no authentication
Because it's wide open, it's vulnerable to attacks like spoofers.
But until very recently, no one worried about GPS spoofers.
It was considered too complex or too expensive for hackers to build.
But neither I nor my friends from school thought so.
It didn't seem too difficult, and I wanted to be the first one to build it, and if I could do this, I'd be able to tackle the problem and prevent GPS spoofers.
I vividly remember that week we all spent together.
They gathered at my house to build it, which means my three-year-old son, Ramon, helped me.
This is Ramon. (Laughter) I've been trying to get my dad's attention for the past week.
At first, spoofers were just a bunch of cables and computers, but they ended up condensed into a little box.
I felt like Dr. Frankenstein. The spoofer finally came to life and gave us a glimpse of its terrifying potential, and that was when I tried it against my iPhone later that night.
I'm going to show you the real test recordings that were taken during the very first experiment.
I had full faith in this little blue dot and the light that shone around it.
i felt like i was being talked to
"I'm here. I'm here." (laughs) "Believe me."
and something very unpleasant happened
You could call it betrayal. The little blue dot that was in my house started running northward, leaving me behind and I wasn't moving.
What the moving blue dots showed us was the potential for havoc.
Even if the plane or ship veers off course and the captain or captain notices something is wrong, it's too late.
The GPS that sets the time on the New York Stock Exchange could fall prey to hackers.
Knowing GPS spoofers, you can't even imagine the scale of the catastrophe it could cause.
But GPS spoofers have a positive side as well.
It's a trump card against GPS transmitters.
Let's say you're being tracked
You can fool your tracker by pretending you're at work when you're really on vacation.
If you were in Carol's place, you could lure your ex to the parking lot where the cops are waiting.
I can't take my eyes off this impending conflict, and it's fascinating to fight the need for privacy and uninterrupted airwaves.
Of course, we can't tolerate GPS jammers and spoofers, but we still don't have a viable, legal way to protect our privacy from GPS transmitters. ?
I'm hopeful that technology yet to be invented will resolve this conflict.
But until then, I can't take my eyes off it.
In a few years, I'm sure you'll be happy to have a GPS dot in your hands.
You may have a bagful of GPS dots
Never lose your stuff again
GPS dots will change your life forever.
But can you resist the temptation to track down your friends?
Can you resist the temptation to switch on GPS spoofers and wave bubbles to protect your privacy?
And as usual, when you look beyond the horizon, it's filled with hope and danger.
I can't wait to see how these things turn out
thank you (applause)
i love collecting
Ever since I was a kid, I've had a huge collection of things, from hot sauces from all over the world to jars of insects that I've caught.
I love collecting, and it's no secret that I love natural history museums and stuffed animals.
Taxidermy dioramas are to me like living sculptures that you can see with your eyes, recreating specific moments in animal history.
I thought, what about my own history? How can I pass on my history? (Laughter) So I turned my attention to video.
I edited a video of my six friends using video mapping and video projection to create a video sculpture, and then I put them in a jar. In accordance with the law, I named this work "Animalia Cordata", which means "human being".
They're evocative of memories, and they actually move around. It's funny, but it's a little impersonal (Laughter). and various reactions
Reacts like being too close to someone on the street Reacts like being too close to someone on the street
Some people get scared, (Laughter) some people call for help, some people hide.
It's a really interesting idea to take a video out of the screen and put it in real life and give it some kind of interaction.
Since this work, I've documented 40 other friends and put them in a jar, and with them I've created what I call a "garden," literally a human garden.
But the idea of ​​interaction with art that I used in my first piece stuck with me.
I wanted to create a new work that people could look at and play with, and what really came out of it was a 1950s wife in a mixer. (Laughter) This work is called Blend. pull in
You can't experience everything by yourself
You can leave it alone, you can stare at it, or you can interact with it.
So if you decide to interact and press the button on the mixer, you can have the character inside spin this housewife around.
That's how you become part of my work.
Like people trapped in my work (mixer sounds - laughter) become part of my work. (Laughter) (Applause) But that's a little unfair, isn't it?
I put my friend in the jar, and I put this endangered character in the blender.
I didn't do anything to myself
So I decided to make a self-portrait work.
This is a kind of self-stuffling time capsule work.
It's a sort of self-stuffling time capsule, a piece called "The Moments That Gone," and it's a projection of myself onto a timecard recorder.
You can manipulate my age by pressing a time card.
So it starts with me as a baby, and when I hit the time card, I become a toddler, and then I grow into a teenager.
From being a teenager to being who I am today
Then I become middle-aged me, and then I become old-age me.
If you press the time card 100 times a day, your work will turn black and won't reset until the next day.
Everyone who became a part of this work
Every time I punch you, you're erasing time from my life.
The reason I love interactive video sculpture is that you can actually interact with it, people can touch it, they can even be part of it. I hope one day I can put all of you in my jar. Thank you. (Applause)
I don't really like comics. There aren't many that I find funny, and there are many that I find strange, but I like this New Yorker comic.
"Don't think outside the box" (idiom: don't go beyond the box) This is what the owner is telling the cat to do only in certain places. I'm saying
Actually I looked like this cat
I liked thinking outside the box
Maybe it's because I took an unconventional route to this kind of research, because my background was in chemistry and bacterial genetics.
I wasn't convinced by what was thought to be the cause or factor of cancer at the time, what was thought to be the cause or factor of cancer at the time, or how our bodies were made.
Let's talk about the background to these questions and how we approached them Let's talk about the background to these questions and how we approached them
Before we get into it, let me tell you very briefly about developmental biology. I'm going to tell you about developmental biology.
When mom and dad come together, they create a fertilized egg that looks like this, this round thing with a little bit of something sticking out.
This will grow and grow to become such a handsome human being
(Applause) Every cell in this person's body has the same genetic code.
So why do noses become noses and elbows become elbows? Why doesn't it happen that you wake up in the morning and find that your nose is a leg? Why doesn't it happen that you wake up in the morning and find that your nose is a leg?
It wouldn't be strange if that happened, because we have the same genetic information.
That Dolly the Sheep came from a single mammary gland cell. That Dolly the Sheep came from a single mammary gland cell.
Why be a proper sheep?
How many cells do you think there are in his whole body?
It is said to be between 10 trillion and 70 trillion.
Trillion is a great number
How could all of these cells have the same genes and become different tissues?
The question above becomes all the more interesting when you consider the size of each of us.
In the conventional theory of cancer, the established theory is that if there is even one cancer cell that contains one oncogene, it will become cancer.
But this did not convince me
what is the number of trillion
Let's review
That's why there are so many zeros in the digits
If 0.0001 of this number of cells mutates and 0.00001 of them become cancerous, humans will end up with a mass of cancer.
If you think we're all going to be full of cancer, it's actually not.
I wonder why?
Over the years of experimentation, we've learned, over the years of experimentation, what we've learned is that the reason this doesn't happen is because of environmental and structural influences.
So let me briefly introduce some of the experiments that were key to supporting this idea.
Originally, I was working on this virus, a virus that causes ugly tumors in chickens.
It was discovered by pathologist Routh in 1911.
It is said to be the progenitor of cancer-causing viruses, and the term oncogene refers to genes that cause cancer.
When Rous injected the filtrate, the tumor-filtered liquid, into normal chickens, new tumors developed.
Scientists at the time were so excited by this result that one oncogene can cause cancer.
Only one oncogene causes cancer.
And then they sprinkled this virus on cultured chicken cells, and when the cells multiplied and clumped together, they decided that this was malignant and this was benign, and they did that kind of experiment.
I didn't agree with this either.
Our team attached a blue marker to this oncogene for various reasons Our team attached a blue marker to this oncogene for various reasons and injected it into chicken embryos.
Look at each beautiful feather in this embryo
The cells that are blue have oncogenes in them, so these cancer cells are part of the wing.
When I separated the feathers and put them in a petri dish, they became a mass of blue cells.
What becomes cancerous in the mature chicken does not become cancerous in the embryo, but if you separate it and put it in a petri dish, it becomes cancerous again.
I wonder why?
What we're seeing from this is that the microenvironment, the context around the cell, tells the oncogene and the cancer cell what to do.
Let's take an example of a normal cell.
human mammary gland cells
I am researching breast cancer
this is a beautiful human breast
It's familiar from the outside, but not many people know the beautiful structure like the tree inside. Not many people know the beautiful structure like the tree inside.
In our research, we decided to look at just a small part of this mammary gland. This is the acinus. When you suck, milk comes out. Milk is made, and when the baby sucks the nipple at the end of the tube, milk comes out.
wonderful! We saw this nice structure and thought
I would like to artificially create this structure, but how do cells do it? I would like to artificially create this structure, but how do cells do it?
As a test, I took out a red cell, and the red cell is surrounded by blue cells, and the blue cell acts as a squeeze on the red cell. I took a picture of a cell that had just been taken out, and this is an electron microscope image that was taken many, many years ago.
They're polarized, and they're from early-pregnant mice, so they're producing a lot of milk.
You take these cells, you put them in a petri dish, and after three days, they look like this.
Somehow I completely forget
If you take it out and put it in a petri dish, it won't make milk.
There's this beautiful yellow drop of milk on the left, but nothing on the right.
Let's look at cell nuclei.
I don't think it's exactly the same
What the heck is going on?
Again, the environment is key here.
Cells behave differently in different environments.
But how does the environment send signals?
Einstein said, "A seemingly insane idea is hopeless."
Of course, my idea was also looked at with skepticism. There were many things I couldn't do because I couldn't get research funding, but I'm glad I managed to do it.
So I decided to make a part of a mouse mammary gland. It's full of beautiful acini. The red circles are all acini. We think of it as just a structural scaffold, but I thought it might have some information that tells the cell what to do, what to do to the cell nucleus.
I hypothesized that this extracellular matrix, called the ECM, was sending signals to the cells about what to do.
So I decided to make something similar to this.
I found a sticky substance containing just the right ECM. could be cultivated
The one on the left is inside the animal, or "in vivo," and the cultured cells are also full of milk, and that nice red part is overflowing with milk.
A copycat of American milk advertising is "Got Milk."
Here we have a beautiful human cell, and as you can imagine, the environment is important here as well.
What did you do there?
made a groundbreaking assumption
He reasoned that if structure was what dictated what it did, cancer cells with structural correction would behave like normal cells.
can you do that
I tried
To do that, we needed a way to distinguish between normal and malignant cells. On the left is a normal cell, a human breast cell, which when cultured in three dimensions in a sticky gel containing ECM, looks like this beautiful structure. increase
The one on the right is very ugly. Cells keep multiplying. Normal cells stop naturally. Cells keep multiplying.
This is a magnified image of a normal acinus and an ugly tumor.
What on earth is on the surface of this ugly tumor?
Is there a way to calm this down? It's sending the signal like crazy, messing up the path. Can we bring this back to normal levels?
A wonderful thing happened, which surprised me too.
this is the result
The malignant trait has returned to normal.
(Applause) I didn't pick one in particular to show you this malignant trait. Here's a bit of a blurry video. When we add
When you inject this into a mouse, none of the ones on the right form tumors.
If you inject the other into a mouse, you get a 100 percent tumor.
This is a new way of looking at cancer, a hopeful one.
We should be able to tackle cancer at this level, and the results of these experiments suggest that cell proliferation and malignant behavior are determined at the level of tissue formation, and that tissue formation is influenced by the ECM and the microenvironment. Tissue formation is thought to be influenced by ECM and microenvironment
So form and function are dynamically interrelated.
Now take five seconds and repeat again, form and function. Now take five seconds and repeat again, form and function.
As for how to proceed with research in the future,
I would like to bring this kind of thinking to clinical practice.
But before I do that, even while I'm sitting here, think about the ECM of the 70 trillion cells that are in your body all the time, sending signals to the nuclei, and the nuclei are also sending signals to the ECM, and thus in your body. there is a balance of
Our team has made a number of discoveries, demonstrating that the ECM interacts with chromatin.
We also demonstrated that a DNA sequence on a specific gene in the mammary gland responds to ECM
It took years of research, but it was worthwhile.
Before I move on to the next slide, I want to tell you that there's still a lot of undiscovered things.
There are still many things we do not know
I always tell students and graduates not to be arrogant, because arrogance kills curiosity.
Loss of curiosity and passion
It's always important to think about what we still need to discover.
My findings may need additions and corrections My findings may need additions and corrections
I recently made this amazing discovery. A research student who is also a physicist asked me this question: What happens to a cell when you put it in here?
First of all, you asked me what kind of change would happen?
I said I don't know because I've never seen it
because there was never a good way to see it
She was an expert in imaging in addition to physics, so she did this amazing thing.
This is a 3D view of a single human breast cell.
I do this all the time
has consistent movement
If you look at a cancer cell, it's going to mess up this movement.
If you fix the cancer cells, they'll go back to this behavior.
it's totally strange
We also found that cells behaved like embryos, which is an amazing discovery.
I would like to finish by reading a poem
When I was younger, I loved English literature, so much so that I had a hard time deciding which one to major in at university.
Fortunately or unfortunately, chemistry won.
Here are just the last two lines from Yeats' poem
The title is "Among Schoolchildren"
"Oh, body swaying to music, oh bright eyes, how can you separate the dancer from the dance?"
This is Merce Cunningham. When I was young, I had the chance to dance with him. This is him dancing. When he's dancing, he's both dancer and dancer.
When you stop dancing, both cease to exist.
It's like "form and function"
this is my current group
I was blessed with such wonderful students and research students.In the course of many years of research, many members left the nest.
They're the ones who will be responsible for the future. I've been telling them not to think outside the box like that cat. I've been telling you not to
I'll show you this at the end
On the left is a NASA satellite image of water flowing onto a beach. On the left is a NASA satellite image of water flowing onto a beach.
Coral on the right
If you take the mammary gland out and spread it out in a petri dish and remove the fat, it looks like this.
They look the same, they have the same pattern
We see patterns like this in nature over and over again. Why?
I'd like you to think about it here, we've deciphered the sequence of the human gene, we know the complete base sequence of the gene, we know the language of the gene, the character string of the gene. We do not know at all whether it is written, but we do not know at all what words and characters the form is written in.
There's still a wonderful uncharted world out there that young people are discovering. no -- me too
Let's do our best
(applause)
First of all, I would like to thank Emeka from TED Global for organizing this conference.
This conference will be one of the most important at the start of the 21st century.
Would any African government hold such a conference?
Will the A.U. (African Union) hold such a conference?
will seek foreign aid before that
Hats off to all the TED Fellows, June Arunga, James Sikhwati, Andrew, and all the other TED Fellows.
We call them the 'cheetah generation'
The cheetah generation is Africa's new human race, and it will not tolerate corruption.
I also understand accountability and democracy.
And I won't wait for the government to do something.
This is the cheetah generation, and Africa's salvation is in the hands of these cheetahs.
In contrast, there is the "hippopotamus generation"
(Laughter) The hippo generation is the ruling elite.
I'm only doing first aid that looks like an intellectual
They complain about colonialism and imperialism and they do nothing.
If you want them to reform their economy, they won't do it because they're benefiting from a corrupt system.
a lot of africans are very angry they are angry about the situation in africa
not poor for a continent
Minerals and natural resources are abundant
But because Africa's mineral resources aren't being used to lift people out of poverty,
a lot of africans are very angry
In many ways, Africa is far from tragic.
There is also a lasting tragedy, which is that many people, many governments, many organizations want to help the people of Africa.
but they don't know
It doesn't mean don't help
Aid to Africa is noble
But aid to Africa is simply a drama of absurdity.
It's a deception that guides ignorant people
(Laughter) We should clearly recognize
There are leaks in Africa's aid pan.
do you know? 40% of Africa's wealth is not invested inside Africa
Invested outside of Africa
The World Bank also says
Think about your receptacles of support
leaks are terrible
Some people are saying that we should give more money, more money to the leaky receptacles.
what kind of leak?
Corruption alone costs 15 trillion dollars a year in Africa.
let's put it aside
The capital outflow from Africa is 8 trillion yen a year.
let's also leave this
As for food imports -
Africa spends 2 trillion yen every year on food imports
Please add up. All of these are "leaks."
That's far more than the $5 trillion that Tony Blair tried to raise to aid Africa.
In the 1960s, Africa was not only self-sufficient, it even exported food.
no longer
We all know something is fundamentally wrong
But let's not waste our time talking about our mistakes, because we're here all day.
Let's move on, let's move on to the next chapter.
We start by asking ourselves this basic question: Who in Africa do we want to help?
There are people, and there are governments and leaders.
Idris Mohammed, who spoke before me, said that Africa has the worst leaders.
If you ask me, this expression is a little generous.
(Laughter) I'm on an internet debate forum, the Africa Internet Debate Forum, and I said, "There have been 204 heads of state in Africa since 1960."
And I asked them to name 20 great leaders, just 20, and some of you might want to think for yourself.
If you ask me to name 20 people
Everyone Naturally Mentioned Nelson Mandela
Others were Kwame Nkrumanierele, Kenyatta, some called Idi Amin.
(Laughter) Anyway,
(Laughter) We could pick 20 people, but we couldn't name more than 15.
Even if you can name 20 people, it doesn't mean much.
20 out of 204 means most of the leaders let their people down.
When you look at them, the roster of post-colonial leaders is a bunch of brainless militarist peppers, Swiss bank socialists, crocodile liberators, vampire elites, phony reformers.
(Applause) This leadership is a far cry from the traditional leaders that Africa has known for centuries.
Another misconception when trying to help Africa is that sometimes we have what we call a government in Africa, a government that cares about its people and cares about its people. It's about thinking that you're thinking of profit and that you're representing the people.
There's an apt quote, once the head of Lesotho said, "Lesotho has two problems: the rats and the government."
(Laughter) Governments as we know them do not exist in many African countries.
In fact, we call our government a vampire state.
Vampires, they suck the economic vitality of the people.
Government is Africa's problem
A vampire state is a government -- (applause) -- a government that has been taken over by an army of bandits and crooks who use state power to enrich themselves, their comrades, their tribes, and eliminate everyone else.
The richest people in Africa are heads of state and ministers, and in most cases the bandit chief becomes the head of state.
Where will the funds come from?
Did it create wealth?
wrong
It's flipping out behind a suffering nation.
It's not wealth creation, it's wealth redistribution.
And the third basic problem, we have to recognize is that if we want to help people in Africa, we have to know where they are.
Let's take a look at the economy of Africa
The African economy can be divided into three sectors
a modern section, an informal section, and a traditional section.
The modern sector is home to the elite
owned by the government
In many African countries, the modern sector is in a state of loss.
it's not working
This imported system is just a garnish, even the elite don't understand anything.
This is at the root of many of Africa's problems, with struggles for political power spilling over into the informal and traditional sectors, and killing innocent people.
The modern sector, of course, has a lot of development aid and money flowing into it.
Over 80% of Côte d'Ivoire's development is in the modern sector
The rest of the sector The informal and traditional sector contains most Africans Real Africans are here
If you're going to help, it's common sense to help where people are.
but not so far
In fact, the informal sector, the traditional sector, has been neglected.
One of Africa's traditional sectors is agriculture, which is one of the reasons why Africa is not self-sufficient, so it needs to import food.
Now, Africa's development cannot be done without the informal sector and the traditional sector.
And for the development of the informal sector and the traditional sector, we have to understand how the two work together.
These two departments originally had their own organization.
first political system
Traditionally, Africans hate government, they hate oppression.
In the traditional system, there are two types of African organizations.
The first is people who think the state has always been tyrannical, and they don't want anything to do with centralized power.
Societies like the Igbo, the Somali Kikuyu people, they don't have a chief.
Other ethnic groups have chiefs who have councils around them to prevent abuse of power.
Ashanti tradition requires the consent of the council of elders before any decision is made by the chief.
A chief can't make any laws without a council.
If not, the people will abandon the chief and go somewhere else to build a new settlement.
Even the ancient African empires were organized on one particular principle, the principle of alliance, characterized by the devolution of many powers and the decentralization of power.
what I just explained
It's an ancient African political tradition.
If you compare this to the modern system, where the leadership elite is established,
totally different
In the traditional African economic system, the means of production are privately owned.
Also owned by an extended family
As you know, in the West, the basic economic and social unit is the individual.
Americans would say, "I exist because I am, and I can do whatever I want, whenever I want."
Emphasize "I"
Africans say, "I exist because I have friends."
"Buddy" is the same as the community, the extended family system.
The extended family system jointly manages resources
Jointly own a farm and decide what to produce
I don't take orders from the Chief
decide for themselves what to do
After growing crops, the surplus is sold at the market.
The profit that rises is ours.The Chief will not confiscate it.
In a nutshell, what traditional Africa had was a free market system.
Africa had markets before the colonialists came to the continent.
Timbuktu is a huge market town.
There were also Kono and Salaga.
Even in West Africa, market activity has always been centered around women.
It's fair to call this sector the market It's fair to call this sector the market
Markets are not alien to Africa
Africa was also capitalist, it was just a different way of doing things than the West. But suddenly after independence, the market and capitalism were the Western thing, and the leaders said Africa was going the way of socialism.
it's nonsense
What kind of socialism did you practice?
The socialism they practiced was a special kind of Swiss bank socialism, where heads of state and ministers could deposit in Switzerland the treasures they had stolen from Africa.
This is not the system that Africa has practiced for centuries.
What should I do?
We want to go back to the original African system and ask the cheetah generation to enter the informal sector and the traditional sector.
here are african people
Here's a short video, about boat building in the informal sector, calling for investment from diaspora Africans who have emigrated abroad.
can i have a video please?
I'm going fishing on a small boat
yes it's a business
A local Ghanaian entrepreneur invested his own money
No government assistance, we're building a second, slightly larger ship.
The bigger the boat, the more fish you can catch.
So we can hire more Ghanaians.
can also generate wealth
This will have external effects on the local economy, as economists say.
What the elite should do is move this work more inward, and it will be even more effective.
This informal sector is not alone
There are also traditional medicines
80% of people in Africa still rely on traditional medicine.
The modern medical sector has completely collapsed
There's a treasure trove here in the realm of traditional medicine.
It's about concentrating Africans in this realm and encouraging investment, especially in the diaspora.
We need to mobilize Africans in the diaspora, not only in the traditional sector, but also in the agricultural sector, to attract investment and to drive change from within.
We were able to mobilize diaspora Ghanaians to drive change in Ghana and bring about democracy.
Together with the cheetah generation, we're taking back Africa, piece by piece.
thank you
(applause)
Think back to the corner of your memory, perhaps the most anticipated year in your life, and certainly in the history of mankind, the year 2000. Do you remember?
With the year 2000 problem and the dot-com bubble, we were worried about which party to welcome the moment of the century, and we all waited impatiently while tilting our glasses of champagne. I think it should be more than just numbers.
Surprisingly, for one time, everyone's expectations of the Millennium were met by world leaders. In 2000, the United Nations agreed on some pretty extraordinary plans: the Millennium Development Goals, visionary, measurable, and. is a long term goal
I'm sure you've printed it out and kept it by your bedside or under your pillow, but in case you don't have a copy, or if your memory is fuzzy, here's an overview of this goal: Developing Countries. has pledged to halve extreme poverty, hunger and disease mortality as one of its goals by 2015. Developed countries must reduce their debt, increase technical assistance and support trade reforms to help developing countries reach their goals. I promised
Now, with 2015 just around the corner, it's time to assess our progress towards our goals.
whether this global goal was appropriate,
Not everyone agrees, and even if they agree, the next action must be decided
What does the world want to do together?
You have to decide the decision process, too.
I personally believe that this is a goal worth continuing to pursue, and I'll tell you why.
In the developing world around the world, private companies, politicians, philanthropists and powerful grassroots activists have all joined forces, and 250,000 people have marched through the streets of Edinburgh right outside this building. ``Let's make poverty a thing of the past''
The Make Poverty History movement. Together, they've done so much. More people are being treated with antiretroviral drugs, life-saving AIDS drugs. Almost halving the number of deaths from malaria. saved my life
Combined, last year there were 2 million fewer child deaths per year than in 2000.
So that's 5,000 children a day, saving 10 times as many children as you are here, thanks to the partnership I just mentioned.
This amazing achievement deserves more recognition, but good news like this is so difficult to communicate that it could be the subject of another TED Talk.
Anyway, I want to thank all the people involved in making this happen, and they've proven the worth of these goals.
But there's still a lot of unfinished business
7.6 million children still die each year from preventable or treatable diseases, and 178 million children are severely malnourished, leading to lifelong physical and cognitive impairment and severe stunting. suffering
We still have a lot of work to do to reach our goal
On the other hand, there are things that many people feel should have been included in the original pledge, things that weren't agreed upon initially, but are now thought to be necessary, like sustainable development goals and resource governance. Goals Providing opportunities, knowledge and capital Anti-corruption, etc.
It's all measurable and could become a new goal.
But the important thing here is what is your new goal?
what are you looking for?
Aren't you dissatisfied with the lack of gender equality and education?
Should these be included in the new goals?
I'll be honest, it's a very good question, but it's also going to come at a great cost. It's also hard to make decisions.
Now, as we gather here in Edinburgh, the United Nations and government-appointed technocrats are working with good intentions to set new goals, but in a way that's as top-down, elitist and closed-minded as it was in the late 20th century. is a process
But what's different now is that the Internet and mobile technology are spreading around the world in the form of ubiquitous reality television.
I would like to propose the world's first attempt to involve people all over the world by utilizing these technologies and mechanisms. is a place where people can express their opinions equally
It's actually possible to create such an opportunity, but if we don't, wouldn't it be a huge historical loss?
Hundreds of billions of dollars that you have helped are at stake, and tens of millions of people's lives depend on it, and I think it depends on the future of you and your families.
Okay, so let me explain, but I think the core of any crowdsourcing campaign is three steps: collect, connect, and pledge.
We start by laying the groundwork for the campaign with key data from the survey results.
Let's ask 1,001 people from all the countries that are willing to cooperate with us on what the new goals should be. you should try your best
Next, in the future, we'll need to conduct baseline surveys to track our progress towards achieving our goals. We need the help of big data throughout the process to keep track of progress.
And we need to connect with the cloud, the great crowd.
An important part of this is the unprecedented collaboration of social media, startups, telecom companies, reality TV and game companies, all rolled up in a kind of "we are the world."
Can we bring these platforms together to recreate the Millennium Development Goals as millennial goals?
If just 5% of the 5 billion people with internet access today could speak up and turn that opinion into a promise, we could crowdsource the power of 300 million people to help achieve our global goals.
Based on past campaign performance, if you collect data, connect with the crowd, and get world leaders to commit to it, they'll agree and commit to most of the crowdsourced proposals.
But the essential question remains: does this process really make people really willing to go through with it?
And if so, are we willing to reaffirm this promise, track progress, provide feedback, and wait until it really pays off?
In fact, there are some great examples that have been tried, mainly in Africa.
For example, in the case of Open Data Kenya, we use geocoding and crowdsourcing to track the progress and outcomes of projects.
Information that is usually not well utilized
Another example, Ushahidi, which means "witness" in Swahili, also uses geocoding and crowdsourcing to help narrow response targets even in complex emergencies.
These are some of the most striking examples of regional development and democracy, where large-scale international aid commitments and vague decisions made by people above reach out from the grassroots to the people on the fringes, and power relationships turn the pyramid upside down and down to the bottom. Citizens on the network are forcing the process to be open so that
This enforced openness is the key, and since I may not have been completely open with what I've said so far, I want to make it public, but my intended plan is to be completely open.
Long-term data trends suggest that this century will be a tougher place to live, with population growth, consumption patterns diversifying, and competition for limited natural resources.
Look at the state of world politics these days.
Remember the Rio Earth Summit and the G20 in Mexico just last week.
both were totally bankrupt
Neither our world leaders nor international politics can get things done.
We need our help, cavalry, but cavalry doesn't come from Mars.
The bottom-up, democratic process of deciding what we want the world to come together to make happen must come from us, the general public, to revitalize 21st-century global governance. It's a very important way of collecting.
Now, I started with the year 2000, but I'll end with the year 2030.
The Make Poverty History movement was ridiculed a few years ago
A lot of people thought it was a naive idea, and it was.
Poor people living on less than $1.25 a day are trending downward. See 2030.
If this trend continues, it will approach zero.
It's true that the development of China and India and the reduction of poverty there has played a part, but recently poverty rates in Africa have also been declining.
As we get closer to zero, it becomes more difficult, as more and more poor people are concentrated in areas of post-conflict instability and in middle-income areas where there is less interest in the lower classes.
But I believe that with the right political campaigns and creative innovations coming together and working together more, we can achieve our goals.
Thank you. (Applause) (Applause) Chris Anderson: I don't get it.
In this day and age, if 100 children die in some kind of tragedy, or are kidnapped and rescued by special forces, it's going to be on the news for a week, right?
You just gave the figure of 5,000 -- is that correct?
Jamie Drummond: It's the number of lives you save every day
Chris: 5,000 children die every day
It's a shocking little-known fact that all other news stories suddenly seem small.
Your teeth must be itchy
Jamie: Yes, of course, there's a lot of controversy going on in this country right now about, for example, the level of aid, and no one thinks that aid is the only solution.
I think people will change their minds when they see the results of this technical assistance.
I wish the 250,000 people who actually marched outside this building would know about these results.
I want to find a way to solve the current situation that has not yet been widely spread.
Until now, we've failed to publicize our successes.
If we can amplify people's efforts and voices at critical moments, we will make better policies.
Mexico's G20 collapses
Environmentally speaking, the Rio Earth Summit didn't have to collapse.
But it's still going on. People are skeptical that the promises of such a big international conference will never be met. to get consent
Chris: But there's still a web mechanism that makes that possible.
Not fully established?
If there are people in this room who have experience with open platforms, I think we can talk to them and help make them a reality in the future.
Jamie: You're right. Chris: I hope this conference will lead to the realization of such a grand idea.
Chris: thank you very much
(applause)
I was born with a rare visual impairment called colorblindness, which means you can't see colors at all.
The sky I see is always gray Every flower is gray The TV is still black and white
But since I was 21, instead of seeing colors, I've been listening to colors.
In 2003, I started a project with computer scientist Adam Montandon, and in 2003 I started a project with computer scientist Adam Montandon, and with the help of Peter Kesche from Slovenia and Matthias Lizana from Barcelona, ​​I've got this electronic eye. made
This is a color sensor. It recognizes color frequencies (frequency sounds). These frequencies are sent to a chip in the back of my head, and I hear colors through bone conduction through my bones.
For example, if you see something like this in front of you... This is the sound of purple, for example... This is the sound of grass. This is the same red as TED. This is the sound of dirty socks.
So, for eight years, I've been listening to color all the time.
But at first, I had to memorize the names of the colors, I memorized the names and sounds of each color, but after a while, I was able to quickly recognize that information as well.
I stopped thinking about each one
And this realization became a sensation.
I found my favorite color I started having colored dreams
When I started having colored dreams, I felt that this software and my brain became one. In my dreams, it was my brain, not the software, that was creating the electronic sounds, and that's when I became a cyborg. I felt like
I'm starting to feel like artificially intelligent devices aren't just devices I'm starting to feel like artificially intelligent devices aren't just devices
It became part of my body, it became one of my five senses, and then this device was officially recognized as part of my body. was given
This is my passport from 2004.
In the UK you can't have a photo with electronic devices in your passport In the UK you can't have a photo with electronic devices in your passport I persistently explained to the passport office that this is my body. It was a part of, an extension of my brain, and in the end it was recognized and became this passport photo.
My life changed dramatically when I learned to "listen to color." Because everywhere there is color, the biggest change is, for example, when I go to a museum, I can listen to Picasso, it's like a concert. I think I went to the hall because I can listen to paintings.
The supermarket was also shocking It's really fun to walk in the supermarket
like walking in a club
It's full of various melodies (laughs).
Especially the detergent passage is amazing
(Laughter) It's changed my clothes.
I used to wear nice clothes
(Laughter) (Applause) Today, I'm wearing C major. That's a pretty bright chord. (Laughter) But when I go to the funeral, I wear B minor. (Laughter) It's changed the way I think about food. You can do it and you can listen to music.
For example, how about a restaurant where you can have a Lady Gaga salad for hors d'oeuvres? Teenagers may start eating vegetables too.
How about a Rachmaninov piano concerto for the main dish, and for dessert, Björk or Madonna?
It's changed how I think about beauty, because when you look at a person, you can hear their face.
Sometimes it's the other way around.
It's not like you're drawing a face, you're pointing your electronic eye at someone's face and writing down the sounds you hear to create a sound portrait.
this is the sound
(Chords) Nicole Kidman sounds great. (Laughter) Sometimes people who are completely unrelated sound similar.
Prince Charles sounds like Nicole Kidman
their eyes sound similar
Even completely unrelated people have something in common. You can do concerts while looking at the faces of the audience.
I put on an electronic eye and play the face of the audience.
The good thing about this is that if the concert fails, it's the audience's fault.
It's not my fault. (Laughter) And then something unexpected happened. It also had another effect.
I felt the green when the phone rang, and the ring tone was the same as the green.
The BBC's clock is turquoise. When I listen to Mozart, I feel yellow. That's why I started painting music and human voices. Human voices have the same frequencies as colors. I have a frequency
I'm going to show you a color representation of music.
For example, this is Mozart's "Queen of the Night" aria.
It's very colorful, with a lot of yellow in it, because it's a mix of frequencies.
(Music) This is a completely different type of music.
"Baby" by Justin Bieber. (Laughter) (Music) A lot of pink and yellow.
We can also translate human voices into colors, for example, here are two paintings of very famous speeches.
Martin Luther King's "I have a dream" speech by Hitler.
I like to put these two paintings side by side in an exhibition hall without labeling them and ask the viewer which painting they prefer.
Most people will change their minds, if you tell them that the one on the left is Hitler, and the one on the right is Martin Luther King.
In doing so, I learned to perceive 360 ​​colors, similar to human vision.
I was able to identify all the angles of the color wheel.
But human vision is no longer enough.
There are more colors all around us that humans just can't see, but the electronic eye can.
So I wanted to broaden my perception of color by adding infrared and ultraviolet to the scale that this device can make sounds, colors that the human eye can't perceive.
It's convenient if you can recognize infrared rays. If you have an infrared device in the room, you can know
A sound is heard when the remote control is pointed at
If we can recognize ultraviolet rays, we can know which days are suitable for sunbathing and which are not.
So two years ago, I founded the Cyborg Foundation, an organization that helps people become cyborgs and promotes sensory augmentation through technology.
Knowledge grows from the senses, and if you can extend your senses, you can extend your knowledge.
Life would be more exciting if we didn't build apps for our phones, but built apps for our bodies.
I think this century will bring about such a big change.
So I ask all of you to think about which of your senses you want to expand.
I recommend becoming a cyborg
Thank you very much. (Applause)
I'm going to talk a little bit about open source security, because we need to know a lot about security in this century, because we need to know a lot about security in this century.
Let's start by looking back at the 20th century and how security worked back then.
This is the French battlefield of Verdun, just north of NATO headquarters in Belgium.
1916 Verdun for 300 days - 700,000 killed - about 2,000 per day.
Fast forward to World War II, and look at security in the 20th century, the Battle of Stalingrad, where 2 million people died in 300 days.
Even into the Cold War, we keep trying to build walls.
From trench warfare in World War I to the Maginot Line in World War II to the Iron Curtain and the Berlin Wall in the Cold War.
walls are useless
I think what we need today is not to build walls for security, but to build bridges.
This is a famous bridge in Europe
Located in Bosnia and Herzegovina
This bridge over the Drina River has become the subject of a novel by Ivo Andrić, who tells the story of the large-scale building of walls in the Balkans, or in one of Europe's most conflict-prone regions.
What we've seen in the last decade is that these communities are slowly coming together.
What I want to emphasize is that open source security is about connecting nations, ministries, public and private sectors, and connecting through strategic communication, primarily through social networks.
The reason for this is that global public goods are under attack from many directions, and the sources of that threat cannot be eliminated by building walls.
Well I'm a navy officer
This ship is sailing in the Indian Ocean on a liner.
What's wrong with this photo
There is barbed wire on the side of the ship.
to prevent pirate attacks.
Piracy is a big threat right now, and this is the example of the Indian Ocean.
Piracy activity is also active in the Straits of Malacca.
in the Gulf of Guinea and the Caribbean Sea
can be seen
Pirates cause $10 billion in damage to the global transportation system each year.
By June last year, 20 ships - 500 crew members were held hostage.
This is an attack on global public goods
must think about countermeasures
And let's look not at the actual ocean, but at the information ocean -- cyberspace.
These two young men in the picture
currently imprisoned
They were involved in credit card fraud that cost more than $10 billion.
It's part of cybercrime that costs the global economy $2 trillion each year.
$2 trillion
That's almost as much as the Gross Domestic Product of the UK.
Cyberspace, as you know, is one of the cornerstones of radical openness, but it's also under threat.
Even more worrying about global public goods is the threat posed by illicit trafficking, the trade in opium, an illegal drug that starts in Afghanistan, goes through Europe, and ends in the United States.
I'm also worried about cocaine from the northern Andes.
Illegal arms trafficking and trafficking is also a concern, and a particular concern is human trafficking and the enormous toll it entails.
Illegal trafficking occurs primarily at sea, but it also occurs in other territories.
Now, what I'd like to say about this picture is, "This is a high-tech piece of equipment used by the U.S. Navy to stop illegal trafficking."
Unfortunately, it's a semi-submersible craft used by drug cartels.
Built in the jungles of South America
We caught this submarine in this low-tech boat -- (Laughter) -- and it was carrying six tons of cocaine.
It is a four-seater and has advanced communication interception performance.
The trafficking of drugs, people, weapons or weapons of mass destruction is a threat to global public goods.
Let's take Afghanistan and wrap up the story.
This is a poppy field in Afghanistan
80-90% of the world's poppy, opium and heroin is made in Afghanistan
Of course there is terrorism
This is the home of Al Qaeda
On top of that, riots persist.
These terrorism concerns are part of the global public good and need to be addressed.
This is the 21st century we live in
The means of the last century are useless
What should I do now?
I believe that it is difficult to guarantee security by force alone.
You can't keep yourself safe by relying on guns alone.
We will need to be creative with the use of military force.
And you have to do it right
On the other hand, my argument is that open source security is about using the idea of ​​strategic communication on the Internet to bring together states, ministries, private and public institutions.
Here's an example of how open source security works
This is Afghanistan, they are Afghan soldiers.
everyone has a book
You might say, "That's funny because I read somewhere that in Afghanistan, the majority of young people in their 20s and 30s are illiterate."
It is certainly so
85% of young people who join the security forces are illiterate.
The reason is that the Taliban didn't give them an education, at the time they should learn to read and write, at the time they should learn to read and write.
So why - are they all lined up with books?
The answer is that we teach them how to read, through NATO's liberal arts courses, private sector collaborations, and government development agencies.
So far, we've taught well over 200,000 Afghan security forces members rudimentary reading and writing skills.
In Afghanistan, when you learn to read and write, it's common to put a pen in your pocket.
So at the graduation ceremony, they take the pen and put it in their pocket with great pride.
It's a project that brings together 50 countries, government development agencies, and the public and private sectors to achieve security in this way.
Of course, we teach combat techniques, but the point of open source security is to work together to create long-term security benefits.
Second example
This belongs to the US Navy
Warship Comfort
Sister ship is Mercy
2 are hospital ships
Comfort - we practice in the Caribbean and along the South American coast.
Approximately 400,000 treatments per voyage.
The crew isn't technically military, they're co-crewed by humanitarian organizations Operation Hope and Project Smile.
Other organizations also send volunteers
Some government physicians
Everyone is playing a part in this activity
Let's take a look at the effect of activity in a case study. This boy is eight years old. He walked with his mother for two days to come to the eye clinic in Comfort.
This kid was extremely nearsighted. As soon as he put on his glasses, he looked up and said, "Mama, veo el mundo."
- "Mom, I can see the world"
And when you see scenes like this in every 400,000 treatments -- this kind of collaboration between the public and private sectors and the security forces -- you realize the power of security like never before.
they are baseball players
Can you spot the two US Army soldiers in here?
This is part of a baseball class. Through this class, we tried to work with the Major League Baseball -- the Department of State for Foreign Affairs -- the Department of State for Foreign Affairs -- the military. Baseball players. They're real soldiers -- they're very skilled, but they're on this mission, they're teaching baseball schools in Latin America and the Caribbean. They're teaching baseball schools in Latin America and the Caribbean. And it's creating security in places like Honduras and Nicaragua where baseball is popular in Central America and the Caribbean.
Because through this baseball school, we can set an example for our young people about fitness and life - and I think it's going to create security for us as a result.
Another facet of this collaboration can be seen in disaster relief.
This is a U.S. Air Force helicopter that joined the rescue just after the 2004 tsunami that killed 250,000 people.
Large-scale disasters, such as this 2004 tsunami that killed 250,000 people and the Kashmir earthquake in Pakistan that killed 85,000 people in 2005 The Kashmir earthquake in Pakistan that killed 85,000 people in 2005 The Haiti earthquake that killed nearly 300,000 people, and more recently, the massive earthquake and tsunami that hit Japan's homeland and nuclear industry -- these scenes saw government agencies -- public and private sectors working together with security forces. A cooperative relationship to respond to natural disasters
This is the idea of ​​open source security
We are gradually building connections through activities like this.
You're probably looking at a screen right now and thinking, "Admiral, is this a sea lane, or is it a fiber optic cable network?"
No, this is a pictorial representation of the world through Twitter.
Purple lines represent tweets Green lines represent location information
White is a synthesis of these
It's like a massive census. If you look at the world's six largest communities in order, they're China, India, Facebook, the United States, Twitter, and Indonesia.
Would you like to get involved?
You just heard about the Arab Spring and its power.
Another example is about how to convey a message.
Some time ago, when I gave a talk about this in London, I said, "I'm on Facebook. Please be my friend."
There was some laughter from the audience.
The Associated Press distributes the article
It's been featured in two places around the world: Finland and Indonesia.
The headline read: "NATO commander looking for friends"
(Laughter) Thank you. Admiral, I heard you want me to be your friend -- by the way, what is NATO?' (Laughter) So... It's about how we connect ministries, public and private sectors, and social media to create security.
Next is a little serious topic
This is a picture of a British soldier
He belongs to the Guards Infantry Regiment
I'm on a surveillance mission in Helmand, southern Afghanistan.
I show you this soldier because I don't think there should be any misconception that we don't need a soldier who is fit and capable and who can definitely make a difference.
Because that's our raison d'etre, our mission, and we act to protect our bodies, our freedom of speech, and everything else that society holds dear.
Sometimes life just isn't clear cut.
An army doesn't necessarily have to be -- either in combat or in barracks.
I think of life as a variable resistor.
You've got to dial it in. When you think about how security works in the 21st century -- in real wars and crises -- there are situations where you're going to use military force, but as I've talked to you today, there are many situations where the military can do it. is -- security in the 21st century, leveraging effective channels -- security in the 21st century, leveraging effective channels -- national ministries, agencies, public-private partnerships.
Finally, let's talk about Wikipedia. I use it all the time to do research. Wikipedia, as we all know, isn't 12 geniuses stuck in a room writing articles. 12 geniuses in a room. I'm not stuck in a can and writing an article.
Tens of thousands of people write articles on Wikipedia every day, and millions of people use that information every day.
It perfectly illustrates the important idea that the collective knowledge of all of us can make us smarter than anyone else.
As long as one person, one set of alliances, and one nation are one, they cannot win what everyone thinks together.
Wikipedia's vision statement is straightforward: "A world where all knowledge is at your disposal."
My argument is that by combining nations, ministries, and strategic communications between public and private sectors, we should be able to create the culmination of all security in the 21st century.
Thank you. (Applause) Thank you very much. (Applause)
It's going to be a little heavy
2007 - About five years ago, my wife was diagnosed with breast cancer.
was stage IIB
Looking back on those days, the hardest thing was not going to the hospital.
I was told I had breast cancer -- it wasn't a shock, because I was 39 and had no family history of cancer.
The most terrifying and painful part of this whole experience was being asked to make one decision after another.
Should I have a mastectomy? Or is it a lumpectomy?
Because it's stage IIB, should it be left to aggressive treatment?
Even if there are side effects?
Or should we not be so aggressive?
It's the doctor who asks for decision after decision.
You may be wondering why do doctors do this?
Simply put, it's because doctors want to legally protect themselves.
It's not really that simple
They were well-intentioned doctors, and some of them became good friends, probably passed down over the years.
I guess it's just following the old way of thinking, "Decision making, especially big decisions, don't let others judge you, make your own decisions. In other words, you should be in the driver's seat rather than in the passenger's seat."
So we were put in the driver's seat and had to make a lot of decisions.
Some of you may have had the same experience, but above all, it was a painful and frightening experience.
And I thought-
Is the way we think about making decisions really right? Is it best to be in the driver's seat? Is it better to take the initiative and control
Conversely, depending on the situation, wouldn't it be better for us to sit in the passenger seat and let someone else take over the driver's seat?
For example, a trusted financial expert or a trusted doctor.
I'm researching how decision-making works, so I decided to run some experiments to find out.
I will introduce one of the research results here.
Please listen as if you were participating in the experiment.
In this experiment, I'm going to ask you to drink a cup of tea first.
I will explain why I drink tea later.
And I'll have you solve some puzzles, and I'll show you some examples of puzzles later.
The more correct answers you have, the greater your chances of winning a prize.
By the way, why do you drink tea?
The reason is simple: the mind must be in two states at the same time in order to solve the puzzle effectively.
don't you Caffeine works well for this nervous tension.
At the same time, you have to be calm.
Now I'm going to explain the AB test design of what we're going to change between subjects.
Now, I'm going to randomly divide you into two groups.
Imagine there's a fictitious line here, you guys in group A, you guys in group B.
Group A will be presented with two types of tea and asked to choose which one they prefer.
So take your pick Have you decided?
You make your own decisions - you have a choice and you're in the driver's seat.
Group B, here are two types of tea, but you can't choose.
I'll give you either I'll give you one of the teas at random
please remember
Of course, this is a very extreme example, because in the real world, when you're sitting in the passenger seat, there's usually someone you trust, an expert in the driver's seat, and that's a pretty extreme scenario.
Here, everyone will have a cup of tea.
Enjoy your tea Let's wait a little longer until you finish
Wait 5 more minutes for the ingredients in the tea to take effect.
Now, take 30 minutes to solve 15 puzzles.
I will introduce one sample
Anyone know? (Character rearrangement quiz)
(Audience: PULPIT) Great!
It is amazing!
Now, for someone as quick as you, I had to adjust the difficulty of the puzzle to match the subject's level.
It's meaningless if it's easy to solve
This quiz is so cleverly made that I instinctively look like a TULIP, so I hurriedly switched my head...
You have to, so it's set to the right difficulty
I'll explain later, but it's meaningless if it's easy to solve.
Another sample question
you see? Is it a little difficult?
(Audience: EMBARK) Correct!
it would also be difficult
There are a lot of tricks like KAMBAR and MAKER, and I'm going to ask you to solve 15 questions like this in 30 minutes.
In this experiment, I'm interested in one thing: Do you get more correct answers when you're sitting in the driver's seat? In other words, did they get better results because they were able to choose which tea they drank, or did Group B get more correct answers?
Based on systematic survey data, we analyzed it and found that people in the passenger seat got it right more often than people in the driver's seat, even though the tea was randomly assigned.
Another thing we've found is that people in the driver's seat don't answer as often, they're less focused, they don't put in the effort, they don't have the tenacity.
How do you know?
There are two objective measures
One is the average time taken to solve the problem.
Group A had a shorter average answer time
Second, there is a time limit of 30 minutes. Or withdraw before 30 minutes?
Group A was more likely to withdraw, and the lack of concentration is reflected in the results.
there are few correct answers
So why does this result
Under what circumstances would this result -- could the passenger side perform better than the driver side?
It becomes a problem when you encounter something named INCA
INCA is an acronym for the nature of post-decision feedback.
Remember this puzzle experiment, whether it's a volatile stock investment or an illness, the results are immediate. (Immediate)
You'll know right away if you've solved the puzzle
And the result is usually not good (Negative)
The difficulty of the puzzle was intentionally set high
This is the same in the medical field.
For example, in the very early stages of treatment, the situation and response can be tough, with no visible results.
This is the same for the stock market
A turbulent stock market has immediate negative consequences.
And the feedback is concrete, not vague, right or wrong.
In addition to these "Immediate (I)", "Negative (N)" and "Concrete (C)", "Agency" is added.
I am responsible for my decisions
What happens then?
I'm worried about the options I didn't choose
So I wish I had chosen the other tea-
(Laughter) It's the confusion of the mind that disrupts decision-making, which leads to less confidence in decision-making, less confidence in good outcomes, and less ability to solve problems.
Because they do not put themselves into problem solving, the number of correct answers is small and the result is inferior to Group B.
This could very well happen in medicine, if you put a patient in the driver's seat.
Lacks vitality and speeds up the recovery process
You lose focus on exercising and staying healthy, even though they say it's important, and that's not good.
So when you come across INCA, when the feedback is immediate, negative, specific, and you feel responsible, then -- it's much better to let someone else take the wheel and sit in the passenger seat.
Today started with a heavy tone
Let's finish with a cheerful tone
It's been five years since then -- more than five years to be exact -- but I'm very happy to say that my family's cancer is still in remission.
Treatment went well.
However, there is one thing I didn't tell you. As a result of a discussion between us, we decided to sit in the passenger seat from the time my wife received initial treatment.
I think the peace that this gave me was the reason I was able to focus on recovering from my illness, which I think contributed to this result.
We gave the doctor the driver's seat and let him make all the decisions.
thank you
(applause)
Across the United States, organizations are becoming increasingly aware that sexual violence and sexual harassment are all too common occurrences, often without any accountability.
The result is the "Me Too" movement, where victims everywhere are calling out for change.
Students protested sexual violence on campus
Soldiers called on Congress to reform the military, and workers, from Hollywood stars to cleaners, clamored for sexual harassment in the workplace.
It's a big turning point
Now is the time when social movements can bring lasting change to the law.
That's why we have to change our tactics
It's time to touch the constitution instead of fighting for reform in every organization.
As it stands, the U.S. Constitution denies fundamental protections to victims of sexual assault, partner violence, and stalking.
Specifically, the 14th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution prohibits state governments from abusing citizens, but we don't require state governments to intervene when private citizens are abusing citizens.
What does this mean in real life?
A woman who fears she might be attacked by an intruder is not entitled to state government protection if she calls the police from home.
Not only might the police not respond, but as a result, when preventable harm occurs, women are left without any legal remedy.
Why is this?
Because state governments, in theory, act as representatives of their citizens as a whole, but not as individual citizens.
The resulting constitutional flaw immediately contradicts international law, which mandates as a human right for states to intervene to protect their citizens against private sexual violence.
Instead of requiring intervention, the U.S. Constitution has given us discretionary powers, which have allowed states to engage in systemic discrimination and deny relief to countless victims.
Justice for victims of sexual assault is rare, unlike what we've seen on Law & Order: Special Victims Unit.
Victims have no rights in the criminal justice process, even in the rare case that law enforcement responds.
As you know, the victim is not a "party" in a criminal case.
Rather, they are "witnesses" and their bodies are "evidence".
Prosecutors do not represent the interests of victims.
Rather, the prosecutor's office represents the state's interests.
States have the discretion to drop criminal charges and make lax plea bargains, or they expunge victims' voices from the judicial process. because it does not represent the interests of individual citizens.
Despite this flaw in the Constitution, some victims of sexual violence have found protections like Title IX in the Civil Rights Act.
Title IX is not about sports
It prohibits all forms of sex discrimination, including sexual violence and sexual harassment, in federally subsidized educational programs.
While originally targeting gender discrimination in admissions, Title IX has grown over time to encourage educational institutions to intervene and address sexual violence when teachers, students, university visitors, and others are sexually assaulted and harassed. came to ask for
In other words, anyone who wants an education through Title IX is protected from sexual violence because the law has no other way.
Title IX mandates that educational institutions take reports of sexual assault seriously, with legal liability for failure to comply.
Through college-level proceedings, Title IX even gave victims fair rights during college proceedings, which allowed victims to represent their interests during the proceedings without relying on an educational institution (employing a lawyer). means
And that's so important because educational institutions have a history of covering up sexual violence, much like our criminal justice system does today.
Civil rights protects some victims, but we must try to protect all victims.
It's time to reach out to the Constitution and force the Equal Rights Amendment, instead of fighting it in colleges, armies, and workplaces trying to reform it piece by piece.
The Equal Rights Amendment, first proposed in 1923, guarantees equality of men and women before the law, similar to Title IX in colleges and universities, as a law prohibiting sex discrimination. It will be possible to order interventions and actions against sexual violence.
The Equal Rights Amendment hadn't passed in the 1970s, but it came to the point where it only needed approval from three states.
And in the last year, at least one of them managed to ratify this provision, because we live in politically different times.
From the "Women's March" to the "MeToo" movement, more and more people have the political will necessary to create lasting change in law.
As a human rights lawyer who fights to improve the chances of justice for victims across the country, and as a victim myself, I didn't come here to say, "Let's end this."
I came to say "It's time"
It's time that accountability becomes the norm after sexual violence occurs.
It's time to pass the Equal Rights Amendment, which may turn our justice system into a system of justice and finally turn the "Me Too" movement into "no more."
thank you
(applause)
Wouldn't it be great if smartphones could see things like our eyes do? If you could point your smartphone at a walk and recognize the image or object as the human brain does, and draw information from a virtually infinite stock of knowledge, experience and ideas --
It used to be science fiction, but now it's possible.
Best to see it in person
This is Tamara holding a smartphone.
let's get started
So here's a picture, it's a very ordinary portrait of the great poet Robert Burns, and I'm going to put a smartphone screen on the screen above. When you point your smartphone at the portrait, strange things happen.
(laughter) (playing bagpipes) (laughter) (playing bagpipes) (playing bagpipes) (Reading of Burns' poem)
What's cool about this technology is that it didn't involve any tricks.
I didn't do anything to the painting itself.
What's really cool about this technology is that it allows smartphones to see and understand, just as the human brain sees and understands.
Not only that, but when I move the painting, it follows the movement and seamlessly overlays the content.
Again, what's amazing about this technology is that it takes smartphones to this level.
All the tricks that make this possible are in the smartphone itself.
This technology can be applied to anything, like the artwork you've just seen in a museum, or an advertisement or a printed article.
Newspaper information becomes outdated the moment it's printed.
This is this morning's newspaper, and there's an article about Wimbledon.
Point your smartphone camera at the front page of this newspaper and you'll get follow-up news on the spot.
(spoken:...you have to be flexible) (spoken: and in the blink of an eye) (spoken: you also need to change direction) (spoken: she did it all and won )
We call this connection between digital content and physical objects the "aura," and the word "aura" comes up many times in this presentation.
It's not just about being able to get information quickly and conveniently in the real world, but using this method, we can present information in ways that weren't possible before.
I have a wireless router here
So, just to make it clear to you, my American colleague told me to call it a "lauter." (Laughter) Anyway, this is the device.
With this technology, I don't have to search the internet for manuals, I just point the camera at it and it recognizes the device... (Audio: Please connect the gray ADSL cable first)
(Audio: then plug in power and finally connect the yellow ethernet cable)
(Spoken: Setup complete)
(Laughter) great thank you
(Applause) The amazing technology that makes this possible was created here in the UK by scientists from Cambridge who work for our company, and I've brought with me their photographs.
I couldn't bring everyone to this stage, so I brought their "auras".
(Laughter) You've retaken this four times. It's been less than a month, but the speed of smartphone processing has really improved, and it's allowed us to capture cinematic stereoscopic images and overlay them on the world around us. Let's take a look
Tamara, can you do it?
(music) (dinosaur roar) (laughter) Shall we run?
(Music) (Dinosaur roar) (Applause) Now that we've had fun, let's move on to the emotional side, because this technology effectively allows you to see the world as someone else sees it. You'll be able to connect very specific moments to real things in this world.
And best of all, the tool itself is free.
Anyone who wants to use it can use it. School teachers actually use it in their classes.
I'll give you an example from a British school where you tag things in your textbooks and you tag things in the classroom.
Here's a clip from the video, let's take a look.
(Teacher: Now what will happen?)
(Child: TV) (Child: Wow! Great!)
(Teacher: Let's move it, what happens?)
(Teacher: Take it off the screen and put it back on.)
(Child: Wow! This is amazing!)
(Teacher: Are you back?)
(Child: Great! How the hell are you doing?)
(Child: It's like magic!)
(Laughter) It's not magic.
Anyone can do it Let's see how easy it is
They call this a "wave," so let's start on this side.
Tamara please record
Are you ready?
1, 2, 3, start!
(audience: cheers)
(Laughter) So let's go back to the app and tag the video that Tamara just shot on a name tag I have so I can always remember today.
Now... a lot of people are already doing this, and I just talked a little bit about the educational side of things.
In addition, there are people who attach messages to postcards and Christmas cards sent to their families in order to share their memories with "aura".
Others, for example, take a picture of an old car engine and tag it with various parts of the engine and use it as a reference book to look up in case something goes wrong.
The Internet is very familiar to us.
Over the last 20 years, it's changed the way we live, work, and see things, and this technology will be the next paradigm shift for the Internet, because the content we share, discover, and enjoy. Because it can literally be part of the world we live in.
This application is completely free
As long as you have a good WiFi or 3G connection, this kind of thing can be done in no time.
save the previous video
We're going to do a little bit of processing to convert the photos we've taken into something like a digital fingerprint, and what's even more amazing is that the Professional version can do just as well as we did with the newspaper in this demo. various content and links
It's possible to add.
(Tamara: Done)
It looks like you're ready. Point the camera at the name tag... Everyone's here.
(Voice: 1, 2, 3, start!)
It was a wonderful aurasma thank you
(applause)
Frugal Digital is originally a research group of C.I.I.D.
How to create a society where everyone can enjoy digital technology How to create a society where everyone can enjoy digital technology
Seeking new perspectives
The reason is that today's silicon technology is largely a culture of surplus.
The emphasis is on speed, performance, the dazzling newest features, while two-thirds of the world's population is out of reach of even the most basic of these technologies: health care, education and other basics of life. I can't even get into what I need
Before I get to the point, I'd like to tell you a little story.
His name is Sati Shrai
This guy is really amazing, he's an entrepreneur.
I run a small shop in a back alley in Mumbai.
He does so much in this 10-square-meter shop.
I couldn't believe what I saw when I ran into him
In his shop, he's a face-to-face interface to the digital world, from petty payments to ticket reservations and other services that you do online.
He's also in business selling recharge coupons like this for prepaid cell phones.
And not only that, but he also runs a full-service repair shop with two or three people in a hidden space in the back of the shop.
If you bring in anything, even a mobile phone, they will fix it.
And it's just amazing. When I look at my iPhone, I'm like, "Do you want to upgrade?"
I said, "Yes." (Laughter) But I was a little apprehensive, so I took the Nokia instead. it is
They know what it takes to get the job done, and they take things apart, they take them apart, they change the circuits, they rewrite the firmware, they do all sorts of things with cellphones, and they fix anything at breakneck speed.
For example, if I send it in for repair this morning, and I have it after lunch, it's really hard to believe.
Is this limited to this area? Or is this happening all over the world?
As time went on, we began to understand, and we began to systematically research the whole picture of this all-around repair business, because it wasn't just happening on the streets of Mumbai.
This is happening everywhere in India
It's happening in Cape Town, Africa, and we did a similar study.
I found a little shop like this here in Doha where they repair alarm clocks and watches, it's not an easy job with so many small parts.
Try it yourself and you'll see
How is this possible?
It's an ecosystem of cheap parts and consumables that's literally produced and distributed all over the world to support this industry, and you can even buy repurposed parts.
Basically, you don't even have to buy a new one, you can take the used parts of a dismantled and discarded computer and put them back together in a new mechanical configuration.
But what I really want to know is what this new way of doing things can do.
Because these things always exist in resource-poor areas.
this is an interesting way
Crafts include traditional crafts and new technologies Crafts include traditional crafts and new technologies
This new thing is called high-tech craft to distinguish it.
unless it is established
Although it is properly institutionalized
It's not something you learn in college
It's something you learn by imitation, and there's an education that doesn't rely on schools.
What can this do?
What is the value of such a system?
First, being able to fix things near you means that you don't have to go through a cumbersome, formal system to fix a product or service.
And the great thing is that you can make things cheaper, so you can do more things.
Most importantly, the low cost potential
It's about being able to put little algorithms and free ideas into very simple devices.
We call it the "silicon cottage industry"
What this means is that pre-industrial systems and ways of thinking are re-emerging in a whole new way in small digital shops in many developing countries.
So we thought a lot about this idea, and we said, "How can we use this?"
Can we create some simple product or service? and
So the first thing we did was this multimedia system, called Lunchbox.
One of the places I chose for my studies was a school in a very remote area in India.
In places like this, there are schools run by just one teacher.
It's not a formal school, but it's a very inclusive education.
The only thing that's missing is access to educational materials, sometimes textbooks, not even a solid curriculum.
How can we support such teachers? we thought digital information resources
What can we do to act as a bridge to information rather than one-way giving?
So I thought about the steps necessary to support teachers.
How do we turn these teachers into information bridges? How do we design inexpensive multimedia platforms that can be built and run entirely by local resources?
I looked around, thinking
I looked around the local market to see if there was anything I could use to bring this idea to life.
So what we found was this little cell phone with a projector that was about 60 dollars.
Then I bought a flashlight with a large battery and some small speakers.
You can connect to the network by mobile phone
If you have that connection, you can download and use files in various formats.
Also, this flashlight is a super bright LED and comes with a rechargeable battery that lasts for six hours. The lunchbox puts everything in one package and uses a speaker to make it louder so you can hear it.
Believe it or not, that little classroom is really loud.
The children will scream as loud as they can, and the teacher has to go above and beyond.
I took it to the cell phone repair shop I mentioned earlier, and this is where the magic happens.
We took all of these tools apart, put them together in a new form, and put this mashup together, teaching our artisans how to do it.
And the result is this bento box-shaped one.
(Applause) And then we did a systematic field test, and then we learned a few important things from this test, and then we repeated the test.
Power consumption and charging were the most important
Brightness was also an issue. The sun was strong outside.
Also, the roof is often broken, so there's not enough darkness for the projection.
We developed the idea and experimented further, and then we came up with a model that could be trickle-charged by the sun, and the most important change was the ability to connect it to a car battery, which could not be powered. In stable locations, this is often the power source.
Another improvement is the availability of USB drives.While GPRS is theoretically possible, sometimes it's more efficient to store data on a USB and send it by mail.
It takes a few days to arrive, but we can deliver high-definition, high-quality materials.
We prototyped, tested, prototyped, tested, and did it over and over again.
However, these techniques and methodologies are useful for
And it's not limited to education, and it can be applied to other fields, so let me give you another anecdote.
A device called "Medi-Meter"
It was developed as a small health check device.
There are wonderful people in India called Ashakar.
They work on the fringes of the health care system, living in rural villages and being educated in basic medical skills and mindsets, and their main purpose is to give people advice on how to live a better life. to give advice on what kind of medical care to receive
they give advice
There's a problem that we've uncovered in our research: they're very good at pointing people to the health system and the nearest clinic, but the lines at those clinics are incredibly long. People are flocking to doctors and hospitals that are under-represented by Asha's recommendations, causing system failure.
So the common cold and severe malaria are treated the same, with no priority.
We thought there must be something better
Somehow, Asha's are filters, and not just filters, but more effective advisors, to optimize the load on the health care network, and to suggest different health services, depending on the severity of the symptoms and the seriousness of the situation. I wondered what I could do
The most important questions were: How do we empower her?
How can we help her give better advice by screening rather than diagnosing with simple tools?
And that makes a huge difference to the whole system. Is the long wait, sometimes seven to fifteen kilometers to walk to the hospital for a quick health check really that big of a disincentive? people have less access to healthcare
If there's anything she can do about it, that would be great.
So we turned this device into a medical device.
Let me show you a demo in action.It's a very simple process.
Bruno can you help me? (Cheers) Here you go, please. (Applause) Now, I'm going to use your body to measure a few numbers, like your heart rate and your blood oxygen level.
can you put your thumbs up here
Is this all right?
yes that's fine
I'll try it, hope it works
(Beep) You can make a sound because it was originally an alarm clock
(Laughter) You put the needle in the starting position and you press the red button -- (beep) Now it's reading your data (beep) and the needle points to one of the three and stops.
Let's see the result
(Beep) Bruno, you can go home now.
(Applause) And (Applause) What this means is that if, unfortunately, the needle points red, I'm going to have to take you to the hospital.
Luckily, it's not today. If it's orange, it means you still need to be screened.
It's a really simple three-step process, but it changes the equation in many ways for the healthcare system.
I'm glad it was a good result
(Applause) So let me just briefly tell you how this works, because it's more interesting that way.
To make a Medi-Meter out of an alarm clock, you'll need three things. First, a cheap TV remote control like this, which you probably have in every household. You can put it in, and a couple of parts that incorporate the program.
This part is a small control unit with a little modification that ships cheaply around the world. That's all you need.
Now, we're doing field testing right now to see if a device like this actually makes sense for them.
In testing, we're comparing this device to a full-fledged medical device to see if there's a difference in how it performs, and whether it can actually make a difference in people's lives. But more importantly, what we're doing now. What we're trying to do is scale up the testing, because there are 250,000 Asha people in the field working as medical infantrymen, and if we can get this device to even some of them, it's going to be a huge undertaking for the public health sector. We can change the way institutions work, not just at the design stage, but at the grassroots level.
That's all for now, hopefully we can scale
Thank you. (Applause) (Applause)
Let's talk about the best machines that have never existed Let's talk about the best machines that have never existed
It was never actually built, but now it's going to be built.
It was designed long before people thought about computers.
If you know the history of computers, you know that in the '30s and '40s, simple computers were created that led to today's computer revolution.
The first computers were designed in the 1830s-40s, not the 1930s-40s.
It was designed, partly prototyped, and part remains here in South Kensington.
This machine was built by this man, Charles Babbage.
There's something about Babbage that I feel very familiar with, and in every photo I see, his hair looks like this, (Laughter). There was a soiree for the intellectuals of the time. There was a soiree for the intellectuals of the time. The King, the Duke of Wellington and many other celebrities were invited there. His machinery would have been shown
I envy those days, because you can go to a soirée and see a demo of a mechanical computer. (Laughter) Babbage himself was born in the late 18th century and was a very famous mathematician.
He used to occupy the same post as Newton at Cambridge University, now held by Stephen Hawking.
Babbage isn't as famous as they are because he came up with the idea of ​​building a mechanical computer, but he never built it.
The reason I couldn't make it was because he was the typical big head.
Every time I have a good idea I'm like, 'This is great, let's start building this.
Let's throw some money in. No, I've got a better idea.
Let's do this." (laughs)
It kept going that way, until the Prime Minister, Sir Robert Peel, finally kicked me out of 10 Downing Street. designed this bizarre analytic engine.
Each circle is a stack of gears, and the whole thing is about the size of a steam engine.
During the talk, I want you to imagine this gigantic machine.
I'm going to explain the architecture of this machine, that's the architecture, and I'm going to explain how this machine is a "computer."
First of all, memory. Memory was a lot like the memory in computers today, except it was made of metal, and it was a stack of 30 gears.
Imagine a towering gear, hundreds of these gears, each with a number.
On a decimal machine everything is done in decimal
I thought about binary numbers, but the problem is that the binary numbers make the machine ridiculously tall, even in decimal, but they're huge.
I got the memory
Part of memory is out here
I feel like this all the time
This monster-like thing is a CPU, a so-called chip.
Of course it's big
It's all mechanical. The whole machine was mechanical.
Here's a picture of one of the CPU prototypes in the Science Museum.
The CPU could do four basic arithmetic operations: addition, multiplication, subtraction, and division. Just doing this on a metal machine would be a big deal, but not only that, but this machine could do things that computers can do and calculators can't. It means to refer to the internal memory and make a decision.
We have If Then in Basic programming, which is the foundation of computers.
We have computation, not just arithmetic, but much more.
As you look at this, pause for a moment and think about today's chip. You can't see what's inside the chip.
But if you look, you should see something very similar to this.
Extreme complexity of CPU Extreme regularity of memory
If you've ever seen it, it's exactly this.
What this gear mechanism does is the same as a computer, so of course it requires programming. Babbage used the technology of the time. It's a punch card that would reappear in the 1950s, '60s and '70s. This is a three-punch card reader. It's one of the programs in the Science Museum, not far from here. It was created by Babbage.
There are many, not just one
He had a program ready for when the machine was ready.
The reason he used punch cards was that Jacquard in France was making a punch-card-controlled loom that could weave stunning patterns, and Babbage took advantage of this technology at the time. Gears, steam, machines. Ironically, the same year that Babbage was born, Michael Faraday was born. He revolutionized technology like generators and transformers.
But Babbage wanted to use established technology, so he chose something like the steam engine.
Then there are the accessories
I have a computer
Since the punch card has memory in the CPU,
I need accessories to use together
We need accessories to go with it. First of all, it's the sound. We're going to have a bell, a bell that you can ring when something goes wrong or when the machine needs some help. There was "Ring the bell." Imagine
"Bang!" Gears clatter, "clack-clack-clack-clack," steam-engine sounds, and "bang!" (Laughter) And, of course, you need a printer.
Here's a picture of the printing mechanism for another of his machines, Difference Engine #2, not made by Babbage, but by the Science Museum in the '80s and '90s.
It's a purely mechanical printer.
He was so obsessed with numbers that he could only print numbers.
Do you want graphics too?
Graphics: "I need a plotter. I have a big piece of paper and a pen. Let the machine plot."
So I also designed a plotter, which I think was a pretty good machine at that point.
And then comes this woman, Ada Lovelace.
Imagine that soirée with all these wonderful people.
This woman was the daughter of the maddening Lord Byron, and her mother worried that she might inherit Lord Byron's madness, and wondered, "I know what to do, math.
If you teach him math, he'll calm down."
(Laughter) No mathematician is crazy, so I'm sure she'll be fine. (Laughter) So she got a math education, and she went to that soirée with her mother, and Babbage showed off the machine.
There was the Duke of Wellington, and the machine was demoed, and she understood, she was the only person in Babbage's lifetime who said, "I know what this does, and I know the future of this machine."
We owe her a lot, and it's because of her that we know all this about the machine that Babbage was trying to build.
Some call her the first ever programmer.
this is actually what she transformed
The program is written in a particular style
It's not historically accurate to say that she was the first programmer, but she does something even more amazing.
She saw something that didn't look like Babbage, not just a programmer.
Babbage was obsessed with mathematics.
We were building a machine to do math, and Lovelace said, "This machine can do more than just math." Everyone in this room has a computer, they have a cell phone.
If you look inside your phone, whether it's a phone or a computer, it's math inside, and at its core, it's all numbers.
Whether it's video, text, music, audio, it's all numbers and they're processed by mathematical functions, and Lovelace said, "Just because you're using mathematical functions and symbols, you can't use real-world music like music. There's no reason why you can't express something else."
It's a big leap, and Babbage said, "I can calculate this amazing function, and I can print this table, and I can draw a graph." I will say
I call this "Lovelace Leap"
People say she's a programmer, and she certainly did programming, but what's important is that she foresaw that the future was going to be much more than that.
100 years from now there will be this man, Alan Turing, and in 1936 he'll reinvent the computer.
Babbage's machine was purely mechanical.
Turing's was purely theoretical.
They both start from a mathematical point of view, but Turing said something very important.
He laid the mathematical foundations of computer science, and he said, "It doesn't matter how you build a computer."
It makes no difference whether it's mechanical, like Babbage's machine, or electronic, like today's machine, or cellular, like the machine of the future, or mechanical with nanotechnology.
It's just making Babbage's machine smaller. It's a computer. It's the essence of a computer.
there is something like
Church-Turing thesis and
It's called, but that's how we say that what Babbage built was really a computer.
In fact, I could do anything I could do on a computer today, it's just that it was very slow.
Entered with a punch card, it was 10,000 times slower than the original ZX81.
It has a RAM pack
I could add more memory if I needed it (laughs).
how is the situation today
I have a drawing
In the vaults of the Science Museum in Swindon, there are hundreds of drawings and thousands of pages of notes that Babbage made about this engine.
One of them is called "Drawing 28," which is also the name of a fundraiser that I started with Doron Suede, who used to be the curator of the Science Museum. But there was our plan here in South Kensington.
It's about building an analytical engine.
The project has many elements.
The first is a scan of Babbage's document, which is complete.
The second thing I'm doing now is studying those drawings to decide what to build.
The third is to do a computer simulation of that machine, and finally, build it in a science museum.
If you can do this, you'll finally understand how computers work, and if you look at this gigantic machine instead of a tiny chip, you'll say, "Oh, I can see the memory working, I can hear the CPU working, I can smell it working." (Laughter) But until then, it's a simulation.
Babbage himself wrote that as soon as there was an analytical engine, it would set the course for the future of science.
He just toyed with ideas and never built them, but when computers were actually built in the 1940s, everything changed.
I'm going to show you a little video of what it's like in action, where some of the CPU mechanics are in action.
There are three sets of gears doing the addition. And that's how the adder works. You can imagine what this giant machine looks like.
give me five years
Build it before the 2030s
Thank you very much. (Applause)
hello this is my cell phone
Mobile phones have the power to change your life, and they give you personal freedom.
If you have a mobile phone, you can film crimes against humanity in Syria.
If you have a mobile phone, you can post a tweet and start a protest movement in Egypt.
If you have a mobile phone, you can record a song, upload it to SoundCloud, and become famous.
Mobile phones have the power to make all this possible
I was born in 1984 and lived in Berlin.
Let's see what this city was like back then
Hundreds of thousands of people standing up for change Hundreds of thousands of people standing up for change and protesting
This is the fall of 1989. What if all these people standing up and protesting for change had cell phones in their pockets?
Does anyone here have a mobile phone?
Please list
Pick up your phone, pick it up!
Name an android or a blackberry oh
There are a lot of them. Today, it seems like most people have mobile phones.
Today I'm going to talk to you about me, my cell phone, and how it changed my life.
let's talk about
Here is 35,830 lines of information
is raw data
Why is this information here?
Because in the summer of 2006, the European Commission issued a directive.
It's called the Data Integrity Directive
The Directive tells European cell phone and internet service companies to store a wide range of information about their users.
who calls who? who emails who?
Who texts who?
where you used your phone
All this information is kept by mobile operators and providers for at least 6 months and up to 2 years at least 6 months and up to 2 years
People all over Europe stood up and said, "I don't want this."
They shouted that they didn't want the data stored.
In today's digital age, we want self-determination, and we don't want cell phone companies or internet companies to store any information about us.
They're lawyers, they're journalists, they're priests, they're all saying, "We don't want this."
And as you can see here, many people took to the streets of Berlin and shouted, "Freedom, not fear."
Some say this is the second Stasi
The Stasi is the East German secret police
Will this work? and i'm wondering
Is it really possible to store all the information about us?
every time i use my phone?
So I asked my contract, Deutsche Telekom, which at the time was Germany's largest mobile operator, to send me all the information they had about me.
I asked over and over again, but all I got was silly answers, and I didn't get any decent answers.
But I explained that I wanted this information at hand, because this information is the record of my life.
In seeking this information, I decided to take them to court.
But Deutsche Telekom objected and said they couldn't give you this information.
In the end, I made a settlement with them.
I dropped the lawsuit and they sent me all the information.
Right around that time, the German Constitutional Court ruled that implementing this EU directive was unconstitutional.
I was sent this clunky brown envelope containing a CD.
And I just showed you on this CD
It contained 35,830 lines of information
When I first saw it, I was like, "Okay, it's a very large file. No problem."
But after a while, I realized that this was my life.
This is six months of my life on file
what should i do I was a little perplexed by
Because he knows where I am, where I sleep at night and what I do
Then I said I wanted to share this information.
i want to publish this
I wanted to show people what the Data Integrity Directive meant.
Published using Zeit Online and Open Data City
This is a visualization of six months of my life.
You can zoom in and out, rewind and fast forward.
you can see everything i do
He even knows what route I'll take from Frankfurt to Cologne and how many phone calls I'll make along the way.
This information makes all of this possible.
I'm a little appalled
But this is not just my problem
it concerns all of us
In the beginning, I would call my wife, and she would call me, and it would be just a few calls.
In addition, I have friends who call me, and they call each other.
You call you, and that's how the network becomes really big.
But I can tell you from your call logs, from the number of calls you make, to when you go to bed.
I understand everything
You can also see who is the leader of the group
With this information, I can find out about your relationship status.
With this information in hand, you can control your relationships.
This is the blueprint for countries like China and Iran
This is the blueprint for figuring out your relationships, because you know who's calling who, who's emailing who, and with this information, all of this is possible.
This information will be retained in Europe for a minimum of 6 months and a maximum of 2 years.
As I said at the beginning, what if everyone who stood up in Berlin in the fall of 1989 had a cell phone in their pocket?
The Stasi could have identified the participants in this protest, and if the leaders behind the protest had been known in advance, the protest would never have happened.
The Berlin Wall would not have fallen
That would have prevented the fall of the Iron Curtain.
Today, government agencies and companies want to store as much information about us as possible, both online and offline.
They want the ability to track our lives, and they want to keep the information secure.
But self-determination and living in the digital age are not mutually exclusive.
But today we have to fight for self-determination.
That's why we have to fight every day
When you get home, tell your friends that privacy is a 21st-century asset, not obsolete.
When you go home, tell companies and government agencies that just because they have a little ability to store information doesn't mean they have to.
If you don't believe me, ask your cell phone company what information they store about you.
Now, whenever you use your mobile phone, I want you to remember that you have to fight for self-determination in the digital age.
thank you
(applause)
As an architect, I often ask myself, what is the origin of the shapes we design?
If you don't refer to the architecture of the past, what kind of design can you do?
If there were no prejudices, no preconceived notions, what kind of shapes could we create?
What if you weren't trapped by the education you've ever received?
Will a form never seen before be created?
A surprising shape? Attractive shape?
A shape that makes you happy to see?
How can we create something completely new?
let's focus on nature
It is said that nature is the greatest architect
I'm not suggesting that you just copy nature or imitate life itself, but I'm suggesting that you borrow a process.
We follow natural processes to create new things.
Morphogenesis, the main creative process in nature, refers to the division of one cell into two.
They divide into the same shape, or they divide asymmetrically into different shapes.
If you take this process and try to simplify it as much as possible -- take a piece of paper, fold it in half, divide it into two sides.
It doesn't matter where you fold it
How to distinguish faces
In this way, you can create an amazing variety of shapes from a very simple process.
We can use the same process to create a three-dimensional structure from this shape, but instead of folding it by hand, we take it into a computer and encode it as an algorithm.
By doing so, you can now fold anything.
You can fold a million times faster into a huge variety of shapes.
To build a three-dimensional object, you start with a three-dimensional object, not a surface.
is a simple cube
And if you fold this plane over and over and over and over and over and over again and again and again and again and again and again and again and again and again and again and again and again, 16 folds, you'll end up with a shape with 400,000 faces.
If you change the creases and change the ratio of the faces, it will look like this.
Depending on the ratio of the faces, it can be shaped like this or like this.
You can control the shape by changing the folds, but it's basically a folded cube.
let's play
By folding different parts with different aspect ratios, you can partially change the state of the paper.
You can fine tune the shape.
There are no physical restrictions because it's folded on the computer.
So you can cross the papers and make the surface impossibly small.
You can make creases that can only be done that way
the surface becomes pitted
Stretchable and tearable
These methods allow you to create a wide range of shapes.
But I didn't design any shape
I designed the process of making the shape.
Ordinarily, if you change the aspect ratio a little bit, you can see that the shape changes accordingly.
But let's face it, 99.9 percent of the time, it's not going to look like this.
All the shapes I showed you are the result of trial and error.
It turns out that a much more efficient way to create shapes is to use the information already contained in the shapes.
Even in a very simple form like this image, it actually contains a lot of invisible information.
For example, you can determine the length of the sides
Long side for white side Short side for black side
Also, things like the flatness of the surface, the curvature, the radius -- things that aren't immediately visible to the eye -- all of this information can be pulled out in this way, visualized, and used to determine how to fold.
Here we define the folding rules rather than the ratio of each crease, which associates the settings of a face with how that face is folded.
Because you design a process, not a shape, you can repeat that process over and over again to produce a set of shapes.
These shapes look elaborate, but the process is minimal.
I always start with a simple cube. It's a very simple action, just fold it once and repeat it over and over again.
Let's apply this process to architecture
how? on what scale?
I chose a cylindrical design
Cylinders are the archetype of architecture
It's been used historically to represent ideals of beauty and technology.
Now, how do we build a cylinder with this new algorithm?
Start with four cylinders
After a lot of experimentation, these cylinders evolved like this.
These cylinders contain a very wide variety of information.
let's zoom
The closer you get, the more new features you discover.
Some forms are visible to the human eye or close to the limit.
Unlike traditional building methods, you can create both the overall shape and the microscopic details in just one step.
can't draw with a pen
If an architect tries to draw with pen and paper, it may take months or even a year to draw the whole thing, including the details, and after all, only an algorithm can create something like this.
So if I ask you a more interesting question, are these shapes imaginable?
Architects can usually envision the final state of what they are building.
The way I do it, the process determines the outcome.
There is no random part, but neither is it completely predictable.
Too many faces, too many details, you can't see the finished product.
Here comes a new role for architects.
We need new ways to explore all the possibilities.
You can create many variations from a single shape, and you can develop it at the same time.
If I compare it to nature, which I talked about at the beginning, it takes into account groups of related shapes, variations, series, etc., and combines them to create shapes.
At this point, the architect has already become the conductor of an orchestra.
stop talking theory
I once bought a pair of red and blue 3D glasses because I wanted to get into this image, and I got close enough to touch the screen, but that doesn't mean I can walk around or touch it with my hands.
The only possibility left is to get the cylinder out of the computer.
3D printing is a hot topic right now.
But at this point, it's not good enough for my purposes, because it forces me to compromise, either small and fine and fast, or big and slow.
Instead, layer upon layer of thin layers, stacked on top of each other to form a cylinder.
This is an X-ray picture of the cylinder from above, looking from above.
Up until this point, I had only seen it from the outside, but the inside had been folded more and more, creating a myriad of tiny structures.
From this shape, we calculate the cross section and cut it out with the laser, and you can see a portion of it, and you'll see a lot of thin, individually cut layers that overlap each other.
This is a real picture, not a CG, and after a lot of work, the actual cylinder and the computer-designed cylinder were strikingly similar.
Most of the intricate surface details were realized as-is.
it took a lot of effort
Currently, the gap between virtual and reality is still large.
It took months to build the cylinder, but 30 seconds for the computer to calculate 16 million faces.
The actual model, on the other hand, is made up of 2,700 one-millimeter layers, weighing 700 kilograms, and is made from a single sheet that's big enough to cover the entire venue.
I cut it with a laser and it was about the same distance from here to the airport and back.
It has become easier to make
Machines are faster and cheaper, and in terms of technological development, there are promising developments going forward.
This is a photo from the Gwangju Biennale exhibition.
We used ABS plastic to build the cylinder, and we used a bigger, faster machine with a steel core inside to support the weight of the cylinder.
Each pillar is made up of two cylinders
If you have a mirror behind the cylinder, you'll see a different cylinder, as if by illusion.
So what can we say here?
If all architects started to focus on designing the process of creating things, rather than designing things, we could create things that no one had ever seen before.
I've shown you a simple process inspired by nature, but there are countless others.
nothing to limit
In fact, we already have a process that allows us to design structures, large and small, that we never imagined possible.
And I'm sure such architecture will be realized someday.
Thank you. (Applause)
It's very difficult, but I'd like to wrap up the final day of the conference, when everyone's finished speaking.
The important thing is to take to heart what has been said here, to propose the ideas that have been brought back, and to implement them.
i would like to do that too
I'm here to talk about "A new chapter for Africa"
And that's because, unfortunately, we're always looking at the past and the present.
This is the picture of drought, death and disease that we see all the time.
In "Africa's Next Chapter," we see healthy, smiling, beautiful Africans.
Remember what you've heard so far, this is a very important statistic about where Africa is now and how it could be better.
Africa has a foundation
I won't go into details right now, just an introduction. Africa actually has a solid foundation.
We should turn this around for the better.Africa is growing fast.
We're growing 5% right now, and we're expecting 6% to 7% going forward.
inflation has subsided
I worked in a country that had a huge external debt, and now that debt has plummeted.
We went from $50 billion to $12 billion to $13 billion.
this is a great success
It's also important to increase reserves.
It shows the strength of the economy and currency, and gives you a foundation on which to plan and build your business.
Private investment is on the rise as proof that things are changing.
Again, the stats show that investments that were about 6 billion are now about 18 billion.
In 2005, even in Nigeria, the amount of remittances from overseas is increasing at an astonishing rate.
other countries are the same
The significance of this phenomenon is
If people living abroad feel safe sending money back to their country of origin, other people will have confidence in their country.
leads to net influx
what's important now
Don't rush, build the foundation, the president and other leaders are doing something else.
I want to solve
62% of the population is under the age of 24
The problem here is
how to get young people into production
How do we guarantee employment, health and education?
It will be possible in the future to build a production environment for productive living.
After leaving government, I founded a polling organization.
Opinion polls in African countries
no public voice
I don't understand the public opinion
when I ask the people
Every country we surveyed is the same, jobs are the biggest problem.
I will talk about this later
I want you to think about this for a moment.
Remember, the foundation you build will enable you to move forward in the next step.
Only five to seven years ago, Africa was in the old chapter.
unable to proceed
the economy is stagnating
Negative personal growth
There was no macroeconomic framework either.
so we did a lot
Such as creating problem-solving programs and stabilizing macroeconomic institutions.
now there is a foundation
On that premise, what we've been talking about here is aid versus the private sector, aid versus trade, and so on.
Someone said to me, "The argument is too simplistic."
how to discuss this
our debate was wrong
How do we work with governments, the private sector, and ordinary people on whom our lives depend?
It's the combination that's the problem
Imaginative youth for Africa's progress
We've seen here before that we need to hire
from wrong arguments
I think we should go back and think about how we put all these pieces together to create what we want.
It's a matter of aid for me. Africa needs to move in a different direction, and it needs to feel that aid is bad.
is not
When someone told me that I would become a helping Africa, I
I replied, "I already do."
“Without African aid, there would be no Britain and the United States today.”
(Applause) Africa's resources and people built the nations we have today!
If you give me something in return, accept it obediently
the problem is
How to use what is returned
how we use
Is it directly effective?
rather than get help
There is a reason why I feel that it is a problem whether it can be used effectively
1967-70
Nigeria is at war
I was in charge of cooking
Father enlisted in the Biafra army
was a brigadier general
I ate one meal a day and moved from place to place
One day in 1969 things got really bad.
I can't even eat one meal a day
people died
I'm sure older people remember
i was in it
my mother had a stomach ailment for a few days
almost died
my father is in the army
not here
I was the oldest in my family
When my sister got severe malaria
She was 3 and I was 15.
my sister has a high fever
There is no sign of healing even if I nurse
I heard that a doctor 10 kilometers away could see me and give me some medicine.
I carried my younger sister with a high fever on my back and walked 10 kilometers.
The heat and hunger made it very difficult
My sister's life depended on me
for treatment
walked 10 kilometers
When I got there, a lot of people
The door of the church I'm treating
I was trying to pry
Carrying my little sister on my back, I crawled between my legs and headed for the window.
I entered through the window without prying the door open.
The doctor said it was a hair's breadth
my sister didn't move
I was given a shot of chloroquine, and I needed to stay hydrated, and after a few hours in a corner
my sister's body moved
She was sweating so I wiped her body.
Then my sister got up
After 5-6 hours, I was told I was fine.
I carried my sister on my back and went home
This time the 10km road felt short
I was so happy that my sister recovered (applause).
Now my sister is a mother and a doctor.
Here's the thing, if you and your family are suffering, it doesn't matter where you are.
The definition of aid is irrelevant! (Applause.) Help is the only thing the person wants is to live!
There are lives saved in Africa by aid, and saving someone's life increases productivity.
As an economist, I see another side.
for productivity
If you treat people with AIDS or malaria, you can build an economic base.
But if the same situation is left unchecked, the sick will die and the orphans will become an economic burden.
We need to save lives, not just from a social and humanitarian point of view, but from an economic point of view as well.
And we want to turn those human resources into something productive.
But I don't think this is the only answer
Needs advanced discussion
we need to use aid wisely
what happened in europe
EU member Spain receives $10 billion in aid from other member states
Spain didn't consider its resources to be ashamed.
how did you use it?
Southern Spain has roads everywhere
because we have the infrastructure
Service industries developed throughout the South.
received $3 billion in aid
Ireland developed its economy
people from all over the world are looking for jobs
How to use the aid?
We've built an information highway, put the infrastructure in place for the information technology revolution, and created jobs.
because it helped
The EU is still helping
If Spain can build infrastructure, why doesn't the EU help Africa? (Applause) There are many foundations that don't ask us for help.
The World Bank, IMF, etc. and the EU
There are also ordinary citizens who have a lot of money, and you have them here too.
private aid outweighs public aid
I appreciate what you're doing in Africa, but it's also worrying and stomach-churning at times, because they're aid entrepreneurs.
I'm going from country to country, trying to figure out what to do over and over again.
But I'm not at all sure if that help is in the right direction.
Continent is an investment destination
just one
working with africans
(Applause) In fact, entrepreneurial investors don't even listen to Africans.
We learn about the local situation and decide what to do
I will tell you briefly
money is important
Will investors hold us accountable?
Are we participating in the decision of where the funds are invested?
Will we repeat our mistakes?
Presidents and leaders gather people together and say, "You have a good foundation of money.
I'll tell you where to put the money."
i never said
Because I'm helping out in pieces
And even if billions were invested, we would still have the same problem.
without future
I can't tell people to come together with money.
too many supporters
I'm not calling Bill Gates or Soros. When I address some of my supporters, I say, "Let's have a meeting here.
We have priority
Please direct your money here."
Before becoming an entrepreneur and finding investments overseas
I want you to help us better
actually not
So 10 years from now, you'll be repeating the same thing.
The problem now is how do we take advantage of the favors we need?
How do governments appropriately work with private foundations, international organizations and the private sector?
private sector alone
Do not do that
floating ideas
spread and share
Why not try to use aid?
Don't you say you need infrastructure?
Infrastructure is essential for healthcare
For a more efficient education, it would be better if electricity and railroads were in place.
You can bring your produce to market
Do not be shy
invest in africa
Aid is about coordinating private and international funding to help the private sector and Africans come together and work together.
just to help
can't solve the problem
If you use that as a trigger, your aid will succeed.
In Africa, the Chinese are becoming more known for their resource extraction than for being insane.
because it has the power
If you say you want a road, the Chinese will cooperate.
don't be shy
The Chinese Finance Minister told me that Nigeria needed
taught me two things
“Infrastructure development and discipline
You have no discipline.” (Applause)
need discipline
it provides assistance
And we can provide both a healthy life and a good education.
See how aid fosters cooperation
look
this is one
Second, the private sector is reluctant to take risks on the continent.
Why not make some of the aid a guarantee of risk?
(Applause) Finally, these two
Don't have time?
last point
What I'd like to ask everyone to do is create jobs for women. (Applause) Again.
need a woman job
In 2000, the World Bank invested in women, and there's a study that found that women with capital were healthier families and economies.
I don't take men lightly. A woman who left her husband
You will be dissatisfied and struggling at home
Don't hit women who don't work
And the last thing I want to stress is that men are more likely to be supported in finding jobs.
But when women have capital, it becomes a powerful tool.
For example, women in Rwanda work in gardening.
created 200 jobs
Nigerian furniture manufacturer
for expansion
need 20 million
You can also open a new job opening
How can we put money in the hands of women, who will grow their businesses and create jobs as entrepreneurs.
Finally, what are you going to do with your aid partners, governments, the private sector, Africans?
Thank you. (Applause)
Dr. Edgerton's photograph of a bullet going through an apple, captured in a millionth of a second, surprised and aroused curiosity.
And now, 50 years later, we're shooting a million times faster, and we can see the world at not one million, not one billion, but one trillion frames per second.
I'd like to introduce you to a new imaging technology called femto photography, a new imaging technology that's extremely fast and can capture slow-motion images of even the light that's traveling through it.
We can also use this technology to create cameras that can see beyond invisible corners, cameras that can see inside the body without using X-rays, and that will change the meaning of the word camera in a big way.
So let's say you blink a laser pointer, and if you blink it for a trillionth of a second, or a few femtoseconds apart, the resulting photon blobs are only about a millimeter long.
This blob of photons, or bullet, travels at the speed of light, which is a million times faster than a normal bullet.
If you take a bullet called a blob of photons and fire it into a bottle, how will the photons shatter?
what does slow motion light look like
And I've shown you -- (Applause) (Applause) Keep in mind that everything I've shown you happens in less than a nanosecond, and light travels in less than a nanosecond.
This video is playing 10 billion times slower, so you can see the light moving.
By the way, I haven't received any support from Coca-Cola (laughs).
There's a lot going on in the video, let me walk you through what's going on.
A pulse, a bullet, enters the bottle, and as the photon mass begins to traverse, it also begins to scatter internally.
There's also the light that leaks out, illuminating the table, and you can see what looks like ripples.
Eventually most of the photons reach the cap and scatter in all directions.
You can see the air bubbles, but there they bounce back inside.
At the same time, the wave on the table spreads out, and after a few frames, the reflected light gathers on the bottom side of the bottle because of the reflection on the top surface.
If you shoot a regular bullet, shoot the same distance, and if you slow it down at 10 billion times, how long would that video take?
one day? one week? It takes a whole year
(Laughter) It's a normal bullet moving slowly.
I took a picture of a still life like this
You can see the ripples running down the surface of the table, the tomatoes, and the wall behind.
It's like throwing a stone into the water of a pond
I was amazed at how nature could color a photograph taken in femtoseconds.
If you just look at the tomato again, it will continue to glow while the light is washing it away, and it will never darken.
I wonder why it's because the tomatoes are ripe
Because the light bounces around inside the tomato and comes out in a few trillionths of a second.
In the future, when this femtocamera is on your phone, you can go to the supermarket and check whether the fruit is ripe without even touching it.
How did my team at MIT build this camera?
As anyone who takes a picture knows, the shorter the exposure time, the less light there is.
And it's going to be ten billion times faster than a normal short exposure, so there's very little light.
We fire bullets of light millions of times, and we record them in a very clever, synchronized fashion, and the computationally weaved out of gigabytes of data is the femtovideo you saw earlier.
We can do some very interesting things with the raw data.
superman flies in the sky
Some heroes become invisible
How about seeing beyond the corner as a new ability for superheroes in the future?
The idea is that when the light that hits the door bounces back into the room, some of it is reflected back to the door and back to the camera.
In this way, we can use light that has undergone multiple reflections.
This is not a fantasy sci-fi, it was actually made
The one on the left is the femto camera
There's a mannequin hidden behind the wall, the light bounces off the door.
After our paper was published in Nature Communications, she was featured on Nature's website and made this animation.
(Music) We're about to fire a bullet of light, and it hits the wall, and the blobs of photons scatter in all directions, and some hit the hidden mannequin. To do
A small fraction of the photons return to the camera, and what's important is that the light returns at slightly different times.
(music) The camera we used is a very fast femto camera, so it has a unique ability.
The time resolution is so good that we can see the world at the speed of light.
So we know the distance to the door, the distance to the hidden object, so we know the distance to the door, the distance to the hidden object, but we don't know which point corresponds to which distance.
(Music) You can flash the laser light once and take a single unprocessed photo, but it's hard to tell just by looking at it.
But if we take a lot of these pictures, combine dozens of these pictures, and try to analyze the multiple scattering of light, wouldn't we be able to see hidden objects from those pictures?
Is it possible to see it as a perfect three-dimensional object?
Here's what we reconfigured
(music) (music) (applause) We still have work to do before we take this technology out of the lab, but eventually we'll have cars that avoid colliding with objects around corners.
Use the light reflected through open windows to search for survivors in dangerous situations.
We could build endoscopes and angioscopes that can see deep inside the body, where you can't see.
Of course, with cells and blood, this is a very difficult question, but what I want scientists to start thinking about is that femto photography, a new imaging technique, could be the answer to the next generation of medical imaging.
Just like Dr. Edgerton, a scientist, created the art of ultra-high-speed photography from science.
I also use the gigabytes of data that I gather for each experiment, not just to create a scientific picture.
I realized that a new form of computational photography could be achieved through time-lapse photography and color conversion.
Let's take a look at the wave pattern
The time difference between these waves is about a trillionth of a second.
something interesting is happening here
If you look at the underside of the cap, the waves are moving away from you.
the waves should be approaching
what is happening
In fact, it was recorded at near the speed of light, which produced a strange effect that Einstein would have loved to see.
The order of events that occur in the world seen by the camera is sometimes reversed
We can compensate for this distortion by accounting for appropriate time and space distortions.
Whether it's looking around the corner photography, next-generation medical imaging, or developing new visualization techniques, we've open-sourced our inventions and put all the data and details on the web for makers, creators, and researchers. I'd like to hear from you: Let's stop obsessing over how many megapixels a camera has. (Laughter) Let's focus on a new dimension when it comes to imaging.
It's time to think about time. Thank you. (Applause)
(applause)
let me talk about my problem
I think that there may be many people among you who have the same problem.
There's a lot of paintings in museums, but you're walking from room to room, and within 20 minutes you realize you're a painting.
not thinking about it
Instead, what comes to my mind is a cup of coffee... I desperately need a cup to wake me up.
What I suffer from is "museum fatigue"
I'm sure some of you will...
Sometimes it lasts more than 20 minutes, sometimes it doesn't last that long, but the problem is the same. And don't you feel guilty about it?
Looking at the painting on the wall, I think that the person who exhibited it must have thought that this painting was worthy of being displayed on this wall, but I didn't even look at it.
Yes, I don't even look at most paintings
and leave with sadness
I feel guilty and sad about myself. Rather than blaming the painting for this feeling, I think it's me.
It's not a very nice thing to leave a museum like that.
(Laughter) Maybe we should take it easy.
If you go to a restaurant and look at the menu, do you want to order every single item on it?
You don't, you choose
Do you want to go to the department store to buy shirts, try them on and buy them all?
It's not like that, it's natural to choose
So why shouldn't museums try to be picky?
Should we really care about every single painting?
So I changed my mind
There are two things I do when I'm in a museum. Once I'm in the room, I go around quickly. First, I look through the whole thing.
Even if you don't know what's going on in a piece of art, you can still be attracted to it like a magnet.
First, I do my own curation.
You may only have 1 in 50 paintings to choose from.
And the second thing you do is stand in front of the painting and tell yourself a story.
Why story? You have to do it, or rather, because your DNA tells you to tell a story.
We're talking about something all the time, and I think the world is chaotic and weird, and we're trying to make sense of it, and we're going to tell stories, we're trying to organize it.
I do that when I look at paintings.
So now, I look at art museum paintings like I look at restaurant menus.
I'm going to show you three paintings, and they're the ones that made me stop and make up a story.
The first one hardly needs an explanation, it's "Girl with a Pearl Earring" by Johannes Vermeer, a 17th-century Dutch painter.
This picture is probably the most beautiful of all
I came across this painting when I was 19, and as soon as I left the exhibition space I bought the poster, which I bought 30 years ago and still hangs in my house.
This picture has been with me wherever I go ever since I never get tired of seeing her
What first attracted me was the brilliant use of colors and the light on the girl's face.
But as time passed and I looked at it again and again, I realized that I was drawn to something else, and it was this girl's expression that made me feel some kind of conflict.
I still don't know if she's happy or sad
The mystery continues to fascinate me
One day, 16 years after I had this poster on my wall, I was lying in bed staring at her, and I was just wondering, what did Vermeer do to make her look like this? right
I had never thought of it that way before, but I thought that the girl's expression might be expressing her feelings for Vermeer.
Until then, I thought of this painting as a portrait of a girl.
But I've come to believe that this is a depiction of a relationship.
What was that relationship like?
That's what I thought, so I did some research and found out that I have absolutely no idea who this girl is.
In fact, we don't really know who modeled any of Vermeer's works, and we don't know much about Vermeer himself.
So I thought, "You did it!"
You can create a story as you please
So I tried to think like this
first and foremost i have to get her home
How did Vermeer know her?
Some say it's Vermeer's own 12-year-old daughter.
My daughter was 12 years old when the picture was drawn.
But I thought otherwise. This intimate look is not a daughter's look at her father.
The other is a Dutch painting of the period where the model's open mouth represents the woman's potential sexuality.
It's strange for Vermeer to paint his daughter like that.
So it's not his daughter, but it's someone close to the painter.
Who else was at home
I'm a servant It's a very cute servant
Now she's in the house
Now we have to enter the atelier
Vermeer is a mysterious painter, but one thing we do know is that he married a Catholic woman and lived with her mother, and he had his own room there, his studio. had a child
It must have been a chaotic, noisy home.
If you've seen his work before, you've probably felt a sense of stillness and tranquility.
With 11 children, you can't imagine that kind of silence.
he must have cut off that life
Saying "no one should enter the atelier"
Neither my wife nor children are allowed in, but only my servants are allowed in for cleaning purposes.
He invites her servant into the room and they are alone
the painter decides to paint her
He kept the girl's costume very simple.
Almost all of Vermeer's women are dressed in velvet, silk, furs, very luxurious things.
But the girl's is simple, the only thing that isn't simple is a pearl earring.
She's just a servant, so she can't have a pearl earring.
So if it's not hers, whose is it?
A list of costumes that my wife Katharina had was found.
Among them are a yellow coat with white fur trim, a yellow and black bodice, and other clothing worn by the women in his other paintings.
Therefore, Katharina's costume was rented out to various women.
Therefore, it seems safe to assume that the pearl earring belongs to the wife.
Now, we have all the materials we need for our story.
the girl spends a lot of time with the painter
long time between painting
always spend time alone
wife's earrings on her ears
She's so beautiful, she's in love with the painter, and she's worried
Is your wife aware of this?
And if you don't realize it... that's how you tell a story.
(Laughter) The next painting I want to show you is Chardin's "Castle of Cards."
Chardin was an 18th-century French painter best known for his still lifes, but he also occasionally painted people.
There are actually four versions of this painting, all of which show a boy innocently building a house of cards.
I especially like this picture because the other boys are a little older and a little younger, but like Goldilocks porridge, this one fits right in.
A delicate age that cannot be called a child or an adult
It strikes a fine balance between the innocence of a child and the step towards adulthood, and that's what made me stop in front of this painting.
Look at this face, it reminds me of a painting by Vermeer
A light coming from the left illuminates his face, and that's right in the center of the painting. And when I'm looking at this painting, I say, "Look at me, look at me, look at me."
But he doesn't look at me. He keeps staring at the card. That's one of the charms of this picture.
That's what makes this painting a masterpiece to me, and there's no answer.
he'll never turn to you...
And so I wonder, if there was someone staring at him, who would it be?
I'm not a painter. I don't want to think so.
I imagine this boy growing up
An older male servant is looking at this younger servant "Look over here, see if there's something I want to tell you about what's going to happen to you, look over here."
but he never turns around
That makes me feel very strange. You can't know how the girl in "Girl with a Pearl Earring" feels.
I wrote that novel too, but I still don't get it.
Again and again, I come back to that picture, searching for the answer that fills this void in my heart.
And then we create a story, and we have a brief moment of satisfaction, but it's not real satisfaction, we come back to painting.
The last painting I'd like to show you is Unknown. (Laughter) It's a portrait of a member of the Tudor family in the National Portrait Gallery.
Thought to be Sir Thomas Overbury, it turned out not to be, and in the end it remains a mystery.
It doesn't make sense that you don't know who the person in the portrait gallery is.
I can't just display a portrait of someone I don't know
Unfortunately, this Anonymous has spent most of his time in a warehouse, along with many other Anonymous, even though some of these paintings are beautiful.
There are three reasons why I stop by this painting.
Are you not happy? If so, why?
The second thing that keeps me attracted is his bright, flushed cheeks.
He's blushing and embarrassed about having his portrait painted.
He must have always been this shy
But what are you thinking that makes you so red?
The third reason I stopped by this painting is the wonderfully gorgeous jacket he's wearing.
It's gray silk with pretty buttons.
What I thought when I saw it was a warm and fluffy duvet spread out over my bed
I always think of my bed and these red cheeks So when I look at him I think of sex Maybe he was thinking about it too?
If I were to make a story, what other elements should I add?
What was the Tudor man thinking?
How about Henry VIII, for example?
his head must have been full of heirs
Who should inherit his position and property?
Put it all together and you have a story to soothe the unrest this painting raises.
So what is the story...
it's not that long
"Rosey" I'm still wearing the white brocade coat that Caroline gave me.
A simple, high-collared jacket with detachable sleeves, fitted to the body with neatly fastened buttons made of silk twine.
This coat reminds me of that big bedspread.
that must have been the goal
The first time I wore this jacket was at a dinner her parents gave us
My cheeks were red even before I got up to speak
As soon as I use my body, drink wine, or get emotional, I turn red.
When I was little, my sisters and classmates used to make fun of me, but George was different.
George called me "Rosie"
Only George could be called that.
he kindly called
When I announced my marriage, instead of turning red, he turned pale like my jacket.
It is strange that he is surprised
Everyone knew that I would one day marry his cousin.
But it must have been hard to hear it out loud
I finally got it right
Then I found George looking out over the kitchen from the terrace.
Been drinking all afternoon, and he's still pale
We stood watching a servant cutting lettuce
"Isn't this jacket nice?" I asked.
He glanced at me and said, "My collar looks like it's going to hurt."
"Can we meet again?"
"Can we hunt together, play cards together, and go to court together again?"
"Nothing will change"
he didn't say anything
"I'm already 23, and I'm about to get married."
George turned around to finish off the red wine and said
"Congratulations on your marriage James...
"... I wish you all happiness."
He never called me by that nickname again
Thank you for your attention
(Applause) Thank you.
(applause)
Hello
I am being harassed online
and in large quantities
Harassment is part of my job
I'm a digital creator, and my work is focused on the Internet.
For example, a few years ago, I did a video series called "All the Dialogue." I edited a hit movie and put together just the lines of the non-white cast to make the problem of portraying Hollywood's characters into a real-life, easy-to-read form. I did
And then, as the transphobic "Toilet Act" got media attention across America, I hosted and produced an interview series called "Toilet Sit-ins with Trans People," literally. is
(Laughter) And then -- go ahead, applause is welcome.
(Applause) Thank you.
Do you watch unboxing videos on YouTube? Here's a video of a YouTuber unboxing the latest gadget
So I unwrapped it with a weekly series of ironic, intangible ideologies like "police violence," "masculinity," and "unfair treatment of Native Americans."
(Laughter) For my work — thank you.
Only one person is clapping
(Laughter) Hi mom
(Laughter) My show became popular.
it is also quite popular
It got millions of views, tons of positive feedback, and a huge following.
But behind my online success was the online harassment that followed me.
I was told many things
"Beta", "Snowflake" and the popular "Cuckold"
Don't worry, I'll explain
(Laughter) For those of you who don't know, "beta" is internet slang for "unmanly man."
But to be honest, I'm a rich white woman who wears pearl earrings and her fashion sense is casual, so I'm not trying to be a man among men.
(Applause) You can't do that.
(Laughter) "Snowflake" is sensitive and a distaste for people who think they're special. I'm a millennial and I'm an only child.
(Laughter) But my absolute favorite is "Cuckold".
Short for "cuckold man," it's a term for a man who is cheating on his wife.
But I'm a hardcore gay man, so I'm afraid if I had a wife, I'd encourage her to cheat on me.
(laughs) Thank you.
Now let's see how these insults are used in practice.
sometimes direct
For example, Marcos wrote, "You're a nasty piece of human nature."
thank you marcos
Some people write straight
Here's what Donovan wrote: "Gay guy Homo"
I want to say here that Donovan is not wrong.
The content of the writing is correct, so let's admit it
thank you donovan
Some people, like Brian, ask the question, "Are you gay at birth, or are you becoming gay all the time?"
But what I really liked about it was that Brian probably slipped after he posted it, and he liked me.
(laughs) That's why I like you too!
(Laughter) It's funny to talk about messages like this.
right?
Laughing off is a pastime
But the truth is, I don't feel good when it's written like this.
At first, I took a screenshot of the comment to make fun of the typo, but I soon felt it was elitist and ultimately pointless.
So I developed an unexpected coping method.
Most of the harassing messages I received came from social media, so when I clicked on the sender's profile picture, in most cases, I could see all of the other person's information.
It made me feel a little better to be able to see the photos they were tagged in, the posts, the stuff they shared, and to see that there was a human on the other side of the screen.
I'm not trying to justify what they wrote.
I just saw the background
Still feeling unsatisfactory
I called a few people, all of whom didn't look intimidating, but the question that started was simple: "Why did you write that?"
The first person I spoke to was Josh.
In his post, Josh called me "stupid" and "the cause of America's division" and ended with "gay is a sin."
I was pretty nervous when we first talked
it's not a comment section
Cannot mute or block
Of course, it might have been better if you hung up from me.
I didn't want to
it's fun to talk
because he fell in love
Hear part of the conversation
(Audio Dylan) Josh You said you were- you're about to graduate from high school, right?
(Josh) Oh
(Dylan) How about high school?
(Josh) Is it okay to use vulgar language?
(Dylan) Of course it's okay.
(Josh) It was shit
(Dylan) Really?
(Josh) I'm graduating in two weeks and it's still shit
I'm a little taller-I don't like the word "fat"-Anyway, I'm a little taller than everyone else in my class.
(Dylan) It sucks.
I want you to know that I was bullied in high school too.
Could the shared experience of being bullied in high school negate his actions?
That's impossible
So, can a single phone call radically heal this politically divided country and end its systemic injustice?
That's impossible, isn't it?
So, did our conversations give us more insight into each other's humanity than our profile pictures and posts did?
definitely yes
I continued
Part of it was harassment from "friends"
Matthew is a gay, liberal artist like me, but I had a question for him, who wrote that he "embodies the worst of liberalism."
Dylan: You tagged me in this post.
did you want to show me
(Matthew laughs) To be honest, I didn't expect to be seen.
(Dylan) Have you ever been humiliated in public?
(Matthew) Yes.
But I said, "So what?"
(Dylan) Didn't you mind?
(Matthew) It was tough.
(Dylan) Didn't you mind?
(Matthew) No, I care.
CA: A lot of times, at the end of conversations like this, I find myself looking back.
I think again
That happened at the end of a phone call with a man named Doug, who described me as "a third-rate propaganda writer."
Dylan: Since we've been talking, have you changed how you feel about what you're posting online?
(Doug) It's changed! When I wrote you "third-rate writer", I wasn't able to have a dialogue
I didn't know the real you
I often think that's what the comment section is about.It's a way to vent your anger on the world without knowing who you are.
(Dylan laughs) Yeah
Doug: But this is making me rethink how I socialize online.
CA: So I collected a lot of these conversations and put together a podcast called "Conversations with People Who Hate Me."
(Laughter) Up until then, I had been thinking that if I wanted to change something, the only practical way to do it would be to silence conflicting opinions. The only people who welcome such things are those who originally agreed with me.
sometimes... take care
Sometimes the most revolutionary thing you can do is — everybody give him a round of applause
(Laughter) The most revolutionary thing I can do is actually have a dialogue with the person I'm opposing, not rant.
Every time I call, I always ask my guests to tell me about themselves.
And because the other person answers, I can sympathize
Empathy, after all, is the single most important factor in keeping a dialogue on track. I just feel like I'm vulnerable when I try to empathize with someone I'm at odds with.
So I came up with a useful password myself.
"Empathy is not endorsement"
Empathizing with someone who is diametrically opposed to you doesn't mean suddenly giving up your innermost beliefs to support them.
For example, even if I sympathize with someone who believes that being gay is a sin, it doesn't mean that I'm going to suddenly drop everything, pack my bags, and get a one-way ticket to hell.
Empathy is simply acknowledging the humanity of someone who has grown up to think in a very different way than I do.
Then I want to make it clear that
Empathy is not a prescription for activism.
Of course, some people feel uncomfortable talking to people who slander them.
I understand very well
this is just the way it works for me
I reached out to various people for the podcast.
Some politely declined, some read my messages but ignored them, others auto-blocked my invitations. One guy agreed, but five minutes after we started talking on the phone, he unilaterally hung up.
I know this talk will be published online someday.
And we know that the internet is full of comments, and that comments are full of harassment.
So whoever sees this talk, call me whatever you want
Call me whatever you want Gay bastard Snowflake, cuckold Beta You can call me liberal bastard full of mistakes
But whatever you call me, I want to talk
And if you refuse to talk, or auto-block, or hang up when you say yes, then Snowflake might be for you.
Thank you very much
(Applause) (Cheers) (Applause)
This man has a bee beard. (Laughter) His face is full of bees.
When you think of bees, many of you probably think of them as just insects, or creatures with many legs.
I know how you feel
I just want you to know that I want you to use your imagination a little bit, and change the way you look at bees.
Did you notice that this man was not stabbed?
Maybe they're distracting the bees by tying the queen bee to their jaws.
This image of him represents the millennia-old connection between us humans and bees.
Humans and honeybees have evolved together, and bees help pollinate plants and, more recently, have become a vital part of our economy.
I'm sure many of you know that these bees are disappearing. They're not dead, they're gone.
I never see a corpse
It's a strange phenomenon called "colony collapse syndrome." Researchers around the world still don't know why. is rising
Bees play an important role both economically and agriculturally.
This picture is what we call green roofs or urban farms.
The one on the left is more familiar, it's the garden of a house in the South End of Boston.
It's my house, but I have bees in my backyard.
On the right is an imaginary view of the green roof of the future, making better use of urban space and stacking spaces that can be turned into gardens.
This is a building on the Orange Line (subway).
I have a beehive, do you know where it is?
It's in the corner of the roof. It's been several years since it was installed.
Now, urban beekeeping is pretty quiet, but that doesn't mean you have to hide anything.
It's just that the people who live there don't like it.
First, let's talk briefly about how pollination works.
As you know, flowers, fruits, vegetables, and even alfalfa, which is in the cattle feed we eat, depends on pollinators. In the process of seeking, the bee burrows into the flower and the pollen attaches to its body, and then the pollen, which is the sperm, is transported to another flower, and eventually to an apple, for example.
The stem grows downward
The tip of the flower is gone by the time the fruit is edible, and this is how pollination works.
Now let's think about city life, but not about the present or the past, but city life 100 years from now.
How is it going? The big problem we face is shrinking living space. We've grown in the last 100 years, in the billions. No one knows how much more we'll grow, or how much we'll run out of living space. Yes, the picture on the left is New York City today, and it's all gray and brown.
The tar paper on the roof bounces heat back into the atmosphere, so it certainly contributes to climate change.
In 100 years, if we have green roofs, if we can garden and grow crops in cities, we can reduce the cost of transportation, we can eat safely, we can learn more, and we can create new jobs locally.
We need bees to protect our cities and life in them.
Here's the data we've gathered at our company: Best Bees delivers, installs and manages beehives on demand, introduces the idea of ​​bees and beekeeping in urban and rural settings, on your garden, on your roof, or wherever you need it. If you have it, you will know how easy and effortless beekeeping can be done even on the emergency stairs.
Now, in the data, there's a funny trend here.
This has been a big problem for many years, but in the 1980s, the varroa mites came and brought with them various viruses, bacteria, and fungal diseases.
Successful overwintering is difficult. Many colonies are lost during the winter.We found that bees survived the winter better in cities than in rural areas.
Can't think for a second, right?
When we think of bees, we usually think of rural landscapes, but bees are different.
Bees love the city. (Laughter) And they make more honey in the city.
City honey is delicious
In Boston, there are hundreds of thousands of bees on the roof of the Seaport Hotel, and if you don't realize it, they're still hovering above your head. Making honey that tastes like flowers
So if you compare urban bees to rural bees, you'll find that not only are they more likely to survive the winter, but they're also producing more honey.
I still feel something strange
Let's take a look back at the history of bee health, going all the way back to 950 AD, and we can see that there was a mass die-off of bees in Ireland.
Problems like bee mass deaths aren't necessarily new problems, they've been around for over a thousand years.
So what I really want you to think about is the unique environment of the city.
You'd think it would be hotter in the city.
Why bees are healthier in cities
This is a key question for us to understand why bees are so well suited to the city.
Is there more pollen
A train from a suburb might bring very light pollen to an urban hub, just like a big market.
Many linden trees grow along the railroad tracks
Maybe cities have less pesticides than rural areas.
There may be other things that we can't think of. Unique urban environments are worth considering.
It's not just colony collapse syndrome that's affecting bees, but other causes that are killing them, and this is a very serious problem.
We're tracking the spread of varroa mite on this world map.
The varroa mite changed the landscape of beekeeping, and if you look at the numbers on the top right, you can see how widespread the varroa mite has been from the early 1900s to the present day.
In 1968 most of Asia
In 1971, Europe and South America, and down into the 1980s, varroa mites finally reached the United States in 1987, which was a turning point for American bees.
You probably remember being stung or seen by a bee as a child.
The childhood of today's children is a little different.
they don't experience it
there are no bees around
We're running out of bees that we need, and that's a big problem.
What can we do?
i am researching bees
I got a PhD in bee health
I started researching in 2005
Bees started disappearing in 2006. All of a sudden, this geek who used to tinker with bugs in school became -- (Laughter) -- someone important to the world.
That was how it happened
My research is focused on "how to make bees healthy."
We haven't directly studied the factors that kill bees.
We're not, like many researchers around the world, working on pesticides, disease, bee habitat and nutrient deficiencies.
I'm researching ways to make bees healthier -- vaccines, yogurt, bacteria -- a variety of treatments that you can give orally to the bees -- the process is so simple that even a seven-year-old can do it.
You just mix sugar and water with the pollen, or mix it with some other active ingredient, and you give it to the bees.
Humans think about their health from a future-oriented perspective
Exercise, eat healthy and take vitamins
You can think of the bees in the same way.
You bring them to places where they're healthy, and you keep the bees healthy and prevent them from getting sick.
In grad school, I spent a lot of time injecting vaccines into bees.
(Laughter) And then one day I had an epiphany, "Why don't we just give it orally?"
(Laughter) This is a photograph of a birdhouse in the city.
Free thinking is fine
You can paint it to match your home.
You can also hide the hive inside your house.
There are three hives on the roof of the Fairmont Copley Plaza Hotel. It's beautiful. I used painted wood to match the furnishings of the hotel rooms. It is wonderful
Herbs are used by chefs in cooking, and honey made by bees is used in hotel bars.
It's healthier to use honey instead of sugar because it contains a variety of sugars.
We also keep bees in our classrooms, and this is a non-profit venture, and we're telling the world that beehives can be brought into classrooms, or even placed in museums, in glass cases, for educational purposes. can also do
This birdhouse has been at Fenway High School for a long time.
Bees fly to the outfield of Fenway Park
Unless you're a flower, bees don't care about you. (Laughter) They don't care at all. This photo tells the story: Beekeeping was illegal in New York until 2010.
That's a big question. If you try to pollinate your plants, what about the pollination of your local plants? Do you want to do it by hand?
There's a great company here in Boston, Green City Growers, that pollinates pumpkins by hand with cotton swabs, and if they miss that precious moment, they really can't.
Customers are dissatisfied and people are hungry
pollination is very important
The photo shows honey from Brooklyn.
It was picked up as a mystery by the New York Times. The honey was bright red, so a state chemical investigative team investigated, and they discovered that the red color was from a maraschino cherry factory just down the road. (Laughter) So you can make your own honey by planting flowers that can coexist with honey.
Paris is a great example of urban beekeeping
There's always been a birdhouse on the roof of the Opera House, and people started to think, "This is something we can do, and we should do."
In London and across Europe, people are very advanced about the use of green roofs and the placement of birdhouses.
I want you to open your heart.
What can we do to protect and help bees and think about sustainable cities of the future?
I want you to change your perspective
I want you to understand the importance of bees
Bees don't sting just because you see them
(Laughter) No need to panic. In a city, there are bees all over the city.
You can have your own hive
It's readily available, and there are companies that offer guidance on how to set up and care for birdhouses. And educationally, learning about farming has become important all over the world. Look at this little girl.
Thank you. (Applause)
Over the past few days, I've heard talks about China.
I also told my friends about China and the Internet in China.
this is not easy
What I want to tell you is that China is hard to understand.
Whenever I talk, it's one-sided, like this is this, that is that
I choose not to speak
To give you an example, China is one of the BRIC countries.
BRIC is Brazil Russia India China
This emerging economy is making a significant contribution to the global economic recovery.
But at the same time, China is part of SICK, a term that appeared in Facebook's initial public offering documents.
SICK is Syria Iran China North Korea
Facebook is not accessible in these four countries
So China is a SICK and BRIC country.
(Laughter) There are more and more projects looking at China and the Internet in China There are more and more projects looking at China and the Internet in China.
Today, I'm sharing my personal observations from inside the walls over the past few years.
If you like "Game of Thrones," you know how important giant walls were in ancient kingdoms.
to prevent invasion from the north.
So did China
built the Great Wall of China in the north
The Great Wall has protected China from invaders for 2000 years
China also has a huge firewall
the world's largest digital perimeter
It protects the Chinese government from foreign and universal values, and prevents the Chinese people from accessing a free internet around the world, prevents the Chinese people from accessing a free internet around the world, and more. It divides the people into bundles so as not to unite them.
There are two types of internet
Internet and Chinanet
I think it's wrong to think of Chinanet as a barren place I think it's wrong to think of Chinanet as a barren place
There's a very simple metaphor that describes the last 15 years: it's a cat-and-mouse battle, and cats are Chinese censorship, government censorship, and we Chinese Internet users are mice.
This kind of analogy is often too simplistic
So today let's upgrade to version 2.0
China has 500 million internet users
The world's largest Internet users, so to speak, are netizens.
China's Internet is completely censored, but the Chinese Internet community is still thriving.
Why? The answer is simple
Google for you Baidu for us
Twitter for you Weibo for us
For you Facebook For us Renrenwan (人人网)
For everyone, YouTube For us, Youku and Toudou
The Chinese government is blocking all global web 2.0 services The Chinese government is blocking all global web 2.0 services But the Chinese are copying everything
(Laughter) This kind of thing I call smart censorship.
So not just censoring
The Chinese government's Internet policy is very clear Blocking and imitation
On the one hand, it tries to satisfy the people's desire for social networks, and for the people, social networks are very important media.
But on the other hand, they have their servers all located in Beijing so they can censor any data at any time.
This is one of the reasons why Google withdrew from China because it refused to install the servers that the Chinese government requested.It refused to install the servers that the Chinese government requested.
There's a duality here that the Arab dictators didn't understand.
For example Mubarak shut down the internet
He prevented netizens from criticizing
But when netizens lost their online connection, they took to the streets.
The results are very clear
mubarak is effectively dead
Meanwhile, Tunisian President Ben Ali didn't follow the second rule either.
I didn't control the server
He allowed the US service Facebook to be used in Tunisia.
As a result, I couldn't stop him from posting videos denouncing his corruption.
He was the first to be deported in the Arab Spring He was the first to be deported in the Arab Spring
But thanks to a very clever international censorship policy, China's social media has become a public space for shaping public opinion, but not a nightmare for Chinese government officials.
China has 300 million microbloggers
Equals the total population of the United States
By 300 million microbloggers, even if their tweets are censored
Chinanet itself creates a very strong power, something that has never been possible in the history of China, something that has never been possible in the history of China.
In July 2011, two high-speed trains collided and derailed in the southern city of Wenzhou In July 2011, two high-speed trains collided and derailed in the southern city of Wenzhou
Immediately after the accident, authorities literally buried the wrecked vehicle in an attempt to hide it.
Chinese netizens are outraged
In the five days after the accident, more than 10 million criticisms were posted online, the first time in China's history.
The Minister of Railways was later dismissed and sentenced to 10 years in prison.
And recently, there was a comical dispute between the Ministry of Environmental Protection in Beijing and the US Embassy in Beijing. I accused
The index published by the embassy was 148.
This was the level at which sensitive people were advised to refrain from going out.
This was the level at which sensitive people were advised to refrain from going out.
On the other hand, the Ministry of the Environment's index was 50.
The atmosphere was good and suitable for going out
99% of Chinese microbloggers believed the value of the embassy
I live in Beijing, and every day I look at the data from the US Embassy to decide whether to open the window.
Why is China's Internet society booming despite censorship? One reason is in Chinese
Twitter and Twitter Imitation Services have a 140 character limit Twitter and Twitter Imitation Services have a 140 character limit
English is about 20 words, so it's just one sentence with a short link.
In German it would be like "ah"
(Laughter) In Chinese, there are really 140 characters, so you can make a paragraph or a story.
It is also possible to cover the elements necessary for reporting
For example, this is Shakespeare's Hamlet
Exactly the same content One tweet in Chinese is equivalent to 3.5 tweets in English
Chinese people are always cheating, right?
Because of this, the Chinese treat microblogging as a full-fledged medium that isn't just a headline.
And Cena, a company that imitates Twitter, even created the name Weibo.
I even made a name for it Weibo
"Weibo" in Chinese means "microblogging"
It also has unique features
Weibo's commenting area provides functionality more like Facebook than the original Twitter
Innovations and imitations like Weibo and microblogging came to China in 2009 and quickly established themselves as a major media platform.
It has become a media base with 300 million subscribers.
it's the media
If weibo is not mentioned, it is not considered to exist for the Chinese people.
Yet social media in China is changing the way Chinese people think and live.
For example, we give voiceless people a chance to speak up.
We have a petition system, which is separate from the judicial system, and the Chinese central government is trying to spread the image that the central government is right and the local bureaucrats are bad guys.
So local farmers and other victims would act as petitioners, take the train to Beijing, and petition the central government, pleading with the central bureaucrats to solve the problem.
But the more people go to Beijing, the greater the risk of revolution. But the more people go to Beijing, the greater the risk of revolution.
So recently sent back
Some people were imprisoned
Now we use Weibo, it's called a Weibo petition.
People are tweeting from their mobile phones
And we wait for those tragedies to happen to be picked up by reporters, professors, celebrities, etc.
One of them is Yao Chen, China's most popular microblogger. One such person is Yao Chen, China's most popular microblogger. He has 21 million followers.
It's like a national TV station
If your tragedy is picked up by her-
Weibo, social media, even under censorship, offers a real opportunity for 300 million Chinese people to chat and talk together every day.
Sounds like a big TED event, doesn't it?
It's the first time public opinion is formed in China It's the first time that public opinion is formed in China
The Chinese began to learn to negotiate and tell stories to each other.
On the other hand, the censor's cat isn't sleeping either.
It's difficult to express subtleties on Chinese Weibo
You can't name President Hu Jintao, for example, or you can't name a city, like Chongqing.
Therefore, Chinese people often use puns and phonetic nicknames.
They skillfully use words that sound similar to jargon, such as grass mud horses and river crabs.
The mud horse sounds exactly like the scumbag, a term that netizens refer to themselves.
The pronunciation of river crab is very similar to censorship.
So to speak, it's a showdown between a mud horse and a river crab.
When something very politically important happens, weibo has a really weird story.
There's a mysterious Chinese that even people with PhDs can't understand.
I can't even add an explanation. China's Weibo came into existence a month after Twitter shut down.
From the beginning, Weibo made sure that the service it launched would not pose a regime risk to the Chinese government.
For example, if you include words such as “gather”, “meet”, “march” in your post, you will automatically record and analyze the data The result will be sent to the Politburo Analysis Department.
You go to the place where you decide to have a rally and the police are already waiting there You go to the place where you decide to have a rally and the police are already waiting there
Because they own the data, it's all in their hands.
Because they own the data, it's all in their hands.
So you can check dissidents, like in 1984.
crackdown is very serious
But there's also a really funny side to the cat-mouse conflict.
Cats are censors. Actually, there is not only one cat in China.
(Laughter) Local cats can't access servers, so even if netizens blame local governments, unless local governments bribe central cats.
We can't look at and analyze the data in Beijing, we can't do anything but apologize.
Because of this, over the past three years, the microblogging phenomenon has transformed local governments into more open institutions, because they don't have access to data.
the server is in beijing
The question about the train accident is not why 10 million people have complained in 5 days. did you allow rude speech?
it has never happened before
The answer is very simple: even the central leaders were fed up with the local officials.
I wanted an excuse. Public opinion was a good excuse to punish a local official.
And Bo Xilai's case was also big news. He's the prince.
However, from February to April this year, Weibo was flooded with rumors.
You could post any joke about the princes, anything, it was like living in the United States.
On the other hand, if you re-tweet or suggest a revolution against Beijing, you will definitely be arrested.
This kind of freedom is only allowed for specific targets.
Censorship is routine for domestic Chinese
I realize that freedom is weird
there's something behind
Bo was a popular leader on the left, and the central government wanted to oust him. He was a charming man. had to convince him he was a bad guy
So the public opinion of 300 million people on Weibo has become a very useful tool for political struggle.
The technology is very new, but the tactics are very old.
Chairman Mao, made famous by Mao Zedong, who mobilized hundreds of millions of Chinese people to launch the Cultural Revolution and destroyed all local governments.
It's very simple The Chinese central government doesn't have to lead public opinion It's very simple The Chinese central government doesn't have to lead public opinion
Governments choose targets to suspend censorship and open up to netizens.
No censorship in China is a political tool
So that was the latest in the cat-and-mouse war.
Social media has changed Chinese mentality More Chinese demand free speech
Social media has changed the mentality of the Chinese. More and more Chinese want free speech and take human rights for granted, not privileges imported from the United States.
The Chinese form public opinion, which for the people is as if it were a rehearsal for the future democracy.
But China's political system didn't change, and the central Chinese government used its centralized system of servers to strengthen its power against local governments and other powers.
What does the future hold?
After all, we are rats
No matter what the future holds, the fight between cats and mice will continue.
Not only in China, but even in the United States, there are cats that are very small, cute, but bad.
(laughs) SOPA PIPA ACTA TPP ITU
Like Facebook and Google, these institutions profess to be friends with mice, but we also see them dating cats.
my conclusion is very simple
We Chinese fight for our freedom Everyone watch out for your bad cat We Chinese fight for our freedom Everyone watch out for your bad cat please
Please don't let bad cats fight with Chinese cats
Now, for the first time, I can realize the dream of a mouse in the future.This is the first time, I can realize the dream of a mouse in the future.
(Applause) Thank you.
(applause)
When I was working on the movie "Apollo 13," I realized something. It's the structure of the brain. When it's full, it changes how you perceive things.
What you see changes, even your memories change
It turned out to be a difficult task to recreate the launch scene of the Saturn V rocket for this movie, and I was the one who suggested it, so I got a little worried and decided to do this experiment. We asked a large number of people like this to come to the preview and watch this documentary video.
what did you recreate for the movie
To understand where and how similar it should be made.
This is the video that everyone saw
What we learned as a result of the experiment was this special image, and by turning this story into a movie, there was already a certain kind of feeling, a collective memory of the meaning of this launch for us. about it
Right after they saw this, I asked them what they thought of it, and when I asked them what they remembered, it was different from what they actually saw.
Did the camera move overhead?
It's all about combining different scenes and so on. Why? What the hell were you looking at just a few minutes ago? Why? What were you looking at just a few minutes ago?
So what we've learned is that we shouldn't be recreating what people actually saw, but what they remembered.
So here's a video of the launch that we made based on the results of the experiment, and basically based on what people thought, we put together different scenes, we collected different things, and we remembered that they didn't actually see what they saw, but that they saw it. It's a composite of consciousnesses that exist, not of what you actually saw, but of consciousnesses that everyone remembers seeing.
This is the video I made for "Avolo 13"
(Rocket sound) So what you're seeing here is a compilation of the memories of various people, including myself, of the real thing, slightly modified according to need. is
It's all shot with a short focal length lens, so you're looking at it very close, but I framed it as if it was taken with a telephoto lens to give a sense of distance, which means no one could have actually seen this scene. I'm trying to make it remind me of things (music), and I'm trying to show the very things that moved me when I was once moved.
(Music) Houston, this is the Odyssey.
Nice to see you again (cheers) (music) I feel like I'm being applauded
(Laughter) I'm shooting this scene in a parking lot, and I'm trying to recreate a rocket launch with a tin can like this, using a fire extinguisher and flames, and waxing in front of the lens to make it look like ice chips. So, if the video I just saw looked real, what moved you all was a complete fake, and when you think about it, it's amazing.
This scene is the climax of the movie, but to make something like this, all you have to do is throw the model out of the helicopter and shoot it.
I actually did
This is me, a mediocre cameraman, and you could say that my camerawork brought out the authenticity, and maybe the desperation to follow the rocket as it falls and try to capture it in the frame might have worked here. there was
I had a former NASA astronaut and Apollo 15 crew member come over to see if what I was doing was scientifically correct.
I'm sure there were people who thought it would be a bad idea to check it out.
(Laughter) I don't know for sure, but they seemed to think so.
Anyway, when our hero, the astronaut, came, everyone got excited, and I even boasted that the scenes I shot were pretty good.
Everyone was kind of confident in their work, so they brought him in to show them what they were doing, and they wanted to check it out and get their stamp of approval. and waited for the expected reaction, and that's how it went.
(Laughter) That's right. (Laughter) I dreamed of that answer.
(Laughter) He turns to me and says, "You know, rockets aren't designed that way.
You can't let the launch pad arm go off and the rocket go up You can't let the launch pad arm go off and the rocket go up It'll be a terrible accident
Rockets aren't designed that way."
And he looked at me, so I replied, If you don't know, I'm the one who recreated the American scene in a parking lot, with a fire extinguisher.
(Laughter) I don't have anything to say. You're our hero, you're an astronaut, and I'm just an ordinary person from New Jersey. (Laughter) I'll show you more footage.
let me know what you think
And this time, I got a response closer to what I expected.
What I showed him was this actual documentary footage of his mission on Apollo 15, which he was on.
His reaction when I showed him this was funny.
(Laughter) And what happened was that my guess was that his memory was not the truth.
What he remembers is 100 percent safe launch pad systems and 100 percent safe rocket launches, and it's tempting to think that you'd be on a 100,000-pound-thrust rocket built by the cheapest bidder.
I hope it goes well
(Laughter) (Applause) So I remembered it conveniently.
Ron Howard, the director, happened to meet Buzz Aldrin, and he didn't know it was a hoax, because he had nothing to do with the movie. Please look
Buzz Aldrin comes up and says, "Hey, you showed me that launch scene. I've never seen that footage before. Where did you keep it?" It's something I made with
He said, “Really?
"Of course." (Laughter) I think he's a really great American. (Laughter)
I think he's a really great American. (Laughter) Next up is Titanic.
This movie doesn't have a happy ending. (Laughter) The director, James Cameron, actually filmed the real Titanic.
There was no room for doubting whether it was a hoax or not.Since the images are real, we went under the deep-sea exploration vessel Mir and went to the sunken ship with two Mir machines to capture this memorable image.
It's not only beautiful, it evokes a lot of emotions, but it's impossible to put everything in the lens, and it's my job to fill that gap to make it a movie, and that's pretty hard work. And this is pretty hard, because I'm going to alternately combine the real footage with the footage I made, so if it turns out to be a terrible scene, it's my fault.
This is the real video.
First, I want you to see this and feel something, and then I'll tell you my own reaction when I first saw this, and then I'll tell you my own reaction when I first saw this.
What I felt was a desire to see this ship come to life.I felt a desire to see this ship come to life.
Naturally, I want to see this ship. I want to see the glorious appearance of this gorgeous ship.
And that's where the visual effects that you're going to see later on came into my head. And for me, that's the crux of this movie, and that's why I wanted to work on this movie, and that's why I created this scene that I'm going to show you.
Another thing that I found interesting is what is it that really moves you when you see it?
Let's take a look behind the scenes
The footage I made was actually just a bunch of people flipping the ship around, and the rover Mir was actually about the size of a small football, shot in smoke.
Cameron dived five kilometers deep, and I shot this scene in a garage five kilometers from the studio.
But my images evoke the same emotions as Cameron's images, they have the same haunting quality. And what's really interesting here is that once you believe that what's in front of you is real. I've seen everything with my own eyes
It just doesn't feel that way anymore, which is really interesting, and I used that to create the next visual effect that I'm going to show you, which is a magical scene transition, but my intention was to see it. The idea was to let people decide when to make the transition, so that it would feel natural to the viewer, and that I would show them what they wanted to see instead of trying to impose my interpretation on them.
Just a little further --- as you can see
If there are two submarines on the screen, that's the scene I shot, depending on where the camera is.
Only one ship is shown in Cameron's, but I forgot whether this scene was me or Cameron because it was filmed from the other ship.
Let's just say it's Cameron's, because he'd love to be complimented.
(Laughter) So let me show you the Titanic transition.
So that's what I was talking about earlier, what I wanted to do was to magically change the state of the ship. Look at this scene. is
Titanic never saw the light of day again
So what we're doing here is basically doing another preview, recording where I'm looking, where everyone else is looking, and of course I'm looking at the two guys in the bow, but at some point, I'm going to do a little bit around. And from that point on, you changed it, and you changed it little by little, and little by little, you turned it into a rusty shipwreck. And every day, you see this scene over and over again, and you try to figure out when you're looking away from them and you're starting to notice things around you, and that's when your eyes shift. Record frames of
As soon as my eyes shift, I start to erase them.So I don't know when the change started or when it ended.I don't know when the change started or when it ended.
i will show you again
(Music) This is taking advantage of what our minds do naturally. Something changes the moment the viewer's eyes turn away. They are still buried there.
I just thought of this
(Laughter) After that, I never saw the light of day.
No, because this movie took an awful lot of time. (Laughter) Hugo's Curious Invention.
Cinema takes advantage of the brain's illusion of afterimages. One example of what I've done is Sasha Baron Cohen, a very smart actor and comedian. Paying tribute to the slapstick comedy that Buster Keaton did, I planned to have a leg assist get stuck in a moving train.
It's very dangerous, it's not something that you can do normally, especially in this movie, it's very dangerous, it's not something that you can do normally, but especially in this movie, the train is so tight in the set that you can't really move it.
Let's look at a scene for a moment, using a trick that Sergei Eisenstein came up with. If you move the camera along with something that's in motion, then something at rest will appear to move. Objects appear to be stationary. In this scene, the train is not moving at all. What is moving is the floor.
So here's that scene, and you can see the small thing in there is the test footage.
It was invented around 1910, and I said to the director, Scorsese, that you'll only understand these tricks when you see them really work. "Wait a minute, something with wheels
Is this not working? "
(Laughter) (Applause) "Does it work without wheels?"
Exactly (Laughter) And then the last thing -- by the way, Scorsese didn't watch this talk, did he? I wonder if people who aren't here can see it -- (Laughter) The next thing I want to show you is a one-shot technique. It's an elegant way to tell a story, especially when you're following someone's movements, and that movement is that person's movement. I wanted to do something like a scene from "Goodfellas," and it's a very well-done scene in a Martin Scorsese movie, where the main character, Henry Hill, is a gangster. Walking through Club Copacabana and receiving special treatment represents what it feels like to be part of
He's the ruler of his world, and I shot this scene to make Hugo feel that too.
(music) This is Hugo. (music) I figured if I could move the camera with him, I could feel what this boy feels. He's the master of his world. It's like a hidden labyrinth inside the station, and only he can come and go.It's important to shoot in one shot so that you can tell that this is something that happens to him every day.This movie is shot in 3D. So we had to use a huge camera hanging from a big crane, so we had to recreate the kind of Steadicam footage, and we're going to create a scene that evokes a similar feeling to that one in "Goodfellas." I'm going to create a scene that evokes a similar feeling to that one in "Goodfellas."
Please take a look at the situation when this was actually taken.
It's divided into five sets, and we shot five times, and there are two actors.
The scene on the left ends, and the scene on the right continues. The boy is also switching from starring Asa Butterfield to being a stand-in. The boy is also switching from starring Asa Butterfield to being a stand-in. That's what this awesome gear is made for. It's not a stunt. This is what this awesome gear is made for. This is the third set in this set. But everything else is shot with a camera mounted on a crane or something like that. As I said earlier, there are five sets, two child actors. The reason is that this scene has received the highest praise of all the work I've ever done. When I finished shooting it, I felt a kind of pride.
I brag a little to my friends, "Hey, this is the most appreciated one." Hey, this is the most appreciated one.
why do you think I asked
"Because no one knows you did it" came the answer "Because no one knew you did it" came the answer
(Laughter) So that's it. Thank you for your attention. (Applause) (Applause)
I skipped it to shake off my anxiety, but it made my blood boil even more. I wish I hadn't (laughs). (Laughter) No, I'm not joking. I just want to say it and move on. I was bored with music, and I was really bored with the role of composer, so I decided that today's presentation would be about boredom.
I'm going to have you listen to my music after this, about how I used 'boredom' as an active agent for creation and innovation, and about my everyday fundamental question: I hope I can tell you how "boredom" changed me, and how this boredom led me to step away from my traditional role as a composer. I think that I want to do it
So let's start with a piece of piano music.
(Music) Yes, it was my song. (Laughter) No, no, no -- (Applause)
no it's not my song
It's actually Beethoven's work, so my role here is not the composer.
I acted as an interpreter; I interpreted and expressed.
Is that why you are an interpreter for musical works?
But the question here is, "Is this music?"
The reason I'm asking this question here is, of course, that it's a piece of music in every respect, but the reason I bring it up now is because I want you to remember this question. later during this presentation
Because it keeps coming back like a riff
Now that you've listened to Beethoven's music, my problem is that it's a little boring.
Oh no — I said it. (Laughter) It's Beethoven. What do you say?
did i listen too much
I think it's because I was tired of practicing all the time when I was a kid. Let's replace like this- (music) Let's improvise the melody like this- (music) (music) like this- oh thank you
(Applause) I thought I'd try something like this, but it's not necessarily beyond Beethoven's work.
I don't think I've actually surpassed it, but (Laughter) the point is that it's more interesting.
You have to decide on the spot how to play Beethoven's music while it's playing in your head, and you have to figure out how to change it, which is very interesting.
It's a work that requires effort for me, but the fact that I can center myself and see my face again is really solipsistic (Laughter). But you soon get bored again, and you mean the piano, because this familiar instrument actually has a fairly limited range of notes that you can play on the keyboard, and under normal conditions, that's fire. It's a different story if you let something go
I got a little bored, and then I got bored with other instruments, and I ended up designing and building my own instruments, like the ones I brought today. would it sound like
(Music) I need a good door hold. (Laughter) I used all my combs here. (Music) It's all built into this instrument. (Laughter) (Music) You can do anything. You can also do it. You don't need chopsticks.
It sounds like this. (Music) You can use electronics to change the sound dramatically. (Music) (Music) Do this.
Now that you've just heard what this instrument sounds like, isn't it interesting? So now I'm adding an inventor to my role, and I've named this instrument "The Rat Gun." (Applause) So I'm honored to have added another role as an inventor. As I said earlier, I'm one of the world's greatest narcissists and solipsists, but I also have a good dose of egocentrism. was
Some of them bingo! (Laughter) Anyway, this is a fun role.
I said earlier that I was the best in the world, but unfortunately, at the same time, I was also the worst rat gun player in the world.
I won't say that again because of the past.
I'm still crying inside, but the wounds haven't healed
Anyway, what I'm trying to say is that I do multiple jobs like this, but as you've seen today, it's actually a solitary job, so naturally I feel the urge to interact with other people. I am grateful to be able to compose music for others.
Sometimes as a soloist, I've written for individuals, and sometimes for entire orchestras, but this creative role is probably my best-known professional ability.
The music that I've written as a composer is like this, and it's like this, and it's all handwritten and hard work.
It's taken me a long time to create these charts, and the song I'm working on is a whopping 180 pages long.
(Laughter) Again, it's tedious and tedious work. Not only was I bored with this notation, but I actually wanted to make it more interesting, so I developed another project like this.
This is part of a sheet music called "The Metaphysics of Notation."
It is a sheet music with a total width of 22 meters.
A bunch of crazy hieroglyphic notation
Let's zoom in here. Look at it. It's pretty detailed. All the straight edges of the French curve were drawn using a drafting template or freehand. It was displayed around the balcony of the Cantor Arts Center museum lobby. For the next year, the work was exhibited in the museum and viewed as visual art. This strange, undefined emoji glyph was interpreted and performed by an amazing performer. (Laughter) It was a really exciting experience for me.
Musically, of course, I was happy, but more importantly, I was given a different role, and I was especially happy to be a visual artist whose work was exhibited in museums. (Laughter) I'm versatile. (Laughter) Well, I'm sure some of you will say, "I'm an amateur anyway," and I'm pretty sure it is. Of course, I have no visual arts background and no training. I haven't received any, but out of a creative desire, I wanted to create something that would be an extension of composing.
And again this question: "Is this music?"
So there is no conventional notation here.
There will be an implicit criticism of this work as well.
It's made from a map of the Copenhagen subway system, where every station is replaced by a musical element, and the musicians are synchronized with a stopwatch and play according to the time stamped on the timetable.
Here's an example of musical notation that's actually applied or imitated.
Here's another application
It is a sheet music that diverted a wristwatch
They created their own dials and had them assembled, and the musicians played according to this sheet music.
As the second hand passes through different symbols, it plays accordingly.
Here's an example of how we could repurpose something from another and make it happen.
In both of these jobs, I'm a junk collector, a sort of thief for subway maps, and a designer for wristwatches.
I repeat, I find this interesting.
Now, another role that you'll see is the artistic performer.
It's a quirky theatrical piece that I sometimes act in, and the clip you're going to see is called "Ecolalia."
Played by exceptional performer Brian McWhorter
Pay attention to what makes the sound
(Music) Now, I heard a wry smile, but I think the drill sounded too harsh.
(Music) The mayhem continues, but here we don't have the familiar clarinets, trumpets, flutes, and violins.
Three conductors without musicians, "Tren." (Laughter) This was inspired by my first-hand experience of witnessing two people arguing with each other in sign language, and even though there were no decibels of conversation, it was emotionally and psychologically real. it was a noisy experience
As you've just seen, with no traditional instruments and a plethora of conductors, the question arises again, "Is this music?"
Next time I took it seriously, let's call it "Concerto for Orchestra."
(Music) (Music) I'm sorry, I got the title wrong.
This isn't funny so put a space here let's do this
and let's see what happens next
(music) A flower designer adds a touch of glamor, right? (Laughter) (music) At least it's less boring.
(Music) From these theatrical elements, another role has emerged: playwright, I think.
You originally wrote an orchestral piece, didn't you?
But this became something else
The entry of a flower designer threatens once again the ontology of music that we're used to, and this is the last work you'll see today.
It's a piece called "Aphasia," which choreographs hand movements to sounds, and it brings out yet another choreographer, the final role.
Here's the sheet music for the piece, which allows me, the performer, to make various hand gestures at specific times, synchronized with an audio tape that consists entirely of vocal samples.
We've taken some great singers, recorded them on a computer, and distorted them in a myriad of ways to create a soundtrack.
Now I'd like to demonstrate part of "Aphasia" OK?
(Music) You've heard what this piece looks like. (Applause) It's certainly a strange piece.
is this music? I would like to conclude here
I conclude, "This question is wrong." It doesn't matter.
The point is, "Is this interesting?"
I want to keep asking this, not whether it's music or not, the definition of what you're trying to do doesn't matter
I care about my creativity, and I don't want to be stuck in a preconceived notion or paradigm of what a song should be, just go in a direction that I think is interesting. To what extent can I change my question? Yes, I would like to add a little bit.The psychological flaws that you saw today, such as strong obsessive-compulsive behavior and delusional behavior. Call it disgust, or a form of schizophrenia, or dissociative identity disorder, as it's commonly called? I would like to suggest that we go a little or a lot beyond the definition above.
Thank you very much. (Applause) (Applause)
As you know, I love dance. I love to make it, I love to watch it, I love to bring people into it. passionate
Creativity is absolutely essential to me, and I believe it's something that can be taught.
The technical side of creativity is something that can be learned and shared, and that's where you can -- discover -- learn your body's cues, your mindset habits, and use that as a starting point to move beautifully and selfishly.
When I was born in the 1970s, John Travolta was in his prime, and I started dancing because I admired his dances like "Grease" and "Saturday Night Fever."
They encouraged me to try everything over and over again. I was blessed with a good dance studio nearby, and the teacher there was so forward-thinking that I was allowed to create dances the way I wanted. It gave me the opportunity to choreograph and teach ballroom and Latin dances to my classmates.
For the first time in my life, I felt like I could express my inner voice, and that's what drove me to become a choreographer.
I feel like I have something to say and something I want to share with others.
It's like, these days, I'm always thinking about what I can do with my body.
I think the body is technically the best medium for expression. I am always thinking about whether I can see from a different perspective
So for me, choreography is a thought process with the body, and at the same time thinking with the head - it's a collaborative process.
I do it in collaboration with others
In a way, it's a decentralization of thought.
Normally, I work with designers and visual artists, and of course dancers and other choreographers, but lately I've had the opportunity to work with economists, archaeologists, neuroscientists, cognitive scientists, people from very different disciplines. More and more different kinds of knowledge contribute to very different creative processes Different kinds of knowledge contribute to very different creative processes
Let's take a moment here today to think about body thinking. Let's take a moment here today to think about body thinking.
Because everyone has a body, right?
And we all know what our physical bodies look like. When we think of "body thinking," we think a lot about proprioception, which is how our body feels in real-world space.
That feeling of knowing where your fingertips are when you extend your arm. That feeling of knowing.
I know exactly when I'm going to grab the cup, or else the cup will move and I'll have to start over
We're already good at "body thinking."
I just don't think much about my body on a daily basis.
I only think about it when I'm sick, like when I break my arm, or I have a heart attack, and suddenly I'm very sensitive to my body.
But how can we naturally incorporate the intelligence we use for choreography and body control into moving our arms?
I'm here today to create a dance for the TED premiere.
I don't know if it will work
I'll try
I would like to create something using three types of "body thinking."
Paolo and Catrina are here to help. (Applause)
Paolo and Catrina are here to help. (Applause) They have no idea what they're doing here.
This is not the kind of choreography that already has a choreography already in my head and that I just drop it into the dancers. It's not about "filling an empty vessel"
we don't use this method
What's important here is how dancers perceive information, how they understand it, how they use it, and how they think about it.
start very simple
Dance choreography usually has a source of inspiration, and here it's simply the TED logo -- you can see it, everybody. transfer it to another person's body, or it could be simply a transfer or transformation of energy.
First of all, let's think about this. If you don't mind, try it. Take the letter "T" here, imagine it in your mind, and release it out into the real world. increase
What do you think?
if you can walk around
There's something like grammar. Once you know this, you can express what this is. Let's make it simple.
All I did was move it with my hands
I can tell you what's in my head
Another way is to use your shoulder.
Letters give us a challenge to act upon.
If you squash this "T" and lay it down on the floor or there, maybe you can do something with your knees, do you know? When you put your knees and arms together, you can see some movement.
Here, for a minute or a minute and a half, I create something from that concept, and the dancers behind me interpret it in their own way. lasting feeling
what can you do
So let's take a look at this process, how to access a memory and what to do with it.
Concentrate - begin
cross your arms a little
I'm exploring the space of the "T".
Instead of remembering what you did
I'm focused on this task The task is this "T"
I will look at it from the side
hit here
oh yeah
started making phrases
What they're doing is they're taking a moving side of me and making a phrase out of it.
Very fast, right?
It's not like you should imitate what you see
They're using the information they've received to start forming phrases.
I can see how they move
Very fast, right?
So we've taken an aspect of TED and turned it into physical movement.
Some dancers use it to remember the big picture of the movement they see, the trajectory of the movement, the physical sensation of the movement.
Some people use it with attention to detail
Such dancers meticulously craft their dances.
Did you do anything? One more thing
They're solving a problem here, a little -- they're making up a phrase.
I feel something, I use it, and that's one way to make it.
Starting with this - this is the first public work
I'm going to do something completely different from here.
Let's make a duet
If you think of them as structures, they're just lines.
Think of it as just a "line" rather than a human being, and think of it as something and use it.
What I'm going to do here is move the part that extends from the body, and I'll make various suggestions to the dancers.
grab this arm
can you put it on the floor
Yes, all the way down to the floor, can you go down there?
Yes Katrina can you bring your legs to the side?
can it rotate?
then go back to the beginning
Let's do it okay? It's fine, both of you stand up from there
It's okay for the two of us to stand up okay?
(Applause) From there, when the two of you are standing, yes, go in this direction, go down and go under.
Can you see through the bottom? jump from there
Go under and jump Paolo Kick there, anywhere is fine
Kick it back, change your leg, kick it back, change your leg
OK? Reaching for Catrina Paolo's head, almost touching it
right after like yes
Grab the waist right away, yes, turn it to the first position, well done
Let's go through it from the beginning
Let's slow down a little Eight hours with me Imagine eight hours with me
It might be a little tiring, so here we go (beat) Okay thank you not bad (applause) Shall we add a little more?
Let's do that, just a little bit, then from here
Get away and face the front Get away and face the front
Imagine a circle in front of you, you know?
Avoid, avoid, kick it, let's throw it away
Let's kick it somewhere and send it flying towards the audience
Throw it into the audience again
I'm doing it in a movement that allows us to solve problems by sharing the shapes in our heads.
let's take a look yes try
(Beat) Great So let's start with the phrase we made together and connect to it
I'll put it together here I'll put things in order Phrases, yeah yeah slowly
Here we go (beat) Duet from here (beat) yeah yeah pretty good (applause) it worked (applause) yeah this is- (applause) really good (applause) this is the second way
The first is body-to-body transfer. I have my movements remembered assuming an object outside of me.
The second is to use them in the process of thinking about them as objects, and I'm using them as objects to do a series of, "This is what happens."
There are many methods like this, but it's very fast, and the third method.
I think you're already doing it, but it's task-based, where the dancers decide what to do.
Now, just for a minute, just think about the dance in your head.
Think for a moment about the letters TED in front of you, both in your mind and in front of you.
I want you to put it out there. Imagine the letters "TED" in the real world.
What I want you to do here is take one side
For example, let's concentrate on the "E" and expand it to a huge size.
For example, if you put it in a three-dimensional space, it will no longer be just a letter in front of you, but it will be a three-dimensional space that you can walk through.
Then decide where you are in that space. For example, if you imagine you're in the narrow part of the bottom line of the "E", say, if you imagine yourself in the narrow part of the bottom line of the "E," how far to the top? If you had a big space and you were to reach into it - just imagine, if you were to touch the top of the "E", which part would you reach out to?
Which part would you be able to reach with your finger?
Where would you be if you touched with your elbow?
What would change if you added the color red to this space you're in? Does it change the movement of your body?
This clear picture in your mind is a tool for choosing what a dancer does.It's a tool for choosing what a dancer does.
Please open your eyes if they are closed
These dancers are also doing various things
please continue for a while
I decide what to do based on imaginary "things"
Leave a surprise
I'll show you a freshly made dance here.
It's a TED dance.
First, do a jointly composed solo, then go into a duet, do another solo, and then both of you do the summaries at the same time.
May I? So, folks, here's the world premiere of the TED Dance: Three Ways to Think in the Body.
Let's go Katrina This place is important Let's go
(Beat) Here Catrina (Beat) Then Paolo Finally solo
(Applause) Thank you.
Three ways of thinking with your body. I want you to try making a dance after this. I want you to try making a dance after this.
Thank you very much. (Applause) Thank you. (Applause) And also to the two dancers.
Many people watch the news every morning and feel anxiety and fear.
Every day, we see articles about shootings, inequality, pollution, dictatorships, wars, and nuclear proliferation.
That's partly why 2016 was called "the worst year ever."
That was until 2017, when people said that (Laughter).
But is this a sensible way of looking at the human situation in the 21st century?
Franklin Pierce Adams said, "The good old days are the product of poor memory."
(Laughter) I'm sure you all think the world is going bad, if you compare the bloody headlines of today with the rosy images of the past.
If we were to use the same yardstick to measure happiness in the world, what would the change in the world look like?
Let's use the latest data to compare today and 30 years ago on the same scale.
Last year there were 5.3 homicides per 100,000 Americans, 7 percent poverty, 21 million tons of fine particulate matter (PM) emissions, and 4 million tons of sulfur dioxide emissions.
Thirty years ago, 8.5 murder victims per 100,000 people, 12 percent poverty, 35 million tons of PM emissions, and 20 million tons of sulfur dioxide emissions.
What if we look at the world as a whole?
There were 12 wars last year, 60 dictatorships, 10% of the population living in extreme poverty, more than 10,000 nuclear warheads.
Thirty years ago, there were 23 wars, 85 authoritarian states, 37 percent of the population living in extreme poverty, and over 60,000 nuclear warheads.
Yes, last year was a terrible year, with 238 people killed in terrorism in Western Europe, but 1988 was even worse, with 440 victims.
What do you mean?
Was 1988 a particularly bad year?
Or is this a sign that the world is getting better despite all its difficulties?
Did it evoke an outdated view of "progress"?
To do so would invite ridicule, because intellectuals hate progress.
(Laughter) (Applause) Intellectuals who call themselves progressives really hate progress.
(Laughter) And it's not that they don't like progress.
Many scholars would prefer to do surgery with anesthesia rather than without it.
It's the very idea of ​​progress that irritates the "talking class."
It's been said that if humans believe they can improve their own destinies, it's a semi-religious belief in outdated superstitions and false beliefs that progress will continue unabated.
He's the cheerleader for America's vulgar "can-do" doctrine, poisoned by brainless boardroom ideology, Silicon Valley, and the Chamber of Commerce.
Practitioner of the Whig view of history Naive and hyper-optimistic Pollyanna, who says, "In this best possible world, everything is in the best possible state."
But Dr. Pangloss was a pessimist.
A true optimist believes that the world is much better than it is today.
But such arguments are pointless. Whether the world has progressed is not a question of belief or optimism, nor of how you see a half-filled glass of water.
This is a testable hypothesis.
Despite differing opinions, people generally agree on what constitutes happiness: longevity, health, well-being, prosperity, peace, freedom, security, knowledge, leisure, happiness.
All of these things can be expressed numerically.
If that number increases over time, you're making progress.
Let's take a look at the data, starting with the most important thing, lifespan.
For most of human history, life expectancy was about 30 years old.
Today, the global average is over 70, and over 80 in the developed world.
250 years ago, even in the richest countries, one in three children did not reach their fifth birthday, before the risk of death dropped by a factor of 100.
Even in the poorest countries, infant mortality is now less than 6 percent.
Famine is one of the Four Horsemen of Revelation
It hit every corner of the world
Now famines are confined to very remote or war-torn areas.
200 years ago, 90% of the world's population lived in extreme poverty.
now less than 10%
For most of human history, powers and empires were almost always at war with each other, and peace was fleeting between wars.
Today, great powers never go to war with each other.
The last great power war was between the United States and China 65 years ago.
Since then, there have been fewer wars of any type, fewer deaths.
Annual combat deaths have gone from 22 per 100,000 in the early 1950s to 1.2 today.
Democracy is clearly in retreat in Venezuela, Russia and Turkey, and is under threat from the rise of authoritarian populism in Eastern Europe and the United States.
Yet over the past decade, democracy has spread like never before, with two-thirds of the world's population now living in democracies.
When the laws of anarchy and revenge are replaced by laws, the frequency of murder drops sharply.
This happened when Europe transitioned from feudalism to centralized states, and today in the West, the odds of being murdered are only 1/35th of what they were in the Middle Ages.
Similar declines occurred in colonial New England, in the American West during the Wild West, when sheriffs began to be stationed in cities, and in Mexico.
In fact, it's safer in every way.
96% less likely to die in a car crash over the 20th century 88% less likely to be hit by a car while on the sidewalk 99% less likely to die in a plane crash 99% less likely to die in a work accident 95% less likely to die from natural disasters 89% less likely to die from natural disasters such as droughts, floods, wildfires, storms, volcanic eruptions, landslides, earthquakes and meteorite falls, not so much because God's wrath on humans has subsided. thanks to more resilient infrastructure
What about the one that Zeus, who is representative of the deeds of the gods, emits?
97% less likely to die from lightning strikes
Before the 17th century, the literacy rate in Europe was less than 15%.
By the middle of the 20th century, literacy rates in the West were nearly 100 percent, and other countries are catching up.
Globally, more than 90% of people under the age of 25 today can read and write.
In the 19th century, Westerners worked more than 60 hours a week.
less than 40 hours now
Thanks to the ubiquitous availability of water and electricity in the developed world, along with washing machines, vacuum cleaners, refrigerators, dishwashers, stoves and microwave ovens, the time spent on housework has gone from 60 hours a week to less than 15 hours a week.
Are we happier because of improved health, wealth, security, knowledge, leisure?
the answer is yes
Happiness has increased in 86% of countries in the last few decades.
I hope I've convinced you that progress has nothing to do with belief or optimism, it's a fact of human history, and it's one of the greatest facts in human history.
How has this been reported in the news?
(Laughter) If you count the positive and negative sentiment terms in the press, in the last few decades as humanity has become healthier, wealthier, smarter, safer and happier, the New York Times has tended to be more negative. and the world's press is using increasingly dark language.
Why are people reluctant to acknowledge progress?
Part of the answer lies in cognitive psychology.
We use the "availability heuristic" to quickly assess risk.
They are more likely to make decisions based on what they can easily remember.
And the rest of the answer lies in the nature of the press, which can be seen in the satirical site "The Onion" headline "CNN morning meeting to discuss who to panic today."
(Laughter) (Applause) It's news because something happens, and it's not news if nothing happens.
That's why you don't see reporters say, "I'm coming to you live from a country that has been at peace for 40 years," or "I'm coming to you from a city that hasn't suffered a terrorist attack."
And bad things happen suddenly, but good things don't happen in a day.
A newspaper could run a daily headline for 25 years, saying, "Yesterday, 137,000 people were lifted out of extreme poverty."
1.25 billion people have been lifted out of poverty, but I've never seen an article like that.
News also exploits our interest in the worse, which is manifested in the article selection criteria of "blood first."
Combining cognitive biases with the nature of news, we can understand why the world has been "ending" for many years.
I'm sure many of you have had questions about progress, so let's answer them.
The first is the idea that pessimism might have its benefits, that it can serve as a safeguard against complacency, that it can expose the blemishes of key figures, and that it can bring inconvenient truths to those in power.
not necessarily
Accurate is good
Of course, whenever disaster or danger is happening, we should be aware of it, but we should also know how to mitigate such problems, because wild pessimism is dangerous.
One of them is fate
If all our efforts to make the world a better place were in vain, why keep trying in vain?
People who suffer from poverty will not disappear
The world will eventually come to an end. Even if climate change doesn't wipe out humanity, a runaway artificial intelligence will. The natural response is, "If we're going to die tomorrow anyway, let's eat, drink and have fun now." Thing
Another problem with senseless pessimism is extremism.
If the world's institutions are completely broken, and there is no hope of improvement, people will surely try to destroy the machines, clean out the bad guys, and overthrow the system. because I expect it must be good
If there is such a thing as progress, what causes it?
Progress isn't a mystical force, it's not a dialectical thing that keeps us better.
It's not like history will move toward justice with some mysterious force.
Progress is the result of human effort guided by thought, an idea that has its roots in the 18th century Enlightenment, that by using the power of reason and science to improve the human condition, we can gradually achieve success. The idea is that you can
Is progress inevitable? of course not
Progress doesn't always make everything better for everyone everywhere.
If so, it's like magic, but progress isn't magic, it's problem solving.
Problems are bound to happen, and solving a problem creates another problem to solve.
The unsolved problems facing the world today are enormous in scale, and they include risks like climate change and nuclear war, but they should not be seen as a coming end, but as a problem to be solved, and a positive problem. We need to find solutions, such as decarbonizing aggressively to combat climate change, or phasing out nuclear weapons to avoid nuclear war.
Finally, let's consider whether the Enlightenment is against human nature.
This is a very poignant question for me, because I'm a big believer in human nature, with all its flaws and twists.
In my book, Thinking About Human Nature, I said that humanity's outlook is more tragic than utopian, neither stardust nor gold, and no way back to the Garden of Eden.
(Laughter) But in the 15 years since the publication of that book, my worldview has become much brighter.
Familiarity with the statistics of human progress, which began with violence and now spans all dimensions of well-being, has strengthened my conviction that human nature is the culprit when it comes to understanding suffering and misfortune. But human nature, guided by the norms and institutions of the Enlightenment, is also the key to solving problems.
Admittedly, my data-driven insights about human nature in general won't be easy to come by.
Some intellectuals have expressed their anger at my book, Enlightenment Now. First, why is it that intellectuals hate progress? Second, how stupid is it that there was progress?
(Laughter) And they, along with other people, just stare at "progress."
Saving billions of lives, eradicating disease, feeding the hungry, educating children?
that's boring
On the other hand, many of our readers have also thanked us for changing their worldviews, escaping the numbness and helplessness of fatalism to a more constructive, even grandiose perspective.
I believe that the ideals of the Enlightenment have an inspiring narrative, and I'm sure someone with more artistic taste and better articulation than I can explain and spread them better.
it's like this
We were born into a merciless universe, always in danger of collapsing in the face of a slim chance of life-enabling order.
We were shaped by a relentless competitive process
Made from crooked wood, it has weaknesses of illusion and selfishness, and can sometimes be startlingly stupid.
Yet human nature is endowed with resources that open the door for self-salvation.
Empowered to recursively combine ideas and think about your own thoughts
Have a background in language and can share the fruits of their own creativity and experience
It has depth with the power of empathy, compassion, imagination, compassion and compassion.
These qualities found a way to expand their power
Written, printed, and electronic language expands the reach of language.
Our circle of sympathies is widened by history, journalism, and the art of storytelling.
Our feeble rational capacities have also been enhanced by rational norms and institutions, by intellectual curiosity and open debate, by skepticism of authority and dogma, by testing ideas against reality and by the burden of proof.
A recursive cycle of improvement gains momentum and triumphs over the forces that try to crush us and the darker parts of our nature.
Cutting into the mysteries of the universe, including life and the mind
We live longer, suffer less, learn better, become wiser, and enjoy more small joys and rich experiences.
Fewer people are being killed, attacked, enslaved, exploited, and oppressed by others.
A land of peace and prosperity spreads out from a tiny oasis, and will one day envelop the whole earth.
There are still many hardships and great crises, but there are endless ideas that have been proposed to reduce them and have not yet been conceived.
There's no such thing as a perfect world and it's dangerous to seek it
There is no limit to the improvements we can make as long as we continue to apply our knowledge to the prosperity of mankind.
This heroic story is more than just a legend
Legends are made up, but this is true, to the best of our knowledge, it's the only truth we can have.
As you learn, anything can be true and anything can be false, and you can show which parts of the story remain true and which are false.
This story is not of any particular group, but of humanity as a whole, and belongs to any sentient being with the ability to reason and the urge to live. Better than disease, wealth better than poverty, freedom better than oppression, happiness better than suffering, knowledge better than ignorance and superstition.
thank you
(applause)
Let's talk about "ishihanajiru"
Canadian government scientist Dr. Max Bothwell has been studying certain types of algae growing on rocks since 1992.
The unscientific name for this algae is "stone nasal discharge," because -- as you might imagine -- it's very similar to a runny nose.
Also known by scientists as Didymosphenia geminata, this algae has covered riverbeds around the world for decades.
The problem with this algae is that it threatens the survival of salmon and trout and the ecosystems of the rivers in which they thrive.
In fact, Dr. Boswell from Canada is a world authority on the subject, so it was only natural that he asked a reporter in 2014 to write an article about this algae.
The problem was that Dr. Bothwell wasn't allowed to be interviewed, because the government at the time prohibited him from speaking to reporters.
110 pages of email exchanges and 16 government communications experts stood in the way of Dr. Boswell.
Why wasn't Dr. Bothwell allowed to speak?
We'll never know why, but Dr. Boswell's research suggested that climate change may have caused the algae to multiply rapidly.
Who on earth would smother information about climate change?
yes you can laugh
Because this is actually a funny story, and it's embarrassingly funny.
The facts of climate change are suppressed for many reasons.
I saw it myself when I was a university professor.
Suppression of fact also happens when countries withdraw from multilateral climate agreements like the Kyoto Protocol or the Paris Agreement, or when industry fails to meet its emission reduction standards targets.
But it's not just information about climate change that's being blocked.
And many other scientific problems are masked by "alternative facts," fake news, and other means of suppression.
We see examples in Britain, Russia, the United States, and until 2015, here in Canada.
In the age of technology, where our survival depends on new discoveries, innovation and scientific progress, it is vitally important that scientists can work independently and collaborate with other scientists. and to be able to speak freely to the media and to the general public.
The reason is that science is humanity's best endeavor for discovering the truth about our world and about human existence itself.
As new facts are discovered, they add to humanity's collective knowledge.
Scientists need the freedom to pursue research, even on unconventional and controversial subjects.
Scientists need the freedom to challenge existing views, the freedom to publish even uncomfortable or inconvenient facts, and in doing so they push the boundaries, because that's what science is supposed to do.
And one more thing, scientists need the freedom to fail, because we can learn from failed hypotheses.
I'm going to talk about my own adventure that best illustrates that example.
Before that, let's go back in time
In the early 1900s, Claire and Vera were roommates in southern Ontario.
One night in the midst of the Spanish flu epidemic, they went to a lecture.
After the lecture, they went home and went to bed.
The next morning, Claire calls Vera and tells her that she's leaving for breakfast.
A little while later, I came back and Vera hadn't woken up yet.
When Claire flips over the futon on her bed, she sees a gruesome sight.
Vera was dead
We hear stories like this all the time about the Spanish Flu, where death comes with the speed of lightning.
When I was a university professor in my mid-twenties, I first heard this shocking fact, and my scientific side wanted to know why and why.
My curiosity led me to icy lands, and an expedition to find out what caused the Spanish Flu of 1918 began.
I wanted to try an existing drug against one of the deadliest diseases in history.
My goal was to develop a flu vaccine that would be effective against this virus and its variants, and prepare for a resurgence of this disease.
So I led a team -- a research group of 17 men from Canada, Norway, the United Kingdom and the United States -- on an expedition to Svalbard in the Arctic Ocean.
The Svalbard archipelago lies between Norway and the North Pole.
We unearthed six bodies buried in permafrost after they died from the Spanish flu, in hopes that the frozen ground would preserve the bodies and the virus.
I think what you're looking for here is a scientific breakthrough.
Unfortunately, my science story didn't have a cinematic ending.
Most science stories are
In fact, we didn't find the virus. Instead, we developed a new technique to safely exhume corpses that might have been infected with the virus.
We've also developed a technique to safely remove tissue that may contain the virus.
We were also able to develop new safety procedures to protect our researchers and the neighboring community.
Although it didn't lead to the scientific discoveries that were originally envisioned, it did make an important contribution to science in a different way.
In the world of science, sometimes attempts fail, inconclusive conclusions don't come, and sometimes theories don't apply.
In the world of science, research is about building on the research and knowledge of others and looking beyond that. "Standing on the shoulders of giants," as Newton put it. is that
What's important is that scientists are free to choose what they want to explore, choose what they're passionate about, and be free to publish their results.
Earlier, I mentioned that in Canada, since 2015, we've seen an improvement in respect for science.
How did you get there?
What do we have to share from our lessons?
It takes me back to when I was a professor
I've seen how research institutions, governments and industry around the world hide information about climate change.
i was furious
I couldn't sleep at night
Why do politicians distort scientific facts to benefit political parties?
So I made the choice to take anyone who was disgusted with politics, run for office, and win.
(Applause) I wanted to use this new position to convey the importance of science.
That mission quickly became a battle for scientific freedom.
By nature, I'm a scientist, and I was personally outraged by the field that was the target of the attack.
I thought I could be a voice for those who are being silenced.
But I soon realized that all the scientists were nervous, and they were wary of even talking to me.
A friend of mine, a government scientist -- let's call him Mr. McPherson -- was concerned about the impact of policies on his research and the deterioration of science in Canada.
Her worries became so serious that she emailed me using her own wife's email account, fearing she might find out if I called her.
He wanted me to call his wife's phone so that my phone wouldn't be detected.
I seriously hope this is a joke
This incident made it very clear what was happening in Canada.
Why is my friend of 20 years so afraid to tell me?
So I took what I could at the time.
I've listened to him and shared the facts that I've gleaned from his content with a friend of mine who is a member of Congress who is interested in everything from the environment to science to technology to innovation.
Then came the 2015 elections, and our party won.
new government started
His friend who was a member of Congress is Justin Trudeau, who is now Prime Minister of Canada.
(Applause) He appointed me Minister of Science.
Together we've since worked with other government agencies to try to put science back in its rightful place.
I will never forget that day in December 2015, when I stood in Congress and declared, "The battle against science is over."
(Applause) I did my best to back up that declaration with action.
have had a lot of success
We still have a lot of work to do, because we're in the process of cultural innovation.
What we want is for government scientists to interact with the media and the public.
It will take time, but I promise it will happen.
After all, Canada is seen by the international community as a beacon of science.
We want to send a message: don't tamper with something as fundamental and valuable to humanity as science.
So when you see science being interfered with, repressed, and attacked from the outside, on behalf of Dr. Bothwell, Claire, Vera, McPherson, and many others, speak up.
Speak up when you see scientists being silenced.
we should hold leaders accountable
That's what we can do by exercising our right to vote, by posting opinion columns in newspapers, by starting conversations through social media. Our united voice can ensure scientific freedom.
After all, science is for everyone, and it will bring a better, brighter, more courageous future to humanity.
thank you
(applause)
good morning
When I got the call to speak at TED, I did a Google search and did a little research, looking for what the speakers were saying.
One of the first testimonials I read was from someone who lives in the United States, and he said that he was calm until he came on stage, but then he saw the numbers on the timer go down.
(Laughter) And that line reminded me of the bomb.
I thought, "Please excuse me for that."
(Laughter) (Applause) Anyway, it's an honor to be on stage.
It's a strange combination, but a newspaper editor picking a photographer to be the frontrunner for a speaking event.
(Laughter) Photographers sell nothing in words, and for the past 40 years, I've been hiding behind the camera so I don't have to speak.
Well, now that we're on stage, I'm going to talk about stories, about the importance of stories to me, or to everyone.
Ladies and gentlemen, I'm sure you're going to hear a lot of stories today, but when you listen to other people's stories, you learn more and understand more about the world and about other people.
So I'm going to talk about the three stories I've documented as a photographer, how they've influenced me, and how I've become a part of the stories I document in my own life.
As you can see, I originally worked in the fashion and music industry as a photographer for 10 years.
That was fun, but I always wanted to do something more than that.
I've always wanted to work in telling stories.
So 10 years ago, I embarked on a journey around the world with the goal of photographing people in their own circumstances, documenting their stories and taking them home with me, so that people could understand them.
This didn't happen overnight
When I was a fashion and music photographer, I was constantly tormented by the feeling that something was missing, that I wasn't making the most of my skills.
It's pretty obvious now what it was, but at the time I was wondering if there was a way I could put my photography skills to good use.
That's where I stopped taking pictures.
I decided to give up and get a job as a caregiver.
As a caregiver, I started taking care of a young man named Nick.
Nick has autism, and it's severe.
But over the years we've taken care of each other, we've become very good friends.
We take care of each other, we go out together, we go swimming, we go for walks, we do all sorts of activities.
As I got to know Nick, more and more I realized that his story wasn't being told.
Nick has a self-harm problem and he punches himself in the face.
No one ever saw that
this is nick
I compared my life to spending my life in the basement during a party.
I can hear the conversation coming from the kitchen, but I feel like I'm trapped in a basement, alone in a small world.
Nick's life there
I photographed it and started documenting it.
When I started, I realized that I could use a photograph to tell someone's story.
Didn't Nick say he's self-harming?
I punch myself in the face
that no one sees
As the friendship that was born between me deepened, I was finally able to take pictures of him hurting himself on the spot.
there was trust
We didn't get much help from the social security system, and people didn't take the seriousness of the situation seriously.
One day, I took this picture during a terrible self-harming act.
As soon as I took it to the secretariat, the response changed 180 degrees, and I received a lot of support.
I'm happy to say that eight years later -- in fact, I was talking to Nick last night -- he feels a lot better now, and he doesn't hurt himself anymore.
It would be my great pleasure if the photos I took contributed in some way to the process leading up to that point.
This incident led me to search for stories to tell through photography.
We found one in Kutupalong, on the border of Burma and Bangladesh.
There, Rohingya refugees have been left behind for more than 20 years in destitution.
Here's a picture of that unofficial refugee camp.
Above you can see a UN-sanctioned refugee camp.
All other huts are unofficial.
It's like the filth just flows through the village.
The residents have been forgotten by the world, and I thought that I should go to the site and interview them.
I talked to the village elder, and from the next day, I had the villagers come and take a picture of every single one of them to record the story of everyone.
And then, in the morning, I went in and set up a big white cloth and started photographing the refugees.
But suddenly things got out of hand, and it was just before dawn, and the little makeshift studio was teeming with people. was also at a loss
Exactly the situation of the refugees - there is nothing to be done
A child with a tumor who is helpless and has trouble breathing
Refugees were pouring in, clinging to me, and I hurriedly tried to explain to the elders that I was not a doctor and could not save them.
And the elder said, "No, it's important. We all know you're not a doctor, but at least we know that this will help us tell our story and document what's going on."
Hearing that made my heart clear
That was the moment I realized that there might be meaning in going around and doing things like this.
Another event that inspired me was in Odessa, Ukraine.
I was interviewing a group of vagrant boys.
I had the rare experience of ending up sleeping in a building that was illegally occupied by boys.
In the corner of the room, I sat with my bag in my arms and said, "This is bad."
(Laughter) It's the moment I wish I hadn't quit the fashion industry.
But at heart they were good boys, and on the last day of our stay, they took us to the sea, so we all went on a trip to say goodbye.
boys drinking vodka
Meanwhile, Sarge, the oldest and most violent kid, came up to me -- he had just gotten out of prison for stabbing someone -- and put his arm around his shoulder and said, "Let's go swimming."
As a matter of fact, in my Ukrainian guidebook, there was a note about travel.
Among them were: "Don't talk to vagrants, don't take your eyes off your belongings, and don't swim in the ocean under any circumstances."
(Laughs) So even though I thought, "I'd like to refrain from swimming."
Surge grabs my shoulders tightly
I can't say I don't like it
(Laughter) All my cameras, all my equipment, I gave them to the street boys.
was taken
Funny thing is, in the background, the kids who didn't get in the water are saying, "Oh, how cool it is to swim."
Meanwhile, a boy named Lyric was in charge of the camera, and he started taking pictures.
I had a camera in my hand and my eyes were sparkling
We talked many times about getting this kid a camera and coming back and teaching him photography.
I was a child with an eye for things
this is the lyric
This is a picture I took the night before I left.
I was out that night to pack my things.
When I came back in the morning, Lyric was dead.
take a lot of drugs and vodka
During the night, I fell into a coma and never regained consciousness.
This incident made me realize that I had to document the way people lived.
And last February, while I was roaming around Afghanistan, I stepped on a landmine.
I am somewhere in this picture
I became part of the story
At first, I was still very upset by what had happened to me.
I thought I couldn't keep up with photography. I felt like I had lost the meaning of life.
And I was surprised that I hadn't been to Congo, Angola, or Bangladesh yet.
The reason I go to those countries is because I want to make a difference, and photography just so happens to be the vehicle.
And I came to realize that my body was, in many ways, a living proof of what war does to people.
I realized that I could speak with my own body and real experience.
It was also because I thought of the people I had documented.
Thinking of Nick and his ability to withstand adversity
Thinking of the Rohingya and their desperate situation
I thought of the lyrics and the lost life
In fact, what really encouraged me here was the stories I'd documented that helped me get through the year, survived, walked with my prosthetic leg, and came here to tell not just someone else's story, but my own. became
I took a self-portrait with a message to the world. I wanted to visually convey what a bomb would do to people, and that losing a limb does not mean the end of life. I wanted to prove that there are cases where you can be unhindered and that you can do anything if you set your mind to it and stick to your principles.
Oddly enough, in many ways, when you compare yourself a year ago to who you are now, you realize that you have a lot of things that you didn't have then.
If it hadn't been for the accident, I wouldn't be sitting here right now.
I couldn't have shown you the pictures and told you the story.
I was lucky 10 years ago when I pondered what I could do to change the world.
I realized that my photography was the tool and the method.
i think that's the point
We are all part of a greater force—
We can become one cog in the power to change the world.
everyone does
Everyone here has the power to use something to make a difference in the world.
We could all sit in front of the TV and say, "I don't know what to do," and forget about it.
there is something that everyone can do
to write a letter
Standing on the street and calling out
Record someone's story and tell it to someone else
Each and every one of us here can change the world if we want to, and nothing can get in our way.
And everyone can benefit from their own experience.
That's all I wanted to talk to you about today.
The world keeps spinning no matter what
tragic events continue to occur
Each of us experiences tragic events
But by sharing our experiences and spreading our stories, we can encourage each other to get through our own painful experiences.
I am here today because of the people I have documented.
I hope that in some way, the stories I've been able to tell you today have helped you get through something.
Instead, use your own experience to help others.
thank you
(applause)
One morning when I was in the third grade, my mother sent me to school with a traditional Ghanaian dish called fufu.
(Laughter) Fufu is a white ball of starch made from cassava that is served with a dark orange, bland soup, and this soup contains chicken, beef, or both.
A delicious and flavorful dish, my mother thought it would warm me on a cold day.
My friends didn't react well when I opened a thermos bottle at lunch and released a new scent.
(Laughter) "What's that?" one asked.
I replied, "Fufu."
(Laughter) They said, "Wow, what's a fufu that smells weird?"
Their reaction made me lose my appetite
I asked my mother not to put fufu in my lunch box again.
I asked for a sandwich, chicken noodle soup, or whatever my friend would eat.
And this was the first time I realized the difference between what was unique to my family and what was normal to others, what was Ghanaian and what was African and what was American.
I am a first generation American
parents are immigrants
In fact, my father, Gabriel, came to America about 50 years ago.
I came to New York from the city of Kumasi in the northern part of Ghana in West Africa from the city of Kumasi in the northern part of Ghana in West Africa.
I came here to study, got a bachelor's degree in accounting, and then became an accountant.
My mother, Georgina, came to America with him a few years later.
I loved fashion and worked in a garment factory in lower Manhattan until I saved enough money to open my own women's clothing store.
I consider myself American, African, Ghanaian.
And millions of people around the world juggle these different divisions.
May be Jamaican Canadian Korean American or Nigerian British
But the differences in our stories and experiences, which come from being born and raised in a different country than our parents were born and raised in, can be misinterpreted by the narrow-minded.
I grew up in New York, the most immigrant place in America.
So you might think it would be easy for first-generation immigrants to fit in in a place like New York.
But throughout my childhood, there were moments that defined my understanding of the different worlds I belonged to.
When I was in fifth grade, a student asked me if my family was a refugee.
I didn't know the meaning of that word
He explained to me what his parents had told him that refugees were Africans who came to America to escape death, starvation and disease.
I asked my parents, and they laughed a little bit, not because they were funny, but because they were short-sighted.
And they reassured me that Ghana had plenty to eat and that I had emigrated to America of my own free will.
(Laughter) These questions became more complicated as I got older.
In middle school, I went to school with a large group of black American students for the first time, and many of them wondered why I spoke differently than they did, why my parents were different from their parents. i didn't understand
"Are you still black?" asked one student.
i thought i was black
(Laughter) I thought it was obvious from the color of my skin.
(Laughter) When I asked my father, he told me that when he first came to America, he was confused about what it meant.
He explained that when he was in Ghana, it was all black, so he didn't even think about it.
But in America, we think
(Laughter) And yet my father said, "You're African.
remember
And I emphasized this, even though many Africans see me as an American.
These misconceptions and complex cultural issues aren't just questions from children.
Adults don't even know who immigrants are
Looking at the current trends, if I were to ask you what race of immigrants is the fastest growing in America right now, who do you think they are?
Nine out of 10 people say they're Latino, but they're actually immigrants from Africa.
What about education?
Which race of immigrants is the most educated?
A lot of people think they're Asian, but they're actually immigrants from Africa.
Did you know that 3 out of 8 countries with travel bans on the policy front are in Africa?
Many people tend to think that hostile Muslims live only in the Middle East, but many of those banned people are Africans.
So our preconceived notions about immigration on issues of education, policy and religion are wrong.
When asked which gender and ethnicity combination is least likely to be promoted to senior management about diversity and inclusion in the workplace, who would you say?
This time the answer is not African.
(Laughter) Not a black woman, not a man, not a Latino woman, not a man.
Asian women are the least likely to be promoted
Part of my job as a digital storyteller is to take these stories and issues and make them discoverable with technology.
This year, we launched an online gallery of portraits and autobiographies for a project called Enody.
Enody's purpose is to capture first-generation immigrants who, like me, have a connection to the country they grew up in, a connection to the country they were born in, and a connection to being black.
We created this digital space to be our cyber home, misunderstood in our various home countries.
There are millions of people who use the hyphen, Enody, to connect their homes to their homes in the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, or Germany.
In fact, many of the people you know are Enody.
Actors Issa Rae and Idris Elba are also Enody.
Colin Powell, former Attorney General Eric Holder, and former US President Barack Obama, are all children of African immigrants or Caribbean immigrants.
but how much do you know about us
This complex steering isn't just for the first generation.
We are deeply involved in the lives and cultures of the peoples of North America and Europe, and you may be surprised at how important we are to your history and your future.
So engage us in the conversation, find out who immigrants really are, and treat us apart from their characterizations, limited media outlets, and how they look.
We are a living melting pot of cultures, and if that melting pot smells new or different, (Laughter) don't look away.
let's eat together
thank you
(applause)
I've seen a lot of alpha males, chimpanzee alpha males, and today I want to talk to you about what alpha males are, because there's a lot we can learn from chimpanzees that are closely related to humans and have alpha males.
Take Amos, for example. He was a young male chimpanzee, an alpha male. Amos was attacked, lost his position, grew weaker and weaker, and eventually had to be quarantined.
The herd lived on a grassy island and had to be isolated in cages, but I kept the cages open so that my friends could get close to Amos.
Then something exciting happened
His companions brought him food, made him a roost, and even brought him a piece of wood to wrap himself in and sleep on.
He made a pillow for Amos, who was leaning heavily against the wall, just like nursing a patient in a hospital.
I thought this was how an "alpha male" should be.
Amos was loved, respected and cared for by all.
So you could say that Amos was a well-liked leader. If you search for alpha males, you'll be flooded with business books about how to be an alpha male. It's something like let them know and don't allow them to go against it.
Alpha males like this are basically bullies.
Such an explanation is really disappointing, because as the author of the book "The Politics of Chimpanzees," I am partly responsible for the term "alpha male," which was written by Newt Gingridge, a new member of Congress. recommended to
I don't know what it did, but the book was recommended anyway, and the term "alpha male" became widely known.
But I think the term is being used in the wrong sense.
It's used in a superficial sense and doesn't convey what a true alpha male is.
I will explain there today
The term itself existed long before
It goes all the way back to the 1940s, '50s studies of wolves, and the definition is very simple.
The highest ranking male is the alpha male.
The highest female is the alpha female
Every primate group has one alpha male and one alpha female, no more, always one.
I will explain how it works
First of all, body language
Here we have two male chimpanzees, the same size, but one is walking upright, with bristling fur, holding a large stone in its hand, and this is the alpha male.
Another chimpanzee makes a greeting call, "punt grant," and bows in a submissive manner, a ritual that chimpanzees perform multiple times a day to build stable relationships.
Show us a video of the scene
What I'm going to show you is a female chimpanzee punt-granting to an alpha male.
The male is approaching The female growls at the male
(chimpanzee groaning) The male is showing off his fur all over his body.
I'm getting a little too close
Chimpanzees are much stronger, so I was a little careless during this shoot.
So what happened was that the alpha male was lifting himself up and standing on his two legs with his arms outstretched.
This is called "walking on two feet".
It's a common behavior among high-ranking males, and it's pretty self-explanatory, isn't it, because humans do the same thing.
(Laughter) That's what humans do all the time.
What makes this photo particularly interesting is the older men on either side.
very chimpanzee-like
In the case of chimpanzees, there's usually an older male past his prime, who can no longer become an alpha male on his own, but who plans, forms coalitions, and acts in the shadow of other males.
They start to have a lot of influence, and in fact some older males have more influence than alpha males.
Let me give you an example. Three males that I used to observe at the Dutch zoo where I used to work. The male in the middle is a 17-year-old alpha male.
The grooming partner next to me, who is twice as old, chose a 17-year-old male as leader.
You can imagine how much power this older male has, because he built the status of the current alpha male.
On the right is the single strongest male.
Observation in a cage shows that the male does not get along well with each of the other two.
It's only when the other two go hand in hand that it doesn't work.
Forming coalitions makes chimpanzee society more complex than we might think.
For example, the smallest male in a herd can become an alpha male.
You don't have to be the biggest and the strongest.
Even the smallest male can become an alpha male if he has good company, keeps his mates happy, or has the support of a female.
The coalition system complicates everything, and I always look forward to the end of the primaries here in the United States, because it's a time when we need to show the world the unity of the party.
First, let me show you how chimpanzees show unity.
The two males on the left are sitting side by side
You can see the big canine teeth
They're making it clear to the whole flock that they're united, they're united.
The two on the right are walking in sync
This is another way of showing unity.
It's so important to show solidarity in a coalition in politics, and that's why I always look forward to that moment in primaries, because even if there are two people at odds within the party, somewhere else. because we need to end
It makes me very uncomfortable
Even people who are on bad terms need to accept each other and stick together, so this is essential for the unity of a political party, or it may fall apart.
When things go wrong, like this situation, for example, (Laughter), it's bad for the party, because it doesn't show unity.
So cohesion is especially important in political coalitions, and this is true for both humans and chimpanzees.
So how do you become an alpha male?
First and foremost, it's about being imposing and dignified, sometimes showing some vigor and showing your strength, and there are many ways to do that.
But it also requires generosity.
For example, the males who are campaigning to overthrow the leader can take two to three months, and during that time they'll be testing the cohesion of the group, and they'll be very tolerant.
give everyone food at once
They also tickle babies held by females.
Male chimpanzees don't usually show much interest in their babies, but during these exercises, they show interest in their babies and try to charm the females by tickling them.
(Laughter) Of course, so do humans, and I'm very intrigued by a candidate who's carrying a baby in an election campaign.
(Laughter) "High, high" has become a way of appealing to the world, and as a candidate, I have no choice but to do it.
Also, something that really intrigued me was when the last presidential election was run by a woman, and the way she held her baby was like this, the way babies like to hold it.
But of course, unlike the male candidates, I didn't have to show that I could hold a baby well.
It's a common tactic, because a male chimpanzee who wants to become an alpha male spends a lot of time trying to win over a variety of companions.
So what are the privileges that alpha males get, and what are the sacrifices they pay?
the greatest privilege is the female
food is not important
If you have a female in heat and you become sexually interested in her, the male can survive for a week without eating.
food is secondary
Male chimpanzees -- we biologists, of course, have an explanation -- sex leads to reproduction, and successful breeding leads to evolution.
This is how all living things evolve.
If being high in the herd allows you to breed successfully, the desire to climb high in the herd naturally develops.
this is a privilege
One of the sacrifices, of course, is having to please your supporters.
If you become a leader with the support of an older male, you must allow that male to have sex with the females.
Otherwise, you'll end up incurring wrath from older males, and you'll lose supporters.
This is how trading is done.
I have to please the supporters who helped me become an alpha male.
this is one of the sacrifices
Second, that position is being targeted.
The position of alpha male is very important and everyone wants it, so you need to be vigilant 24/7.
Don't let your guard down
You have to prevent other people from joining hands, which male chimpanzees often do.
Adopt a “divide and rule” strategy
It's a very stressful position, and we have the data to prove it.
This is data from a field study, not a chimpanzee, but a baboon.
If you look at this graph, you can see that the lower the male baboon, the higher the faecal cortisol. As you might think, it's physiologically proven to be a very stressful position.
So what are your obligations?
Now here's where it gets really interesting, and it takes a big departure from the typical "alpha male" picture.
An alpha male has two duties.
One is to maintain order in the herd.
It's called coordinating duty, which is coordinating flock conflicts.
First of all, about keeping order
This male is stopping a fight between two females.
The females on the left and right were fighting over food, because food is very important for females, and the alpha male stood between them and stopped the fight.
What's really interesting is that alpha males are neutral at this point.
I don't favor my mother or my best friend
Rather, they intervene in conflicts and generally take sides with the underdog.
This is what attracts a lot of comrades' support, because it guarantees the lowest comrades security.
Alpha males are neutral here, which is unusual for a chimpanzee, because they usually prefer their own mates.
The second duty is to show empathy for others.
I've done a tremendous amount of research on empathy, and I don't have time to talk about it in detail, but empathy is now being studied in a wide variety of animals, including rats, dogs, elephants, and primates. it's a hot field
There are two baboons here
The baboon in the foreground was tortured in a fight
The baboon in the background wraps its arms around the other to comfort it.
In fact, human infants' empathy is similarly measured by the way they respond to people in need.
very common among high-ranking males
It gives a great sense of security to fellow flock members, like going to an area hit by an earthquake or a hurricane, and giving them that sense of security.
That's what popes and presidents do.
Every leader in the world has a similar role.
so is the queen
Giving comfort and comfort is an important task of a leader.
Males who do well in this dual role of maintaining order and providing reassurance are highly sought-after leaders, and in fact, they also work to their own advantage.
It's not just for the flock, it's for consolidating a position at the top.
The more popular he becomes as an alpha male and the more he is respected by his peers, the stronger his position will be. Even if other chimpanzees challenge him, the entire group will support the alpha male. because I want you to stay
So the herd is very supportive of a good leader and completely uncooperative with a bully leader.
When a bossy leader loses his seat, it can be a very unfortunate situation.
This is the data on the act of comfort
It's taken from chimpanzees, where in middle-to-low order chimpanzees, mate comforting behavior is more common in females than in males.
This is chimpanzee society
All mammals yield the same result: females are more empathetic than males.
But what about alpha males
comforting behavior is by far the most common
Here's the data that shows that alpha males are the primary comforters.
The last thing I want to talk about is alpha females.
This is an alpha female named Mama at the Arnhem Zoo where I worked, and she's all over the internet right now, and her video of her death last year at the age of 59 has about 100 million views so far.
Mama was the absolute center of the flock,
I didn't have the power to control the males by force.
Although she was lower than the males, she was at the center of the herd, because if there was a big problem in the herd, it would end up being solved in her mother's arms.
was very important
So I don't want to underestimate the position of the alpha female.
And there are species that are as similar to humans as chimpanzees.
It's often forgotten, but it's the bonobos. The world of bonobos is a female society, and the "alpha" beings are usually female.
In general, the top of bonobo society is the female. Little is known about how the alpha female is determined, how she rises, and what role she plays.
But what I want to stress is that the leader doesn't have to be male, and in the humanlike bonobo society, the leader is female.
And I'd like to say one last thing, ladies and gentlemen, in human society, the head of the family, the head of the workplace, the head of Washington, the head of the state, and so on, are called alpha males.
(Laughter) Don't call me just a bully an alpha male.
A big, strong, intimidating and insulting person is not necessarily an alpha male.
Alpha males vary, and chimpanzees sometimes have bossy alpha males, but most alpha males have leadership abilities and are well-integrated in society, loved and respected in the same way that Amos was. After all, the actual alpha male may be different from what you imagine.
thank you
(applause)
Chris Anderson (CA): William Hi Welcome
William Kankamba (WK): Thank you
CA: So you got a picture. Where is this?
WK: It's my house. I live here.
CA: Where are you? Which country are you from?
WK: It's Malawi in Kasungu It's in Kasungu, yes it's Mara
CA: Okay you're 19 now, right?
WK: Yes, I'm 19 now.
CA: Five years ago you had an idea, what was it?
WK: I wanted to build a windmill
CA: Windmills?
WK: Yes
CA: Is it -- to run electricity through a light or something?
WK: Yes
CA: So what happened? How did you make it happen?
WK: After I stopped going to school, I went to the library, so I read a book called "Using Energy," and I learned how to build a windmill.
and made
(Applause) CA: So you just copied the drawings from the book.
WK: Oh no, I mean CA: How did you do that?
WK: Actually, the drawings in the book had 4, no, 3 blades, but my windmill has 4 blades.
CA: 3 for the book, 4 for you
WK: Yes
CA: And what was it made of?
WK: I wanted to increase power, so I made it 4 wings.
CA: OK
WK: Yes
CA: Did you test with 3 and found 4 better?
WK: Yes, I tested it.
CA: So what did you make the windmill out of?
What kind of material is that?
WK: Bicycle frames, pulleys, plastic pipes, and— CA: Do you have pictures? next slide?
WK: Yes, this is the windmill
CA: So the windmill worked?
WK: When the wind blew, the windmill turned and generated electricity.
CA: How much power?
WK: 12 watts
CA: So how many lights did the house have?
WK: Four light bulbs and two radios.
CA: wow
WK: I guess
CA: So (applause) next slide, who is this?
WK: These are my parents. I just bought a radio.
CA: So what did your parents think of you when you were 14,5 years old...? Impressed?
WK: Yes
CA: So what are you going to do with this now?
WK: Well... CA: So you want to make more windmills in the future?
WK: Yes, I would like to make more... pump water, irrigate crops...
CA: Will it be the bigger one?
WK: Yes
CA: How big?
WK: I'd say 20 watts or more
CA: Can that irrigate an entire village?
WK: Yes
CA: So you're here to tell the people at TED if there's anyone out there who can help make this dream a reality?
WK: Yes.
CA: So, about your life ahead, you're 19 years old now and are you going to continue your dream/energy work?
WK: Yes, I plan to continue working in energy.
CA: Wow William, it's such an honor to have you at the TED conference.
thank you very much for coming
WK: Thank you
(applause)
thx
i'm not a farmer
(Laughter) No, I'm a father, a resident and a teacher.
i live here
I recently noticed that in the last decade or so, my students have become obese.
I'm getting sick
What's more, I just found out the other day that 70% of children with learning disabilities could have been prevented if their mothers had taken proper nutrition before birth.
Here's the reality of where I live
This is not the environment for children to grow up in.
Jobs continue to flow out of communities Energy continues to be imported No wonder the South Bronx is called a desert
But I'm like a 6th grade kid I jump out of bed every day with a lot of energy I want to share that energy with you today
There's one thing I believe in, and that's that you can't live, learn, and earn money unless you leave your hometown.
So today I want to talk to myself about this wall that I brought in from the outside.
It started with three people
The crazy teacher on the left Nice suit My wife bought it for me And the Bronx's hot-blooded mayor And George Irwin of Green Living Technologies I'm going to use this patented technology of his in my class
Everything starts from sowing seeds in the classroom, and the classroom looks like this
Today, I want to tell everyone about this experiment and spread it even further.
That's all I want
This student started out as a serious student, coming early and leaving late
My class is full of kids who need individual tutoring or whose native language is not English They carry a lot of handicaps They are homeless or in foster care
most students are poor
But that "seed" grew and the classroom became like this
Kids are really into seeds
A small seed spread across the Bronx farmland
Again, I'm a teacher, not a farmer
That's why I don't like weeding or work that hurts my back
So I thought, how can we bring this green wall into the classroom so that anyone can touch it, so that children in need can take care of them without having to leave the house?
So I consulted George Irwin
He built a vegetable wall in his classroom
If you position it as a place of hands-on learning where you let individual students take care of it,
New York's first edible wall has been made Surprise!
If you're hungry, you can go and eat
All the students imitate cows
But this was just the beginning.They liked the technology, so they called George again and said, "We want to do more!"
Mayor Bloomberg yells at me I don't want a work permit Stop being a hassle and let's go anywhere I went to Boston
And the students in America's poorest constituency put up the first computer-designed green wall there, on the 21st floor of the John Hancock Building, that's the John Hancock Building. 21st floor of
Closer to home, a school set up this wall and turned on the lights like this.
And I've made some really cutting-edge money This is amazing Wow!
What are you going to do with the vegetables you made?
I decided to cook!
My dear student is making a secret sauce with a plastic fork, and I'm going to take it to the cafeteria and feed the teachers with the vegetables I've grown.
The youngest legal labor force in the picture with the mayor of the Bronx.
What do you do then? Nice people like you met people and got invited to the Hamptons
"From South Bronx to South Hampton"
So let's green the roof, and if the poor local students change the scenery like this, people will notice.
Then last year you got called again and you moved to the Hamptons, paid $3500 a week to rent a house and even learned to surf.
And then like this, the students will use this technology to build a roof like this, decorate their house like this with sedum, it's like green graffiti.
What does a wall like this do, other than change the way students feel and the way the city looks?
that's
First meeting with a great contractor Jim Ellenberger of Ellenberger Services
and everyone is happy
Jim understood that my students had the skills to build homes that New Yorkers could afford.
That's how they earn their livelihood
Surround yourself with 7 unemployed people like me and try to make a million dollars
It's just another dream, even if I want to fix the toilet and furniture, but the repairman who drives a better car than you, makes me wait half a year.
what a great economy
My students already have a license and are trading
This kid was the first student of mine and the first in my family to open a bank account.
This immigrant student was the first in his family to use an ATM.
I'm sure everyone would be happy If the landscape of the abandoned and ruined local town was changed like this and the interior was like this
Everyone realizes that a student did it
Then CNN came to our farmer's market for an interview
And Rockefeller Center to NBC Can you put this on your wall? Be happy! is
For kids in America's poorest neighborhood to design and plant a wall 10 meters by 5 meters and hang it in the middle of New York, that's what it's all about if you do it.
it's a great school
This is not a professional photo
My picture of our Bronx mayor Talking to his students Not in prison, but in Congress You're proud
Then state senators Rivera and Bob Veeder came into the classroom to meet the students.
When the Bronx mayor comes along, and the state senator comes along, people start to believe that the Bronx can change.
Ready to spread this talent and diversity in ways you never thought possible
My local senator got on the scale in public and said he was on a diet... and so am I!
I'm actually working on losing weight with my kids.
And then the celebrities started
Produce Pete marveled at our crop
Rhona Sass came to donate the book.
I also get elderly people to eat
Before we knew it, our food justice in the South Bronx was recognized by the international community.
The students represented the South Bronx at the first Green Roof International Conference.
it's really amazing
whether it's local
Thanks to a man named Avis Richards of the Ground Up Campaign.
It's unbelievable that the students, the marginalized children who have nothing, built 100 green gardens in public schools in New York City.
Everyone is really happy!
Exactly one year ago I was invited to the New York Academy of Medicine
I joined the movement to build a healthy and resilient New York, and it's free.
thanks to all of you
I was introduced to a strategic partner to promote health in New York City.
Six months later, and what happened was, for the first time in history, the school and its students won an award for excellence for creating a healthy environment in the school.
As the greenest class in New York City
But most importantly, the children learned to get and give.
Use the money you make at the farmers market to buy gifts for the homeless and needy people around the world.
I started giving back to society
Greening America began as a seed in my pocket, and before I knew it, it's become a passion and a way of thinking.
But it's not over yet
Trinity Church took notice, and the Green Bronx Machine was born.
3,000 people have already joined
what to do there
Take a second look at the community you live in Learn that growing up in this environment has no limits
These kids who have been trained and qualified -- by the way, the mayor gave them a tax exemption -- are going to change this community in the future.
it all started at school
not a basketball team
Make a team with broccoli or your favorite vegetables.
They'll be the future of America's agriculture In Brook Park on 141st Street In America's most immigrant community
It is no wonder that small but persistent children can harvest such fruits when they grow vegetables.
nice nice
We all set up a tent in the burnt ruins of our hometown
It's really "if you do it, you can do it"
Brook Park caters for hundreds of people, but they don't need food stamps or fingerprints.
America's poorest and America's most immigrant land can do it
Bissell Gardens is producing more food than ever before, and kids are doing economic things they never thought possible.
Where is the other side of the rainbow? That's our South Bronx It's really not a dream
Look at Jose's attention to detail
Thanks to Omar, I learned that carrots don't grow from the ground, they don't grow on supermarket shelves, they don't get to you through bulletproof glass or styrofoam.
Henry says green is nice, and you're right.
If the range of taste expands, the number of words will naturally increase
And most importantly, when you mix little kids with big kids, you get fat big white kids! Good mood! How a sense of responsibility is born among children
Oops, we don't have much time left, let's hurry
Here's what the kids get every week, green graffiti
I'm doing this
Bronx County of Glory and Bounty
The students are so enthusiastic about pollinating plants instead of fertilizing each other!
I'm an overprotective parent
put a pumpkin patch on the train tracks
I built a carp pond for the rich
This kid will be a corn child Plowing down the middle of Fordham Street to show his appeal Or making a window out of a trash bottle
But it's not that everyone should become a farmer.
I want you to work hard Just like these kids!
This is my proud class and the food
The food goes straight to the cafeteria downstairs
Even at the more important local shelter, the children there only get one or two meals a day.
I aim higher
Air Jordans don't get dirty
By the time this child grows up, the garden will be worth a thousand dollars
do you understand?
this is amazing
The Bronx proves that it can grow on black soil, on brown soil, on poisoned soil, on battlefields, on cement.
I also take orders for flowers, I send them to bazaars
I will also take reservations for spring shipment
Growing from all kinds of seeds I'm learning everything
Children from diverse backgrounds doing something so special It's unbelievable
As for these children
The attendance rate, which used to be 40%, has increased to 93%.
Everyone got a little old and started with insufficient credits
Now everyone in the first class goes to college and earns a living wage
The rest are scheduled to graduate this June.
Children, families and teachers are all pleasantly surprised
Bronx County of Glory and Bounty
Let's talk mint Where's my mint?
I grow seven kinds of mint in my classroom
Anyone want a mojito? I'll see you later at the telepan (restaurant)
It's Viagra that works for the brain.
It goes on and on but all I want to say is this The Bronx made baggy pants and funky beats Now we grow organic veggies
The vegetable garden yields 10 tons of vegetables, and organic citizens and well-meaning children are growing up.
Help me make the city look like this
No hassle, it's a profitable investment in 18 months. Hire people, pay salaries and health insurance, and feed people cheaply.
Dr. King said, "You gotta live with dignity"
Let's make America great again with everyone here in New York
It's so easy, share your passion
just watch these two videos
One is the trigger for the White House invitation and the other is about recent activity.
And most importantly, my worst enemy in school
banish junk food
We can do it if we all work together
Don't let your kids go to this store
Let's get them to eat something healthy Just pick it from the wall of the classroom Sounds good!
It's an example of good deeds. I want you to prepare a green cart.
Even big kids love strawberries and bananas
Let's nurture children's entrepreneurial spirit Long live GrowNYC
I'll even cook for you
and above all love them
Because nothing beats unconditional love
As Kermit said, starting a green movement is never easy.
It's never easy, in my hometown kids can always buy 35 different flavors of marijuana and the freezer is full of booze.
But my friend Majora Carter said to me, "You got nothing to lose, you just win it all."
The country may have changed from great hope to little hope, but it needs your help.
It's time to stand up
I'm still a tadpole now, but I want you to become a big frog and make a big jump towards a green environment.
Put your political beliefs aside
The energy is overflowing Please let me use this!
something should be possible
Don't forget to enjoy the scent of the flowers grown by the students.
Stephen Ritz of the Green Bronx Machine
I thank my wife and my family, I thank my children who come to school every day, and I thank my colleagues who believe in me and help me.
Paving the way for a new economy
thank you bless you all have a nice day it was steven ritz
If you can do it!
(applause)
Like many of you, I was lucky.
I was born into a highly educated family.
Three generations of Ph.D., both parents are academics.
When I was a kid, my dad's lab in college was my playground.
So I took it for granted that I would go to a good college, and that gave me a lot of potential.
Unfortunately, most people in the world aren't that lucky.
In some places, like South Africa, education isn't easy to come by.
The education system was built for the white minority during the apartheid era.
As a result, there is a shortage of places for those who want and deserve a good education.
This rarity led to an incident at the University of Johannesburg in January of this year.
When college admissions were announced for some extra registration, thousands of people who wanted to be at the front of the line to seize the opportunity formed miles of lines outside the gates the night before registration opened.
As soon as the gate opened, people rushed in. Twenty people were injured and one woman died.
She was a mother who wanted to give her son a better chance in life.
Even in places like America, where there is no shortage of educational opportunities, it's not for everyone.
Over the past few years, there has been a lot of talk about rising healthcare costs.
What many people don't realize is that over the same period, the cost of higher education increased twice as fast, to 5.6 times what it was in 1985.
This is why education is now beyond the reach of many.
And even for those who manage to get higher education, opportunities aren't always open.
Just over half of recent American college graduates have jobs that actually require that level of education.
Aside from graduates from top universities, many people are not getting the benefits they deserve for their time and effort.
In a recent column for The New York Times, Thomas Friedman captures the essence behind what we do with his unique sharpness.
"Big breakthroughs happen when what's suddenly possible meets what's desperately needed," he wrote.
I talked about what was desperately needed.
Now let's talk about the other
What suddenly proved possible was three popular courses at Stanford, each of which was attended by over 100,000 people to understand this.
In one of those lectures, let's take a class taught by my colleague and co-founder, Andrew Ng.
He's a popular class at Stanford.
I teach "machine learning," and 400 people enroll in this class each year.
When I decided to teach it to the general public, 100,000 people signed up.
This is a big number because if Andrew wanted to teach the same number of students in a Stanford classroom, he would have to teach for 250 years.
I'm sure you'll get bored
When we saw the response, Andrew and I knew we should try to scale it up and try to bring the highest quality education to as many people as possible.
So we founded Coursera with the goal of making the best classes, taught by the best professors at the best universities, available to everyone in the world, for free.
We're currently offering 43 courses across four different universities, so let's take a look at what it's all about.
Welcome to Analysis Class
There are 50 million people without insurance.
Models help us create effective institutions and policies.
I am being discriminated against unbelievably.
Bush imagined that in the future people would wear cameras on their foreheads.
Mills wanted the sociologist to develop the qualities of the mind...
The shape of the hanging cable becomes a hyperbolic cosine function.
Set red to 0 for each pixel in the image
A vaccine made it possible to eradicate the poliovirus.
It sounds weird to say “Does Lufthansa serve breakfast and San Jose?”
You flip the coin twice to choose which coin to pick.
What we want to get from large-scale machine learning is computational...
(Applause) It's no surprise that students love having the best content from the best universities for free.
Since launching this website in February, 640,000 people from 190 countries have participated.
1.5 million enrollments 15 classes with 6 million quiz responses and 14 million video views
But it's not the numbers that matter, it's the people.
Akash, who lives in a small village in India, didn't have the access or the money for a Stanford-quality class.
Jenny, a single mother of two, wants to hone her skills and go back to college to get her master's degree.
Ryan can't go to college because he has an immunocompromised daughter who can't leave the house because of the risk of bringing germs into the house.
Ryan recently contacted me and I'm so happy to hear that this story has a happy ending.
Baby Shannon, the one on the left, is much better now, and Ryan got a job based on the classes he took at Coursera.
So what's so special about Coursera classes?
Online classes have been around for a long time
What's different is that this gives you a real classroom experience.
Beginning on a specific day, students watch videos and do homework week after week.
Real homework with real grades and real deadlines
This is the deadline date and the number of site visitors.
The spikes in the graph show that procrastination is a global phenomenon.
(Laughter) At the end of the class, students receive a certificate of completion.
You can present it to job hunters and get a better job, and there are people who are already doing it.
Some students send this certificate of completion to the school they enrolled in and have it recognized as credits.
So students are getting real results for their time and effort.
Let's take a look at the structure of the class.
If you leave the physical constraints of the classroom and design content for online from the ground up, you can, say, take an hour-long lecture and break it apart.
You can divide the material into smaller units that explain one concept in eight to 12 minutes.
Students can go through the material in different orders depending on their background knowledge and interests.
For example, one student may benefit from preparatory materials that provide background knowledge that other students already know.
Or maybe some students are interested in advanced material that they can study on their own.
So this format allows us to break down the traditional model of pushing everyone the same, and create a personalized curriculum.
As educators, we know that you can't learn by just watching videos.
Perhaps the biggest element of our approach is that we give you exercises to really understand what you're learning.
Many studies show the importance of practice questions
For example, here's a study published last year in the journal Science, which found that simple review questions, where you simply repeat what you've learned, can significantly improve your test scores over other study methods.
It incorporates a lot of review questions and other exercises.
Videos are more than just videos
It stops every few minutes to ask the students questions.
These four are prospect theory, hyperbolic discounting, current bias, and ignoring the base rate.
Both are well-known deviations from rational behavior.
At this point, the video stops, and the student writes their answer in the box and submits it (wrong answer again).
(Laughter) I did it again, and I got it right this time.
You can also see supplementary explanations if necessary.
Then the lecture moves on.
This is a simple question that I would ask in the classroom, but in the classroom, 80% of the students are still writing down what I said, and 15% are immersed in Facebook and smart in the front row. Students answer without giving others time to think.As a teacher, I would be satisfied if at least someone who knows the answer is there.
That's why most students move on before they even realize they've asked a question.
But in Coursera, every student will be working with questions.
Of course, this simple review question isn't everything.
We need more in-depth exercises, and we need to give feedback to students.
But how do you grade 100,000 people's homework without 10,000 teaching assistants?
The answer is using technology
Fortunately, advances in technology have made it possible to mark different types of homework assignments.
You can score multiple-choice questions and short-answer questions like you saw, as well as mathematics and calculus questions.
You can score a variety of models, such as financial models for management classes, physical models for science and engineering classes, and even fairly complex programming assignments.
Let's look at a simple but visual example.
In this "Introduction to Computer Science" assignment at Stanford University, students change the color of a hazy red image.
You can write a program in your browser, and if you don't get it right, you'll end up with an image of the Statue of Liberty getting seasick.
If you try again and write it properly, you know it's there and move on to the next task.
Being able to actively tackle a task and know if the answer is right or wrong is essential for learning.
Of course, not all assignments in all classes can be graded.
Especially not suitable for grading assignments that test critical thinking skills, such as humanities, social sciences, business administration, etc.
So I tried to convince my humanities teachers that multiple-choice questions weren't so bad.
it didn't go very well
So I had to find another solution
The solution is for students to grade each other.
The results of previous studies, like this one by Sadler &amp; Good, have shown that cross-scoring is a surprisingly effective way to get reproducible scoring results.
It's only been tested on a small scale, but as you can see here, student grades on the y axis correlate very well with teacher grades on the x axis.
What's even more surprising is that self-scoring results, when you let students rate themselves -- and you need to be properly motivated to avoid giving yourself a perfect score -- show a higher correlation with the teacher's grade.
So this is an effective strategy that can be used for grading at scale, and it's also a useful learning method for students, because they can learn from the grading experience.
We now have the largest mutual grading system in history, with tens of thousands of students grading each other's work with very good results.
Students don't just work alone in their rooms.
Each class creates a community of students, and students from all over the world share their work with each other.
What you're looking at here is a map showing the location of Princeton University's "Introduction to Sociology" students, and it shows just how widely used Coursera is around the world.
students collaborate with each other in many ways
First, there's the Q&amp;amp;A forum, where students ask questions and other students answer.
What's great about this is that the number of students is so large that if a question is posed at three o'clock in the morning, somewhere in the world there is a student working on the same problem.
That's why the median time to answer a question on Coursera's Q&amp;A forum is just 22 minutes.
That level of service simply cannot be provided at Stanford.
(Laughter) As you can tell from the students, the scale of this online community means that student interaction is much broader and deeper than in a physical classroom.
Students also form small study groups of their own accord without any intervention from the teacher's side.
Some are local study groups that meet weekly to work on a challenge.
This is a San Francisco group, but there are similar ones around the world.
On the other hand, there are virtual study groups, some organized by language and culture, and there are universal multicultural study groups, like the one on the bottom left, who want to interact with people from other cultures.
The possibilities that come from a framework like this are enormous.
First, the potential for unprecedented insight into human learning.
The data collected here is unique.
Every click, every homework submission, every forum post by tens of thousands of students.
The study of human learning can now be data-driven rather than hypothesis-driven, the same change that revolutionized biology.
We can use these data to answer fundamental questions: What are good learning strategies that are effective and what are not?
And even for individual course content, you can think about what common misconceptions students make and how they can be avoided.
This is an example from Andrew's machine learning class.
shows the distribution of wrong answers to a task
Because the answer was a combination of two numbers, I was able to plot it on a two-dimensional plane.
Each small X represents a wrong answer.
The big X in the upper left shows 2,000 students giving the same wrong answer.
If two students in a classroom of 100 people made the same mistake, they wouldn't realize it.
If 2,000 people make the same mistake, you can't miss it.
So Andrew and his students looked at assignments like this to find out what the misconceptions were, and then set up an error message when the students made those same mistakes, so the students would get their own feedback for this misunderstanding. You can resolve misunderstandings more effectively
This kind of personalization is made possible by scale.
Personalization may be the biggest potential here, because it could solve a 30-year-old problem.
In 1984, education researcher Benjamin Bloom posed what he called the two-sigma problem, which he found by observing three different groups.
The first group learns through classroom lectures.
The second group also goes through regular classes, but they use a mastery approach, and they can't move on to the next task without mastering the previous one.
The third is a group that is taught individually by a tutor.
The mastery-based group outperformed the regular lecture-based group by a standard deviation (σ), and the tutoring group outperformed by 2σ.
What this means is that when the median score for the lecture-based group is taken as the threshold, in the lecture-based group
If you take the median as the threshold, half of the lecture-based group will be above it, and half will be below it.
98% of tutoring groups are above this threshold
Imagine an education where 98% of students are above average.
This is the 2σ problem
As a society, it's impossible to assign every student a human tutor.
We could give every student a computer and a smart phone.
The question is, how close can technology bring the blue curve on the left to the green curve on the right?
Mastery-based learning is easy to implement on computers, and computers don't mind repeating the same video five times.
I don't mind grading the same questions over and over again, and that's what you've seen.
Personalization is also starting to become possible. We can provide personalized curricula, like you've seen, personalized feedback.
The goal here is how far can we push towards the green curve?
If this is so great, will college become obsolete?
Mark Twain certainly thought so
He said, "University is a place where the professor's lecture notes are transformed into the student's lecture notes without the involvement of both brains." The professor's lecture notes are transformed into the student's lecture notes. It is a place that is transformed without going through
(Laughter) I would like to disagree with Mark Twain.
What he's struggling with is not so much the university, but the lecture-based format that many universities spend so much time on.
Going even further, Plutarch said, "The mind is not a vessel to be filled, but like a tree to be kindled."
Instead of trying to stuff students' heads with lectures, universities should spend more time igniting their creativity, imagination and problem-solving skills through real conversations.
How can we do that?
active learning in the classroom
There's a lot of research out there, including this one, that shows that using active learning and interacting with students in the classroom improves outcomes across all metrics: attendance, engagement, and learning as measured by standardized tests.
As you can see, the achievement score almost doubled in this experiment.
Maybe this is what you should be spending your time on in college.
In conclusion, what would happen if we could provide the best education for free to the world? there are three
First, it will establish education as a basic human right, the right of every motivated and capable person in the world to acquire the skills they need to create a better life for themselves, their families and their communities.
Second, lifelong learning will be possible.
It's a shame that so many people stop learning when they graduate from high school or college.
With great learning content, you can learn something new, broaden your horizons, and change your life whenever you want.
And finally, it will create a new wave of innovation, and I don't know where the crazy talent is.
Tomorrow's Einstein and tomorrow's Steve Jobs may be in a remote village in Africa.
If we can educate them, they will come up with the next big idea and make the world a better place for everyone.
thank you very much
(applause)
Before March 2011 I was a photomanipulator in New York City Before March 2011 I was a photomanipulator in New York City
we are ruddy gray creatures
Stay in a dark, windowless room and avoid the sun.
We make skinny models even skinnier, perfect skin perfection and the impossible possible We are constantly criticized by the publishing industry, but our colleagues have years of experience and are well versed in film and photography. A talented artist A talented artist with a deep knowledge of video and photography
March 11, 2011 I was at home watching the tragedy that happened in Japan that the world witnessed.
The All Hands Volunteers, which I volunteered with, arrived within days of the earthquake and began recovery efforts.
Like many volunteers, I couldn't sit still at home, so I decided to accompany them for three weeks.
May 13th I arrived in Ofunato.
A small fishing town of about 50,000 people in Iwate Prefecture A small fishing town of about 50,000 people in Iwate Prefecture, one of the first towns to be hit by the tsunami.
Records show that the tsunami reached a height of over 24m and ran inland over 3km.
As you can imagine, the town was devastated.
We pick up debris from ditches and ditches
Cleaned up the school Removed mud and debris from homes for repair and rebuilding
A local fish processing plant cleaned up a ton of foul-smelling, rotting fish carcasses.
Do your best even if you get covered in mud
Meanwhile, volunteers and locals were finding the same thing.
photo album camera sd card photo album camera sd card
when you find them
Everyone did the same, bringing it to the vaults all over town.
It was then, for the first time, that I realized that these photographs were a big part of the personal sense of loss experienced by the survivors.
When I fled for my life from the tsunami, I had no choice but to leave all my belongings behind.
About a week after I joined, I was helping out at an evacuation center in town.
At a hot spring, I helped clean the large public bath tub At a hot spring, I helped clean the large public bath tub
This shelter was also one of the sites that collected the photographs that were found.
Everyone brought their own photos, and I was honored to gain your trust and start cleaning the photos by hand.
It was an emotional and inspiring job. People often say change your mindset, but when you actually change your mindset, something happens.
When I looked, some of the photos were over 100 years old.Some of the photos were over 100 years old when I looked. I thought I knew a lot of people who could help me, as a machinist, to fix the torn spots and erase the blemishes.
So that night, I used Facebook to ask a few people, and the next morning, when I saw the overwhelmingly positive responses, I thought I'd give it a go.
So I started photo restoration.
This is the first photo I did
It's not badly damaged, but the watery areas on the girl's face were discolored and had to be repaired with great precision and sophistication.
Otherwise the girl no longer looks like a girl, otherwise the girl no longer looks like a girl, as tragic as a destroyed photograph.
(Applause) As time went on, fortunately, more photos arrived. We needed more photoshops. Offered help In five days, 80 people from 12 countries offered to help.
After two weeks, 150 people signed up After two weeks, 150 people signed up
In Japan, in July, we had activities in the neighboring town of Rikuzentakata and further north in Yamadamachi.
Once a week, we set up a scanner device in a temporary photo archive we built, where people come to look for their lost photos.
An older woman sees the scanner for the first time, but when she finds her lost photo, she hands it over to us, and in less than 10 minutes, the photo is scanned, uploaded to a cloud server, and sent to an alien stranger somewhere on the other side of the world. Download and start repairing
Photo repair isn't that easy Photo repair isn't that easy Of course it depends on the extent of the damage.
Sometimes it's an hour, sometimes it's weeks, months
sometimes needed
The kimono in this photo was reassembled by hand using the colors of the parts that did not get wet and the detailed patterns.
it took a lot of time
All of these photos are wet, saltwater soaked, covered in bacteria, soaked in gutter, and even oily, all of which degrade the photos, so manual cleaning was a big part of this project.
Photos can only be modified after they have been cleaned, dried, and regenerated.
Fortunately for cleaning
Helped by a wonderful local lady
Damaged photos can become even more damaged if you're not careful
As leader Wynn says, "It's like getting a tattoo on someone.
Failure is not allowed."
The woman who brought in these photos was lucky with the photos.
I started cleaning myself, but stopped when I realized it was hurting more.
there was also a copy
Without it, it would have been impossible to restore your husband's or girlfriend's face.
She told me a story as she received the restored photos.
This photo was found in the rubble of the local fire station, far from where the house used to be, by a colleague of your husband's, who knew it was his husband.
When the tsunami came, my husband was looking around to see if the flood gates were closed When the tsunami came, my husband was looking around to see if the flood gates were closed
With sirens blaring, I headed for the water.
My two young children -- they weren't young then -- were in different schools.
One person was swept away by the tsunami
It took me a week to finally find the whole family, and I knew they were all safe.
The day I handed her the photo happened to be my second son's 14th birthday.
For her, a photograph was the best gift she could ever give her younger son, even in the midst of this calamity.The photograph would remind him of the past,that dreary day in March that destroyed and changed everything in his life. Before, before that dreadful March day
During my six months in Japan, 1,100 volunteers joined All Hands, most of whom helped clean over 135,000 photographs, many of which -- (applause) -- Many of the photos have been returned to their owners, an important achievement.
Over 500 volunteers around the world have helped over 90 families restore dozens of fully restored photographs
The money spent during this period was about $1,000 for machinery and materials, mostly for printer ink.
we always take pictures
A photograph is someone's somewhere somewhere, a person's bond and a memory of a loved one A photograph is someone's somewhere somewhere, a person's bond and a memory of a loved one
Photos are the memories that hold our history. The last thing we take out and the first thing we look for when we go back are photos.
And that's what this project is all about: restoring humanity piece by piece and giving someone back human connection.
Giving these photos back to these people makes a huge difference in the lives of those who receive them.
This project changed the life of a photomanipulator.
For some of us, it felt like a connection to something bigger, and we were able to use our talents for something other than lean models and flawless skin.
Lastly, I would like to introduce you to an e-mail that Cindy, one of my friends, gave me on the day I returned from Japan six months later.
"While helping, I couldn't stop thinking about each person's story in the photos.
I was particularly moved by one photo of women of all ages, from grandmothers to little girls, surrounded by babies. because it hangs on
No matter where we are in the world, in any era, our basic wishes are exactly the same.”
Thank you. (Applause) (Applause)
In Oxford in the 1950s, there was one very talented and rare doctor, Alice Stuart.
One of the reasons Alice was so rare, of course, was that she was a female doctor, which was unusual at the time.
She stood out because she was one of the youngest researchers at the National Medical University at the time.
She's also rare because she continued to work after marriage, had children, and continued to work in medicine even after she got divorced and became a single mother.
And because she was interested in a new science, the emerging field of epidemiology, the study of patterns in disease.
But Alice, like any scientist, knew full well that in order to make a name for herself as a doctor, she had to discover and solve difficult problems.
The challenge Alice chose was childhood cancer, which was on the rise.
Most diseases were associated with poverty, but in the case of cancer in children, most of the terminally ill children came from wealthy families.
She wanted to know, "How can this exception be explained?"
But Alice struggled to raise research funding.
In the end, I only received £1,000 from the Lady Tata Memorial.
That meant that it was only subject to data collection once.
But I have no idea what to look for
It seemed like an impossible investigation, so she asked everything she could think of.
Did children with cancer eat candy?
Have you been drinking colored drinks?
Have you eaten fish and chips?
Is the toilet outdoors or indoors?
When did you start going to school?
And when her carbon-printed questionnaires started coming back, one thing, just one thing, emerged with the kind of statistical clarity that scientists can only dream of.
One in two mothers whose children died had been exposed to X-rays during pregnancy.
The discovery ran counter to the prevailing opinion at the time.
The popular opinion was that X-rays were perfectly safe within a certain threshold.
At the time, the X-ray machine had a lot of expectations as a great, cutting-edge technology, and it was at odds with the conventional wisdom.
And this went against the doctors' self-image that they were helping patients, not hurting them.
Still, Alice Stuart hastily published her preliminary findings in The Lancet in 1956.
People raved about it, there was talk of a Nobel Prize, and Alice rushed to try and find out every single case of cancer in a child before it disappeared.
But really, she didn't need to rush.
Because it took 25 years before medical institutions in England and the United States stopped using X-rays on pregnant women.
Alice's survey data was public, easy to read, but no one wanted to know.
A child died a week and nothing changed.
Just being published doesn't change things
Alice struggled for 25 years.
So how did she know she was right?
She had a 'great model of thinking'
Alice's statistician, George Neil, was the exact opposite of her.
Alice was extroverted and social, George was a recluse.
Alice was warm and empathetic to her patients.
George liked numbers more than people
He remarked on the wonderful working relationship between the two.
"My job is to prove Dr. Stuart wrong," he said.
he actively looked for discrepancies
I tried to disprove her by looking at her models and statistics from different perspectives and computing the data in different ways.
he knew his job was to create conflict
Because the only way Alice could be sure she was right was if George couldn't prove she was wrong.
This is a great model of collaboration.
How many of us would like to have such collaborators?
Alice and George were good at conflict
they saw conflict as a thought
So what does this kind of constructive confrontation require?
First of all, find someone who is completely different from you.
In other words, humans have to resist the neurobiological desire to prefer people who are more like themselves, which means finding people with different backgrounds and disciplines, different thought patterns and experiences, and finding ways to relate to them. means
it takes a lot of patience and energy
And as I think about this, I can't help but think it's like love.
If you don't care about the person, how much effort and time will you put into it?
It also means that we need to switch our minds.
Alice's daughter told me that every time Alice ran head-on with her fellow scientists, they kept her thinking and thinking.
"My mother didn't like fighting, though she was good at it."
This is about a one-on-one interaction
But the big problems we face, the catastrophes we experience, are caused not by individuals, but by organizations that are perhaps larger than nations, or that can affect hundreds of thousands of lives. it seems to me
So how do organizations think?
…most of the time they are not thinking
It's not because they don't want to think, it's because they can't.
And they can't think because the people inside them avoid conflict.
A survey of Western corporate executives found that 85% of them have issues or concerns that they don't want to raise at work.
Worried about possible confrontation, unsure of how to handle it, worried about getting involved in an argument, they feel like they're going to lose.
85% is a very big number.
The numbers show that the organization can't do what George and Alice were doing so successfully.
we can't think together
And that means that people like us, who have run organizations and searched for the best people, can't get the most out of them.
So how do you acquire those skills?
Yes, it also takes skill and practice.
If conflict doesn't scare us, we should think of it more as thinking, and we should be better at thinking with conflict.
Recently, I was working with an executive named Joe, who worked for a medical device company.
Joe was very concerned about the machine he was working on.
He thought the machine was too complicated, and he thought that complexity would create errors that could really hurt people.
I feared that I would hurt the very patient I was trying to help.
But when I looked around the company, I didn't see anyone worrying about that.
That's why he couldn't say anything.
what others don't know about him
maybe he knew he might look like a fool
Yet he continued to worry, to the point that he was so worried that he had no choice but to quit the job he loved.
Finally, Joe and I found a way to raise his concerns.
What happened there was something that always happens in situations like this.
So everyone had the same questions and concerns.
That's how he got his company, and he could think with him.
Of course it was full of conflict and debate and debate, but it also sparked the creativity of everyone there to solve problems and improve machines.
Joe became something of a whistleblower, but unlike your average whistleblower, he wasn't eccentric, but rather a passionate contributor to the organization and its higher goals.
Of course, he hated confrontation very much, until he became more anxious about silence.
And when I did say it, I realized that what was inside me and what I could contribute to the system was so much more than I had imagined.
And his colleagues don't think he's eccentric.
rather recognize him as the leader
So how can we make these conversations easier and more frequent?
Delft University of Technology requires PhD students to submit five statements in defense of themselves
The actual content doesn't matter so much, but what really matters is the student's willingness and ability to stand up to authority.
I think it's a great system, but I think it's too few and too old to target only PhD candidates.
Shouldn't we teach these skills to children and adolescents of all ages, if we want thinking organizations and thinking societies?
In fact, the catastrophes we've witnessed weren't caused by hidden information.
It's because we've consciously turned aside our inability or unwillingness to deal with the conflicts that arise when information is open and freely available.
But if we dare to break that silence, and dare to see, if we dare to confront, we can make ourselves and those around us think the best.
Information disclosure is great, and network disclosure is essential.
But until we develop the skills, the habits, the talents, the manners of using them, we can't solve our problems.
Openness is not the end
it's the beginning
(applause)
I do applied mathematics, and people who do applied mathematics have a particular problem, like management consultants.
I don't know what the heck I'm doing
So today I would like to introduce you to my work.
Now, dancing is one of the most human activities.
When I see beautiful ballet and tap dance, my heart dances When I see beautiful ballet and tap dance, my heart dances
Ballet requires extremely advanced knowledge and skills Ballet requires extremely advanced knowledge and skills In addition, genetic aptitude may also be required In addition, genetic aptitude may also be required
Neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease, unfortunately, gradually rob us of these wonderful abilities.Jean Stripling, a former top ballet dancer and a friend of mine, also suffered this tragedy.
Although technology has advanced remarkably and efforts to treat it have continued for many years,
Yet, 6.3 million people around the world suffer from the disease, which suffers from incurable weakness, tremors, stiffness, and other symptoms of the disease, so what we need is an objective way to diagnose the disease before it's too late.
Objective judgment is the only way to objectively measure disease progression and ultimately know when a cure is available.
But unfortunately, Parkinson's disease and other movement disorders have no biomarkers, and they're not easily detected by blood tests, and currently the best method is a 20-minute test by a neurologist.
This requires going to the hospital, it's expensive, and that means nobody's doing it outside of clinical trials.
What if patients could do this test at home?
No need to go to the hospital. And what if you could do this test yourself?
High medical expenses also float.
A neurological test costs about $300.
So today I'd like to introduce you to a slightly different method. So today I'd like to introduce you to a slightly different method.
This video shows the vocal cords vibrating due to speech.
These vocal cords belong to healthy people. We are all vocal ballet dancers. When we speak, we need to coordinate all the vocal cords. That's why we have genes like FoxP2.
Vocal cord vibration, like ballet, is the result of intense training.
It takes a long time for a baby to start talking
We can listen and track the movement of the vocal cords, and Parkinson's disease doesn't just affect the extremities, it also affects the vocal cord tissue.
The bottom line traces the abnormal movement of the vocal cords The bottom line traces the abnormal movement of the vocal cords
such as tremor, weakness, and stiffness
The same symptoms are seen in the vocal cords as in the extremities
After a while, the symptoms of the disease are a lower voice and more gasps.
In some cases, this change in voice is very subtle, but any digital microphone, using precision speech analysis software and advanced learning machines, can detect the progress of a speaker's disease. You can know exactly, all you need is an audio signal.
Now, can this audio test compete with the expert's test?
Both don't stick anything in your body and they use existing infrastructure.
Neither need to create dedicated hospital facilities
And while both are accurate diagnostics, voice testing doesn't require an expert.
you can do the test yourself
It doesn't take long, at most 30 seconds is enough
And the cost is almost zero.
And what happens is that it allows us to run tests on a very large scale.
And here are the four goals we're aiming for
"To reduce the burden on patients"
“Do not need to go to the hospital for regular checkups.”
"Taking data frequently"
"Massive mobilization of clinical trials at low cost." This is the first time large-scale screening is possible. This is the first time large-scale screening is possible.
We can start looking for diagnostic biomarkers before it's too late.
Today, we're launching the Parkinson's Voice Initiative as a first step to that. Today, we're launching the Parkinson's Voice Initiative as a first step.
By collaborating with ``aculab'' and ``patientslikeme'' to collect a large amount of voice data around the world, we can challenge 4 goals.
750 million people can access phone numbers for each region
Anyone with Parkinson's disease, even healthy people, can easily record for a few cents, and I'm happy to say that in the last eight hours, we've already reached 6 percent of our goal.
Thank you. (Applause) (Applause) (Tom Riley): Can you take a sample of, say, 10,000 people and see if they have a disease or not? What do the samples actually tell us?
Do you know if you are sick or not? What do the samples actually tell us?
(Max Little): So it's like, on the phone, people have to say whether they're sick or not.
Of course it may not be accurate
We collect a very large number of samples in a variety of settings, and it's the number of samples that counts that allows us to eliminate confounding factors and look for real signs of this disease.
(Tom Riley): Was the accuracy 86%?
(Max Little): Improving
I have to promote my student Thanasis. He's done an amazing job. He's proven that it's possible to take samples over cellular networks. And he's got 99 percent accuracy.
(Tom Riley): That's great progress.
So everyone -- Max Little: (Laughter) Anyone with Parkinson's disease, you can call from your cell phone and record yourself for a test, and an expert will check it and see how you're progressing. It is that
(Max Little): That's right.
(Tom Riley): Thank you.
(Max Little): Thank you. (Applause)
Let's start with the story of 1964
Bob Dylan was 23 years old at the time, and he was at the height of his popularity.
He was hailed as "the mouthpiece of a generation," and he was churning out great songs at incredible speed.
In 2004, Brian Burton, or Danger Mouse, created The Gray Album from The Beatles' White Album and Jay-Z's Black Album.
When the "great album" became a big hit online, the Beatles record company sent out a flood of letters demanding an injunction to stop the sale, claiming that "this is unfair practice and damages our property."
"The Gray Album" is a remix
Creating new works from past works
There are three methods of remixing: copying, transforming, and splicing.
To remix, you take an existing song, you take it apart, you transform it, you put it back together, and you get a new song -- and that song is made of old songs.
However, the songs up until now have not only been used as material for remixes,
It is the basis of all creation.
So everything is a remix, and remixing allows you to be creative.
Let's go back to 1964 with some Dylan songs.
Compare with other songs
The first song is - the folk classic "Nottamun Town"
And Dylan's "Master of War."
♫ ♫ There's no one in Nottamum Town- ♫ ♫ No one staring at the sky, no one looking down ♫ ♫ Hey, war masters- ♫ ♫ No big guns, no assault planes ♫ ♫ Making bombs ♫ First, it's the same melody. Same structure. Next is "The Patriot Game" by Dominic Beam and "With God on Our Side" by Dylan.
♫ All you young rebels- ♫ ♫ Keep your names here while I sing ♫ ♫ My beloved homeland is a terrible disaster ♫ ♫ Names don't matter ♫ ♫ Age doesn't matter ♫ ♫ It's all that matters I'm from the Midwest.
Finally, another folk classic, "Who's Going To Buy You Ribbons"
This and "Don't Think Twice, It's All Right"
the lyrics seem to be the problem
♫ You can't sit and sigh now ♫ ♫ You can't sit and cry now ♫ ♫ You can't sit and wonder why ♫ There are many songs like this
Two-thirds of his early works are said to have used melodies from other songs.
It's something that other folk singers often do.
Woody Guthrie, whom Dylan idolizes, says,
"It's the lyrics that matter"
"Don't worry about the melody, steal it." "If it's low, sing it high."
(Laughter) (Applause) Guthrie did exactly that, and you know the result.
(music) You know this song-
not that song
It's an old Carter Family song called "When the World's on Fire."
Guthrie used it to create "This Land Is Your Land"
Dylan, like other folk singers, copied, morphed, spliced ​​together songs with new lyrics.
But the copyright and patent laws in the United States are obstacles to making something out of someone else's work.
Rather, it's these laws that are used all over the world that make property rights tricky.
Creativity is certainly a kind of wealth, but we use it to create more, and it takes the right soil for a solid creation to thrive.
Henry Ford said, "I didn't create anything new.
It's just a collection of centuries of work from our predecessors.
Progress is inevitable when all the ingredients come together."
With the iPhone released in 2007
Apple revolutionized the world, but it's only a matter of time, and the core technology has been in development for decades.
It's called multi-touch -- it's a way of interacting with the screen with your fingers.
As if to foresee the future of multi-touch, Jobs introduced
We developed a new technology called multi-touch.
You can touch with multiple fingers, and we even got a patent.
I gave a talk at TED about a year ago.
He's Jeff Han, this is multitouch
it's the same movement
What does Jeff have to say about this new technology?
Multi-touch isn't exactly new. Bill Buxton was already using multi-touch in the '80s.
I think the most amazing thing is not the technology, but the fact that anyone can use it.
I wouldn't say it's a new technology.
Multi-touch is a patented item
It's only a small part, but here's where patents contradict their original intent: they fail to advance the development of a useful art.
This is the first method to unlock by sliding.
Apple has patented this method
It's a 28-page software patent, but it boils down to this: "Slide your finger over an icon to unlock your phone. Don't do it."
can i own this idea
In the 80s, when there were no software patents, Xerox was developing GUIs.
If Xerox had patented a desktop with pop-up menus, scroll bars, folders, documents, and other icons.
Could a young and inexperienced Apple survive a legal assault from the giant and experienced Xerox?
You know everything is a remix, but when something you own is remixed, you change your mind.
Have a look at this
picasso says
"Good artists copy, great artists steal"
Yes, we've been unafraid to steal great ideas.
From 1996 to 2010
"Android stole our ideas"
(Laughter) They say, "I'll destroy you with a nuclear war." (Laughter) You steal from great artists, but don't steal from me.
(Laughter) Behavioral economics calls it an aversion to loss, but it's a deep-rooted instinct to protect what's yours.
But I don't mind duplicating other people's things, because that's the norm.
it's the same thing
Basically, there are laws that treat creative works as property, and if you infringe on rights, you have to pay fines, mediation, and a lot of money to defend your rights in court.
It looks like this when combined
It represents the lawsuits that have occurred in the last four years of the smartphone age.
So is litigation advancing the arts?
In 1983, Bob Dylan was 42 years old.
He created "Blind Willie McTell," named after a blues singer, and the song tours a very dark past, a time when musicians like Willie McTell simply understood what they were doing.
"I use other people's songs, but I arrange them in my own way"
that we also do
Creativity comes from outside, not inside.
We all depend on each other, and acknowledging this fact doesn't make us think we're not original.
It will clear our misunderstandings and give us the impetus to just get started without asking too much.
I am honored to be able to participate in this event.
Thank you. (Applause) Thank you.
Two years ago, as an artist, I was invited to participate in an exhibition celebrating 100 years of Islamic art in Europe.
The only requirement from the curator was to use Arabic script for the work.
As an artist, as a woman, as an Arab - and as a human being in the modern world in 2010, the word I wanted to say was "no" when I say no -
In Arabic, we say, "Absolutely no, a thousand times no."
So I decided to look for a thousand types of No.
We searched for objects made in the last 1,400 years under Islamic or Arab patronage, ranging from Spain to the Chinese border.
What I found was put together in a book, arranged chronologically, named by the creators and patrons -- techniques and dates.
This book sits on a small shelf next to a 3m x 7m exhibit in Munich, Germany, September 2010.
Now, in January 2011, the Egyptian Revolution began, and everyday life came to a halt for 18 days. On February 12, convinced of the revolution's success, we innocently celebrated in the streets of Cairo.
Nine months later, I was spraying messages in Tahrir Square, and it was this image I saw on my news feed.
You can't live in a city where people are killed and thrown like garbage on the side of the road.
So I took the letter No from a tombstone in the Museum of Islamic Art in Cairo and added the words, "No to military rule."
I spray painted this on the streets of Cairo.
And then No became a series that came out of a book -- like ammunition -- and then added words to it and sprayed it on the wall.
let me show you some
"No to the new pharaoh." The next leader should know that we will not allow a dictator to rule.
"No to violence." Ramy Assam came to Tahrir Square on the second day of the revolution, and he sat there playing his guitar.
A month after Mubarak's downfall, I got this wound.
"No to stealing light from heroes." Ahmed Khalala lost his right eye on January 28th, and his left eye on November 19th, by separate snipers.
"No to murder." In this case, don't kill those who believe. Sheikh Ahmed Adina Refat was shot dead during a demonstration on December 16, leaving behind three children and a wife. rice field
"No to burning books." On December 17th, the Egyptian Academy was set on fire. This is a great cultural loss.
"No stripping." The blue bra is a reminder of national shame. We stood in silence as the veiled woman was stripped and beaten. The footprints read, "Peace. Long live the revolution." Because we, the people, will never retaliate with violence.
'No to Barricades' February 5 - Cairo has erected concrete barriers to protect the Ministry of Defense from demonstrators.
By the way, speaking of walls, let me tell you about a wall in the city of Cairo.
A group of artists drew a full-scale tank, one-to-one scale.
In front of the tank is a man on a bicycle with a basket of bread on his head.
But after the violence, another artist painted blood and demonstrators being run over by tanks -- demonstrators -- and a message that said, "Tomorrow, I'll wear a new face. The face of every martyr. I exist. ”
An official came, left the chariot behind, painted the rest white, and wrote the words, "Army and people, join hands, Egypt for the Egyptians."
Another artist painted a monstrous looking army commander eating a girl in a pool of blood in front of a tank.
An official came and painted it white, but left the tank and the uniform, and painted the monster's face black.
So I used a stencil and sprayed No's on the uniforms, on the tanks, and all over the walls.
I found a scrap of paper with Neruda's poem in a field hospital in Tahrir Square, and I decided to take No from the Mamluk tombs in Cairo.
The message is (Arabic) "You can pick the flowers, but you can't stop the spring."
Thank you (Applause) (Applause) Thank you (Applause) Shukran (Thank you in Arabic)
From an unlikely place came a life-changing movement
i'm from todmorden
It's a town of 15,000 people in the north of England, between Leeds and Manchester.
It used to be like this, but now it's like this: Fruits, vegetables, herbs grow all over the city.
It's called propaganda gardening.
The soil is really good here. (Laughter) I also thought of new tourism.
It's vegetable tourism. Believe it or not, tourists from all over the world come to see our fields, even when there's nothing growing on them. (Laughter) We're not doing this because we have free time. (Laughter) We're doing it because we want to make a revolution.
I thought, is there a way to bring people together across age, income and culture? Is there a way to find a new way of life, to see the city differently, to think about how to use resources, to create opportunities to change relationships?
Is there a way to create an opportunity to change relationships?
And can't you spread the activity?
The answer was yes The key word was "food"
Three and a half years ago, a few people at the kitchen table, three and a half years ago, a few people at the kitchen table, and we came up with the whole thing. rice field
I didn't consult anyone and didn't make any documents.
(Laughter) At a community meeting in Todmorden, I said, "Why don't we think about building a town around three things? Community, where we think about how we live. Think about your skills and think about how to use your money and choose the projects you want to support
And is it possible to revitalize these three receptacles through food-centered community activities?
It would be wonderful if even one of these receptacles could move, and it would be an opportunity to give power to the residents.
We can revitalize the area by ourselves.
We, who can think for ourselves about how the region should be, achieved all of this without even reading a strategy book.
(Applause) And we did it without anyone's permission.
(Laughter) I didn't wait for a check to arrive in the mailbox. I've seen the power of low-key action. It's an amazing power.
Let's go back to the public meeting. (Laughter) At the meeting, I made this suggestion, and two seconds later there was a roar of applause.
It's the first time in my life that I've had such an experience
When I tell this story, the same thing happens at every meeting in every town.
Everyone responds to this food story
We all want to be part of a positive movement. Intuitively, we all feel that it's time to take responsibility, to invest in kindness towards people and the environment.
A lot has come from that meeting three and a half years ago.
We started with simple seed exchanges, and then we turned vacant lots and dog litter boxes - main street roadsides - into beautiful herb gardens.
I turned a corner of the parking lot of the station I mentioned earlier into a vegetable garden, and anyone can freely harvest vegetables.
And we got to the hospital, and they built a hospital in Todmorden that cost them £6 million, and I don't know why, but they had spiny plants around it. is it okay?"
I said, "Of course I don't mind. If I can get three licenses in Latin." Herbs and vegetables grow Fruit trees, herbs and vegetables grow
There are many other examples, like corn in front of the police station, old people's homes where they planted what the old people could grow and harvest.
But that's not enough, because every citizen is part of the puzzle.
I asked people who had artistic talent to design them so that they could tell me what kind of plant was in there, and if it wasn't in a plastic bag with a label on it, it would be in a plastic bag with a label on it. Many people wouldn't even recognize it as a vegetable if they hadn't picked it (laughs).
This is an investment in sharing and kindness
Some people don't want to do either of those things, but they do want to cook, so I harvest seasonally and hand them out on the street or bring them to places where people are, like pubs and churches.
It's about letting people know, "We're all part of this puzzle of local ingredients."
Some tourists just go for the vegetables, they love them.
Of course, this is also unlicensed. The Incredible Edible Greenroot
It's a course that takes you around the town, passing gardens and canal side roads, seeing bee-friendly environments and hearing stories about pollination. It passes by cafes and shops, and goes through a market. I believe that changing the tide will change the behavior of residents.
Next is the second source of education.
I have a high school cooperate with me
I've started a company, designed an aquaponic, and built it in a vacant lot behind the high school. I plan to grow fish and vegetables in an orchard with bees. I plan to grow fish and vegetables in an orchard with bees. They're helping us out. We have students on the board. The community wanted high school involvement, so the high school started teaching agriculture. I wondered if there was a better way to bring students together and let them gain experience.
There was a piece of land donated by the local horticultural center.
It was a muddy land, but the conditions were excellent. With the help of volunteers, we turned the land into a horticultural training center.
An educator who saw it said, "I'll make you a program for a gardening course."
Because there is no other
We'll start the course at the end of the year. It's all an experiment, volunteer.
And then there's a third plateau: If you live by looking at edible plants, learn new skills, and take an interest in seasonal foods, you may be inspired to spend your money to support local producers, not just vegetables. There are also local ingredients such as meat, cheese and beer.It's not just vegetables, it's also local ingredients such as meat, cheese and beer.
But we're just community volunteers.
What did we actually do?
It's all about the simple things
I donated money to buy chalkboards, wrote "Incredible Edibles," and handed them out to market stalls to write on the local ingredients that were on sale.
It's very popular. People gather.
Sales have increased
I told the farmers that I was serious about it, and I told the farmers that I was serious about it, and they didn't believe me. If we show the local reaction, they might believe us too.
And I did a campaign called "Every Egg Matters." (Laughter) I made an egg map.
On a simple map of Todmorden
I wrote down the names of the people who were selling the surplus eggs to the neighbors. At the beginning there were four. Now there are 64. And the result - the customers who come to the store say they want local eggs, and as a result, the farmer. It's those small steps that have increased the number of chickens, and even raised chickens for meat, and the confidence in the local economy has grown, and so much has changed. Some farmers started doing new things, such as baking
The number of stores selling local produce has also increased, and a student survey found that 49 percent of the food vendors in town said their sales increased because of our work.
It's just a volunteer experiment
(Laughter) None of this is difficult.
It doesn't mean you can't do it unless you're smart
It's just a matter of getting everyone involved and working together.
It's not a movement that can be started by someone who thinks they're special in the first place.
It's a movement for everyone
(Laughter) (Applause) There are no boundaries of age, income or culture.
So many things happened. Now, the first question is, "Can we expand our activities?" Of course we can.
There are now 30 towns in England with the Incredibles Edible saucer.
People are trying to change their lives in their own way. And it's happening all over the world. America, Japan and New Zealand
After the New Zealand earthquake, someone came to Christchurch who wanted to bring the "grow local" ethos to Christchurch.
You don't need money, you don't need formalities. All you need is a change of mindset. Communities that are willing to change their budgets and business plans to build a support framework will succeed.
My hometown has great ideas
A local government decided to do two things to promote Incredible Edibles.
Registering the vacant land owned by the local government, putting it in the food bank, making it available to all locals and guaranteeing it with a license.
Then they asked all the staff to help grow these communities and help preserve the space.
Local governments have started to act, which is evidence that this activity has been recognized.
It's a creative act that meets the demands of the Rio Earth Summit. There are many ways.
First of all, don't plant spiny plants around public buildings, it's a waste of land. (Laughter)
Next, by all means, please build a town with edible plants. Plant food on the streets where children walk every day. Avenues, parks, anywhere.
Please create a field in the center of the town with city planning.Please don't push it to the outskirts of the town where no one can see it.
school please take this seriously
this is the best education
If we want to raise the farmers of the future, all schools should foster a sense of purpose centered around the importance of the environment, local foods and soil.
Put it at the center of your schooling, and a new generation will grow.
There's a lot you can do, but in the end it's simple
By acknowledging the power of low-key action with the help of nature, we rediscovered our own power, and came to believe that each of us has the power to build a kinder future. i think it's amazing
Thank you. (Applause) (Applause) Thank you. (Applause)
Welcome to Africa, everyone! Rather, it might be "Welcome home"
In reality, it all started here. don't you
Look at fossils that are millions of years old, and this proves that human life, as we already know, started right here.
For the next four days, we will be on a truly wonderful journey.
I will tell you about the African story "A New Start"
great story, a secret
So let's look at this problem from the back, put it on a table, let's organize it.
What's the worst story you've ever heard about Africa?
It's not just a question
In fact, I would like to hear from you.
Here you go. it's a bad image
famine
Corruption
do you have more
genocide
AIDS
slavery
yes it would be nice
I've heard things like this
But what I'm about to tell you is a story from Africa you've never heard of before.
I think that's what you want to know. It's a real and useful story.
It's about investment opportunities, indeed the investment opportunities on this continent. To distinguish reality from its description of reality, look at reality, not fiction.
Real data and statistics are real things that exist. Real things that are happening here. With these data and statistics, Africa is a real investment opportunity, a real investment choice.
So let's get started. Africa, in a way, is just reborn.
Regeneration is how you manage your image, how you manage your destiny.
This rebirth of Africa is a problem that I've focused on for most of my career.
The first effort was about 10 years ago, when I was working for McKinsey consultants in their newly established Africa office in Johannesburg.
We worked with some great CEOs on African issues and restructuring African companies with the goal of making them the best companies in Africa and globally.
But it wasn't until I got my MBA in the United States that I actually started to formally work on regenerating Africa.
It all started when I received a happy phone call
It was a call from Rosabeth Moss Cantor, an authority at Harvard Business School and a teacher of mine.
she said: "Euvin, I'd like to write about a case, a public sector leader who gives lessons to the corporate world."
At this time I thought of Nelson Mandela
When Nelson Mandela came to power and became South Africa's first democratically elected president, he faced a situation in which the country might have fallen into chaos.
However, I started walking on the path of a virtuous circle
This case became "Nelson Mandela: Leadership Transformation" and became the basis for research on a chapter in Rosabeth's new book, which is called "Confidence."
"The Confidence" became a New York Times bestseller and topped Business Week's hardcover bestseller list.
This is why I tell this story. Later, when I was interviewed by SABC Africa's Pan-African Broadcast, I was asked, "What was the lesson you learned or what was the most fun?" It was a great privilege to be involved in such a project. is the
The lesson learned is a story about Africa, an Africa story that made the news abroad. Benchmarks are turning points for companies.
Africa was picked up as a success story!
Now let me tell you my personal story, a story about a turning point or a transformation.
About myself. In 1994, I packed a few things into my backpack and set off on a yearlong trip, halfway through college.
You know the reaction of your parents!
(Laughter) But soon we arrived in southern Africa, South Africa. then north egypt
There are two places, south and north
I also went to Shea Oasis. also stopped by
The Shea Oasis is famous for several things: First, it was the site of Alexander the Great's expedition, who wanted to know his future destiny.
According to legend, he walked through this desert
Half the army lost their lives in the sandstorm
According to mythology, the Great King received a divine oracle and predicted his destiny to greatness.
300 BC
So Africa has long been the place to go for answers
What I remember about Sia now is a mesmerizing view of the night sky.
No natural light source. It's such a wonderful place Looking up, it's like a wonderful tapestry
Now let's hurry back to 2002
I was at a conference on medical development in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
There you see the same scene, just from the other side
A satellite image of the Earth
I was so struck by this image that I will never forget it. I just remember that moment
So I wanted to convey the image I saw at that time
The first thing I saw was North America at night. I feel warm. it's light
Then I saw Africa. It's literally a total 'dark continent'
While Africa is dark, the message it takes home is that it's a challenge we face, but it's also an investment opportunity.
Africa is dark and there are only a few dots in the north, south and other regions, but it also shines with the light of the hearts of the millions who live there. people's hearts
entrepreneurs, dynamic people, hopeful people
Geographer George Kimble said, "The only dark side of Africa is our ignorance of it."
Now let's shine a light on a continent with many different elements This continent has a lot to offer
let's open up
Africa is the second largest continent. next to the Asian continent
It also has the second largest population, 900 million people.
In fact, when you look at the continent, Africa is so vast that even if the Americas, China, and Europe are included in Africa, there is still room.
There are more than 1,000 languages ​​in Africa, or some say 2,000, more than 2,000 languages ​​and dialects.
But you can also say: “Invest in Africa with over 1000 languages! Language doesn't matter!”
What about your data?
As an investment banker, I put myself in the flow of information and see the changes happening in the capital markets.
So I want to share these indicators, these signs, I want to share the winds of change that are sweeping across this continent.
let's get started
Let's start with the high level, macro factors
Generally speaking, inflation is trending across Africa, and this is the first sign that many countries are reaching double digits.
Let's see some of them
I call this the Z.E.N. Cluster
Zambia's inflation rate fell from 18% to 9% from 2004 to 2006
Egypt. 16% to about 8.4%
Nigeria. Same situation, down from 16% to 8%. is a single digit
Even more attractive are South Africa and Mauritius, Namibia. all single digits
But this is just the beginning. It's the same with currencies. Currencies tend to be very stable.
But this is the big picture
The first myth to erase is that Africa is not a country.
Africa is (applause) Africa is made up of 53 countries.
So the definition, so to speak, of "investing in Africa" ​​is a misstep.
doesn't make sense
Each country has its own challenges
You can make money or lose money when it comes to Africa
But there is an investment opportunity anyway
This is Africa today, so let's talk about this investment opportunity.
First, let's look at some specific sources and data on African countries.
As Emeka introduced me, I was recently elected president of the South African Chamber of Commerce in the United States.
I am very honored and happy to have this position.I think it is a wonderful role.
Hearing this story, more and more direction and speed are increasing, promoting transactions, and more companies want to participate.
First of all, let's talk a little bit about South Africa
It's not the South Africa we talk about every day. South Africa was gold, minerals and advanced infrastructure, but I'm going to talk about something else.
For example, South Africa was recently voted the most popular country in the world with 1,000 overseas call centers in the UK established
Language, time axis, etc. are the same. most likely
Also, the big news in South Africa these days is Bain Capital and KKR, private equity giants.
The headline in South Africa was "They have landed." It's an omen
But what was it for? for property acquisition
Bain Capital's acquisition of South African retail giant Edcon is a sign of its confidence to kick-start the economy.
Because it's actually going to be a long game.
Retailers' belief is that the growing middle class will continue to grow, and that the boom and confidence in consumer spending will continue to grow.
But in Africa, more than in South Africa, there's a lot going on.
Clearly, Nigeria will be a hotspot
This is the challenge. Over the next four days, I will talk a lot about Nigeria.
Here is the famous BRIC report produced by Goldman Sachs
This new report, 'Next Eleven', highlights that by 2020, Nigeria's economy will be the 10th largest in the world
It's an investment opportunity. Think about it, please
Are there any banks, investors here who are seriously considering going to Nigeria?
If not, why?
What is happening in Nigeria? I think you can say a few things
First, from the perspective of the capital market
Here again, the sign of leading companies
Guaranty Trust Bank recently issued its first Eurobond, which does not include South Africa
But the first Eurobond, the increase in international capital abroad, the self-balance sheet, no sovereign guarantees, show the confidence that's happening in the Nigerian economy.
Without sovereign guarantees, Nigerian companies are increasing their capital abroad
It's just a harbinger of what's to come
Looking at the oil industry, Africa supplies 18% of America's oil supply. Middle East is 16%
In other words, we can be said to be an important strategic partner
In the overall outlook, Nigeria
We're producing 2.2 million to 2.4 million barrels a day, about the same size as Kuwait and Venezuela.
But for Africa, as a start, note that
I had a discussion with Emeka.
So-called "bad words about products" should be stopped
It's not about oil, it's not about commodities
For Africa to become truly sustainable, it must move away from commodities and into other industries.
So let's stop thinking like this ASAP And we must act ASAP The countdown has begun
what else is going on? Egypt is next
Egypt is launching its first large-scale industrial bloc with an investment of 2.8 billion
This statement was made just a few weeks ago
Textiles, petrochemicals, etc., in Alexandria, near the Mediterranean Sea.
Managed by a management company in Singapore
This is a company that wants to survive as an industrial power plant, and oil has nothing to do with it.
Now let's look at agriculture. See also the forest
what is happening?
We are pleased to announce that last week in Tanzania the East African Organic Agricultural Standard came into force.
Again, we brought together East African farmers and investors to come up with a standard for organic produce. was a better price
We also worked with smallholder farmers. We didn't use pesticides or fertilizers.
Additionally, there is an opportunity to challenge the market to set higher prices.
Uganda. New Forest Company replants and develops forests. Why is this important?
Our energy needs are met, we need electricity, so (we) need utility poles to mass produce electricity.
However, there was something that could be put to good use in this deal.
they were trying to use carbon credits
let's go back to nigeria
The financial sector is undergoing a major transformation, with over 80 to 25 banks strengthening their systems
But what the heck is going on? Only 10% of the country is banked
Nigeria has the largest population in Africa
Over 135 million people. Think about it, please
There are only 700 ATMs in the country. THERE IS AN INVESTMENT OPPORTUNITY
The situation is the same for telecommunications across the country.
Now let's look at the continent as a whole
For example, you look at a road and say, "Angola has a problem because 90 percent of its roads are unpaved."
Transporting goods is even more expensive. Prices will go up Inflation will be affected
Nigeria. 70% of the roads are unpaved. Zambia. 80%
In general, 50% of roads are unpaved
Opportunity is here! I need energy. There are investment opportunities here too
What are the signs that things are changing from the ground up?
A look at the African stock market
If you were to ask, "What were the world's blue chip stocks or stock trades in 2005?" would you say Egypt?
In 2005, the Egyptian stock market - stock trading - is over 145%
What about other countries?
Let's look at the numbers for 2006. Kenya. 60% or more. Nigeria. 40% or more
South Africa. 20%. It is high
is the current trend
But the main question we ask when making an investment decision is, "What are the alternative investments?"
In Africa today, we are competing for capital on a global scale.
Global capital is hard to understand and has no royalties.
Overcapital in the US, Yield Pickup Matters
What Africa provides is a diversity of activities and a yield pickup opportunity for investors, which is to be aware of what is happening.
Now, when you look at Africa with others, and you think about countries in Africa with others, it's important to make comparisons.
A decade ago, quite a few countries had sovereign ratings from the likes of Standard & Poor's, Moody and Fitch.
Currently, 16 African countries and growing have sovereign bond credit ratings. what's the meaning of this?
Also, let's look at the example of Nigeria. Double B minus in the Ukrainian and Turkish leagues. We immediately compared
A key factor in investment decisions is for global capital holders
Other figures are for South Africa. Triple B plus. Botswana. A plus
Burkina Faso. B minus. Etc
In fact, a major company is about to open an office in Africa
Why? Because we anticipate our next investment
One of the big leaders, and the last thing I want to say is very interesting. This is what I read the other day that CNBC has launched its first African channel. Why?
24 hour african news channel
they expect something to happen
Let's invest, you and I. The world is investing. That's why we chose Africa as our 24-hour news channel.
This is the change that is converging on the African pipeline.
So in conclusion, back to this slide, it's all something that has affected me greatly. a few years ago
This time, (I'm) telling you everything I saw in 2002. As you think about your role in Africa, you will embark on a journey to light up this continent.
You can take advantage of this wonderful opportunity
Think about change too. Take it slow in your mind. Things change quickly.
In 1899, Joseph Conrad published Heart of Darkness, a tale of the horrifying horrors of the Congo River.
If you look closely, you can see a bright ray of light on the Congo River. Indeed, the Congo River emits its own light. From the depths of darkness, now hydropower is shining.
The power of ideas is transforming
So what's the next step? Over the next four days, I'd like to elaborate on this further.
Also, if you always remember this painting, it will probably change a lot when we meet in the future around 2020.
Thank you very much for today
(applause)
50m underground in an illegal mine in Ghana
The air is heavy with heat and dust, and it's hard to even breathe.
I see nothing but the sweaty men slipping through the darkness.
I can hear people talking, but the only thing that fills the shaft is the nasty sound of men coughing and the sound of rough tools cutting stone.
Like everyone else, I have a little flashlight strapped to my head with a tattered rubber cord. A square hole about a meter wide, dozens of meters deep, with slippery lumber on the wall for climbing up and down. but even that is not clearly visible
The moment my hand slipped, what crossed my mind was the image of a miner who slipped his hand a few days ago and fell without stopping.
As I speak to you now, men are burrowing deeper into that pit, putting themselves at risk with no reward or compensation, often resulting in death.
I crawled out of the hole and got home, but they'll never come back, they're slaves.
For 28 years, I have documented indigenous cultures in more than 70 countries on six continents, and in 2009 I was honored to have a solo exhibition at the Vancouver Peace Summit.
Among the many wonderful people I met there were the supporters of Free the Slave, an NGO dedicated to the eradication of modern slavery.
We started talking about slavery, and then we started learning about slavery.
At the end of the story, I was in a state of self-loathing. I was ashamed of my ignorance of the atrocities going on in my time. I thought
My heart sank into my stomach, and within a few weeks, I flew to Los Angeles and offered my help to the board of Free the Slave.
And so I began my journey into modern slavery.
Oddly enough, the destination is a place I've visited before
Some are places I thought of as a second home
But this time, I was faced with a hidden truth.
A conservative estimate is that more than 27 million people are enslaved in the world today.
That's double the number of people deported from Africa during the transatlantic slave trade.
150 years ago, a slave sent to a farm cost three years the annual salary of an American laborer.
In today's currency, it's about $50,000.
But today, a debt of as little as $18 can enslave a family for generations.
Surprisingly, slavery generates more than $13 billion a year in profits worldwide.
Many of the slaves were deceived by false promises of good education and jobs, forced to work for no pay and in fear of violence, unable to escape.
Today's slavery is driven by commerce. The commodities produced by enslaved people have value, but the people who make them are disposable.
Slavery is illegal everywhere in the world, but slaves are everywhere.
Visited brick kilns in India and Nepal
The strange and terrifying scenery made me feel as if I had stepped into ancient Egypt or Dante's Hell.
At the site where the temperature exceeded 50 degrees Celsius, the entire family, including men, women and children, was covered in dust while mechanically placing bricks on their heads. carry it to
Because of monotony and exhaustion, they silently repeat this task for 16 to 17 hours a day.
We don't even take breaks to eat or drink, people are severely dehydrated and can't even urinate.
It was so hot and dusty that my camera got too hot to touch and stopped working.
Every 20 minutes or so, I would run back to my car to dust my equipment and let it revive in the air conditioner, and in the meantime my camera would be treated much better than those people. I noticed that there
When I got back to the kiln, I wanted to cry, and the abolitionist next door grabbed me and said, "Don't cry, you can't cry here."
He made it very clear that expressing emotions in a place like this would be very dangerous, not only for me, but for them as well.
i can't help them directly
I can't give you money or anything
i am not from that country
I could have put them in a worse situation than they are now.
I believed that Free the Slave would set them free through their work, and I knew they would do it.
I held back my heart breaking until I got home
In the Himalayas, I've seen children carry stones on their backs for miles up mountainous terrain to trucks waiting on the road at the foot of the mountain.
The large stone slab weighed more than the children carrying it, and the stone was suspended from their heads by hand-made harnesses made of sticks, rope, and cloth.
It's painful to witness such a shocking scene.
How can we stand against this rampant evil? How can we stand against such rampant evil?
Some people are forced to work 16 or 17 hours a day for no pay, and some of them don't even know they're slaves because they've been in the same situation since they were born.
I can't compare
Once these villagers claimed their freedom, the slave owners burned down their homes.
They had nothing. They were too scared to give up. But the women in the center stood up for themselves and persevered. With the help of abolitionists, we got mining rights. It's still the same hard work, but we get to work for ourselves, get paid, and most of all, we're free.
The word slavery is so well known around the world that it's associated with sex trafficking, and when I covered this industry, I was warned that I couldn't guarantee my safety.
In Kathmandu, I was escorted by women who had previously been sexual slaves.
A narrow staircase led to a dirty basement, dimly lit by fluorescent lights.
Not a so-called brothel
It's more like a restaurant
It's a hotbed of forced prostitution, known in the industry as a cabin restaurant.
Each of them has a small private room, and the enslaved women -- there are girls and boys and even seven-year-olds -- girls and boys and even seven-year-olds -- order a lot of food and drink from their customers. I have to deal with customers while letting them
The room is dark and dirty, with identification numbers on the walls and partitioned by plywood and curtains.
Sometimes we have to endure tragic sexual assaults at the hands of our customers.
As I stood in the near-darkness, an instant, intense terror welled up in me.
There's only one exit, the stairs you came in from.
no back door
There weren't any windows big enough to get out of
There is absolutely no way out for these people.As I touch on this dire situation, I must also tell you that the slave trade, including sex trafficking, is happening in our own backyards.
Tens of thousands of people are forced to do various labors such as farms, restaurants, housework, etc.
According to a recent New York Times report, between 100,000 and 300,000 American children are trafficked into sex slavery each year.
It's all around us. We just don't see it.
The textile industry is also an industry associated with forced labor The textile industry is also an industry associated with forced labor
I saw whole families in Indian villages being enslaved in the silk trade.
this is a family photo
The black hand is the father, and the blue and red hands are the sons.
They stir the dye in large barrels, submerging the silk in the liquid up to their elbows, but the dye is toxic.
An interpreter told their story
"We have no freedom," they said
"But someday I want to leave here and go to a place where I can make money by dyeing."
Over 4,000 children are said to be enslaved in Lake Volta, the world's largest man-made lake.
The first time I visited, I went to see how it was.
I thought it was a family who was catching fish from the boat. Don't you see two older brothers and younger brothers?
no they were all slaves
Children are taken away from their families and sold to disappear, and forced to work long hours on boats like this, and they can't swim.
This child is eight years old
Our boat was shaking as it approached, thinking it would hit his little canoe.
I was afraid of being pushed into the water.
Trees submerged in Lake Volta are often entangled in fishing nets Trees submerged in Lake Volta are often entangled in fishing nets And they throw scared children into the water to remove the nets.
many drown
This young man has been forced into labor since he can remember This young man has been forced into labor since he can remember
I'm scared of my master and I can't run away He's been brutally treated all his life So he treats the younger slaves in the same way he treats the younger slaves in the same way
It was five o'clock in the morning when I met them, they were pulling up the last fishing nets.
I was working hard from 1 o'clock in the middle of the night when the cold wind blew.
And if there's a big catch, the net can weigh more than 500 kilograms.
Introducing Kofi
Kofi was rescued from a fishing village
I met him at Free the Slave's Slave Victims Rehabilitation Facility.
He's bathing in a well, and he's got a big bucket of water running down his head, and the great thing is, as we're talking to you, Kofi is with his family, and even better, he's a source of livelihood for his family, and his children. was provided with tools to protect the safety of
Kofi is a symbol of possibility
His life changed because of someone who stood up.
I was driving down the roads of Ghana with Free the Slave staff When I was driving down the roads of Ghana with Free the Slave staff Suddenly an abolitionist on a motorcycle came to our I approached the car and tapped on the window, commanding
I'll lead you through the dirt road that leads to the jungle, so follow me
He pulled us out of the car at the end of the road, and he told the driver to leave.
Then he pointed to the roadless road and said, "This way, go this way."
After about an hour of driving through the vegetation blocking the path, about an hour of driving past the vegetation blocking the path, the path was completely submerged from the recent rains, so I lifted my photographic equipment over my head. I was in chest-deep water, so I lifted my photographic equipment over my head and I was in chest-deep water.
After another two hours of walking, the winding path ended abruptly, and in front of me was a pit full of holes the size of a football field, in which many slaves worked.
Many of the women were carrying their children on their backs while processing the gold, and the water in which their feet were soaking was contaminated with mercury.
Mercury is used in the extraction process
These miners are slaves working in mines in another part of Ghana.
They're drenched in sweat when they come out of the shaft.
I remember their exhausted, red-eyed eyes, and many of them remained underground for 72 hours.
The pit is 90 meters deep, and they carry sacks of heavy stones out, which are then taken to another location to be crushed and mined for gold.
At first glance, it looks like it's full of strong men, but you soon discover that you're a bunch of unhappy people on the edge of a cliff, and there's children.
They are victims of injury, disease and violence.
In fact, even this very muscular man is at high risk of becoming like this in a few years from tuberculosis and mercury poisoning.
His name is Manul, and when his father died, his uncle sold him to the mines where he worked.
When his uncle died, he was burdened with his uncle's debts, and he couldn't escape slave labor in the mines.
At this time, he had been working in the mines for 14 years. His leg injury was due to a mining accident. His leg injury was due to a mining accident.
And Manul has tuberculosis, and yet he is forced to work in the pit every day.
Yet he dreams of one day being free and educated with the help of activists like Free the Slave. My heart fills with awe when I see people who are put down and still hope.
I would like to shed light on the slavery issue.
When I worked in the field, I brought a lot of candles with me, and with the help of an interpreter, I wanted to share them with the people I photographed, and shine a light on their stories and their plight. I thought, here's a picture I took when they and I were safe.
They know their photos are seen by people all over the world They know their photos are seen by people all over the world
I wanted to tell them that we would be their witnesses and do everything in our power to change their lives.
I truly believe that if we could see each other as human beings, there would be no more atrocities like slavery.
It's not about social issues, it's about living human beings like us. People who deserve rights, dignity and respect. People who deserve rights, dignity and respect.
I will never forget for a single day the many wonderful and oppressed people I have had the privilege of meeting.
I hope that these pictures will evoke the power of those who see, like you, that power will converge into fire, and that burning fire will shed light on the issue of slavery. Without that light, the beast of bondage would be in darkness. I will live on Without that light the beast of bondage will live on in the darkness
thank you very much
(applause)
In the half-century of working to help prevent war, I've always wondered: How can we counter extreme violence without resorting to force?
When I see violence, whether it's child bullying in school, domestic violence, or in the face of tanks and shrapnel in the streets of Syria, I wonder what works best.
fight or give in
use more power
How can we fight violence squarely?
I have been thinking since I was a child
When I was 13, I remember being glued to the black-and-white television in my parents' living room, when Soviet tanks invaded Budapest, and kids my age were in those tanks. He threw himself in and was run over
I ran upstairs and packed my suitcase.
My mother came up and said, "What the hell are you doing?"
I said "I'm going to Budapest"
"For what?" said my mother
"Children are being killed, terrible things are happening," I said.
"Children are being killed, terrible things are happening," I said.
My mother said, "Don't say stupid things."
i started crying
My mother understood my feelings and said, "I know you're serious, but
I can't help you because you're a child
study first i will help you
But please pack your bags."
So I studied and went to Africa and worked there for most of my twenties.
But I realized that school wasn't teaching me what I really needed.
What I wanted to understand was how violence and oppression works.
Then I discovered that there are three types of violence used in repression.
Political violence to intimidate Physical violence to control Mental and emotional violence to destroy self-confidence
Using more violence than that is very rarely successful.
Nelson Mandela was imprisoned for believing in violence. Over the next 27 years, he and his allies honed their craft, slowly and cautiously. succeeded in converting
They did it through non-violence.
They realized that force against force didn't work.
So what is the effective way?
So far, I've collected about half a dozen effective methods, and of course there are others.
The first thing you need to do is make a change, make a change here, inside yourself.
What you can control and change is your reaction and attitude to oppression.
you need to know yourself
What do I react to and when do I get discouraged? What am I superior to and what am I inferior to?
when to give up
what time do you get up
Meditation and self-analysis are one way to get that inner power. One way to get that inner power.
On this one, I worship Myanmar's Aung San Suu Kyi as well as Satish.
When she led the students to a demonstration in Rangoon, when she led the students to a demonstration in Rangoon.
Around one corner, there was a group of soldiers with machine guns.
She soon realized that the fingers on the soldiers' triggers were trembling. The soldiers were more frightened than the students behind her.
she told the students to sit down
And so, calmly, without hesitation, without fear, she stepped forward and walked up to the lead soldier, put her hand on the machine gun, and let him lower the muzzle.
nobody died because of it
You can do that if you conquer your fear, even if your opponent isn't a machine gun, but a knife fight across town.
But it takes practice
How do you deal with fear
i always tell myself
Fear grows with the energy you pour into it
And if it gets too big, it can become a reality
You all know the 3 am syndrome, right? I wake up in the middle of the night when I have something to worry about. I'm sure you all have experienced this. After about an hour of tossing and turning, it's getting harder and harder to fall asleep.
So what you can do is get up, make a cup of tea, and sit with your fear as if your child is next to you.
i am an adult
fear is a child
And talk to fear, ask what they want and why they want it.
how can i be okay
How can I stop worrying? and
then make a plan
I say, "Now go back to sleep and wake up at 7:30, okay?"
I say, "Now go back to sleep and wake up at 7:30, okay?"
I went through this on Sunday because I was afraid to come here and talk.
(Laughter) So I did this.
Get up, make some tea, sit down, I did it all, and here I am, still a little scared.
(Applause) That's fear. What about anger?
Where there is injustice, there is always anger.
Anger is like gasoline: if you scatter it and someone strikes a match, it's a big fire.
But when you inject anger into your engine, it gives you a lot of power.
But when you inject anger into your engine, it gives you tremendous power.
I learned this when I worked on nuclear weapons policy. I learned this when I worked on nuclear weapons policy.
I was furious at first too.
but it didn't help at all
To have a dialogue for change, you need to manage your anger.
It's natural to be angry about something, in this case nuclear weapons, but if you're angry with someone, there's no hope.
they are human just like us
They're doing what they think is best, too.
You have to proceed with the story based on that
That's the third point, anger.
And most importantly, the changes that are happening in the world today, the changes that are happening in the world today, the 20th century was dominated by power.
The government was telling the people what to do
But this century has changed
Grassroots power was born from each and every one of us
It's like mushrooms growing through concrete.
As Bundy said earlier, people from far and wide are coming together to make a difference.
Peace Direct knew very early on the most effective tools in areas of intense conflict.
I realized that I am a local resident.
So Peace Direct supported the activities of local residents.
So Peace Direct helped local people to take action, like dismantling militias, rebuilding the economy, resettling refugees, and liberating child soldiers.
They risk their lives every day to continue this work.
Through that, they realized that using violence in such places was not only inhumane, but also ineffective, and that it would be more effective to create a circle of people who would be the driving force of reconstruction. It is more effective to make a circle
I think the American military has finally realized this.
So far, their anti-terrorism policy has been focused on crushing terrorism, and if they interfere with it, even civilians, they've dismissed it as "collateral damage."
So the people of Afghanistan felt insulted and outraged, which made it easier for Al-Qaeda to recruit them, such as burning the Koran, which generated a lot of backlash.
So we have to change the way the military is trained.
I think things are changing
The British are much better at this.
But they also started doing it because they emulated someone, and that's Chris Hughes, a very good U.S. Lieutenant Colonel.
When he was leading his men in the town of Najaf, Iraq, when he was leading his men in the town of Najaf, Iraq, suddenly a crowd of people came out of the houses on both sides of the road. A group of screaming, very angry people surrounded the terrified young soldiers, and they had no idea what had happened.
Then Chris Huth stepped out into the middle of the crowd, raised his weapon above his head, thrust it to the ground, and commanded, "Kneel down."
Large soldiers in bulletproof vests with loads on their backs staggered to their knees on the ground.
All around was silence
And after about two minutes, people parted ways and went back to their homes.
i think it's a very smart move
he made a quick decision and acted
Things like this are happening everywhere
can't believe it?
Have you ever wondered why so many dictatorships have fallen in the last 30 years?
Czechoslovakia East Germany Estonia Latvia Lithuania Mali Madagascar Poland Philippines Serbia Slovenia and Tunisia and Egypt
this didn't just happen
It all started with a book, written by an 80-year-old man in Boston.
Gene Sharp wrote in his book "From Dictatorship to Democracy" 81 ways to resist non-violently.
This book has been translated into 26 languages.
spread rapidly around the world
All over the world, young and old alike are practicing his methodology because it's effective and successful.
This makes me feel hopeful, not just hopeful, but very encouraging.
Humans finally got
I've got a realistic, actionable methodology to fight fair and square violence that I've been thinking about.
I started using the tricks I was just talking about, gaining inner power through knowing yourself, acknowledging and facing your fears, using anger as fuel, cooperating with others, joining hands together, courage and, most importantly, nonviolence. is to persevere
I don't just believe in non-violence.
you don't have to believe
Evidence of its power is everywhere
Ordinary people like us are acting like Aung San Suu Kyi, Gandhi and Mandela.
We can end the bloodiest era in the history of the world.
With an open mind, a firm determination, and a connection, we can end oppression.
And since yesterday, I feel that this opening up of hearts is what is being done in this gathering.
thank you
(applause)
I was at a friend's house, and she had a DSM manual on her bookshelf, a manual for diagnosing mental disorders.
It has all kinds of mental disorders
In the 1950s, it was a flimsy booklet.
And then it got thicker and thicker, and now it's 886 pages.
We currently have 374 types of mental disorders listed.
As I flipped through the list, wondering if I had a mental disorder, I found that there were 12 types.
(Laughter) First, Generalized Anxiety Disorder, which I expected.
And nightmare disorder -- this is a disorder where you have recurring dreams of being chased or being a bad person. In my dreams, I always have someone chasing me and calling me "a bad person."
(Laughter) I also have parent-child issues, and I think this is my parents' fault.
(Laughter) I'm kidding. No, it's true.
no i'm kidding
There is also a false illness
I think it's pretty rare to have both malingering and generalized anxiety disorder, because malingering makes you anxious.
Whether you're reading the DSM and wondering if you're more crazy than you think -- or you think it's not good to diagnose yourself unless you're a trained professional -- or you have a strange desire to label ordinary behavior as a mental disorder by a psychiatrist. I thought there was
I don't know which one is correct, but I was a little bit intrigued, so I thought I'd talk to some psychiatric critics, and I ended up having lunch with a "Scientology" devotee. smile)
That man's name is Brian, and he's leading an elite team of Scientologists to take down psychiatry once and for all.
The name of the team is CCHR
I asked, "Can you prove that psychiatry is a dubious pseudoscience?"
His answer was, "Oh, I can prove it."
"How?" "See Tony."
"Who's Tony?"
"Tony's in Broadmore"
I mean Broadmore Hospital.
In what used to be called the Broadmore Criminal Mental Hospital.
Serial killers and people who can't control themselves are sent.
When I asked Brian what Tony did,
"It's no big deal
"After hitting someone or doing something - pretending to be crazy to avoid being sent to jail.
He just did too well and ended up in Broadmore, no one would believe he was sane.
Would you like to go to Broadmore to see Tony? "
"By all means," I replied, though I took the train to Broadmore.
Around Kempton Park, I couldn't stop yawning, just like dogs yawn when they're anxious.
arrive at destination
I went through a lot of gates to the health center, where I met my patients.
It's like a giant Hampton Inn
It's all done in pink, pine and muted colors.
The only bright thing is the bright red emergency button.
patient came in
They're all overweight, in sweatpants - they look demure.
Brian whispered into my ear, "I'm being medicated." This is the most abominable thing a Scientologist can do, and I thought to myself, "Good."
(Laughter) Brian said, "It's Tony."
A man came in. He's not fat, he looks healthy.
He was wearing a pinstripe suit, not a sweatshirt.
The man held out his hand like a businessman in The Apprentice.
I felt that I was dressed to convince myself that I was sane.
a man took a seat
First, I asked him if he really got into the prison because he was pretending to be insane.
"Yeah, that's right, I had an assault case at 17.
I was in jail until the trial, and someone in the same cell said, "You know what?
act crazy
Say you're crazy and you'll be sent to the hospital where it's easier
A nurse can bring me a pizza and I can have a PlayStation.'' I asked how.
"I wanted to see a psychiatrist.
It's about people who have just seen the movie "Crash," and get sexually aroused by crashing their car.
So I told the doctor, ``I get sexually aroused when I crash a car.'''' I asked, ``What else?
"I also said, 'I want to see a woman die, and then I'll feel like I've gotten better.'"
When asked where he got the story
He said, "It was in the prison library - a biography of Ted Bundy." Anyway, Tony said he was too good at playing crazy.
After all, it's not an easy hospital
sent to Broadmore
As soon as he got here, he asked to see a psychiatrist, and he said, "Big mistake - I'm not psychotic."
I asked him how many years had he been in prison, and he said, "With the original sentence, I should have been out in five years.
"The original prison term would have been five years.
But it's been twelve years since I came to Broadmore."
According to Tony, it's harder to make someone think they're sane than it is to make them think they're insane.
"I thought it was normal to just talk about normal topics like soccer or TV in a normal way to make people feel normal.
I'm taking the "New Scientist," and recently I read -- the U.S. Army is training bees to detect explosives.
So I said to the nurse, "Did you know that the U.S. military is training bees to find bombs?" ''I believe it'''' ''They're always looking for clues other than words about my state of mind But what is the normal way to sit?
What is the correct way to put your feet together?
That's impossible."
Listening to Tony made me think, Am I sitting like a journalist?
Is it the way a journalist's legs are crossed?
He continues, "Next to me is the Strangler of Stockwell, and on the other side is the Rapist of the Tulip Fields.
That's why I became scared and tended to stay in my room
And then you say it's the proof that it's wrong-
You can't open up and you're pretentious."
So in Broadmore, avoiding serial killers is a sign of madness.
He looked normal to me, but is he really?
So I contacted his doctor, Anthony Maiden.
I heard the circumstances
According to him, "I knew that Tony had pretended to be insane to get out of prison, because his delusions were so trivial that they disappeared when he came to Broadmore.
But we examined him and diagnosed him as a psychopath."
Pretending to be insane is itself a manipulative act peculiar to psychopaths.
It's also in the diagnosis table "cunning and manipulative"
Pretending to be crazy is proof that you are crazy.
According to other experts, a pinstriped suit is a classic sign of psychopathy, and the first two items on the diagnostic chart are "speakable and seemingly attractive" and "excessive self-esteem."
I told Tony to stay away from other patients.
The typical psychopath exhibits exaggeration and a lack of empathy.
Tony's seemingly normal part was proof of his madness, proof of his madness.
he was a psychopath
The doctor said, "If you want to know more about psychopathy, go to the Psychopath Diagnosis Course, run by Robert Hare, who created a diagnostic chart."
so i did
I went to a psychopath diagnostic course and now I'm a certified, fairly good psychopath diagnostician.
Let me give you a statistic: 1 in 100 normal people is a psychopath.
there are 1,500 people here
15 of you are psychopaths
That percentage is 4% for CEOs and corporate executives, so I wouldn't be surprised if there were 30-40 psychopaths in this room.
There may be a mountain of corpses in the middle of the night.
(Laughter) Hare explains why: full-blown capitalism celebrates psychopathic behavior, like being unsympathetic, being talkative, being manipulative.
At its most ruthless state, capitalism is the embodiment of psychopathy.
It's like a psychopathy that befalls us all.
And Hare said, "I wonder if they pretended to be insane. A guy like Tony doesn't matter.
no big deal
The real problem is corporate psychopathy
Go talk to a psychopath in a company."
So I wrote a letter to an Enron employee as a test.
"I'd like to go to the prison and interview you to see if you're a psychopath."
but no reply came
So change your policy
I emailed "Chainsaw Al" Dunlap, the man who profited from expropriating company property in the '90s.
They've joined a weakened company, laid off 30% of their workforce, and turned the city into a ghost town.
This time, I said, "My guess is that you're special -- you're a fearless performer because you have a special brain.
I'd like to interview you about that special brain."
he replied to come
When you go to the mansion in Florida where Al Dunlap lives,
There were carvings of predators everywhere.
There were lions and tigers. He showed me around the garden. There were falcons and eagles. He told me, "There's sharks over there."
It's like Narnia
(Laughter) Then I went to the kitchen.
Now, Al Dunlap came to save the company from bankruptcy and cut the workforce by 30 percent.
He also used to joke around and get people fired.
Here's a story, an employee told him, "I just bought a new car."
He replied, "Even if you got a new car, you'd probably lose something. It's a job."
He was in the kitchen with his wife, Judy, Sean, his bodyguard, and I said, "You said you were special because you had a special brain."
"It's a great hypothesis," he said.
I went on to say, "A psychologist would say, 'That brain makes you...'" (mumbling) (Laughter) "What?"
"You are a psychopath
I have a psychopathic diagnosis form now.
Shall we take a look together? "
He was, to my heart's content, curious. "Good."
"First of all, it's excessive self-esteem."
He seemed to have no choice but to nod at this, because there was a huge portrait hanging behind him.
(Laughter) He said, "You should trust yourself."
"I want to manipulate people" and I
"It's leadership."
"The lack of emotion, that is, the inability to have a variety of emotions"
"Where are the people who want to worry about their silly emotions?"
He reread the diagnostic chart, like, "Where'd the cheese go?"
(Laughter) But after spending time with Al Dunlap, I realized.
If he says something normal, like, "No juvenile delinquency."
"Don't repeat marriage over and over again"
he has been married twice
Yes, my first wife wrote in her divorce papers, "He threatened me with a knife and told me what human flesh tasted like." 's marriage has lasted 41 years
Anyway, I thought, if it's something so ordinary, it can't be put in a book.
And that's when I realized that for the first time in my psychopathic diagnosis, I was getting a little closer to being a psychopath.
I desperately labeled him a psychopath
I was just trying to diagnose him by looking at what was wrong with him.
I also realized that as a journalist I was
I've been doing this for 20 years
We journalists run around the world with notepads looking for gems.
That jewel is an extreme part of the interviewee's personality.
We piece together jewels like medieval monks, but we throw away the mundane.
This leads to overdiagnosis of certain mental disorders.
In childhood bipolar disorder, children as young as four years old are diagnosed with bipolar disorder because children have tantrums and score higher on the bipolar diagnosis table.
Tony called me when I got back to London.
"Why didn't you call me?"
I told them everyone said he was a psychopath.
"I'm not a psychopath-
There is "lack of regret" in the diagnosis table
Other items include "cunning" and "manipulative tendencies"
So when you say you regret a crime you've committed, the doctor says, ``It's a clever trick that psychopaths tend to do - it's a clever way of pretending to be sorry.'' They magically reverse everything."
and said, "There's a trial
are you coming? "
i understand
went to trial
After 14 years in Broadmore, he was finally released.
The rationale for the decision is that he shouldn't be incarcerated indefinitely, because a high score on the diagnostic chart only means that he's likely to reoffend.
he was released
In the hallway he said, "John, are you okay?
everybody's a bit of a psychopath
You and I, well, I'm clear."
I asked him what he was going to do
"I'm going to Belgium," he said.
I have a girl I like
I'm married, so I'm breaking up with my husband."
(Laughter) That was two years ago, and my book ended here.
All was well for the next 20 months.
nothing bad happened
he lives in the suburbs of london with a woman
According to Scientologist Brian, we're making up for lost time - it sounds creepy, but it's not.
After 20 months, he spent a month in prison.
He said he got into a fight in a bar
I served a month in prison. It's a bad thing, but with a month in prison, any fight wouldn't have been so bad.
Tony gave me a call
I think it was right that Tony got out of prison.
Because you shouldn't judge a person only by the crazy part.
Tony is only half a psychopath.
Society hates ambiguity, but he's a gray area.
But the gray area is the complexity of people
Where humanity can be seen - where truth can be seen
Tony said, "John, let me buy you some wine.
I am grateful for what you have done."
But I didn't go out How were you all doing?
thank you
(applause)
The scars of the catastrophe can be seen everywhere in the town.
Trees fell, windows shattered, roofs blown off
Katria: I'm standing in front of my house in Monson, Massachusetts last June.
A strong EF3 tornado raged and destroyed my roof, so I stopped going to grad school and decided to stay in Massachusetts.
Morgan: On June 1st, we were amateurs about disasters, but on the 3rd, we started acting like experts.
This experience changed our lives, and now we want to change this experience itself.
Tornadoes don't usually happen in Massachusetts, and I was outside watching when the tornado came over the hill.
I saw the streetlights coming in, and my family and I ran into the basement.
A fallen tree hit the house and smashed the windows.
When I went outside through the back door, flames were rising from the transformer of the fallen utility pole.
i was in boston
I'm doing a PhD at MIT, which just so happens to be studying atmospheric science.
What's even stranger is that when my parents' house was hit by a tornado, I was at the science museum looking at the tornado lab, so I didn't hear her call me.
A new supercell was popping up near my house, so I turned on the tracking radar and called back.
I came home later that night with batteries and ice.
The old church across from my house lost its steeple to a tornado.
Overnight, it became a gathering place for local residents.
The city hall and police station were also damaged, and residents sought help and information.
We went to church, looking for a warm meal, and when we went to church, we noticed a problem.
There were two sweaty men with chainsaws standing in the middle of the church, and no one had any idea what the damage was and where to send them.
I went out on my own to find someone who could help me, so I started acting as a facilitator.
Because I needed Pastor Bob for help.
offer infrastructure
Then, with two laptops and one air card, we created a reconstruction support organization.
(Applause) At the time, it was like, "People are coming to churches to donate and volunteer."
"A lot of clothes have been donated."
"I have to make a list of the supplies I gathered."
"I need a hotline, can you make me a google voice number?"
"Okay, I have to tell you what I don't need."
"But I don't know which house will help me."
“We need to ask for help and send volunteers.”
"Tell me exactly what you don't want."
"Did you get the number on TV?"
"I don't need a refrigerator anymore"
"Is the roof not covered by insurance?" "The juice will arrive in an hour, right?"
"I don't have enough post-its!" (laughs)
And the residents realized that if they asked us, they would fix it.
"I'm donating 3 water heaters - can someone come pick them up?"
"My car is in the living room." "We Boy Scouts will make 12 mailboxes."
"My dog ​​is missing and the chimney is not covered by insurance."
“Fifty church members need food and lodging for a week to repair the house.”
"Yesterday I went down to Washington Street - I got a lacquer rash."
We had to answer questions quickly and solve problems one after another, because more urgent things would happen and people would forget about it.
without waiting for instructions from a city council member, the Disaster Response Headquarters, or the United Way
I started answering questions and making decisions out of necessity.
I decided to do it.
And I'm good at Facebook, and we have two.
(smile)
The point is that when there's a flood or a fire or a hurricane, someone needs to stand up and be the coordinator of the recovery.
After a 17-hour workday, at the end of the day, Katria and I take dozens of notes out of our pockets and apply them to the situation.
After a few days in the shelter, one day I realized that it could be easier.
In a Wi-Fi-rich country like the United States, why not use technology to speed up recovery?
We should be able to prepare this improvisational system in advance.
If any one of the residents is to be a coordinator for recovery in the event of a disaster, then there should be a tool like this.
So I decided to create a "reconstruction kit", a system that can be started by local residents in the event of a disaster.
I decided to stay in the country, give up my master's degree in Moscow, and focus on turning this idea into a reality.
Over the past year, we've become experts in the field of disaster volunteers.
There are three main problems that I noticed.
The first is "tools".
They collect a lot of relief supplies in times of disaster, but what they do is very biased.
The disaster areas are being delivered mountains of relief supplies and inexperienced volunteers with no tools.
In Excel and Facebook they use
You can't find high-priority information mixed in with photos and condolences.
Second, timing: disaster recovery is the opposite of campaigning.
In an election campaign, there is initially no interest, no ability to act.
Interest and capacity builds gradually, reaching a peak on Election Day.
When a disaster strikes, all the attention is focused, but the coping capacity starts from scratch.
In the first seven days, half of the searches for disaster relief are done, and then it tapers off.
A sporting event will not be able to gather more resources for recovery in the next five years.
This is Katrina's graph
this is joplin
This is a graph of a tornado in Dallas in April.
there is a gap here
Affected households have to wait for help until the damage insurance auditor's review is complete.
On the Dallas graph, public interest is only four days.
The third is "data"
The data, though bleak in nature, can help rebuild disaster-affected areas.
FEMA and the states pay 85% of federally designated recovery costs for affected areas, while the remaining 15% is the responsibility of municipalities.
This cost is huge, but if you have X volunteers working Y hours in a disaster area, you can count what you would pay to hire them as what the municipality paid.
But how do you prove it? Even if we send 2,000 volunteers
How depressing it would be if we couldn't prove it
All three problems have a common solution
If we can confront disasters and bring people together, giving them the tools they need when they need them, we can set a new standard for disaster recovery.
Help-seeking tools, donation database management, reporting and volunteer access, all in one easy-to-use website.
it needed help
Alvin, a software engineer, launched a website.
Chris and Bill took over the operations and the partnership.
Since January, we've been visiting various disaster areas to set up software and to license software to communities that are preparing for disasters.
The first time we did this was last April after the Dallas tornado, and what we saw in the disaster area was an outdated website.
It was a lot of Facebook posts, so we launched our platform, and it generated a lot of interest in the four days after the disaster.
But when the news died down, they actually started asking for help, but there were so many aid supplies already there that they were able to meet the needs of the victims.
Preparing for a disaster is very important for disaster recovery.
By doing so, communities are safer and more resilient.
It would be great if we had a system like this ready before a disaster.
that's my current goal
We put the software that we developed where it was needed, taught it how to use it, and made it possible for people to input detailed information up front that would help them recover.
It's not complicated. Tools like this should exist and are needed.
In my hometown, I've taught five or six people how to use this web tool, because Katria and I are in Boston.
I fell in love with the system right away and it's already firmly rooted.
Three groups of volunteers who have been working almost every day since June 1st of last year are delivering necessary items to the disaster victims and helping them to return to their homes.
There are hotlines, tabulations and data in the affected areas.
there is a difference
On June 1st of this year, exactly one year after the Monzon Tornado, residents are more connected and confident than ever before.
We've seen similar changes in Texas and Alabama.
What you need to overcome disasters isn't researchers from top universities, it's locals.
Even the best relief organizations don't stay in disaster areas forever.
But if you give people the tools they need and tell them what they can do to help with disaster recovery, everyone can become a recovery expert.
(Applause) Join us!
(applause)
Let's listen to why hearing is important for Alaska Natives.
Open-water fishing, caribou hunting, berry picking, and other core activities of Alaska's indigenous peoples make hearing loss difficult.
Hearing loss isn't unique to remote areas of Alaska.
it's global
The Global Burden of Disease Project estimates that 1.1 billion people worldwide have hearing loss.
That number exceeds the total population of sub-Saharan Africa.
Of these, 80% live in low- and middle-income countries, many of whom have no access to hearing care.
The impact on people's lives is tremendous
Anuk is a three-year-old boy I treated in Alaska.
He started having ear infections when he was just four months old.
His parents worried that he didn't speak as much as his siblings, so they took him to the doctor.
It's not hard to imagine how many infections had caused the hearing loss.
Without treatment, Anouk's speech will continue to be delayed.
Lower grades in school, worse job prospects, and more likely to experience social isolation.
But it shouldn't be
The World Health Organization estimates that half of the world's hearing loss is preventable.
If Anouk's hearing loss was detected and treated early, his life and the opportunities that come with growing up would be very different.
As an otolaryngologist, I work with many partners around the world on new initiatives to prevent hearing loss.
And that's what we did in collaboration with the tribal health agency, the Norton Sound Health Corporation.
Hearing loss assessment has traditionally required an examination by an audiologist in a soundproof room with a lot of equipment.
An otologist uses a microscope to examine Anouk's ear and develop a treatment plan.
Such devices cannot be used in remote areas.
In one state, 75 percent of communities don't have roads to get to hospitals, requiring expensive flights.
To overcome these barriers, Alaska has developed a state-of-the-art telemedicine system, connecting medical facilities in more than 250 villages to a network of specialists to triage all health events.
My colleagues have established that telemedicine ear diagnosis is on par with face-to-face consultations.
In 2016, 91% of patients in the Norton Bay region did not need to travel because they received specialist telemedicine.
Telemedicine has saved over $18 million in travel costs in this single region over the past 15 years
Our team joined a project to further enhance the power of telemedicine Our team joined a project to further enhance the power of telemedicine Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute Research Institute) is the funding source
This was the first effort to integrate telemedicine with mobile laboratory diagnostic technology to expand the scope of triage for specialists beyond the medical setting.
Developed in South Africa, this mobile-phone-based testing device costs a tenth of the cost of traditional devices and requires no advanced training.
When testing anuk in schools, noise-canceling headphones and noise monitors replace soundproof rooms, and telephone adapters replace microscopes for ear testing.
Within minutes, the test is finished and the images are ready.
Then, by applying Alaskan telemedicine technology, and sending the data to a specialist, the specialist can connect Anouk to the treatment he needs.
Our team started a randomized trial to see how effective this intervention was in 15 communities along the Bering Sea coast.
Our goal is to prevent infantile deafness across Alaska.
But this initiative isn't limited to one state.
the impact is global
Mobile telemedicine can revolutionize access to healthcare.
In Malawi, just two otologists and 11 audiologists care for 17 million people.
This technology will empower teachers and community health workers to bring access to healthcare to children in places like Malawi.
If we scale it up on a global scale, we will be able to make a difference in children's lives that were previously out of reach in hearing medicine, just by using the power of mobile phones.
It's time to change the course of preventable hearing loss.
The future of Anouk and countless other children like him depends on us.
thank you
(applause)
Today I'm going to talk about what democracy can learn from the world of open source programming, but before I do that, just a little bit.
I have something for you to see
This is Martha Payne, nine years old, and she lives in Argyll and Bute, Scotland.
A few months ago, Payne started a food blog called "Never Seconds," where he photographed and documented his daily lunch.
Do you know where the vegetables are? (Laughter) As usual, it started out with a few dozen readers, but then it grew to hundreds, then thousands, and people stopped by to see how she scored her school lunches. (Laughter) Zero today.
Then two weeks ago I posted this
It's titled "Goodbye"
"I am very sorry to have to say this, but today in class, the principal called me and told me that I was no longer allowed to take pictures during lunch.
it's been a lot of fun so far
Thanks for reading Goodbye
You know what happened after that, right? (Laughter) The outrage that came in was so overwhelming and so thorough that the school reversed its decision the same day and said, "We're not going to censor a nine-year-old." (Laughter) So that morning was an exception. (Laughter) The answer lies throughout human history.
(Laughter) What happens when the media suddenly pops up and starts pouring so many new ideas?
this is not a modern problem
It's something that humans have experienced many times over the past centuries.
When the telegraph appeared, it was clear that the news industry would be internationalized with it.
What does it bring?
of course world peace
Television is a medium where you can not only hear but also see what is happening around the world. What does that bring?
World peace. (Laughter) What about the phone?
Do you understand? world peace
Sorry for the spoilers, but it won't bring world peace, at least not yet.
Even the printing press was seen as a tool to spread the domination of Catholic intellectuals across Europe.
But what actually happened was Martin Luther's 95 points, the Reformation, and the Thirty Years' War.
What was wrong was what exactly happened.
More information flow means more ideas for someone to disagree with.
More media always leads to more discussion.
That's what happens with the expansion of the media space.
But when we look back at the advent of typography, we think it's a good thing that happened.
We are a society that supports publishing.
So how do these two reconcile, do you think it's a good thing, while generating more controversy?
The answer can be found in something like this
This is the cover of "Philosophical Transactions." It was the first scientific journal published in English. It was in the 1600s. They called themselves "scientists," and they needed two things to improve the way natural philosophers debated.
One is openness. We needed a norm that if we did an experiment, we had to publish not only the results, but also the method of the experiment.
If you don't tell me how you did it, I can't believe you.
another is speed
We needed to quickly synchronize what other natural philosophers knew, otherwise we wouldn't be able to move forward successfully.
Letterpress was the right medium for that, but books are too slow and not the right tool.
So scientific journals were born as a way of synchronizing discussions in the natural scientist community.
The scientific revolution did not come about with the printing press,
It was brought to us by scientists, but it couldn't have been done without the tool of the printing press.
what about us The media revolution of our generation is the Internet, right?
What is the prophecy of world peace? Of course there is. (Laughter) Did more discussion happen? Record-breaking swearing in the YouTube comments section. YouTube is a treasure trove of arguments. Better arguments? it is questionable
I study social media, and this is, to a first order approximation, observing people's discussions.
What is the “invisible university” for us? If I had to pick a group of people in our generation who are trying to use tools to make better arguments, not more, I'd choose open source programmers.
Programming is a three-way relationship between the programmer, the source code, and the computer that runs it, but computers are very rigid in how they interpret instructions, and it's extremely difficult to write a sequence of instructions in such a way that the computer knows how to execute them. This is true even when writing alone.
With multiple writers, it's easy for two people working on the same file to overwrite each other or send conflicting instructions, bogging the computer, and the more programmers involved, the bigger the problem.
Managing large software projects is, to a first approximation, a question of how to stem this social chaos.
For a long time, the canonical solution to this problem was to use a "version control system," which does exactly what its name suggests.
keep the master copy of the software on a server somewhere
Only people with special permissions to access it can change it, and they're only allowed to change the parts they have permission to change.
If you give them a diagram of a version control system, they'll draw something like this.
It looks like an organizational chart
It wouldn't be hard to read the political consequences of such a system.
It's feudalism, one owner, many workers.
This is suitable for commercial software
Microsoft Office, Adobe Photoshop, etc.
the company owns the software
programmers come to work
But one programmer thought that this wasn't how they did it.
It's Linus Torvalds
He's one of the most famous open source programmers and creators of Linux, and he's been thinking about how the open source movement has addressed this problem.
The promise of open source software licenses is that everyone has access to all the source code at any time. need to prevent
That's why so many open source projects put up with feudal management systems.
But Torvalds thought, "I don't want to do it that way."
He's very clear on this point.
When you adopt a tool, you also adopt the ideas embedded in that tool, and he didn't want to adopt something that didn't fit the Linux community's way of doing things.
To understand just how big a decision like this is, let's take a look at this graph of the Linux operating system's internal dependencies, showing which parts of a program depend on each other.
It's become an incredibly complex process.
For a program as complex as this, for many years Torvalds managed it through his email inbox without any automated tools.
People were literally emailing me changes and he was putting them together by hand.
And after 15 years of looking at Linux and seeing how the community works, I thought, "I know how to build a version control system for free people."
He named it Git Git is a distributed version control system
There are two big differences from traditional version control systems.
One is that it fits the open source ethos, where everyone working on the project has access to all the source code at any time.
If you were to draw a diagram of your Git workflow, it would look something like this.
Even if you don't know what the circles, squares, and arrows mean here, you can see that this is a much more complicated operation than traditional version control might assume.
But it also means we have chaos again, which is another Git innovation.
Here's a screenshot from GitHub, a Git hosting service. When a programmer uses Git to make a change, like creating a file, modifying an existing file, or merging two files together, Git generates a kind of signature.
This long string of alphanumeric characters is a unique identifier assigned to each change, without any central coordination.
All Git systems generate this number in the same way, and it's an unmistakable signature directly tied to a particular change.
The effect of this is that programmers in Edinburgh and programmers in Entebbe can take the same piece of software at the same time.
The fact that each can make changes and then integrate them later doesn't require the two people to know each other beforehand.
This is cooperation without coordination
it's a big change
I'm not telling you this because it's great that open source programmers have the right tools for the way they do their jobs, but I think it's great.
I'm telling this story because of what it means for how we work together in a community.
When Git enables collaboration without coordination, it creates a very large and complex community.
This is an open source programming language Ruby
It's a community graph. It shows people relationships. It's not a software graph, it's a people graph. It's the relationships between people working on this project.
It's more of a non-organizational chart, but this community can still build something together using these tools.
There are two reasons why I think these techniques are applicable to democracies in general and to law in particular.
When something on the Internet claims that it's good for democracy, the usual reaction is something like this.
(Love's Maiahi) "Ah, are you talking about that singing cat? Are you saying that's good for society?"
My answer to that is that the singing cat problem happens all the time, it happens all the time on the Internet.
It's not that it happens all the time in the media.
It didn't take long after the advent of commercial print for someone to realize that publishing erotic novels was a good idea. (Laughter) Scientific journals were invented 150 years later, so... (laughter and applause) "I see. It was a momentous event when a "university that didn't exist" used letterpress to create a scientific journal, but it wasn't big, it wasn't short, it wasn't fast. need to point
Law also has dependencies
This is a graph of US tax law, showing the dependencies that individual laws have on how the law works as a whole.
There is a relationship similar to the source code
And also the law, which has a lot of opinions and needs to converge on a single, authoritative version. You can go to GitHub and look around, and there are millions of projects, most of them source code, but you're looking at the fringes. And when I turn to it, there are people who are experimenting with political derivations like this.
Someone has registered all the State Department cables published by WikiLeaks, along with software to process them, and this is my favorite use case for leaked cables, which naturally appear in State Department documents.
It's a tool for extracting haiku. (Laughter) As you can see (Laughter), the New York State Legislature has created what they call "open legislation" on GitHub, again to accommodate updates and fluidity.
You can select a member of parliament and see the bill that person has drafted.
A user named divegeek has created a place called utahcode on GitHub to register Utah state laws.In addition to being able to simply view state laws, there are some very interesting possibilities here to utilize this in the process of creating laws.
During the copyright debate in Congress last year, someone made this page and said, "It's strange that Hollywood can speak to Canadian legislators more than Canadians can. Let's show it on GitHub to see if it becomes something."
Here's an evocative screenshot
The right side of the screen is called a diff
You can see who made what changes to the text that many people have changed, and when.
red is the removed part
Green is the added part
A common tool for programmers
No democracy in the world offers this function to its citizens, whether it's about bills or about budgets, even though it's done with our consent and with our money.
Open source programmers are creating a way to collaborate at scale, at scale and at low cost, which fits perfectly with the ideals of democracy. I would like to say that the tools are there and innovation is inevitable, but they aren't.
Part of the reason is just a lack of information.
Someone asked this on Quora, "Why isn't the legislation using distributed version control?"
So here's a graphical representation of the answer. (Laughter) (GitHub User | Lawyer) It's certainly part of the cause, but it's not the whole thing.
The bigger issue, of course, is power.
People who do participation experiments don't have legislative power, and people who have legislative power don't do participation experiments.
they're experimenting with openness
Anything that doesn't strive for transparency doesn't deserve the name of democracy. But transparency is only one-way openness. Democracy has never promised to give citizens a dashboard without reins.
I want you to think
It was technology that allowed Martha Payne to make her voice heard, but it was the political will that allowed her to continue to make it public.
The public wanted Martha not to be censored.
We are now in a position where we have the tools of collaboration.
we have it and we see it works
can we use?
Can we do the same thing that worked for Martha here?
T.S. Eliot said, "The most important thing that can happen in culture is to have a new form of prose."
I don't think this is wrong, but... (Laughter) I think you're right about "discussion."
The most important thing that can happen in our culture is that we have new styles of debate: trials by jury, elections, peer review, and decentralized control systems.
New forms of argument have been invented in our lifetimes, actually in the last decade.
It's large, it's decentralized, it's low-cost, it's aligned with democratic ideals.
The question we are now asking is are we going to keep it for programmers only?
Or are we going to adopt this to benefit society as a whole?
Thank you for listening. (Applause) Thank you. (Applause)
I'm not the person you'd expect at TED.
First of all, I don't have a cell phone, so I'm in a safe zone.
Second, I'm a political theorist, and I'm going to talk about the crisis of democracy, which is not a very exciting topic.
and i don't offer a solution
Instead, I'll dig deeper into the question that I'm going to talk about here today.
I would like to ask about the recent and growing expectation that transparency and openness will restore trust in democracy.
Another reason why I think I'm a suspicious person
It comes from the optimism of the TED community.
(Laughter) You believe in complexity, but you don't believe in ambiguity.
As you can see, I'm Bulgarian
Surveys show that Bulgarians are the most pessimistic people in the world.
(Laughter) The Economist recently published an article about the latest research on happiness, titled "The Happy, the Unhappy, and the Bulgarian."
(Laughter) Now that you have a rough idea, let's get down to business.
It's an election day in a country, unfortunately it's raining, it could be my country, it could be your country.
No one is going to the polls at 4:00 p.m. because of the rain.
Suddenly the rain stops and people head to the polling stations.
When the votes were tallied, three-quarters of the people cast blank votes.
Both the government and the opposition were paralyzed because
If it's a protest, there's a way to deal with it
I know who to arrest and who to negotiate with.
But what should we do with those who cast blank votes?
The government has decided to start the election over again.
And this time, even more people, 83 percent of the people, voted blank.
They went to the ballot box and showed that no one deserved to vote.
This is the beginning of José Saramago's wonderful novel, White Darkness.
I think this novel captures the democratic problems facing Europe very well today.
No one doubts that in some ways democracy is the best form of government.
democracy is the only option
The problem is that no one sees democracy as a viable option anymore.
For the last 30 years, political scientists have noticed a gradual decline in voter turnout, and that it's the people who are least interested in voting who get the most benefits if they do.
unemployed and socially vulnerable
this is a big problem
Because right now, because of the economic crisis, trust in politics, trust in democratic institutions is completely lost.
According to the latest European Commission survey, 89% of Europeans say policymakers and citizens are increasingly disconnected.
Only 18% of Italians and 15% of Greeks see voting as meaningful.
People think they can change governments, but they can't change policies.
My question is, while we live in a more free society than ever before -- with rights, ease of travel, free access to information -- trust in a democratic system. How did you fall?
In other words, what has worked and what has failed in democracy over the last 50 years?
Start with what works
The ones that succeeded were, first of all, the five revolutions that changed the way we lived and fostered democracy.
The first was the Socio-Cultural Revolution of the 1968 and '70s, which put the individual at the center of politics.
It was the era of the human rights movement.
This was also a massive counterculture eruption, a counterculture eruption that hadn't been seen before.
I think of a movement like this as the offspring of '68, even though most of us weren't even born then.
Then came the market revolution of the '80s.
Not to the left's liking, the market revolution sent the message that (the market was ahead of the government).
And the era will shift to a society ruled by choice.
Of course, in 1989, communism and the Cold War ended.
A global world is born
And then came the internet
I don't think I need to preach to all of you in this room how the Internet has empowered people.
The Internet has changed the way we communicate, it has fundamentally changed the way we look at politics.
The concept of a political group has completely changed.
And yet another revolution is that of brain science, which has changed our understanding of how people make decisions.
These are changes in the right direction
If you look at misdirection, you can name five identical revolutions.
First, the socio-cultural revolution of the 1960s and '70s, which destroyed the notion of collective purpose.
It destroyed the language we were taught about groups, notions of nation, class, family.
If you're married, start wanting a divorce
The existing social order was attacked.
It became difficult for people to pay attention to politics, because what really mattered was the individual's standpoint.
And the market revolution of the 1980s, which brought massive inequality to society.
Remember, until the 1970s, the spread of democracy was always accompanied by a decrease in inequality.
The more democratic society became, the more equal society became.
But now it's the other way around
Democracy grows with inequality.
When I talk about the merits and demerits of democracy these days, I can't help but worry about this.
Nobody generally criticizes what happened in 1989, but many people will say, "The end of the Cold War broke the social contract between Western European elites and the common people."
When the Soviet Union still existed, those with power and wealth needed the masses because they were afraid of them.
Now the elite have been released
freedom of movement, no taxes
they don't fear the public
As a result, we have a strange situation where the elite are free from the electorate.
So when voters lose their will to vote, it's no coincidence.
As for the Internet, yes, the Internet connected people, but the Internet created closed spaces, segregated political districts, where people could join a particular political group and settle down for the rest of their lives. rice field
That's why it's getting harder and harder to understand people who are different from us.
People here talk about the digital world and the potential for cooperation, but what has the digital world done for American politics?
This is also the result of the Internet revolution.
This is the other side of the world we like
In the field of brain science, what political experts have learned from brain science is: don't talk about ideals, don't talk about politics.
What you need is to manipulate people's emotions.
This tendency is so strong that today, even when we talk about revolutions, we don't name them after ideologies or ideas.
In the past, revolutions were given ideological names.
Communist, Liberal, Fascist, Muslim, etc.
The revolution is now called by the name of the media it uses.
Facebook Revolution, Twitter Revolution, etc.
It's no longer about the content, it's about the media.
The reason I point this out is that success was also failure.
Now, as we try to change things, as we try to think about what democracy can do, we need to keep this ambiguity in mind.
Because what we love most hurts us the most.
Today, the demand for transparency, the link between citizens in action and technology, and a legislative body that guarantees greater transparency, people believe will restore trust in politics.
When new technologies are born and citizens use them, they will believe that governments will stop lying, they won't steal, they won't kill.
maybe
But at the same time, we should remember that if we bring transparency into the center of politics, the only thing that matters is transparency, you fools.
Transparency is not about restoring trust in an organization
Transparency is how politics deals with distrust of politics.
We believe society is built on distrust.
Most of all, distrust is important to democracy.
It's made up of checks and balances
Because there is a creative distrust between electors and elected officials.
But if politics is nothing more than the management of distrust -- you were just talking about 1984 -- you have the exact opposite of 1984.
Instead of Big Brother watching us, we'll be Big Brother watching the political class.
Is this what a free society looks like?
For example, how can a good and wise citizen run for public office believing that politics is about managing mistrust?
Wouldn't it be scary if we could use a variety of technologies to track every word a politician said? It's a situation like this that forces politicians to value consistency over common sense, and how wrong they are. Huh -- if I had to repeat myself, wouldn't it be scary?
Americans in this room, wouldn't you be horrified if the president was going to do politics with his primary promises in mind?
The very important thing is that democracy allows us to change our views based on rational arguments.
But democracy will be lost if it's driven by noble ideals that make people accountable and don't allow opportunism in the political arena.
this is very important to me
I think it's important to take a closer look at stories like this when discussing politics today.
Don't forget that exposure is also shielding.
No matter how transparent a government is, it can only be selectively transparent.
It's a true story -- my country, or you could call it yours -- in a small country that decided to put all the decisions of the government, the discussions of the ministers, on the Internet after 24 hours.
the public was overjoyed
I had the chance to meet the Prime Minister and asked him why he made that decision.
He said, "This way none of the ministers will have an opinion.
Knowing that this information will be released in 24 hours makes it harder to argue." This will certainly lead to a political crisis.
When we talk about transparency, when we talk about openness, we have to remember that improvement can also lead to deterioration.
These are the words of Goethe, who was neither Bulgarian nor politician, hundreds of years ago: "Where there is bright light, there is dark shadow."
thank you very much
(applause)
I'm going to talk about how to build and rebuild trust, because I believe that trust is the foundation of everything we do, and the more we trust each other, the more humankind will make unprecedented progress. can do
But what if trust is broken?
What if the president was caught on video insulting an employee?
What if employees suffer from stigma, exclusion or worse?
What if there's a breach and it feels like we're covering it up rather than taking it seriously?
And, tragically, what if a technical flaw caused the loss of life?
If I had given this talk six months ago, I would have been wearing an Uber T-shirt.
I'm a professor at Harvard Business School, and I really wanted to join an organization that was on fire, figuratively and perhaps literally.
I read what was written in the newspapers, and what was written there was what drew me to this organization.
This organization had lost the trust of all parties.
First, let me talk about a word that I hold dear.
The mode of action that I cherish so much is "rescue".
I believe that the potential for growth is everywhere, and I've seen organizations, communities, and individuals change at an astonishing rate.
I got into Uber with the hope that if I could just change direction, I could make progress on other people who only tried small things.
But when I got to Uber, I made a really big mistake.
Until every employee wears an Uber T-shirt, I vowed to wear an Uber T-shirt every day.
I clearly didn't think enough
(Laughter) 250 days of wearing an Uber T-shirt.
Now that I'm free from that promise, I'm back at Harvard Business School, and what I want to tell you is how much I've gotten out of it. maybe
(Laughter) Now, if you're going to rebuild trust, you have to understand the ingredients.
The elements of trust are very well understood.
there are three elements
If you think I'm an honest person, you'll trust me.
If it makes sense to you, you'll trust me.
And if people think I'm empathetic, I'm sure they'll trust me.
When these three elements work, a strong relationship of trust can be built.
But if any one is destabilized, if any one is shaken, trust is threatened.
now what i'm trying to do is
It's about making sure that each and every one of us will earn more trust tomorrow than we did today.
And the way to do that is to understand what causes trust to erode, and to come up with a prescription to overcome it.
let's do it together
Could you tell us a little bit about whether you came here on your own accord?
(Laughter) Yes, it's OK. Thank you.
(Laughter) Yeah, the reaction makes a lot of sense.
(Laughter) The most fragile thing is empathy.
A major source of volatility is the lack of confidence that the other person will do anything for you, or the preoccupation with other things.
no wonder
We're all too busy with so many things to do that it's easy to push aside the time and place that empathy requires.
Dylan needs time to be himself.
If we have too much to do, we may not have time for empathy.
But that's where the vicious cycle begins, because if you don't show empathy, everything becomes harder.
If trust isn't valued, everything becomes harder, the time for empathy continues to decrease, and the cycle continues.
So the recipe is to figure out where, when, and with whom your distractions are most likely.
That way, you can get pretty good at figuring out when, where, and who you're having trouble empathizing with.
And in doing so, an opportunity arises, and if you turn to the people in front of you, look at them, listen to them, think deeply and put yourself in their shoes, then you have a firm footing in empathy. It creates an opportunity to put
And if you don't need it, put your phone away
It's the biggest source of distraction, and it makes empathy and trust very hard to come by.
Here's how to deal with empathy swings
Fluctuations in logic manifest themselves in two ways.
It can be the quality of logic or the ability to convey logic.
Now, if the quality of your logic is compromised, I can't help you.
(Laughter) I need more time.
(Laughter) But fortunately, in many cases, logic itself is sound.
Fortunately, this is an easy fix.
It's been said that there are two types of communication in the world, and professors at Harvard Business School are famous for the 2x2 method, but no, the triangle is the best.
(Laughter) If there are two types of communication in this world, the first is that someone takes us on a journey -- an epic journey with twists and turns, mystery and drama, and ultimately reaches our destination. Some of the best communicators in the world will use this method of communication.
But if the logic is shaken, this method is very dangerous.
So instead, I'd like you to first make your point in a short sentence, and then provide supporting evidence.
It's a way to get your great ideas out to people, but just as importantly, if you get interrupted along the way.
Especially women. (Laughter) (Applause) If you get interrupted along the way, the idea belongs to you, and other people can't step in and claim attribution.
(Applause) I got goosebumps just now.
(Laughter) The third factor is honesty, which I find most troublesome.
We humans can tell in an instant, literally in an instant, if someone is wearing a cat.
So in many ways the prescription for this is clear.
Want to avoid having your integrity compromised? let's just be ourselves
that's right
This is very easy if the people around you are similar to you.
But if your type is different, it's very difficult to be yourself.
At every stage of my career, there have been times when a personal compulsion or advice given to me by others made me want to hide who I was.
I'm a very strong opinionated woman, I speak with strong convictions and in a direct way.
I have an amazing wife and I have crazy ambitions with her.
I prefer men's clothing and comfortable shoes
Allbirds (shoes) are nice
(Laughter) I'm an oddball, depending on how you look at it.
I hope that each of you here will also have the luxury of expressing yourself differently in different situations in your life.
But with this comes the temptation to hide who you are, and if you hide who you are, you lose credibility.
If you lose credibility, you will be less likely to be entrusted with large-scale tasks.
If you don't get the job, your chances of getting promoted are diminished, and as you do this, you become discouraged when you realize how few people make it to the top.
(Laughter) So the discussion comes back to being who you are.
here's my advice
Wear clothes that make you feel better
Don't try to please other people, pay attention to what your beautiful self says.
And to all of you leaders here, it's your duty to not only create an environment where everyone feels safe to be who they are, but to welcome it, celebrate it, celebrate it, and cherish it for who it is. key to success
So let's get back to Uber. What happened to Uber?
Uber was rocking in every way when I arrived.
Empathy, logic, honesty all wavered like crazy.
But for the two fluctuations, there was a very effective, fast-acting solution.
Let's talk about empathy
Uber meetings often involved texting each other...
about the content of the meeting
(Laughter) I had never seen anything like this before.
(Laughter) And for all of that, it didn't create a safe, empathetic environment.
The solution is pretty clear: turn it off and keep it away.
And then people looked up, looked at the people in front of them, listened to them, put themselves in their shoes, and started collaborating in ways they never had before.
The logic was just as shaken, because the rapid growth of the organization was pushing employees and managers up and down the ladder.
Eventually, I was placed in a position I didn't have much experience with.
It was beyond their capabilities, so it wasn't their fault.
The solution is to intensively educate management, with a particular focus on logic, strategy and leadership.
By instilling in everyone the rigor of logic quality in them, and by orienting many triangles in the right direction, everyone was able to communicate effectively.
That last bit of integrity is still pretty shaky, but honestly, it's not just Uber, it's not that different from Silicon Valley and other companies I've seen.
Still, it's easier to teach them to adapt to others
It's much easier to reward someone for saying what you meant to say than it is to reward someone for saying something completely different than what you meant to say.
But if this -- that is, if we can find a way to celebrate different opinions and bring out the best in people -- that's the world I want my sons to grow up in.
And I'm honored to join hands with all of you here to rebuild trust in every corner of the world.
thank you
(applause)
My favorite word in the Oxford English Dictionary is "snollygoster" because it sounds good.
"snollygoster" means "sly politician"
The 19th century definition of a newspaper editor was much nicer The 19th century definition of a newspaper editor was much nicer "A snollygoster is someone who aspires to public office regardless of party, platform or ideology, and who is elected by great brilliance." "Things" A person who is elected by outstanding nonsense ability "A person who is elected by great outstanding nonsense ability"
(laughs) I don't know what you mean by "nonsense".
maybe it has something to do with language
The point is that language is at the core of politics, and politicians remember the need to try to control language.
For example, it wasn't until 1771 that the British Parliament allowed the press to report the actual words exchanged in the Houses of Parliament.
This was made possible thanks to a brave congressman with the peculiar name of Brass Crosby.
Crosby is imprisoned in the Tower of London as a criminal Crosby is imprisoned in the Tower of London as a criminal but he stays brave, he fights with courage and finally wins with the support of the people of London
Only a few years later the expression "as bold as brass" was used for the first time.
Many people think it comes from brass
It's actually the name of someone who fought for freedom of the press.
Now, to really show you how language and politics connect, you have to go back to the early days of the United States of America.
The problem they faced at the time was what to call their leader, George Washington.
there was no title
What should the leader of the republic be called?
This has been debated in Congress for many years.
All kinds of suggestions were made and discussed All kinds of suggestions were made and discussed
For example, some people suggested that the Chief Consul of Washington, others, His Royal Highness George Washington, and still others, Washington, defenders of the American civil liberties.
It's hard to remember
Some people said we should call him King.
I thought it would be okay to elect a king for a limited time even if it wasn't a monarchy.
it might have been a good idea
This debate went on for three weeks, and it really got the legislators at ease.
A senator's diary repeatedly read, "Still the same subject."
The reason the deliberations stalled and everyone got bored was because the House of Representatives was against the Senate.
The House feared Washington would get drunk with power
The House feared that Washington would get drunk with power, and that calling him the king would mislead Washington and his successor.
So the House of Commons wanted to give it the most humble, crude, pathetic name.
that's the "president"
"President" is an old title
refers to someone who organizes small meetings
It's like the head of the jury.
Same weight as “chief” or “monitor” Same weight as “chief” or “monitor”
It was an empty title previously used by small colonial councils and parts of government.
That's why the Senate opposed
They said, ``How stupid, there can't be a president.
"President of the United States," who would take such a boring title seriously?"
After three weeks of debate, the Senate did not yield.
Instead, we agreed to use the title of "President" for the time being.
And yet, they asked us to specify that we do not fully agree, that the Senate respects the will of the people and the administration of civilized nations, regardless of the form of government, whether it is a republic or a monarchy; and other designations other than the Oval Office of the Chief Consul and the President
He argued that in order not to be looked down upon as a strange and strange group
We can learn three interesting lessons from this case.
The first one is my favorite, and what I've researched is that the Senate still hasn't formally recognized the title of president.
Barack Obama "President" is for a limited time, waiting for the Senate to act.
Second, if the government says it's a time-limited legislation -- (Laughter) -- it could last 223 years.
And third, and very importantly, I want to tell you that the title "President of the United States" doesn't sound so humble these days, does it?
Because it has the power to launch more than 5,000 nuclear warheads, and it has the power to launch more than 5,000 nuclear warheads, and it has the power to move the world's largest economies and swarms of unmanned aerial vehicles.
Reality and history added dignity to the title.
In the end the Senate won
The Senate earned a dignified title
And about the novelty that the Senate was worried about, it must have been a novelty at the time.
But how many countries have presidents now?
is 147
The reason is that everyone wants to feel like a leader with 5,000 nuclear warheads.
In the end, the Senate won, and the House lost.
Because no one is humbled to be called the President of the United States.
The lesson I want to share with you is this: The lesson I would like to share with you is this: Politicians choose their words carefully.
We try to shape and control reality with words, but in reality, reality changes words far more than words change reality.
thank you
I came up with a great idea to change the world.
A great idea that resonates with me
it's like a baby to me
everyone loves cute babies
I used to be a cute baby too
This is a picture I took with my father a few days after I was born.
In the world of product design, cute babies are like concept cars.
overwhelm everyone
People who see it say, "Wow, buy it now!"
So why does this year's new car look almost identical to last year's model?
(Laughter) What was the problem between the design studio and the factory?
What I want to talk to you about today is not about cute babies, but about clumsy design "adolescence" -- a frustrating and difficult period of trying to understand how the world works.
Let's take our work on newborn health as an example.
Here's the problem: Every year, around four million babies, mostly in the developing world, die before they're one year old, some even before they're even a month old.
Half of these babies, about 1.8 million, can survive if kept properly warm for the first three days or a week.
Newborn intensive care unit in Kathmandu, Nepal.
All the babies here are in incubators like this one in Kathmandu.
It is an atom incubator donated from Japan.
we need something like this
Perhaps Japanese hospitals upgraded their facilities and donated old incubators to Nepal.
The problem is, without a technician or spare parts, these donations quickly become junk.
I feel that there is something we can do here.
Keeping a baby warm for a week isn't rocket science.
I started working there
We're working with some of the best medical research institutes here in Boston.
We've done months of user research overseas, and we've looked at it from a designer's perspective, with human-centered design in mind, to understand what people want.
with thousands of sticky notes
We made dozens of prototypes before we got here.
And this is the NeoNurture incubator, and I thought it was really cool, with a lot of ingenuity.
Unlike concept cars, we wanted to combine something beautiful with something that actually works.
We thought this design would resonate with makers and influencers and encourage them to use our products.
The bad news is that the only baby actually inside a NeoNurture incubator was this one during a Time magazine photoshoot.
the response was great
We believe design should be seen by as many people as possible.
This incubator has won many awards.
It felt like a booby prize to us, and we wanted to make beautiful things and make the world a better place.
This baby slipped out of the incubator without even having time to warm up.
Design to inspire is actually—
It turned out to be too late or too slow or too ineffective for what we wanted to do or what I wanted to do.
I really want design to have consequences.
We don't want to create beautiful things, we want to make the world a better place.
When I was designing the NeoNurture incubator, I thought a lot about the people who would use it: poor families, rural doctors, overworked nurses, repair technicians.
We thought we were shrewd and did everything right.
But what we've learned is that a successful product requires the involvement of many different people: manufacturing, financing, distribution, regulation.
PATH's Michael Free says we have to figure out who's "choosing, spending and paying."
Venture capitalists always ask, "What is your business? Who are your customers?"
who are our customers? I'll give you an example
A Bangladeshi hospital manager is outside the facility.
None of the hospital's equipment was purchased by him.
It turns out that the decision to purchase the equipment rests with the national health ministry or foreign donors, and the hospitals just accept the equipment.
So does this multinational medical device manufacturer.
It is important to "fish where the fish are"
So in the emerging markets, the target was the rising middle class, and the middle class's problems were wealth diseases like heart disease and infertility.
I've found that one aspect of designing for results is thinking about design for manufacturing and distribution.
important lesson
Let's apply the lessons learned here to the next project
We started by finding a manufacturer, MTTS, an organization in Vietnam that makes neonatal care products for Southeast Asia.
The other is East Meets West, an American foundation that's working to bring this technology to poor hospitals in Southeast Asia.
We start by asking, "What shall we do? What problem do we want to solve?"
asked
I received a proposal to address the problem of jaundice in newborns.
Jaundice is also a very serious global problem.
Two-thirds of newborns worldwide develop jaundice
Roughly 1 in 10 of them will develop severe symptoms that can lead to lifelong disability and even death if left untreated.
One way to treat jaundice is called an "exchange transfusion."
As you can imagine, it's expensive and a little risky.
there are other treatments
It's a very technical, complicated and formidable method.
You shine blue light on your child.
It hits as much skin as possible with bright blue light.
Why is this a conundrum?
I went to MIT to find out why
(Laughter) I'll give you an example. This is in an American hospital.
It's an overhead light therapy facility. Here's how it works.
Place it on top of the baby and light it up one by one.
If you take the equipment out of American hospitals and send it to overcrowded hospitals in Asia, here's how it's actually used: The effectiveness of phototherapy depends on the amount of light.
The right amount of light hits the dark blue square.
But it's actually used like this
Children on the edge don't benefit from light therapy.
But without training, without a light meter, you wouldn't know that.
There are other similar problems
In this neonatal intensive care unit, mothers come in and spend time with their babies.
The mother may have had a caesarean section some time ago, and that alone is a daunting experience, isn't it?
when the mother visits the baby
Because when a child is laid naked under a blue light, it looks cold.
It is common for mothers to put blankets on their babies.
From a phototherapy point of view, it's not ideal behavior.
looks rather goofy
But we've learned that no user is stupid, the product is the stupid one.
We have to think like existentialists. It's not the painting that you might have painted that counts, but the painting that you actually painted.
Is the product intended for actual usage?
It's all about how people actually use the product, and it was the same when I thought about my partner, MTTS.
They've developed an amazing technique for treating newborn ailments.
Overhead warmer and CPAP (Continuous Positive Airway Pressure) equipment.
Inexpensive and very durable
We have treated 50,000 children in Vietnam.
We also have a problem, because every doctor and hospital manager in the world is watching television -- reruns of "E.R." or whatever.
They have an image of what a medical device should look like.
I want Captain Rogers, not something effective.
It's hard to believe, and it doesn't seem like a good idea, but there are hospitals out there that would rather have nothing than have cheap, shabby-looking equipment.
That's why looks are so important to getting people to trust your equipment.
Thinking about the results, I realized the importance of looks.
So I put all that information together.
I tried to get it right this time.
This is what came out of it
It's a Firefly phototherapy machine, and this time we're going beyond the concept car.
From the very beginning, we started talking to manufacturers.
The goal was to create a state-of-the-art product that our partner MTTS could actually manufacture.
I learned how they work and what resources they have available to me so that I can manufacture products.
This is the "design for manufacturing" problem.
When it comes to practical use, the Firefly has a single infant bed.
It can only carry one baby, so we made it very clear how to use this equipment.
If you try to carry more than two children, you end up with a pile of babies. (Laughter)
We designed it to be difficult to misuse.
In other words, we made sure that the correct usage was the easiest usage.
Another example is the story of a misunderstood mother.
The mother puts a blanket on the baby because it looks cold
So we made sure that the light hits both from above and from below, so that even if the mother puts a blanket over the baby, it still gets enough light from below.
Lastly, a friend of mine who lives in India told me that if you want to make electronics popular in Asia, you have to pass a product test where cockroaches can get inside the machine and urinate on all the parts.
(Laughter) You'll think it's funny.
When I was in the Peace Corps, I had a lot of dead pixels on my laptop.
One day, I looked inside my computer and it was dead with a lot of ants in it.
Poor!
Here's what Firefly did: Electronics get hot, and most products need vents or fans to keep them cool.
But there's no point in writing "Do Not Enter" next to a vent.
So I removed all the vents, and the Firefly is completely sealed.
we learned these lessons
Trial-and-error design was awkward, even more so than trial-and-error adolescence.
to really change the world
We have to take care of manufacturing and distribution.
You have to care about how people actually use the device.
You really have to be careful There is no excuse for failure
think like an existentialist
We have to think that there are no dumb users, there are only dumb products.
We have to ask ourselves tough questions
Are you designing for the world you want?
Are you designing for the world as it is today?
Are you designing for the world to come, ready or not?
I entered this world by designing products.
But I've learned that if you really want to make a difference in the world, you have to design the results.
That's what design really means.
thank you
(applause)
I just heard a funny joke about Bond Emelwa.
I was having lunch with him a few minutes ago, and then a Nigerian reporter came over -- only people who've seen the James Bond movies know this joke -- a Nigerian reporter came over. I said, "Well, nice to meet you again, Mr. Bond."
(laughs) Oh, it was fun.
So today, I've got a little notepad for you, and I'm Nigerian, and I'm going to leave you alone and talk for two hours.
But first, let me say hello today, tonight
These few days have been very meaningful
And thanks to Emeka and Chris
But also, most importantly, thank you to the invisible people behind the scenes who are running all over the place to make this place such a diverse and powerful place for discussion.
it's really amazing
i am in the audience
I'm a writer, so watching everyone's slideshows and all the scientists and bankers made me feel like a bad boy rapper on his bar mitzvah.
(Laughter) What the hell am I supposed to say about all this?
I was watching Jane [Goodall] yesterday and it was so amazing. I saw all those amazing chimpanzee slides and I thought, "Hey, if chimpanzees could talk, what would they say?"
The first thing that came to my mind was, "Wait, is there George Bush?"
But then I thought again, "Is that disrespectful to chimpanzees?"
I may lose my permanent residency
(Laughter) There was a lot of talk about Africa.
And it's become increasingly clear to me that we're talking about Africa in news stories, not the story of Africa.
It's important to make this distinction, because if you rely solely on information from the news, 40 percent of Americans -- either unable to pay health insurance or have totally inadequate health insurance -- and their president is in the millions. Continuing senseless wars in the face of rising civil protests and even opposition from his own Congress.
Just listening to the news, the United States seems to be with Zimbabwe, right?
But isn't that true?
Speaking of war -- my girlfriend has a funny T-shirt that says, "Dropping bombs for peace is like having sex to protect a virgin."
Isn't it amazing
The truth is Americans -- everything we know about America, the way Americans know what they are Americans is not from the news.
i live in america
You don't come home from work and think, "I finally know who I am, because the Wall Street Journal told me how much the stock traded at."
It's stories that tell us how we got to who we are.
And novels, movies, fashion magazines
and from popular culture
In other words, what our imagination creates is who we are. We must not forget this because, as you know, in Africa, what does all of this mean? All the complex questions we want to know are the San people. from the murals of the Mali Empire to the Sundiata epic and to modern contemporary literature, it has already been questioned.
If you want to know about Africa, read literature. If you think you know Africa only by reading "Fallen Ties," say, "I know all about America because I read Gone with the Wind." is like
this is important
There's a poem by Jack Gilbert called "The Fogotten Dialect of the Heart."
He says, "When the Sumerian tablets were first translated, they were thought to be business records.
What if it was a poem or a psalm?
My love is like twelve Ethiopian goats in the rising sun
A boatful of cypress trees is a message from my body to yours
The giraffe is this desire of darkness
this is important
Because misreading leads to confusion and opportunity.
The first Igbo Bible was translated from English in the 1800s by Bishop Crowther, who was a Yoruba.
Igbo is a tonal language, so for example, the words "igwe" and "igwe" are spelled the same, but one means "sky" or "heaven" and the other means "bicycle" or "iron."
So "God is in heaven and surrounded by angels" was translated as [Igbo translation]
For whatever reason, Cameroon chose the Igbo version to translate the Bible into the Cameroonian dialect.
I'm not going to translate it into dialects here, but in English,
"God rides a bicycle with his angels"
This is good because language complicates things.
We often think that language is a mirror that reflects the world we live in, but it's not.
Words make the world we live in
Words or things don't have variable value, we put a value on them.
Rather than being understood as an abstraction of language,
It can only be understood as the content of a story, and all of these are stories.
We must not forget this, or we will lose our sense of history.
I heard a lot of great ideas here
But this is nothing new for Africa.
Nigeria became independent in 1960
The first time the possibility of independence was discussed was in 1922, shortly after the Abba women's market riot.
1967 Dr. Njoku-Obi invents the cholera vaccine in the midst of the Biafra-Nigeria civil war
You know, the important thing is to remember that, otherwise 10 years from now we'll be here and telling the same story.
What this means to me is that it doesn't matter what is being told or what stories are being told, but the essence of the matter is the word humanity, and with it we complicate all our stories. is the truth
Let's Talk Nigerian Jokes
just take it as a joke
Tom, Dick and Harry were working on a construction site
When Tom opened the lunch box, there was rice in it, and he yelled, "For 20 years, my wife has packed rice in the lunch box.
If it's the same tomorrow, I'll jump off this building and commit suicide."
Dick and Harry said the same thing
The next day, when Tom opens his lunch box, there's rice in it. He commits suicide by jumping off a building, followed by Dick and Harry.
At the autopsy -- Tom's wife and Dick's wife grief-stricken
I regretted having put the rice in
But Harry's wife was confused and said, "But Harry has been packing his own lunch for the last 20 years."
(Laughter) This seems like a harmless joke. When I was told this when I was a kid, I was told that among the Igbo, the Yoruba, and the Hausa, Harry is the Hausa.
It's strange that a tragic joke about Harry becomes a vehicle for spreading racism.
My father was educated at Cork University in Cork in the 50's
In fact, every time I read aloud in Ireland, people mistake me and say, "Oh, this is Mr. Chris Overney of Cork."
My father also stayed in Oxford in the '50s, and he spent his childhood in Nigeria. My father used to say to me, 'Don't ever drink and eat in a Yoruba house. It's because you're poisoning it."
Now that I think about it, it makes sense, because if you guys knew my dad, you'd probably want to poison him.
(Laughter) I was born in 1966, when the Biafra-Nigeria civil war started, and the war ended three years later.
I went to school, but the federal government didn't want us to learn the history of war, because they thought it would create a new generation of rebels.
My teacher, Pakistani and Muslim, was a very creative teacher who wanted to teach us the history of war.
Taught the Jewish Holocaust, huddled around a photobook of people from Auschwitz, learned our people's dark history through the dark histories of other peoples.
well just imagine
Pakistani Muslim Teaches Jewish Holocaust History to Young Igbo Kid
stories have power
The story is fluid and doesn't belong to anyone.
And the first novel I wrote when I was 16 was about neo-Nazis taking over Nigeria and building the Nazi 4th Reich.
it's not unreasonable
And they tried to blow up their strategic objectives and conquer the country, but failed thanks to James Bond of Nigeria, Coyote Williams and Jewish Nazi hunters.
This is a story that spans four countries
When the book came out, I was hailed as the Frederick Forsyth of Africa, and that's disgraceful at best.
Also, because of the publication of that book, I was accused of conceiving a coup attempt.
18-year-old put in prison in Nigeria
I was raised well, and I don't talk about it very often, but it's important to talk about privilege.
most of us are very blessed
I grew up surrounded by servants, cars, TVs and everything.
The stories I stumble upon in prison are a world apart from the one I grew up in Nigeria I don't know the language spoken there
I was utterly terrified and overwhelmed, trying to find a new word, how to explain this situation.
Six months later, he was suddenly released without explanation.
Anyone who's seen me at the buffet table knows it's because my food cost too much.
(Laughter) Well, aside from that, I grew up in a very privileged environment, and not just me -- hundreds of Nigerians grew up with books and libraries.
In fact, as I told you last night, how all of Harold Robbins' erotic novels have done more to sex-educate rutting boys in Africa than any sex-education program ever existed.
these are all gone
We're wasting the most valuable resource on this continent, the precious resource of our imagination.
In Raoul Peck's movie "Rwanda's Bloody April," there was a scene where Idris Elba brandished a machete, and he was forced by a crowd to kill his best friend, a Tutsi Rwandan army officer, Fraser James. played
Fraser kneels, hands tied behind his back, crying
runny nose
It's a painful sight
I feel embarrassed when I see you
And to Idris, "Kill me
I want to say shut up
And when Idris moves, Fraser screams.
"Stop! I'm begging you, please stop!"
As Idris stops and moves again, Fraser says, "Please.
I'm begging you, stop! "Is called
It's not Fraser's terrified look that stops Idris and us, but Fraser's eyes.
Eyes say, "Stop
I'm not saying this to save myself, of course, but I'm saying it to save you If you kill me, you'll lose yourself."
Faced with inevitable death and fear of losing dignity Crying And then Fraser said to Idris "Tell her I love you"
At the time, Fraser said, "I've already lost myself... you're not."
This is the salvation we all seek
This kind of African narrative in the West is proliferating.
I don't care anymore
I'm more interested in the stories we tell about ourselves.As a writer, I think African writers have always been stewards of humanity on the continent.
The question is how to balance a great narrative with a hurtful, self-loathing narrative.
this is hard
I'm trying to move beyond political rhetoric to touch on ethical issues.
What I ask of us is to strike a balance between the idea that we are completely vulnerable and the idea of ​​anything that calls for change or possibility.
As a young middle-class Nigerian activist, I joined my contemporaries in a campaign to stop the government.
And he encouraged millions of people to stand up for their governments without even thinking that they had the right to do so.
I saw them put in jail and tear gassed.
I justified it and said, "This is the price of the revolution.
Wasn't I imprisoned myself?
Didn't I get hit too? "
But it wasn't until I was incarcerated again that I realized the true meaning of torture and how easily my humanity could be robbed of me.
impoliteness
Sometimes I put myself in front of the world and say, Transformation is a difficult and time-consuming process. Sometimes I put myself in front of the world and say, "My name is Chris Avani.
I'm human for 6 days, but it's really only once in a while."
but this is good
not easy
no answer
I was telling Raschel of Google Earth about how I challenged American students, and I said, "You guys don't know anything about Africa, you idiots."
They said, "Professor Avani, tell me about Africa."
And I looked at Google Earth and learned about Africa.
And to tell you the truth, isn't this the real thing?
There is no real Africa, and most of us, like everyone else, are completely ignorant of the continent we come from, and yet we want to make convincing claims.
If we admit that we're trying to get closer to the truth of our communities, we can have more nuanced, more interesting conversations.
I'd like to think that we can be agnostic about this, so we can have conversations beyond that.
When I was 10 years old, I read James Baldwin's book "Another Country," and that book blew my mind.
It wasn't because it was the first time he had encountered homosexual sex and love, but James's expression made it impossible to distinguish that it was a different world.
"here" Jimmy says
"There's love here, it's all there"
What happens in "another country" will surprise you
My friend Ronald Gotesman says there are three kinds of people in the world: those who can do math, and those who can't.
(Laughter) He also said that all our troubles are caused by our belief in an essential, pure identity: religion, ethnicity, history, ideology.
I would like to end with a poem about the transformation of Youssef Komanyaka.
It's called the "lyric to the drums."
Gazelle I killed you for your smooth skin For your skin that easily beats against a board and dries like a butcher's white paper
Last night my daughter begged for meat at my feet.
Until the hammer falls It's not anger that makes me lose my mind
A few weeks ago, before you bowed your head in silence in the grass, I wrestled you down like a woman who enraptured me with song beneath your limbs.
And now tighten the string like a skin around a ribcage shaped like five bowstrings.
Ghosts can't go back inside the drum
You deepen in the wind, in the twilight, in the sunlight
pressure makes you perfect
Hammer brass pegs into ebony wood, your face carved five times
I drive away the afflictions of the hills
The anguish of the valley, and the anguish of the riverside
No coconut wine, no fish, no salt, no gourds
Cadon Cadon Cadon
Ka Don
I'll hit you back with a song
Get up and walk away like a panther."
thank you
(applause)
I'm going to tell you why I became a sculptor. You might think that a sculptor deals with metaphysical things, objects and bodies. So the title of this talk is "Creating Space."
Space exists whether inside us or without us.
When I was little -- I don't know how many people here have been through the '50s -- I was forced to take a nap on the second floor (Laughter). I want to go to
I was sent to a small room on the second floor, which was an old balcony that had been converted, and it was very hot and small and bright.
But for some reason I was determined to never budge - to do what my mother wanted me to do.
I was lying in that little space, hot, dark, cramped, about the size of a matchbox -- as small as the back of my eyes. - It got so dark and cool that I was finally looking forward to being forced to sit still for half an hour, and I was really looking forward to going to that dark place
Can I do something completely different?
let's all close our eyes
it's not strange
It's not a cult ceremony. (Laughter) I just... I want everyone to experience it
I'll do it too Let's experience it together
now close your eyes
We are in a space, a dark space within the subjective, collective body.
I see this space as a source of imagination and possibility. What is the nature of this space?
there is no object here there is nothing
No size, no limits
never ending...
ok open your eyes
Sculpture in this space, which is a little paradoxical, is about making a proposition out of a material, but in my opinion, in this space, sculpture can connect us.
Now imagine you're in the middle of America.
You're sleeping, and you're waking up, lying in your sleeping bag -- you can see 100 kilometers ahead.
This is the dry bottom of the lake
I was young and had just graduated from art school.
What I wanted to do was work directly with the world and places.
It was a wonderful place, because I felt like I was the first person to come here.
A place where almost nothing has ever happened
please stay with me a little longer
I picked up a fist-sized stone and threw it as far as I could, about 22 meters.
Then I picked up all the stones in a circle with that radius and piled them up.
It is like this
And then I stood on it and threw all the stones again, and the desert was reconfigured like this.
You may say that it's not much different from the beginning.
(Laughter) What the hell are you doing? and
Chris, too, was concerned and said, "Don't show that slide because people might think you're a useless, weird contemporary writer."
(Laughter) But this is proof that the living body existed on top of another object, the rock, which is subject to the action of time, such as sedimentation and erosion.
I want you to look at this place in a different way, because of what happened here, what happened to humans, and what this place demands of us is our shared world of technology. To rediscover a completely different world, to rediscover a completely different world, to reconsider the original world.
The primordial world we live in is the space we all saw earlier, that is, the darkness within our bodies.
I wanted to start over from that environment, the intimate, subjective space that we live in. Just start over from the inside. Just start over from the inside.
This is my usual studio work
I do very little, I just stand there, my eyes are closed here, too.
It is a record of the moments when the body lived in time, like an index.
Can we describe such a space by means of subatomic particles and cosmic rays, using the area enclosed by the body as a boundary - while doing the exact opposite of the traditional Greek technique of stargazing?
Once upon a time, the Greeks carved out the surface of the marble from Penteryx and took out the epidermis or appearance, what Aristotle defined as the difference between substance and appearance, which gives things their appearance. We're working from the inside here.
Or could it be made with a closed membrane?
This is a lead case that covers the space that my body used to occupy but is now empty.
It's a work called "Learning to See"
You could call it "night," or you could call it "dark matter," the mysterious substance that accounts for 96 percent of gravity. You see, the eyes are shown, but they're closed.
I call it "Learning to See" because it's about objects that act introspectively, or objects that represent the dark vision and connection of the body, which I see as a space of possibilities.
another way? Can we talk about the body as a center of energy with the particles around the nucleus?
Without any relation to the statue, the obligation to make it stand, that is, without the obligation to make the human body or the statue stand, we release the work and turn it into an energy field. It is the space that becomes entropy as a kind of concentration of the space, the place where humans can exist in the whole space.
Is there another way
dark matter is now opposed to the horizon
If the mind is in the body, and the body is in the clothes - which in turn is in the room, in the building, in the city - is there an outermost skin? Does the epidermis have sensation?
that's the horizon
And is art an attempt to imagine what lies beyond the horizon?
Can we use our bodies as hollow catalysts to experience space-time as it is? Just as I stand in this place, in this space-time that I share with all of you, trying to feel connected and make connections, we use our bodily memory, our memory of the space occupied by humans, to experience the primordial time. Can it also create direct experience?
Human or industrial time is contrasted with tidal time, where a single bodily memory is repeatedly created through mechanical reproduction, spread over 8 square kilometers and located up to 1.6 kilometers offshore, depending on different conditions during the day and night. become invisible
You can see this one at the mouth of the Mersey - near Liverpool.
You know what the sea always looks like around Liverpool in the afternoon.
The work appears and disappears, but more importantly, this is what the installation looks like, looking north from the center of the installation. Relationships - the relationship between the works and the horizon, which is the limit and the end.
Let's move on to the next question, is this possible? If we think about mind, body, and body construction, can we replace the physical body with another body, the architectural body, the built environment?
This is a work called "Room for the Great Australian Desert"
Location unknown I haven't announced where it is
because it is an object for the heart
I see this as the Buddha of the 21st century.
Here comes the body darkness again, but this time it's housed in a pit-like shape, with the body in it's most compact position - the crouching position.
There is a hole in the anus and penis position
There is also a hole in the ear.There is no hole in the eye.
There is a notch at the mouth.It is made of 6 cm thick concrete and has a hollow inside.
This place is also completely flat with a 360-degree view of the horizon.
This work also poses a question, as if we were there for the first time, and that question is about the relationship between human enterprise and time and space.
If we were to take the phrasing of transforming the darkness of the body into architecture, could we use the architectural space as a metaphor rather than a living space? And can we use space that shrinks and expands - shrinks and grows as a story of a body traveling through space, light and darkness?
It's a piece of work with a certain balance and weight that turns the body into a city, a collection of cells that connect to each other and give you some kind of visual experience in a certain place.
The last work I would like to show you is this "Blind Light", which is probably the most open work I have ever done, so I think it's about the theme of primordial liberation -- and I think it's as primal as possible, and appropriate for this gathering. light and water vapor
Inside this box is an atmosphere of 1.5 atm, filled with clouds and bright light.
When you enter through the open entrance, you become invisible to yourself and others.
I can't see it even if I hold out my hand in front of me
I can't see my feet even if I look down
You become a disembodied consciousness, freed from being the being that life binds us to necessity—the space-filling, measurable being.
But in reality, this space is filled with people and disembodied voices, and others emerging from the surrounding environment only appear when they are very close to your physical space.
When a person approaches the edge of this box, a figure is seen, the observer is observed in reverse.
Art for me is not about exchanging money.
Art is a re-presentation of direct experience in the present moment.
John Cage once said, "We're not aiming for some goal.
Goals are with us and change with us
If art has a purpose, it is to make people aware of that fact.”
thank you very much
(applause)
Hello
Simone
They say that when you go out in public, it's good to imagine everyone in the audience naked.
Then you will feel better
But in 2018, it still feels weird and wrong to imagine that people are naked.
We're all struggling to get over it, and we need new ways to deal with public appearances.
I realized that it would be a little fairer if I could see you as you see me.
I thought that if I had more eyes, everyone would feel better.
So I made clothes for today
(Jingling) (Laughter) It's made out of googly eyes (toy eyes).
It took 14 hours and 227 Googly Eyes to make this outfit.
I want to see you like you see me is half the reason I made this
I wanted to do this for the other half
(jangles clothes) (Laughter) I do this a lot.
When he finds a problem, he invents some kind of solution.
For example toothpaste
Everyone has to do it, but it's boring and nobody likes brushing their teeth.
If there's a seven-year-old in the audience, I'm sure they'll enthusiastically agree.
What if there was a device that could brush your teeth for you?
(Laughter) I did this—
I call it a "toothpaste helmet".
(Laughter) (Sound of a robotic arm squeaking) (Laughter) (Applause) This toothpaste helmet, recommended by 0 out of 10 dentists, didn't change the world of dental hygiene, but it did in my life. I decided to completely change the
When I made the toothpaste helmet three years ago, I set up a camera in my living room and captured a seven-second video of it in action.
It's a modern day fairy tale, and it's become the norm now, but when a girl posts something online, thousands of men flood the comment section and propose to her (Laughter). I will continue to make robots, starting with
Since then, I've been carving out this niche of being an inventor of useless machines. And as we all know, if you want to be at the top of something, you choose a very small one.
(Laughter) (Applause) I have a YouTube channel where I showcase my inventions, and one of the things I've built so far is a haircut drone -- (roaring drone) (Laughter) (crash) (Laughter) (Laughter) (Applause) Drone howling) (Laughter) (Applause) If only I had a device to wake me up in the morning— (alarm sound) (Laughter) Whoa.
There is also a vegetable cutting machine
(ton ton ton) I'm not an engineer
I didn't learn about engineering in school
I was a very motivated student.
I graduated first in middle school and high school with all A's.
On the other hand, I was very concerned about people's eyes.
This is an email I wrote to my brother at the time.
"You don't know how hard it is to talk about this
I'm ashamed to death
I don't want everyone to think I'm stupid
tears came out
ah"
I didn't set my parents' house on fire.
The most embarrassing thing I'm writing about in this email is that I got a B in a math test.
Between those two points in time, something clearly happened.
(Laughter) Puberty is one of them.
(Laughter) It's a really great time.
But more than that, I was interested in building robots and taught myself about hardware.
Building hardware is extremely difficult, especially if you're self-taught.
You're more likely to fail, and that's why you're more likely to feel like an idiot.
And that was my biggest fear at the time.
So I've come up with a formula that's 100% sure of success.
It's almost impossible to fail that way.
Instead of trying to make it work, I decided to make something that would fail.
I didn't realize it at the time, but building stupid things was actually a smart move, and for the first time in my life, I didn't have to worry about my anxiety while learning about hardware.
As soon as I let go of the pressure and expectations of myself, enthusiasm replaced the pressure and I was able to enjoy it purely.
As an inventor, I'm interested in people's troubles.
It can be small, it can be big, it can be medium-sized, and things like giving a TED talk present a variety of problems that can be tackled.
Recognizing the problem is the first step in my process of building a useless device.
Before I came here, I sat down and thought about what problems I could face during the talk.
forget to say
If the audience doesn't laugh - it's all about you
Worse, they're laughing at the wrong part -- you're laughing at the right thing, thank you very much.
(Laughter) Or maybe you're nervous and your hands start to shake -- you'll figure this out for yourself very quickly.
Or maybe the zipper is open and everyone notices it, but you don't notice it, but it's closed, so that's probably OK.
What I'm really worried about is trembling hands
When I was a kid, I had to give a presentation at school, and I remember putting a notebook behind my paper so that people wouldn't see my hand shaking as I held it.
I often give lectures
I'm sure half of the people here are thinking, "It would be fun to build a useless gadget, but how does that make a business?"
Giving a speech is part of it.
The manager always puts a glass of water for me to drink when I'm thirsty. can't
What if there was a device that handed you a glass of water?
It seemed like a good idea for a shy girl in a googly eyed shirt.
I need to take this off first (jingling) Oh my god
(Kachin) (Laughter) I don't know what to call it, but let's call it a neck orbiter.
You can even put the camera down and shoot the whole head.
It's a very versatile device.
(Laughter) You can even put candy on it.
I brought popcorn
I put it like this—
I just dropped it on the floor, but for science, sacrifices are inevitable.
let's rotate
(Machine ticking) (Laughter) It has little hands.
To adjust the height, just shrug your shoulders.
(Laughter) (Applause) Launch little hands.
(Pause) (Laughter) (Applause) It blew the mic, but it worked for the time being.
(Laughter) It's like my own solar system.
(Laughter) Let's try a glass of water. That's what I originally wanted to do.
I'm sorry but I don't have water
This machine is still incomplete, and it has to be able to automatically pick up the cup and place it on the table, but even if your hands are shaking, no one will notice if you're wearing this dazzling device.
so no problem
To go
(Machine's operating sound) (Strange song) Oh, I got caught
Don't you feel relieved that even a machine wins?
I'm a little stuck
very human
(Cup being knocked down by counter-rotating hand) (Laughter) Don't you think it's a wonderful time?
(Laughter) (Applause) My device might look like an engineering slapstick comedy, but I realized there's something much bigger than that.
There's an expression of joy and humility here that's often overlooked in engineering, and for me it's a way to learn about hardware without fear getting in the way.
People ask me if I'm going to make something useful as well, and maybe one day I'll do it.
In a way, I'm already creating, I'm creating my work, and this wasn't planned at all -- (Applause) This wasn't planned at all.
It's just the result of being passionate about what you're doing and passing that enthusiasm on to others.
And that's the beauty of making useless things, and that's acknowledging that we don't always know what the best answer is.
Silence the voice in your head that says you know how the world is going
A toothpaste helmet may not be the answer, but it at least poses a question.
thank you
(applause)
Sydney, I've wanted to come to Sydney since I was born.
When I arrived at the hotel from the airport and checked in, there was a pamphlet of the Sydney Festival in the lobby. I had a quick look and found a show called "Mint: Live".
It read: “International artists will perform with the inhabitants of Mint on the streets of the suburbs of Mint.”
What kind of place is Mint?
As I found out later, there is a mint about an hour southwest of the developed suburbs of Sydney.
It wasn't the place I thought I was going to on my first day in Australia.
Are you going to Harbor Bridge or Bondi Beach, Mint? But I'm a producer. It is impossible not to see a theater project unique to the region. (Laughter) I arrived in the Friday afternoon rush hour and I will never forget what I saw there.
Audiences walk from house to house in the area to watch the performance. Residents acted as performers, coming out of their homes and performing autobiographical dances on the lawns and on the street. (laughter) It's a collaboration with the UK-based performance group Lone Twin.
Lone Twin came to Mint and worked with the residents to create a dance piece.
This Indian-Australian girl comes out of her house and starts dancing on the lawn in front of her house. Wondering what all this noise and commotion was about, the father, looking out the window, immediately began dancing with his daughter.
A younger sister also joined us.
In no time at all, the whole family was dancing in front of their house, merrily and enthusiastically. (Laughter) And while I was walking around the area, I was surprised and impressed by how much this event was being held locally.
'Mint: Live' brings Sydney's diversity to life with dialogue between local Sydney people and international artists.
The Sydney Festival that produced Mint: Live represents a new type of 21st century arts festival.
These festivals are completely open.
Transform towns and communities.
To understand this, it makes sense to look back at the history of festivals.
The contemporary arts festival was born out of the rubble of World War II.
It is an annual event organized by citizens as a cultural gathering place as the highest expression of the human soul.
In 1947 the Edinburgh Festival was born, Avignon was born and many other festivals were launched.
The works produced are of a very high level of art, and stars such as Anderson Lowry, Cunningham Maas, and Lepage Robert, who made such a corridor, were born. There was also the original “Mahabu Harata” and the historical masterpiece “Einstein on the Coast”.
But over time, while the old festivals gained ground, culture and capitalism sped up, the internet lumped everything together, and in a sense class disappeared, and new festivals emerged.
Festivals have been around for a long time, but Brighton, Rio and Bath have something new. It was a very different festival.
These festivals were open. This is because, like Mint, we understand that dialogue between the local community and the world is essential.
It's open because the audience wants to participate not only as a passive spectator, but also as an actor - as a main character or as a supporting character. We are open because we know that our imagination cannot be confined to a building. Many of the works are regionally specific or performed outdoors.
In the new festival, the audience will play an essential role in shaping the work.
The collectives I direct, like De La Garda and Punch Drunk, place the audience inside the stage to create a fully immersive experience. German performance collective Rimini Protocol has also taken it to the next level.
With series such as 100% Vancouver and 100% Berlin, Rimini Protocol has created shows that reflect society.
The Rimini Protocol began preparations three months in advance of the show, selecting 100 people representing the race, gender and social class of the city at that point in time. It tells a story and life, and is a snapshot of the city as a whole.
'Lift' has always been a pioneer in the use of venues.
They understand that theater and performance can be done anywhere.
Even in school classrooms, shows can be done. At the airport (laughter) or in a department store window.
Artists are explorers. Show the new side of the town better than anyone else.
Artists lead us to undiscovered corners of town, or to buildings we pass every day but have never entered.
I think artists really show us things in life that we tend to overlook.
'Back to Back' is an Australian group for people with intellectual disabilities. I saw an amazing show during rush hour at the Staten Island dock in New York.
We spectators were given earphones and sat on one side of the terminal.
The actors are right in front of us, mingling with the commuters. You can hear the actors, but you can't tell them apart.
Back-to-back is an indigenous form of theater that uses it to implicitly tell us who and what we avoid seeing in our daily lives.
And the dialogue between the region and the world, the audience as participants, actors and protagonists, the innovative use of space, all of which have resulted in an extraordinary performance by the wonderful French group "Royal Deluxe". I'm here.
Royal deluxe sends giant dolls to town and displays them there for a few days.
In "The Sultan's Elephant", Royal Deluxe visited central London with a still life of a giant girl and her time-traveling elephant companion.
In a matter of days, a gigantic city was transformed into a community dominated by endless possibilities.
The Guardian article said, "If art is about transformation, then there is no other transformation experience quite like this.
The Sultan's Elephant represents something more than just the artistic occupation of the city and the people's reclaimed roads. "
We could talk about the economic impact that festivals have on the city, but there's more to it than that. How the festival has helped the town to express itself, how it has helped the town to take itself back.
Festivals promote diversity, bring back the conversations of the townspeople, boost creativity, provide opportunities for resident pride, and promote mental well-being.
In a nutshell, it makes the town a better place to live.
Let me give you an example. It was exactly nine months from July 7th when the Sultan's Elephant came to London. In the words of a Londoner. "My daughter called me in a cheerful voice for the first time since the London bombings.
She got together with others, saw the Sultan's elephant, and that changed everything. "
Gardner Lynn of The Guardian wrote. Great festivals show maps of the world, maps of cities, and our own map, but the model of a festival is not for anyone to decide. "
I think the bright spot of festivals is that a new type of festival perfectly captures the complexity and excitement of our lives today.
thank you very much. (applause)
The people around you enrich your life in many ways.
But even if you live in the same place, you can't meet everyone, and a lot of wisdom will pass without being handed down.
So for the past few years, I've been trying to see if I could use simple tools like labels, stencils, and chalk to share more with my neighbors in public spaces.
It all started with my naive questions, like, how much is my neighbor's apartment rent? (Laughter)
Is there a way to lend or borrow things without knocking on the door at the wrong time?
Is there a way for us all to share our memories of abandoned buildings so that we can better understand the landscape around us?
I wondered if it would be possible for everyone to share their hopes and reflect their own needs and dreams on the use of the vacant store.
I live in New Orleans and I love this city
I always feel a sense of relief in that great oak tree that has provided sanctuary for lovers, drunks and dreamers for hundreds of years.
Every time someone sneezes, I suspect they're having a parade in New Orleans. (Laughter)
This town has some very beautiful buildings, but it also has the highest number of vacant homes in America.
This house is near my house, and I was wondering if I could use it to make my neighborhood a better place, and maybe something that would change my life forever.
In 2009 I lost someone dear to me
A person named Joan is like a mother to me.
it was an unexpected death
Then I started thinking a lot about death
Feeling grateful for the time given to me Feeling grateful for the time given to me
I can now see clearly what is important in my life
But I also found it difficult to maintain that perspective in my daily life.
I tend to lose sight of what's important when I'm caught up in the trivialities of everyday life.
So, with the help of old friends and new friends, I turned the walls of this abandoned house into a giant message board filled with fill-in-the-blank questions like, "Before I die, I want to ____."
It allowed passers-by to pick up a piece of chalk and reflect on their lives and share their personal aspirations in public.
I had no idea what it would turn out to be, but the next day, the wall was completely filled in and it was still spreading.
Here are some of the things people were writing about
"Before I die, I want to be judged as a pirate" (laughs)
"Before I die, I want to cross the International Date Line."
"Before I die, I want to sing in front of millions of people."
"I want to plant a tree before I die"
"I want to live a self-sufficient life before I die."
"Before I die, I want to hug her again."
"Before I die, I want to be someone's cavalry."
"Before I die, I want to be my true self."
This abandoned place came to have meaning.I saw everyone's dreams and hopes.I laughed so hard,I cried so much,I felt comforted in my hardest times.
I know I'm not alone. I can see the people in my neighborhood with new, open eyes. make a place
I built this last year, but I've received hundreds of messages from people who are enthusiastic about building this wall in their own communities.
Together with my colleagues at the Civic Center, we put together this toolkit, and now these walls are being built all over the world in Kazakhstan, South Africa, Australia, Argentina and others.
It showed how powerful the public space can be if people had a way to express what they wanted to say and share it with each other.
The most precious things we have are our time and our relationships with other people.
In these distraction-filled times, I think it's really important not to lose sight of the big picture and to remember that life is fragile and short.
Death is something that we tend to avoid talking about, let alone even thinking about, but I've found that preparing for death is incredibly empowering.
Thinking about death gives me a clear view of my life
The places we share should better reflect what's important to us as individuals and as a community. And by sharing our hopes, our fears and our experiences, we can create a better place, and a better life. can help each other
Thank you very much. (Applause)
(Applause) Thank you. (Applause)
(applause)
Every summer when I was a kid, I traveled from my home in Canada to Mumbai, India, to be with my grandparents.
Canadian summers are mild, even when the temperature rises. Temperatures are around 22 degrees Celsius, or 72 degrees Fahrenheit, which is a typical summer temperature, and it's not too hot.
But Mumbai is hot and humid, 30 degrees Celsius, 90 degrees Fahrenheit.
As soon as I arrived in Mumbai, I asked, "How can I live, work and sleep in this climate?"
To make matters worse, my grandparents didn't have air conditioning.
I tried really hard, but I couldn't convince him to buy an air conditioner.
But that situation is changing rapidly.
Cooling systems use as much as 17 percent of the world's total electricity use.
That number includes the air conditioners I desperately needed during the summer vacation, the supermarket refrigeration systems that keep food safe and cold, and the industrial-scale systems that power data centers.
The total cooling system accounts for 8 percent of the world's greenhouse gas emissions.
But what worries me is that by 2050, the energy used for cooling will grow six-fold, and with the expansion of its use in countries in Asia and Africa, it could explode.
I've seen it with my own eyes
Even around my grandmother's house, most apartments now have air conditioning.
This is very good for health, living conditions and productivity for people living in hot environments.
But the worrying thing about climate change is that as the planet warms, we need more and more cooling systems, and those systems themselves are huge sources of greenhouse gases.
So we might end up in a vicious cycle: cooling systems alone could become the biggest source of greenhouse gases in the second half of the 21st century.
In the worst case, by 2100, we may need more than 10 trillion kilowatt-hours of electricity each year for cooling.
This figure is half of the current electricity supply.
just by cooling
But at the same time, it gives us an opportunity.
Even a 10 to 20 percent improvement in overall cooling system efficiency could have a significant impact on greenhouse gas emissions, now and in the future.
It may help you avoid a vicious circle.
I am a scientist who studies light and heat.
In particular, I'm investigating whether new materials can alter the flow of nature's fundamental elements in ways that were previously thought impossible.
Understanding the value of cooling from my summer vacation experience, I started working on this problem because of an intellectual challenge I encountered six years ago.
How did ancient people make ice in desert climates?
This image shows an ice chamber, called Yakchar, in the southwest of Iran.
There are dozens of such buildings all over Iran, and similar buildings have been identified in other Middle Eastern countries, all the way to China.
Centuries ago, the people who used ice chambers like this poured water into a tank like the one you see on the left in the early evening after sunset.
Then a strange thing happens
Even if the temperature isn't below freezing, say, 5 degrees Celsius or 41 degrees Fahrenheit, water freezes.
The ice that was produced was collected early in the morning and stored in the building you see to the right, all summer long.
Maybe you've seen something similar, and you've noticed that on a clear night, the temperature is well above freezing, but there's frost.
but wait
Why does water freeze when the temperature is above freezing?
Evaporation may have an effect, but it's not enough to freeze the water.
something else must have cooled
Consider putting the pie on the window sill to cool.
To cool the pie, the heat needs to escape to the cooler side.
i.e. in the surrounding air
It sounds unbelievable, but heat flows from the water in the aquarium into the cold universe.
how does it happen?
Like many natural objects, aquarium water emits heat as light.
known as the concept of thermal radiation
At this very moment, we're all radiating heat into the environment in the form of infrared radiation.
You can visualize it with a thermal camera, but the image is the one you're looking at right now.
The water in the tank gives off heat to the atmosphere
The atmosphere and its molecules absorb some of the heat and release it again.
This is the greenhouse effect that causes climate change.
here is the important part to understand
the atmosphere does not absorb all the heat
If that happened, Earth would have become a warmer planet.
Certain wavelengths, specifically wavelengths between 8 and 13 microns, are known as the transmission window of the atmosphere.
This transmission window in the atmosphere allows the heat in the form of infrared radiation to effectively escape to the outside of the atmosphere, allowing the heat in the tank to be carried away.
heat escapes to a much colder place
To the colder parts of the upper atmosphere, to the farther reaches of space, where temperatures can be minus 270 degrees Celsius or minus 454 degrees Fahrenheit.
The water in the tank radiates more heat to the sky than it radiates from the sky.
So the aquarium will be cooler than the ambient temperature.
This effect is known as nocturnal cooling or radiative cooling.
It has been known to climatologists and meteorologists as a very important natural phenomenon.
It wasn't until I finished my PhD at Stanford that I learned this fact.
I was very surprised by the apparent simplicity of this cooling method.
Make sure to use this method!
Now, scientists and engineers have been working on this idea for nearly a decade.
But there is one big problem
There's a reason it's called "nighttime" cooling.
why?
it's the sun's fault
The surface to be cooled must face the sky
Unfortunately, what I want to be the coldest during the day is facing the sun.
The sun heats most objects, completely canceling out the cooling effect.
My colleagues and I spend a lot of time thinking about how to make materials at very small scales, so that we can use light to do new and valuable things with those materials, at scales smaller than the wavelength of light.
This field, which we call nanophotonics or metamaterials research, inspired me to realize that for the first time in history, there might be a way to enable radiative cooling even during the day.
To do that, we designed a multilayer optical material, and here's a microscopy image of it.
Less than 1/40th the thickness of a standard hair
can do two things at once
The first is heat dissipation, where the atmosphere is most likely to dissipate heat.
I set the heat radiation destination to outer space
Second, it prevents heating by the sun.
Reflects sunlight very well
The first test was on the rooftop of Stanford, as you can see.
I left this device for a while, and after a few minutes, I approached it, and within seconds, I knew it was working.
why?
it was cold to the touch
(Applause) How strange and counterintuitive this is is that you can take this material, or something like it, from the shade to the sun, and it's going to be cool in the sun.
What I'm showing you is the data from the first experiment, where the temperature of this material remained more than five degrees Celsius or more than nine degrees Fahrenheit below the air temperature, even though it was in direct sunlight.
There are already ways to manufacture the materials we use at scale.
I'm so excited, because I might have had the opportunity to do something and do something good for the world, instead of just being cold.
That leads us to the next big question
How can this idea save energy?
We believe that the most direct way to save energy with this technology is to increase the efficiency of modern air conditioning and refrigeration systems.
So I made a liquid cooling panel, something like this.
These panels look like solar water heaters, but they do the exact opposite, they cool the water without using energy, with a special material that we make.
This panel can be paired with a part of most cooling systems called a condenser to improve the basic efficiency of the system.
Our Startup SkyCool Systems Completes Field Testing in Davis, California
This demo showed that we were able to increase the efficiency of our cooling system by 12 percent.
In a year or two, we're very excited to begin commercial-scale pilots for both air-conditioning and refrigeration systems.
In the future, installing panels like this could make building cooling systems more efficient, reducing energy consumption by two-thirds.
Ultimately, we might be able to build cooling systems that don't require electricity at all.
As a first step towards that, my colleagues at Stanford and I demonstrated that we could use technology to maintain temperatures at least 42 degrees Celsius below ambient.
thank you
(Applause) Imagine putting something below freezing on a hot summer day.
I'm excited about all that we can do for cooling, and I think there's more we can do, and as scientists, I'm drawn to the very significant opportunities that this research presents.
We can harness the cold darkness of space to make every energy-related process on Earth more efficient.
One example I'd like to take is solar cells.
The heat of the sun increases the temperature, which in turn reduces efficiency.
In 2015, we demonstrated that by deliberately placing microstructures on the surface of a solar panel, we could use the cooling effect to keep the solar cells cool without using energy.
Solar cells can work more efficiently
we are looking for opportunities like this
Could we harness the coldness of space to save water and power independent systems?
I am considering
We might be able to create energy directly from the coldness of space.
There is a temperature difference between the surface of the earth and the cold universe.
The temperature difference, at least in theory, can be used to power a heat engine, generating electricity.
So, could we create a night-time generator that would produce a practical amount of electricity while the solar cells weren't working?
Can you create light out of darkness?
Central to this power is our ability to manage the thermal radiation that surrounds us.
We are surrounded by infrared rays, and if we can manipulate them to our liking, we can fundamentally change the flow of heat and energy that permeates us every day.
This force, along with the cold darkness of space, gives us a glimpse of a future in which we, as a civilization, can intelligently manage our thermal energy consumption on a very large scale.
We are going to find it essential to have this power as a tool in the fight against climate change.
Next time you're out and about, you'll be amazed at how important the sun is to life on Earth, but don't forget that you can benefit from other parts of the sky as well.
thank you
(applause)
Ever since I was little, I've always been fascinated— (Laughter) Oh
(Laughter) I mean younger and smaller.
(Laughter) If you can imagine that
Ever since I was little, I've been fascinated by figuring out how the world works.
This led me from an early age into the fields of mathematics and chemistry.
Learning and learning and learning more, I realized that all scientific disciplines are interconnected.
Therefore, if something is lacking, the others lose their value as well.
So, inspired by Marie Curie and the local science museum, I started asking questions about science and doing my own research in bedrooms and garages.
I started reading papers, and then I started attending science contests and science fairs, doing whatever I could to get the knowledge I needed.
While studying anatomy for a contest, I came across the subject of chronic wounds.
One of the data that caught my eye was that there are more chronic wounds in the United States than breast cancer, colon cancer, lung cancer, and leukemia combined.
"wait a minute"
"What is a chronic wound?"
(Laughter) "Why haven't we heard about the '5K Walk to Help Patients With Chronic Wounds' or even chronic wounds themselves?"
(Laughter) Now that we've sorted these basic problems out -- and by the way, let me tell you one thing -- a chronic wound is basically when someone sustains a normal injury, and the wound doesn't heal properly. It happens when you have a chronic disease, usually diabetes.
And as I continued my research, I found an even more astounding statistic.
In 2010 alone, $50 billion was spent worldwide just to treat chronic wounds.
Additionally, it's estimated that about 2% of the population may develop chronic wounds.
this is outrageous
During my further research, I realized that there was a correlation between the water content in the wound dressing and the stage of wound healing.
So I thought, if I could design something that would measure the water content in a wound, it would help doctors and patients treat wounds.
may result in faster healing
So I put this into action
As a 14-year-old researcher in the garage, I had many obstacles.
First of all, there weren't any grants, there wasn't a lot of money, and there wasn't enough materials.
In addition, there were many conditions that had to be met.
Because this product had to conform to the body without rejection, it had to be biocompatible, and it had to be cheap, because I designed it and made it with my own money.
Furthermore, I wanted to be able to mass-produce it so that it could be made by anyone, anywhere.
So I made a diagram
On the left is an early design, top view and layered diagram.
A stack diagram shows that a product is made up of many parts that all work together.
What I'm showing here is one of many possibilities.
So what is this?
I was testing sensors, and like all scientists, I ran into problems with my early sensors.
First of all, I didn't know how to get the carbon nanoparticle ink into the cartridge without spilling it.
this was the first problem
The second problem was controlling sensor sensitivity.
I couldn't raise or lower the sensitivity, so I gave up.
I wanted to solve this problem somehow
The first problem was solved as soon as I found syringes on Amazon and eBay.
But the second problem needed more thought.
so this helps
Space-filling curves try to fill as much of the area of ​​one unit square as possible.
If you write a computer program, you can repeat different curves in different ways, and get as close as possible to a single unit square.
Now I have the freedom to adjust the thickness and size of the sensor and predict the results.
I started using the money I'd won from previous science fairs and other prizes to build sensors and test them more rigorously.
Finally, in order to analyze the data, we had to connect
Here I used a bluetooth chip, as you can see in the app screenshot on the right.
This way, anyone can monitor the progress of wound healing, and wirelessly transmit that information to doctors, patients, and anyone who needs it.
[Future Experimental Directions and Improvements] In conclusion, my design was a success—but science never ends.
There's always something to do, something to improve
that is my problem now
But what I learned was more important than the actual product I designed was the attitude I gained along the way.
That attitude is that even if you're a 14-year-old building things in your garage that you don't fully understand, you can contribute to science.
This is a lesson that has kept me going, and I hope it can be an inspiration to others who are less confident.
These are the words I wanted to say today
thank you
(applause)
Have you ever seen how a baby learns to crawl?
As a parent, you know it's very interesting.
First you wriggle on the floor, usually first pull back, then pull forward, and when you can lift yourself up and stand up, applause.
It's a simple movement that moves forward, then upward, and it's the most basic form of growth we humans know.
It's the same with human evolution, starting with our limp ancestors, finally standing upright, Homo erectus, and then Homo sapiens, always portrayed as a man walking with dignity.
So it's no wonder we believe that the economy follows a similar growth curve and will continue to grow forever.
But it's time to rethink the curve of progress. Modern economies need growth, whether it leads to prosperity or not, but what they really need, especially in rich countries, is a prosperous economy and growth. because it doesn't matter
Yes, this may be a bit of a flippant remark that hides a fundamental shift in thinking, but this shift in thinking is what humanity needs to thrive together in this century.
So where did this obsession to grow come from?
GDP Gross domestic product is simply the sum of goods and services produced by economic activity in a year.
A term coined in the 1930s, it soon became a top policy priority, and even today, the governments of the richest countries believe that growth can solve their economic problems.
This trend of economic growth is beautifully described in Rostow's classic 1960 book.
It's my favorite and I have the first edition
"Stages of Economic Growth: A Non-Communist Manifesto"
(Laughter) Doesn't it smell political?
What Rostow describes is that any economy goes through five stages of growth. The first stage is the "traditional society," where a country's output is constrained by technology, institutions, and ideas. In , banking and the mechanization of work began, and the idea that growth went beyond necessity to the prestige of a nation and the need to improve the lives of future generations began to emerge. Then the idea of ​​compound interest is built into it, and growth becomes the norm. When you enter Stage 4, "Mature," you can create any industry, regardless of your natural resource base. And finally, Stage 5, "High Consumption. In 'The Age', people can buy whatever consumer goods they want, like a bicycle or a sewing machine, because this is 1960.
There seems to be an airplane metaphor hidden in this story, but it's an airplane like no other, because it's never allowed to land.
Rostow took us off in the direction of mass consumption, and he knew it.
He wrote, "We don't really know what's beyond that, because what we've experienced in history is only a small part of it.
What to do when increasing real income loses its appeal? "
He didn't give an answer, just a question, and here's why.
In 1960, he was an adviser to presidential candidate John F. Kennedy, who promised 5 percent economic growth in his campaign, and it was Rostow's task to achieve that goal. Can we land?" was out of the question.
More than half a century after we began our flight toward mass consumption, our economy expects, demands, and depends on unlimited growth -- financially, politically, socially. It's from
The economy has become dependent on growth because the current economic system is designed to maximize financial returns, and public companies are under constant pressure to increase sales, market share, and profits. And what's more, banks create money in the form of interest-bearing debt, where more money is lent back.
It's also politically dependent on growth, because politicians want to increase tax revenues without increasing tax rates, and they think GDP growth is the solution.
All politicians want to be in the group photo at the G20 summit.
(Laughter) If you stop growing while other countries continue to grow, you will be overtaken by new powers.
And then there's the social reason, which depends on growth, thanks to a century of interesting consumerist propaganda created by Edward Bernays, the nephew of Sigmund Freud, who used his uncle's psychotherapy to inspire consumption. But I realized that it could be applied as a recipe for making big money, if we could convince us consumers that every time we buy something, we're reborn.
None of these dependencies are insurmountable, but given where we are and where we're headed, they all deserve more attention than they do now.
Global GDP is 10 times larger than it was in 1950, and it has brought prosperity to billions of people, but the global economy is so deeply polarized that most of its revenue is 1% of the world's population. It is gathered in the wealthy people who are less than
Also, the quality of the economy is severely degraded, and the delicate balance on which our lives depend is destabilizing rapidly.
Politicians recognize this and are proposing new ways of growing.
These include "green growth," "inclusive growth," and "wise, resilient and balanced growth."
As long as it accompanies growth, it doesn't matter which future you choose.
But the time has come to choose with a higher and much greater ambition, because the challenges facing humanity in the 21st century are clear: everyone, as far as the bounty of this one wonderful, living planet allows. The challenge is to meet the needs of the human race, and to allow humanity and other creatures to thrive.
Progress towards this goal is not measured in money.
I need a list of metrics
So I sat down at my desk and drew a picture of what it would look like, and strange as it may seem, it turned out like a donut.
It's disappointing, isn't it? But let me tell you about this donut.
Suppose human resource use radiates out from the center.
The blank space in the center indicates a lack of the essentials of life.
Food, health care, education, political freedom, shelter, everything we all need to live a life of dignity and opportunity.
First of all, I want to get everyone out of this void and lead them to the "green" part of the donut, which is the social infrastructure.
But the do-or-do is that total resource utilization must not penetrate the outer circle, and that's an environmental limit. because it starts going crazy
It causes climate malfunction, ocean acidification, ozone holes, and pushes us beyond the tolerance of this Earth system, the life support system that has provided humankind with a friendly home for the past 11,000 years.
A new form of progress is needed to meet the dual challenges of meeting the needs of everyone within the limits of the planet's tolerances. It's about thriving in a dynamic balance between conditions and the limits of the planet.
After drawing this diagram, I was very surprised to find that the symbols of happiness in many ancient cultures represent exactly the same dynamic balance, from the Maori Takarangi diagram to the Taoist yin-yang diagram to the Buddhist infinity. strings, Celtic double helix, and so on.
So can we also find dynamic balance in the 21st century?
And that's the key issue. As you can see in red, we're far from equilibrium right now, and we're experiencing scarcity and overload at the same time.
If you look at the blank space in the middle, you can see that millions and billions of people around the world still need the most basic of things.
And yet, at least four factors have already exceeded our planet's limits, and we risk irreversible consequences of climate disruption and ecosystem collapse.
This is the current state of humanity and Mother Earth.
This picture is a reflection of ourselves living in the early 21st century.
The economists of the last century had no idea, so who would believe that the theory they created would solve the problem?
We need a new theory, because we are the first generation to face this problem, and the last generation to have a chance to avoid it.
Twentieth-century economics has led us to believe, "When growth creates inequality, we don't need to redistribute it, because as the economy grows, equality will naturally follow.
Even if growth causes pollution, don't regulate it.If growth progresses, environmental problems will be solved."
But it didn't and I know it won't.
We must design an economy that simultaneously addresses scarcity and overload.
We need to design an economy that is renewable and justly distributed.
We inherited an industry of declining quality.
We manipulated the resources of the planet to our liking, used them only for a while -- mostly once, then threw them away, and pushed ourselves to the limits of this planet. We're going to create an economy that works to the extent that we don't run out of resources, we reuse them over and over again, an economy that's powered by the sun and whose waste can be repurposed for further production.
This kind of regenerative design is popping up all over the place.
Over 100 cities around the world – including Quito, Oslo Harare and Hobart – generate more than 70% of their electricity from solar, wind and tidal power
London, Glasgow, Amsterdam and others are pioneering circular urban design, seeking ways to treat waste in urban areas and turn it into resources.
And in Tigre, Ethiopia, and Queensland, Australia, farmers and forest dwellers have turned once-wasteland back to life again.
But we have to design not just a regenerative economy, but a distributive economy by design, and we have the first chance to do that. and knowledge and power were concentrated
In this century, we can design technology and institutions to distribute wealth, knowledge and power to people.
Replace fossil fuels and large-scale production with renewable energy, digital platforms and 3D printers.
200 years of corporate intellectual property will be replaced with a bottom-up, open source peer-to-peer knowledge commons
Companies that still seek to maximize their return on investment for their shareholders are suddenly seen as obsolete, whereas social enterprises create value in many forms and make full use of their networks to make this happen. is designed to share
Modern technology – if modern technology such as artificial intelligence, blockchain, internet of things, materials engineering, etc. can be used to design distributive mechanisms, healthcare, education, finance, energy, political voice for those who need it most. Reach out and empower
Regenerative and distributive design like this presents a tremendous opportunity for the 21st century economy.
So where is Rostow's plane going?
Some people will continue to hold out hope that perpetual growth is possible, the idea that dematerialization will reduce resource consumption and lead to exponential GDP growth in perpetuity.
But look at the data, this is fantasy.
Yes, we need to dematerialize the economy, but it's just not possible to separate this reliance on endless growth from resource use and bring us back to the limits of our planet.
I don't think you've ever heard this criticism of economic growth because economic growth is a good thing, right?
We want our children to grow up and the green land to spread.
Yes, in nature, growth is the source of wonderful, healthy life.
It's a stage, and Ethiopia and Nepal today would be in that stage.
The economies of these countries are growing at 7% a year.
But let's look at nature again: nothing the size of a child's foot, or the Amazon forest, nothing in nature grows forever.
Before anything grows, maturity awaits, and that is the only condition for long-term prosperity.
as you all know
If a friend of mine goes to the doctor and is told that she has a tumor, it feels very strange, because if there's something in a healthy, vibrant, well-functioning organ that keeps growing, the whole thing. because we know instinctively that it is a threat to the health of
How can we expect our economic system to defy this law and continue to grow and prosper forever?
Fiscal, political and social reforms are urgently needed. We must break away from growth-dependent structures so that we can focus on the pursuit of prosperity and balance within the social and environmental limits of the donut. becomes possible
For those of you who think the idea of ​​limits is cramped, think again.
The most ingenious people in the world turn their limitations into the source of their creativity.
From Mozart's five-octave piano to Jimi Hendrix's six-string guitar to Serena Williams on the tennis court, it's constraints that unlock talent.
It is the limits of the donut that unlock the power of humankind to thrive through limitless creativity, participation, belonging and meaning.
It's about maximizing the human talent that has brought us this far.
thank you
(applause)
I'm going to talk to you about the people who make the things we use every day. I'm going to talk to you about the people who make the things we use every day. From shoes to handbags to computers to cell phones.
This topic evokes a sense of guilt
Think of a girl from a rural village sewing our running shoes for less than $1 an hour, or a young Chinese man working long hours in an iPad factory jumping off the roof.
For those of us who benefit from globalization, it feels like every time we buy something, we're preying on these victims, and the inequity is built into the product itself.
What a world where iPhone production line workers have no money to buy what they make.
It's become common knowledge that working conditions in Chinese factories are harsh and that our desire for low prices is to blame.
I know it's tempting to tie the greed of the developed world to the hardships of the Chinese people, and it's understandable given the way we are now, where we already feel guilty about the impact we've had on the world. also corresponds to
To think that we have the power to relocate tens of millions of people on the other side of the world and force them to live a terrible life.
In fact, China makes products that can be sold in markets all over the world, including its own market. Low costs, an abundant and high-quality labor force, and a flexible production system that responds quickly to market demands make this possible. I am
We care so much about our lives and our new gadgets that we see the people on the other side of our products as small, replaceable, invisible things, like the parts in our cell phones.
Chinese workers aren't forced to work in factories to satisfy our iPod obsession.
They leave their homes voluntarily to earn money, learn new skills and broaden their horizons.
What is lacking in the discussion of the pros and cons of globalization is the voice of the people who work in the field.
let me ask you a few
Baoyong Xin: "My mother tells me to go home and get married, but if I get married while I'm still unfinished, I can only marry a simple worker. If I get married while I'm still unfinished, I can only marry a simple worker. I'm not in a rush to get married."
Chen Yi: "When I got home on New Year's Day, everyone said that I had changed. They asked me what I did to change so much.
I just said that I studied and worked hard, but no one would understand if I explained more."
Wu Chuanming: "Even if I make a lot of money, I'm not satisfied.
Life is not all about making money
Xin Shao: "I'm studying English after work. Future customers may not be all Chinese, so I need to learn more languages."
These are all words from a young 18 or 19 year old woman These are all words from a young 18 or 19 year old woman
During my two years of coverage, I got to know these women who work on the production line. They work in an industrial city called Dongguan in the south of China.
When we talk, we often talk about how much I've earned, or what kind of man I want to marry, or whether I should move to another factory, or whether I should work here forever.
What's rarely talked about is the prison-like living environment, where 10 to 15 people share a room, 50 share a bathroom, and day and night are dominated by the demands of the factory.
We all live in the same environment here, and even then it's better than living in a dormitory or a house in the countryside.
We rarely talk about what products we make, and very few people can actually explain what we do.
I once asked a young woman named Lu Qingming, who I became best friends with, what she was doing in the factory workshop. I answered the wind "Kui Si"
In hindsight, what she meant was "QC," or quality control.
I can't explain my actual role in the workshop.
I just imitated abbreviations that I didn't understand like a parrot.
Karl Marx criticized this as the tragedy of capitalism, the alienation of workers from their own production.
Unlike traditional shoe and furniture makers, factory workers have no initiative, no joy, no real satisfaction, no understanding of what they're making. there is no satisfaction or understanding of
But Marx's theory, which he wrote in the reading room of the British Museum, is full of mistakes, and I think this idea is also wrong.
Just because you're making something doesn't mean you become what you're making.
What matters is how you spend your money, what you learn in a new place, how you grow as a person.
It doesn't matter what the factory makes. It doesn't matter to the workers who buys what they make.
Chinese factory reports exaggerate this worker-product relationship.
Articles like this often use calculations, like how many hours a worker has to work to buy what they're making.
For example, a new employee working on the line of an iPhone factory in China has to save two and a half months' wages to buy an iPhone.
What does this calculation mean?
I recently wrote an article for the New Yorker, I recently wrote an article for the New Yorker, and I don't have the money to advertise in those magazines.
But I don't want to post any advertisements, and neither do these workers want an iPhone.
It's a different calculation
How long are you going to stay in this factory?
How much can you save?
How much will it cost to buy an apartment or a car? How much will it cost to get married or raise children?
Befriended workers have a strange relationship with what they make.
One day, about a year after I met Lu Qingming (Ming), I was invited to her parents' home to celebrate the New Year I was invited to her parents' home to celebrate the New Year
He gave me a present on the train to go, a COACH coin case with a brown leather rim.
Most of the things sold in Dongguan are fake, so I thanked them even though I thought they were fakes.
At home, Ming also gave her mother a gift, a pink Dooney &amp;
Come to think of it, these handbags were made in that factory, and come to think of it, these handbags were made in that factory, so they were all real.
I heard Ming's younger sister telling her parents, "This bag costs $320 in America."
My parents, who work on farms, listened without saying a word.
"Also, they say that COACH will release a new design 2191, but this bag costs 6,000."
After a short pause, he continued, "Was it 6,000 yuan? Or was it 6,000 US dollars? Anyway, it's 6,000." When Ming's younger sister's boyfriend, who had returned to his hometown in
Ming's sister retorted, "Someone who understands will understand, you can't do it." Ming's sister retorted, "People who understand will understand, you can't."
(Applause) (Laughter) In Ming's world, Coach bags have interesting value.
It's not worthless, but it's a far cry from what it's worth.
But when Ming's sister's friend got married, I gave her a handbag as a wedding gift.
Also, after Ming left the handbag factory, when her younger sister visited her, she brought two of Coach's famous handbags as souvenirs.
When I zipped open my pocket, there was a card inside, and the card said in English, "American Classic.
Founder of COACH, inspired by a worn-out baseball glove in 1941 Founder of COACH, inspired by a worn-out baseball glove in 1941, creates a new collection of handbags in supple glovetanned leather Supple We have designed a new collection of handbags using the finest glovetanned leather.
12 handbags made by 6 skilled leather craftsmen are perfectly balanced and timeless.
The fresh and functional bag was loved by women all over the world.It's the birth of a new American classic."
If Karl Marx were alive, what would he have thought of Ming and Ming's sisters If Karl Marx were alive, what would he have thought of Ming and Ming's sisters
The relationship between the products we make and labor is far more complex, unimaginable and strange than Marx imagines.
But his theory is so persistent that it's easy to think of workers as a group without individuality, or that you can imagine how they feel.
I met Akira when she had just turned 18 and had just quit her first job, working on the production line of an electronics factory.
I changed jobs five times over the course of two years, and ended up with a good job in the purchasing department of a hardware factory, and finally a good job in the purchasing department of a hardware factory.
Later, she married a fellow migrant worker, moved to his village, gave birth to two girls, and used the money she saved to buy a used American car and an apartment for her parents.
Recently, I returned to Dongguan by myself to work in a factory that makes construction cranes. My children and my husband are in the village.
I recently received an email that said, "You should live with ambition when you're young. Don't feel like you've lived aimlessly when you're old." It was written that
Across China, there are 150 million workers like her, one-third of whom are women, who have left their villages to work in cities, in factories, hotels, restaurants, construction sites.
In total, it's the largest population migration in history. This is also globalization. The strings of the chain start in the rural areas of China, and continue to the iPhones in our pockets, to the Nikes at our feet, to the Coach bags on our wrists, in huge numbers. of migrant workers Work and marriage have changed the way they live and think
Very few people want to go back to their old lives.
When I first arrived in Dongguan, I was worried that listening to the workers for a long time would make me feel depressed.
I thought their situation might never change and they wouldn't talk to me.
But these young women were smart, had a sense of humor, were brave, and were generous.
Tell me what you think, tell me what the factory looks like, how to live in China and in the world.
This is the Coach bag that Ming gave me on the train to my parents' house This is the Coach bag that Ming gave me on the train to my parents' home
I always wear it to remind myself of the connection I have with the young women I interviewed. Not financial, but personal.
Every time I look at this bag, I realize that the world you imagine sitting in your study or the library is different when you actually step outside.
Thank you. (Applause) (Applause) Thank you, Leslie.
Just out of curiosity, if you had the chance to talk to, say, Apple's manufacturing chief for a minute, what would you talk about? What would you say if you had the chance to talk for just one minute?
just one minute?
(Laughter) Well, what struck me when I met the workers was that they were all very motivated, willing to do everything on their own, and they had talent. The thing is, many come from very poor backgrounds.
I quit school whether I graduated from junior high school or not.
There are many people whose parents are illiterate, and they come to the city, and they go to computer classes and English classes in the evenings and on weekends, and they learn the really basics, like how to use a word processor, or do something simple in English. I'm studying so that I can say
So if you're going to help these people, it would be nice if you could set up a simple, purposeful, practical class like this, so that the workers could go back up and get a good job, say, at Apple. I wish I could help you improve your social status and help you develop yourself I wish I could help you improve your social status and help you improve yourself
workers want that
I hope the hot water in the shower comes out properly
I don't say I want a nice room or a TV.
Those things are of course fine, but that's not why I moved to the city.
Did you find life difficult or difficult, or did you feel that your standard of living was improving and that your life was getting better and better?
It's definitely the latter. I lived in Dongguan for two years, and I watched people's lives.
I know people who came to a city 10 years ago and are now middle-class in the city, and the trend is certainly positive.
If you suddenly come to this city and look at the situation in the city and you feel that everyone is poor and suffering, it's really not.
Of course, the factory environment is tough, and it's not the kind of place you and I like to work in. But for them, the old environment was worse, and they're looking forward to a better future. I wanted to tell you something that might be different from what we imagined.
thanks for the great talk
Thank you very much. (Applause)
In System D, this is the store, in Lagos, Nigeria, in a shantytown called Makoko.
Because it's on a lagoon, there's no store on land, instead the store moves.
In this community, this is business synergy.
This is the boat I showed you earlier, where craftsmen build the hull and paddles and sell them directly to anyone who wants one.
This is also a global business.
Ms. Ogandillo is making smoked fish. I asked her where the fish came from.
I expected a lagoon there -- or the other side of Africa -- but it's actually from here in the North Sea.
Once landed and frozen, the fish is smoked and sold cheaply on the streets of Lagos.
business is born here
It's the largest Orthosun landfill in Lagos. There are 2,000 people working there. And this guy, Andrew Sabol, told me.
He spent 16 years searching for raw materials in the trash and saving money to become a "contract weigher." is
In the background is a junkyard that earns twice the Nigerian minimum wage.
This is a shopping mall
Oshodi Market in Lagos
In Jorge Luis Borges' novel "El Aleph," El Aleph is the one point in the world where everything is, and for me, this image is exactly where it all is.
So what is System D?
It used to be called the informal economy, the underground economy, the black market.
my way of thinking is different
It's important to understand that this economy is open. It's an economy that you can see.
It's all open and it's a shameful place
no hidden parts
It's our prejudice to call it an underground economy.
I took the term System D from the former French colonies.
The French word "débrouillardise" means "self-reliant," and in the former French colonies, it stands for "System D," the self-reliant economy, the do-it-yourself economy.
But governments hate the do-it-yourself economy, so this place I photographed in 2007 looked like this in 2009. What the TED folks mean by radical openness is to open the roads and kick people out. I don't think so
I think this is the "pickle problem"
A friend of mine who works in a pickle factory picks the unsightly cucumbers that come off the conveyor belt and puts them in a "garnishing" bin.
This is the pickle economy
This is a statistic that appeared in the Financial Times earlier this month, and everyone's eyes are on the economy of luxury.
It's worth $1.5 trillion each year, which is a staggering amount.
That's three times the gross domestic product of Switzerland
It's a huge amount, but it needs an explanation, because it doesn't include two-thirds of the world's labor force.
1.8 billion people worldwide work in the unregulated informal economy.
It's a huge number, but what does it mean?
If you put this into one political system -- or one country, say, the United Republic of Street Merchants or Bazaristan -- it's worth $10 trillion a year, and it's the second largest economy in the world, which is the United States. next in scale
Over the next 15 years, projections show that most of the economic growth will come from emerging economies, and this economy will easily overtake the United States to become the world's largest.
And this means a lot, because there are 1.8 billion jobs out there, and like him the garbage collector, everyone can make money, make a living, and create a more equal world.
Big corporations understand this all too well. The interesting thing about this picture is not that people are running around with boxes on their heads and not dropping them.
These Gala sausage rolls are made by a multinational company called UAC foods, which has operations in Africa and the Middle East, and the funny thing is, they don't sell them in stores.
I know UAC foods won't sell even if I put them in a store.
It's sold by groups of hawkers who run through the streets of Lagos, selling it as a snack, the same way it's been sold for 40 years.
This is the company's business plan.
This is not limited to Africa
Mr. Clean looks at P&amp;G's products. P&amp;G's statistics show that Walmart is their biggest customer. I'd say 15 percent of G's transactions go to Walmart, but if you look at the market by sector, the biggest ones are what we call "high-frequency stores," small kiosks, women in canoes, business that's involved in System D, the informal economy. P&G gets 20% of its profits from this division, and it's the only growth division.
P&amp;G explains, "For us, it doesn't matter if the customer is a stock company or a registered company.
I want the store to display the products.”
next is mobile phone
This is MTN's billboard. MTN is a South African multinational company with a presence in about 25 countries.
One in seven Africans is Nigerian, so it's a mobile market that everyone wants to be a part of. When MTN decided to enter, the mobile services they were trying to sell were similar to those in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Europe. You get a monthly plan, you get a call, you pay the overage, you get caught up in the bills, but the plan fails.
I've scrapped the plan and made a new plan, no phones, no monthly plans.
We decided to sell only talk time.
where do you sell
Umbrella shops dotting the streets, all unlicensed and unlicensed, but MTN makes most of its profits, maybe 90 percent, through System D, the informal economy.
So where are the phones coming from?
It's Guangzhou, China. If you go up to the second floor of a nondescript electronics store, you'll find the "Guangzhou Dasha Island" second-hand sales center. and
Heading to Eddie in Lagos
Most of this mobile
not "used"
It's "pirated." It has a logo, but it wasn't made by the brand.
Are there any drawbacks to this?
Maybe there is, as you know, in China (Laughter) -- we don't have intellectual property rights.
Versace without vowels
Solmani
Guucci (Laughter) (Applause) All over the world, products are being sold in this way. For example, in São Paulo, Brazil, on Via Vincicinco de Março, you can find counterfeit designer glasses,
clone colon or
Pirated DVDs and
You can buy unofficial New York Yankees hats in a variety of patterns.
You can buy cheap branded underwear, brands I've never heard of, and even pirated evangelistic mixtapes -- (Laughter) -- the industry sees this as a problem, and I think they're justified in their frustration this year. So when I asked a famous sneaker maker what he thought about piracy, he said, "I'm going to ask you off the record, if I find out, I'll have to kill you."
This sneaker maker told me that if there's a pirated copy of Puma or Adidas, and if their sneakers aren't pirated, they think there's something wrong with their product -- (Laughter) -- so it's important to track pirates. The customer is not the manufacturer's customer. A real customer should want the real thing.
signboard of Lagos
Saying "Let's pay our taxes"
System D does not pay taxes
The first thing that comes to my mind is that government is a social contract between people and government, so if government is opaque, people should be opaque. And I blame the underdogs who don't pay their taxes -- but even the big names are cheating the world. I'll give you an example
A company has paid out 4,000 bribes in 10 years since 2000, $1 million per business day.
All over the world, the company is Siemens, the German electronics giant.
This is happening not only in the informal economy, but also in the formal economy, and it's wrong to criticize it. It's not just Siemens, it's every company doing it.
And finally, let me tell you this: If Adam Smith had created "the theory of the free market" instead of the theory of the free market, what would the whole set of principles have been?
First, the market would have been conceived as a cooperative, and this is the idea of ​​a Brazilian jurist, Roberto Mangabeira Unjel.
joint development would be the best
Second, according to the Austrian anarchist philosopher Paul Feyerabend, facts are relative: what is established as a right of self-reliance to Nigerian merchants is unofficial and intolerable to others. So we should know that definitions and facts of things differ from person to person.
The third is a quote from the great American beat poet, Allen Ginsberg. Different economies barter, and different kinds of currencies are also important. talking about buying
And that's the end of the story. What I'm trying to say is that this economy is a huge force for global development, and it needs to be viewed as such.
Thank you very much — (Applause) (Applause)
"Five hospitals in Aleppo hit by bombs"
This is an email I received on my cell phone on a dark winter night in November 2016.
One of the hospitals that was attacked was a children's hospital run by the Independent Doctors Association (IDA), led by my Syrian colleagues.
It was already the sixth bombing.
In the harrowing footage I watched, the chief nurse, Malak, rescued a premature baby from an incubator in the chaos of the aftermath of the bombing, and desperately took her to safety. was in the picture
i was devastated
I and my fellow humanitarians have shed blood, sweat and tears to rebuild hospitals again and again so that patients can live, not die.
I made a discovery through this activity.
Humans survive even in a crisis because of the wonderful efforts of those who are in the middle of the crisis.
People survive because the local doctors, nurses and aid workers, who come from the very communities that have been affected, are working at great risk in places where others can't or don't want to go.
It's people like Malak that keep people alive, and despite being severely burned on the job, the first thing Malak did when he got out of the hospital was to go back to his duties caring for young children.
From the rubble of death and destruction rises the bravest and noblest men.
Local humanitarian workers are a ray of light in the darkness of war.
The data show that Syrian organizations provide 75 percent of humanitarian aid in Syria.
But we only received 0.3% of Syria's aid money.
And the same thing is happening in crisis zones around the world.
I see this reality
This means that those who have the knowledge and skills to respond to situations on the front lines do not have the tools, equipment, personnel and resources necessary to save lives.
Organizations like IDA don't have the money to rebuild hospitals.
Humanitarian systems fail to respond when the most vulnerable communities are in trouble.
When I received this text, I was on a sabbatical taking a break from clinical work to start CanDo, a startup that addresses the imbalance in the health care supply, where local first responders bring health care to war-hit communities. allow to provide
We've devised a simple model: provide resources to credible and influential local organizations, support their development with accelerator programs, and connect them with you through our crowdfunding platform. Raise funds to obtain medical supplies at
When IDA asked for help, I decided to accelerate CanDo's launch by seven months, and I had very little money.
What I wanted to accomplish was transform this common anger into something great.
That feeling gave birth to "People's Convoy"
It was a global crowdfunding campaign that would help the IDA build a brand new children's hospital, and if we succeeded in raising the money, we would transport the medical equipment all the way from London all the way to the Syrian border.
and made it happen
Thousands of people around the world came together to do the first thing in the world: the first crowdfunded hospital.
The site was carefully researched by local experts, IDA, and chosen for its safety and the ability to treat the most displaced children.
Deeply moved by the goodwill of the people, IDA named the hospital "Hope Hospital."
It's been just over a year since we opened, and we've treated over 15,000 children.
(Applause) We can save lives in the most volatile places on earth.
The existing system needs change, and it starts with all of us sharing a new humanitarian vision: a vision of global citizens with their skills, their expertise and their assets, working together with those who operate locally. We're all humanitarians, and it's about using vital resources efficiently and effectively by putting them in the hands of those who need them most.
We need right now to not only help save lives, but to help mend and heal the wounds of communities after the war is over.
Local humanitarians have the courage to persevere, dust off the wreckage, and tirelessly risk their own lives to save lives.
We can live up to their courage if we keep our eyes open and our backs open and help those who are trying to get back on their feet, so together we can save more lives.
thank you
(Applause) (Applause) (Applause) (Shohham Arad) Come here.
Why are hospitals bombed?
(Lora Hallam) Good question.
According to Physicians for Human Rights, nearly 500 attacks on hospitals have killed more than 800 medical workers, more than 90% of them at the hands of the Syrian government. It's being used as a weapon in an effort to destroy it.
So this is not just our problem, it's your problem, it's your problem, it's a global problem, and the reason for that is, number one, the refugee problem is going to get worse. It's Syria. Unfortunately, this sets a very serious precedent that puts hospitals around the world at risk.
(Shohham) So this is not just a funding issue, is it? CanDo is not just a fundraising solution.
What does it mean to you that 5,000 people around the world donated $350,000 to build Hope Hospital?
(Lora) The answer is symbolized by the very word "hope."
I think those who donated renewed their faith in humanity, like a tangible return, knowing that there are people like the IDA and the doctors who work there who represent the best of humanity. it was something
IDA, Syrians like this, and many other people in conflict areas feel that they have no one to listen to them or look to them.
I think that because people see things through their government's perspective, there's a fact that they see government inaction and assume that everyone is indifferent.
Seeing this kind of goodwill in a situation like that is really an opportunity to restore faith in humanity.
(Shaham) Thank you Lora
(Lola) Thank you. (Shoyam) Thank you very much.
(applause)
The first thing I'm going to tell you is that my grandma would say, "Hey," five times.
(Laughter) The story is - Are you ready?
Sounds good
I have been diagnosed with stage 4 lung cancer.
"Oh how cute I am"
i don't think so
it's completely okay
I certainly have some strengths, and I don't think everyone can stand still.
I don't have young children
I just have a smart, happy, wonderful grown-up daughter.
No financial stress
my cancer is less aggressive
And that lack of aggressiveness is like a Democratic leader -- (Laughter) -- he doesn't have the confidence to win.
I'm basically sitting still, waiting for a deposit from Goldman Sachs.
(Laughter) (Applause) And the best part is that I've accomplished something that I'm proud of.
that's right
I didn't know this until someone tweeted it a year ago.
Here it is: "You are to blame for the softness of American men."
(Laughter) (Applause) It's not just my credit.
(Laughter) But what about people who don't have those strengths?
The only advice I can give you is to do what I've done - to have reality on your side.
No one has a worse relationship with reality than I once did.
From the beginning, I had no interest in reality.
When we met in real life, if Tinder (dating app) existed, I would swipe left and ask for it.
(Laughter) And reality and I don't have the same values ​​and goals. (Laughter) The truth is, I don't have goals.
It's like a goal, but without the effort.
(Laughter) (Applause) I'm not a big fan of effort. You won't be kicked around by features anymore.
(Laughter) But something happened that made me realize that maybe reality isn't real.
It's about this: I basically wanted to escape from reality, but it didn't interfere with it: a nice house, a Wolf gas stove, a Sub-Zero refrigerator.
I needed private yoga lessons, so I ended up signing a development contract with Disney.
I got a new job -- at 2 Dopey Street in the Dwarves.
(Laughter) I was looking at the gifts that people had given me to celebrate the beginning of my new job. It came with it, just in case I want to order more items that don't suit my aesthetic.
(Laughter) When I looked in the catalog to see how much this one-meter Mickey Mouse would cost, I found this:
"actual size"
(Laughter) That's when I realized
Reality is not "reality"
reality was a charlatan
So I started studying quantum physics and chaos theory to find real reality. I just finished making a movie. After I finished filming the movie, I broke my leg and it didn't heal, so a year later I had to have surgery again, which took a year and two years in a wheelchair.
Limitations that I had spent my whole life denying and pushing and ignoring became real and had to be dealt with.
And I realized that I was really good at getting along with reality.
I didn't just come to terms with reality, I fell in love with it.
I should have just been aware of my precarious relationship with the zeitgeist—
I don't know if anyone would want my Betamax -- (Laughter) I should have realized that when I fell in love with reality, everyone else was going in the opposite direction.
(Laughter) But I'm not talking about President Trump, or the alt-right, or the climate skeptics, or the creators of this. "and
(Laughter) He's trying to steal my sanity.
(Laughter) (Applause) What I really want to talk about is my own challenge to reality, and I take it personally.
I'm not a scientist, but I have this uncanny ability to understand everything about science, except the actual science -- (Laughter) because that's math.
But I can understand some very strange concepts.
String theory, the idea that everything in reality is made up of tiny vibrating strings, the "Big Bjorn" theory.
(Laughter) Particle-wave duality, the idea that one thing can appear in two other forms.
did you know?
The theory that a photon can appear as a particle or as a wave is consistent with my deepest intuition: people are good and bad, ideas are good and bad.
Freud was right about penis envy, but envy was wrong.
(Laughter) (Applause) Thank you.
(Applause) There's a slightly different version of the idea of ​​duality. Reality looks like two things, but it's actually the interaction of those two things, like space and time, mass and energy, and life and death.
So I don't understand -- I just don't understand the idea of ​​people who are obsessed with "beating death" or "overcoming death."
how can i do that
How can death be defeated without eradicating life?
doesn't make sense
I must also say that I feel very ungrateful.
People have been blessed with this wonderful gift of life - life, just like asking Santa for a Rolls Royce and getting a salad spinner.
They're complaining that life has an expiration date.
I can't stand to die
I think that
I don't understand.
rude to nature
Trying to dominate nature, or knowing nature, or thinking that nature is too fragile to compete with human intellect -- I don't think so.
If you read about quantum physics like I did -- well, you just read an email from someone who read about quantum physics -- (Laughter) we live in the clockwork universe that Newton argued. you must understand that you are not
We live in a universe made of banana peels, and it's impossible to know everything, to control everything, to predict everything.
nature is like a self-driving car
The best we can be is that old lady from the funny story, I don't know if you know it.
An old lady is driving, and her middle-aged daughter is sitting in the passenger seat.
My daughter doesn't want to say insensitive things like, "You're too old to drive."
But she also ignores the second red light and runs through. So the daughter tries to be as gentle as she can.
Then the old lady said, "Oh, am I the one driving?"
(Laughter) (Applause) That's why
I'm going to take the plunge and take the mental leap. It's easy for me, the Ebel Knyvel of the Mental Leap. My license plate is "I think, therefore I run."
And I hope you can see, the reason I think the idea of ​​conquering death is such a big problem is that denying death means denying life, which to me is denying nature, denying women. Because women have been identified with nature throughout history.
The source is Hannah Arendt, the German philosopher who wrote "The Human Condition."
In it, she says, work has traditionally been associated with men.
“Work is something that comes out of your head, invents it, creates it, and leaves a mark on the world.
Labor, on the other hand, is associated with the body
It is associated with those who perform labor or who are compelled to serve.”
So to me, the idea that denies the human biorhythm, the cyclical rhythm of the universe, doesn't create a comfortable environment for women and those involved in labor, in other words, for the descendants of enslaved people and manual labourers. people who encourage
So let's look at it from the cosmic perspective of the banana peel. I call this idea "Emily's World."
First of all, I appreciate life very much, but I don't want to be immortal.
I'm not interested in keeping my name after my death.
In fact, I don't want to, because I've observed that even the kindest, the brightest, the most talented people will be beaten 50 years after they die.
(Laughter) I actually have proof.
From the headline of the Los Angeles Times, "Anne Frank Wasn't Really That Good"
(Laughter) And I also like to tune into the cyclical rhythm of the universe.
That's what makes life so great, it's the cycle of birth, death and rebirth.
The "I" is just a collection of particles, formed in this way, but eventually decomposes and all its components become available in nature to reform into new forms.
I find it fascinating, and I'm more and more grateful to be a part of that process.
Because I'm now looking at death from the perspective of German biologists, and Andreas Weber looks at death as part of the gift economy.
We've been given this incredible gift of life, and we're trying to make it as rich as we can, and then we're going to give it back.
Aunt Mayme said, "Life is a party," but I'm already full.
I've got a great appetite for life, I've eaten it all up, but when death comes, it'll eat me up.
I will be returned to the earth as I am, where I invite all microbes and corrosives and decomposers to enjoy it.
I think it's pretty delicious
(Laughter) I really think so.
The good thing about my attitude towards death is that it's real.
everyone can see
you will be able to observe
it actually happens
I don't know if I am enriching the gift of life, but my life has been enriched by other people.
For example, TED has enriched my life by allowing me to connect with all sorts of people, especially Tricia McGillis, the designer of my website, working with my wonderful daughter to make the website worthwhile. Gave me I just need to write a blog
You don't have to use the brain's executive functions?
Hahahaha I win!
(Laughter) Thank you very much to all of you.
I don't want to call it "audience," because I don't think we are separate entities.
This is also considered in terms of quantum physics (duality).
Even quantum physicists aren't sure what happens when waves become particles.
There are different theories, the contraction of the wavefunction and the disappearance of interference between quantum states, but they both agree on one point: the reality is that they exist because they interact.
(holding back tears) everyone too
To all the spectators I've met so far
thank you for making my life real
(Applause) Thank you.
(Applause) Thank you.
(Applause) Thank you.
(Applause) Thank you.
Introduce two chess games
The first was in 1997, when Garry Kasparov lost to a computer called Deep Blue.
For many, this was the beginning of a new era, one in which machines would rule over humans.
Now, 20 years later, the way we interact with computers has improved so much that we've entered an era typified by the iPad, and it wasn't HAL.
The second match was the 2005 "Freestyle" tournament, which is not just a human-computer match, but also a human-computer pairing.
Initial results are as expected
Even a supercomputer lost to a human champion paired with an underpowered laptop.
The big upset was the final game
The winner wasn't a champion paired with a supercomputer, but actually a team of two American amateurs and three run-of-the-mill laptops.
They were able to use their computers to find different moves on the fly, so they were able to surpass the knowledge of the human champions and the computing power of their opponents' computers.
It's just amazing how a team of mediocre people and mediocre machines beat the strongest man and the best machine.
Now, are machines competitors for humans?
No Collaborators, Not Competitors - Cooperation in the right way is important
For the last 50 years, artificial intelligence has been dominated by Marvin Minsky's vision.
This is a fascinating theory that many have accepted.
It's a mainstream view in computer science
But in an era of big data, open platforms, the Internet, and embedded technology, I would like to argue that we should reassess another perspective that was born around the same time as Minsky's:
J.C.R. Licklider put forward what is now called augmented intelligence, or IA, a symbiotic relationship between humans and computers.
Licklider was a giant of computer science who contributed greatly to the development of computational technology and the Internet.
His view is that humans and machines work together to make decisions and control complex events, rather than relying solely on rigid, pre-defined programs.
The keyword is "cooperation"
Lickrider didn't make a smart android out of a toaster, he advocated expanding human capabilities.
The human way of thinking, the non-linear approach, the creativity, the iterative hypothesis, is a pretty amazing ability, an area that would be very difficult, if at all possible, for a computer to do.
Licklider intuitively recognized the difference that humans can set goals, formulate hypotheses, set evaluation methods, and evaluate.
On the one hand, of course, humans
It's limited and weak in scalability, computational power, and throughput.
A high level of talent management is necessary for rock bands to cooperate and continue performing.
Licklider envisioned that the computer would do all the formulaic preparation necessary for insight and decision making.
Quietly and discreetly, this approach has won more than just chess.
Protein folding is as deep as chess: there are more folding combinations than there are atoms in the universe.
Three-dimensional structure is a field of research that will have world-changing implications for understanding and treating disease.
Solving this problem requires more than brute force calculations on a supercomputer.
A computer scientist's game called Foldit is a great example of the value of this cooperative approach.
In this game, non-engineers and non-biologists were tasked with rearranging three-dimensional representations of protein structures, leaving the computer to solve atomic forces, interactions and structural problems.
We've found that this approach outperforms supercomputers in 50% of the cases, and matches them in 30% of the cases.
Foldit recently made a remarkable breakthrough: they decoded the degradative enzymes of the Mason-Pfizer monkey virus.
In just a few days, three gamers have figured out a structure that hasn't been figured out for 10 years, and it's probably the first example of how to develop a big science that comes from playing a game.
A 9/11 memorial was built at the site of the Twin Towers.
This memorial displays the names of thousands of victims based on the beautiful concept of "meaningful adjacency."
There, the victims' names are arranged according to their relationships with friends, family members, co-workers, etc.
Representing relationships with 3,500 names and 1,800 relationship requests is a huge computational challenge, balancing everyone's physical location constraints with the final aesthetics.
At first, the media reported that the credit was given to an algorithm by New York design firm Local Projects.
Algorithms were used to provide a framework within which the design was possible, and humans drew the final design on top of this framework.
In this case, the computer evaluates millions of possible layouts, juggles complex relationships, manages and presents vast amounts of shape and variety data, and presents them step-by-step, allowing humans to choose configurations while humans only design and configure. it helped me concentrate
The more you look around, the more you see the world that Lickrider foresaw.
Whether it's augmented reality on the iPhone or car navigation, the symbiotic relationship between humans and computers is expanding our capabilities.
What can be done to further develop that partnership?
Design with human involvement in the process
Design solutions that take into account the role of humans, rather than computer-assisted solutions.
In practice, you'll find that most of your time is spent developing interfaces between humans and machines, especially designing them to reduce friction between the two.
It's not how good each human or machine is, but how much or how little this friction is, and it's the final ability that's going to have a much bigger impact.
And that's why a few PCs and amateurs easily beat supercomputers and champions.
As Kasparov called it, friction is inherent in the process.
Good process reduces friction
And how we can reduce friction will determine the outcome.
Another example is big data
Our actions around the world are collected and recorded by an ever-growing network of sensors, from phones to credit cards to computers.
Most approaches to big data focus on "how do we store, retrieve and process data?"
This perspective is necessary but not sufficient
It's not about how to process, it's about what to process, and how to apply human intuition to this massive amount of data.
Again, we bring humans into the process.
When PayPal started business, their biggest problem wasn't "How do I transfer money online?"
"How do you avoid organized fraud?"
Why is it so difficult? Computers will learn to detect fraud based on past patterns, but they won't be able to detect fraud based on patterns they don't know. Criminal gangs and you are alike. (laughs) But there's one big difference, and that's purpose.
Computers alone can detect most scams, but catching the most cunning scammers can make the difference between success and failure.
There are a lot of problems like this, where enemies who always use new tricks rarely show up with known patterns of tactics that computers can recognize.
The enemy is constantly innovating and renovating, and it's getting buried under big data, and it's becoming more and more of a problem.
Take terrorism, for example. Terrorists adapt and hide in ways large and small.
Computers can't detect novel patterns and unknown behaviors. Humans can. Humans can use technology, they can use hypotheses, they can use machines to help them find out what's really going on.
who captured bin laden
They were smart, resourceful, hard-working people who were aided not by artificial intelligence, but by technology.
I wish we could, but we can't automatically derive the answer from the data.
There's no button to say, "Find a terrorist," and the more data we collect in a wide variety of formats from a wide variety of sources, the harder it is to extract meaningful knowledge and information from it.
Instead, humans look at the data first and make insights. As Licklider predicted long ago, great results come from good cooperation. need to be
If we can do this, we can collect all the data from different sources, analyze it, identify important relationships, and extract just that data, which was not possible before.
Whether this poses a threat to privacy and freedom, or conversely, whether it will lead to an era in which they are better protected, privacy and freedom are fundamental and important.
It must be strongly conscious and cannot be discarded for any reason.
So let's take a look at some recent examples that demonstrate the impact of technology designed to maximize the synergy between humans and computers.
In October 2007, U.S. and coalition forces stormed an al-Qaida hideout in the Iraqi town of Sinjar, on the border with Syria.
So I unearthed a treasure trove of papers, biographies of 700 foreign soldiers.
People who left their families in the Gulf, the eastern Mediterranean, and countries in Africa and volunteered to join Al Qaeda.
A biography is like a work history questionnaire
Soldiers were answering questions when they enlisted
So even Al-Qaeda has a bureaucratic structure. (Laughter) The question is, "Who invited you?"
"Where are you from?" "What kind of job do you want?"
And the last question revealed a surprising truth
Most of those foreign soldiers wanted to be killed by suicide bombers. Between 2003 and 2007, there were 1,382 suicide bombings in Iraq, which was a major destabilizing factor. is the truth
Analyzing the data was difficult because the originals were in Arabic, and papers had to be scanned and translated.
There was so much friction in the process that it was unlikely that a persistent human reading of the PDF would produce meaningful results in time for the operation.
Investigators had to leverage technology and think deeply to explore hypotheses that weren't clear, and they uncovered a truth.
Twenty percent of the foreign soldiers were from Libya, and half of them were from a single town.・It played a role in targeting the rising leader Abu Yaha al-Libi within Qaida.
After his speech in 2007, there was a surge in the number of soldiers from Libya.
What's more, in one of the most sly and completely unobtrusive ways, investigators were able to radically change their analysis to delve deeper into the Syrian referral group, the group responsible for the reception and movement of foreign soldiers to the border. was carrying
The group didn't come together around a religious ideology, it was a mercenary referral service for money.
For example, they were extorting high referral fees from Saudi soldiers, who could get more money than Libyan soldiers, money that al-Qaida would have gotten if they hadn't.
If Al Qaeda knew that its jihadists were being defrauded, they would have dissolved their own group.
In January 2010, a devastating 7.0-magnitude earthquake hit Haiti, the third deadliest on record, leaving 1 million people homeless, 10% of the population.
One factor that seemed small in the overall aid effort became an increasingly important factor when food and water distribution began.
January and February are the dry months in Haiti, and many shelters were filled with water.
The only agency with detailed knowledge of Haiti's floodplain had collapsed in the earthquake, along with its chain of command.
So what we want to know is which shelters are the most dangerous, how many people are displaced in each, and when flooding occurs. How do we sequence the relocation of shelters given very limited resources and infrastructure? of?
The data was incredibly fragmented, and the U.S. military had detailed information only in limited areas.
Data from the 2006 Environmental Risk Conference and other geographic data were all over the internet.
The goal here was to prioritize relocation shelters based on risk.
To do that, computers had to pull together vast amounts of geographic information and information from social media intelligence agencies.
By creating a better process to solve this problem, what would have taken 40 people three months to complete in 40 hours by just three people.
Now, more than 50 years after Licklider's prediction, the data we have so far suggests that humans and computers working together to tackle some of the most difficult problems of this century can be very rewarding.
Thank you. (Applause)
imagine
There are two men, Raul and Rajiv, who live in the same neighborhood, have the same education, have similar occupations, and they show up at a local emergency room with sharp chest pains.
Raul is treated for his heart problem, but Rajiv is told to go home.
Why do two people with almost similar circumstances have different experiences?
That's because Rajiv has a mental illness.
Disparities in the quality of care available are one reason why people suffering from mental illness live shorter lives than those who are not mentally ill.
Even in the most well-equipped developed countries of the world, this difference in lifespan can be as much as 20 years.
And in the developing world of the world, the gap is even wider.
Of course, mental illness can lead to death more directly, most notably suicide.
I am astonished, and I think you are here, that suicide is the number one killer of young people who die, the number one in every country in the world, even in the poorest countries in the world. increase
We're not just concerned with the impact of health conditions on lifespan, but also the quality of life they live.
Now, to analyze the overall impact of health conditions on both lifespan and quality of life, we need to use a metric called DALY, which stands for Disability-Adjusted Life Years.
And when you look at it, you can discover amazing things about mental illness from a global perspective.
For example, various mental illnesses are leading causes of disability worldwide.
For example, depression is the third leading cause of disability in children, alongside diarrhea and pneumonia.
Mental illness collectively accounts for about 15 percent of the global disease burden.
It's true that mental disorders take a huge toll on people's lives, but I want to look at the absolute numbers, not just the burden of the disease.
The World Health Organization estimates that approximately 400 to 500 million people on earth suffer from some form of mental illness.
The numbers may surprise some people, but mental illnesses are very diverse, from autism and intellectual disability in childhood, depression and anxiety in adults, to substance abuse and psychosis, to dementia in the elderly. I think everyone here knows at least one person who suffers from such a mental illness.
you are nodding
But even more important from a global health perspective than these staggering figures, and of great concern from a global health perspective, is the fact that most of the people who suffer in this way have no life at all. It's the lack of access to treatments that we know can change our lives, and there's strong evidence that a wide range of interventions, including drugs, psychological interventions, and social interventions, can make a big difference.
But even in well-resourced countries like Europe, about 50 percent of those who suffer go untreated.
In countries like the one I work in, the so-called healthcare supply-demand gap is approaching a whopping 90 percent.
If you have the chance to talk to someone with a mental illness, chances are you'll hear stories of hidden suffering, shame and discrimination that they've carried with them their entire lives.
But perhaps the most heartbreaking thing is that violations of the most basic human rights happen every day. Human rights violations, like the girl in this picture, happen all the time. Unfortunately, it's a mental disorder. It's happening in psychiatric hospitals that were built to care for people.
These tragic realities have made me on a mission to try and do something to change the lives of people with mental disorders. It's about bridging the gap between how knowledge and effective treatments can be applied in the real world.
And one of the key challenges I faced was the acute shortage of mental health professionals, such as psychiatrists and psychologists, especially in developing countries.
I studied medicine in India and then chose psychiatry as my specialty. My mother and family were disappointed with my son's choice because he was so talented.
But I continued my studies in psychiatry and was trained in one of the most advanced hospitals in England, and I was very lucky.
The team I worked for was extremely talented, caring, and most importantly, highly trained mental health professionals.
After my training, I worked first in Zimbabwe and then in India, but I was faced with a whole new reality.
That reality was a world where mental health professionals were almost non-existent.
Zimbabwe had only about a dozen psychiatrists, most of whom lived and worked in the city of Harare, which meant that the remaining two or so would have to meet the mental health needs of nine million people living in rural areas. did not
The situation in India was similar.
To put it simply, let's say India has the same proportion of psychiatrists as the UK, and simple math says there are about 150,000 psychiatrists in India.
what about actually
The actual number is about 3,000, about 2% of the 150,000.
I quickly realized that I could not follow the model of health care that I had been taught, relying on highly specialized and expensive psychiatric professionals, mental health care in countries like India and Zimbabwe. can't provide
So I had to think outside the box and come up with a different model of care.
That's when I stumbled upon these books, and in these books, I stumbled upon the idea of ​​task shifting in global health care.
The idea is pretty simple, if you don't have enough medical professionals, you can train people in your community to do different medical interventions. trained to assist in childbirth or to effectively diagnose and treat early pneumonia.
So I thought, if ordinary people can be trained to do complex medical procedures, maybe we can do that in the mental health field.
I'm happy to say that over the last decade there have been a number of mental health task-shifting experiments in developing countries around the world. It's about depression, which is the most common
In rural Uganda, Paul Bolton and his colleagues demonstrated that villagers could provide interpersonal psychotherapy for depressed patients, and in a randomized controlled trial, 90 percent of those who received this intervention. About 40 percent recovered in the control village compared to the recovery of symptoms.
Similarly, in a randomized controlled trial in rural Pakistan, Atif Raman and colleagues found that maternal health nurses working in the Pakistani health system administered cognitive-behavioral therapy to depressed mothers. We found that the rate of recovery increased significantly, with approximately 75 percent of the mothers recovering, compared to approximately 45 percent in the control village.
And in a study I did in Goa, India, where trained community general counselors used psychosocial interventions for depression and anxiety, they showed a 70 percent recovery rate, compared to the control. 50 percent in primary care centers
We need to analyze the results of experiments like this and many other task-shifting studies to find out what factors are key to successful task-shifting, and to learn lessons. I coined the acronym SUNDAR
SUNDAR means "attractive" in Hindi
I believe that the five concepts presented on this slide are extremely important for efficient task shifting.
The first lesson is to keep your message concise and to discard medical jargon.
Breaking down complex health care interventions into smaller pieces so they can be delivered to non-experts
Providing health care not only in large facilities, but also in the neighborhood of patients' homes, using local resources and inexpensive people to provide health care.
And it's important to have a few specialists who can develop and mentor them in areas where they're needed.
For me today, task shifting is an idea of ​​global importance. It was born to address labor shortages in developing countries.
Even in the developed world, health care costs are skyrocketing and becoming unmanageable, and a large part of that is labor costs.
Equally important, as medicine has become so specialized, it has become so remote from the community.
For me, task shifting is most appealing not only because it makes health care more accessible and affordable, but also because it's fundamentally empowering.
If ordinary people can more effectively care for the health of their communities, they can also protect their own health. To me, task shifting is the height of the democratization of medical knowledge, the height of the democratization of medical knowledge. It's the ultimate in strength
Over 30 years ago, the nations of the world gathered at Alma-Ata to make this symbolic declaration.
As I'm sure you all understand, 12 years past the deadline, we're nowhere near that goal.
But training the general public to effectively perform a range of medical interventions is, of course, important to provide adequate guidance and support, but with that knowledge, perhaps this hope is within reach. may have come
Implementing the slogan "Health for All" requires everyone to be involved in the process, and in mental health, especially mental health patients and their caregivers.
This is why the International Mental Health Movement was founded a few years ago, when professionals like me and people living with mental disorders banded together online shoulder to shoulder to ensure that people with mental disorders were able to receive life-changing treatment and dignity. founded to claim the right to live with
In closing, during these busy days and beyond, if you have a moment of quietness, please remember to think of those people who are suffering from mental disorders that I just thought of. Thank you. (Applause)
The White House was an open house when it was built in the early 19th century.
Neighbors were coming and going, and during President Adams, a local dentist came.
he wanted to shake hands with the president
The president dismissed the secretary of state from the meeting and asked the dentist to pull his tooth out.
Later, in the 1850s, President Pierce is known to have said, and perhaps the only thing he is known to do, is that a neighbor walked by and said, "I'd like to see your pretty house." "Of course, please come in.
It's not my house, it's the people's house."
Now, when I arrived in the White House in early 2009, at the start of the Obama administration, the White House wasn't quite open.
Explosion-proof curtains covered the windows
we were using Windows 2000
social media blocked by firewall
Without the blog, I couldn't have a Twitter account like I do now.
I've been at the head of open government, and I've worked with people to promote, instill, and open government about transparency, participation, and collaboration.
As we all know, companies are very good at getting people to work in teams and networks to build complex products like cars and computers. prize
Companies make products, governments make public good, cure cancer, educate our children, build roads... But it's not a good system. and there is no system for working together
What did we do to create an open government policy? So, of course, we asked public sector officials how to open up government.
But it turns out it's never been done
We wanted the public to help us with the policy debate, instead of commenting on the rules after they were written, and there was no precedent, no cultural convention, no technical method.
In fact, many people told me that I was breaking the law.
here is the crux of the fault
Government is about allowing value and expertise to flow between government and citizens to make decisions.
But the system was designed to be an 18th century centralized model, where value only flows through elections -- once every four years, once every two years, once a year at most -- in a somewhat anemic way, social media. In the era of
Today we have so many technologies that allow us to express ourselves, almost too many.
In the 19th century, bureaucracies and administrative structures were ingrained in society to govern a large, complex society.
But we centralize the bureaucracy
I've made it a firm belief that the smartest people always work for people.
Also, just by looking at this room, you can see that expertise and intelligence are pervasive throughout society, not just on the side of our establishment.
Scientists have studied the phenomenon of flow, any flow in the design of systems, both in nature and in society.
A river is a flow of water, a bolt of lightning from a cloud is a flow of electricity, and a leaf is designed to flow nutrients to a tree, sometimes even if there are obstacles in its path and still flow nutrients.
The same goes for our social systems, our governmental systems. At least flow serves as a metaphor for what's wrong, what's broken, and what's urgent and what we're all feeling today. redesigning the flow of our system
We live in the Cambrian era of big data and social networks, and we have an immediate opportunity to redesign the current system.
Think about it, there's no big place outside the economic sector, the public sector, that doesn't want to reinvent its business model.
Of course, we invest heavily in innovation, we invest in broadband, we invest in science education, we invest in research funding.
Of course, it's easy to complain about partisan politics and rigid bureaucracies, and it's fun to complain about the government -- it's an endless pastime, especially during elections. The world is complex, and soon there will be over 10 billion people, many of whom lack the resources to survive.
You'll complain about how it's going to change the world today
What will come after the Arab Spring?
An attractive option is precisely the network, right? Like Facebook and Twitter. dependable and well made
Facebook has 3,000 employees managing 900 million users.
Citizens, you might call them, because they've recently stood up against legal assault, and the citizens of these networks are supporting each other in a wonderful way.
But private, private, corporate, privatized organizations are not bottom-up democracies.
no substitute for government
Being friends on Facebook isn't as complicated as working together to do a tough job or a tough government job.
But we can learn something from social media
Why is Twitter so successful? because we opened the platform
We've opened up our APIs so that many new apps can be built so that we can read and interact with information in new and exciting ways.
We need to think about how we're going to open up government APIs, and how we're going to do it, so that the next big superpower will be able to tie together the layers of institutions... We have to maintain those public values ​​and regulate the flow...but with the chaos and excitement of the diversity, the dynamic life, the network, we all have to build this innovation on top of the current system and connect it to the actions of government. must
There's a precedent for this: Henry II invented the jury system in the 12th century.
It's a powerful, practical, easy-to-understand model of transferring power from government to citizens.
Right now, we have the opportunity and the urgency to create many new ways to interconnect networks and regimes, many new kinds of jurors: citizen jurors, things like Carrotmob hackathons, where we're coordinating administrative processes. I'm starting to build a model
I'm not entirely sure what this will look like at this point, but I'm starting to see evolution emerging all around us, and I'm even beginning to call it a revolution of governance, not an evolution.
Some of it is high tech, some of it is very low tech. MKSS is doing a project in Rajasthan, India, where they collect government spending data, paint it on the walls of 100,000 villages, and invite villagers to ask who is responsible for paying the state bills. and who's dead, where there's no bridge, and so on, and so on.
But it's not just about cracking down on government
it is also to create a government
Spacehive in the UK has set up a crowdfund to raise money from people to build goalposts and park benches to better serve them.
There's a project that started out of nowhere to create a service that could be used for these kinds of activities, which is Ushahidi.
After the post-election riots in Kenya in 2008, we built a crisis map site and community that could be crowdsourced to better deliver life-saving services to people under the rubble after the earthquakes in Haiti and more recently in Italy. is aimed at
And the Red Cross trains volunteers, authenticates them on Twitter, and often replaces rather than supplements the established government apparatus.
Many of the examples that we know of are clearly government data disclosures, but we're not quite there yet, but we're starting to see activity using government data to create and generate transformative applications.
There are many examples, but I'll take Jon Bon Jovi's, and some of you may know that he runs a free diner in New Jersey, and he does things like catering for the homeless, especially veterans. increase
In February, he said at the White House, "I want to fund an award that builds scalable applications that help not only the homeless, but those who deliver services."
Finalists will be announced between February 2012 and June 2012
Can you imagine doing anything in four months in the bureaucratic world of yesteryear?
You can't even fill out paperwork, much less create real, tangible innovations that improve people's lives.
And let me be very clear that this open government revolution is not about privatizing government. It's not the rules and legislation that bring about a litigious society like
Texas regulates 515 occupations, from water well drilling to florist work.
In Dallas, you can carry a gun inside a church, but you can't do flower arrangements without a permit, and you'll end up in jail.
So what is Texas doing? It's using an online policy wiki to not only get rid of pesky regulations that stifle entrepreneurship, but to use policy transparency with new iPhone applications to innovate more from these regulations. It's trying to achieve both protection of consumers and the masses, and economic development, like replacing the
This is a good byproduct of open government
It's not just the development benefits we've been talking about, but the economic benefits and job creation from this open innovation.
Sberbank, Russia's largest and oldest bank, largely owned by the Russian government, has started crowdsourcing to connect employees and citizens to drive innovation.
Last year they saved a billion dollars, 30 billion rubles in an open renovation, and they're radically pushing the expansion of crowdsourcing, not just in banking, but in the public sector.
There are many examples of innovators using open government data, not only building apps, but also working with governments, building companies, hiring people.
Many of these innovations are regional
In San Ramon, California, there's an iPhone app that proves CPR eligibility, and if someone has a heart attack, the app will notify you so you can rush to them and give them CPR.
Patients who receive bystander CPR are more than twice as likely to survive.
The slogan is "There is a hero in everyone"
Of course, it is not limited to regions only.
British Columbia, Canada, publishes a catalog with all the ways in which citizens can work together with their province.
Let me be clear here, perhaps controversially, that open government does not mean transparent government.
You can't change a government simply by releasing government data.
We can't get people to do different jobs that use data to change lives and solve problems, we can't change governments.
Data disclosure alone creates a hostile relationship between citizens and governments over control and ownership of information.
Data disclosure itself does not reduce the flow of money into politics. Even if we take the next step in changing the way we work through participation and collaboration with data disclosure, it probably does not create accountability. prize
I think there will be two stages of progress. The first stage of the open government revolution is to bring together better information from the pieces.
Let me explain how open government started in the United States in 2005. I have a class in patent law, and in the bureaucracy, one bureaucrat has the power to decide which applications go to patents, and that field. I was teaching my students that we were going to have a total monopoly on the rights for 20 years.
what would we have done He said the website could create a network of experts, a social network, to better inform scientists and technologists to help the patent office make decisions.
We're piloting operations in the United States, the United Kingdom, Japan, Australia, and from now on, the United States patent office will be universal, complete, and fully open, and all patent applications will be open for public participation, starting this year.
Second stage of evolution! Yay! (Applause) This deserves a round of applause. (Applause) The first step is getting better information.
The second step is to drive decision-making power.
Direct participation budgeting has long been practiced in Porto Alegre, Brazil.
Chicago's 49th Ward is starting this.
In Russia, with wikis, in Lithuania as well, citizens write the laws. As we begin to look at the key functions of government -- spending, legislation, and policy making -- we are making steady progress toward an open government revolution.
there's a lot to do before we get there
Making data open is one of them, but the important thing is creating more, curating more, creating more opportunities for participation.
Hackathons, mathathons, building apps with data are obvious ways to get people involved like jurors, but we need more of these things.
That's why we start with the youngest people.
Here at TEDGlobal 2012, you heard about biohacking, monitoring plants with Arduino, and Mozilla enabling young people around the world to build websites and make videos.
We should teach young people that we are not in a passive, read-only society, but in a writable one. By changing communities and changing institutions, we can move toward open government innovation, toward open government action, toward open government revolution.
So in conclusion, I think it's important to talk about and seek revolution.
we really don't have the words to describe it yet
There are no great words to match equality, fairness, conventional elections, democracy.
Not much fun yet. Not exciting enough to be working on a great opportunity, but if you want to see innovation, like the clean energy, clean education and social progress that you see at TED, you want to see hopeful, exciting innovation. If we want to see acceptance and expansion, if we want to see government tomorrow, we all have to get involved and participate.
We must open up our system, let it flow like a leaf, nourish it into every corner of politics, into every corner of culture, and let's open up our system to create a stronger democracy and a better tomorrow.
Thank you. (Applause)
First, let me briefly introduce the history of urban development.
Villages began as people gathering around a well, so big that they could walk with a water bottle on their head.
If you look down on Germany from an airplane, you'll see countless small villages, all about a mile away.
Walking distance to the fields
For hundreds of years, thousands of years, the home has been the center of life.
life is small
Entertainment and energy production, work and health care were centered in the home, and people were born in the home and died in the home.
as industrialization progresses
Everything started to converge, polluting factories moved to the suburbs.
production takes place in the assembly plant
Energy production is also centralized
education at school
medical treatment was carried out in a hospital
network has developed
A water and sewage system was created, supporting endless expansion.
Functions are increasingly differentiated
A railroad network connected industry, commerce, and residential areas, and a road network was also developed.
The model was to give everyone a car, build roads everywhere, build parking lots, not a very functional model.
We still live in that world and this is what happened as a result.
It's the expanding city of Los Angeles. This is Mexico City.
China's incredible new city, let's call it an expansion into the air.
China's urban planning modeled after the West in the 1950s and 1960s is outdated, and countless new cities are being planned all over the world.
In the next 15 years, 300 to 400 million people will move to cities in China alone.
So in 15 years, we're going to build an infrastructure that's the size of the United States today.
It's hard
Whether you're a city dweller or not, you have to remember this.
Cities account for 90% of population growth, 80% of CO2 growth, 75% of energy use, and more and more people are willing to move to cities.
More than half of the world's population lives in cities and the proportion will increase
Cities are places of celebration and personal expression
An example of this is the pillow fight flash mob, which I've done a few times.
you too? (Laughter) Cities are where most of the wealth is born, especially in the developing world, where women can thrive.
That's why cities are growing so fast.
It has the power to transform the way cities are
First of all, labor becomes decentralized and fluid.
Office buildings have become obsolete as places for individual labor.
With the decentralization of computers and communications, the home becomes the center of life once again: production, learning, purchasing, health care, and other things we thought would happen outside the home.
What people buy, consumer goods, are individualized in some way.
This trend is very important
This is my future city
(Laughter) It's a place for people.
Clothing aside, the question today is how do we get the good side of the city out of the bad side?
It's Bangalore when I went there last year
It took me several hours to travel several kilometers.
Cities come with their downsides: congestion, pollution, disease.
How can I get only the good side
So let's take a look at the big cities that developed before the car age.
Paris was made up of small villages that coalesced into what they are today.
The 20 arrondissements of Paris are these little villages.
Daily life can be completed within 5 to 10 minutes on foot.
If you look at the data, you'll find that the shops, clinics, pharmacies, cafes, etc. are evenly distributed in the city of Paris with such a structure.
A city developed on the premise of a car society does not have such a structure.
In Pittsburgh, for example, there's almost nothing within a five-minute walk.
Aside from Pittsburgh, many other American cities have developed similarly.
So let's think about a new city. Now I'm involved in designing a new city in China.
Start with a cluster of residential areas
Let it be a small urban unit
Everything you need for life is within a 20 minute walk
We will install a flexible, small power grid there to provide district heating, power, and communication.
can aggregate
Stuart Brand would put small nuclear reactors at the center. (Laughter)
would be a good idea
Then you can create a mesh network
It connects the collective with a structure similar to the Internet.
Population per unit is 20,000 in Cambridge
50,000 people in Manhattan
There's public transportation and everything you need is available in the area.
We can start designing a car for the shape of the road, and I won't go into too much detail.
let me show you one thing
This is Boulder, Colorado. This is a street just for joggers and cyclists. You can go from one end of the city to the other without crossing the road.
This is an even more interesting attempt in Seoul
Here, we've removed the elevated roads, restored the promenades and the rivers that run alongside them, and by walking the promenades, you can go from one end of the city to the other without crossing the road.
The same goes for the elevated railroad tracks in Manhattan.
Bicycle lanes can be found all over the world
I have lived in Manhattan for 15 years
This photo is from a few weeks ago.
But Copenhagen is even better. 42% of the traffic in Copenhagen is bicycles.
It's wonderfully complete
Boston made a big mistake
The Big Dig project (Laughter) eliminated the highways, but the safe havens that were created are of no use to anything other than cars.
No. We've been thinking about demand-driven transportation.
Such a vehicle is currently under development
It's very important to share If you share
Four people can fit in one car instead of one.
Hubway in Boston Paris has Velib System
Media Lab is developing a car for this small city, a car specifically for shared use in the city.
Eliminate unnecessary items such as engines and transmissions
We put everything in the wheel. Inside the wheel, there's a motor for drive and steering, a speed reducer, and so on.
Now the chassis is free and you can fold it, and you can fold this little car and it's small.
This video was shown last week on European television, showing the Spanish Minister of Industry driving this car, which can be folded and turned.
No backing up or parallel parking required
Turn around and go straight (laughs)
We're commercializing it with a company, PhD student Ryan Ching, two years ago.
I presented this idea at TEDx.
On top of that, we added new features, like autonomy, so when you get to your destination and park, you can just tap the car and it'll drive itself, park, and start charging. You'd think it would be the future, but it's still possible today.
No problem at all
Using a combination of sharing, folding and autonomy technologies, land use efficiency can be as much as 28 times greater.
One of the graduate students said, How should we communicate with unmanned vehicles and pedestrians?
I have no one to meet
you might get hit by a car
This graduate student is developing a device that allows cars to talk to pedestrians (Laughter).
(Laughter) (Laughter) (Applause) And we're also looking at making bike lanes more equitable.
Right now, it's mostly young people, people in cycle pants. (Laughter) If we had a new ride for bike lanes, it would be accessible to the elderly, people with disabilities, women in skirts, businessmen, and all these problems -- energy, transportation, aging, obesity -- all at once. I am struggling to resolve
This is a prototype of a three-wheeled bicycle
E-bike pedals in bike lanes
You have to pedal, but if you're older, there's a switch, if you're healthy.
If you do your best, you will get faster
Set to 40 calories when you get to work Set to 500 calories when you get home and can take a shower
I hope to have it completed by this fall.
Another thing that could be improved is the housing situation.
Boston Mayor Menino says one of Boston's biggest problems is the lack of housing for young people.
The contractor says he will build a tiny apartment
People have small apartments with no personality
No. Our proposal is to standardize the chassis like a car, and add advanced technology to it.
Let's put it in. It's an innovative piece of furniture. We design a floor plan according to each individual's needs, values, and lifestyle within this framework. Thanks to this interactive app, residents can explore options and design details as if they were collaborating with an architect.
One of the most interesting of these is the use of robotic walls to turn exercise rooms into workspaces for virtual business owners.
If you have guests, you can make a guest room.
A regular one-bedroom is possible if you prefer, although that's probably the way it's usually done.
if you want a dinner party
You can change it up and host 16 guests, even a dance studio.
It's an idea that architects have had for years, and what we're trying to do now is
It's about developing ways that we can reach the 300 million Chinese who want a comfortable life in the city.
Using the technology I just described, you can make a small apartment twice as big, not a smart home.
It's a useless idea
Build a non-smart house and put smart stuff in it. (Laughter)
I've been researching wall chassis
It's built into a standardized wall with a motor and a battery powered by a low-voltage current and held in place by a cylindrical coil.
And all of this can be standardized, and you can customize it and build it into your wall, just like your car, because you can incorporate all kinds of sensors that can detect people, so it doesn't matter if you have kids or puppies. (Laughter)
Entrepreneurs all agree
If the room can be doubled, in the same building as before
28 parcels can be taken instead of 14 parcels
This will require twice as much parking.
Parking fee is very expensive Inside the building
Building a conventional parking lot
It's $70,000 a lot, and if you put folding and autonomy into the car, it'll only take up one-seventh of the space it used to take.
Parking will end at $10,000 per car.
If you incorporate car sharing, it becomes even cheaper.
Advanced technology can be incorporated into this process.
It is also an opportunity to open up the market
In this example, jointly developed with Siemens
We've put sensors in furniture and all furnishings to see where people are and what they're doing.
24-bit LED lighting fixtures are installed due to the energy efficiency of blue light
It can locate people, detect what they're doing, and turn on white light when needed, and we think it can save 30 to 40 percent of the power compared to traditional, state-of-the-art dimming systems.
This is the data captured by the sensors embedded in the furniture.
Cameras are inappropriate at home
These wireless sensors are more effective
You can customize the lighting
It's the ultimate in customization.
You can adjust the mirrors on the front of the building to direct sunlight to any part of the room, and on hot days you can also blind most of the glass doors.
Here, you're using your phone to guide the light into the kitchen where the food is prepared, and the program is preparing the food.
the light continues to illuminate the place
This can also be combined with LED lighting
workplace should be shared
This is the shape of the future workplace
This is Starbucks you know (laughs)
Everyone with their backs to the wall, food and coffee in front, everyone working in their own personal spaces.
We also need a shared space for interaction and collaboration.
not yet successful
at the Cambridge Innovation Center
We share desks. I worked in a design studio at Aalto University in Finland, where there are shared workshops, fab labs, break rooms, electronics labs, and recreation rooms.
Ultimately, I think all of these things will come together to create new mobility, new housing, new models of work and housing, and a high-tech marketplace.
But in the end, the most important thing is the people.
People are the heroes of the city
cities are for people
The livability and creativity of a city can always be dramatically improved. Melbourne revamped its laneways to significantly reduce CO2 and energy.
A solution is required as a global issue
thank you (applause)
Like many of you here, I try to contribute to the African Renaissance.
The problem of African transformation is really a question of leadership.
Transformation in Africa is possible only with wise leaders.
My point is that how we educate our leaders is critical to the progress of this continent.
I would like to tell a few stories to explain my thoughts.
Yesterday we heard that examples matter.
An American friend of mine volunteered as a nurse in Ghana this year. In three months, she reached a conclusion that I have been reaching for over a decade about leadership in Africa.
Twice she experienced a power outage in the hospital in the middle of an operation.
The emergency generator did not work.
There was no flashlight, no lamp, no candle, it was pitch black.
The patient has already had an incision. The same thing happened twice.
The first time was during a caesarean section.
Luckily, the baby was extracted and the mother and child survived.
The second time was during surgery under local anesthesia.
The anesthesia wears off gradually and the patient feels pain.
I started crying, screaming, and praying.
In the dark. Not a single candle, not even a flashlight.
The hospital could have bought a flashlight.
I could have afforded these things, but I didn't.
And the same thing happened twice.
Another time, she was horrified to see a patient die because the nurses had deliberately withheld oxygen.
Three months later, just before she left for America, nurses in Accra went on strike.
So a friend of mine took this opportunity to recommend that everyone resign and start all over again.
Start again from the beginning.
So how does this story relate to leadership?
The responsibility of the Ministry of Health, the fault of hospital administrators, doctors and nurses. They are only 5% of those with higher education.
they are elite. is our leader.
Their decisions and actions matter.
When they fail, the people suffer.
When I talk about leaders, I'm not just talking about political leaders.
I've heard a lot about this.
I'm talking about the elite.
Trained People People whose job is to protect their society.
Lawyers, judges, police, doctors, engineers, civil servants, they are leaders.
And you have to train them right.
Now, my first bitter and unforgettable experience in leadership in Ghana happened when I was 16 years old.
In the early days of military coups, soldiers were everywhere in our society.
It was everywhere.
One day, I was going to the airport to pick up my father, and I was walking up a grassy slope from the parking lot to the terminal building when I was stopped by two soldiers with AK-47 rifles.
They told me to join the crowd running up and down the hill as punishment.
Why? No traffic was allowed where I went.
There were no signs.
I was sixteen. I was very worried about what my classmates would think if they saw me running uphill.
I was especially worried about what the girls would think of me.
So I argued with the soldiers.
I may be a little reckless, but I was 16 years old.
I was lucky then.
A Ghana Airlines pilot found himself in the same situation.
But he was wearing a uniform, so the soldiers behaved differently. They said they were just following orders.
Then the pilot picked up the radio, spoke to the soldiers' superiors, and we were all released.
What lessons can you take from this experience?
Some, I learned.
that leadership is important. The soldiers were just following orders from their superiors.
I also learned about courage.
It was important not to see the gun.
Thinking about girls is sometimes helpful.
(Laughter) Two years later, I got a scholarship and left Ghana to attend Swarthmore College.
It was a fresh experience.
The professors did not require students to memorize information or repeat what they said as I was made to do in Ghana.
to think critically
Analytical skills were required.
I was asked to be interested in social issues.
I got good grades in my economics class because I was considered to have a good understanding of basic economics.
But I learned something deeper than that, that the leaders, the people who run Ghana's economy, are making shockingly bad decisions. That's why our economy was on the verge of collapse.
And that lesson again. how important leadership is.
It really matters.
But I didn't really understand what was happening to me at Swarthmore.
I was faintly aware of it, but I didn't realize it until I got to work. i work at microsoft
Became part of a team. Thinking and learning together, this team's job was to design and deliver new software that creates value in the world.
it was great to be on this team
It was really great.
And I realized what had happened to me at Swarthmore. What had happened to me was my ability to face complex problems and design solutions.
The ability to create is what gives an individual the most power.
i was one of them
During my time at Microsoft, the company's annual revenue exceeded the GDP of the Republic of Ghana.
By the way, it still is.
Even after I left the company, the gap has widened.
I have already told you one of the reasons why this is happening.
Hard working, persistent, creative, empowered people
But there are also external factors: free markets, the rule of law, infrastructure.
These are provided by institutions and run by people called leaders.
But these leaders did not come naturally.
Someone trained them to do the work they do.
A funny thing happened while I was at Microsoft
I became a parent.
And at this time, Africa became more important to me than before.
I realized that the state of the African continent was important to my children and their children.
The state of the world, yes, the state of the world, depends on what is happening in Africa. As far as my child is concerned
And when I was in what I call a pre-midlife crisis, Africa was a mess.
Somalia plunged into anarchy
Rwanda was in the midst of a genocidal war
I thought I was going in the wrong direction and I had to go back and help.
I could no longer feel content living in Seattle, raising my kids in an upper-middle-class neighborhood.
I didn't want my children to grow up in this world.
I decided to get involved. The first thing I did was go back to Ghana and talk to a lot of people to try to understand what the real problem was.
Three things came up over and over again in every issue. Corruption, weak institutions and the people who run them: the leaders.
I was a little bit scared because these three problems seemed really difficult to tackle.
I've heard voices saying it's a waste of time.
But I asked, "Where do leaders come from?
Why does Ghana produce leaders who are unethical and incapable of solving problems? "
So I went to see what was happening in the educational field.
It was the same as when I was in school, from elementary school to graduate school.
Ethics are barely covered. The average, typical University of Ghana graduate has a stronger sense of entitlement than responsibility.
This is wrong, I thought.
So I decided to get involved in this matter
Every society, yes every society, has to think seriously about how to train leaders.
But Ghana has not paid enough attention to this.
In fact, it is so throughout sub-Saharan Africa.
So I'm putting effort into this
I'm trying to bring to Africa what I experienced at Swarthmore
I wish every African country had a liberal arts university.
I think that alone will make a big difference.
What we do at Ashesi University is to train a new generation of ethical, entrepreneurial leaders.
We train leaders of exceptional character who are capable of facing complex problems head-on, asking the right questions and coming up with solutions.
I'll admit, sometimes it feels like it's impossible. But a child must believe in being smart
If we educate them, if we let them discuss real issues that face our entire society, if we give them the skills to engage with the real world, I believe magic happens.
One month after starting the project, classes started
Another month later, I received an email from one of my students going to my office.
It just says "I'm thinking now"
It just said, "Thank you."
It's a very simple word.
However, I was so touched that I almost cried. Because I knew what was going on with this young student.
It's great to be involved in empowering someone like this.
i am now thinking
This year, we challenged students to draft their own code of ethics.
There is still a very lively debate going on on campus today about whether or not we should have a code of ethics, and if so, what would be good.
One student asked a very heartwarming question
Can we create a perfect society?
Her understanding that a student-made code of ethics is a step toward a perfect society is remarkable.
You can't achieve perfection, but if you aim for it, you can achieve great things.
I don't know what the students will do in the end
I don't even know if they have a code of ethics
But the debate they're having right now about what a good society should look like, what a great society should look like, is really good.
Do you still have time?
Now, I'm going to leave this slide as it is because it's important to think about this.
What makes me very happy is that every Ashesi University student does community service before graduating.
For many of them, it will be a life-changing experience.
These young future leaders are beginning to understand the problem of true leadership, the privilege of true leadership, which ultimately comes down to service to humanity.
Last year, our students elected a woman as student council president.
For the first time in Ghana's history, a woman was elected president of a university's student body.
This story tells a lot about her.
It talks about the culture nurtured on campus.
Also about the friends who chose her.
she won 75% of the vote
This gave me great hope.
A company called West Africa seems to appreciate what is happening to our students.
Until today, the students in the second grade have graduated
All but one got a job.
We have received excellent reports from Ghana and West Africa. What impressed them most was the work ethic of the graduates.
passion for work
Perseverance, the ability to deal with uncertainty. The ability to tackle problems you've never seen before.
This is a good thing, because in the last five years there have been many times when I felt it was impossible.
It's just great to see a bright future for what can happen by educating our children right.
Africa's current and future leaders have an incredible opportunity to lead the continent into a major renaissance.
incredible opportunity.
There aren't many opportunities like this in the world.
Africa is reaching its tipping point Democracy and free markets are arriving across the continent.
We are reaching the moment when a great society can be born in one generation.
it's all about great leadership
My point is that it all depends on how we educate our leaders.
thank you very much
(applause)
That murder happened about 21 years ago on January 18, 1991, in a small bedroom town in Lynnwood, California, just a few miles from Los Angeles.
A father was playing in front of his house from home to encourage his teenage son and his five friends to stop playing and go home to do their homework and get ready for bed. It came out
As the father was talking to the children, a car slowly approached, and as it passed the father and the children, a hand reached out of the passenger window... bang! ! Bang! ! shot my father
the car left
The police acted wonderfully and quickly.
Within 24 hours of tagging, we identified a suspect, Francisco Carillo, 17, a boy who lived a few blocks from the shooting.
So the police got a picture of him and mixed it with a photo of the faceplate, and the day after the incident they showed it to one of the boy witnesses, "This is the guy in this picture.
This guy is the shooter. "
That was enough for the investigating judge, and Mr. Cariyo was found guilty of first-degree murder.
During the investigation before the trial began, the remaining five boys also had their heads cut from the same photo.
Of all these facial photographs, the most recognizable one is probably the one in the lower left from your perspective.
The reason we're not absolutely sure is the question of the nature of evidence preservation in the justice system, which is another TEDx opportunity. All of the boys who witnessed the incident gave their testimony pointing to the photos.
He was found guilty and sentenced to life imprisonment and imprisoned in Folsom Prison.
there is nothing wrong
A thorough investigation and a fair trial, all went well.
I didn't find the murder weapon.
The vehicle used in the crime was never identified, and no one was charged with driving the perpetrator's vehicle.
Kariyo's alibi
You can't rely on the suspect's parents' alibi testimony in a murder investigation You can't rely on the suspect's parents' alibi testimony
21 years in prison, 21 years in prison, he's adamantly professed his innocence.
what's wrong?
This kind of incident is particularly problematic, as we've known from decades of research on memory, we know from decades of research on memory.
The Innocence Project includes various statistical analyzes of more than 250 cases of falsely convicted prisoners, including those on death row, who were later exonerated by DNA testing. In fact, nearly three-quarters of those cases were based solely on eyewitness testimony in conviction trials.
Identification of a person by eyewitness testimony is unreliable
Another problem stems from an interesting point about how the human brain works. Simply put, the brain hates "blank space."
Even in the best viewing environments, we treat the events that are happening in front of us as fragments, and store each fragment in different places in our brain.
So with an incomplete and fragmentary memory So with an incomplete and fragmentary memory What happens when you have to recall your experiences?
Subconsciously, without even any motivation, the brain fills in information that was not initially stored based on guesses, speculations, and information acquired after the time of witnessing. is the
This happens completely unnoticed This happens completely unnoticed
It's a "reconstructed memory" so to speak.
This happens all the time in every aspect of life
Inspired by the dual considerations of reconstructed memory and the uncertainty of eyewitness testimony, the lawyers, led by the formidable lawyer Ellen Eggers, had the experience and talent of Francisco Carillo on the appeals court. decided to request a retrial of
I was put into the trial as a neurophysiologist with expertise in eyewitness memory.
I also testified as an expert on human vision in the dark.
How does it relate to Mr. Cariyo's case?
One of the things that's notable about the record of the incident is that the investigators testified that the lighting at the shooting scene was good enough. it was
All the boys testified in court that they could see well All the boys testified in court that they could see well
But this incident happened at 7:00 pm in the northern hemisphere in mid-January.
I calculated the position of the local sun and moon on the night of the shooting. I calculated the position of the local sun and moon on the night of the shooting. didn't go out
In other words, there was no light from the sun or the moon at the scene on the night of the incident.
The lighting in the field is supposed to come only from artificial light sources, so I went to the field and tried to recreate the situation with a photometer in hand, changing the conditions involved in lighting and color perception, using a special camera and high-speed film. was recorded in all conditions tried
recorded everything
And I took a picture of it, based on a map of the scene at the time, what would happen if you saw a car drive up and shoot from where the boys were.
Here's a picture looking straight across the street from the boys.
Investigators reported that the light was sufficient.
The boys also said they looked good
This photo, facing east, was taken in the direction the criminal's car had driven away, showing the lighting conditions behind the father and the boys.
As you can see, it's poor light to say the least.
I don't think anyone would say it's bright enough. The actual light is in this photo. Because when you want to tell a non-expert about your color blindness score, a picture is more effective than a thousand words.
When you're talking about these abstractions to people who aren't familiar with the scientific side of things, it's just that seeing is believing, talking about the tangent of the viewing angle.
It's really boring and dazed
A good courtroom expert must be good at teaching and communicating, and by showing them in pictures, not just where the light source is and how the light is hitting, but also makes the situation clearer to the person examining the facts.
These are the actual pictures I used to testify, these are the actual pictures I used to testify, but more importantly, as a scientist, I measured the photometer readings, and the results. can be used to estimate what the naked eye can see under real-world conditions, under the same conditions of the sun and moon, at the same time of day, and so on, from what I've measured in the field. Regarding color recognition, which is essential for face recognition And in this light, with the pupil dilated, the eyes can only focus and see details at a depth of less than 50 centimeters.The eyes can't focus and see details.
I testified this in court, and the judge really listened intently, but after going through a very long hearing on the retrial, I needed something more than just numbers. Somehow I felt that I needed another push.
So I boldly asked the judge, I asked the judge, "Judge, why don't you take a look at the scene yourself?" How do you like to see it?"
It might have sounded a little more defiant than a request... (laughter) It might have sounded a little more defiant than a request... (laughter) I said with courage, "Let's go."
This is amazing in the American legal world
And then, in fact, we re-enacted the scene in exactly the same circumstances, and the judge showed up in a gargantuan motorcade, escorted by the county sheriff. He was asked to stand a little closer to the shooter's car than the boys were standing, and he stood a few inches from the sidewalk curb toward the road. I was standing a few dozen centimeters from the curb.
And I drove what the boys said, and I drove what the boys said.
There are people in the driver's and passenger's seats, and as they pass by the judge, the passenger in the passenger's seat stretches his hand toward the judge, and the car drives away with his hand still pointing at the judge, following the testimony of the boys.
He didn't have a real gun, but a black one that resembled the gun that was documented.
This is what the judge saw at that time
This is about nine meters from the judge.
An arm sticks out from the passenger side window An arm sticks out from the passenger side window
this is about 9 meters
Some boy said about 4.5 meters Some boy said about 4.5 meters
this is about 4.5 meters
At this point I was a little worried
This judge is someone you definitely don't want to play poker with.
I can't express my emotions at all without moving an eyebrow
No more tilting your head
I couldn't read any responses. After this reenactment, he turned to me and asked, "Is there anything else you'd like me to show you?"
Encouraged by the scientific measurements and precise knowledge at hand, or, as the defendants believe, my sheer stupidity (Laughter) my sheer stupidity (Laughter) I said, "Yes, Judge, please stand over there. I'll make the car go around once more and stop about 1 meter in front of you. I'll stick my arm out from the passenger seat and point a black object at you, so please look at it until you're satisfied. .” See it until you are satisfied. "
That's what the judge saw. (Laughter) You've probably noticed, and I wrote in my report, that the light comes mainly from the north, which means the shooter's face is backlit and you can't see it. So the shooter's face is backlit and you can't see it.
In addition, the roof of the car casts a shadow to make the inside of the car even darker, making the inside of the car even darker.
This is what it looks like about 1 meter ahead
Why did you bother to do this?
Because I knew my visibility was less than 50 centimeters.
So one meter away is the same thing as across the football field.
the judge sees this
I went back to court, and there were still a few days left to hear the testimony.
In addition, we released Mr. Cariyo so that he could be prepared to defend him if the prosecution were to prosecute him again.
the prosecution will not prosecute him again
(Applause) (Applause) He's holding his grandmother in law.
His girlfriend, who was pregnant during the trial, gave birth to a boy.
He's now attending California State University, Long Beach, with his son. (Applause) So what should we keep in mind in this case?
In the American legal community, law and science have long been a dog-and-dog relationship.
In my decades of professional experience in the courts, I have no shortage of terrible stories of people trying to bring science to the courts and being turned down.
The lawyers on the other side are always stubbornly opposed.
What I want to raise here is that we advocate for the need to bring more science into the courts through policies and procedures, and a big step toward that, I'm sorry to say, is that law schools are bringing science, technology, engineering, and mathematics together. It should be given more weight as a compulsory course, because that's where everyone learns and becomes a judge.
The way we choose judges in this country
very different from other countries
Another thing that I think we should be careful about, something that I've always been aware of myself, is about memories that we believe to be true.
There are decades of research, and there are many, many cases like this one, which means that each and every one of them truly believes that none of the boys who testified chose the wrong person. What is not...
I had no idea
we all need to be careful
All our memories are reconstructed memories
it was created by the original experience and all subsequent events
it keeps changing
And sometimes it has bad effects, and it's unstable, and we all have to be careful.
Thank you for your attention. (Applause)
For several years now, we've been exploring the possibility of developing biofuels at a scale that's competitive with fossil fuels, without taking away the water, fertilizers, and land needed to grow food.
this is the solution
The idea is to build a container that floats below the surface of the ocean and fills it with wastewater and oil-producing microalgae. grows and releases oxygen while absorbing carbon dioxide
Microalgae grow in containers that give off heat to the surrounding water, so we can harvest them and use them as biofuels, cosmetics, fertilizers, and feed. We have to think about it, but it's true that when it comes to fuels in the future, it's very important to have alternative liquid fuels.
So why use microalgae?
This graph shows the different types of crops that can be used to produce biofuels. Soybeans can produce about 500 liters of biofuels per hectare per year. Microalgae show high values
Microalgae can produce more than 20,000 to 50,000 liters of fuel per hectare per year, compared to 500 liters of soybeans per year.
So what are microalgae? A microscale, a very small, single-celled organism, compared to a human hair, it looks like this.
Thousands of different species of these tiny creatures have been around since ancient times, some of which grow faster than any other plant on earth, and some of which, like the one I showed you earlier, produce a lot of oil.
So why build this system at sea?
A big reason to do it at sea is because, as you can see in any coastal city, there's no better place to do it. They're using the wastewater to grow algae, and if you look closely, the wastewater treatment plant is built into the city.
Under San Francisco, there are about 1,400 kilometers of sewage pipes that discharge wastewater offshore.
Every city in the world treats wastewater differently, some cities clean wastewater,
Some cities are drowning
But any wastewater can be used to grow microalgae.
This is an image of the system
Named OMEGA, taking the initials of "membrane container for marine algae cultivation"
NASA likes fancy abbreviations like this.
How does it work?
As I explained a little earlier, we start by putting wastewater and carbon dioxide into a floating container. The wastewater provides the nutrients the algae need to grow, while the algae absorb carbon dioxide, which would otherwise be a greenhouse gas.
Of course, they also use the sun's energy to multiply, the energy of the ocean waves to stir the algae, and their temperature is controlled by the temperature of the surrounding water.
I've already mentioned that these algae give off oxygen, but they also produce useful things like biofuels, fertilizers, food, and byproducts unique to algae.
This system is designed not to spread harm to the environment.
Since they are divided into modules, for example, if one of them is struck by lightning,
Let's say there's a hole and the contents leak out.
Leaking wastewater is wastewater that was originally discharged as it is, and algae naturally decompose even if they leak.The algae that grow in wastewater are freshwater organisms, so they cannot live in seawater.
The plastic we're using here is a common one, and it's been well researched, and broken modules can be repaired and reused.
And there's a lot more that could be done with this system. Water, especially fresh water, is expected to have problems in the future, but we're also working on solutions that recycle wastewater.
Considering the structure itself
It becomes a habitat for marine life, and its surface is covered with seagrass and other marine life, acting as an excellent marine habitat and helping to promote biodiversity.
And finally, because it's an underwater structure, it can also contribute to aquaculture.
You might think, "This sounds like a good idea, but will it really work?"
In fact, we've set up a lab in Santa Cruz, California, inside the state Fish and Wildlife Service, and we're doing tests in a giant saltwater tank there.
We're also testing one of San Francisco's three sewage treatment plants.
And to study the impact of this structure on the marine environment, we set up a field study in Monterey Bay, the Moss Landing Marine Laboratory, to see how this structure would affect marine life.
Santa Cruz Lab at Skunk Works
So we grew algae, we welded plastic, we built tools, we made a lot of mistakes, and we learned, not Edison, but 10,000 ways systems don't work.
Now, I'm growing algae in wastewater, and I've built tools to study algae ecology, so I'm studying how algae grow, what kind of environment they like, and which strains are stronger and more fertile.
Now, the most important feature that we developed was the photobioreactor (PBR).
This is a cheap plastic floating structure, and this is a cheap plastic floating structure that's going to be an algae farm. A successful model scaled up to 1700 liters and installed in San Francisco Scaled up to 1700 liters and installed in San Francisco
Let me show you how the system works
So basically, you put in some waste water and some algae of your choice, and then you circulate it through this floating structure, and you have this tubular flexible plastic structure, this tubular flexible plastic structure. and proliferate
But this is like putting a plastic bag over your head.
Algae don't suffocate to carbon dioxide like humans do, but algae don't suffocate to carbon dioxide like humans do.
It's suffocating from the oxygen it produces.
So the next problem was to remove the oxygen, and we did that by putting this column up, and the column circulates some of the water, and before the water comes back, it's got a bubble of carbon dioxide that brings back the carbon dioxide.
This is a prototype and the first attempt at this type of column This is a prototype and the first attempt at this type of column
San Francisco is implementing a larger column into their system.
The columns actually have another great feature, which is that the algae that grow there settles in the columns, which makes it easier to collect the algal biomass and make it easier to harvest.
We can easily harvest the algae by removing the algae that accumulates at the bottom of the column and then floating the algae to the surface and skimming it with a net.
We also wanted to study the impact of this system on the marine environment, and as I said, we set up a field research station, the Moss Landing Marine Laboratory.
There, the system became covered with algae, and we needed a way to clean it, and we also looked at how it would interact with seabirds and marine mammals, so sea otters were also very interested in this structure. I mean, sometimes they come over and traverse over floating waterbeds, so I'm thinking about training the sea otters to clean the outside of the system in the future.
What we've been doing here spans four areas.
First, the biological study of this system looked not only at how the algae grow, but also what eats and kills the algae.
In the field of engineering, we've been thinking about what it takes to build a structure, not just on the small scale, but also on the large scale systems that we'll eventually need.
I also talked about birds and marine mammals, but I also looked at the environmental impact of this system.
It's about getting more out of the system than you put in to keep it running.
What about operating costs
how much capital costs
And what about the overall economic structure?
To put it bluntly, this is a difficult problem, and there are still many challenges in all four areas to actually build a system.
I don't have time today, so I'm going to show you an image of the completed system. If you build it in a quiet cove somewhere in the world, it will look like this. You can see the sources of carbon emissions, but when you think about the economics, it turns out that this alone is difficult.
We need to think of this system as a means of wastewater treatment and carbon sequestration, and integrate it with all sorts of things like solar panels, wave energy, wind energy, and we can even add aquaculture.
Cultivate shellfish under the system and raise mussels or scallops
You could also think of producing high-value foods like oysters, which could eventually become a competitive fuel source if these were the driving force of the system and scaled up over time.
The question that always arises here is the recent problem of plastic floating in the ocean.
The problem is what to do with the large amount of plastic that we need in our marine environment.
As you may know, in California, as you may know, in California there is a huge amount of plastic sheeting that is used to cover the surface of cultivated land. Promotes warmer plant growth, suppresses weeds, and improves water utilization
It would be great if the OMEGA system could get the same kind of recognition, and if we could use the plastic that's been used in the marine environment for farming.
So what will the system look like once it's installed?
This is an image in the San Francisco Bay
San Francisco's wastewater is 240 million liters per day. A five-day storage system would require a capacity of 1.2 billion liters, which would require 518 hectares of OMEGA modules floating in the San Francisco Bay.
That's less than 1% of the surface area of ​​the entire bay This is less than 1% of the surface area of ​​the entire bay
This system will produce 18,700 liters per hectare per year, so the total volume will be more than 7.5 million liters, which will produce 20% of San Francisco's diesel needs. can be produced without any effort to improve efficiency.
But what about other places?
many places are possible
Of course San Francisco Bay is possible.
Others like San Diego Bay, Mobile Bay, Chespeak Bay, etc. But as the sea level rises, there will be new candidates.
So biofuel production is integrated with alternative energy, and it's integrated with aquaculture.
I was on a quest for innovative ways to produce sustainable biofuels, and along the way, I realized that sustainability requires integration, not innovation.
In the long run, I believe in the power of collectives and creativity through connection.
If we're basically open and not obsessed with who gets the credit, I think there are endless possibilities.
I believe there are many, many forms of sustainable solutions to future problems.
We need to consider all possibilities, everything from Alpha to OMEGA.
Thank you. (Applause) (Applause) I have a quick question for you, Jonathan.
Can the project continue within NASA? Or do you need an ambitious green energy fund or something to keep going?
At NASA, it's time to make it independent and expand the project out to sea, but there are a lot of problems with doing it in the United States.
At this stage, we need external cooperation. We're making this technology open to anyone, and we want anyone who is interested to make it happen.
It's interesting because you don't want to patent it, you want to spread the technology.
It's interesting because you don't want to patent it, you want to spread the technology.
exactly
Understood Thank you
(Applause)
Embryonic stem cells are truly amazing cells.
It's our body's repair kit, it's pluripotent — it can transform into any cell in our body.
Soon we will be able to use stem cells to replace damaged or diseased cells.
But today, I want to talk about something else. There's a lot of applied research going on in stem cells that's going to change a lot of things. The drug discovery process will also change significantly.
I believe that stem cell research will make diseases like Alzheimer's and diabetes, like polio, preventable by the time our children grow up.
So this field is a great hope for humanity, but it's politically and financially under siege, as you look back more than 35 years and look back at the in vitro fertilization process that led to Louise's healthy birth.
With important research being challenged rather than supported, I thought it essential to establish independent, private laboratories where research could proceed without interference.
So in 2005, we created the New York Stem Cell Foundation Research Institute, a small organization that could advance and support this research.
It wasn't long before I realized that not only medical research, but drug and treatment development, as you might imagine, is dominated by big institutions, and in new fields, big institutions struggle to get out of their way, and sometimes ask the right questions. And that's further widening the huge gap between academic research and the pharmaceutical and biotech companies tasked with delivering medicines and treatments. We need to solve the problem with two things: new technology and new research models.
If we can't close this huge gap, there can be no progress, and that's what I'm trying to say.
We've made a list of things to think about in the last few years, and we've also developed new technologies, both software and hardware, that we can use to generate a wide array of thousands of genetically diverse genes. We can generate stem cell lines that cover us, essentially our alter ego.
The development of this technology will allow us to: Not only will this technology realize the potential of sequencing the human genome, but it will also generate stem cell lines that can be tested in human cells in cell culture dishes. We'll be able to do this, not in animal cells, and that will make drug discovery and therapy more efficient, safer, faster, and less expensive.
Let me give you some background to understand this.
This field is very new
In 1998, human embryonic stem cells were first discovered, and just nine years later, a group of Japanese scientists were able to reprogram the extracted skin cells with a very potent virus, and the result was this. are induced pluripotent stem cells, commonly known as iPS cells, a type of embryonic stem cell.
This was a huge breakthrough, because even though these cells aren't still standard human embryonic stem cells, they're useful for modeling disease and, in principle, for drug discovery.
A few months later, in 2008, one of our scientists developed that study, and he took a skin biopsy, this time from a patient with a motor neuron disease called ALS.
From that sample, we made the iPS cells that I talked about earlier, and the motor neurons that were made from those iPS cells got sick and died.
So what he did was he turned healthy cells into diseased cells, and then replicated the disease over and over again in culture dishes. because this was the first time
As we watched the disease progress, we discovered that in ALS, motor neurons die in a different way than previously thought. It's something we wouldn't have known without a human model.
The point here is that the human stem cell models cannot be used by researchers trying to determine the cause of a disease, in the same way that investigators of airplane crashes cannot use black boxes, or flight recorders, to determine the cause of an accident. Thing
We can hypothesize what went wrong, but we have no way of knowing what actually caused the tragedy.
Stem cells are flight recorders for disease, a window of unprecedented information.
This is pretty cool, because we can replicate so many diseases in a culture dish, and we can see what's going wrong in the communication between cells, long before the patient shows symptoms.
This will hopefully lead to the routine use of human cells in drug trials in the near future.
Current drug trials are full of problems
It takes an average of 13 years for a drug to get approved and hit the market -- for a single drug -- and there's also $4 billion in sunk costs. yeah
If you see numbers like this in other fields, nobody will bother to touch them.
This is a terrible business model
And more than that, it's a social model that puts a huge burden on everyone.
Currently, drug discovery is driven by testing compounds that seem to work. We didn't have any disease models in human cells. It doesn't necessarily have the properties of the disease that we're trying to cure.
We're not mice, so we can't take brain cells or heart cells from living patients and try them out with just drug candidates.
But with human stem cells, we can make copies, we can create cells, whether they're living motor neurons, beating heart cells, liver cells, or any other cell, drugs, compounds that might work. You can actually test it in the cells you're targeting, and that's really cool, because in the very early stages of drug testing and clinical trials, you know that it's actually ineffective or toxic, and it takes 13 years to get a drug to market. don't wait for
But it's not enough to try cells from just a few people. Let's take a step back.
you have to look at the big picture
Look around this room, we're all different, and we're all different when it comes to disease. If you're sick and given the same drug, you'll get different results because your genetic makeup is different. Similarly, a drug that was harmful to you could be safe to me. I couldn't because I didn't have the tools to do that until now.
We need to move away from the traditional one-size-fits-all model
So far, the drug discovery process has essentially been like this: You go into a shoe store and they don't even ask you whether you're dancing shoes or hiking shoes.
Just say, "Take these shoes for your feet."
You can't buy shoes with that, much less because our bodies are many times more complex than just our feet.
the status quo needs to change
In the last ten years there has been one sad instance
There were certain drugs that worked wonderfully, and one of them was Vioxx. Vioxx was indeed a lifesaver for people suffering from arthritis pain, but unfortunately for another group, it had serious heart side effects. And in some people, the cardiac side effects were so severe that they died.
But imagine another scenario: what if we had a genetically diverse array of cardiomyocytes, and we could actually test Vioxx in a culture dish, and people with this genotype would have cardiac side effects? For the other genotypes -- like your shoe size -- you know in advance that it's perfectly fine.
Those who were saved by Vioxx would only have been able to continue in peace.
On the other hand, the people to whom Vioxx caused fatal situations were not given Vioxx, and the pharmaceutical companies who had to withdraw Vioxx would have had a different end.
This incident is tragic, and in trying to solve this problem, again, we have to think about genetics, we have to think about human experimentation, but there's a much more fundamental problem. It's wonderful, but it's a population of cells that you build by hand, one strain at a time, and that process takes months.
This makes mass production impossible. When it comes to creating stem cell lines by hand, even the best-equipped laboratories have variability in their techniques. You have to know it's the same thing as the aspirin you take out.
So when you think about it this way, craftsmanship is great when it comes to clothing and baking and crafts, but it's not great when it comes to stem cells. So we have to solve this problem.
Even if we can do that, there's another big hurdle, and we have to start with mapping the human genome, because we're all different.
Sequencing of the human genome has shown us all the ACGTs that make up our genes, but code-only DNA is like reading a computer code of 1's and 0's without a computer to decode it.
It's like having an app without a smartphone
So biology has to come in and turn it into useful data, and the way to do that is to have a biological stand-in that can be packed with all the genetic information, and put it side by side into an array so that it can be deciphered. What you can do is an alter-ego that can express amazing diversity.
We need stem cells from every subtype to represent every human being.
this is what we made
automated robot technology
Thousands of stem cell lines can be produced, and those lines are arrayed according to their genetic information.
It also has great parallelism, and it's expected to change the drug discovery process. What I think is going to happen eventually is rescreening drugs on arrays like this, all the drugs that exist today, the drugs of the future. And treatments are likely to have been scrutinized beforehand for side effects, in all the cells involved, brain cells, heart muscle cells, liver cells.
This technology has opened up possibilities for personalized medicine.
As far as my family is concerned, my son has type 1 diabetes, which is still incurable. My parents also died of heart disease and cancer. have you had a similar experience
At some point in our lives, we all become patients, either ourselves or someone we love, which is why stem cell research is so important to all of us.
Thank you. (Applause)
Fifteen years ago, people thought that the brain undergoes most of its development just a few years after birth.
At that time, it was not possible to look inside the brain of a living human being and observe how it develops.
But in the last decade or so, because of advances in brain imaging techniques like MRI, neuroscientists have begun to look at the brain at a wide range of ages to study how the structure and function of the human brain changes with age, for structural analysis. With MRI, we were able to take snapshots of the living brain in extremely high quality, and we've begun to unravel the mysteries of how much of the brain is gray matter and how that proportion changes with age.
And with functional MRI, or so-called fMRI, we can take videos of the brains of study participants so that we can see how they think, feel, and perceive.
Now, with all this research going on all over the world, we've learned so much about the development of the living human brain that it's changed the way scientists think about brain development: The brain is young. It turned out that instead of being completely finished at some point, it continued to develop through adolescence, into our 20s and 30s.
Now, adolescence is supposed to be the period that begins with the biological, hormonal and physical changes that occur during puberty and ends when you become socially stable and independent.
(Laughter) Some people go through adolescence for a long time.
This is a model of the human brain, and this part of the front is the prefrontal cortex.
It's the funniest part of the brain.
The human prefrontal cortex makes up a larger proportion of the brain than any other organism, and performs a variety of high-level cognitive functions, such as decision-making and planning -- planning what to do tomorrow, next week, next year, or inappropriate behavior. restraint, i.e. the ability to restrain oneself from saying something rude or doing something stupid,
It's also involved in social interactions, understanding others, and self-awareness.
Using MRI to follow the development of this part of the brain, it's been shown that the prefrontal cortex develops really dramatically during adolescence.
For example, if you look at the gray matter in the prefrontal cortex from ages 4 to 22, its volume begins to increase in childhood and, as you can see in this graph, peaks in early adolescence.
The arrow points to the peak of gray matter volume in the prefrontal cortex. Boys reach this peak about two years later than girls. On average, boys hit puberty about two years later than girls. And gray matter volume in the prefrontal cortex decreases significantly during adolescence.
This may sound like a bad thing, but it's actually very important for brain development. Gray matter has a lot of neuronal cell bodies and synapses that connect cells together, and a reduction in gray matter volume can lead to excess synapses. believed to be associated with elimination
This is a very important process, and to some extent it's also influenced by the environment in which the organism lives: synapses that are being used become stronger, and synapses that aren't used to live in that environment are eliminated.
like pruning a rose bush
By removing the weak branches, the remaining important branches become stronger, and this process of building the best brain for the creature's unique environment takes place in adolescence in the prefrontal cortex and other parts of the brain. is the
Now, we're also using fMRI to document changes in the brain during adolescence to study how the human brain changes with age.
As an example, let me give you an experiment in my lab.
We're interested in the social functions of the brain, the parts of the brain that are important for understanding and interacting with people around us.
To show you the two sides of this social brain, let me show you this picture.
(Laughter) Michael Owen, who missed a goal, is lying on the ground, holding his head. In this picture, social and emotional responses are automatic and instinctive. The moment Owen misses the goal, everyone does the same thing with their arms and faces, the same gesture, the same expression. They're the only ones in yellow. (Laughter) They should be on the other side of the stadium. Another aspect of the human brain, which this picture shows so well, is that we have a very good ability to read the emotions and psychology of the people around us by looking at their behavior, their actions, their gestures, their facial expressions.
so what are they doing now
There's no need to ask them directly if they're thinking or feeling.
That's what my lab is interested in.
We take adolescents and adults in a lab, take images of their brains, and then give them a task to think about the thoughts, psychology, and emotions of others. The medial part of the prefrontal cortex, in blue on this slide, is the part of the prefrontal cortex that's right in the middle of the head, in the midline of the head.
The medial prefrontal cortex of the brain in adolescents who think about others is more active than in adults, and a meta-analysis of results from nine laboratories around the world shows the same trend. The medial prefrontal cortex activity peaks in adolescence and then tapers off.
It's thought that this is because young people and adults take different mental approaches, different cognitive strategies when it comes to social decision-making. Let me give you another example from an experiment that I'm doing in my lab.
Imagine that, as a participant in this experiment, you walked into the lab and were shown a task like this on your computer.
This task uses a bookshelf
Now, you can see a man on the other side of the shelf with things on it, and he can't see everything.
Some things are hidden by gray boards so that this person can't see them.
This is the shelf that the man standing on the other side sees.
He can see very little, but you can see a lot more.
The challenge is to move things on the shelf.
The guy on the other side of the shelf, as director, dictates what to move. Just remember, he doesn't dictate what you can't see. occurs
For example, let's say you're told to move the top track to the left.
There are three tracks, and instinctively, you're going to reach for the white track that's on top of you. Look, I'm talking about the blue truck at the top." Amazingly, even smart adults like you, who have no disabilities, get it wrong about 50% of the time.
You're moving the white truck instead of the blue truck.
We asked adolescents and adults to do this task separately, and in a controlled experiment, without supervision, we set up rules instead.
We do exactly the same thing, but this time there is no director on the other side, and the rule is that anything with a dark gray board behind it is ignored.
It's exactly the same setting, except that in the unsupervised setting, you're given a somewhat arbitrary set of rules, and in the setting with a supervisor, you have to remember to think about his point of view and decide your next move.
Let me show you the error rates in a large developmental study that my lab did. Participants ranged from seven-year-olds to adults. Let's look at the adult error rates in both settings. It's a positive setting. Smart adults get it wrong about 50% of the time.
The competencies required in these two settings develop in exactly the same way. From the end of childhood to mid-adolescence, the probability of making mistakes decreases in both settings.
But when you compare the mid-adolescent and adult groups on the far right, it becomes very interesting.
In other words, the ability to remember and follow the rules seems to be fully developed by mid-adolescence. From then through adulthood, there's a definite improvement in performance, and that's the ability to understand the perspectives of others and make decisions about your next move. it's inside
So if your teenage son or daughter thinks they can't think of others and act, yes, there's a reason.
teenagers are funny
The media parodies and sometimes demonizes typical teenage behavior: risky, moody, and hyperself-conscious.
A friend of mine told me a very good story, and he said that the most noticeable difference between his daughters' pre- and post-adolescent years was their embarrassment when they were with their fathers.
When my pre-adolescent girls were fooling around in the store, I said, "I'll sing you your favorite song, so stop fooling around." Yes, it became a threat to those girls who went beyond puberty.
(Laughter) The mere thought of my father singing in front of people was enough to get me going.
Some people ask, "Is adolescence a relatively new phenomenon?
Is it a concept recently coined by Westerners? "
Probably not. People in the past described adolescence in the same way that we do today.
In a well-known quote, Shakespeare, in The Winter's Tale, wrote about adolescence, "How wonderful it would be if the ages between 10 and 23 were gone, or if you slept all the time, my daughter. There's nothing to do but to get pregnant, to harass the old, to steal, and to fight." (Laughter) Almost 400 years ago, Shakespeare described adolescence in the same way that we do today. I'm trying to better understand their behavior.
For example, dealing with risk. They tend to want to do risky things, really.
They are more likely to take risks than children or adults, especially when they have friends around them, which is an important urge in adolescence to stand up from their parents and impress their friends.
To give you a better understanding of adolescence, let's look at the development of a part of the brain called the limbic system, which is the slide behind me, and in this model, the red part is the limbic system.
The limbic system is deep in the brain, and it's the part of the brain that processes emotions and rewards. It's this part of the brain that makes us feel rewarded when we do something interesting, even if it's risky.
The exhilaration that accompanies risky behavior also comes from this part.
And it's this part of the limbic system that's more sensitive in adolescence than in adults to the rewards of doing something risky, as well as the prefrontal cortex, the blue part on this slide, to avoid doing too much risky stuff. This part of inhibition is still developing in adolescence.
Through research, neuroscientists have shown that the brain undergoes tremendous development during adolescence, a finding that has important implications for education, rehabilitation and other interventions. It has developmental implications, but it's relatively recent that Western countries have started to educate teenagers more widely.
For example, all four of my grandparents dropped out of school in early adolescence and had no other choice.
There are still many teenagers around the world who are like that. 40% of teenagers don't go to middle school or high school.
But this is the period of life when the brain is most adaptable, adaptable.
Great opportunity for learning and creativity development
So we shouldn't condemn behavior that is often seen as a problem for adolescents.
It reflects changes in the brain that provide the best opportunities for learning and social development. Thank you. (Applause)
It's time to start designing for your ears
Architects and designers tend to focus too much on appearance.
Because we design for sight by sight, and that's why even a restaurant as nice as this (noisy) can be this noisy, and you're going to have a loud conversation with your diners. Also, (announcement by the crew) I hear the announcement through the old receiver, through the cheap speakers, and it makes my heart pop.
(Laughter) Noise isn't just about quality of life.
It's hurting our health, our social skills, our productivity.
How does sound affect your life? there are two
One is the environment, and I used to be at TED.
I talked about how noise affects our physiology, our psychology, our cognition, our behavior.
The various "sounds" that surround us affect us without us realizing it.
the second is
It's a sound barrier. Sending and receiving is essential to communication. In my TED talk, I talked about the importance of conscious listening, but no matter how well you communicate and how intently you listen.
If there is a problem with the space in which information is exchanged, communication will not be established.
Space has both noise and acoustic properties.
The acoustics in this room are really great.
most rooms are not very good
I'll give you two examples here, health care and education, which are areas that are getting a lot of attention.
(Hospital sounds) When I went to visit my terminally ill father, I asked myself, would any patient recover in all this noise?
The noise in the hospital room is getting worse and worse.
Noise levels have doubled since 1972, affecting not only patients but also hospital workers.
Wouldn't you like to eliminate medication errors? And yet, while noise levels are rising, it's also causing medication errors.
Above all, it's the patients who suffer, and you and I can become victims.
sleep is essential for recovery
If you're placed in this kind of noise while you're being treated, your body will scream, "You're in danger," even if you're able to sleep.
Poor sleep slows recovery
Things designed with sound in mind can be expected to have a great effect on health management.
The other area I'm working on this year is
education
What would sound sound like in a classroom like this?
I end up thinking
("Do architects have ears?") (Laughter) That's kind of mean. Some of my best friends are architects. (Laughter) They have ears.
But sometimes they seem to design without ears, and here's a good example.
It is a large-scale school building that was built at a cost of about 4 billion yen and was recently built in England.
It's like a corporate headquarters building with a very large atrium, because there are no walls separating the classrooms.
Children can't hear what the teacher is saying
In the end, I spent 70 million yen to build a wall. "Classroom without walls" is ridiculous. Let's stop it now.
As well as newly designed classrooms
Old-fashioned classrooms have problems too
A study in Florida a few years ago showed that if you sit in this picture and you take a class, you understand only 50 percent of the time.
I miss half of the lesson content
It's not that you're only half-skilled, but it's that you're going to have a really hard time understanding what's being taught.
It has to do with the reverberation time, or how the sound reverberates.
A classroom has a reverberation time of 1.2 seconds.
(Voice echoes and is hard to hear) It's hard to hear, isn't it?
This is what happens when you use sound treatment techniques, sound absorbing materials, etc. to reduce the reverberation time from 1.2 seconds to 0.4 seconds.
"In language, you can make an infinite number of words from a small number of letters. In mathematics, you can make an infinite number of numbers from a small number of digits and zero."
big difference
The future of education will look like the latter, thanks to this simulation by British acoustician Adrian James, where the audio signal was the same and the background noise was the same.
The only difference is the acoustic properties of the two classrooms.
If you compare education to watering a garden, unfortunately most of the water evaporates before it reaches the flowers, and this is especially true for deaf children, for example.
This isn't just limited to deaf people, it also includes children with colds, middle ear infections, infections and hay fever. One in eight falls into this group.
Then there are children who are learning in a language other than their mother tongue.
more than 10 percent of school-aged children in the UK
Also, as Susan Kane put it, it's very difficult for introverts to collaborate in noise.
So many children don't get a proper education.
The impact doesn't stop there
(Buzz) A German study found that the average noise level in a classroom is 65 decibels.
In all this noise, teachers need to raise their voices
It's not just your voice that's actually increasing your heart rate.
Heart rate increases with noise
this is not good for your health
A large study of noise and health found that 65 decibels is the level at which people are at risk of having a heart attack.
it causes a heart attack
You could say that by teaching in this environment, teachers are shortening their lifespans.
How much would it cost to make the reverberation time 0.4 seconds?
About 300,000 yen
A recent study from the University of Essex in England found that rooms with a short reverberation time not only significantly improved hearing impairment, but also behavior significantly. It costs 10,000 yen
It is clear which is more economical
It's nice to have a discussion
A few weeks ago, I moderated a conference in London called "Sound Education," attended by leading acousticians, government officials, teachers and others.
Finally, there was a debate about the challenges and benefits of sound design in education.
Through this conference, we developed a free app that the kids use when they come home and study in a noisy kitchen.
It's a free app made through conferences.
Please broaden your horizons and look around the city
I have a city planner
Do you have an "urban sound planner"?
I don't know anyone like that, but the opportunity to improve the city experience is right around the corner.
The WHO estimates that a quarter of the European population has their sleep disturbed by urban noise.
At work, I spend a lot of time in the office.
Do you have an office sound planner?
For example, "Don't put this noisy team next to a quiet team."
"In a 30-person conference room, rather than spending the money on a screen, he's the one who advises, 'If you're in a 30-person conference room, it's better to put a small mic than spend the money on a screen.'" I can. You don't have to see me.
Office noise affects everything Office noise slows down people's performance, makes teamwork boring and reduces productivity.
When you build a house, hire an interior decorator.
Where is the room sound designer?
In fact, anyone can become a room acoustics designer. Listen to what your room sounds like, and design a sound that is effective and desirable.
London architect Richard Masf calls it "invisible architecture."
made a great statement
It's about designing the experience, not the look. The result is that you can create spaces that not only look good, but also sound great, serve a purpose, and improve your quality of life.
It's time to start designing for your ears
Thank you. (Applause) (Applause) Thank you (Applause)
I was 15 years old when I started to become aware of the food waste around the world.
In Sussex I raise pigs
I raised them the old-fashioned, eco-friendly way.
When I went to the school cafeteria, I asked them not to throw away the leftover food, but to give it to me!
I went to the local bakery and got some stale bread.
I also went to the greengrocer, and when I went to the farm, I was given potatoes that were thrown away because they were of a different shape or size than the standard.
Pigs are wonderful creatures that turn all this waste food into delicious pork.
However, I soon realized that much of the waste food that was fed to pigs could be safely eaten by humans. was wasted more and more
Even supermarkets were hesitant to talk about wasted food.
In the back, there was a bin full of food waste that seemed to be being taken to a landfill, so I wondered if I could do something more meaningful instead of throwing the food away.
One morning, I was feeding the pigs, and when I saw this delicious bread with sun-dried tomatoes, I thought, "Did you feed the pigs with this?"
I picked it up and sat down next to the pig and had a delicious breakfast. It's also an answer to the problem: just eating food that would have been wasted.
And that led me to face the problem of corporate food waste, and I began to show that the food that was wasted wasn't spoiled or unedible.
Great food that is still edible is being wasted on a large scale.
And I wrote a book to show just how big this problem is on a global scale, and here's a graph showing the estimated amount of food waste by country.
Unfortunately, we didn't have solid, well-founded data, so the first thing we did was figure out a way to identify how much food was wasted.
So I decided to collect data on food supply in each country and data on actual food consumption and compare them.
We decided to base our food consumption data on food intake, obesity levels, and other data that estimate how much food actually goes into people's mouths.
The black line in the middle of the graph is a value that includes some amount of food waste that is unavoidable at the assumed consumption level.
Waste is inevitable, and in fact, it's impossible to live without waste.
But this black line represents the amount needed to provide a safe, stable and nutritious diet for the entire population at ideal levels of supply.
The points above this line, which are found in most countries around the world, are unnecessary excesses of food, representing the level of waste in each country.
As countries get richer, they tend to put more extra food in stores and restaurants, and as you can see, many European and North American countries have food supplies that are one-and-a-half to two times more than they need to feed their people. increase
For example, in the United States, twice as much food as people need is on store shelves and prepared in restaurants.
But with all this massive amount of data, I wondered why the graph was flattening out.
In any country, supply will grow steadily to 1.5 times the required amount, but that's where it stabilizes.
I decided to analyze the data further to see if this was the correct observation.
and this is my conclusion
If you include not only the food that is used in stores, but also the food that you feed livestock -- corn, soybeans, wheat, the food that humans can eat, but that you feed animals to produce meat and dairy -- in many developed countries. You can see from the graph that we're supplying three to four times as much food as we need.
America's food supply is four times more than we need.
Whenever I hear that the world will have nine billion people by 2050, and that we need to increase food production to feed everyone, this graph comes to mind.
In rich countries, reality and hunger levels have a lot of leeway.
Never before has there been a food surplus of this magnitude.
In some ways, this is a testament to the success of human civilization, the result of 12,000 years of agricultural evolution, and a human success story.
Yes, it's been considered a success story.
But right now, we have to realize that the planet is reaching its limits. We're pulling the water out to dry up the ponds, we're throwing carbon out of our factories, and we're throwing away the resulting food.
Yesterday I went to a supermarket near my house, which is where I often go, so I can find out what they're throwing away.
So I found a bunch of biscuits among the discarded fruits and vegetables.
I thought I'd use this to describe today's situation.
Think of the biscuits I found in the trash as representing the world's food supply, okay?
I think that's the food produced in a year around the world.
The first one disappears before it leaves the farm.
This is largely due to underdeveloped farming techniques, such as infrastructure, refrigeration, pasteurization, grain storage, fruit packaging, and other related technologies, which mean that unmarketable food is thrown away before it leaves the farm. will be
The next three biscuits are corn, wheat, soybeans, etc., which are not eaten by humans but are fed to livestock.
Unfortunately, livestock are energy inefficient, so two-thirds of the energy in the food they eat is turned into faeces or used as heat, so two of them are consumed by livestock and end up in the form of meat and dairy products. only one remains
The next two are thrown directly into the trash
So this is what comes to your mind when you hear food waste: the food that goes into your home, your supermarket trash can, your restaurant trash can, and so on.
Isn't this a poor use of the planet's resources, especially with billions of people suffering from hunger today?
What I did after cleaning up the data was to show where these wasted foods were going.
Where did the wasted food that was never put on the table go?
Let's start with the supermarket
(Laughter) You may be wondering why I'm doing this, but if the company is honest about what's going on behind the scenes, I'll sneak around. Look, you don't have to open the trash can and look inside.
But here's a street scene in Europe and North America.
This is what mass food waste looks like. It's just that I realized while writing the book that this is just the tip of the iceberg of the massive food waste problem.
As we traced back further and further back to the source of production, we found that food wastage occurred on an even greater scale.
Excuse me, but if you have a loaf of bread at home, could you please raise your hand?
And how many people at home eat even the browned parts on both ends of the bread?
A lot of people, if not all of them, seem to be eating it. The good news is that it's common all over the world. Have you ever seen a sandwich made from a loaf of bread in a supermarket or a bakery? (Laughter) No. right
(Laughter) Unfortunately, this is the answer. This factory alone throws away 13,000 freshly baked loaves of bread every day.
When I visited this factory in 2008, there was famine in Pakistan because the world's food was concentrated in the richest countries.
Because wealthy countries like England throw away food that can still be eaten, depriving the hungry people of food every day.
And if we trace it even further back to the source of production, it leads us to farmers, who discard more than a third of their crops because they look unsightly.
This farmer invested 16,000 pounds to grow spinach, but he didn't get to ship a single leaf because there was just a little bit of weed in it.
All these potatoes are fed to pigs because they don't look good.
This parsnip root crop is too small to ship to the supermarket Tomatoes from Tenerife Florida oranges Ecuadorian bananas This is a farmer I visited last year These are all thrown away This is a banana farmer in Ecuador throws away a banana in a day is
It's all thrown away.
And just like we do with fruits and vegetables, we do the same thing with animals.
Livers, lungs, brains, tails, kidneys, testicles, all of which used to be food, delicious and nutritious parts, but are now thrown away.In the United Kingdom and the United States, the consumption of animal organs has halved in the last 30 years.
As a result, at best, it's either dog food or it's incinerated.
This man, from the town of Kashi in Xinjiang, in western China, served me traditional food.
it's a sheep organ
It's very tasty and very nutritious, and I found out when I went to Kashi that dishes made from sheep's organs are a symbol of the spirit of not wasting food.
At a roadside restaurant
I was talking to the chef after dinner, and in the middle of the conversation, he suddenly stopped talking and looked at my plate and started getting angry.
Did I do something wrong?
did something make him angry?
He pointed to three grains of rice on his plate and said, "There's still some left."
(Laughter) What I learned from this is that we humans have the power to stop wasting this food resource, this mass food waste. If we can recognize that is a social evil, and if we can protest to companies or to governments against food waste, then we can change the status quo.
Between 40% and 60% of fish in Europe are wasted before they reach land.
Decreased contact with food at home
This is an experiment I did with lettuce
Does anyone keep lettuce in the refrigerator?
Mostly, the lettuce on the left was refrigerated for 10 days.
The middle one is on the table, the same as the left one.
The lettuce on the right was taken care of like cut flowers.
The lettuce is also alive, so if you drain it and put it in water, it will stay fresh for the next two weeks and you can eat it.
As I said earlier, some food waste is inevitable, so what do we do about it?
The answer is given by me at 15 years old
No, humans have known the answer for 6,000 years, if only we could raise pigs and recycle food waste.
But in Europe, such practices have been banned since the 2001 foot-and-mouth epidemic.
It's an unscientific and unnecessary step.
Isn't pig rice perfectly safe if cooked properly, just like human rice?
As a result, it also saves a lot of resources.
Europe now imports millions of tons of soybeans from South America, and South American farmers are fueling global warming, deforestation, and biodiversity loss to feed European livestock.
On the other hand, we waste millions of tons of food when we could feed our own livestock with it.
If you keep pigs and feed them waste food, you don't add carbon dioxide.
The government's favorite method of reducing food waste The government's favorite method of reducing food waste is to have microbes break down food waste and generate electricity from the gas produced. It only saves 448 kilograms of carbon dioxide, which is much more efficient than feeding pigs.
(Laughter) The good news is that people around the world are starting to address the problem of food waste.
The event Feeding the 5000 started in 2009.
An event where 5,000 people eat food that would have been thrown away An event where 5,000 people eat food that would have been thrown away
It then took place again in London, and now it crosses borders and is held all over the world.
This is one way to change the way we think about food. The first thing to do is eat food instead of throwing it away, and enjoy it.
For the sake of our earth, for the children who will live in the future, and for all other creatures living on the earth, we humans live on the ground and eat food. don't waste
Stop wasting food. Thank you. (Applause) (Applause)
We get up in the morning, get dressed, put on our shoes and go out.
When you come home, you undress, you fall asleep, and you wake up and do the same thing. These expectations and rhythms allow us to create systems of life and behavior, to predict what will happen next.
Living in New York like I do, doing so many things with so many people, so close together, is like life being dealt a new hand out of a deck of cards.
I don't think it's going to be a counterpoint, I just don't think that's going to happen.
I don't think I'm walking down the street and choosing one way or the other will change my life forever.
One night I was on an uptown train.
I'm always a little more cautious when I'm on the subway.
I don't sit around listening to headphones and immerse myself in a book.
And then I got on the train and looked around me, and I noticed a couple of college-aged kids who looked like students. And the two of them... they've got this little weird thing. They're tying a knot. give it to a boy and he will do the same
I have never seen such a sight
It was like practicing magic
At the next station, a man boarded the train, dressed like a visiting professor.
He was carrying a crumpled leather satchel, a rectangular file case, a computer bag, and he was wearing a tweed jacket with leather patches. Look, you can do it this way." He took the string from them and immediately started tying the knot. I was much better than them.
It turned out that the duo were medical students, and they were on their way to a lecture on the latest suturing techniques, and the professor who was giving the lecture was a man who had come in after them.
(Laughter) And then the professor started saying, "No, this is very important. Look, when you want to tie a knot like this, you have to do it all at the same time, like this, you have to have all the information in front of you." You have to do it, your organs can get in the way, your hands can get slippery, and what's really important is that you have to go beyond your habits and be able to do this with either your left hand or your right hand without looking at your fingers. must not
As soon as I heard that, I was suddenly transported out of the subway car into one night, where I was being transported in an ambulance that night, from the sidewalk where I was stabbed, to the treatment room at St. Vincent's Hospital in Manhattan, and what happened. So first came the gangs from Brooklyn.
I had to kill someone as part of the initiation ceremony for three gang members, and I happened to be walking down Bleecker Street that night, and they silently attacked me.
Luckily, when I was at Notre Dame, I was on the boxing team, so my instinct was to raise my fists.
The man on the right had a knife with a 25-inch blade.
If you know anatomy, you know that it's not a very good place to get cut, and of course it cut upwards, and then -- I was still with my fists up, but the man pulled out the knife, this time into his neck. I came over and cut a knife through the neck, and I threw a straight right punch and knocked down the man in the middle.
The other man was still attacking me, trying to stab the other lung, and I punched him and managed to buy him some time.
I ran down the street and collapsed, and the paramedics intubated me on the sidewalk and alerted the infirmary.
A side effect of heavy bleeding is tunnel vision. I remember being on a stretcher. It was like looking through a cone the size of a dime. I was moving my head at St. Vincent's Hospital. When I got to I ran through the corridors on a stretcher, I saw the lights one after another passing behind me, these memories are strange.
not stored where it would normally be stored
It's stored in a place where it's stored in high definition, and all the sound is done by George Lucas.
And so I entered the treatment room, and everyone was waiting for me, and there were a lot of lights, and now I was able to breathe a little bit, because the blood that was accumulating in my lungs had been removed. was very difficult, but the pain went away with the stretcher.
And I said, "Is there anything I can help you with?"
(Laughter) The nurse laughed hysterically, and I moved my head to look at them all, and I was reminded of my college days, when we were collecting money for flood victims in Bangladesh, and the anesthesiologist. He was putting an anesthetic mask on me, and I thought, 'He looks Bangladeshi. But then the doctors operated through the night. During the operation, they needed about 40 packs of blood transfusions. He told me that what he had done was remove my appendix, and I was grateful that he had watched me through to the end. (Laughter) In the morning, I regained consciousness.
When the anesthesia wore off, the surgeon told me he wanted to stay by my side, and gave me about a 2% chance of survival.
When I woke up, the surgeon was there, and I woke up with pain that shattered an icy lake.
The pain was all over my body, but there was one spot where it didn't hurt, which was the top of my foot.
I looked up and he was like, 'Hey.' I wondered if my hair kept me strong like, "I'm going to need as much strength as I can."
Back then, I had waist-length hair, I rode a motorcycle, I wasn't even married, I also ran a bar, but that was a long time ago. Back in the day, I was on life support for three days. I thought I wouldn't survive because I had to do something, so for those three days, everyone was waiting for me to die or to have a bowel movement (Laughter). So, surgically speaking, I've crossed the mountain. (Laughter) The surgeon came in that day and stripped me of the sheets.
There were three or four people next to him, no infections. They were all leaning forward and poking me around. (Laughter) And that was absolutely amazing, because everyone was giving the surgeon a high-five, for how well I had recovered (Laughter). I still have stitch marks on my body
And later, when I got out of the hospital, I had flashbacks and nightmares, and I went back to the doctor who operated on me and asked him a little question, what should I do now?
From a surgeon's point of view, he basically said something like, "Man, I saved your life.
Now you can do anything you want Gotta keep moving forward
It's like you're complaining that I gave you a new car and there's no parking space.
You gotta go out and do your best
You're alive, that's what matters
Then there was a ding-dong sound, and the train doors closed, and my station was next. This is the New York subway.
As I stepped off the train and stood on the platform, I felt the first scar on my index finger, the one from when I cut the umbilical cord, and I traced it around to see the scar from my last surgery. I met the surgical team who operated on me, and their training, their skill, and always a little bit of luck thwarted the chaos.
Thank you. (Applause) I'm so lucky to be here. Thank you. (Applause) (Applause)
Today I'm going to talk to you about a difficult problem that's close to me, and it's a topic that's more relevant to you than you might think.
I came to England 21 years ago and I was 21 at the time.
was an asylum seeker
I was forced to leave my hometown, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, where I was a student activist.
I hope my children can also meet families in the Congo.
Now, Congo, which is actually very closely related to all of you.
But first, I have one request.
Could you take out your mobile phone from your pocket?
familiar weight
Your finger naturally sticks to the button.
(Laughter) Can you imagine life without a cell phone?
Mobile phones connect you with the people you care about, whether it's family, friends, co-workers, or anyone in Japan or overseas.
Mobile phones are a symbol of our connected world.
But there's a lot of blood behind your phone, and it all boils down to a mineral called tantalum, which is found in coltan, an ore mined in the Congo.
A type of heat conductor with excellent anti-corrosion properties
It stores energy in your cell phone, your PlayStation, and your laptop.
Tantalum is also used in aerospace and medical equipment
It's used as an alloy. It's very strong. Only a small amount is needed.
It would be nice if the story ended here
Unfortunately, the mobile phone in your hand is not just the product of brilliant technological development and industrial expansion, but the product of unimaginable human suffering.
Over 5 million people have died in the Congo since 1996.
Countless people, young and old, men and women, have been raped, tortured and forced into slavery.
Rape is used in conflict areas as a way to instill fear and displace people.
The fight over this ore not only triggered the ongoing conflict in the Congo, but also contributed to its longevity.
So please don't throw away your phone
30,000 children are forced into armed groups and forced into conflict.
Congo consistently ranks among the lowest when it comes to health and poverty rates.
But the United Nations Environment Program estimates that Congo has the potential to exceed $24 trillion, which is amazing.
The state-owned mining industry collapsed, and mining control was dispersed.
It's easy for armed groups to take control of Coltan.
One of the more well-known illegal trade routes is the route across the border with Rwanda, where Congolese tantalum is marketed as Rwandan.
But don't throw your phone away just yet. Ironically, it's the technology that has created this unsustainable and insane demand in the Congo that's exposed this situation.
The reason we have so much information about Congo and the mines in the Congo and the mines is because of mobile phone communication technology.
Similar to the Arab Spring, during the recent Congolese elections, voters were able to send messages from their local polling stations to headquarters in the capital, Kinshasa.
After the election results came out, Congolese expats worked with the Carter Center, the Catholic Church and other election watchdogs to draw attention to the undemocratic vote.
Mobile phones have become an important tool for people around the world to achieve political freedom.
It's truly revolutionized the way people communicate around the world.
Mobile phones have made it possible for us to make important political changes.
This situation seems contradictory.
The mobile phone is a tool that brings freedom, but at the same time it creates oppression.
TED has always celebrated finished technology that benefits people.
Now is the time to question technology.
Where is the production area?
who is the manufacturer?
What is the manufacturing purpose?
I'm speaking directly to the TED community right now, including people around the world watching this video on their computers and mobile phones, and of course people in the Congo.
We have the technology to communicate. We have the technology to spread this speech.
There's currently no fair deal as a clear solution.
I have made great progress
The United States recently passed legislation to crack down on bribery and corruption in the Congo.
In the UK, there's a bill passed that could have a similar effect.
In February, Nokia announced a new policy on ore sourcing from the Congo, and Apple has also filed a petition demanding that it manufacture iPhones in a conflict-free manner.
Many college campuses are campaigning to keep them out of conflict.
But not all have been achieved.
We must continue to put pressure on mobile operators to change their procurement processes.
When I first came to England 21 years ago, I was homesick.
I miss my family and friends I left in the Congo.
It was a very difficult time to get in touch.
Even though we exchanged letters, it took several months, and we often lost them along the way.
Even if I could afford to call home internationally, which is not uncommon in the Congo, my parents didn't have a phone.
Today, my two sons, David and Daniel, can speak to my parents in the Congo.
Why should such a wonderful product that we all need needlessly cause people pain?
Fair trade is already required when it comes to food and clothing.
It's time to demand fair trade on mobile phones
This idea deserves to be spread. Thank you.
(applause)
There's never been a better time to be a molecular biologist. (Laughter) It's getting easier and cheaper to read and write DNA.
By the end of this year, we'll be able to decode 3 billion characters of the human genome by the end of this year. probably
Biotechnology is perhaps the most promising and fastest-advancing field of technology.
It has the potential to replace fossil fuels, revolutionize medicine, and impact every aspect of our daily lives.
Who does?
If someone like this is doing it, I think we can feel safe too.
What would you do if you were like this? (Laughter) How would you feel if you were this kind of person? (Laughter) (Laughter) I first heard about DIY (Do It Yourself) bio in 2009.
DIY bio is a movement to make biotechnology accessible to everyone, not just scientists and researchers.
The underlying idea is that if we open the door to science and allow different groups to participate, it encourages innovation.
End users know best what they need, so putting the technology in their hands would be a good idea.
Wonderful technologies are being developed, and they always have social, moral, and ethical problems. I'm not very good at explaining exactly what we do in the lab.
Don't you think it would be wonderful if there was a place nearby where you could learn and practice technology? i think it's great
i think it's great
So three years ago, I co-founded Genspace with a friend who had the same ambition.
A non-profit, citizen biotechnology lab in Brooklyn, New York. Founded with the idea of
It was my first experience, so I didn't expect what would happen next. Guess what?
The calls from the press started ringing incessantly.
The more I talked about how great it was to develop scientific literacy, the more I screamed that we were trying to create the next Frankenstein, and as a result, over the next six months, when I Googled my name, I was This came up instead of a scientific paper written by
"Am I a biohazard?" (Laughter) It was very depressing.
The only thing that helped me get through this tough time was that there were people all over the world trying to do what we were doing, all over the world.
Some faced greater challenges than we did in trying to create a space for biohackers (geeks), with tighter constraints and fewer resources.
But three years later, we've come this far.
The hacker community is thriving worldwide, and this is just the beginning.
Besides these big ones, there are many more, and they're growing every day.
There are probably moves in Moscow and in South Korea to set up, and what's great is that each lab has its own regional flair.
let's take a look
Biohackers work alone
We work in groups, in big cities (Laughter) in small villages.
Sometimes reverse-engineering lab equipment
We also do genetic engineering of bacteria.
Hardware, software, experimental equipment, and of course the code of life can be hacked.
we like making things
I like taking things apart
we grow things
we light things up
and we let the cells dance
The spirit of this lab is open and positive, but when people think of us, it's the negative aspects, like biosafety and security, that they care about most.
I'm not trying to underestimate such anxiety.
Powerful technology is, by its very nature, a double-edged sword, and when technologies like synthetic biology and nanobiotechnology become available, it's not just for laymen. We're going to have to take care of the experts, too, because the experts have better infrastructure and better equipment, and the experts have better infrastructure and better equipment, and they can get the germs.
So the United Nations did some research, and just recently released a report on all of this, concluding that the positive aspects of the power of this technology far outweigh the negative risks, and also looking specifically at the DIY biocommunity, not surprisingly. No, but he said the press consistently tends to overestimate our capabilities and underestimate our ethics.
As a matter of fact, DIY practitioners from all over the world, from America to Europe, came together last year to sign an ethics pact.
far ahead of conventional science
Now we comply with state and local regulations.
We dispose of our waste properly, we follow safety procedures, we don't handle pathogens.
People who seem to be dealing with pathogens are unfortunately bioterrorists, not biohackers.
Sometimes people ask me, "What about accidents?"
The chances of an accident, like someone accidentally creating a supergerm using the safe creatures that we normally use, are as unlikely as a snowstorm in the heart of the Sahara Desert, certainly. the probability is not 0
The chances are certainly not zero, but I'm not going to worry about that.
Actually, I personally decided to take another risk,
Registered for the Personal Genome Project
It's a study at Harvard University, and at the end of that study, my whole genome sequence, my medical information, my personal information, will be taken and made available online for everyone to see.
There were a number of risks that were explained to me during informed consent.
The funniest thing is that someone downloads my sequence, goes back to the lab, synthesizes fake Ellen DNA, and leaves it at the crime scene (Laughter). The positive aspects, such as the possibilities, greatly outweigh the risks.
You may be wondering, "What can I do in a biolab?"
It wasn't that long ago that people were asking themselves, "What can I do with a computer?"
this is just the beginning
We are only seeing the tip of the DNA iceberg
Show me what you can do now
A biohacker by profession, a journalist in Germany, tried to find out whose dog was always leaving gifts on the street.
(Laughter) (Applause) Yes, you guessed it. He played tennis balls with all the dogs in the neighborhood, analyzed their saliva, identified the culprit dog, and presented the evidence to his owner.
(Laughter) (Applause) We've had an outbreak of some kind of insect in our garden.
It looks like a ladybug, right?
It's actually a Japanese beetle
Using the same kind of technology -- this amazing technology called DNA barcoding -- whether the caviar is really sturgeon eggs, or whether the sushi is really tuna, or whether the goat cheese you spent a fortune on is really goat. can be used to find out
Biohacker space allows you to analyze mutations in your genome Biohacker space allows you to analyze mutations in your genome
You can look at the genetic modification of your breakfast cereal, you can trace your ancestry.
We can also fly balloons into the stratosphere to gather microbes and see what's living there.
We can also make biosensors out of yeast to detect contaminants in water.
We can also build things like biofuel cells.
I can do many things
We can do projects that combine art and science, some of which are quite grand, and look at social and environmental issues from a unique perspective.
that's really great
Some people ask me why I get involved in all this.
I could have made a career doing orthodox science.
But labs like this offer society something that no one else has.
There's something sacred about it, and you don't need to justify a project by telling someone about its potential to be profitable, its potential to save humanity, or even its feasibility.
All you have to do is follow the safety guidelines
A space like this all over the world would change the perception of who has the right to do biotechnology.
It is the existence of such a space that popularized the personal computer
Would you like to do the same with personal biotechnology?
If everyone in this room could join in, we might be able to do something amazing.
It's a whole new field, and in Brooklyn's terms, you ain't seen nothin' yet.
I'm going to teach you one free, non-technical life trick that just takes two minutes to change your posture.
But before I do that, I want you to take stock of how you're doing with your body right now.
How many people have their bodies shrunk down?
round your back cross your legs
Wrap your ankles or make your arms cling
(Laughter) Some people do. (Laughter)
pay attention to how you are doing now
I'll talk about that later, but it's just a small change that can make a big difference in your life.
We are drawn to body language, and we are particularly interested in other people's body language.
We pay attention to this kind of awkward interaction, (Laughter), a smile, a disdainful look, or an awkward wink, or a handshake.
I arrived at number ten
A lucky cop shakes hands with the President of the United States.
And with the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom .
I'll take you to the New York Times
So body language, which we social scientists call "nonverbal behavior," is also a form of verbal communication.
Communication is interaction between people
What is the other person's body language telling you?
What is your body language telling others?
There are many reasons to believe that it is reasonable to view body language that way.
Social scientists have spent a lot of time studying the effects of body language and how it influences people's judgment.
People make rough judgments and inferences based on body language.
And those decisions have a big impact on the moments in life that matter most, like who to hire, who to promote, who to ask out.
For example, Nalini Ambadi of Tufts University found that just watching a 30-second silent video of an actual interaction between a doctor and a patient can predict whether a doctor will be sued based on how pleasant the doctor is. indicated
It doesn't really matter how good the doctor is, it's more about whether he likes the person and how he treats his patients.
In a more dramatic example, Alex Todorov of Princeton showed that a one-second look at a candidate's face could predict the outcome of a Senate or gubernatorial election with 70 percent accuracy, even in the digital world. Good use of letters can give you an edge in online conversations.
But if you use it badly, it can have terrible consequences.
I understand that nonverbal aspects influence how we judge other people and how they judge us.
What we tend to forget is that our nonverbal behavior affects not only other people, but ourselves as well.
Our thoughts, emotions and physiology are influenced by our nonverbal behavior.
What kind of nonverbal behavior are you concerned about?
I'm a social psychologist who studies prejudice and teaches at a competitive business school, so I became interested in human power dynamics.
I'm particularly interested in nonverbal expressions of power and control.
What nonverbal expressions of power and control look like
It's like this
spread out in the animal world
make yourself look bigger, stretch out, try to occupy more space
The point is to spread it out.
This is common throughout the animal world, not just in primates.
Humans do the same thing (Laughter).
What's particularly interesting about this is how ancient and universal this expression of power is.
There's a study by Jessica Tracy about this expression of pride.
I've found that sighted people and born blind people alike do this pose when they win athletic competitions.
When you cross the finish line and win, regardless of whether you've seen others do it
You do it like this, push your arm up into a V, stick your chin slightly forward.
On the other hand, what about when you feel helpless?
Just do the opposite: curl up, curl up
It's going to be small.
Again, humans and animals do the same.
This picture shows a strong force and a weak force
Together, when it comes to power, people try to complement each other's nonverbal behaviors.
When we have very powerful people together, we become smaller.
It's not the same, it's the opposite.
As I observe these behaviors in the classroom, I realize that among MBA students, they are very diverse.
We see non-verbal expressions of power
It's like a painting of a herd boss, and they show up in the classroom long before class starts, and they're sitting right in the middle, as if to say they want to rule the room.
And when you sit on the seat, spread your body wide
This is how I feel when I raise my hand
Some people seem atrophied as they walk into the classroom.
You can see it on your face and your body.
There are two things to notice about this.
One thing is not surprising
It seems to be related to gender
Women are more likely to adopt this posture than men
Women generally feel less empowered than men, so it shouldn't come as a surprise, but there's one more thing I've noticed.
It's partly related to how active you are in class.
This is especially important in the MBA classroom, where half of your grades come from what you say in class.
Business schools have a problem with the performance gap between men and women.
There is a difference in performance between men and women, even if they have similar qualities to begin with, and this is partly due to their participation in class.
So it got me thinking, there are students who are actively participating in class and are like this.
If you imitate it, even if it's only in form, will you be able to participate more actively?
My colleague at Berkeley, Dana Kearney, and I wanted to know if it was something that we could learn while pretending.
If you pretend for a while, does it actually lead to powerful deeds?
We know, and we have a lot of evidence, that non-verbal behavior plays a big part in what other people think and feel about us.
Our question is, does how we think and feel about ourselves depend so much on nonverbal behavior?
There is some evidence that
For example, we laugh when we're having fun.
It's in both directions, same for forces.
when you feel powerful
I tend to act big like this, but I feel like I've become stronger just by pretending to be full of power.
So the second question is, we know that the mind changes the body, but does the body also change the mind?
What do we mean when we say mind in this context of power?
Thoughts, sensations, and certain physiological things that produce thoughts and sensations, and in my case, I'm particularly focused on hormones.
A heart full of power and a powerless heart
What is it like? Powerful people are naturally more assertive, confident and optimistic.
I feel like I can win even in games of chance.
I also tend to think abstractly.
take more risks
There are many differences between powerful and powerless people.
Physiologically, we also see differences in two important hormones: testosterone, the dominance hormone, and cortisol, the stress hormone.
In a herd of primates, powerful bosses have high testosterone and low cortisol, but strong, effective leaders also have high testosterone and low cortisol.
what does this mean? When we think about power, we all look to testosterone, because it's about dominance.
But strength also manifests itself in the response to stress.
Would you expect a testosterone-filled leader with dominant power to be stress sensitive?
it would be different
You're looking for someone strong, assertive, dominant, unaffected by stress, and massive.
When an individual suddenly takes over the role of boss in a primate herd, within days that individual's testosterone levels rise sharply and cortisol levels fall sharply.
So there's evidence that just as the body can shape the mind, at least on a superficial level, role changes can shape the mind.
So what happens when there's a role change? What happens when you do something like that in a trivial way?
For two minutes, does standing like this make you feel stronger?
So I tried, I gathered people in the lab,
I did a little experiment. I asked each of you to do a strong pose or a weak pose for two minutes.
this is one
two more
Introduced to the media as "Wonder Woman's Pose"
two more
Sometimes I do it standing, sometimes I do it sitting
This is a helpless pose
shrink to make your body smaller
This is a particularly weak pose
If you touch your neck, you're trying to protect yourself.
As for the method of the experiment, when everyone gathers
I'm going to ask you to take a vial of saliva and for two minutes, do this or that.
I don't show them pictures of me posing.
Because I don't want to convey the concept of power, I want you to feel the power.
So let me do this for two minutes
Then, at different times, we ask them, "How powerful do you feel?" We give them the opportunity to gamble, and then they take saliva samples again.
That's it, that's the experiment.
What I found was risk tolerance — in this case gambling.
86% of people with strong poses will bet
Only 60% of people do the low-strength poses, and it makes a huge difference.
about testosterone
Based on pre-experiment values, those in strong poses increased by 20 percent and those in weak poses decreased by 10 percent.
Again, two minutes made this difference.
The cortisol one is a powerful poser.
25% reduction Increased by 15% in low force poses
The two-minute pose produced hormonal changes that altered the state of our brains, making us assertive, confident, and calm, and vulnerable to stress and depressed.
We've all experienced that feeling, right?
That's why nonverbal behavior determines not only how others see us, but also how we think and feel about ourselves.
and the body affects the mind
So the next question is, can a few minutes of power poses really change your life in a meaningful way?
We did a task that lasted only a few minutes in the lab, but how does this translate into real life?
That's where everyone is interested.
So we thought, the situation where we could use this would be a situation where we would be judged, a situation where we would feel socially threatened.
For example, a friend's evaluation, like a teen at lunch
For some, it might be time to give a school board speech or pitch.
It could be a lecture like this, or it could be a job interview.
We chose interviewing because it's something that many people experience and feel familiar with.
When we published the results of this study, we got a lot of media coverage, and they said, "Well, this is what you should do in a job interview, right?" (Laughter)
We were surprised and corrected that it wasn't meant that way.
Please don't do this in an interview
I want you to remember that this is not a message to others,
it's a message to myself
How do you feel before you go to a job interview?
It's like this, right? I'm not going to sit down with my phone and try to push someone away.
I look at my notebook, hunched over, and make my body smaller.
i want to experiment with this
We gathered people in a lab, did strong and weak poses, and then gave them stressful interviews.
Do a five minute interview and record it.
We'll evaluate them later. Interviewers are trained not to give non-verbal feedback, so it's like this.
Imagine being interviewed by someone like this
There's been no response for 5 minutes.
Everybody hates this, Marianne Lafrance says
"Standing in Social Quicksand"
Cortisol spikes
I wanted to know what happens when you get an interview like that.
And then I showed the tape to four people.
They don't know the hypotheses or the experimental conditions.
I don't know who did which pose, and after watching the tape, they said, "I want to hire this person."
Overall, I rate these people highly."
what makes you do that? not what i'm talking about
The way a person speaks is important.
I think we're assessing the criteria for competence: "How coherent is the story?"
“Is the content good?” “Do you have the qualities?”
But those things have no effect, it's the attitude that affects them.
The interview basically reveals who you really are
It's important to say what you think
as a representation of the person, not what they said.
So the attitude is what creates the effect and what conveys the effect.
When I talk about how the body influences the mind, and the mind influences the behavior, and the behavior influences the outcome, people say, "It's like I'm pretending."
That's why I say, "Fake as much as you can."
I don't want to do it like that, it's like a scam
I don't want to feel like a fake
Even if you do that, you'll just feel like "I'm not the person who should be here."
This resonates with me personally, because I've experienced what it's like to feel like you're a fake and you're not supposed to be here.
I was in a terrible car accident when I was 19.
Thrown out of the car and rolled over and over on the ground
I woke up in a head injury rehab ward.
I took a leave of absence from college and was shocked to find that my IQ had dropped by two standard deviations.
I knew my IQ because I was told I had a good brain and this kid was a genius.
I've been trying so hard to go back to school
Everyone told me, "It's impossible to graduate.
I'm sure there are other things I can do. Even if I go to college, things won't go well."
It hurt me so much to have my core identity taken away from me, which in my case meant I was smart, but nothing makes me feel more helpless than to have it taken away from me.
I felt utterly helpless
Strive hard and get lucky, keep trying harder
I finally graduated from college
It took me four years longer than the others, and I was accepted by my advocate and mentor, Susan Fisk, and I ended up in Princeton, feeling like I didn't belong here.
I'm a fake
In my first year at Princeton, I gave a 20-minute speech to 20 people.
There is a
So, fearing that I might expose myself, I called Susan the night before and told her I was quitting.
Then she said, "You won't quit, I bet you, stay.
you stay here and do what you gotta do
Pretend you can do all the lectures you're told to do
Keep doing it, whether you're scared, whether you've got a stiff leg, or whether you're experiencing an out-of-body experience, keep going until you think, "Oh, I'm doing it!
It's become real! I did it because I was doing it properly. I was in graduate school for five years.
First I went to Northwestern, then I went to Harvard, and by the time I got to Harvard, I didn't think much about it, but all the way through, I was like, "I'm not the person who should be here."
At the end of my first year at Harvard, I had a student who hadn't said a word in class, so I said, "Hey, if you don't attend class, you'll fail." came into the room and didn't know much about him
He came in looking devastated and said, "I'm not the person who should be here."
In this moment, I realized two things.
One is that before I knew it, I didn't feel that way, but she still felt that way.
I knew better than anyone what it was like
The other is that she should be here.
If you pretend, you can really do it
So I said, "You're the one who should be here!
Tomorrow pretend you can, pretend you're strong, and..." (Applause) "Go to class and give your best opinion."
And what happened was, she said the best thing, and everyone turned around, "Who's that? I didn't know she was there." I realized that I didn't just pretend and get it done, but that I kept pretending and became real.
she's changed
So I want to tell you, don't just pretend and let it pass.
Please make the pretend real
I'll do it until it's really mine
The last thing I would like to say is
small changes lead to big differences
just two minutes
It's a stack
The next time you face a stressful situation, try it In the elevator In the bathroom cubicle In your room
I want you to try
Optimize your brain for the situation
Raises testosterone and lowers cortisol
Don't let the chance turn out to be something like "I couldn't express myself."
Please feel like, "I'll tell you who I am. I'll show you."
And I'm begging you, try power poses, and spread the science, because it's so easy.
I'm not saying this out of ego, tell everyone, share it, it's most helpful to people who don't have the resources, the skills, the status, the power.
I can do it by myself
All you need is your body and two minutes of solitude, and that's going to make a big difference in their lives.
Thank you. (Applause)
(standing ovation)
Thank you for inviting me. It's been more than 20 years since I first worked in Africa.
I first arrived at Cote d'Ivoire Abidjan Airport on a sweaty morning
I quit Wall Street, got my hair done like Margaret Mead, got rid of everything I had, and arrived with only the essentials: a book of poetry, clothes, a guitar, and I knew that if we were going to save the world, we'd start on the continent of Africa.
But the day I got there, some West African women said to me, "I'm happy, but Africa doesn't need salvation, at least not from you."
I was too young, never married, never had children, had no knowledge of Africa, and my French was terrible.
It was a very difficult time in my life, and at the same time, I learned the importance of listening with humility.
Failure can also be a big motivator, and then I moved to Kenya, worked in Uganda, met a group of Rwandan women, and in 1986 helped them set up Kigali's first microfinance.
We called it "Duta Lambre," which means "where the passion goes." Eventually, we realized that there weren't many viable women-owned businesses, so we decided to start one.
I started looking into things and heard about a bakery run by 20 prostitutes.
Intrigued, I went to meet the group, and there were single mothers desperate to survive.
That's when I started to understand the power of words, that by calling them we distance ourselves from them and make them look small.
I also learned that the bakery wasn't a business, but a classic charity run by someone with good intentions, who put in $600 a month to get these women to make crafts, baked goods, and more for a day. I'll give them 50 cents, but they're still poor.
I made a deal with them, saying, 'Don't do it as a charity, let's do it as a business, I'll help you.'
They nervously agreed, and I started nervously, and of course things were harder than I expected.
I thought we needed a sales team first, and we're clearly not an "A team," so I took over the training.
A classic example is when I went into Nyamalambo, downtown Kigali, with a bucket to set an example, and when I sold all the donuts in the bucket and went back and said to them, "See?"
He said, "Hey, Jacqueline Nyamarambo, who wouldn't buy a tall American woman a donut out of an orange bucket?"
And then it was all American style. Competition teams and individuals. They all failed, but gradually they learned to sell in their own way.
And they started listening to the market and coming back with ideas like cassava, banana chips and sorghum bread, and they quickly became part of the Kigali market, earning three to four times the national average. became
After gaining confidence, I suggested that they paint a real bakery, and they said, "That's a great idea."
When I asked, "So what color should we paint it in?", they said, "You decide."
I said, "No, it's your bakery, so you decide."
they don't ask for their opinion
And so, one week, two weeks, three weeks went by, and at the end I said, "Well, what about blue?"
"I love blue. Let's make it blue."
I went to the shop with Godance, the stubborn one, and bought the paint and the cloth for the curtains. I was unsatisfied with my intention, so I painted it bright blue like the blue sky in the morning
all blue
The walls are blue, the windows are blue, the sidewalk in front is also blue
Playing Aretha Franklin's "Respect," their hips swayed to the music, and the kids were competing for brushes.
When it's finished, I stand across the road, looking at the finished product, and when I say, "It's so beautiful,"
They also said, "That's true."
And when I say, "It's the perfect color, isn't it?" Everyone but Godance nods their heads and I say, "What's wrong?"
"No," she said.
She said, "It's nice, but our color is really green." (Laughter) I've learned that listening isn't all about patience.
First of all, nobody asks for opinions, and even if they do, they probably aren't interested in the truth.
This experience taught me that listening isn't about waiting, it's about how well you ask questions.
So I spent two and a half years in Kigali, and it was an amazing experience.
And he taught me three lessons that are important for us today, especially in my work.
First, dignity is more important to the human spirit than wealth.
As Elena said, when you have an income, you have a choice, and that's the basis of dignity.
But we must also remember that we are people who want to see each other and want to hear each other.
Second, traditional charity and aid will not solve the problem of poverty.
And since Andrew has already gone into great detail, I'll go to number three, which is that markets alone will not solve the problem of poverty.
We run this as a business, but to get training, management support, strategic advice, we needed someone's philanthropic support, and perhaps most importantly, access to new trading partners, network markets.
At the micro level, the alignment of investment and philanthropy has an important role to play.
Meanwhile, at the macro level, several speakers suggested that even health should be privatized.
But I have a father with heart disease, and I know that my family can't afford it, and with the help of a close friend, I know that everyone should have affordable access to health. I believe
The market will show us how to do it well, but it has to be philanthropic, or we won't be able to build the society we want to live in.
These lessons made me decide six years ago to start the Acumen Fund.
It's nonprofit venture capital funding for the poor, which is a bit of a contradiction in terms.
Raising charitable funds from individuals, foundations and corporations, the funds raised will be invested in and financed by for-profit and non-profit entities that provide affordable health care, housing and energy to low-income people in South Asia and Africa. so that low-income people can make their own choices
By investing about $20 million in 20 companies, we created 20,000 jobs and provided tens of millions of services to people who were previously out of reach.
I'll tell you two stories from Africa.
Together, we're talking about investing in entrepreneurs who are committed to service and know the market.
They live at the confluence of public health and business. Because they're both manufacturers, they directly create jobs and indirectly generate income. because there is
Contributing to people's health and well-being
The first company was Advanced Bio Extracts (ABE)
It was founded in Kenya about seven years ago by talented entrepreneur Patrick Henfrey and three colleagues.
They are seasoned farmers who have experienced all the ups and downs of agriculture in the last 30 years.
Currently producing Artemisia (Asteraceae, Mugwort) Artemisia grows natively in China and the Far East, and is well known as a remedy for malaria.
It's the main component of artemisin, and Patrick and his colleagues decided to grow it in Africa because of the high prevalence of malaria in Africa and the high value it adds.
Farmers get 3-4 times more yield than corn
And with generous capital, the money they raise up front -- capital that's willing to invest long-term, even though it's below market returns, and that's also willing to help with operations and strategies -- you build a company that buys from 7,500 farmers. was
This impact affects 50,000 people
As some of you may have visited, these farmers are helping Kickstart and TechnoServ to become more self-sufficient.
They buy Artemisia from farmers, dry it, and bring it to the factory, funded partly by the generous capital of Novartis, a pharmaceutical company keen to secure raw materials for the malaria drug Coartem.
Acumen has been working with ABE for the past year and a half to see new business and expansion plans, provide operational support, develop investment terms and help raise capital.
And it wasn't until the last month or so that I truly understood the meaning of generous capital, when there was only ten days left before they could prove that the product they were producing was of the quality worthy of the drug Coartem. faced the greatest financial difficulties
We have contacted all social investors we know
Some of them were very interested in Africa, they understood the importance of agriculture, and they reached out to help farmers.
Even if you explain that if ABE goes bankrupt, 7,500 people will lose their jobs, you may find yourself at a crossroads between business and society.
We should think more creatively about how to combine these
Acumen has made two bridge loans and I am happy to say that they have been recognized for their world class quality and are in the final stages of negotiating to raise $20 million to take the next step. is one of the companies
This is Samuel, he's a farmer.
Actually lived in the slums of Kibera when his father told him about Artemisia.
He went back to farming and now farms seven acres of land.
Samuel's children go to private schools and help bring Artemisia to neighboring farms.Dignity is more important than wealth.
The next case is
I spoke briefly at Oxford two years ago, AtoZ, which some of you may have visited, is one of the great companies in East Africa.
Another company at the confluence of public health and business.
This is an example of how a public-private partnership solution worked.
It all started in Japan, when Sumitomo Chemical developed a technology to knead organic insecticides into fibers made from polyethylene resin.
But like artemisin, it was only produced in East Asia, but as part of its social responsibility, Sumitomo said, "Let's produce products for Africa in Africa."
UNICEF offered to buy mosquito nets and distribute them free of charge as part of the Global Fund as part of the UN's commitment to pregnant women and children.
Acumen stepped in with generous capital to help find entrepreneurs in Africa to partner with, and Exxon provided the first resin.
When I was looking for an entrepreneur, I knew that AtoZ's Anooj Shah would be the perfect fit.
AtoZ has 40 years of history and is familiar with the manufacturing industry.
It has transitioned from socialism to capitalism in Tanzania and continues to thrive.It employed 1,000 people when I first visited.
Thus, Anouj undertook the entrepreneurial risk of producing public goods for aid agencies promoting the eradication of malaria in Africa.
they are successful
The first mosquito net was made October 2003
Originally, we expected 150,000 units per year.
This year's production will be eight million pieces per year, employing 5,000 people, 90 percent of them unskilled women.
Joint venture with Sumitomo
It's a success from both a business perspective and a public health perspective in Africa.
But from a poverty eradication perspective, we're only halfway there because we're relying on one big customer.
not sustainable in the long term
If bird flu were to become an epidemic, the world would be no more than malaria, and everything would be in vain.
Anuj and Acumen discussed the challenge to the private sector, and aid agencies hypothesize that countries like Tanzania have 80 percent of the population living on less than two dollars a day.
The cost of producing a mosquito net is $6 a piece, and setting up a distribution network costs another $6, so the market price on the free market is $12 a piece.
The price is out of reach, so it will be distributed free of charge.
We said, 'There are other options.
Use the marketplace as a way to listen to your customers Understand what buyers are willing to pay to take pride in choosing
We can build distribution networks locally and it will be cheaper for the public sector.”
And then I lent AtoZ a second round of generous capital, and I even subsidized it so that AtoZ could have more latitude in pricing, and I learned a lot from doing market research for the first time.
First of all, the price that people are willing to pay is different, but most people would still make the decision to buy if it was $1 a piece.
They also gave me a lot of opinions on other tastes.
There were times when the route I took at first was no good, but
Experimental and iterative experimentation is allowed for generous capital, and I finally learned that the cost of distribution in the private sector is one dollar, and the purchase price is one dollar.
Policy-wise, if you go to market, you have a choice.
Either you don't take money from your customers at $12 a piece, or you experimentally charge your customers $1, and the public sector pays $6. maybe
We should proceed like this: The most important thing is to take advantage of the market, and it's also important to engage other people.
Every time I go to AtoZ, I think of my grandmother Stella.
She looks a lot like the women sitting behind the sewing machines.
She grew up on a farm in Austria, was poor, and had little education.
She came to the United States, met her grandfather, a cement hauler, and had nine children, three of whom died in infancy.
I had tuberculosis and worked in a sewing shop making shirts for 10 cents an hour.
She and most of the women at AtoZ work hard every day, know hardships, are religious, love children, and never accept alms.
But it was because of the opportunities in the marketplace, living in a safe society, with access to health and education, so that her children and grandchildren could live purposefully and pursue their dreams.
If you look at my brothers, sisters and cousins, there are many of them: teachers, musicians, hedge fund managers, designers.
One of the sisters fulfills the wishes of others
My hope is that when I meet these women and farmers who work hard every day, and when I think of everyone on the continent, they feel the opportunity and the potential and the conviction that their children live with a great purpose. to use the service
it shouldn't be that hard
But it requires the contribution of all of us, not believing the stale assumptions, and getting out of the silly assumptions.
Investing in entrepreneurs who are committed to service and success
Spread your arms wide, expect nothing in return, demand accountability, and hold everyone accountable.
The most important thing is that we all have courage and perseverance, the gap between rich and poor, African or not, local or immigrant, right or left, really listening to each other.
thank you
(applause)
This is my grandfather, Salman Shoken. My grandfather, Salman Shoken. I was born into a poor, illiterate family.
I never went back to school after that
Instead, my grandfather built a shining empire of department stores.
He was a perfectionist, and every store was an architectural gem in the Bauhaus style.
He was also the ultimate autodidact, and like everything else, he did it in a big way.
He surrounded himself with young, obscure scholars - Martin Buber, Shmuel Agnon, Franz Kafka - and he paid them a monthly salary so that they could devote themselves to writing.
He realized what was about to happen in the 30's
I left everything behind and left Germany with my family.
His department store was confiscated and he spent the rest of his life in a tireless pursuit of art and culture.
This middle school dropout, who died at the age of 82, was a formidable intellectual, co-founder and first president of the Hebrew University in Jerusalem, and founder of the acclaimed publisher Shoken Books, which was later acquired by Random House. was
The power of self-study
this is my parents
They also don't enjoy a college education.
I was too busy building my family and my country.
But like my grandfather, I was a lifelong self-taught student, and my house was filled with thousands of books, records, and works of art.
I remember my father saying, "If everyone in the neighborhood buys a TV, we're going to buy an FM radio." (Laughter) This is me, holding my first abacus. (Laughter) One of the things I've learned at home is that educators don't necessarily have to teach.
Give them resources and an environment that stimulates their natural ability to learn.
Self-study, self-exploration, self-growth, that's what a good education should entail.
So today, I'd like to talk to you about a self-study computer science course that I created with my wonderful colleague Noam Nisan.
As you can see from the pictures, both Gnome and I have been interested in the origins of things since we were little children. My thoughts are only growing deeper
Twelve years ago, Noam and I were already professors of computer science, and we were both frustrated by the same phenomenon.
As computers became more and more complex, students lost sight of the forest for the trees, even when they were tinkering with PCs and Macs, black boxes covered in layers of obscure software. can't touch the soul of
Norm and I came up with the idea that if you want your students to understand how computers work in their bones, perhaps the best way is to build a fully functional, general purpose, useful computer, hardware and software, starting with the basics. It means to make it from scratch
First we have to decide where to start, so Noam and I decided to choose the simplest element as the basis for our cathedral, and it's called NAND.
This is a simple logic gate with only four input and output patterns.
I begin this journey by saying to my students, "God gave man NAND and told him to 'build a computer.' I asked him 'how.'
Following this advice, we guide students through a series of carefully prepared projects, starting with a tiny NAND gate, chipset, hardware platform, assembler, virtual machine, basic operating system, a simple Java-like language for JACK. compiler
And to wrap up this big project, we're going to use JACK to create all kinds of fun games, like ping-pong games, snake games, and Tetris.
You can imagine how much fun it would be to play with that Tetris, which I wrote myself using the JACK language, and I wrote the compiler that compiles it to machine language, and the machines that run it, too, on thousands of machines. I made it myself from that NAND gate.
Starting from basic principles and building a very complex and useful system all by myself is a huge personal accomplishment.
Noam and I spent five years preparing this staircase, building the tools and the infrastructure so that students could complete it in one semester.
This is the team that helped make this happen.
The trick is to break down the computer into a number of independent modules that can be individually specified, built, and unit tested.
Norm and I decided from the beginning that we wanted to make all of those building blocks open source for free on the web.
Chip specification API Project description Software tools Hardware simulators CPU emulators Hundreds of slides Lecture materials … We published everything on the web and invited people all over the world to take whatever they needed and do whatever they wanted.
Then something wonderful happened
people from all over the world came
In no time, thousands of people built their own machines.
NAND2Tetris became the world's first MOOC (Massive Open Online Course), although seven years ago we had no idea that such a thing would be called a MOOC.
We just watched a variety of unique courses spring up based on our material.
For example, Pramod C.E., an engineer from Kerala, India, organized a study group where, under his guidance, we built a computer together.
Mumbai engineer Parag Shah breaks our project down into smaller, digestible pieces and offers them as a DIY computer science program.
A lot of people who are drawn to these courses have a hacker mentality.
They're curious about how things work, and they like working in groups, like this hacker club in Washington, D.C., where they use our materials to offer community courses.
Because the materials are open source and widely available, some people use them in very strange and unexpected ways.
Yu Fangmin from Guangzhou used FPGA technology to build this computer, and he made a video explaining how he did it. Ben Craddock has developed a nice game that shows the inside of the CPU architecture, very complex, three-dimensional. Maze is made using the Minecraft 3D simulator engine
The Minecraft community talked about this project, and he became a bit of a media celebrity.
So many people have gone on the NAND2Tetris pilgrimage, so to speak, where they've had life-changing experiences.
For example, Dan Rounds is from East Lansing, Michigan, studying music and math.
A few weeks ago, we posted a progress report on our website, so read on.
he writes
"I decided to take this course because I thought that understanding computers was as important as reading, writing, and doing math, and I did it. I've never worked so hard at something, never had such a big challenge. there wasn't
But when I think about how much I can do now, I feel that I can challenge myself to do other things.
People who want to play NAND2Tetris will certainly find it difficult, but they will definitely experience a big change.”
Dan really captures the spontaneity and traction of the self-learners who took this course online, and I'm really impressed, because they don't care about grades at all.
They're doing it with only one motive
a passion for learning
When I think about it, I feel frustrated with traditional college grading systems.
i'm fed up
We're all obsessed with grades, and that's because we're obsessed with data, but grading takes away the fun of making mistakes, but a big part of learning comes from making mistakes.
As Churchill put it, "Courage is the ability to keep losing without losing your passion." (Laughter) And, according to Joyce, "Mistakes are the gateway to discovery."
And yet, they don't tolerate mistakes, and they celebrate achievement.
So you can collect all the B+s and A-s and put them together into a single number like 3.4 and stamp it on your forehead and that's who you are.
In my opinion, that's extreme nonsense, and grading undermines a person's self-esteem.
So I'd like to tell you the reverse story. Let me show you a project that I'm working on. It's different, but the basics are the same. Yes, this project deals with mathematics education for kindergarten, elementary, middle and high school, and we use tablets because we believe that mathematics is learned by doing it yourself.
Here it is, we've developed a number of mobile apps, each of which explains a particular concept in mathematics.
For example, let's look at "Area"
When we're dealing with a concept like area, we also provide a variety of tools to help children experiment and learn.
So when you want to know the area, the natural way is to put identical tiles together and count the number of tiles.
This little exercise can give you a basic idea of ​​the concept of area.
Moving on, how do we find the area of ​​a parallelogram?
Trying to lay the tiles down doesn't work
Instead, it's a matter of trial and error, with all the tools out there. And as you go along, you'll find a way to transform them. You can cut them apart, reposition them, glue them back together, and you can lay the tiles together like you did before.
(Applause) This transformation doesn't change the area of ​​the figure, so a six-year-old playing with this app will discover for himself a clever algorithm to calculate the area of ​​a parallelogram.
By the way, we're trying to replace teachers.
I don't mean to, I want to empower
Let's go ahead, what about the area of ​​the triangle?
Through trial and error in this environment, either inspired or on their own, the children make a copy of the original shape, flip it over, glue it back together, and then they can use the same technique as before: cut position. change, paste, lay tiles
This transformation doubles the area of ​​the original, so we know that the area of ​​the triangle is half the area of ​​this rectangle.
you discover it by exploring it yourself
In addition to learning useful knowledge about geometry, children will be exposed to sophisticated scientific methods such as reduction, a technique for transforming complex problems into simpler or more generalized problems that can be applied to all kinds of problems. It's something that's at the core of science, or maybe we'll find properties that are invariant to transformations.
And that's something even young children can do with mobile apps like this.
So what we're doing now is, first of all, we're deconstructing the kindergarten, middle and high school math curriculum into a bunch of these apps.
We can't do it all on our own, so we've put together an app-creation tool so that any writer or parent or anyone interested in math education can use that tool to create an app like this on a tablet without programming it. can make
Ultimately, we'll create an adaptive ecosystem to match different learners with different apps to match evolving learning styles.
The driving force behind this project is my colleague Shumlik London. Just like my grandfather did 90 years ago, the trick to doing it well is to surround yourself with great people. After all, people are everything. that's why
A few years ago, I was walking down the streets of Tel Aviv and found this graffiti.
I don't know how many people know the word "mensch".
It's basically about being human and doing the right thing.
The graffiti reads, "High tech is boring.
The most important thing is to be mensch." Thank you very much. (Applause) (Applause)
I am honored to be here to speak to you.
There are people from more than 80 countries, and it's a new experience for me to speak in front of an audience like that.
I'm sure schools in every country have parent-teacher conferences.
do you know?
Not as a parent, but when I was a kid, there was something embarrassing about a parent coming to school and talking to a teacher.
When I was in third grade, my father came to see me. He's a man who doesn't usually leave his job, and he's typical of working-class immigrants. "John is good at math and art," he said.
my father kept nodding his head
The next day, I overheard my father say to a customer who came to buy tofu, "My John is good at math."
(Laughter) This has stuck with me for a long time.
Why didn't you say art? Why is art bad?
It's been a question of my life, and it was a good thing that they bought me a computer because I could do math. Anyone remember this? my first computer
Who had an Apple II? (Applause) You know, the Apple II couldn't do anything (Laughter).
I'm often told I'm wrong
That was the computer as we know it.
I became familiar with computers like that, and I got into MIT, which was my father's dream, where I learned all about computers, and then I moved to art school to get away from computers, and to use computers as a mental space for thinking. came to regard
I was inspired by performance art, and 20 years ago, I built a human acting computer.
It's called the Human-Powered Computer Experiment.
There's a power supply, a mouse driver, memory, and so on, and this was done in Kyoto, the former capital of Japan.
divide the room into two
When I turn on this computer, my assistants plug a giant cardboard floppy into the computer.
The person who plays the floppy drive puts it on. (Laughter) When she finds the first sector on the floppy, she takes the data out and puts it on the bus.
Buses busily carry data -- to memory, to CPUs, to VRAM. It's a computer that actually works. By the way, this is the bus. (Laughter) It looks fast. But it's actually a very slow computer, and realizing how slow it was compared to a real computer made me more interested in computers and technology.
I'm going to talk to you today about four things.
The first three are how I've been drawn to technology design art and how these things overlap.
I'm going to talk about leadership, and I'm going to talk about an experiment that combined these four domains.
Let's start with technology. Technology is a wonderful thing.
When the Apple II first came out, we really couldn't do anything.
It just displays text. After a while, it became possible to use images.
Remember when computers were able to use colorful images?
And after a few more years, I was able to get it to sound like a CD.
It's amazing, you can listen to music on your computer.
Then I was able to watch movies on CD-ROM, and I was impressed.
Do you remember how excited you were?
Then came the browser, and the browser was great, but it was primitive, and the network was slow.
At first it was just text, then images, CD-quality music on the internet, and then movies on the internet, and I was impressed.
Then the cell phone appeared text image music video and now iPhone has iPad Android and text video music …
Is it the same pattern?
Maybe we're stuck in a loop. For the last decade or so, I've been thinking about the possibilities of computing -- the role of design in how we understand things, technology -- how we can understand design. I have been interested in
Let's do a quick design class here
Designers look at the relationship between form and content, where content is, for example,
The word "FEAR"
It's a four-letter word that describes some kind of bad feeling.
It's FEAR in Helvetica Light. I don't feel that much anxiety. I feel like it's tough
You can see that the size changes the format, the content is the same, but it feels different.
If you change the typeface, it's kind of funny. It's a pirate font. It's for Captain Jack Sparrow.
It's not really scary, it's actually kind of funny.
(Laughter) It's like, "Let's go to FEAR." (Laughter) "You're cool."
When I squeezed the letters that were apart like this, the letters became pitiful, like the people who huddled together on the deck of the Titanic.
sympathy is invited
If you make the typeface like this
It feels very elegant. This is FEAR, a high-end restaurant.
It's like, "I'll never get it." (Laughter) It's a great version of FEAR.
Change one letter and you have a much better word: FREE.
FREE is a great word You can do it any way
FREE in bold is like Mandela's freedom
Yes I can be free!
FREE in fine print feels like you can breathe freely
Very refreshing When I let go of the letters, I feel like I can breathe very lightly.
And if you add a blue gradient to it and add a pigeon, it's Don Draper's FREE.
It's very powerful, it's magical, it's like the magician from TED.
That's the power of design
I've always been fascinated by the relationship between design and technology, so let me show you some of my older work that I don't show these days, so you can see what I've been doing.
i in the 90's
I made a lot of works like this
This is a square that responds to sound
People ask me why I made it, and I don't really know. (Laughter) I just thought it would be funny if the squares reacted to me. Say something like, "Dad, oh, oh."
Even if I go to an electrician, I do the same thing and ask
"Dad, this computer doesn't respond to sounds."
At that time, I was wondering why computers don't respond to sound.
So I made it as an experiment.
I spent a lot of time in this area of ​​interactive graphics, but then I quit, and my students at MIT started to do better things than I did, so I put my mouse down.
In 1996, I did my last work, in black and white, no color at all, just integer arithmetic.
It's called "Tap Type Light."
It's a tribute to the good old typewriter, which my mother, who was a secretary to a lawyer, used to type all the time.
There are 10 (sounds to type) (sounds to type) press shift...
There are 10 types. This one rotates the characters.
(typing sound) It's a circle of letters.
Good movie, right? I love that, and I used it as a motif.
Typing is stressful, but hitting on this keyboard balances it out.
(Laughter) If you hit the G key, it's back to normal.
It's like this. (Applause) Hi.
I did it 20 years ago, I've always been around the arts, but I became president of RISD.
Art has taken center stage. Pure art is great.
People often say, "I don't understand art very well."
It means art works
Art is enigmatic, so if you don't know, you're supposed to. (Laughter) That's art.
RISD has this wonderful facility called the Edna Lawrence Institute for Nature Research, which has 80,000 specimens -- animals, skeletons, minerals, plants.
In Rhode Island, when an animal is hit by a car, we get a call and someone goes to pick it up and stuff it.
Why does RISD have such a facility?
Because you need to understand and grasp existence by seeing real animals or things in real life.
RISD never draws from an image
A lot of people say, "Can't we do it as a digital image? Wouldn't that be more convenient?"
I say, "Sometimes the old ways are better, and sometimes things are so different, and we need to find out what's good about the old ways, even in the new age."
One of my good friends is a new media artist named Tota Hasegawa. I'm based in Tokyo now, but when I was in London, my wife and I often played games together. I ask the shop owner for the story behind the item, and if I like the story, I buy it.
Two people find a cup in a store and ask, "Tell me about this."
(Laughter) "Can you tell me more about it?" "Yeah, it's very old." rice field
He says he's devoted his life to creating new media art.
If you ask, "What is your work all about?" That's new media.
But what he found was not an old new problem
that the answer lies in between
It's not about "old" dust or "new" clouds, it's about what's good.
Something happens when you combine clouds and dust.
You can see it in all the interesting art and interesting businesses today. It's interesting how you combine the old and the new to make something good.
Art is asking questions, but leadership often asks questions.
Now it doesn't work easily
It's no longer the age of simple authoritarianism.
As an example of authoritarianism, when I traveled in Russia a while ago and went to a historic site in St. Petersburg, I saw a sign that said, "Don't go on the lawn," in English, and you shouldn't say it only to English speakers. i thought it was fair
But then I found a sign for Russians, a sign forbidding everything.
"No swimming", "No hiking", "Nothing"
My favorite is "no plants." Why bring plants to historic sites? don't understand
And "No dating." (Laughter) That's authoritarianism.
Structurally? Hierarchical structure
Many systems today are hierarchies that are falling apart.
Instead of a tree structure, it's a graph structure.
It's a non-hierarchical network, which is tricky.
I believe that today's leaders are expected to lead differently than in the past.
This is a reflection of me and my colleague Becky Belmont on creative leadership. What can we learn from artists about leadership?
Normal leaders try to avoid making mistakes
But creative people try to learn from their mistakes.
Traditional leaders try to be right all the time, but creative leaders believe that being right is profitable.
In today's complex and ambiguous world, I think this way of thinking is important, and we have a lot to learn from artists and designers.
I recently went to London for a project, and a friend invited me to sit in the sandbox for four days, and I said yes.
For four days, six hours a day, sitting in the sandbox, meeting people in London for six minutes each.
I listened to their stories, I listened to their concerns, and I tried to understand them by drawing them in the sand, but I had a hard time grasping the meaning of what I was doing.
We've been having this one-on-one conversation for four days.
I felt that it was similar to the job of a university president.
"This is my job, meeting after meeting"
At the end of this experience, I understood why I did this.
As leaders, what we're doing is connecting the improbable and hoping that something will happen. In that room, I found a lot of connections across London, leadership that connects people. is a big challenge today
Whether it's a hierarchy or a network, it's a great design challenge.
One of the things I'm doing is researching systems that connect technology and leadership from an art and design perspective.
Let's show you something we haven't shown anywhere yet
This is a sketch app I wrote in Python You know Photoshop?
It's called Powershop. I mean, think of an organization. The CEO is the center of the organization, not the pinnacle.
There are different departments in your organization, and you might want to look at some areas, where the green areas are doing well, and the red areas are not doing well.
As a leader, how do you see, connect, and realize? If you open up this "distribution," you'll see subdivisions. Let's take a look at the people who belong to this ECO department. Here are the people in the ECO department.
The challenge for CEOs is to find cross-disciplinary connections. If you look at the R&D department, you'll find people who share these two areas of interest.
You might want a heads-up view of how you're interacting with those people.
How many times have we had coffee together?
How often do you call or email?
How's the email going? what results are you getting?
Using such a system, leaders may be better able to coordinate activities within their networks.
Or you might consider using technology like Luminoso, a company in Cambridge that does text analysis. What trends do you have in your communications?
I think such a system is important
It's a system aimed at social media around leaders.
This perspective will only spread as more leaders step into the realm of art and design, because through art and design, we can find new ways of thinking and new systems. But I'm happy to introduce you to everyone.
Thank you for listening. Thank you. (Applause) (Applause)
If someone asked you to sum up the evaluation of the people around you in three words, what would you say?
How are your judgments, actions, and knowledge evaluated in various situations?
I'm going to join you today in thinking about why the answer to this question will be so important in the future, in an era where reputation is your most valuable asset.
I'd like to introduce you to a man whose life was changed by a market built on trust.
Sebastian has been offering accommodation with breakfast on Airbnb since 2008.
I had the chance to meet him recently, and over a cup of tea, he told me how his guests, who come from all over the world, have enriched his life.
He lives in an 18th-century watchman's hut, and more than 50 people have stayed in his house.
Actually, there is a cat named Squeak in this house, but the very first guest encountered a big mouse in the kitchen, and he promised that if he got a cat, he wouldn't write a bad review, so in order to protect the reputation of the inn.
It seems that I decided to keep a squeak
As you know, Airbnb is a peer-to-peer service that connects people who want to rent out space with people who are looking for a place to stay, and it has users in 192 countries around the world.
When you think of rentable space, you probably think of empty rooms and vacation homes, but there are tree houses, tent cabins, airplane hangars, and even igloos.
If you don't want a regular hotel, there's even a castle nearby where you can stay for $5,000 a night.
It's a great example of how technology has created a market where there was no market before.
Here's a heatmap of the city of Paris, where hosts are popping up at an alarming rate.
This is the figure from 2008
The pink dot represents the host's inn
Just four years ago, letting strangers stay in your home seemed like a crazy idea.
Here's a map of the same area in 2010.
and this is 2012
There are Airbnb hosts on almost every street
What this chart shows is that people are beginning to realize that technology is empowering them to unlock the full value of all their assets, from talents to space and possessions.
This is "collaborative consumption," and it's used by people like Sebastian to become micro-entrepreneurs.
They're making money off their existing assets and saving money.
But it's neither property nor money that makes collaborative consumption like Airbnb possible.
It's about building trust between strangers through the power of technology.
Sebastian realized this during the 2011 London riots.
When I got up at 9:00 and checked my email, I saw a ton of emails asking if he was okay.
He's had guests from all over the world who had previously stayed at his house, and when they learned that there was a riot going on in their neighborhood, they sent me emails out of concern.
According to Sebastian, "I had 13 guests call me earlier than my mom called me." is trying to spread to the world
Empowerment is the reason
Through marketplaces like Airbnb and Kickstarter Etsy, which are based on relationships, not empty transactions, to help us find the humanity we've lost somewhere, to create meaningful human relationships. to empower people to
Ironically, these ideas bring us back to familiar market forces and the inherent human cooperativeness.
It's just an old way of thinking adapted to the new age.
Our world is literally beginning to connect, share, exchange, barter for rent, anything you want: cars on WhipCar, bikes on Spinlister, offices on Loosecubes, shared gardens on Landshare, shared gardens on Zopa and Lending Club, shared with others. It is possible to borrow money
From sushi making to programming, you can take any course on Skillshare.With DogVacay, you can even share your pet.
Welcome to the wonderful world of collaborative consumption, where you can democratically trade what you have for what you want.
Collaborative consumption is about to transform the concept of supply and demand. But it's also part of a big shift in values ​​that's underway. It's the act of consuming to get close to people.
But the main reason that collaborative consumption is on the rise is that advances in technology have made it more efficient, easier to build trust, and easier to share.
In any market like this, trust and efficiency have always played an important role.
For example, let's look at this
Chris, 46, has the title of "SuperRabbit" that everyone in this room would envy.
Four years ago, Chris lost his job as an art buyer to find a new job in the recession.
I stumbled upon a post about TaskRabbit when I was struggling.
Now, this is TaskRabbit, and here's how it got started: In this story, there's a cute little dog named Kobe.
It was February 2008, and Leah and her husband, Kevin, were about to leave the house to go to dinner when Kobe ran up drooling.
They realized they had run out of dog food.
So I canceled my dinner out and had to go shopping in the snow.
That night, two self-proclaimed tech geeks were talking about how it would be nice if a site like eBay let people do chores for them.
Six months later, Leah quit her job and TaskRabbit was born.
It didn't occur to her at the time, but this idea would later grow into a network of services.
This is how we use our online relationships to get things done in the real world.
The mechanism of TaskRabbit is to set a desired price for the task you want to consign and post it on the homepage, and the registrants who pass the screening see it and submit their name.
There's a rigorous hiring process in place to become a registrant, so we hire great people and reject people we don't trust.
There are now over 4,000 registrants across the United States, with over 5,000 more on the alternate list.
As you might have guessed, the errands listed are housework, grocery shopping, and so on.
I just learned the other day that TaskRabbit subscribers have washed a total of 12,500 clothes.
But I love the number one errand that gets posted more than 100 times a day, a job that many of us consider labor intensive, and that's right, building IKEA furniture. (Laughter) (Applause) That's great, and it might be funny, but Chris makes $5,000 a month doing these chores.
70% of this new workforce was previously long-term unemployed or underemployed.
TaskRabbit and other collaborative consumption are like powering up your pocket money.
Think about it, over the last 20 years, we've progressed to trusting people online to give us information, to enter credit card information, and now we're in the third wave of trust. In other words, trust can connect strangers together, and people-powered markets can be developed.
A Pew Center study found that people who use Facebook often trust others three times more than people who don't use the Internet.
Virtual trust will change the way we build trust in person.
Now, I've been optimistic, but there's still a lot to be careful about. It's a complex and difficult problem that needs to be addressed urgently.
The problem is reconciling online identities with real-world identities The problem is reconciling online identities with real-world identities
How do you build the kind of trust online that is built face-to-face?
How do you stop someone who abuses another site from doing the same thing again with a different name?
Just as companies use credit ratings to determine cell phone plans and loan rates, so too do online markets that rely on transactions between strangers need some way to tell if someone, say Sebastian or Chris, is trustworthy. Evaluation is the means
Your Rating Shows Your Trust in the Community
for Chris
You can see that over 200 people rated him with an average of 4.99 or higher out of 5.
There are over 20 pages of reviews about him, with comments such as "friendly" and "fast at work". has earned the title of
(Laughter) "SupperRabbit" is a good title.
Interestingly, as his reputation rises, so does his chances of winning a job -- and the price goes up.
So for SuperRabbit, online ratings have real value.
It's nothing new
You might think, it's the same thing as Amazon star ratings.
The difference is that every time we make a transaction, every time we enter a comment, every time we earn a badge, we leave rating cues everywhere that indicate trust.
The data from this assessment is staggering not only because it's broad in scope, but also because it's huge in volume.
Consider 5 million nights booked through Airbnb in the last six months.
There are 30 million car trips on Carpooling.com.
The total amount of money lending and borrowing through P2P platforms is expected to reach $2 billion this year.
All of this data adds up to a myriad of reputational data records of how we behave.
Collecting and linking information left on different sites is a very difficult problem, and that's what we need to solve.
People like Sebastian are starting to demand that they own the evaluation data as a matter of course.
Shouldn't the reputation data he personally builds on Airbnb move with him from one community to another?
For example, if he starts selling used books on Amazon, does he have to start from scratch?
It's a bit like when I moved from New York to Sydney.
The funny thing is, I didn't get a cell phone deal, because my credit report hadn't moved.
I've become a non-existent person in the system.
What I'm proposing is not that the next step in the evaluation economy is to add multiple ratings and give them some kind of meaningless score.
Life is already complicated, who would want that?
Equally clear are tweets and likes. I mean, the number of friends you have is irrelevant.
Tweet and like! indicates influence, not a person's credibility.
But the most important thing is that assessments are case-by-case.
Sebastian may be popular with overnight guests, but that doesn't mean he can assemble IKEA furniture.
Determining what data to collect is a big challenge, because the future will be driven by good collection of ratings, not by a single algorithm.
It's only a matter of time before search like Facebook and Google will give us a complete picture of someone's behavior over time and under different circumstances.
Who, when, where, and why they trust you Your evaluation as a Taskrabbit Whether you used your accommodation cleanly on Airbnb What kind of knowledge you showed on Quora All the information coming in in real time is collected in one place and is a kind of evaluation will be displayed on your dashboard and will give you at-a-glance view of your valuation capital
Valuation capital is a concept I'm currently researching -- the subject of my next book -- and the definition of valuation capital is your reputation, your attitudes, your abilities and your worth across multiple communities and markets.
Nothing is far, far away, cutting edge
In fact, services like Connect.Me and Legit TrustCloud are beginning to figure out how to aggregate, monitor and use online reputation.
This concept might make your actions feel like you're always being watched. And yes, there are a lot of transparency and privacy issues that need to be addressed, but in the end, we're able to aggregate individual assessments and have better control over them. If we can do that, we can extract tremendous value from it.
And it's much easier to shape our reputation than credit reports.
Remember Sebastian, he bought a cat for his reputation
Aside from the privacy issue, there's another very interesting thing: how to empower the net refugees, and some of them are the most trusted people in the world who, for one reason or another, aren't active online.
How can we collect the contributions they make to their jobs, their communities, their families, and turn that value into valuation capital?
If we can get this right, it could change the way we use valuation capital to determine who has power, who has credibility, who has influence, and in a positive way.
Traditionally, a person's credit report is represented by a three-digit score, but only 30% of people understand what that means.In an era where such a score determines the price of goods, what you can access, and the limitations of life in general. may end
I believe that reputation will be a more powerful currency of the 21st century than credit reports.
Evaluation becomes a currency with the value of "trust".
Interestingly, while valuation can be the socio-economic lubricant that develops collaborative consumption and scale, the sources and applications of valuation have the potential to be much more widely used.
Let me give you one example from the recruiting industry: reputation data can make your resume obsolete.
Four years ago, tech bloggers and entrepreneurs Spolski and Atwood decided to start Stack Overflow.
Stack Overflow was basically a place where experienced programmers could ask other talented programmers very technical, technical questions, like pixel or chrome extensions.
The site asks 5,500 questions a day, and 80 percent of the questions are answered correctly.
Users can earn reputation in a number of ways, but basically they earn reputation by having other programmers recognize their knowledge.
A few months after launching the site, the founders heard a funny story and thought it made sense.
It told me that users put their ratings on the site at the top of their resumes, and that recruiters searched the site for unique talent.
Thousands of programmers now find better jobs this way, and Stack Overflow and its reputation dashboard are a valuable window into what they're doing and how they're being evaluated by other peers. is
But it's the bigger concept behind Stack Overflow that's really exciting.
People are beginning to realize that the recognition that's earned in one community has value beyond the place.
it's very interesting
When I talk to Superusers, whether it's SuperRabbits, Stack Overflow or Uberhosts Superusers -- they all say that their high ratings have made them realize their hidden powers.
Stack Overflow created a level playing field that allowed the truly talented to climb to the top.
At Airbnb, the host was more important than the inn. With TaskRabbit, people gained control over their economic activity.
When Sebastian said goodbye, he said that on those gloomy rainy days when his bookstore had no customers, he remembered the nice things that people around the world said to him: how much he valued him as a human being.
He turns 50 this year, and he firmly believes that the acclaimed tapestry he's built at Airbnb will lead him to do something interesting for the rest of his life.
There are only a handful of events in history that have the potential to change socio-economic systems.
we live in such a time
I believe that the beginning of this collaborative consumer revolution is as important as the industrial revolution.
Invented in the 20th century, credit information has changed the system of consumption and, in many ways, has controlled who gets what.
In the 21st century, new networks of trust will be established, and the valuation capital they create will change the way we think about wealth, market power, and individual identity in ways we can't even imagine.
Thank you. (Applause) (Applause)
In 2008, at the end of my first year of design school—
I was taking my end-of-year judging, and it's a torturous ritual for a design student, and I was standing next to them laying out all the work I'd done that year, and the professors came over -- a lot of them looked at me. Even though I've never met someone before, I feel free to express my thoughts.
Now it's my turn, and I'm standing by the table, arranging everything neatly, hoping that you'll see how hard I've gone to make the design practical, ergonomic, and sustainable.
I was getting more and more anxious because nobody said anything for a long time.
there was complete silence
And then one of the professors said, "Your work gives me joy."
teeth?
I wanted to be a designer because I wanted to solve real problems.
Joy is nice, but it's light and intangible.
I was also intrigued by the fact that joy is a vague feeling, and how does it come from the objects on the table next to me?
I asked the teachers, "How do things make us feel joy?
How can tangible things create intangible joy? "
The teachers stammered and made various gestures
I said, "Well, that's how it is."
Even when I'm preparing for summer vacation, I can't get this question out of my head.
That was the beginning of my journey, a 10-year journey that I had no idea it would take at the time, to unravel the relationship between the physical world and the strange, maddening feeling of joy.
What I've discovered is that not only are the two connected, but the material world is a powerful source of happy, healthy living.
After that review, I thought, "I know what joy looks like, but what exactly is it?"
Even scientists don't always agree, sometimes equating "joy" and "happiness" and "positivity".
But when psychologists say "joy," they mean an intense, temporary, positive emotional experience that makes us smile, laugh, and jump.
this is a professional expression
The feeling of wanting to jump is one way scientists measure pleasure.
Feeling good for a long period of time is different from "happiness"
"Joy" is a momentary feeling of goodness.
It's interesting, because our culture is passionate about the pursuit of happiness, but in the process, joy is overlooked.
That got me thinking, where does joy come from?
I started asking people who knew what made them happy, and even people I just met on the street.
In subways, cafes, airplanes, etc., "Hello, nice to meet you. What makes you happy?"
It was like being a detective
"When was the last time you saw him?"
"Who was with you?" "What color was it?"
"Who else did you see?"
It's a delightful "Girl Detective Nancy"
(Laughter) After doing this for a few months, I realized that some things kept coming up again and again.
For example, cherry blossoms or soap bubbles
Like a pool or a house on a tree
Balloons, googly eyes (Laughter) and ice cream with colorful toppings.
These things seem to transcend age and gender and ethnicity.
Think about it, if the multicolored arc of the rainbow hung across the sky, everyone would look up.
And fireworks—even if you don't know what they're for, you feel like you're celebrating with them.
It's not just good for some people, it's good for almost everyone.
universal joy
When I put it all together, it gave me an indescribable sense of hope.
In the politically divided world we live in, the differences between people can sometimes feel so great and insurmountable.
Underneath that, there's the aspect that everyone finds joy in the same things.
Some people say it's just a fleeting moment of fun, but it's actually very important, and it reminds us that our common experiences in the physical world are all the same, human.
But I wanted to know, what is it about these things that makes them happy?
I had these pictures on my studio wall, and every day I would come over and try to make sense of them.
Then one day I had an epiphany
I've noticed that there are patterns, like round ones.
Bright colors that pop out
a symmetrical shape
There are many and rich sensations
The feeling of lightness and rising
When I looked at it that way, I realized that the sense of joy is strange and elusive, but it can be approached from the nature of tangible objects, what designers call aesthetic. means "I feel" and "I perceive"
These patterns show that joy begins with feeling, which is why I've come to call them the Aesthetics of Joy.
Once I discovered this, I began to find small moments of joy wherever I went, like vintage yellow cars and clever pieces of street art.
It's like I put on rose-tinted glasses, and when I knew what to look for, I started seeing them everywhere.
It's as if small moments of joy were hidden in ordinary places.
At the same time, I realized one more thing: if these things give me joy, why is our world the way it is?
(Laughter) Why would you go to a place like this to work?
Why would you send your children to a school like this?
Why are cities like this?
And especially where the most vulnerable are located: nursing homes, hospitals, homeless shelters, public housing.
How did the world come to be like this?
What started out as joyous, as he got older, was criticized for being lively and frenzied.
When adults show pure joy, they say it's childish, effeminate, unserious, self-indulgent, and so on.
But if the "sensibility of joy" helps us find more joy in the world, why not use it to create more joy?
For the past two years, I've traveled the world looking for answers to this question.
And we ended up with works by the artist Shusaku Arakawa and the poet Madeline Gins, who thought that such an environment would literally kill us.
And I decided to build an apartment that would rejuvenate people.
this is so
(Laughter) (Applause) It's a real place in Mitaka, Tokyo.
I stayed here for one night and it was an amazing place
(Laughter) The floor is wavy, so it's not like you're walking, you're jumping around, and there's bright colors everywhere.
I don't know if I was rejuvenated, but it seemed like if I tried to build an apartment that would make me feel younger, I'd come up with something delightful.
It's probably too much to live on every day, but it got me wondering: What about everyone else?
How can we bring this idea to life?
So I started looking for people who were doing this sort of thing.
For example, here's a hospital designed by Danish artist Paul Jans.
This is a school repainted by Publicolor, a non-profit organization.
And what's interesting is that Publicolor told me that school officials told me that these well-painted schools had better attendance, no graffiti, and the kids felt safer.
This is in line with research conducted in four countries, which shows that people who work in colorful offices are more alert, confident and friendly than those who work in drab places.
Why?
When we follow our love of color, we find that research shows an evolutionary connection.
Color represents life and energy in a very primal way.
The same goes for abundance.
Humans have evolved in a world where scarcity means danger and abundance means survival.
A single confetto (candy) -- and by the way, confetti is singular -- (Laughter), even if it's not so pleasing when it's just one, when you collect a lot of it, it's the most delightful thing on earth.
Architect Emmanuel Moureaux uses this idea often in his work.
Pictured is a nursing home she designed, using different colored balls to create a sense of abundance.
What about the round shape that caught my eye?
It turns out that neuroscientists are working on this as well.
I had a person come into the fMRI and showed me a picture of a sharp object or a round object.
It turns out that the amygdala, the part of the brain associated with fear and anxiety, is activated when we see a sharp object, but not when we see a round object.
Pointy objects are often associated with danger in nature, so it is thought that we have evolved to be unconsciously wary of such shapes, while round shapes are comforting.
You can see an example of this in action in the new building at Sandy Hook Elementary School.
After the mass shooting here in 2012, the architecture firm Svigals + Partners knew they wanted to build a building that was safe, but they also wanted it to be a happy place, so they filled it with curves.
There's an undulation running along the side of the building, and the entrance has a winding canopy, and the whole building is welcomingly curving toward the entrance.
Each moment of joy may be small, but over time it adds up to something greater than the sum of its parts.
Maybe what we should do instead of chasing happiness is to recognize the value of joy and find ways to make it happen more often.
Deep in our hearts, there is an urge to find joy in the world around us.
and there's a reason
joy is not unnecessary and superfluous
It's rooted directly in a deep survival instinct.
At its most fundamental level, the urge for joy is the urge for life.
thank you
(Applause) Thank you.
Thank you very much Thank you very much
(applause)
Others - We are all interested in other people
We all relate to the people around us, we're interested in relationships for a variety of reasons, we're interested in relationships for a variety of reasons.
Good relationship Bad relationship Difficult relationship Inexplicable relationship Good relationship Bad relationship
I speak because I think you're interested in interacting with other people. I speak because I think you're interested in interacting with other people. We've used it as a scientific gauge, and it's giving us new, but still nascent, insights into what happens when two brains are interacting at the same time.
First I'd like to explain how we can do that First I'd like to explain how we can do it
We can now observe brain activity without compromising our health Now we can observe brain activity without compromising our health
Without needles or radiation, without medical purposes, you can record the brain activity of your neighbors and friends during a variety of cognitive activities using "functional magnetic resonance imaging" (fMRI). -
This sounds familiar to all of you. Let me explain in a few words.
You've heard of MRI, which uses magnetic fields and electromagnetic waves.
In the '90s, we discovered that we could use MRI differently. In the '90s, we discovered that MRI could be used differently.
So what? The neural activity in the brain, the activity that makes the brain function, the behavior of the brain's software is correlated with blood flow.
Blood flow tells us about brain activity Blood flow tells us brain activity
This is a revolution for cognitive science
Let's say you have a cognitive region you want to study: memory, movement, thinking about your mother-in-law, emotional reactions that happen to someone, and so on, and you can see how these activities are distributed in the brain by putting people through an fMRI machine.
fMRI is in its early stages and has rough accuracy, but 20 years ago there was nothing.
We couldn't study people -- healthy people --
fMRI has literally revolutionized new materials, and neurologists use a wide variety of materials in their research: worms, rats, flies, and so on.
And the new experimental material is humans.
We can now use humans to study how the human brain works, and we're starting to have some biological markers.
Now, let me give you an example of an experiment that people have done, and this was done in the realm of "evaluation."
"Evaluation" is exactly what you think
If I compare two companies, I want to know which one is worth more.
The characteristics of "evaluation" have been known for thousands of years.
How would you compare an orange to a windshield? You can't, right?
How would you compare an orange to a windshield? You can't, right?
they don't mix with each other
In this case, we convert them to the same scale and use that scale to rate.
This is the job of the brain, and we're beginning to identify the organs of the brain that are involved in the evaluation. One of them is the neurotransmitter system, where cells located in the brainstem release a chemical called dopamine throughout the brain. increase
I won't go into detail, but this is an important finding, neurotransmitter systems are small but important, and these neurons are either impaired or dominated by Parkinson's disease or drug use, and this makes a lot of sense.
Using drugs changes the criteria by which we are evaluated - using drugs changes the criteria by which we evaluate - drugs become the most important thing drug becomes the most important thing.
But the real peculiarity of the neurotransmitter system is that it also involves evaluating abstract concepts, and we value things like these for many reasons. put a value on something like
There is a superpower in our brain, and it has to do with dopamine.
Only humans can deny survival instincts for concepts, even trivial ones.
In 1997, there was a mass suicide of a religious cult, obsessed with the idea that a spaceship hidden in the tail of Comet Hale-Bopp could transport souls to another world. It's a tragic event.
two-thirds of them graduated from college
But the key point here is that the survival instinct that was developed for survival, using the neurotransmitter system, has been denied, and this requires a great deal of control.
The one thing that's missing from this story is the topic from here on out, about other people.
A similar evaluation system is used to evaluate relationships -- the neurotransmitter system.
It's this dopamine system that makes people addicted to drugs, keeps Parkinson's patients stationary, is responsible for a variety of psychotic disorders, and is used to rate relationships -- it's the gestures you make when you're interacting with someone.
I would like to give an example
All of you, unwittingly, are doing quite a bit of processing power in this area.
here's a baby
She's three months old, wears diapers, and can't do calculus.
Someone in my family is happy to see you here.
Try covering one of her eyes, and I think you'll see curiosity in one eye and a little surprise in the other.
Photos of couples, sharing good times, and -- the experiment showed that even if part of the photo was cropped, they were still sharing a good time. found to be readable
There's a lot of information in the picture that gives us clues, but facial expressions are the easiest to read, but the differences between them and normal expressions are subtle.
Another couple He's projecting feelings towards us And the emotions she's projecting are clear, love and admiration for him
And then another couple (Laughter) on the left side, which doesn't seem to show any love or admiration. I'm going to punch you in the face."
They're going to get really mad at me for showing you the pictures.
It means that we use a lot of processing power for evaluation.
It involves the dopamine system deep in our brains, where we need sex and food to keep us alive.
There's a demanding system involved, and that's what drives what we do.
So how can we set up an experiment to use this dopamine system as a relationship gauge?
the answer is to play games
Let's play the economic game.
One is experimental economics and the other is behavioral economics.
I'm borrowing their game and using it for research.
The game says "The Ultimatum Game"
Red is given $100 and can propose how to divide it with Blue. Red is given $100 and can propose how to divide it with Blue. Let's say Red's proposal is Red: 70 Blue: 30.
Then the initiative shifts to blue, and if blue says "yes", they both get the money, and if blue says "no", neither of them gets anything.
According to economists' rational choice, we should accept everything except "zero."
But really, 80-20 proposals make the choice neutral.
At 80-20, it's 50/50 if the other person "accepts"
why? You get it, right? because it makes me angry
Because I'm angry at the obviously unfair proposal.
Experiments of this kind are being conducted all over the world.
This is an example of how these kinds of games can be gauges, and what's also interesting is that these games require a lot of cognitive skills.
First, we need a good model of the other party.
It takes a little courage to remember what you did and to act on it.
It takes a little courage to remember what you did and to act on it.
And then you have to update your model based on how they respond and do something interesting, and this requires a lot of thought.
Judging what the other person expects is in the other person—
Send a signal to manage your image
It's kind of like a job interview, where you sit in front of a preconceived interviewer and signal that that preconceived notion is corrected to the image you want.
We're all so good at these things that we don't even realize it
Using our measuring instruments, we can find out
This study found that people are canaries in social settings This study found that people are canaries in social settings
Canaries were used as detectors in coal mines.
When the methane rises, the carbon dioxide rises, the oxygen falls, these birds faint faster than humans and act as an alarm system, saying, "This is bad, we're out of the mine."
It's as simple as people sitting at a table and exchanging numbers -- people sitting at a table and just exchanging numbers -- it's a simple exchange with a set procedure, and that's where a lot of nerve is put into it.
We realized we could use it, and we've actually been experimenting with it, and we've been experimenting with thousands of people -- I think we've been experimenting with 5,000, 6,000 people -- but we need a lot more to turn the data into a biological measure. But to turn the data into a biological measure, we need a lot more numbers, we need a lot more, but anyway, we're starting to see patterns, and we're going to translate those patterns into mathematical models, and from there -- human interactions. New findings have been obtained about So what?
So this is a valid way to measure behavior, and the game teaches us about the best way to measure it.
calculate it during the game
Behavior can be modeled
Six or seven years ago, we formed a team, first in Houston, Texas.
Now we're in Virginia and London, and we developed software to connect fMRI machines to the Internet.
So machines all over the world can connect,
We can connect and interact with each other and see two brains interacting at the same time. For the first time against individual averages and computers -- instead of looking at people and drawing inferences from them -- in pairs. can now be examined
We're starting to get new insights about cognitive abilities by studying how people interact with other people in more and more human subjects. We can measure what is the ability necessary for interaction
The experiment has just begun, but we've made some early discoveries The experiment has just begun, but we've made some early discoveries
We look forward to the future of this research. I believe it will create a new, non-traditional mathematical definition of mental illness. With people with depression, autism, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder -- with people with depression, autism, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder -- we're going to analyze a game played by a normal person using a program that uses the normal person as a sensor. Patient modeling allows us to assess psychiatric disorders.
We're just getting started, with facilities all over the world We're just getting started, with facilities all over the world
One of the centers is ironically in the small town of Roanoke, Virginia.
We have another hub in London, and the rest are in the works. We would like to one day open up the data to the world, but there are complications with that.
I've only seen a small part of what makes it interesting, so if you're interested in participating in the research, I'd be happy to share the software and how to use it.
lastly-
The interesting thing about studying cognitive ability is that we've always been limited.
Until recently, there was no way to see the brains of people you interacted with at the same time.Until recently, there was no way to see the brains of people you interacted with at the same time.
But the truth is, we humans are social creatures even when we're alone. Our brains aren't -- developed in a world of isolation -- solitary beings. In fact, our brains -- depend on others. It depends on - it's in other people - that you express yourself. Until you interact with another person - whether it's an ally, an enemy, or someone you don't quite understand - you don't know who you are. is
Based on this insight and using it as a tool to understand what it is to be human and to understand mental illness, this research is the first step.
Thank you. (Applause)
With tens of millions of people out of work or without enough jobs, there's a lot of interest in how technology is affecting the workforce.
And when I see views on that subject, I feel like I'm missing the point completely, even though they're on topic.
The question at the center of the debate is whether digital technology is affecting our ability to earn a living. Put a little differently, are androids taking jobs?
there is some evidence that
Once U.S. GDP returned to slow but steady growth, the Great Recession ended, and other economic indicators began to recover, there was a rapid return to health.
In fact, including bank revenues, it's the highest it's ever been.
Business investment is also strong, with record highs in capex and hardware and software.
Corporate investment has increased
What's missing is employment.
The red line on the graph is the employment-to-population ratio, or in other words, the percentage of working-age people in the United States who are employed.
You know I'm down in the Great Recession, and I haven't really recovered from it.
But this is not just a recession story
Employment has stagnated across the board over the last decade. When you compare decade by decade, the 2000s is the only record year in which fewer people are working at the end of the decade than at the beginning of the decade. I can't even look at
If you look at the number of workers available in this country and the number of jobs available, there's a gap that's widened over time, and the gap widened significantly during the Great Recession.
I did a simple calculation of GDP growth over the last 20 years and
Using labor productivity growth, I tried to predict, in a fairly simple way, how many jobs would be needed to sustain economic growth, and this is the line I came up with (red dashed line).
How do you like it? And this is about the future working-age population.
shows government forecasts
If these predictions are accurate, the gap will never be closed.
I don't think these predictions are accurate. This is the problem.
In particular, I think the assumptions I've come up with are far too optimistic, because in my calculations I assumed that future labor productivity growth would be the same as it was in the past.
Because when you look around you, you don't think you've seen anything yet about the impact of technology on the workforce.
In the last couple of years, we've begun to see digital tools with skills and capabilities we never had before, and they've become deeply embedded in the work we do. I would like to mention
Historically, if we wanted to translate something into another language, we'd let humans do it.
Today, you can use instant automatic translation services in multiple languages ​​for free, on smartphones and many other devices.
As some of you may have used, these services aren't perfect, but they're decent.
Historically, if you needed a piece of writing, like a report or an article, you'd let someone do it for you.
not now this was a while ago
Forbes online article on Apple's earnings
This is written by an algorithm
And this isn't so bad it's perfect
A lot of people will look at this and say, "But this is a very specific and specific task, and most knowledge workers are actually generalists.
What they're doing is building a lot of expertise and knowledge to react instantly to unpredictable demands, which is very difficult to automate."
One of the most impressive knowledge workers of recent times is a man named Ken Jennings.
He won 74 games in a row on a quiz show called Jeopardy!
got 3 million dollars
Sitting to the right is Ken, who just lost to IBM's supercomputer Watson, programmed for Jeopardy, by three times the score.
When I got this glimpse of what technology could do for the average knowledge worker, I started to wonder if there was anything particularly special about this concept of the generalist, especially in connecting Watson to Siri. Especially if we have technology that understands what is being said and can answer it with voice.
Siri is far from perfect right now, and there are some funny mistakes, but as technology like Siri and Watson progress according to Moore's Law, and I think it will, in six years, it's not going to double or quadruple, it's going to be 16 times. You should remember that you should be better
So I started to think that a lot of knowledge work would be influenced by this technology.
And digital technology isn't just affecting knowledge work, it's starting to affect the physical world as well.
I had the chance to ride in Google's driverless car a while back, and it lived up to its reputation, and it was really cool. (Laughter)
I can assure you that we handled the slow-moving Route 101 very smoothly.
About 3.5 million people in the United States make a living driving trucks, and I think some people will be affected by this technology because humanoid robots are still very immature today.
can't do so many things
But things are improving rapidly, and DARPA, the investment arm of the Department of Defense, is trying to accelerate this process.
In short, androids are closing in on our jobs.
In the short term, we can drive employment by encouraging entrepreneurship and investing in infrastructure, because robots are still not good at repairing bridges today.
But in the not-too-distant future, most of us here will, in our lifetime, move into an economy that is very productive but doesn't require a lot of labor.
Dealing with that transition will be the greatest challenge facing our society.
Voltaire's quote perfectly illustrates this reason: "Work has saved us from three great evils: boredom, delinquency and poverty."
But even with all these challenges, I'm personally still very positive about digital, and the digital technologies we're developing now will eventually lead us to a utopian future instead of a gloomy future. I have great confidence that
I want to ask a ridiculously broad question here.
What is the most important progress in human history?
I'm going to share with you some of the answers I've received to this question.
It's easy to start a never-ending debate. Some would point to the fact that philosophical systems in both the West and the East have changed the way many people see the world.
Some would say, "No, really, the big thing, the progress, was the establishment of a major religion that changed civilization and affected the way of life for millions of people."
"It is the empire that has actually changed civilization, modified it, and changed the lives of its people. The greatest development of mankind is the history of conquest and warfare."
And then there's almost always someone cheerful who cuts in and says, "Hey, you forgot about the plague." (Laughter)
Some have an optimistic answer to this question.
Others talk about intellectual achievements, like mathematics, that enabled us to manipulate the world better. Others talk about a time when art and science flourished.
It's an endless debate, and there's no single definitive answer, but big-headed people like me say,
"What about data?"
So we start making graphs of things we're interested in, like graphs of the total population of the world, or indicators of social development, or the state of societal sophistication.
Because with such an approach, any major event, any major development in human history, the curve of the graph should be sharply curved.
Now, when we plot the data like this, we quickly come to a strange conclusion.
In fact, none of the answers really matter. (Laughter)
It doesn't affect the graph at all. (Laughter)
The only event in human history that has bent the graph nearly 90 degrees is the development of technology.
Steam engines and related technologies changed the world with the Industrial Revolution and had a tremendous impact on human history, making everything before it, in the words of historian Ian Morris, a laughing stock.
Because we have infinitely amplified the power of our muscles and overcome our strength limits.
We are now trying to overcome the limitations of individual brains to infinitely amplify intelligence.
How could this not be as serious as overcoming the limits of muscle strength?
This may sound like a repeat, but there is still a long way to go in terms of the changes in digital technology these days.
Given the state of the economy and society, my only conclusion is that we haven't seen anything yet, so the fun is ahead.
Let me give you some examples
The economy doesn't run on energy
It's not capital or labor, it's driven by ideas.
The work of innovating and generating new ideas is the most powerful and basic work we can do in economic life, and that's how we used to innovate.
Gather people who are somewhat similar
(Laughter) They pull it from an elite institution, send it to another elite institution, and wait for innovation.
Now -- (Laughter) -- for a white guy who spent his entire career at MIT -- at Harvard -- this is no problem. (Laughter)
But some people think it's a problem, and they've walked into the party without permission and loosened the innovation dress code.
(Laughter) This is a picture of the winners of the TopCoder Programming Challenge, where these kids grew up, where they went to school, or what they look like.
quality of work, quality of ideas
It's something we've witnessed time and time again in a technology-driven world.
Innovation work will become more open, more inclusive, more transparent, more merit-oriented, and it will continue regardless of what MIT and Harvard think. I couldn't be happier about this development.
It's sometimes said, "Technology is important, but it's still just a tool for an affluent world. These digital tools are doing nothing to improve the lives of low-income people."
I'll be honest, it's not like that.
Technology contributes significantly to low-income populations
Economist Robert Jensen did a wonderful study not so long ago in the Indian fishing village of Kerala, where he looked in detail at what happened when people got cell phones.
Manuscripts for economics journals like the Quarterly Journal of Economics require a very calm and deliberate tone of voice.
What you get when you read his paper is that Jensen is shouting to us, hey, this is important.
We have stabilized our shipping prices and have a better outlook on economic life.
Landing waste has been eliminated rather than reduced.
In every village, the lives of both buyers and sellers have improved measurably.
I don't think Jensen happened to be in a very lucky fishing village where technology has improved things.
Instead, they very carefully documented what happens, time and time again, when technology is introduced into an environment or community for the first time: people's lives and well-being improve dramatically.
So when I look around at all the evidence and think about the potential for further growth, I become a huge digital optimist. If it's an evaluation
"Digital technology is a wonderful gift." We are incredibly lucky to be living in a time when digital technology is blossoming, expanding, deepening, and becoming more important around the world.
Yes, androids are stealing our jobs, but if we focus too much on that fact, we miss the point entirely.
The point is that we can do something different, and I'm pretty sure that what we're trying to do is reduce poverty and hard work and unhappiness around the world. make lighter
I'm pretty sure they're going to learn the tricks, and I'm pretty confident that what's happening with these new digital tools will be so massive and so rewarding that everything before them will be a joke.
Finally, I'd like to end with Ken Jennings, who you know, who's had a front row seat to seeing digital advancements.
He said, "I personally welcome a computerized monarchy." (Laughter)
Thank you very much. (Applause)
Now this man thought he knew the future.
I'm Nostradamus. You look like Sean Connery in The Sun. (Laughter) Like most people, I don't think I can see the future. yeah
I don't believe in predictions.Sometimes people say that someone predicted the future, but that must be a fluke.
It doesn't matter if it fails
That's the kind of trivial prophecy that would be, but the trouble is that the exact same problem is rife in the academic and medical worlds, and sometimes it's life-threatening.
First, let's just consider the story of prophecy. It turns out that the reaction of most of our readers was, "Well, it's either a fluke or an exception, because if the study didn't provide evidence that the students had predictive power, it's pretty clear that it wouldn't be published in the journal."
And that's exactly what it turns out to be. When other groups tried to replicate the results of this prognostic experiment and submitted it to the same journal, the journal said, "We're not interested in replicates. We're not interested in negative data. I'm sorry."
This example is evidence of the discrepancy between what we see in journals and what scientific research actually does.
It's not just a matter of psychology, a life-or-death academic field.
The same problem arises in cancer research, for example.
Just a month ago, in March 2012, in Nature, a study that attempted to replicate 53 basic studies of potential therapeutic targets for cancer, and only six of those 53 replicated.
47 out of 53 were not reproducible.
It's been argued that this is probably because specific results are published.
So, they do a lot of research, and the research that works well gets published, and the ones that fail don't.
Here's a proposal to address this problem, because it's a problem, a problem that leads to a dead end, and to get around this problem, in addition to making it easier to publish scientifically failing results, we're asking scientists to: It has been proposed that incentives should be provided to encourage the publication of negative data.
Furthermore, this problem is not limited to basic research on cancer, which is pre-clinical research.
It's also a problem in the raw, meat-and-blood academic field of medicine. There is a lot of heart disease, so the idea is that giving them antiarrhythmic drugs will improve their survival.
Early in development, we did a very small trial with 100 patients.
50 people were given lorcainide, 10 died.
The other 50 people were given a placebo made of sugar with no medicinal properties, and one died.
The researchers quickly decided that the drug was no good, and drug development was stopped.
Unfortunately, within the next five or ten years, other companies had similarly come up with antiarrhythmic drugs to be administered after a heart attack.
These drugs came on the market, and because heart attacks are so common, they were prescribed so many of them. By now, more than 100,000 people in the United States have died who should not have died because they were prescribed antiarrhythmic drugs.
Now, in 1993, the team that did the early work in 1980 said in a paper that could be described as a confession to the scientific community, "When we did our study in 1980, the mortality rate in the group that received lorcainide. I thought the rise was a coincidence
Development of lorcainide was stopped by a business decision and the results were not made public. Development of lorcainide was stopped by a business decision and the results were not made public. This is a clear example of "publication bias."
This terminology describes the phenomenon of unwelcome data being lost or left undisclosed and unaddressed.
The story up to this point was 20-30 years ago.
It was an episode in basic science.
The landscape of scholarly publishing has changed completely.
Journals like the open access "Trials" have a policy of publishing trials in humans, regardless of the outcome.
But the problem of missing negative results is still pervasive, and it's at the heart of evidence-based medicine.
This is a drug called reboxetine, an antidepressant I've prescribed.
Being a nerdy doctor, I read all the papers I could read about this drug, and one paper showed that reboxetine was better than a placebo, and three other papers found reboxetine to be as effective as other antidepressants. Other drugs didn't work for my patients, so I figured if reboxetine was comparable, I should try it.
It turned out to be a mistake. In fact, there were seven trials of reboxetine versus a sugar placebo, one of which was published with positive results, and six others with negative results that were never published. it's over
There are three published trials comparing reboxetine to other antidepressants -- they're equally effective, but look at three times as many patients and find reboxetine to be worse than other antidepressants. We studied three times as many patients and found reboxetine to be inferior to other antidepressants, but none of these treatments or trials were published.
I seem to have been misguided
You might think that this is an extremely exceptional case, and I don't want to be picking data that's as convenient as the people in question.
After all, the phenomenon of publication bias has been extensively studied.
For example, check
It's a classic model, but I'm going to collect all the trials that have been conducted and completed, and see if they've been published in any academic journal. is
We collected the trials that were submitted to the FDA as part of the approval process.
It's not exhaustive, because we can't know how many trials have actually been done, but they're trials that were done to get the product approved.
Now, when I looked at the publication status of these trials in peer-reviewed journals, I found this:
The actual results of clinical trials were 50/50, half successful and half negative.
If you look for peer-reviewed articles about these trials, a different picture emerges.
Only 3 negative trials have been published All but one positive trial has been published
If you take a close look at these two results, you'll see a startling difference: the gap between what doctors, patients, health insurance directors, and academics know through peer-reviewed journals and what's actually happening.
We are misguided. This is a fundamental systemic flaw in medicine.
In fact, there have been more than 100 studies on publication bias, and another systematic review was published in 2010 that covered all the research on publication bias.
Publication bias affects all areas of medicine
We found that, on average, half of all trials were lost in vain, and positive results were twice as likely to be published as negative results.
This is cancer at the root of evidence-based medicine.
If I toss a coin 100 times and then hide half the result, I can make you think I always have a coin that comes up.
it's actually different
I'm a charlatan, and you're an idiot for allowing a hoax. (Laughter) But this is what's overlooked in evidence-based medicine.
In my opinion, it's also inappropriate research.
If you do a study and hide half the data, you're definitely going to be accused of fraudulent research.
However, for whatever reason, if someone does 10 studies and only publishes the five that get the results they want, I wouldn't call it fraudulent research.
And that responsibility tends to be thinly and permissively spread across networks of researchers, to societies, to sponsoring companies and journal editors. The impact on the
the impact is happening right now
This drug is Tamiflu. Governments around the world have spent billions of dollars stockpiling Tamiflu. is the
Complications is the medical euphemism for pneumonia and death. It turns out that the results of the trial have not been published.
the reviewer does not get the results
We began collecting detailed records through various other channels, but the data we collected under the Freedom of Information Act and against several organizations was inconsistent.
And when I tried to get the clinical study report, I was told that they couldn't give me the 10,000-page document that best describes the study.
If you're interested in the whole exchange, and the explanations and explanations by the pharmaceutical companies, they're all published in this week's PLOS Medicine.
The thing that most appalled me about all this was not only that this was a problem, but that even though they knew it was a problem, they were still covering it up with false countermeasures.
Some people pretend that the problem is solved
When we first submit a trial, we all say that we'll have all the participants enrolled in the trial, and we'll publish the protocol. Anyone can check from
It wasn't registered properly.
This is where the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) comes in and we set the course.
I said that we would not allow any trials or journals that were not registered before they started to be published.
But that policy wasn't followed, according to a 2008 study that found that half of the trials published in ICMJE member-edited journals were improperly registered, and a quarter were never registered at all. I understand
And finally, the FDA passed an amendment law, a few years ago, that requires anyone conducting a clinical trial to submit the results of that trial within a year.
The January 2012 issue of the BMJ published a study to see if this rule was being followed, and found that only one in five cases followed the rule.
it's a terrible situation
If you don't have access to all the information, you can't really know how the drugs you prescribe are working.
Solving this problem is not difficult
We need to publish all human trials, even older ones. FDA amendments require only trials from 2008 onwards to be published. there is no reference
We need to go back and publish all of the human trials that are currently in use for all of the drugs that are currently in use.
Thank you. (Applause) (Applause)
So far, I've written mostly about architecture, buildings, but there's an underlying premise.
When a building is built, it becomes a "place", and when many buildings are built, it becomes a "town".In places like this, where various forces such as politics, culture, and economics are mixed and formed, you can actually go out and walk around. can do
touch the smell, grasp the feeling
You can experience the atmosphere of the place
But what I think has changed a lot in the last few years is that I've been spending less and less time with the outside world and more and more time sitting in front of my computer.
Especially since I got my iPhone in 2007 or so, I'm not just sitting in front of a screen all day, but I'm also standing up in front of it and looking at the little screen I carry in my pocket.
In an instant that surprised even me, the way I interacted with the real world changed.
It's been 15 years since the Internet became popular, and it's been four or five years since I've been on the Internet all the time, but it's changed the way I interact with my surroundings. looking at the world around and both
What's even more disturbing is that the world inside the screen doesn't feel like it's actually there.
If you look for images of the Internet, all you'll find is this famous image of Opte, and it's hard to believe that we belong in an infinite space that likens the Internet to a galaxy.
It's impossible to get the big picture
Every time I look at this image, I'm reminded of a picture of the Earth, like a blue marble, taken from Apollo.
we are nothing but tiny beings
I have the internet world and the screen, and I have the real world around me, but I can't bring them together.
While I was thinking about it, something like this happened
Once in a while, my internet connection breaks down, and the cable company comes in to fix it, and I follow the dusty cables behind the sofa, from near the entrance to the basement, to the backyard, and the cables get jumbled up in front of the exterior wall. was
There he saw a squirrel running along the cable and escaping, and he said, "This is what's causing it.
The Internet is being bitten by squirrels." (Laughter) This was amazing. The Internet is a transcendent concept, a communication arrangement that has changed the way we shop, date and even revolutionize the way we shop.
(Laughter) But apparently my internet is
(Laughter) All of a sudden, this thought crossed my mind. If I pulled the cable out of the wall and followed it, where would it lead?
Is the Internet a place you can actually visit?
Who will you meet if you go?
Does anything exist?
Whoever you ask, the answer is "no"
This is the Internet, a black box with a red light, used in the British comedy show "Hey IT!"
It is usually installed on top of Big Ben for easy reception. It's a total lie about employees making fun of their tech-ignorant co-workers.
"I can borrow it for a short time," I explained, and my colleague looked at the box anxiously and asked, "Is this the Internet? The entire Internet? Is it heavy?"
They answer, "Of course not. The Internet has no weight."
Embarrassingly, the Internet I was looking for was also something like this that people laughed at when they heard about it.
It was a silly black box with an irregular shape and a shiny red lamp.
There is no such thing as the Internet
But actually, there is the real world of the Internet, so for two years, I've been visiting various Internet places, including large data centers that use as much electricity as the cities they're built in, and places like this. It's the 60 Hudson Street building in New York City.
This connection is clearly a physical process
The routers of networks like Facebook, Google, B.T., Comcast, Time Warner, etc., are usually connected to each other by yellow fiber optic cables running through the ceiling.
There are a dozen other 60 Hudson-class locations with 10 times more network connectivity than next-level locations, 10 times more networks than next-level locations.
there are only a few places like this
60 Hudson's building is special because it's one of the five most important network hubs, and those networks are undersea cables that run across the ocean floor, connecting Europe and America, connecting us all.
I want to think specifically about cables like this.
If the Internet feels like a global phenomenon, or if it feels like we're living in a shrinking world with no borders, it's because of submarine cables like this one.
When you look at it like this, the cable is surprisingly thin
You can hold it in one hand, like a garden hose.
But another way of looking at it is, as you might imagine, it's very extensive.
It stretches across the ocean, more than 10,000 kilometers long, and while the materials science and computational techniques are incredibly complex, the basic physics of the cable is surprisingly simple: light enters from one side of the ocean. It comes in and it comes out the other way, through a building called a "landing station" that's hidden away in a coastal area that isn't normally visible. First of all, it's incredibly fast. The basic unit is 10 Gbps per wavelength. I'm sure you can stream 10,000 videos a thousand times faster than your internet connection. You can send 50, 60, 70 different wavelengths, or colors, of light, and there are probably eight optical fibers in one cable, four in each direction.
Each one is very thin, no thicker than a human hair.
The cable connects to land somewhere
It's connected in manholes like this, and 8,000 kilometers of cables are actually connected here.
This is in Halifax, but the cable runs from here to Ireland.
This situation is changing. Three years ago, when I started researching this, there was only one cable along the west coast of Africa, marked by the thin black line on Steve Song's map.
Currently, there are six cables on the east and west coasts, three on each side, but more will be added.
Because when any country becomes connected to the world, it realizes that one cable is not enough. If you want to develop your industry with the power of submarine cables, you need a stable and permanent communication line. Because you have to get out of the boat, throw the hooked tool in the garbage, pull up the broken ends, fuse them together, and then put them back in the ocean.
It's a lot of work
This is my friend Simon Cooper, who until recently worked at Tata Communications, the telecommunications arm of the Indian conglomerate Tata.
I've never actually met him in person, and I've always thought he was in the internet, maybe because we always talked through telepresence systems. (Laughter) He's British, and the submarine cable industry is overwhelmingly British. There are a lot of them. They all look 42 years old (laughs).
Because they all started at the same time as the boom 20 years ago.
Tata started its telecommunications business when it bought two cables, one across the Atlantic and the other across the Pacific, and they continued to add more cables until they formed a belt around the world, ladies and gentlemen. sending data from east to west
It's literally sending beams of light around the world, and if the cable were to break in the Pacific, it could still be sent in the opposite direction.
We looked for places that weren't connected, the north-south direction, the cable going to Africa.
But what struck me was Simon's extraordinary geographic imagination.
he thinks of the world on a grand scale
The reason I was interested in this was because I wanted to see how the cables were being laid. Tweets, Facebook posts, emails, all of a sudden, it feels like there's a connection or something right next to me. What's behind this? there should be
There must have been a moment when the continents were connected.I wanted to see that.
Simon was working on laying a new cable, the West Africa Cable System, or WACS, that would run from Lisbon down the West Coast of Africa to Ivory Coast, Ghana, Nigeria, Cameroon.
He said he would arrive soon, depending on the weather, but he promised to let me know when he found out the date and time. He informed me that he would arrive in four days, and told me to go to this beach on the south coast of Lisbon at 9 o'clock. -- this guy came out of the water (Laughter) and he brought along a green nylon rope, a light rope called a "messenger line," and it's a stepping stone that connects the ocean and the land. It will become a path of light over 14,000 kilometers later.
After a while, a bulldozer begins to lift the cable from the cable-laying ship, and the cable is floated on a buoy and brought into position.
You can see it being supervised by a British engineer.
Once it's in place, he goes back out to sea, grabs a big knife, cuts off the buoy, and the buoy bounces out of the water, and the cable sinks to the bottom of the sea. I picked it up, jumped back into the ocean, swam back to the beach, and lit a cigarette (Laughter). connect with cable
First, you've got a hacksaw, and you're going to shave off the inside of the plastic, like a chef, and then, like a jeweler, you're going to take a hair-thick fiber and match it up with something from the land, and then you're going to use a machine that's like a hole punch. to fuse using
When you see these workers working on cables with hacksaws, you can't think of the Internet as a cloud.
looks very physical
Another thing that struck me was that the Internet is one of the most sophisticated technologies, even the most advanced, yet the physical processes are still the same, the culture is the same.
Some are local workers, some are British engineers who give instructions behind the scenes. And more importantly, they're all in the same place. These cables still lead to old port towns like Lisbon, Mombasa, Mumbai, Singapore, New York.
It takes three or four days to do the work on the beach, and when it's done, we'll cover the manholes, cover them with sand, and we'll all forget about it.
We talk a lot about the cloud, but it seems to me that every time you put something in the cloud, you're abdicating responsibility.
It's less connected and more managed by someone else, and that just doesn't seem right.
It's less connected and more managed by someone else, and that just doesn't seem right.
This is Neil Stevenson's quote, "The tethered should know what tethers them."
We should know where the internet comes from and what physically connects us.
Thank you (Applause) (Applause) Thank you (Applause)
(Music) (Applause) Thank you. (Applause) It's an honor to be here.
A few weeks ago, I saw a video on YouTube about Congressman Gabriel Giffords starting rehab to recover from a severe gunshot wound to the head.
The bullet lodged in her left hemisphere, destroying Broca's area, the brain's language center.
At this point, Gabby was being treated by a speech therapist and struggled to say simple words, but was gradually overwhelmed until she began to sob and was seen sobbing without words in the therapist's arms. was being
After a while, the therapist tried a different method and began to sing a song. Gabby also began to sing with tears on her face. Gabby sang to the descending scale, "Let it shine, let it shine, let it shine."
As this powerfully demonstrates, the beauty of music is that it can communicate things that cannot be said in words, which in Gabby's case literally could not.
Gaby's video reminded me of Dr. Gottfried Schlag, a brilliant neuroscientist who studies music and the brain at Harvard University in a now widely used form of melodic intonation therapy. He is also an advocate of music therapy.
Dr. Schlag realized that patients who had suffered a stroke and were aphasic and unable to form even three- or four-word sentences could still sing the lyrics to songs like "Happy Birthday," or their favorite Eagles or Rolling Singers. Stones songs, etc.
And after 70 hours of immersive singing lessons, he discovered that music reconnected the patient's cranial nerves, creating an alternative language center in the right hemisphere to complement the damaged left hemisphere.
When I was 17, I visited Dr. Schlag's lab, and he showed me the cutting edge of research on music and the brain. Playing and listening to music stimulates the entire brain, from the prefrontal cortex to the cerebellum, to light up the nerves that music helps children with autism and those with stress, anxiety and depression. It has become a therapeutic modality in psychiatry. Listening to music reduces tremors and stabilizes gait in people with Parkinson's disease. And it is a story that I can play Chopin's music that I learned when I was a child.
But my visit that day had a deeper purpose: I was at a crossroads in my life, choosing between music and medicine.
I had just finished my undergraduate studies at Harvard University, working as an assistant in Dr. Dennis Selcoe's lab, researching Parkinson's disease. I was fascinated by neuroscience and wanted to be a surgeon.
I wanted to be a brave doctor like Paul Farmer and Rick Hawes, go to places like Haiti and Ethiopia, and treat people with AIDS, multidrug-resistant tuberculosis, disfiguring children with cancer. is
Doctors who work for the Red Cross or Doctors Without Borders.
On the other hand, I've been playing the violin since I was a little girl.
Music must be more than just a passion for me—
It's like oxygen. I was lucky enough to study at the Juilliard School, and for my debut performance in Tel Aviv, I was able to play with the Israel Philharmonic under Zubin Mehta. He had studied at the Vienna Conservatory as a player and then gave up music to pursue medicine.
He said, "Sometimes you want to go back in time and play the organ like you used to. You can go to medical school later, but not the violin."
After that, I continued my music studies for the next two years, and I decided, before I took the medical school exam, I was going to try the impossible, and then, as a filial Indian, I could go to medical school and become Dr. Gupta. (Laughter) I wanted to try the impossible, so I auditioned for the famed Los Angeles Philharmonic, my first ever audition.
During the one-week screening period, I performed through the screen for three days and was accepted.
It was like a dream to play in an orchestra, in the Walt Disney Concert Hall, with the famous Gustavo Dudamel as conductor. It's become a family and new musical hub.
A year later, I met a musician from Juilliard who helped me a lot in shaping the way I think and be as a musician.
Nathaniel Ayers studied double bass at Juilliard, but in his early twenties suffered a series of psychotic symptoms, underwent psychotropic treatment in Bellevue, and 30 years later found himself on the streets of Skid Row in downtown Los Angeles. was
Nathaniel's story led the way in thinking about homelessness and mental health issues across the country, and it was published and filmed as "Soloist on the Street." I became friends with him and became his violin teacher. I promised to give lessons wherever I had
Over and over on Skid Row, I've seen music rescue him from dark abysses that, to a layman like me, could be the symptoms of a schizophrenic attack.
Playing for Nathaniel made music take on a deeper meaning, because now music has become communication. It's an exchange of messages that comes to the fore through interactions with me.
I was outraged that someone like Nathaniel was forced to live on the streets of Skid Row because he had a mental illness. How many tens of thousands of people in Skid Row alone have to live on the streets without being picked up by the public?
As I was agonizing over this, I suddenly had the feeling that the musical genie had chosen me, and I thought, perhaps because of my naivety, that Skid Row needed a pole, not a musician to play in Disney Hall.・ You're like Farmer
But in the end, Nathaniel taught me that if I'm really passionate about change, if I want to make a difference, I already have the tools to do it, connecting my world with Nathaniel's world. That's the music you gave me
German Romantic composer Schumann left us these beautiful words: "It is the duty of the artist to deliver light to the hearts of those who are shrouded in darkness."
These words are especially poignant because Schumann himself suffered from schizophrenia and died in a mental hospital.
What I learned from Nathaniel inspired me to start a group called "Street Symphony" in Skid Row to bring music to the darkness, to the homeless on the streets and in the shelters of Skid Row. I perform for veterans with PTSD, prisoners, and people who have been labeled as criminally insane.
At a concert at Patton State Hospital in San Bernardino, a woman walked up to us with tears running down her face, cramps, trembling, and a beautiful smile and said, classical music and violin. I never heard it and thought I wouldn't like it But your music was like hearing the sunshine No one ever came to us But hearing today's music for the first time in six years The trembling stopped without medicine
There are no stages, no lights, no tuxedos.Through these concert activities, I realized that performers are not able to come to concert halls and have no chance to come into contact with the music that we usually perform. It means being able to become a conduit that conveys the great healing power of music.
Just as medicine heals more than just body parts, the power and beauty of music goes beyond entertainment, as TED's "E" stands for.
Music isn't just about aesthetic beauty.
When we listen to Wagner's operas, Brahms' symphonies, or Beethoven's chamber music, we cannot help but be reminded that our shared emotional experiences share a common humanity, a deeply connected common consciousness, a sense of empathy. No, according to neuropsychiatrist Ian McGilchrist, these emotions are hardwired into the human right hemisphere.
For people with mental illness who live in the most inhuman situations of being homeless or incarcerated, music, and the beauty of music, is that regardless of our surroundings, we can still experience beauty, and people still can. It gives us an opportunity to remind ourselves that we haven't forgotten about ourselves.
And those sparks of humanity and beauty are transformed into hope. Whether you choose a path in music or medicine, if you want to support healing from within, encourage your community and your audience to do this. I have to tell you first
Finally, I'd like to share with you the words of John Keats, the English Romantic poet, who is so famous that I'm sure you all know him.
Keats also gave up medicine and entered the world of poetry, but he died at the age of 25, a year older than I am now.
In his words, "Beauty is truth, truth is beauty.
That is all there is to know on earth, all there is to know.”
(music) (applause)
(circus music) [TED/Ed's Carnival] [Invisible Warehouse by John Lloyd] [Based on a 2009 TEDTalk by John Lloyd] And then, throughout my career, I've spent my entire career eliciting a sense of wonder.
welcome john lloyd
(Applause) [House of Mirrors] "What can we not see?"
there's more than you think
If you ask me, it's "everything" that matters.
We can see things, but we cannot see what they are.
We can see stars and planets, but we can't see what separates them, or what holds them together.
You can't see inside an engine, you can't see what drives you, at least not easily, and the closer you get, the less you can see.
In fact, if you look really close, if you look at the basic structure of matter, there's nothing there.
The electron fades away, leaving only energy.
One interesting thing about the invisible is that we can't understand what we can't see.
"Gravity" is something we cannot see, but we also cannot understand.
It's the weakest and least understood of the four fundamental forces, and we don't know what it is or why it's there.
On the role of gravity, Isaac Newton, the greatest scientist, believed that Christ was born on earth to manipulate gravity.
Newton believed that Christ was born on earth for this purpose.
No matter how smart you are, this is a mistake.
(Laughter) Consciousness. I can see your face, but I don't know what you're thinking.
Isn't it amazing?
It's impossible to know what's in each other's hearts We can touch and taste each other, but we can come much closer, but we can't know what's in each other's hearts.
i think it's so amazing
In Sufi, the Middle Eastern religion that is said to be the source of all religions, all Sufi practitioners are said to be able to use telepathy, but their main telepathic activity is to send strong signals to those of us who do not have telepathy. that's why
I don't understand what the Sufi leaders are doing to us.
If you take the question of "consciousness" and "artificial intelligence", artificial intelligence is like the study of "consciousness" and we really don't know anything. We don't know how "consciousness" works.
We don't have artificial intelligence, we don't have artificial stupidity.
(Laughter) In the laws of physics, invisible, eternal, and omnipresent are all powerful.
Doesn't it remind you of someone?
interesting
As you can imagine, I'm not a materialist, but a non-materialist.
I discovered a very useful new word, "ignostic."
i am ignorant
[God] I refuse to be drawn into the debate about the existence of God until someone properly defines the term.
Another thing we can't see is the human genome.
And this is getting weirder, because 20 years ago, when people started sequencing the genome, it was estimated that humans have 100,000 genes.
But every year since then that number has decreased.
It is now believed that the human genome contains only about 20,000 genes.
This is very interesting, because "rice" has 38,000 genes.
Potatoes have 48 chromosomes, two more than humans, the same number as gorillas.
(Laughter) We don't see anything like this, but it's very strange.
About the stars in the daytime, I think it's pretty amazing too.
You can't see the universe
The brighter the light, the less visible
"Time" nobody can see the time
do you know this
There's a big trend in modern physics, and it's that time doesn't really exist, because it's so inconvenient to represent it as a number.
it's easier if you don't have time
Of course you can't see the "future", and you can't see the "past" except in your own memories.
The interesting thing about the past is that I can't see it. My son asked me one day, "Do you remember what I was like when I was two?"
I said, "Of course." My son asked, "How come I don't remember?"
Doesn't it make you wonder?
We can't remember what happened when we were younger than two or three years old.
This is good news for psychoanalysts, or they'll lose their jobs.
And then everything happens (Laughter) and you are shaped.
The other thing we can't see is this grid we're hanging on.
this is pretty amazing
As some of you may know, cells are constantly being renewed.
Skin sloughs off, hair grows, nails and other things, all cells must be replaced at some point.
taste buds every 10 days
Liver and other organs a little longer
spine takes years
But after seven years, not a single cell will remain the same.
"Who the hell are we?" "What are we?"
"What are we hanging on?"
"Is it really us?"
"Atoms" cannot be seen, and no one will see them in the future.
smaller than the wavelength of light
You can't even see the "gas"
someone said something funny in 1600
The gas was named by Dutch chemist Van Hermon in 1600.
It is said to be the most successful word invented by a named individual.
Nice word. He also invented the word "brass," stellar radiation.
unfortunately no one came
(Laughter) But he did a good job too.
"Light" You can't even see the light
In the darkness of a vacuum, even if someone lights a light in front of you, you can't see it.
It gets a little technical, although some physicists might disagree.
Isn't it strange that you can't see light? You can only see things that light hits.
I can't even see "electricity"
Don't let anyone tell you they know about electricity.
because no one really knows
(Laughter) You might think that when you turn on the switch, the electrons move through the cable at the speed of light, but you're wrong.
Electrons are said to move like bees in cables at the speed of honey.
"Galaxy" It is believed that there are 100 billion in the universe 100 billion
How many do you think you can see?
Only 5 out of 100 billion, only 5 can be seen with the naked eye.
One of them can't see very well unless you have good eyesight.
"Radio waves" are also one of the invisible things
When Heinrich Hertz discovered radio waves in 1887, he called them "radio waves" because they were radial.
Someone said to him, "What is that radio wave that you found?
what's so good I heard
He said, "I honestly don't know, but I'm sure someone will find a use for it one day."
The most important thing we don't know is what we don't know.
My lack of knowledge is unbelievable
Thomas Edison said, "We don't know a million percent less than a millionth of anything."
I came to this conclusion, and you asked, "What else can we not see?"
The question for us is "What is the problem?"
I've found that there are two questions worth asking about the problem.
"Why are we here?" and "So what do we do?"
To help answer that question, I'll leave you with the words of two great philosophers, probably the greatest philosophers of the 20th century.
One is a mathematician and engineer, the other is a poet.
The first was Ludwig Wittgenstein, who said, "I don't know why we're here, but I'm pretty sure it's not to enjoy ourselves."
And the second and last one, W.H. Auden, is my favorite poet (laughs).
Don't you think he's a really fun guy? "We are here to help others"We are here to help others
I have no idea what other people are here for."
(Laughter) (Applause) (Circus music) [Souvenir photo for sale] [Let's continue our journey into the unknown] (Circus music)
Around the time I was thinking about working in the art world, I took a course in London, and I had an angry Italian teacher, Mr. Pietro, who was a drunkard -- he smoked a lot and had a foul mouth.
He was very passionate about teaching. I remember one of my early classes with a teacher, projecting an image on the wall and asking what he thought.The teacher projected a painting.
In a landscape painting, a half-naked figure is drinking wine. A nude woman is below the foreground. On the hills in the background is Bacchus, the wine god. The teacher asks, "What is this?"
No one answered, so I raised my hand, "It's Titian's Bacchus."
The teacher said, "What?"
I wondered if my pronunciation was different—
"It's Titian's Barkerth Festival."
"What?"
"It's Titian's 'Bacchus Festival'."
This is a feast! "
(Laughter) My teacher has a foul mouth.
I learned important things in this class
Pietro was critical of formal art history education. That it was art -- and I especially emphasized the use of your own eyes, because the teacher was on the verge of blindness.
I also told them to take a good look at the subject and ask basic questions.
What is it? how was it made
Why was it made? how was it used?
Even after I became an art historian, this lesson was important.
It wasn't until a few years later that I had my "moment of discovery" when I was studying Nordic court art, from the perspective of painting, sculpture, and architecture. had been discussed from
But as I was reading historical documents and records of the time, I realized that there were gaps in the field of study, because all over the documents there were references to Tapestry.
Tapestries were ubiquitous from the Middle Ages to the mid-18th century, and it's easy to see why.
Tapestry is portable, you can roll it up, send it forward, and just hang it on the wall, transforming a cold, damp interior into vibrant hues.
A tapestry was like a canvas. Patrons of the time would choose the heroes they wanted to associate with them, or sometimes hang paintings of themselves on them, and they were very expensive.
It was made over a long period of time by many skilled weavers, using expensive materials such as wool, silk, gold thread and silver paper.
At a time when visual imagery was precious, tapestries were a powerful medium.
I became an expert in tapestry history.
And then I became curator at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, because it was one of the few places where I could have a large-scale exhibition on this subject that I was so passionate about.
Around 1997, the director at the time, Philippe de Montebello, gave the go-ahead for an event that was to be held in 2002. Such long lead times are not uncommon in museums.
It was a lot of preparation, and the tapestries couldn't be carried in the trunk of a car.
It's wrapped around giant rollers and shipped in oversized containers.
Some of them were so huge that we had to use the front stairs to bring them in.
The challenge was how to present an unfamiliar theme to a modern audience. I used darker tones to highlight the faded colors of the tapestry. There is also an ingenuity in the label
What we're used to seeing are the fleeting images of television and photography, while tapestries are huge and complex, just like cartoons with multiple stories running through them.
So I had to slow down the tempo of the audience in order to get a good look at the work.
Some people were skeptical about the show. On opening night, I heard a senior staff member say, "This must be a disaster."
But in reality, over the weeks and months that followed, tens of thousands of people turned up to see the venue.
The exhibition was designed as an experience, because the tapestries are difficult to photograph.
Imagine a piece that stretches all over the wall, some of which are as wide as 10 meters. Some of the gorgeous court pieces feature courtiers and darlings. It would look great in modern fashion magazines. Chasing wild boars and deer There is terror and heroism in fierce combat
I once taught a class for my eight-year-old son, and all the boys in the class -- what we call "boys" -- and what caught their attention was a dog pooping in the foreground of a hunting scene. (Laughter) Author's provocative joke
You can see the children
But thanks to that, the work has come to life, and it's no longer just an old piece of fabric.
This is an image of the world that really happened in the past, and people who saw it understood it.
As a curator, I felt a sense of pride and accomplishment.
Through this experience that only a museum can create, audiences -- historians, artists, journalists, the public -- have discovered the beauty of this lost medium of tapestry.
A few years later, I was surprised when I was asked to be curator, but in my heart I was thinking, "Me? Me, a tapestry fanatic? I don't wear a tie!" It's an experience at an art museum
We live in a world full of information and easy knowledge, but nothing beats displaying precious works against the backdrop of a story. Curators interpret complex and esoteric themes, keeping them intact. I will explain in an easy-to-understand manner to the general audience.
This is what makes my job rewarding and exciting, and it is at the heart of the curator's vision. It's an exhibition that was a huge success last summer.
interesting case
Sometime in the spring or early summer of 2010, shortly after McQueen's suicide, Andrew Bolton, curator of the Fashion Institute, came to me and said, "We've always wanted to do a McQueen show. Let's do it as soon as possible."
It was hard work. McQueen had been working with a handful of designers and managers all his life, all desperate to protect his legacy. And we've also gained the trust of designers who've done fashion shows that are as wonderful as performance art, so we decided to try something new.
not an ordinary installation
He refurbished the galleries and recreated places that were completely different: his first studio, the Hall of Mirrors, the shelves of curiosities, the sunken ship, the burnt-out interior, and the videos and soundtracks from operatic arias to pigs. I've saved up to the mating of
In this extraordinary place, the costume looked like an actor or a living sculpture.
I didn't care if I made a big mistake
It could have looked like a window on Fifth Avenue at Christmastime, but thanks to Andrew, who put it together, and the relationships he built with his fellow McQueens, we were able to successfully convey McQueen's rawness and brilliance of talent, and it was a wonderful exhibition. The meeting was a great success
By the end of the exhibition, we had to stand in line for four or five hours to get in, but no one complained.
I often hear people say, "It was worth the line.
It was a deeply moving experience.”
I've just introduced two experiential exhibitions, but I believe that mere collections and individual works of art have the same power.
The Metropolitan Museum of Art was founded more as an encyclopedia of American art than as a museum, and even today, 140 years later, that vision was prescient. You see it all the time through news footage.
We can see the civilizations and cultures that we see today, and the galleries can explain them.
Whether it's Libya, Egypt, or Syria -- you can explain it clearly in the exhibition room.
I'm talking about the new Islamic exhibition room, which was unveiled around the 10th anniversary of the 9/11 attacks.
Before 9/11, most Americans didn't know much about the Islamic world, and at the worst moment in American history, the Islamic world was confronted with it, only from the opposite perspective of a horrific event.
The gallery showcases the development of various Islamic cultures over 1,400 years across a vast geographic area. Tens of thousands of people have visited the gallery since it opened to the public last October.
People often ask me if digital media will replace museums.
The attendance figures tell me it can't be, just don't get me wrong.
The web is a way to connect with audiences around the world, but there's no substitute for showing the real thing, backed by passion and scholarship.
Seeing the real thing is going beyond time and space to meet people from the past. Their lives may have been different from ours. I think it's through this process that we get to know ourselves better and make decisions for a better future.
The central lobby of the museum is the door to the world, as majestic as a medieval church.
From here, you can go in any direction and meet any culture.
I often go to lobbies and galleries and watch people come and go.
Some people are relaxing comfortably
i know what i want
Some people look uncomfortable, this is intimidating
It feels like an elitist stronghold.
It's this feeling that I want to break
I want to put the audience in a state of introspection, when they lose their sense of direction and start exploring, discovering the unknown in the familiar and starting to try new things.
It's our job to put people face-to-face with great works of art. We take people who don't feel comfortable playing around with their iPhones and Blackberries, and instead create a place of curiosity.
And it might be the face of a Greek sculpture that resembles a friend, or a dog pooping in the corner of a tapestry, or if it's Mr. Pietro, it might be someone dancing with a glass of wine, or a nude woman in the foreground.
What do you think? You're full of youth and sexiness, aren't you?
We can intellectually tell you that this is Bacchus, but our real job is to get the audience to put aside the jargon and trust their intuition.
Then this should look like a feast
Thank you very much. (Applause) (Applause)
I would like to dedicate this song to all the women in South Africa who never gave in to apartheid.
And I especially want to dedicate this song to my grandmother, who played a very important role in my time as an activist when I was being harassed by the police.
You all know that on June 16, 1976, South African students boycotted Afrikaans for being the language of their oppressors. Why not in our respective languages?
The students wanted to talk to the government, but the police responded with bullets.
That's why we remember every year, June 16th, the students and colleagues who passed away.
I think I was about 11 years old at the time, and I had a lot of questions, and that was the beginning of my political education.
And I later joined the Youth Corps of the African National Congress (ANC).
We organized the ANC, organized memorial services, and the police saw us as leaders and tried to round them up.
I used to run away from home on the 9th or 10th of June, thinking the police would come.
And my grandmother said one day, "No, don't run away.
This is your place, so stay here."
And then the police came, and if you're caught, you'll be put in jail, and you won't be released until after 20 days.
When the police surrounded the house on June 10th, my grandmother turned off all the lights in the house and opened the kitchen door.
And I said, "Vzi's here, but I can't take him tonight.
Your children are sleeping soundly at home and they're tired of you coming home and harassing us.
he's here but i can't take him
Here's a bowl full of boiling water—the first thing you do is enter the house."
and they returned
(Applause) Tula mama, tula mama, tula mama, tula mama In childhood memories Your eyes are blurred with tears I know the truth in your smile I'm in your smile That smile lit up the darkness of my ignorance Oh my mama lays asleep I'm so sick my heart is crying I don't know I don't know I don't know I don't know what this world is going to be Children is it right that we have to protect ourselves? No no no no no Is it right that granny be in trouble? So poor helpless people Tulla mama mama Tulla mama Tulla mama Tulla mama Tulla mama Tulla mama Mama Tulla mama Tomorrow will be better Tomorrow will be a better day to live Tulla mama Tulla mama I'm the blues Should I start singing like a singer or a bard? And should I sing from afar without being in a blues club? Baby baby baby baby baby baby baby Should I stop singing love songs now 'Cause now my memory is covered in blood? Ladies, why, why do we sometimes mistake small boils for cancer Who's to say stop singing love songs? I want to sing a love song To that woman who jumped over the wall while pregnant and gave birth to a healthy baby As I walk slowly into the sunshine with a smile My love for someone catches fire The light, the song of love, the song of life begins to ring My song of love, my life sings of love Oh, I won't run away from the song I hear an indomitable voice, a voice stronger than the enemy's bomb The song is our life Singing love songs is my life Singing my life Singing my love Singing my love as long as I live - Let's all dedicate this life to a love song - Now sing The song of life, the song of love—I can't hear you Singing the song of love is my life—with a louder voice, the song of life, the song of love—Go on, go on, my love for the rest of my life Yes, I sing love louder-- My life is a love song Yes, my life-song Sing it on - my love-song, my love-song, my life-song Sing the song of my life Sing the song of my life Sing the song of my life Sing the song of my life Sing the song of my life Sing the song of my life I'll sing the song of love all the time song of life (applause)
Over the last six months, I've visited many places, traveled more than 90,000 kilometers, and never left my desk.
Actually I have two
One is Eddie here, and the other is my alter ego, "Cyber ​​Frank", who is green and has a rugged build.
This is why I was traveling. Now let's start with the test.
I was worried about people who would come to TED.
what can you learn
I hope I can speak on the right level
let's go
Please shout if you know the answer
"Which line is longer?"
The answer is?
(Audience) Same (Oben) Same
No. (Laughter) It's 10 percent longer at the top.
Why did you say the same? You were asked the same question at school when you were a kid, right?
It's time to study illusion
It was "the same" then, but this time it's different
You've learned the answer once, and you've remembered it for decades, "It's the same length."
The same thing is happening in the 21st century.
Someone unknowingly changed the rules of the world Someone unknowingly changed the rules of the world
The rules changed at midnight, when everyone was asleep, 15 years ago.
Didn't you notice? But it's true. It's a company, an organization, a country. the same as the problem
(Laughter) My naive idea was that the 21st century was surprisingly hard to understand, so we're all dealing with problems in a familiar old worldview, but it's not the old world anymore.
I'm still skeptical.
Searching for "creativity" on Amazon returns 90,000 books Searching for "creativity" on Amazon returns 90,000 books
On Google, there are 30 million for innovation + creativity + 60 million for consultant.
It's funny how companies spend so much time and money planning and preparing things that become obsolete even before they're out in the world.
Why? Even a revolutionary vision is key to execution. A vision must be realized.
The key is that the vision must come true.
Over the years, we have honed our ability to implement
I think it will go well
But it's not going well. Let's use the analogy of a family trip. Let's say a family of five is going on a long trip from London to Hong Kong.
If you compare this to the average cost, the family can only go to Indonesia, but it costs 600,000 yen, and the two children are left behind (Laughter).
there's an even worse example
here is the letter
"Her Majesty, to put it simply, the failure to foresee the severity of the crisis was due to a lack of creativity, a lack of bright minds," or something like that.
This is a letter of apology from eminent economists to the Queen of England. She asked the scholar, "Why did you fail to anticipate the crisis?" (Laughter) I don't care about that, even the best economists fail. is"
They say we should tackle bigger problems with design thinking They say we should tackle bigger problems with design thinking
that's exactly right
So why was my thinking up until now so small?
Collaboration is great Cross-departmental collaboration is great Collaboration is great Cross-departmental collaboration is great So why do hierarchies still exist?
Perhaps we are not aware of the changes that I mentioned at the beginning.
the world is accelerating
The internet moves everything at the speed of light
Technology accelerates things
The present is here This is the past And you and your governments are all wanting change And you and your governments are all wanting change They're all wanting change Wow! will change
It's not just accelerating
A strange thing happened at the same time
First, the population has doubled in 40 years, half of which live in cities and are interconnected.
The density of information exchange is amazing.
I'm surprised at the density of the diagrams showing information traffic.
one more
Even if your office is a small desk under the stairs, with the Internet, it's the headquarters of a global company.
the scale has changed
Size and scale are not the same anymore
One-third of my Twitter followers are from abroad, one-third are from abroad.
The new scale is global
It's called "turbulent times" or something like that.
It's used like a metaphor, right? but actually
I am turbulent
When I was in engineering at university, there was a very interesting demonstration of an experiment in a lecture A very interesting demonstration of an experiment in a lecture
The instructor took out a transparent pipe and attached it to the faucet. (smile)
I can't draw a faucet, so "faucet" is fine? (Laughter) When you open the faucet, water starts flowing down the pipe.
He says, "Did you notice anything?"
nothing interesting
I reduced the amount of water when the water accumulated
"Did you notice anything?" The answer was no. And he stuck the needle in the pipe and said, "Did you notice anything?" was
And then a thin green line started to flow, but it's not very interesting.
Adding a little more water doesn't change anything.
Even if the flow rate changes, the green line stays the same.
He loosened the faucet more and more.
Then suddenly the green line moves, and when the faucet is slightly loosened, the line disappears in an instant, leaving a green haze around the needle.
The ink faded, the color faded, and finally the green disappeared.
What happened in the pipe was a change in the rules, the result of someone disrupting the flow.
All the original rules disappeared in an instant, and turbulence gave rise to all the possibilities, and the situation was completely changed.
But without the green ink, you wouldn't notice the change.
And that's our challenge, because our world has increased in speed, scale, and connectivity, thanks to technological advances.
How should we respond to this change?
You can name it "turbulent" or challenge yourself to learn.
It's just that we've grown up in a world where there's a "right answer," and like the answer to the first quiz, we believed it would last forever.
This line represents learning. Until now, we've seen things, understood them, and then acted carefully. Until now, we've seen things, understood them, then acted carefully.
Let's call this part of the world we live in. The world has changed at an accelerated pace, but what about the pace of learning? When you're working in a company, you can't do unplanned things that your boss doesn't want you to do.
Maybe one day I'll be able to convince my boss
But if it's a market that goes up and down, it's terrible, and you don't realize that something's wrong until things get really bad.
So the pace of learning is this flat line, very slow.
And at the point where the two lines cross, and at the point where the two lines cross, the world overtakes you, that moment I call midnight.
How does it relate to us? What we have to do has completely changed. There's no point in solving today's problems without thinking about the future. There's no point in solving today's problems without thinking about the future.
If you don't understand the world correctly, you can't be sure what you're doing will help you in the future.
Let me give you an example. The company leaders who come to me are looking for innovation.
Unfortunately, it sounds different to my subordinates.
"Do something weird, you're fired" (laughs) Why? Because the old world didn't allow mistakes.
One mistake and you're done
It was good to borrow the wisdom of experienced people
And for 20 or 30 years, I have carefully followed that teaching.
"Don't do anything different"
Even if you suddenly change the order, it won't go well.
In the new world, there are two possible patterns of failure.
One, if the method is already decided, what if you do it carelessly and fail? result is fired
Second, what if you tried something completely new and failed?
Celebrate with pizza!
This is a "smart failure," because unlike a success, you can't put it on your resume.
Finally, I'll tell you how I traveled 90,000 kilometers.
When I discovered a new world, I quit my stable teaching job and founded the world's first online business school, teaching others how to do new things.
If you're interested, go to worldaftermidnight.com. I've been doing this new thing for the last ten years. So next time you're making an important decision, think about it Next time you're making an important decision, think about whether what you're trying to do still makes sense in this new world after midnight.
(Applause) Thank you. (Applause)
We tell stories to understand the world we live in
It's remixing and sharing that has shaped the web as we know it today, and with simple tools to create online content, we can now all carry that story.
But video has been left behind. Ever since it appeared as a little box on the web, it's remained that way, disconnected from the data and content around it.
In fact, the only thing that's changed in video on the web in the last decade is the size of the box and the quality of the footage.
Popcorn changes that
It's an online tool that allows anyone to incorporate live content pulled directly from the web into their videos.
Video made with Popcorn works like the web, it's dynamic, it's full of links, and it's fully remixable.
Take a look at the prototype in development for our planned launch in the fall.
Totally free and works in any browser
Production in Popcorn starts with a video, and I made a short 20-second clip from the Newscaster template, which I use in my workshops.
Let's take a look first, then I'll show you how I made it.
welcome to newscast
I've added my location on Google Maps It's live, so try it out
You can have popups with links and custom icons, pull content from web services like Flickr, and paste articles and blog summaries with links to full text.
Now let's go back and explain all the things you saw.
This is the timeline. If you've ever edited a video, it's familiar. What's on the timeline is not the video clips, but the web events that are captured in the video.
In this Popcorn piece, I'm going to display the title, show Google Maps in a small window, and then pull it out of the frame to fill the screen.
I have two pop-ups that show other information, and finally the article summary with a link to the original article.
Let's go to Google Maps and show you how to edit.
Double-click the item on the timeline.The place I chose was Toronto where I live.
let's move somewhere else
Popcorn instantly pulls the map from Google Maps and displays it.
You see what the finished product viewer sees
It's not just an image, it's live, so you can click, zoom, and even go to Street View if you want.
In the description of the video, I said that you can add a live feed, but you can do it right away, so let's add a Flickr live feed. Go to the far right, grab Flickr from the list, drag it to the timeline, and place it where you want it to appear. And it immediately pulls the image from Flickr based on the tag, which is the default tag because our developers love foals.
Let's try something else. I'd like something a little more relevant to today's event.
this is a live image from the feed
A week from now, it's going to be a completely different image. It's dynamic, like the web.
Everything you've seen is made up of the basic building blocks of the web: HTML, CSS, and JavaScript.
That means it's fully remixable. No special software. All you need is a web browser.
Imagine that every video on the web could be fully remixable, linked to its source and interactive, just like the web itself.
I think Popcorn can change the way we tell stories on the web and the way we understand the world we live in.
Thank you. (Applause)
[This talk contains mature material. Watch at your own discretion.] As a sex educator, my specialty is bringing science to the conversation.
But most importantly, be open-minded when it comes to talking about sex.
no matter what questions they ask
Once, after a conference, I was in the hotel lobby, and I was just about to leave, and a colleague chased me.
"Emily, let me ask you a question soon.
A friend of mine said -- (Laughter) Is it possible to become addicted to a vibrator? "
The answer is no, but you can get used to it
At another academic conference at a tropical resort, a couple approached us at the breakfast buffet.
"Emily, I'm sorry to suddenly ask you something. It's about premature ejaculation."
"Yes, I will teach you the stop-start method."
this is a daily occurrence
I am unbiased, even when other people are startled.
"Scared" is a combination of surprise, embarrassment, and disgust that makes you feel like you don't know what to do with your hands.
there is also a reason
The reason you experience this feeling is because, in the first 20 years of your life, sex is a dangerous thing, a constant source of shame, and you're not really good at it or you're not going to be loved by anyone.
(Laughter) So when you hear a story about sex in a room full of strangers, it might startle you, but it's normal.
let's take a deep breath
Emotions are like tunnels
When you go through the darkness, you finally see the light
It's a story worth hearing
Because the science I'm going to talk to you about today has changed the way I think about everything, from how the neurotransmitters in the brain that govern emotions to the dynamics of how we interact with people.
So is the judicial system.
Let's talk about the brain first.
Have you ever heard of this part of the brain called the reward center?
Calling it the "reward center" is like calling the face the "nose."
It's one of the main features, but it's a name that ignores the rest of the face, so it's very confusing to understand how the face as a whole works.
It's actually made up of three intertwined but distinct systems.
The first system is "Pleasure"
This is the part of the brain that secretes opioids, which is similar to reward and is responsible for emotions.
Measure the degree of pleasure "Is this stimulus pleasant?
how comfortable are you?
Is this stimulus unpleasant?
How uncomfortable are you? "
When sugary water is dropped on a newborn's tongue, the pleasure system, which secretes opioids, responds immediately.
Then there is the "desire" system
It's communicated by a vast dopaminergic network, both inside and outside the brain that governs emotions.
This draws us in or draws us away from stimuli.
Cravings are like toddlers following you wanting one more cookie
Pleasure and desire are related
not identical
The third system is learning.
This is Pavlov's dog
Remember Pavlov?
He's the one who made dogs drool at the sound of a bell.
It's simple, you feed the dog and it naturally drools, and you ring the bell.
bait, drool, bell
bait, bell, drool
bell, drool
So is the drooling because the dog wants to eat the bell?
Did the dog think the bell looked good?
wrong
Pavlov "associated" the bell with food.
Once we understand the disconnect between desire, pleasure, and learning, we begin to see a framework for explaining this, what researchers call an arousal mismatch.
"Discord" simply means that there is no predictable relationship between a physiological response, such as drooling, and a subjective experience of pleasure or desire.
This happens to every emotion and stimulus system we have, including sex.
Research over the last 30 years has shown that genital blood flow increases in response to sex-associated stimuli that are not associated with subjective experiences of pleasure or desire. even as
In fact, there's a 10% to 50% chance that there's a predictable connection between genital responses and subjective experience.
This is a very wide range of numbers.
Just looking at genital blood flow doesn't necessarily predict how a person would feel about the stimulation associated with sex.
When I explained this to my husband, he gave me a perfect example.
My husband says, "Well, my experience in high school could explain...
I once had an erection after hearing the word 'donut hole'."
wrong
Testosterone-filled teenage boys associate everything with sex just a little bit.
this can be both
One night it's hard to get an erection and it's annoying, and the next morning you wake up with an erection and it's just annoying.
A female friend in her 30s once said on the phone, "I said, 'I want you right now,' while I was doing something with my partner, and he said, 'You're not wet yet, you're so sweet. I was in the mood for it
What's wrong? Hormones? should i go to the doctor What should I do"
What is the answer?
Excitement mismatch
Talk to your healthcare provider if you are experiencing unwanted pain
Otherwise it's a mismatch of excitement.
It's just that genital responses don't necessarily predict subjective experiences of pleasure and desire.
In college, another friend told me about her first attempt at SM in a sexual relationship.
Her partner tied her arms above her head like this and made her stand and straddle her with a stick on her clitoris.
My friend was standing tied up and the man was gone
It's SM
It's an idle play
A friend of mine thought, "It's so boring."
(Laughter) The man came back and she said, "I'm bored."
He looked at her and her rod, and said, "But you're wet?"
why was it wet?
Is direct pressure on the clitoris associated with sex?
I'm doing
Do you know if she felt pleasure or desire from the experience?
I do not understand
What tells you if she felt pleasure or desire from the experience?
She herself!
She recognized her desires and pleasures and put them into words.
All he had to do was listen to her.
What's the solution to the friend who called me?
All you have to do is tell your partner, "Listen to me."
buy lotion
(Laughter) (Applause) Applause for the lotion.
(Laughter) Everyone needs it.
But even in the "listen to me," I'm going to tell you something serious.
Here's a story that was written in a note a student gave me after I dealt with excitement discrepancies in a lecture.
She had a new partner, and she was trying things out, and she got to the point where she didn't want to go any further, so I said, "No."
My partner said, "But you're wet. It's okay, don't be shy."
embarrassed?
It's as if she didn't have the courage to say no to someone she liked.
I said "I don't like it" to someone I didn't want to hurt
but she repeated
I said, "I don't like it."
did he listen?
In the age of #MeToo and Time's Up, many people ask me, "How do I know what makes someone feel good and what they want?
Do we have to give verbal consent? "
Sometimes agreement is ambiguous, and we have to have a large cultural dialogue about it.
But if we eliminate this myth, can't we see how explicit consent is?
In each of the examples I've talked about so far, one person recognizes and verbalizes pleasure and desire, "I want you right now."
"I don't like it"
I decided that the other party was wrong.
doubt someone's sanity
It is a serious and demeaning act.
"You say this, but your body tells you otherwise."
This is only true when it comes to sexuality, because arousal discrepancies occur in all emotional and stimulus systems.
If you bite into a wormy apple and salivate, are you going to say: "You say no, but I want your body"?
(Laughter) Partners aren't the only ones who make this mistake.
There's a publication from the U.S. Judicial Education Program, "Judges Talk: What I Wish I'd Knew Before I Tried Sexual Assault Cases Of Adult Victims."
Paragraph 13 states, "Sometimes victims of both sexes experience physical reactions that do not imply sexual desire or consent."
It's getting darker and darker, but at the end you'll see the light, so follow me.
I'm going to talk about a recent legal precedent involving multiple non-consensual sexual contacts.
What if you were in the jury box and got the information that the victim had an orgasm?
Does your intuitive reaction to the incident change?
Just to make sure, orgasm is a physiological response, an involuntary release of tension that occurs in response to a sexually-associated stimulus.
Yet the perpetrator's lawyer informed the jury of the orgasm because he believed that the orgasm was an alternative to consent.
I'd like to add that this incident was domestic child sexual abuse.
let's take a deep breath
These stories evoke a range of emotions: anger, shame, confusion and sexual excitement, because even the most gruesome stories are associated with sex.
Even if it's difficult to hold such feelings in a space full of strangers, if you can get out of the mix of emotions, you should be able to find a path that leads to a ray of light that cares for that child. To the child whose relationship with his body was damaged by an adult who was supposed to protect him.
And there is a credible adult who would be relieved to have said, "The genital response is only a sexually-related stimulus, not a pleasure or a desire, and it is far from acceptable as consent."
(Applause) It's this kindness and hope that's why I keep traveling the world telling this story to those who will listen.
I see people being saved in the very moment I speak.
I want you to share those words with everyone.
You don't have to say "clitoris" in front of a thousand strangers.
But please have the courage to have an opportunity to have a dialogue once.
Talk to anyone who's been sexually assaulted about this, they're sure to be around.
1 in 3 women in America
1 in 6 men
experienced by about half of transgender people
"The genital response can only indicate sexually-related stimuli.
It has nothing to do with pleasure or desire."
Tell a judge, a lawyer, a police officer, or someone you know who might serve on a jury in a sexual assault case.
"Some people seem to think that their bodies don't respond to things they don't feel good about or want, and I hope so.
It's really a mismatch of excitement."
Let's tell all the confused teenagers out there, because they're all trying to figure out what's what.
If you eat moldy fruit and you salivate, no one will say, "You just don't want to admit that you like it."
It's the same for the lower body, the agitation mismatch.
tell your partner
It's not my genitals that convey my pleasure and my desires
that I am myself
(Applause) This myth is very deeply entwined with the very dark forces of our culture.
But every time you pluck up the courage to have dialogue, the world becomes a little easier and simpler place for confused teenagers.
You can reassure friends on the phone who are worried that you are crazy.
We can make the world a little easier and safer for victims of sexual assault, one in three women.
1 in 6 men
for half transgender
I am too
Thank you for being brave enough to have a dialogue.
(Thank you for applause
thank you
(Applause) (Helen Walters) Emily over here.
Thank you very much
As always, thank you for having the courage to tell this story on stage.
It takes a lot of courage, and I would like to thank you.
thank you
(Emily Nagoski) It's an honor to speak with you.
Helen: In your day-to-day work, as you said at the beginning of your talk, I'm sure you'll be asked a lot of questions.
If you had to pick one question that I get asked all the time, what would it be? What would you like to say here so that it won't be asked a thousand times throughout the conference?
Emily: The question I get asked most often is the one that underlies almost every other question, like "Will I become addicted to vibrators?" or "What do I do about my erectile dysfunction?"
Underlying all of these is the question, "Am I normal?"
My answer to this is, "What is normal in the first place, and why would you want to be normal?"
Why would you want to be normal about sex?
Don't you think it's better to be extraordinary?
Do you want normal sex or do you want great sex?
I think we tend to be afraid of being too different when it comes to sexual matters.
When people ask, "Is this normal?" they are actually asking, "Do I belong?"
Do you belong in this relationship? Do you belong to this community? Do you belong to this world as a human being with sex? and
The answer to these questions is always, of course, yes.
The dividing line -- there are only two limits. First, if you're experiencing pain from unwanted sex, talk to your healthcare provider.
Second, if everyone involved is participating voluntarily and can quit at any time, then anything is allowed.
There's no script, there's no mold to fit into, and as long as there's consent and no unwanted pain, it's totally fine to do whatever you want.
(Helen) That's great. Thank you.
(Emily) Thank you
(Helen) It's really great.
(applause)
(Cello starts playing) You found me You found me Beneath a pile of broken memories You found me with your undying love
You put me at ease You put me at ease You soothed me all night You soothed me with your unwavering love
(Cello continues playing) (Rhythmic clapping) You found me You found me Beneath a pile of broken memories With your unwavering love With your unwavering love rice field
You put me at ease You put me at ease You soothed me all night You soothed me with your unwavering love
(End of performance) (Applause) Thank you.
(applause)
A graphic designer's job is to process information.
It's my job to make people understand even the things that don't make sense.
My father doesn't really know what kind of work I do.
my father was born into a family of farmers
He comes from an ethnic minority called Pontus.
This people migrated from Asia Minor to Greece some 100 years ago, fleeing a genocide.
Since then, our family has become immigrants.
My father went to Germany to study and get married, and as a result half of me is a German analytical thinker.
I've been a foreigner in both countries, but that doesn't bother me. Immigration is a good tradition in our family.
Now, travel usually involves spending the day in one city.
When you go to a city you know, it's pretty obvious how to get from point A to point B, right?
So how do you know right away?
You don't know where you're going, do you?
I arrived in the port of Dublin about 12 years ago, and I'm sure we all have experiences that I'm going to share with you.
When you arrive in a new city, you try to make sense of a new land, don't you?
Once the foundations of life are in place, they begin to build a cognitive map of their surroundings.
It's a "virtual map" that exists only in your head.
Each animal maps its memory in its own way.
Humans don't mark their territory like dogs do.
It doesn't make an ultrasonic squawk like a bat does.
Humans don't do that, though you can hear the roars in the Temple Bar area at night. (Laughter)
Two things are important in understanding a place
One is to move along the road
If you have a main street, it's a straight road on your memory map.
But you want to keep the map simple, right?
Think of each road as straight and don't mind if the road turns a little.
When you turn a corner, you think you made a right angle.
If you go into a concentric city like an ancient city with this assumption, it's going to be crazy, right?
Perhaps you've experienced it?
For example, if you want to go from one point on the road leading to the cathedral to another point.
In my head, I say, "Alice, go back to Cathedral Square, turn right, and take another street."
But for some reason, that day I feel like I'm going on an adventure, and I find two buildings that should only be one.
At times like this, I feel like I've stumbled upon a wormhole or an interdimensional gateway. (Laughter)
When people move, they go straight and turn right angles
And the second thing that's important is that people associate what they see while traveling with their experiences.
If you go into the country and ask an old lady for directions, she'll tell you some old stories about each landmark building.
They will tell you by saying they pass by "the pub where my sister used to work" or "the church where I got married".
People mark their cognitive maps with meaning.
Humans abstract this and perceive patterns repeatedly.
Recognize through experience and abstract this
Humans are really good at understanding this symbol. (Laughter)
And more importantly, humans are good at reading and creating cognitive maps.
When you're telling a friend how to get home, you grab a coaster or a napkin and you're about to create a masterpiece of communication design.
straight line and right angle
add some marks to it
You'll find that what you end up with is nothing like a city map.
Comparing the two, what you've drawn is quite geographically different from the actual city map.
What you drew is more like a schematic
It's a visual composition of lines and dots and letters designed in the language of the brain.
It should come as no surprise that the map of the London Underground, which is now the basis of all maps around the world, was devised in the 20th century by a map or urban planner. It was designed by an architectural draftsman.
In the 1930s, Harry Beck revolutionized rail map design by adopting schematic layout diagrams for rail maps.
An important point in drawing a map is to remove irrelevant information and to simplify it radically.
Straight lines, right angles or 45 degree angles, and not bound by geographic accuracy.
Compared to the actual location of the station, it's quite different, isn't it?
It's this difference that makes subway maps easier to understand.
If you're going from Regent's Park Station to Great Portland Street Station, the map says you should go to Baker Street and change to another tube.
But these two stations are only 100 meters apart.
Now, let's talk about public transport. Public transport in Dublin is a bit of a sensitive topic. (Laughter)
For those of you who don't know about Dublin's public transport system, Dublin has a long history of buses.
There was a bus that ran from the suburbs to downtown Dublin.
As the buses approach the city center, they meet on Main Street.
Twelve years ago, early in my immigration, I tried to memorize this road map.
Even if you walk around the city, you'll know
When you take a train or bus in a foreign country, a cognitive map is created in your head.
If you use the normal high-speed line, the line is straight
I feel that all the stations are neatly lined up like pearl necklaces.
It's only when you take a local bus that you discover the roads and shortcuts that bridge the gap with the city.
When I arrived in Dublin, I was looking for a tourist information leaflet to try and break down this system, and I found this leaflet (Laughter).
This map is geographically accurate.
The information is omitted and the information about the city center is wrong.
The line indicating the route map is not drawn at all
I don't even have a station name
Dublin's maps are getting better these days, and they've gotten even better since we finished the project, but they still don't have the station names and the transfer routes.
As someone of simple German ancestry, I asked myself, "Alice, why don't you make your own map?"
So I
I researched each bus route and color-coded it for easy identification.
And here's the map I created, of downtown Dublin.
It's like spaghetti on a plate (laughs).
It's pretty messy, so I'm going to apply the rules of schematic design to sort out the congested areas and widen the roads with more bus traffic. The route map of
Here it is
And if you zoom in, you can see Quay Street and Westmoreland Street -- (Laughter).
(Applause) I can confidently say that this map is a disaster. (Laughter)
But on one level, it's a success, because it gives us a visual representation of how busy the city center is.
I don't care if you call it outdated But "lines" are essential to a route map "Lines" make a route map, right?
A rail map connects the roads from the city center to the suburbs with lines.
In the Greek way of thinking, not using lines on a map is like entering the Minotaur's labyrinth without the ball of thread that Princess Ariadne gave you.
In my research, I've done a lot of questionnaires, case studies, and looking at maps, and I've found that there are a lot of problems with transport in Dublin. Because maps are extremely important not only for physically understanding the transportation network, but also for visually mapping it.
So I worked with James Leahy, a civil engineer who has a master's degree in sustainable development from the Dublin Institute of Technology, to create a simplified road map that I've always had in mind.
Here it is
Distributed rapid transit lines from the city center to the suburbs
The reason for the high speed is that I wanted to use a high speed vehicle.
Because we want to be as exclusive on the roads as possible, with more and better quality.
James wanted to use a bus for this, not a tram.
What's important to me is that fast vehicles can be easily distinguished from local buses on the road.
I'm going to remove the local buses that run parallel to the rapid transit from the route map.
I'll put the bus back in the suburbs where the bus doesn't come.
In other words, if the road that the bus used to travel on is in the suburbs, we'll take the bus back, but this time it won't let us go to the city center, but we'll connect it to the nearest highway, one of the bold lines in this picture.
Now all that's left is a few months of work and a little fight with her about our home, where we have nowhere to go on the map.
This map shows only the connections to the highway, not the local bus routes. It's very similar to the London Underground map, which spread to major cities around the world, so it's not a public transport map. this style is suitable
Simplifying the network in this way is important. Now, I've tackled this ultimate task, and I've been able to create a map of the city center, not just connecting with highways, but also with local bus routes, and so on. You can also check the roads on this map.
let's expand
On this map, you can check all routes of high-speed lines, buses DART, and trams.
Each route is drawn with independent lines
Each stop is named, and I added a little street to it.
I also named most of the trails, and as an added bonus, I added little symbols and 3D panoramas of the landmark buildings.
This map is relatively small, so it's useful as a portable folding map, or it's perfect for displaying in a bus shelter.
What I've stuck with is the best balance between realism and simplicity, what I call "the brain's roadfinding language."
So a straight line and a right angle or a 45-degree angle, and most importantly for railroad maps, it's not tied to geographic accuracy.
For example, if you look at the two main lines that run through a city, the yellow and orange lines on this map, they look like this on a detailed map, and here's what I've done, ignoring the geographic accuracy, simply. This is a modified route map
The point when creating a public transport map is to make the design clear and easy to understand, rather than being bound by precision.
This route map received a lot of attention. I was very happy.
And most of all, I was so happy that my family in Germany and Greece finally understood my work. (Laughter) Thank you. (Applause)
This is a picture of my hometown, New Orleans.
It was a great environment to raise a child in, but it's also one of the most vulnerable cities in the world.
Half of the land is below sea level
As you know, in 2005, the Gulf Coast region was devastated by Hurricane Katrina.
1,836 people died and about 300,000 homes were lost.
The top picture is my mom's house, but this car wasn't my mom's.
My sister's family was lucky enough to escape, but their house was destroyed, and as you can see, they lost everything.
Some parts of the world have suffered even worse.
Cyclone Nargis killed 138,000 people in Myanmar in 2008.
Climate change is hitting our homes, our communities, our lives, and we must prepare for disasters of all sizes and all.
Today, I'm going to talk to you about how we can prepare and respond to this climate change that is affecting our common home, the planet Earth.
This change does not affect everyone equally.
There are significant regional differences that are different than you might think.
In New Orleans, elderly and female-headed households are the most vulnerable.
For people living in vulnerable lowlands, can money solve the loss of ancestral land? Where should I go? and in a strange land
How should I live?
Tensions over immigration and clashes over limited resources may lie ahead.
There have already been clashes in Chad and Darfur.
This is our future, whether we want it or not.
Of course, there are those who see opportunities in the new world.
This is the Russian flag at the bottom of the ocean, claiming its claim to the minerals that lie beneath the disappearing Arctic ice.
There may be a few winners in the short term, but it will be a huge burden for humanity as a whole.
No one knows better than insurers facing staggering losses associated with extreme weather events.
The military understands that climate change will undermine stability and security and increase threats, but governments around the world are still figuring out how to respond.
What kind of countermeasures can we take?
I'd like to share with you three examples today.
This Katrina-damaged twin-span bridge in New Orleans has been rebuilt six meters higher than before in preparation for an even bigger hurricane.
And this stilted, energy-efficient home was built in the once hard-hit Ninth District, with support from Brad Pitt and the Make It Light Foundation.
This dilapidated church that my mother used to frequent has not only been rebuilt on an elevated level, but it's also the first church in the country to meet Energy Star standards.
You can also sell the electricity produced by solar panels through power lines.
My electricity bill this March was only $48.
This is an example of how we're rebuilding New Orleans, and I hope that everyone will be more proactive about climate change.
This Galveston house, for example, is a sturdy house that survived a hurricane that destroyed all the others.
And all over the world, weather satellites and warning systems are saving lives in flood-prone areas like Bangladesh.
But as important as technology and infrastructure are, perhaps the human element is also very important.
That means we need good planning ability and evacuation systems.
We need to know more about what decisions people make in emergencies and why.
Many of the people who died in Katrina were people without transportation, but there are actually people who refused to evacuate as the storm approached because the transportation and shelters they could have used wouldn't accept their pets.
Imagine leaving your pet behind during an evacuation or rescue
Luckily, in 2006, Congress passed the Pet Evacuation Transport Standards Act, also known as the PETS Act.
The second is dealing with heat waves and droughts.
Farmers are suffering from droughts all over the world, from Asia to Africa to Australia to Oklahoma, while heat waves caused by climate change killed thousands in Western Europe in 2003 and Russia in 2010.
In Ethiopia, a whopping 70 percent of people depend on rainwater for their livelihoods.
Oxfam and Swiss Re, along with the Rockefeller Foundation, are helping farmers like this to store water in ways like terraces, but they're also providing insurance in case drought hits.
This "stability" leads to farmers' "confidence" in investment.
Then you can get a low-interest loan.
This increased productivity will enable them to pay their own premiums without assistance.
It's a very virtuous cycle, and it should be applicable across the developing world.
After using refrigerated trucks from the Taste of Chicago festival as temporary morgues during the extreme heat wave of 1995, Chicago has become recognized as a leader in mitigating the heat island effect, including the opening of cooling centers. Now, we're planting trees in problem areas and incorporating white roofs and green roofs.
This is City Hall's green roof, which is 25 degrees cooler than the roofs of buildings in neighboring Cook County.
Washington, D.C. took the initiative in building a green roof last year, funded by a five-cent tax on plastic bags.
We co-financed the green roofing with home and building owners.
This roof mitigates the heat island effect, saves energy, saves money, and is effective in reducing emissions and rainwater runoff that contribute to climate change.
Dealing with heat is a big advantage in other areas as well.
The third is the response to rising sea levels.
Sea-level rise will also affect coastal ecosystems, agriculture, and even large cities.
Half of Vietnam's rice is produced here.
Infrastructure is also affected
Many airports around the world are located along the coast.
It makes sense, because there's a lot of land where planes can land and take off without worrying about noise or skyscrapers.
Let me give you an example, this is where the San Francisco airport would be submerged in a flood of 40 centimeters or more.
Imagine the enormous cost of building embankments to protect essential infrastructure.
But there are changes that you might not have imagined, such as the fact that if the air is heated and becomes less dense, the more lift an airplane needs to fly, requiring a longer runway.
San Francisco is spending $40 million to overhaul its water and wastewater systems, because if the rainwater drain pipes become submerged in rainwater, the factory will not be able to drain water, and the bacteria that process the waste will be affected. I am
And those outlets were modified to keep rainwater out of the pipes.
In addition to technical solutions, we are working with local residents to explore what current laws and policies are available at the Georgetown Climate Center and how we can respond to climate change.
For example, in terms of land use, where can a breakwater be built to protect? Can the building be protected by raising the floor? Where can we protect important natural systems like wetlands and beaches by moving them? we are talking about
Another British example is the Thames Seawall, which protects London from storm surges.
Asian Metropolitan Climate Change Network strives to conserve important ecosystems such as mangroves
Not only is the mangrove ecosystem itself important, but it also acts as a buffer zone that protects the inland environment.
New York is very vulnerable to storms, and as you can see from this sign, it's very vulnerable to rising sea levels, storm surges, and as you can see, the subway could be submerged.
But when you look down on the ground, this raised ventilation grate looks like a functional and attractive solution. Indeed, in New York and San Francisco and London, designers are trying to blend nature and the built environment while keeping climate change in mind. I'm thinking of countermeasures to measure
I think these are good examples of our potential to be ready for an unprecedented world.
But there are some things to be aware of
Don't leave this "adaptation" to the experts.
because there are no experts
We are reaching uncharted territory, our knowledge and systems are based on past work.
Stationarity is the idea of ​​anticipating and planning for the future based on the past, and this principle governs much of engineering and the design of critical infrastructure, urban water systems, building codes, water rights and other legal precedents. is there
But we can't simply rely on existing norms.
Because we're operating outside the range of CO2 concentrations that the Earth has experienced for thousands of years.
More importantly, not just to survive
It's also up to us to recognize the vulnerabilities and risks that our families and communities are exposed to in order to be more prosperous. It's up to us to address the root causes of volatility, while demanding that they do the same.
There is no easy remedy
No one-size-fits-all solution
you have to actually act
"Action" is what matters.
Thank you for your attention
One in four suffers from some form of mental illness, so one, two, three... you.
It's you, yeah (laughter) You have those weird teeth, you know you next to him
(Laughter) It's not good. Don't look at me. (Laughter) I'm one of them.
I think I inherited it from my mother, who used to crawl around the house on all fours.
I had a sponge in each hand, and I had two on my knees. Told
We knew something was wrong
Before I begin, I want to thank the makers of lamotrigine, sertraline, and reboxetine. Without this chemical, I wouldn't be able to stand up straight.
how it started
My mental illness is... no, I'm not talking about my mental illness.
What are you talking about?
I always dream that when I'm having a nervous breakdown, it's because some deep Kafka existentialist has been discovered because Cate Blanchett won an Oscar for playing me. is the time for my daughter's sports day
So many families were sitting in the parking lot, taking food out of their cars and eating, and only the British were eating sausages. Ringing, girls start running, mothers say, "Run! Run, Chlamydia!", "Run like the wind, Belluca!"
And all the girls start running, except for my daughter, who stood at the starting line and waved her hand, if she didn't know she should run.
And then I lay on the floor for a month, and when I woke up, I was in the hospital, and when I saw the other patients, I thought I had found my mates. (Laughter) They became my only friends. Because he was one of the few people I knew, and he didn't give me any sympathy.
"Cheer up"
(Laughter) (Laughter) (Applause) There's only one thing you're going to get with this disease is real shame, because your friends say, "Hey, show me your tumor," or "Show me your x-rays." I hate myself so much and I think, 'I didn't get bombed and I didn't live in a township.'
You start hearing abusive words, not just one, you hear a thousand or a hundred thousand abusive words, sounding like the devil with Tourette's disorder.
As you know, there are no demons, and there are no voices in your head.
If you hear abusive language, tiny neurons stick together, and those tiny gaps can become real poisons, chemicals that "want to kill you," and if it's repeated over and over again, it can lead to depression.
That's not all
If you have a baby and you verbally abuse that child, the child's little brain releases destructive chemicals that discriminate between right and wrong, and the part of the brain that distinguishes between right and wrong may not grow and may end up raising a psychopath.
If a soldier sees his friend explode, his brain sends out danger signals and he is unable to verbalize the experience, and he just feels fear over and over again.
So here's the question, is it -- when people get hurt, is it creative power?
Why is every organ in the body sick and worried, but the brain is an exception?
I'd like to talk a little bit about the brain, and if you're watching TED, you might like it, so give me a minute.
I have some good news for you.
There are a few things. First of all, we've come a long way.
From a tiny single cell called an amoeba, it clung to a rock and formed a brain.
You see (laughter) this baby has a lot of horsepower.
It's conscious and has the most advanced lobules.
we have the occipital lobe to see the world
We have temporal lobes to hear the world.
There's a little bit of long-term memory there There are nights when you're drunk and want to forget, right? It's gone (laughter). It's filled with 100 billion neurons, and they're sending out electrical information, and I'm going to show you a picture of it from the side.
I don't know if this makes sense to you, but (laughter) I said, "Brip-biri-- (laughter) I drew that."
Each neuron has 10,000 to 100,000 different connections, or "dendrites" or whatever you want to call them, and every time you learn something or experience something, this bush grows, this information bush.
Can you imagine? Every human has this device, even Paris Hilton. (Laughter) I'm surprised.
I have some bad news
This isn't a quarter of a story, it's a quarter of a story.
we are not 21st century
Evolution hasn't caught up. We don't have the processing power. People who say, "Today is a good day."
Let me show you the wonders of evolution, let me explain first.
When we were ancients (Laughter) Let's say millions of years ago we were suddenly threatened by the Predator. (Applause) We were... yes I drew it. And fill it up with cortisol, and kill or be killed, eat or be eaten, and suddenly you're out of fuel and you're back to normal.
The problem is that modern humans (Laughter) also fill up with chemicals when they feel threatened, but they can't kill traffic wardens -- (Laughter) because they can't eat realtors, so the fuel stays in their bodies, and the constant red flags. I'm out There are other things like this
About 150,000 years ago, when language was invented, I tried to put into words this continuing urgency: "There's a sabre-toothed tiger over there," but also "I didn't email you."
``Everyone thinks I'm an idiot I didn't get invited to the party!''
This nagging loop over and over again drives me insane. Do you know what the problem is?
I hate to give you bad news, but someone has to do it.
Pets are happier than you. (Laughter) (Applause) Kittens are happy, humans are dead.
But the point is, if no one talks and learns how to face life, it's not one-fourth, it's four-fourths.
Let's stop prejudice before that
Thank you (Applause) (Applause) Thank you
I have some bad news, some good news, and some tasks.
The bad news is that we all get sick.
I will get sick
Everyone gets sick, but the question is how severe is it? Is it possible to die?
Can you survive?
Is it possible to treat?
We've been sick as long as we've been human
That's why I've been constantly searching for the cause of disease.
For a long time, sickness was believed to come from the gods.
Like God's wrath and God's trials And more recently like God's punishment and judgment
As long as we seek explanations, we end up in the act of hypothesizing what causes disease, which leads us to science.
This man is Ibn Sina. The rules for testing drugs, as set out in the 11th-century Canon of Medicine, are very similar to what we have today: diseases and drugs are equal in severity and strength, and drugs. You have to keep it pure -- and finally, you have to do the clinical trials. When you put together stories or hypotheses from human trials, even if you're not very technical, you get great results. You can get great results without
This guy, Carlos Finlay, in the late 1800s, made a rather unusual hypothesis for his time.
He blamed yellow fever not for dirty clothes.
I thought it was transmitted by mosquitoes.
People mocked him and called him "Mosquito Man" for 20 years.
He sent volunteers to Cupa to live in tents, creating an environment conducive to yellow fever.
We separated the people into those living in tents with dirty clothes and those living in tents that were exposed to yellow fever and were infested with mosquitoes. divided
As a result, it was clearly established that yellow fever is not caused by a magical dust vector.
But it wasn't until human experiments that it was discovered.
This is the purpose for which people participated in the experiment
In Cuper at the time, catching yellow fever meant suffering from fever and loneliness and possibly dying in a tent.
Even so, people were willing to come forward to cooperate.
EnglishAnd not only is this a theoretically excellent example of experimental design in science, but it's also created this wonderful thing.
The subjects signed a document called informed consent.
Informed consent is an idea society should be proud of, right? Informed consent is an idea society should be proud of, right? And that's the key difference between this experiment and the Nazi forced medical experiment in Nuremberg, the idea that consent to participate in research depends on an understanding of the research itself.
Harm and money hunters -- they protect us from those who trick us into participating in clinical trials without their understanding and consent.
And then you've gathered hypotheses, human trials -- informed consent is centralized in what's called clinical research, and it's the bulk of medical work, from the north to the southeast to the west, wherever you go in the world.
Clinical research is the basis of research.Suppose you are researching a new drug, right?
But the landscape of clinical research is changing. It's been decades, if not 50 or 100 years, and clinical trials have been well established.
Now we can collect human genome data, but as I said earlier, the genome itself is not the deciding factor.
We can collect information about the environment
And even more important is information about choice, because what we commonly think of as health is actually more like the interaction of the body, the genome, the selection, and the environment.
Our clinical method is not very suitable for research observation. Our clinical method is not very suitable for research observation. will be
He's my grandfather. I've never actually met him. He's holding his mother. I inherited his genes.
His choice influenced me, he was also a smoker, this is my son.
He inherited his grandfather's genes, of course, and my choices will affect his health.
The techniques used in these two photographs are completely different, but the clinical research methods haven't changed dramatically in the meantime.
It's just that now we have better stats
The methods of obtaining informed consent were largely established after World War II, around the time that picture was taken.
The method of obtaining informed consent that was invented 70 years ago -- that was created to protect us from harm, now creates a silo, collected for clinical trials in prostate cancer and Alzheimer's disease. Data accumulates in silos that can only be used for those studies.
you can't connect or integrate data
Not available to unqualified persons
Physicists cannot access data without submitting paperwork
So do computer scientists.
Because they're not patients, they're not usually used to these forms.
And it's a surprise [the unintended consequences of informed consent] that the means to protect us from harm [the unintended consequences of informed consent] are now preventing us from innovating. [unintended consequences of informed consent]
That wasn't the original goal or aim, was it?
It's kind of a side effect of the mechanism we've created to guide us better.
It's depressing to think of this analogy, but it's like Facebook continuing to use an ad-serving algorithm based on data from a small sample size, like a Phase 3 clinical trial. )
You can't take historical trial information and combine them to create a statistically meaningful sample.
I'm sorry, do you think so? 45% of men and 38% of women will get cancer
So at least in America
1 in 4 men and 1 in 5 women will die from cancer
Three-quarters of the drugs prescribed to treat cancer are ineffective, and this is directly relevant to me.
my sister is a cancer survivor
So does my mother-in-law. Cancer is the worst.
When you have cancer, you don't expect privacy, and you spend most of your time naked in the hospital.
People you don't know come and look at you and poke you. I tell cancer survivors that the tools that are supposed to protect patients are actually blocking the use of data. Only 3-4 percent of cancer patients participate in clinical research. In some cases, especially when only three or four percent of cancer patients participate in clinical research, you don't get a response like, "I appreciate privacy."
This is unfair. It's a big problem. You have information, but you can't use it.
this is unexpected
The price and value of blood is enormous
US$226 billion is spent annually on cancer treatment
1500 people die every day
it's getting more serious
So the good news is that things have changed -- [What has changed? ] The most important change is [What changed? ] In a way that used to be left to medical care [What has changed? Quantifiable] It means you can measure yourself [What has changed? quantifiable]
A lot of people call it digital exhaust.
I think of them like dust that dances behind a child.
Reach back, grab the dust, and you can learn a lot about your health from it. If the choices we make affect our health, then our diet is very important to our health. If you have enough people to photograph it, you'll know more about how your diet affects your health.You'll know more about how your diet affects your health.
An interesting example -- this is the iPhone app The Eatery -- we think the pizza we eat is much healthier than others, right? (Laughter) This may seem like a no-brainer, but it's the equivalent of research that has previously cost the health system years and hundreds of thousands of dollars.
Several venture companies completed in five months.
I have no financial interest in the company
But it's more important to be able to complete the genetic analysis. Genotype is not decisive, but it can give clues to health.
I'll show you my base sequence.
It's an interpretation, and as you can see, my risk is 32% for prostate cancer, 22% for psoriasis, and 14% for Alzheimer's disease.
A geneticist would have panicked and said, "Did you really reveal the ApoE E4 allele? What happened?"
When I got these results and went to the doctors, they told me not to tell anyone, even though I said, "If I get sick, it might help me."
No one could answer yes
But I live in a web world where when you share information, good things happen instead of bad things.
I put all this information together on a slide, and I went to the doctor and said, "Actually, I want the blood test results --
Please give me the data." Here are the latest blood test results.
As you can see, my cholesterol levels are high.
I have particularly high bad cholesterol levels and bad liver function numbers, but that's because I drank good wine at a dinner party the night before I was tested.
In terms of data, similar to the picture of my grandfather holding my mother, I had to pull usable data from inside the system.
So what I'm suggesting here is [we can form the commons] reach back and grab the dust -- [we can form the commons] examine the body and gather the genotype information -- [we can form the commons]. can form the commons] Getting records from the health system [we can form the commons] Using it to create something together That's the commons [we can form the commons]
There's a lot of talk about the commons everywhere. Commons are nothing more than public goods, born out of private goods.
We contribute voluntarily and through standardized legal tools -- using more standardized technology.
That's what the commons is all about, what we think is important together, what we create together.
The data commons is unique because it's built out of your own data, and while there are many people who love and are obsessed with privacy as a way of managing their data, at least some of them are willing to share. Some people prefer it as a form of digital commons, and what's remarkable about the digital commons is that if the size of the data is big enough, even if the participation rate isn't high, it's going to be a lot of beautiful data.
So there aren't many programmers writing free software, but the Apache web server does exist.
Not many people read and edit Wikipedia, but it works. So, as long as there are people who choose to manage it in a shared way and share it, they can create a commons and get information.
And in biology, the number of contributors is even better.
Vanderbilt University [in Tennessee] asked to share biological samples and blood in its biobank for research, and only 5 percent of people refused.
I'm from Tennessee, which isn't the most science-positive state in the United States (Laughter), but only 5 percent said they were unwilling to cooperate.
So given the choice and the opportunity, people want to share.
The reason I'm so obsessed with this, besides the obvious aspect of having a family, is that I've spent a lot of time with mathematicians, and they're drawn to places where there's a lot of data, because you can use the data and the noise. because we can decipher the signal from
The correlations they wielded out of the noise don't necessarily identify the cause, but modern mathematics is like a giant set of power tools, and while we're slowly sawing and analyzing data, it does. It's like being left unconnected to medical data.
If more genotypes and test results -- lifestyle choices -- environmental information is shared, we can decipher people's nuances and choices -- and the resulting health correlations, and so. of open source infrastructure exists
Sage Bionetworks is a nonprofit with a uniquely large mathematical system, but it lacks the data to work with.
That's my job, the world's first fully digital, fully voluntary, unlimited scope, universal, ethically recognized organization for clinical research where you contribute data.
If you reach back and grab the dust -- look at the body, know the genome -- somehow get the records from the medical system -- go through the online informed consent process -- to the commons. Because the contribution of information is an informed and voluntary decision -- you can upload your information and get it out to the mathematicians doing this kind of big data research -- the goal is 10 in the first year. 10,000 people, 1,000,000 people in five years, and that's going to have a statistically meaningful cohort, from which you can take the traditional clinical study sample size and compare it against the whole. As a result, we can also derive subtle correlations between our unique differences and the kinds of health that we need to move forward as a society.
And I've also spent a lot of time on other commons.
I've seen the creation of the web, I've seen the creation of the creative commons world, and there are four things that they have in common: they're very simple.
If you go to the website and participate in this study, it doesn't feel complicated.
But it's not overly simplistic. It's intentionally simple, because you can always add power and control to this system. It's not that things are too easy, and data simplicity doesn't mean fragility.
they are strengths in the system
Being open doesn't mean you don't have money.
Closed systems and corporations make a lot of money on the open web. The open web also exists because corporations see a benefit in the openness of their systems. it depends on what you're looking for
So all of this is part of the clinical research that we've created, and in fact anyone over the age of 14 can access it, and in layman's terms, they can participate by signing a non-abuse agreement, and in layman's terms, the system. You can participate if you sign a contract stating that you will not abuse
Then you can enter the analysis of the data
(Laughter) And if you want to form a corporate structure on top of that, that's fine too. All of that is included in the agreement, and if you don't like those terms, don't participate. it's okay
So that's the commons design principle that we're trying to bring to health data.
Creating these systems also requires the power of a relatively small number of peculiar people.It didn't take that many people to create or maintain Wikipedia.
I hate the word "patient," because health shouldn't be overpowered.
I don't want to be a patient when the system is broken, when the health care is broken.
We're not talking about health care policy, we're talking about a scientific approach to health care.
I don't want to be a patient. The task I give you is not to be a patient.
They'll be frightened, they'll probably be outraged at how hard it is to get the data.
But that's the challenge I want you to do, and maybe you'll share, maybe you won't.
If you don't have sick people in your family, you may not be one of the oddballs, but if you do, you'll likely share.
Over the next few months, I'm sure we'll be able to run experiments, and we'll find out just how many peculiar people there are.
The Athena Breast Health Network studied 150,000 women in California and returned all of the study participants' data in a form that could be parsed back to them, which they could apply to my study with a single click. It will be clear how many people are
In conclusion, it's been about a year since I quit my job, and the most beautiful thing I've learned is that it doesn't take that many people to achieve great results.
It's just that we're willing to be weird. We're not at risk of contracting yellow fever, which the 14 people were at.
It's about sharing information digitally and naked in the public domain.
being naked and alone is scary
But collectively and voluntarily exposing and providing information can produce very beautiful results.
we don't need all
Thanks to the contributions of some of us.
(applause)
That we need a dialogue with terrorists is an undeniable fact.
The terror we are fighting is not the terror it used to be.
Terrorism has been around for a long time, but in the 21st century, the shape of terrorism is changing.
What matters in the fight against terrorism is how you feel about terrorism.
Because how we feel affects how we react.
Traditionally, terrorism was perceived as a criminal act or a form of warfare.
How would you respond to terrorism in this case?
Of course, it means "an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth."
If you take a more modern way of thinking and see that there was some reason for the terrorism, you'll naturally find a response other than a head-on confrontation.
In the modern globalized world we live in
terrorists have adapted
We've got to adapt, too, and anyone involved in the counter-terrorism movement should start using Google or anything else to find out what's going on.
What I would like you to do is look at terrorism as a brand of sorts, like Coca-Cola.
Both are bad for your health, aren't they?
First of all, like I said, it's bad for your health. Terrorism hurts people, and it's not a good way to commit suicide.
Terrorism doesn't always work
It's not like you're going to have a good time in heaven
I don't think so
Nor can we destroy capitalism by supporting one particular terrorist group, as it was in the 1980s.
Thinking this way, we realize the great weakness of terrorism.
Yes, this brand has its weaknesses.
I said earlier that it's bad for your health, but this brand needs consumers.
Consumers here are supporters of terrorists.
They support brands, they support activism, and we need to take action against them.
Let them know that terrorism is a bad brand.
There are two main ways to do this
The first is to shrink the terrorist market, which is to take the terrorist market with our brands.
And we prove that we are a better product
But if you're going to show that it's a better product, the U.S. military made a mistake in making it a terrorist camp.
And while we were talking about reducing the need for the product of terrorism, at that base we could see poverty, injustice, everything that fostered terrorism.
Another way is to criticize products and expose brand flaws.
Of course, killing a boy is not brave.
We need to focus on this and get this message out there.
expose the dangers of the product
It's the producers of terrorism, the terrorists
It's a message not only to the merchants of terrorism, the people who finance and support terrorism, but also to the consumers of terrorism.
Then you'll have to jump into the homeland of the terrorists.
They gather their forces there and gain power.
So that's where consumers are born.
So we need to spread the message in their country.
The key here is that we need to interact with terrorists and their supporters.
We engage with each other, we understand each other, we have a dialogue.
Let's talk a little bit more about this brand. Now let's think about marketing the brand.
what is the best strategy
Shrinking the market is what governments and society do.
is to show
It's about doing what you tell the terrorists.
But let's say you attack a brand, let's say the terrorists are Coca-Cola and we're Pepsi.
So we need a different approach, and one of the most effective approaches that I've come up with is making victims of terrorists.
They will testify, "This product sucks. It hurt me.
I got burned." It's credible, isn't it?
See their wounds and you can believe them
However, whether it is the victims, the government, NGOs, or the Queen's recent visit to Northern Ireland, it is necessary to engage in dialogue with terrorism at various levels. you will need to take risks
I am now approaching the climax of my speech.
I really wanted people to experience terrorism in a sudden explosion. (Laughter) After the countdown, there's a little loud noise, so think of it as the purpose of this is to inflict physical injury, not a heart attack.
So 3 2 1 (explosion) Great (laughter) The woman in seat 15J was a suicide bomber.
we were victims of terrorism
There are 625 people in this room, all of whom have suffered irreparable wounds for the rest of their lives.
A father and a son were sitting in that seat.
son died father survived
For years he'll keep blaming himself Why wasn't he in his son's seat?
Statistics show he'll become an alcoholic and commit suicide within three years.
There was a young, beautiful woman there, but what she suffered was the worst possible mental and physical injury from a suicide bombing, the symptoms of a human shrapnel.
Even 10 years from now, 15 years from now, when she's sitting in a restaurant or on the beach, she'll still occasionally rub her skin, and the shrapnel will come out of her skin.
This is an unacceptable symptom.
That woman lost both legs in the explosion.
She soon learns that the government subsidizes her injuries very little.
She had a brilliant daughter who was going to go to a prestigious university, but that dream fell through and she had to take care of her mother.
Everyone here sees the scene of a suicide bombing and is traumatized, but even more than that, the victims see the painful truth.
Our society sympathizes with victims for a while, but after a while it becomes indifferent.
Society doesn't take care of victims, and what I'm trying to say here is that victims of terrorism are the greatest weapon against terrorism.
How have governments fought terrorism in the 21st century and today?
What the government has done is aggression
If the suicide bombers were Welsh, Wales would be in trouble.
Reflexively calling for laws to prepare for a crisis is a mistake that destabilizes our society.
It could spread prejudice against Wales all over Edinburgh and all over England.
Governments are learning from past mistakes and changing the way they fight terrorism.
Governments are trying to stop confronting terrorism head-on and look at the consequences of terrorism in a more modern way.
But it is inevitable that we will make the same mistakes of the past.
it's human nature
The fear and the pressure to confront them will be so intense that they will fail again.
government is not perfect
An Irish terrorist summed this up very nicely, saying, "The British government needs to be lucky all the time, while terrorists get lucky once and they succeed."
So what we have to do is "always be lucky."
That's why we need to look more into the future
In this fight against terror, we need to stockpile weapons that aren't meant to hurt others.
But of course this is not something governments can do well.
Before that explosion, we talked about brands, like Coca-Cola and Pepsi.
From our point of view, it's a battle between the brands of terrorism and democracy.
From the terrorist side, it's a fight for freedom, a real fight against injustice and great power imperialism.
we need to take this fight seriously
Terrorists don't just want to hurt us
The real purpose of terrorism is to usurp democratic consumers, so it makes sense to think of terrorism through brands.
Let's take al-Qaeda as an example. Al-Qaeda is like a product on the shelf in a store that no one knows about.
And then the 9/11 tragedy happened, and it's a marketing opportunity for Al-Qaeda, packaging their wares for the 21st century, and they've got a clear purpose.
We continue to carry out activities in line with our brand image, and as an attractive brand we are sending out messages to a world full of poverty and injustice.
Like I said, we should shrink their market, but then we have to use wisdom, not force.
When we look at terrorism as a brand, we realize that we can't fight terrorism by relying on force.
From here, I would like to briefly introduce some examples from what I have done.
First of all, it's a legal initiative called lawfare.
When we started looking at the civil activism against terrorism, everyone said we were weird, we were weird. Now that's not the case.
People are raising their voices against the terrorist bombings
This movement started with the bombings in Omagh, Northern Ireland.
Citizen activities have been going on since 1998
In Omagh, armed groups carried out a terrorist bombing during peace talks.
But partly because of the greater goal of peace, the perpetrators of the bombings were never prosecuted.
Imagine how people in your neighborhood feel when their children or husbands are involved in terrorist attacks while they are out for a walk.
Some of them say "enough is enough"
But after 10 years of civic activism, we were finally able to win the case.
Why was this activity successful?
And not just because justice gave hope to those who felt lost.
Armed groups such as the "real IRA" draw strength from the fact that they are vulnerable. the group loses its place
They're confused and their recruitment to the group doesn't work.
In fact, thanks to this activity, the terrorist bombings stopped.
We, or the victims, have become ghosts haunting terrorist groups.
The next example is a system called Almog, which we think is a system where banks pay rewards for suicide bombers.
Banks stopped Almog with just one action by citizens.Governments around the world failed to address the issue for a variety of political reasons.There were many conflicting interests.But citizens. Activity has successfully shut down a loophole in this system
Another example, called McDonald's, was filed by victims of bombings by an Irish militant group backed by Gaddafi in Libya, an action that has significant implications for Libya's reconstruction.
The new Libyan government has cared for its victims, and a whole new kind of dialogue has emerged.
But the problem is that we need more support to do these activities.
Advocacy is civic concern, civic action.
A good example is the fight against pirates in Somalia.
You can't think of fighting pirates in the same way as fighting terrorism.
So what we did was turn pirates into fishermen.
Pirates were originally fishermen, but people were stealing their fish and dumping toxic substances into the ocean. I can confidently say that in the process, the poverty and injustice that Islamic forces like al-Shabaab love to exploit will disappear.
This project will cost less than a single missile, probably less than the life of any soldier, and more importantly, the battlefield will be their homeland, and they won't come to us, because we've seen cause and effect.
Finally, I would like to talk about dialogue.
The benefits of dialogue are clear
Enlightening both sides, enabling them to better understand each other, making them aware of their strengths and weaknesses, and sharing their weaknesses, like those who have spoken before, builds trust and brings them together in the process.
But this is not an easy task. Victims of terrorism don't want to have a dialogue.
hard to do in practice
And it's also politically risky for both sides. In one dialogue, every time you said something they didn't like, they threw stones at you. (Laughter) No, but whatever we do, whatever we say, we get to the heart of the matter.
I'm going to leave you with this final word, because if you follow your reason, you don't want to see terrorism militarily, you want to know terrorism purely.
we should have a more modern response
I'm not saying to tolerate terrorism
Fight them in a modern, non-terrorist way.
We also need to foster innovation
Government is passive; innovation doesn't come from that.
the private sector will play a big role
What we can do right now is look around and take action to see how we can support victims of terrorism around the world.
Now I'm going to leave you with a big question. This might change your perception of terrorism. I'm excited to see what ideas and actions this question will engender. Was it necessary to blow it up?"
It's an uncomfortable question, but we have to keep asking it.
Haven't we ignored the injustices and suffering that are happening elsewhere in the world?
Aren't terrorists just wanting us to fight poverty and injustice?
Isn't the terrorist bombing an emergency signal for us?
Maybe the bombings happened because we've neglected dialogue to solve those problems.
What is very clear is that we need to stop being quick-and-dirty and be more proactive. Finally, I want to share this idea with you. must have
Many thinkers and writers have pondered this question, "What if society needs a crisis for change?
What if society needs terrorism for change, for a better society? "
This is Bulgakov's proposition: Christ and the devil in the picture walk hand in hand in Gethsemane through the moonlit night.
What this suggests is that humans also need to partner with the devil in order to survive in what Darwin called "evolution."
Many people say that communism was destroyed by the Rolling Stones, which is an interesting claim.
their song would be perfect for this occasion
thank you
(Sympathy for the Devil, The Rolling Stones) (Applause) Bruno Giusani: Thank you (Applause)
let's play a simple game
read what you see
Read aloud together at 123
1 2 3 (Audience: Can you read this?
/ Can you read this? ) great how about this? 1 2 3 (Audience: You are not reading this.
/ You didn't read this) Good 1 2 3 (Audience: …) (Laughter) Portuguese can read How about this? 1 2 3
(Audience: What are you reading?
/ What are you reading? ) What are you reading? no words written
I told you to read what you saw, didn't you?
As you can see, "Wat ar ou rea in?" (smile)
What is it supposed to be?
This is because perception is based on experience.
When the brain receives meaningless information, it tries to extract meaning from it, which means that instead of looking at the information it sees, it sees what was useful in the past.
As far as cognition is concerned, humans are the same as this frog.
(Laughter) Look, I'm taking information and doing things that were once useful. I'm sick of it
The problem here is perception.
Awareness underpins everything: thoughts, knowledge, beliefs, hopes, dreams, the clothes you wear, falling in love, it all starts with awareness.
If our perceptions are based on the past, it means that we're just reacting according to our experiences.
But there's a big problem with this, you can't look at it differently.
So I'm going to talk about a different point of view, and the way in which new perceptions emerge is always the same.
born out of doubt
The trouble with questions is that they create uncertainty.
Uncertainty is evolutionarily bad, and if you're wondering if your opponent is a predator, it's too late.
right? (Laughter) Even seasickness is the result of uncertainty.
When you're inside the ship, your inner ear is telling you that you're moving, but your eyes are moving with the ship, so they're telling you they're not.
Your brain can't handle this uncertainty of information, and you get sick.
Asking "why?" is the most dangerous thing to do, because it leads to uncertainty.
But the irony is that the only way to do anything new is to step into that territory.
It seems that we can't do anything new. Fortunately, evolution has given us the answer.
It allows us to address even the most difficult questions, and the best questions are those that create the greatest uncertainty.
it's a question about what you think is true
It's rather easy to ask, "How did life begin?" or "What is at the end of the universe?"
So how has evolution dealt with uncertainty?
The answer is "play"
Play is more than just a process. Play experts would say, "Play is a way of life."
Play is the only human activity in which uncertainty is celebrated. Uncertainty is what makes play fun.
It enables us to adapt to change and opens possibilities. Play is also communal, a way for us to form social bonds. And play has an intrinsic motivation. We play to play. We play. that in itself is a reward
If you look at these five behavioral patterns, you'll see that they're the same requirements for being a good scientist.
Science is not defined by the methods section of a paper
Science is about thinking like this, and this applies to all things creative.
When you set rules to play, it becomes a game.
So is the experiment.
Based on these two ideas, that science is an attitude and that experimentation is play, I questioned whether anyone could be a scientist.
Who better to ask that question than 25 eight- to 10-year-olds?
They're experts in play, so I went to a little school in Devon with my bee paraphernalia, not just to give children a different way of looking at science, but to give them a different view of themselves through the scientific process. It's for your eyes to see
the first step is to ask
I should mention that the funding for this research didn't come from anywhere. Scientists told little kids it was impossible to contribute to science, and teachers told kids it was impossible.
Still we decided to try
These are children's questions, and they're written in small print, so don't bother trying to read them. about it
It turns out that the children were asking questions that are important to a professional scientist.
I would like to invite a special person to appear here.
She's one of the children who worked on this research, and she's the youngest scientist in the world to publish a paper.
It takes courage to do science and ask questions.
She's a very brave woman because she wants to stand here and speak to you.
So Amy, can you come over? (Applause) (Applause) Amy tells us about the Blackoutn Bees Project, and the first is the question that the children came up with.
Thank you, Bo, you can immediately see the similarities in thinking between humans and monkeys, because they're similar.
But I wondered if there were any similarities with other animals. If humans and bees think in the same way, that would be amazing, because they look so different.
So I wondered if humans and bees solve complex problems in the same way.
I wanted to know if honeybees can adapt to new situations based on previously learned rules and conditions. What if honeybees could think like humans?
I think it's amazing, because we're an insect with only a million brain cells.
But I also think it should be possible, because bees, like humans, can recognize good flowers regardless of time of day, light, weather, direction of approach. (Applause) The next step is experimentation, which is game design. Children designed this experimental game. Amy Can you tell us what the puzzles you gave the bees looked like?
What we came up with is the if-then rule
They taught the bees to go not just to the colors of the flowers, but to go only to certain patterns of flowers of certain colors.
The reward is only given when a yellow flower is surrounded by blue flowers, or when a blue flower is surrounded by yellow flowers.
There are many rules a bee can learn to solve this puzzle, and what I wanted to know was which one.
What was interesting about this project was that no one knew if it would work.
It was something completely new, something that no one had ever done before, including adults.
It's easy for scientists to venture into uncharted territory, because that's what they do in the lab all the time. Thank you
You can read the details of the study, so I won't go into detail, but the next step is observation. Some of my students are observing, and they're recording where the bees have gone.
(Teacher: Where are you doing now? Student: 5C)
(Teacher: Are you still up there? Student: Yes)
(Teacher: Each one records it. Student: Henry, can you help me?)
"Can you help me, Henry?" What an amazing scientist.
(Student: 2 above and 3 over here)
(Student: 2 above and 3 over here)
Observed and got data
I wanted to do some simple statistical work, take an average, etc., and publish the results.
that's the next step
I decided to summarize the results and submit them to an academic journal.
(Laughter) By the way, the glass on the far left is mine.
The introduction raises the question
The method did What was the result What was observed
Consideration is appropriate
That's basically a scientific paper.
It wasn't written by me, it was written by Amy and the rest of the class, and as a result, the paper begins with, "Once upon a time..." (Laughter) The method part was, "Then put the bees in the fridge (and make a bee pie.☺)"
This is the title, with the author's name next to it.
All the children in bold are 8-10 year olds.
The original author is Blackawton, P.S. (Blackawton Elementary School) so that when it's quoted it says "Blackawton et al." instead of someone's personal name. There were various written
"I'm sorry, but in some respects this paper does not meet our basic quality standards." (Laughter) So we decided to have it reviewed, and we sent it to Dale Purves of the National Academy of Sciences, who is a leading neuroscientist, and he said, "This is the most original thing I've ever read. It is a scientific paper that deserves to be widely published.”
Vision expert Larry Mulroney said, "It's a brilliant paper.
If this was done by an adult, it should have been published."
So we resent it to the editor,
still no good
So, I asked Larry Maloney and Natalie Hempel to write a scientific review of this discovery, and I sent it to the Biology Letter as a recommendation letter.
And it was peer-reviewed by five peer reviewers and published. (Applause) (Applause) It took four months to experiment, but it took two years to publish. Amy and her classmates are now the youngest scientists in the world to have a paper published.
What was the reaction?
It was published two days before Christmas, but it was downloaded 30,000 times on its first day.
Named Editor's Choice by Science, a top scientific journal
The Biology Letter has decided to make it permanently free to the public.
It's the only paper published free of charge in this journal.
It was the journal's second most downloaded article last year, and the response is not only from scientists and teachers, but also from the general public.
Let me introduce you to just one
I recently read "The Bee of the Black Outon" and I can't find the words to describe how I feel right now.
It's absolutely amazing what you have done
Curiosity, interest, innocence, enthusiasm are probably the most important things in doing science.
Who has this quality more than a child?
Please pass on my congratulations to the children's teams."
So to conclude, let me show you a metaphor using objects.
Can you help me? (laughs) come on come on
Science is about taking risks. This is very risky. (Laughter) For me. I've only tried it once, not on him.
(Simon Shoken: Oh but I'm more important to you)
This is the pinnacle of technology
(Laughter) Okay (Laughter) Let's try it.
Close your eyes and point to the person who clapped
(Applause) (Applause) Okay, people over here please shout 1 2 3
(shouting) (screaming) (shouting) (screaming) great now open your eyes let's do it again
People over here, please shout (shout) Where did the sound come from? (Laughter and applause) Thank you. (Applause) The point is, that's what science does for us.
We usually live reactively, but if you want to do something different, you have to step into uncertainty. When he opened his eyes, he saw the world in a new way.
That's what science gives us: it gives us the opportunity to step into uncertainty through the process of play.
I believe that true science education is about giving people a voice and allowing them to express themselves with that voice, so let's ask Amy to conclude this short story.
ok then amy
This project was really exciting because it brought a process of discovery into our lives, and it showed us that anyone can discover something new, and that small questions can lead to big discoveries.
It can be easy or hard for people to change their mindset, depending on how they feel about the change.
But it was surprisingly easy for me to change my mind about science. Once I started playing games and thinking about puzzles, I realized that science was not a boring subject and anyone could discover something new.
I just needed an opportunity, and Bo and the Blackoutn Bees Project gave me that.
Amy: Thank you Bo: Thank you (Applause) (Applause)
In 1975, in Florence, I met Professor Carlo Pedretti, my art history teacher and world-famous researcher on Leonardo da Vinci.
The professor asked me, "Can we develop a technology that solves a mystery that has remained unsolved for 500 years?" That mystery is da Vinci's lost masterpiece, The Battle of Anghiari, said to be in the 500-seat hall of the Palazzo Vecchio in Florence.
In the mid-1970s, especially in Italy, a bioengineering engineer like me didn't have a lot of opportunities to play an active role. I decided to investigate and look for the lost works of Leonardo.
Unfortunately, at the time, I didn't know that wasn't where I was supposed to be looking. thanks for showing me
At this time, our main focus was to restore the original 500-seat hall and the Sala Grande, built in 1494, and discover the original doors and windows. Then, with thermography, I set about finding the hidden window, and this is the original window in the hall of the Sala Grande. This is what it looked like before I added it, and that's how I recreated the overall picture, especially the location of the stairs, which was important to narrow down the exact location of the Battle of Anghiari to a section of one wall.
I also learned that between 1560 and 1574 it was Vasari who was commissioned by the Medici Grand Duke of Tuscany, Cosimo I, to restore the Hall for 500, and he preserved at least two masterpieces. The method was to build a brick wall in front of the work and leave a little space.
Masaccio in the church of Santa Maria Novella in Florence is one of them, and he may have done the same with Leonardo's masterpieces, because he was a staunch follower of Leonardo.
So we developed a few high-performance radio antennas that were purpose-built, and probed the east and west walls to find space.
And we found a lot of space in the right panel of the east wall, and we think that this space is where the Battle of Anghiari is, or at least the part that's definitely called the Battle of the Standard. should be able to identify
Then, unfortunately, in 2004, the project was discontinued for various political reasons.
I decided to go back to my alma mater, the University of California, San Diego, and proposed the establishment of an engineering research center for cultural heritage.
In 2007, we established a research center, CISA3, a facility to study cultural heritage, especially art, architecture and archeology. because it was necessary for
I visited the Hall of 500 again in 2011, this time with a large group of students and my colleague Professor Falco Kester, who is now the Director of CISA3. because I knew where to look to find out
But we had our limitations, and for some trivial reason, despite all the other tools, we were only allowed to use an endoscope with a 4-mm camera, but it could be used to record and collect debris. It turned out that the fragments were reddish, black and beige in color, and we then carried out more detailed investigations, such as XRF and X-ray diffraction, with promising results so far. Yes, this result shows that we are certain that no one actually discovered the pigment and, moreover, painted a wall with it until Vasari, about 60 years later, so this pigment is Murals - and most likely related to Leonardo's work.
Now, what we're looking for is a masterpiece of masterpieces, the greatest work of art created by mankind.
In fact, it's Leonardo's most important work, because it's the masterpiece that made him one of the most influential artists.
I've also been lucky enough to study several masterpieces in the last 37 years. If you shine a UV light on her face, you'll suddenly see another woman, you might call it an old lady.
You can clearly see the areas where there is a lot of varnish left and some corrections - areas that have been washed too much.
On the one hand, technology adds another page to history, or at least updates history.
For example, another Raphael painting, "Lady with a Unicorn," depicts a unicorn.
There are many interpretations of this unicorn, but when you give it an X-ray, it turns into a puppy.
So far so good, but unfortunately, further scientific research has revealed that it wasn't Raphael who painted the unicorn and the puppies, and that he left the painting unfinished. (Laughter) The literature on symbolism is unfortunately (Laughter) very unreliable (Laughter). And I would add that it would also revolutionize the art market. To give you an example: Otto Marseus' fine work Still Life from the Pitti Museum, which when viewed through an infrared camera, fortunately for art historians, is signed by the artist. In addition, the production year and production place are also written.
It's a great achievement. It's not going to work out so far, but authenticity and science go hand in hand, and it can change the way we do authentication. built
On the other hand, the discovery that captured my imagination and moved me was the amazingly vivid drawing beneath the brown layers of "The Adoration of the Magi." This is a self-made XYZ scanner with an infrared camera attached to this masterpiece. Just looking through the brown layer of the , reveals the underlying painting.
And it was the most important work by Leonardo in Italy. Look at that wonderful face that no one has seen in five centuries. Look at this portrait.
It looks like Leonardo in the making.
You can see his creative genius under the panels, and then there's another amazing find: elephants.
This was a revelation, and it became clear to me that the brown coating that we see today was not Leonardo's hand, and that's why technology has made it possible to see drawings that have been unseen for five centuries. It was
And then there's the "tablet." We've had the joy and the good fortune of witnessing all that we've discovered, but why not share it with everyone?
So I came up with an AR app for tablets. Check out the simulation.
Let's say you go to a museum with your tablet.
And all you have to do is point the camera at a picture that interests you, like this.
May I? Tap here to take a picture Now, let's face you so that you can see the picture that the camera captured.
You can zoom in and scroll
Now let's go find that elephant
All you have to do is swipe your finger across the screen and you'll see the elephant. (Applause) (Applause) And then as you scroll further down, the entire iconography changes, for example, in the stairway area, rebuilding a new temple from under the rubble of an old temple. You can see the believers There are a lot of figures
It's not just a matter of curiosity, because not only does the iconography you see change, but the iconology, the meaning of the iconography, changes in a smart and easy way that allows anyone to interact with the work and become a hero of discovery. It's not a passive appreciation like a quick tour of the room.
(Applause) Another idea is digital medical records. Patient records are commonplace, but unfortunately, the idea of ​​art records is not a reality.
I believe that this is the first step towards the ideal state of art preservation. Carte allows us to deeply study and understand everything related to conservation conditions, techniques, materials, and whether further restoration is necessary or the environment surrounding the work. We can understand when and why we should do something about it.
Our vision is to rediscover the spirit of the Renaissance and create a new discipline, one in which engineering for cultural heritage symbolizes the fusion of art and science.
We're really looking for a new breed of technologists who are willing to go out and do this kind of work and rediscover the cultural values ​​that are most in demand today.
In a nutshell, this is what we're trying to do
We are adding the future to our past in order to face the future.
As long as we live a life of curiosity and passion, we have Leonardo in us. Thank you. (Applause) (Applause)
I can't help but worry about such an honored lighting. It's a reflection in my glasses.
I am very happy and honored to be surrounded by innovative and intelligent people.
I heard the speeches of the three people who spoke before me, what do you think happened?
They said everything I meant to say. So it seems I have nothing more to say?
(laughter) But there's a saying in my hometown, "If a bud leaves the tree without saying a word, it's a young bud."
I'm not young, and I'm already quite old, so I'm going to talk about it.
This conference is being held at a very good time, because there are other conferences in Berlin.
It is the G8 Summit (the Summit of Major Countries).
At the G8 Summit, it was proposed that it would be important to increase subsidies on a large scale in order to solve the problems in Africa.
Unfortunately, I personally don't trust the Marshall Plan.
First, the benefits of the Marshall Plan are exaggerated.
France and Germany were particularly well subsidized, but together accounted for only 2.5 percent of domestic production.
Given that on average African countries receive 13-15% of domestic production in subsidies, this means an unprecedented shift of financial resources from rich to poor countries. Become.
But there are two things that must be connected.
How the Western media portrays Africa and its impact.
By highlighting feelings of helplessness and despair, the media is only telling the 'truth' of Africa, which is nothing but the truth.
But it doesn't tell the whole truth.
Because despair, civil war and hunger are certainly part of the situation in Africa, but they are not the only facts.
Besides, they are just small facts.
There are 53 countries in Africa.
Six of them are in civil war, which means the media is only reporting on those six.
Despite the vast opportunities in Africa, the web of despair and helplessness cannot be escaped because the Western media portrays it to audiences.
The depiction has the effect of appealing to sympathy.
It appeals to sympathy, which leads to charity.
As a result, the West's view of Africa's economic dilemma is misframed.
That false framework comes from thinking that Africa is a hopeless place.
What should I do with that despair? We should give food to the hungry.
Medicine should be given to sick people.
And we should send international peacekeepers to help people suffering from civil war.
Through that stage, Africa's autonomy is eroded.
Of course, it is important to recognize that Africa has fundamental weaknesses.
But at the same time, there are many opportunities and possibilities.
We must change the way we think about the challenges facing Africa from desperate challenges, such as eradicating poverty, to challenges of hope.
By thinking of it as a challenge for the sake of hope, the challenge becomes worthwhile.
The challenge facing those interested in Africa is not reducing poverty.
It is a challenge to increase wealth.
By changing these two things, if we say that poverty eradication is necessary because the people of Africa are poor, what will an international cartel of consciences bring to the African continent?
Medicine for the poor, food for the hungry, and international peacekeepers for those facing civil war.
These methods are less profitable and only treat the symptoms, leaving the root causes of Africa's problems unaddressed.
Just sending someone to school and giving them medicine, you know, folks, you can't create their wealth.
Wealth is income that works, and income comes from finding profitable trade opportunities or high-paying jobs.
Now, in talking about creating wealth in Africa, our second challenge is who are the agents of creating wealth in any society? is.
It's the entrepreneurs. I heard from (unknown) that they are around 4% of the population at any given time, but 16% are copycats.
But they are successful in business.
So where should you invest your money?
Money must be invested in a productive way.
It supports private investment in Africa, both domestically and internationally.
Support research institutions too, because knowledge is so important in creating wealth.
But what is the international aid community doing in Africa today?
A lot of money is being spent on basic health, primary education and securing food relief.
And the whole African continent becomes a place of hopelessness and need of charity.
Have any of you had neighbors, friends or relatives who got rich because of charity?
Just begging and accepting alms?
Do any of you know someone like that?
Does anyone know of a country that has developed thanks to a kind and generous country?
To say that no one has raised their hand is to say that what I am saying is true.
Bono: I know! It seems that Bono knows such a country.
Which country are you from?
Bono: It's an Irish name. Laughter Bono: (Unknown) Thank you very much. But let me say this.
Outsiders can only give opportunities.
It's up to your internal, your own talents, to take advantage of that opportunity and make it profitable.
Africa has many opportunities,
Most of them have not been made useful.
why? This is due to the lack of an internal institutional structure and the lack of a policy structure that can make external relations beneficial. for example,
In the Cotonou Treaty, formerly known as the Lomé Agreement, European countries gave Africa the opportunity to export goods duty-free to the European Union.
My home country, Uganda, can export up to 50,000 tons of sugar to Europe.
So far, we have not exported even one kilo.
And Uganda imports 50,000 tons of sugar from Brazil and Cuba.
Secondly, under the beef protocol within the treaty, African countries producing beef have quotas to export beef duty-free to the European Union market.
No country in Africa, not even Botswana, the most successful, has ever met its quota.
So I would argue that the root cause of Africa's inability to develop beneficial relationships with the rest of the world is the inadequacy of institutions and policy structures.
Any kind of intervention must support the development of institutions that increase wealth and the institutions that increase productivity.
How do you do that, and why isn't help appropriate for it?
Do you know why help is not appropriate?
Because every government in the world needs money to survive.
Even simple things like maintaining law and order cost money.
In order to maintain law and order, we have to pay the military and the police.
And since most African governments are dictatorial, they need strong armies to overwhelm opposition.
Second, you have to pay to build a political siege.
Why should the public support the government?
Because the government gives us good paying jobs. Alternatively, most African countries benefit informally through corruption, such as bribery.
In fact, no government in the world, with the exception of Idi Amin, can stay in power by force alone.
Many countries in (unknown) require legitimacy.
To gain legitimacy, governments often have to build primary education, basic health, roads, hospitals, clinics, and so on.
If a government's financial survival depends on collecting money from its people, then such a government will act out of self-interest to govern more enlightenedly.
And you will face people who can create wealth.
Discuss with them what systems and policies are needed to expand the business, and try to collect more taxes from them.
The problems of the African continent, and the problems of the aid industry, distort the motivational system in the face of African governments.
The productive rate of return in the government's search for income rests not with the domestic economy, but with international donors.
of Uganda. . . (Applause) Rather than talking to entrepreneurs in Uganda, businessmen in Ghana, entrepreneurial leaders in South Africa, our government finds it more productive to talk to the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank. is.
Let me tell you, even if you had 10 PhDs, you would hardly surpass Bill Gates in your understanding of the computer industry.
why? Because gaining the knowledge to understand the motivations needed to grow a business requires listening to the private sector within the industry.
As a result, African governments were given the opportunity by the international community to avoid fostering productive agreements with their peoples, and entered into endless negotiations with the World Monetary Fund and the World Bank. The World Bank tells governments what people need.
In the process, Africans are being removed from policy making, adaptation and implementation in their own countries.
The reason that economic inputs are limited in Africa is because those who bear the costs are in charge.
The International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, and the world's collectives of conscience have stripped Africans of their rights as citizens, so that by relying on aid, African governments are listening only to international lenders, not to their own people. increase.
But I would also like to warn you about my own story, and that warning is that aid is not always catastrophic.
Sometimes aid has built a hospital or saved a hungry village.
Sometimes we have built roads and the roads have done a very good job.
What's wrong with the international aid industry is that it looks at these little successes, pours hundreds of millions of dollars into them as a matter of course, and spreads them around the world to find something special and unique. It ignores the particular circumstances that have led to successful aid, such as villages, skills, customs and standards -- such as the village of Sauri in Kenya, where Jeffery Sack works -- and as a result some They generalize their experience of success as if everyone else was successful.
Aid increases the resources available to governments, so working for governments is the most profitable job opportunity for those looking for work in Africa.
By increasing a nation's political attractiveness, especially in Africa's ethnically divided societies, aid heightens tensions between ethnic groups, because no ethnic group has a share of foreign aid. Because it struggles to become a nation in order to do so.
Ladies and gentlemen, the reason most entrepreneurs in Africa are unable to find trade or private sector job opportunities is because institutions, policies, etc., are hostile to business.
The government is not trying to change that. I wonder why?
Because there is no need to talk to the people.
I'm just talking to international aid providers.
So most entrepreneurs in Africa end up working for governments, and political tensions rise because our countries rely on aid.
I would also like to say that over the past 50 years, Africa has received an ever-increasing amount of aid from the international community, not just technical and financial assistance, but in many forms.
Between 1960 and 2003, the African continent received $600 billion in aid, yet it is said that there is still a great deal of poverty in Africa.
Where has that aid gone?
Let me use the example of my home country, Uganda, to illustrate the mechanics of the incentives given by aid.
The 2006-2007 budget expected revenues of 2.5 trillion shillings.
And foreign aid was expected at 1.9 trillion.
Uganda Recurrent Spending – What is Recurrent?
In terms of living from hand to hand - 2.6 trillion.
Why does the Ugandan government's budget account for 110 percent of its revenue?
That's because what's called aid contributes to income.
So instead of spending government revenues on productive investments, the Ugandan government is using revenues in the form of public spending.
Government, although most of it is support, is used for 690 billion.
380 billion for the military.
Only 18 billion is spent on agriculture, where 18 percent of the people facing poverty work.
43 billion is spent on trade and industry.
Shall I tell you what the public or administrative spending in Uganda is spent on?
Well, 70 cabinet ministers and 114 presidential advisers -- who, by the way, have never met the president except on television.
(Laughter) (Applause) When they actually meet the president, it's like this, but he's still an advisor.
(laughter) Uganda has 81 local governments,
Each local government is organized like a national government -- there are bureaucrats, a cabinet, a parliament, and much more.
Originally there were 56 local governments, but when the president changed the constitution and tried to eliminate term limits, 25 new districts had to be created, resulting in 81.
The National Assembly has 333 members.
We need Wembley Stadium to hold parliament.
The 134 committees, and to some extent the proactive governments, all have directors and cars -- and finally, Mr. Bono said. He might be able to help you out.
A recent Ugandan government survey found that there are 3,000 four-wheel drive vehicles at the Ministry of Health headquarters.
There are 961 counties in Uganda, each with a medical office, but none of them have an ambulance.
In other words, the four-wheel drive vehicles at the headquarters are used to drive ministers, parliamentary secretaries, bureaucrats, and bureaucrats involved in international aid projects, and the poor die without an ambulance or medicine.
Finally, before I came here, I was told that the TED Global principle is that a good speech is like a miniskirt --
It's intriguingly short, but it's also long enough to cover the subject matter.
Have you accomplished it?
Laughter Thank you very much.
applause
companies are losing control
What happens on Wall Street doesn't stay on Wall Street.
What happened in Las Vegas would end up on YouTube. (Laughter) Reputation is fickle, loyalty is fickle.
There seems to be an increasing disconnect between management and employees, although a recent survey found that 27% of managers believe their company motivates their employees.
In the same survey, only 4% of employees thought so.
Companies are losing control over their customers and employees
But is it really so?
As a marketer, I know it's never something I can control.
They often say, "Your brand is what other people say about you when you're not in the room."
Thanks to today's hyper-connectivity and transparency, companies can now be in that room 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.
You can listen and participate in people's conversations.
In fact, we have more control over this loss-of-control situation than ever before.
We can design for it. How?
One is by giving more power to our employees and customers.
You can enlist them in creating ideas, knowledge, content, designs, products.
For example, we could give more power to pricing, which is what the band Radiohead did with their album "In Rainbows."
This album sold better than any of their other albums.
Danish chocolate company Anthonberg has opened a store in Copenhagen called the Compassion Store.
When you buy chocolate, instead of paying for it, get a promise to do something nice for someone you love.
It turned transactions into exchanges and kindness into money.
You can even empower hackers.
When Microsoft launched Kinect, a motion control device for the Xbox, it quickly caught the attention of hackers.
At first, Microsoft tried to prevent hacks, but then realized it was better to actively support the community and changed course.
The sense of shared ownership that the community creates, the free publicity, the added value, has resulted in a huge boost in sales.
The ultimate delegation of power to a customer would be to say, "Don't buy."
Outdoor clothing company Patagonia encourages shoppers to shop second-hand eBay and reupholster shoes before buying new.
In an even more radical move against mass consumption, we put up "Don't buy this jacket" ads during the Christmas season.
They're trying to build long-lasting, loyal customer relationships that share their values, even at the cost of short-term sales.
Research shows that employees are happier and more productive when they are empowered to do their jobs
The Semco Group in Brazil is known for letting its employees decide their work schedules and even their salaries.
With Hulu and Netflix's open vacation programs, you can set vacations as long as you like.
You can give your employees and customers more power, or you can give them less power.
The age-old business wisdom tells us that trust is built by predictable behavior, but if everything is consistent and standardized, how can we create meaningful experiences?
Limiting what you can do might give people more satisfaction as a prescription for the problem of too many options.
Travel service Nextpedition
It turns travel into a game and lets you experience amazing twists and turns.
Travelers aren't told where they're going until the last minute. Information is provided on the fly. Similarly, Dutch airline KLM has launched a surprise gift campaign where travelers are handed small, seemingly random gifts during their trips. increase
UK-based Interflora watches its customers' tweets and gives them a bouquet on their unlucky days.
Is there a way to keep employees from feeling like they're pressed for time?
there is to help other people
A recent study found that getting the job done occasionally during the day made us feel more productive overall.
At Frog Design, where I work, we run in-house meet-and-greet sessions to bring old and new faces together so they can get to know each other quickly.
Having a routine reduces their power and choice, but allows for a richer social interaction.
Companies are the makers of their own destinies, and like us, they are subject to the unexpected.
It makes you more humble, more vulnerable, more human.
At the end of the day, hyper-connectivity and transparency expose what the company is doing, so staying true to who you really are is the only sustainable value proposition.
As ballet dancer Alonzo King puts it, "What's interesting about me is that it's me."
Openness is the most important thing for the company's true self to emerge, but extreme openness is not the answer. Everything is as open as nothing.
"A smile is a half-open, half-closed door," wrote author Jennifer Egan.
Companies can give more or less power to their employees and customers, and think about how open is good for them and what they need to keep.
You can just smile and be open to all possibilities.
Thank you. (Applause)
Five years ago, I felt like I was Alice in "Alice in Wonderland."
Pennsylvania State University asked me to teach a communication class to engineering students.
I was terrified.
But as I talked to them, I experienced what Alice felt when she fell down the rabbit hole and saw the door to the New World.
Wonderland is exactly what I felt when I talked to my students.
I believe that the key to unlocking that door is great communication.
To change the world, we need to communicate with scientists and engineers.
They are the ones who will help us tackle some of our most difficult problems -- energy, the environment, health care -- if we don't understand them, we won't be able to solve them, even for us outsiders. I think I have a responsibility to understand the problem.
In order to have this kind of communication, we need them to invite us to Wonderland.
Scientists and engineers, please talk science to us passionately.
I would like to introduce some important points to make us, outsiders, understand the wonders of science and the fascination of engineering.
The first is to answer the question, "What happened to that?"
explain how that science relates to us
Instead of just saying, "We study trabeculae," we say, "We study trabeculae, the mesh-like structure in bone, which is important for understanding and treating osteoporosis."
And when you talk about science, be careful with jargon.
Terminology is a barrier to understanding ideas.
There is a term called space-time, but can you say it in a more understandable way, "time and space"?
Just make it easy to understand, but don't make it inaccurate.
Do what Einstein said, be as concise as possible, but don't try to be any more concise.
It's possible to speak clearly about science, without cheating.
A good way to do this is to use examples, stories and metaphors in your explanations, and that's how the technical narrative becomes more appealing to us.
Stop using bullet points to introduce research
Do you know why it's called a bullet point? (Laughter) Think about what a bullet does, yes, it kills the presentation.
Not only are these slides boring, but they put a lot of strain on the language areas of the brain and overwhelm the viewer.
This slide by Genevieve Brown, on the other hand, is much more effective, showing that trabecular bone has a special, strong structure, and you can see that it was applied to the unique design of the Eiffel Tower.
The trick is to stick to a single sentence, so that if the audience loses track, they'll be able to get back on track, and the visual imagery will stimulate the non-verbal areas and give them a better understanding of what's being explained. increase
Just paying attention to these few things can make all the difference in inviting the outsider into Wonderland.
Now, the engineering students I'm taking have tickled my inner nerd, so I'm going to put this into an equation -- (Laughter) -- from "science" to "bullet points" to "terminology." Subtract the and divide by relevance, which is how you relate to your audience, and multiply by the passion you have for your research, and you have great communication with a high degree of comprehension.
Scientists and engineers, please solve this equation and tell me about science. (Laughter) (Applause)
I want to talk to you today about how globalized we are, how we're not globalized, and why it's important to get the facts right when making those assessments.
Mainstream views of globalization are what books are selling, what is being covered in the media, and from a survey I conducted of people ranging from students to World Trade Organization (WTO) representatives. But here it is: borders no longer matter, cross-border integration is almost complete, and we live in one world.
What's interesting about this view is that it's not just globalization proponents like Tom Friedman, from whom I borrowed the title of this talk, but also globalization opponents who think that the tsunami of globalization will one day ruin our lives. I'm just looking at it
I would also like to add that this is not a new perspective.
I'm also a bit of an amateur historian, so I went back in time to find the first mention of globalization, and the earliest I could find was David Livingstone's in the 1850s: railroads, steamships and the telegraph. is how effectively it integrates East Africa and the rest of the world.
Of course, in retrospect, David's thinking was a little too ahead of its time, but before we start thinking about where we're going, we're like, "How globalized are we now?"
I think it is very useful to ask yourself
So I realized that the best way to get people to really think that the world might not be flat, or that it might be far from flat, is to show them the data.
One of the studies I've been doing over the last few years is compiling data on what can happen both within countries and across borders.
I'm not going to show you all the data here today, but I'll show you some key points.
Here are some examples of information flows, people flows, capital flows and, of course, the exchange of products and services.
Let's start with a simple old-fashioned phone.
What percentage of all voice calls worldwide last year do you think were counted as international calls?
Think about the numbers in your head.
the answer is 2%
If you count internet calls and things like that, it could be somewhere around 6 or 7 percent, but it's a far cry from what people might imagine.
Now what about people moving across borders?
One metric that looks at the flow of people over the long term is what percentage of the world's population is first-generation immigrants.
Now think again
the number will be a little higher
actually about 3%
Now let's look at investments. From all the real investments made in 2010,
What percentage is accounted for as foreign direct investment?
It's not even 10%
And the final metric, which many of you have probably already seen, is the ratio of exports to GDP.
If you look at the official statistics, it's roughly a little over 30%.
But there's a big problem with the official statistics. For example, if a Japanese parts manufacturer exports a part to China, puts it into an iPod, and then ships the iPod to the United States, it's calculated that the part was exported multiple times.
No one knows how much this gimmick is boosting the official statistics, so I decided to ask Pascal Lamy, the WTO secretary-general and the man behind this statistical data generation, to give him the best guess possible. For example, if we remove the double and triple counts from the percentage of exports to GDP that I mentioned earlier, it's going to be a little less than 20%, much lower than the 30%-plus I mentioned earlier.
So, if you look at the numbers I've just given, and a lot of the data that I've presented in my book "World 3.0," we're 85, 90, 95 percent internationalized, and we're still a long way from the borderless world. it's clear that you're far away
It's clear that radicals like the apocalyptic are exaggerating about globalization.
But I've come to realize that this isn't just about apocalyptic apocalyptic people who tend to overplay things.
I'm doing the same kind of surveys I'm doing today with audiences in different parts of the world, collecting data on what numbers people actually think of.
With the help of the Harvard Business Review magazine, we conducted a survey of our readers, and here's what people actually think of these numbers.
There are a few things that come to mind.
First of all, it seems there is something wrong.
OK (Laughter) Second, the margin of error is very large. The average of the four items here is less than 10 percent.
From my point of view as an economist, this is a huge error.
Third, this is not just for the audience of the Harvard Business Review.
I've done dozens of surveys like this in different parts of the world, with one exception, which was an underestimation of the trade to GDP ratio. We tend to estimate, so I thought we needed to give this phenomenon a name, and I called it the Globalization of Lies, "Globalony," which is the difference between the blue bars and the gray bars on this slide.
I know some of you are still skeptical about this claim, so I'd like to spend a little more time thinking about why we're so prone to globalony.
some reasons come to mind
First of all, we don't really have enough data to discuss it.
Here's an example. When I first published these data in the magazine Foreign Policy a few years ago, among the mixed letters was one from Tom Friedman. Why isn't the world flat?' So it's not that surprising (Laughter).
I couldn't help but scratch my head, because after reading through his hundreds of pages, I couldn't find a single diagram, graph, table, bibliography, or footnote.
So what I'm trying to say is that I haven't been able to provide enough data to convince you of the legitimacy of my article, but first of all, let's go back to yourself and the basis for criticizing us: the well-worn globalization. I mean, why don't we look for data to test if our ideas are really correct?
Anyway, one reason is that we don't have enough data to discuss it.
The second reason is peer pressure.
I decided to write an article, "Why the world isn't flat," when I was interviewed on television in Mumbai, and the first question the interviewer asked was, "Professor, why do you still believe the earth is round?" I laughed because it was the first time I'd ever used that kind of reasoning. (Laughter) And I don't know if I'll be able to convey that to you, but the interviewer's questions were filled with pity and distrust of me.
Here's how she sees it: "Here's a poor professor.
He still remains in a 20,000-year-old cave
So we have no way of knowing what's going on in the world right now."
Talk to your friends and acquaintances, and they'll think it's pretty cool to talk about how the world is coming together.
If you question globalization, you're going to be seen as old-fashioned.
Now, the last reason, and I'm a little embarrassed to talk to you, especially the TED audience, has to do with a phenomenon I call "technotrance."
Listening to techno music for long periods of time can affect your brain waves. You can't ask questions here, but when I bring this up in class, some people raise their hands and ask, "Well, but what about Facebook? ”
I get asked this question a lot, so I thought it would be a good idea to do some research on Facebook as well.
Because, in some ways, this is the ideal technology for me to look at. In theory, with Facebook, it's as easy to make friends on the other side of the world as it is to be friends with your neighbors.
So what percentage of the Facebook friends of the people I surveyed are from outside the country?
The answer is somewhere between 10 and 15 percent, which is not a negligible number.
It's true that we live in a world that is not confined to regions and countries.
Because we don't want to make random friends on Facebook, at least I hope so. It can't be replaced, and it's this relationship that's why the number of foreign friends on Facebook is far lower than 95%.
Now, are these really the problems, or is globalony harmless enough to just draw people's attention to things about globalization?
If you ask me, globalony can be very bad for your health.
First of all, recognizing that the process of globalization is still only 10 to 20 percent is essential to the idea that we can make even more progress with further integration, whereas if we have already achieved it. If you think you've done it, there's no point in trying from now on
As an analogy, if we're already open enough to share any kind of knowledge without barriers, then why bother holding a TED conference to share cutting-edge knowledge like this?
So knowing exactly how globalization is progressing is also necessary to recognize the room for further progress, which will lead to a happier world.
Now, the second point is globalization.
By letting go of the exaggeration, some of the fears of globalization can be mitigated, and sometimes even turned into expectations.
That's why I've spent most of my book, World 3.0, showing you the repeated market failures and people's fears that globalization will make things worse.
Of course, I'm not going to be able to change your mind today, so for today, I'm going to give you two headlines that summarize my thoughts.
Consider the current debate about immigration in France.
If you ask French people what percentage of their population is immigrants, they'll say roughly 24%, and that's what they imagine.
Recognizing that the real number is only 8% would help calm the heated debate that has always been associated with immigration.
To give you a more surprising example, the Chicago Council on Foreign Relations polled Americans about what percentage of the national budget they thought was spent on foreign aid, and the result was 30%. than the actual value. . . (Screen: It's actually about 1%.) (Laughter) The U.S. government's pledged foreign aid is 1%.
What's encouraging about this survey is that knowing that the real numbers are much lower than they thought, made some -- but not all -- more willing to increase foreign aid.
Foreign aid is a very good topic to wrap up this talk with. What I've been talking about today is something that's not being debated among economists, but most of it is pro-home.
"Foreign aid is for the poor" is a prime example of self-proclaimed thinking.
Let's compare how much OECD countries support per capita for the poor at home and how much they support per capita in foreign aid for the poor abroad, calculated by Branko Milanovic of the World Bank. The result is 30,000 : 1
Of course, some people think that if we are truly international, this ratio should be improved to 1:1.
But I'd like to say that you don't need to aim that high, but you can dramatically change the status quo.
If we can just improve the ratio from 30,000 to 1 to 15,000, we can achieve the aid target that we agreed to at the Rio Summit 20 years ago, but we made no progress at at last week's Summit.
So let's summarize: rapid openness is great, but incremental openness can dramatically improve the world. Thank you. (Applause) (Applause)
Once upon a time, the world was a big, big, dysfunctional family.
Great and mighty parents and bad children who are helpless and helpless
Among them, children who are picky are scolded when they try to defy their parents' authority.
If you sneak into your parent's room and peek into a drawer of secret papers, you'll be punished and told not to enter again, because it's all for you.
One day, a man came into town and brought a bunch of boxes with secret documents that he had stolen from his parents' room and said,
"Your parents hid so many things."
The children were astonished to see it
Maps and meeting minutes showed parents yelling at each other.
act like a child
I failed like a child
The only difference was that the parents' mistakes were hidden in a secret vault.
But one girl in that town thought, this shouldn't be kept secret, and if it does, we should make laws and give children the right to know.
girl took action to make it happen
The girl in this story is actually me, and the secret document I was looking for was in this building, the Houses of Parliament, England.
I thought I should ask. Isn't that what democracy is all about? (Applause) I'm not asking you to give me the PIN code for the nuclear weapons depot.
This battle lasted for five years, and in the first place, it was just one of the hundreds of inquiries I sent, because I honestly didn't have the slightest idea that I was going to start a revolution in the British Parliament.
I didn't mean to do that, I just filed a Freedom of Information request.
But what ended up being a long legal battle, after five years of fighting Parliament, one day I was confronted by the three highest-ranking judges in the High Court of England, and I forced Parliament to release information. I was waiting for the verdict on whether or not to
To be honest, I wasn't expecting much, and from what I'd seen in my life, I was giving up my luck because authority always stuck.
But the result was my victory Yay! (Applause) But that's not the end of the story. Congress delayed the release of information for a long time, and then retroactively changed the law to ensure that the ruling didn't apply to lawmakers.
The idea is to avoid disclosure obligations by maintaining a previously passed Freedom of Information Act that excludes lawmakers.
But what they didn't count on was the digitization of records. Because all the paper receipts were scanned and stored, it would be very easy to copy the entire database, drop it to disk, and take it out of Congress with ease. So it was, in fact, the data was taken out, it was put up for sale, it was auctioned off by the Daily Telegraph. From spigots to kitchen renovations to outstanding loans, everything was exposed.
Ultimately, six ministers resigned, and for the first time in 300 years of history, the chairman was forced to resign, and a new government was formed on the promise of information transparency. Four congressmen and two senators are going to prison for fraud.
Thank you. (Applause) I tell you this because it wasn't just a British problem.
It's just one example of the power struggles that are happening around the world right now, where the people who thought they could control the people without much public scrutiny were frustrated by the way the people who held power at the top of their countries thought they could. Now, the public isn't just grieving, they've got the evidence in the official data.
So the world is democratizing information, and I've been in this industry for quite some time.
It's a little embarrassing, but even as a kid, I used to build a little spybook to observe and record what my neighbors were doing.
I think it was a harbinger of my future as an investigative reporter. I've worked in this industry of researching information for a long time, but what was once a very niche field is now mainstream, driven by the dynamics of people in positions of power. In contrast, people around the world are becoming more interested than ever before.
We want to challenge the decisions that are made with our names and our money. This democratization of information can be called the Age of Information Enlightenment, a concept shared by the Enlightenment Movements of the 17th and 18th centuries. because there are many
For example, the pursuit of the truth, we don't take what we're told, "I say it because I say it," doesn't work.
Rather, it's a quest to see and test for yourself, to find out the truth for the first time.
During the early Enlightenment, the same principle gave rise to questions such as, "A king has a divine right to rule over his people," "Women should be subordinate to men," and "The authority of the church is God-given." I challenged the preconceived notion that
Naturally, the church reluctantly tried to stifle the movement, but what the church didn't count on was the power of technology.The printing press suddenly made it possible to spread these ideas cheaply, quickly, and far. And people would come together in coffee houses to brainstorm ideas and create revolutions.
Today, that's digitization, removing all the physical mass from information, copying it and sharing it, which is almost free these days.
The printing press became the Internet, the coffee house became the social network.
We're moving towards a fully connected system, and this is where global decision-making is now called for -- whether it's about climate change, the financial system, or the planet's resources. I don't know about you guys, but if I'm going to pay that level of money, I'd like to see things and decide.
If you think about the financial system, you need a lot of information, because it's impossible for a single person to process, analyze, and make good decisions with this amount of information.
Here's why more and more people are demanding freedom of information.
And that's why we have information disclosure laws. And when it comes to the environment, there's the European Parliament's Aarhus Convention, which is a decree that gives people a pretty strong right to know. Citizens have a right to know
When it comes to the financial industry, the public's right to know is greater than ever before, with various anti-corruption laws, financial regulations, increased corporate disclosure obligations, and the ability to track assets across borders.
Wealth hiding, tax evasion, and pay inequality are becoming less common, which is good, isn't it?
A complete outside-to-in coverage system is coming together, but with one exception. Guess what?
It is the underlying system itself that supports all these systems.
It's a system for organizing and exercising power, which is politics, and we're going back to political institutions, which are top-down hierarchies.
How can we handle the sheer amount of information that this system has to process?
Unfortunately I can't do anything
I believe this is the root cause of all the problems around government misconduct that are happening right now.
Now, I just told you a little bit about my own experience, and I've been trying to force modernization while complaining to the British parliament and causing a lot of media hysteria.
This is Seb Bacon, a computer programmer who created Alaveteli, a platform that promotes freedom of information.
It's an open-source system that records information, and when you request information disclosure or ask a question to a national or regional government organization, it eliminates the complexity that tends to accompany these procedures. But with this, it's easy. You just type in a question, like, "How many police officers have a criminal record?"
Questions are sent to people who can answer them, and we're notified when the deadline is approaching.
It's open source, so it can be used in any country, and it can be used in any country that has a Freedom of Information Act in any form.
Here's a list of countries that currently have this system in place, and we're planning to add a few more countries.
If you are interested in this system, and if there are applicable laws in your country, we would love to hear from you.
This is Birgitta Jonstatyer, Member of Parliament for Iceland.
He's had a very peculiar background as a member of parliament, originally demonstrating outside the Icelandic parliament during the economic collapse of Iceland, and then being elected to a reform committee, where he now spearheads a project. I am
It's called the Icelandic Modern Media Initiative, and it's recently been funded and has begun to roll out on a global scale, with the best laws in the world, including freedom of expression, whistleblower protection, defamation protection, and source protection. Incorporation, an effort to make Iceland a safe publishing haven.
Anybody's data is safe and secure.In recent years, governments have gotten more involved in user data, and Iceland is trying to create a national information haven.
Even in my field of investigative journalism, there is an increasing need to think on a global scale. This is a site called Investigative Dashboard that you can use when you want to look at the wealth of a dictator, like Hosni Mubarak. I'm in the process of moving my business overseas, and when it comes to investigating this matter, I need access to as many business registration records databases around the world as possible.
This site aggregates those databases into one place, so you can find information about Mr. Mubarak's relatives, his friends, who was in charge of his escort, and so on.
Try to find out how Mr. Mubarak is moving his assets out of Egypt.
But when it comes to the most influential matters in decision-making, the most important decisions about, say, war, this kind of information can't just be demanded.
It's a very difficult subject, so the current situation is that we have no choice but to rely on illegal means such as information leaks.
For example, when the Guardian researched the Afghan war, you know, going to the Department of Defense and asking for information won't help.
Of course nothing comes out
At the time of this article, tens of thousands of reports written by American soldiers about the Afghan war had leaked, allowing the Guardian to investigate.
Another fairly large study is on world diplomacy.
This is also completely based on leaks, 251,000 leaked US diplomatic cables, and I was involved in the investigation, because the leaked information was sent through WikiLeaks users who resent the US government. because I got a job from The Guardian
My experience when I got my hands on this leak, and if I had to put it into my own words, it was amazing.
It reminded me of a scene in "The Wizard of Oz"
Do you know which scene? It's the scene where Toto the puppy runs to where the wizard is and pulls the curtain -- "Don't look at the man behind the screen!"
And that's exactly what it was like, I've come to realize that these very arrogant-looking big-name politicians are just people.
We were all complaining to each other, this telegram was pretty racy, but these people were just people like us, they had no special powers, they weren't wizards, they weren't our parents.
I thought it was important for everyone to understand.
But what intrigued me the most was the level of corruption that is prevalent in various countries around the world, especially among those in positions of power and civil servants who embezzle the country's money for their own personal gain. Thanks to the system of official secrecy
We've talked about WikiLeaks, don't you think there's nothing more open than releasing this classified document in its entirety?
Julian Assange did just that.
WikiLeaks exposes everything that legal and safe newspapers do is lukewarm.
It became clear that innocent civilians were being attacked in the Afghan war, but it also happened that in Belarus the dictatorship obtained a list of all the country's pro-democracy activists who contacted the US government.
Is this kind of disclosure going too far? I don't think so. Disclosure is not so much about power, duty, accountability, etc., but rather about working with power to share responsibility and accountability. Actually, wiki. I almost got sued by Julian for getting a double leak of Leakes, which is honestly very contradictory to the WikiLeaks concept, isn't it? It's such a temptation. When you have power, when you deal with power, when you talk about power, two qualities are absolutely essential to resisting the temptation of power that one has.
skepticism and humility
Skepticism is a mind that always doubts without taking anything with a grain of salt.
We should ask why for everything, it's not enough to just say someone is
You should seek evidence and grounds as to why this is the case.
Humility is necessary because we all make mistakes.
Those who lack skepticism and humility rise to power, but in the end they go straight from reformer to dictator. Just read George Orwell's "Animal Farm" and you'll understand how power corrupts people. Therefore
So what is the solution? I think it's about embodying the right to information under the law.
The rights that we common people have today are incredibly weak.
A lot of countries have public secrets laws, including the UK. The UK's public secrets law doesn't have a public interest test, which means that anyone who gets hold of a public secret is punished as a criminal, in fact, public. There have been many cases of reporting confidential information and being punished for extremely serious crimes.
Wouldn't it be nice if this changed? Think about it, if we had a public disclosure law where public officials were punished when they were found to have suppressed or concealed information against the public interest, that would be great. Do not you think so?
yes yes! (Applause) (Laughter) I wish the world would go in that direction.
So it's not all bad. Things are definitely going for the better.
Just last week, I heard from the Superintendent General of London Police, why the police should have access to all of the public's communications, why they need the right to monitor the public without judicial control, is a matter of life and death. I think it's because it's a problem
I really said that it's a matter of life and death
There was no basis for it, no reason, no evidence
"It's so because I say so
Just believe me."
I am sorry to my fellow citizens, but it seems that we have returned to pre-Enlightenment church rule, and we must stand up against this rule.
The Police Commissioner earlier mentioned a law called the Telecommunications Data Act in the UK, which is really, really bad.
In the United States, there is a cybersecurity law.
It seems that they are considering using bots for domestic monitoring and management purposes.
In addition, the National Security Agency is building the world's largest spy center, five times the size of the United States Capitol, where they intercept and analyze communications, monitor internet traffic and personal data. I'm keeping an eye out for who it is.
Now, let's go back to the beginning, when the secret was exposed, the parents panicked and locked all the doors.
Install CCTV cameras throughout your home
They started spying on all of us, digging underground, setting up spy centers, building computer algorithms, keeping an eye on any kids who were causing trouble, and arresting them on terrorism charges if anyone complained.
Is this a fairy tale, or is it a nightmare reality?
Fairy tales can have happy endings, but sometimes they don't.
I don't think there's anyone who hasn't read Grimm's fairy tales, but as the word grim means, it's a tough situation.
But the world isn't a fairy tale, and while there can be worse realities than you'd like to think there are.
It's possible that the situation is brighter than most people think, but in any case, I think it's time for us to put all our problems together and see the world as it is. Only then can we solve the problems. Because we can create a world where people can say, "We all lived happily ever after." (laughs) Thank you very much.
(Applause) Thank you. (Applause)
Once upon a time there was a boy named Billy At school the teacher asked Billy, "What is your father's job?"
Billy replied, "Dad's playing the piano at the drug salon."
Surprised, the teacher called home and said, "I was surprised to hear from your son today.
Is your father's profession a pianist? drug salon's
The father said, "Excuse me, of course it's a complete lie."
But you can't explain to an eight-year-old boy that his father is a politician." You can look at me, as if I'm some kind of creepy hybrid of a snake, a monkey, and an iguana. What I feel strongly through these experiences is that something is wrong.
It's been 400 years since we've had a democracy, and the members of parliament, in my view, are all great and well-educated, and our people are growing in education, energy, and learning.
Among the new congressmen are doctors, businessmen, professors, eminent economists, historians, authors, and military personnel from colonels to sergeants majors.
But every member of parliament, myself included, when you walk out of the parliament and pass by this old building, you suddenly feel helpless, like you're disappearing.
And this is not just a British problem
It's a problem everywhere in the developing world, even in middle-income countries, and in Jamaica -- let's say, the members of parliament in Jamaica, they're usually these people: Rhodes scholars, honors graduates from top American universities, but the capital of Jamaica. At the heart of the city lies a very harrowing scene, the kind you see in middle-income countries around the world, a terrible scene of crumbling, half-ruined buildings.
It's been this way for the last 30 years, when in 1980, when a party leader from an elite family came to power with a Harvard-educated PhD in economics, a drug war killed more than 800 people in the city.
But 10 years ago, expectations for democracy seemed so high that former US President George W. Bush said in his State of the Union address in 2003 that democracy was the only force that could defeat the evil in the world. I called on them to say that a democratic government respects its people, respects its neighbors, and that freedom brings peace.
Well-known scholars of the time agreed that democratization would bring many benefits.
They believed that democracy would bring prosperity, security, sectarian strife, no government to protect terrorists.
but the reality was different
We've had democratic governments in Iraq and Afghanistan, but they haven't yet delivered these benefits.
Afghanistan has successfully held elections. Three elections, including a presidential election and a parliamentary election. So what did the elections bring?
Is society prosperous, lawful, and safe? The answer is no. National legal systems are not working, corruption is rampant, civil society is almost non-existent, media is becoming more independent, but public dissatisfaction with governments that they perceive as corrupt is still high. It's not safe at all. It's very dangerous.
Democracy and elections coexist with corrupt governments and unstable and dangerous countries in Pakistan and many countries in Sub-Saharan Africa.
I talk to citizens a lot, and once in Iraq, there was this incident, and a local person asked me, "In front of us, mobs are ravaging government buildings, and this is the new democracy. Is it a doctrine?"
I've traveled to many middle-income countries and developing countries, and everywhere I go, I see the same problems, and you could say the same in developed countries.
So what do we do? Is giving up democracy the right thing to do?
Of course not. If you were to deploy an operation like this again in Iraq or Afghanistan, and then suddenly push for a system other than democracy, that would be ridiculous.
Anything other than democracy is against our values, against what people want, and against our interests.
For example, around Iraq, it was argued that the introduction of democracy should be delayed.
Holding elections too early in Bosnia fueled sectarian strife and extremist political parties. Using this lesson, in 2003, the decision was made to delay Iraq's elections to two years later. tried to focus on democratization
What happened as a result? Outside my office, the crowd is demanding that elections take place. This is a picture taken in Libya, and I saw the same thing in Iraq. Is it?
Is there a problem with our elected officials?
They have Sunni and Shia leaders, they have seven big tribal leaders, they have Christians, they have Sabians, they have female representatives, they have all parties in parliament, what's wrong with them? I heard
And they said, "It doesn't matter who was chosen, it matters that you were chosen."
In Afghanistan, everyone, even the most remote villages, wants to be a part of deciding who will rule them.
No one ever said they didn't need the right to vote, no matter how remote they went.
Polls and other data show that 84% of British people believe that British politics is broken, and in 2003, a poll was conducted in Iraq, asking what kind of government would be better. 7% in the United States, 5% in France, 3% in the United Kingdom, 40% said they liked the form of government in Dubai. Dubai is a wealthy country with a monarchy, not a democracy. Don't worry about the numbers, we should value democracy, we should protect democracy, but we should stop treating democracy as a means to that end.
Let's not preach the importance of democracy because of its benefits.
Nor should the importance of human rights and women's rights, nor the importance of human rights and women's rights, be based on their interests.
why is that
Because these claims are so dangerous, like the claim that torture is wrong because it doesn't give you useful information, or that you recognize women's rights because it doubles your workforce and boosts economic growth. It's important,' and a North Korean official might say, "We've been able to get a lot of useful information through torture." I would argue, "Thanks to you, our economy is growing well, much better than your country, so I don't think we need to recognize women's rights."
Democracy is not a means to an end
It doesn't matter what it brings
It's not about making laws that are rational and efficient.
Nor is it intended to guarantee peace in our own country or in neighboring countries.
democracy is itself important
Democracy is important because it reflects concepts of fairness and liberty, recognizes the dignity of the individual, and guarantees the right of every individual to form a government through equitable voting rights.
If we want democracy to regain momentum, we need to get involved in citizen and government projects.
Democracy is not just a structure
It is an attitude and an action towards it.
One of them is "honesty"
After I talk here, I'm going to be on a radio show called "Any Questions." If you listen, you'll notice that on these radio shows, politicians never say, "I don't understand" any question. I won't answer to whatever you ask me
What will happen to child tax deductions? What will happen to Antarctic penguins? How will the growth of China's metropolises affect the environment?
Let's stop pretending to know everything like this
Sometimes politicians should be able to say that they can't or shouldn't deliver what voters want, what they promise to voters.
The next thing we need to do is understand the ethos of society.
Today, more than ever before, society is made up of educated, dynamic, healthy citizens who care and are passionate about what they do and who want to contribute to society.
Once upon a time, the center of government was a great hall, like the one we're in now, with ceilings adorned with wonderful paintings of kings on the throne, and this historic place where the British king's head was once beheaded, like this. From being a place that was a symbol of great authority, to City Hall, to the power that the common people have, we need to use that power more.
This method will vary from country to country
In the case of the UK, perhaps we should follow France's example and introduce a French commune system where the mayor is directly elected.
In the case of Afghanistan, rather than concentrating on big elections like presidential or legislative elections, maybe they should have gone with the system that's ingrained in Afghanistan -- direct elections at the district level to elect provincial heads.
But for these things to work, do they need sincere words, do they need democracy at the local level, and politicians aren't the key.
Citizens hold the key
For politicians to be honest, the cooperation of the public is essential, and the media must act as a link between politicians and the public to keep politicians honest.
Active democracy at the local level means active political participation of all the citizens who live there.
So, if democracy is to be rebuilt, to be a vibrant democracy again, citizens need to trust politicians, and at the same time politicians need to trust citizens.
Thank you. (Applause)
After 18 years of working in government orphanages and foster homes, I'd say I'm an expert in the field. That's what it means
How long you're under protection Legally, the government is your surrogate parent.
Margaret Thatcher was my mother (Laughter).
Pip from Great Expectations was adopted, Superman was fostered, Cinderella was fostered, Lizpet from The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo was fostered and was in an institution, Batman was an orphan and Lyra Belacqua from Lyra's Adventures. Also, Jane Eyre was a foster child. James, Matilda, and Moses from Roald Dahl's The Giant Peach! (laughs) Moses too! (Laughter) The boys from Michael Morpurgo's Friend or Foe, and Alem from Benjamin Zephaniah's Refugee Boy, and Luke Skywalker, Luke Skywalker! (Laughter) Oliver Twist, Cassia from Hong Ying's "The Concubine of Shanghai" and Celie from Alice Walker's "The Color Purple."
All the characters in great fiction -- all hurt by the circumstances they put themselves in, and all the thousands of books and movies they've portrayed -- are foster children, adopted children, or orphans.
Writers seem to know that a child without a home should reflect the true image of a family, not the ideal image of a family.
What's more, they use their uncanny ability to face crazy situations on a daily basis.
Why didn't you think about it until now?
Why didn't these relationships, for some reason, focus on very popular characters and their relationships with religion, with foster children, with adopted children, with orphans? What he needs is not pity
I respect you
I know famous musicians, stage actors, movie stars, millionaires, writers, the best lawyers, TV executives, magazine editors, national journalists, garbage collectors, hairdressers, people who were foster children, adopted children, orphans, and so on. Growing up and living in society, I'm afraid to talk about the past, fear that it will undermine my present position It's like a fragile Achilles heel, like a ticking time bomb, even a child under protection. You have the right to remember and cherish your childhood
it's a simple matter
My biological mother, I'm going to reveal it here, came to this country in the late '60s, and found out she was pregnant.
"I found out I was pregnant"
My mother was kind of -- she didn't understand her situation.
Let me explain what happened in the '60s: If you were single and pregnant, you were seen as a threat by society.
separated from family by the government
Separated from my family and put in - in the mother and child dormitory
and applied to social workers
Married couples waiting in line to adopt
A social worker's number one goal is to get a woman to sign the adoption papers at the most vulnerable time in her life.
This is how the procedure was completed.
The mother-child dormitory is mainly run by nuns.
Once the adoption papers are signed and the child is taken, the mother is put back into society, saying, "I was on a little vacation."
it's a little vacation
a little vacation
"A little vacation" is a lie for women to hide their shame for being women.
The adoption process takes only a few months, so the deal is closed, signed, an industrial, utilitarian solution. The government is the farmer, the adoptive parents are the consumer, the mother is the land, and the child is the crop.
It's easy to glorify the past and shift the blame to the present.
Even though the events of the past are directly linked to the present, we all believed that we were following God and government and doing the right thing in society, including the super-fast adoption system.
Anyway, my mother came in 1967 and got pregnant in her home country of Ethiopia, rejoicing in its prosperity under Emperor Haile Selassie, rejoicing in its prosperity under Emperor Haile Selassie, Enoch Powell. A few months before he gave his "Rivers of Blood" speech, my mother left the country.
That was months before the release of The Beatles' "White Album" and the assassination of Martin Luther King.
For white people, it was the "summer of love."
It was the "Summer of Hate" for blacks.
My mother was sent from Oxford to the north of England and assigned to a social worker in a mother-and-child dormitory.
My mother had a secret plan to put her in foster care for a short period of time while she was studying, but the male social worker had other plans.
When I found foster parents, I said to them, 'I'm begging you to adopt this child forever.
My name is Norman." (laughs) Norman! (laughs) Norman!
foster parents adopted me
I said I was a godsend
And I became Norman Mark Greenwood
For the next 11 years, this woman, her birth mother, had her eyeballs gouged out and shouldn't have consented to the adoption She's a bad person, how selfish she is to sign the papers, I've been praying for 11 years. is
I tried praying so many times
"God please give me a bicycle for Christmas"
I always answer myself, "Of course I do."
(Laughter) And then I started thinking, "Is this voice—God's voice or the devil's voice?"
Apparently there was a devil inside me
who could have known? (Laughter) Two years later, they had their own child, and two years later, they had their own child. Entering into unpredictable things, eating biscuits without permission
I came home late and started doing various things.
Because of the faith and naivety of their foster parents, they believed they would stay with them forever.
And I was forced out of the house, which means-
I sat across the table and my foster mother asked, "You don't love us, do you?" I was 11 years old.
I have three children, and I'm the fourth, after "Accident."
"Of course I love you" because that's what it is
Take a moment to think about what love is My mother told me to read the bible and try again the next day to hear the honest answer
This was the turning point Do you love them? Didn't love, just miraculously got the answer they wanted
"If you ask God's forgiveness, through me, they too will see light."
It made sense and the timing was right I honestly confessed like a sinner
"I don't love you, but I ask God's forgiveness."
Then he said, "If you don't love us, Norman, you chose your own way."
Twenty-four hours later, the social worker, who was on occasional check-ins, was waiting in the car for me to say goodbye to my adoptive parents.
But I never said goodbye to my mother, my father, my sister, my brother, my aunt, my uncle, my cousin, my grandparents, nobody.
On my way to the nursing home, I asked myself, "What happened to me?"
Rather than wobbly underfoot, it felt like the whole floor had fallen off.
And then -- I lived in four nursing homes for the next four or five years.
The third nursing home -- I was 15 years old. I started rebelling. Three paints for plastic models. It was a big Victorian nursing home. I splattered the paint and the colors of Africa flowed down the tiles.
You couldn't see it from the road, because the facility was surrounded by beech trees.
I ended up being held for a year in a capacity assessment center for this matter. It was actually a detention center, a de facto prison, for young people.
By the way, years later, a social worker told me that I shouldn't have been put there.
i haven't done anything wrong i haven't done anything wrong
But I didn't have any family to question it, so there was nothing I could do about it.
I turned 17. I had a cell with cushion walls.
They took me and I walked as ordered
They - I was placed in a dormitory with confirmed Nazi sympathizers.
The staff were all ex-cops -- really interesting -- or ex-probation officers.
The man who ran it was a former army officer.
Every time, a stranger would come in and bring me grapes and stuff like that every three months, and they'd strip me naked and give me a full body exam.
The facility was full of remanded boys, murders and stuff.
This was the preparatory stage of my life, a child raised by the government for 17 years.
i have to speak
I have to talk 'cause no one understands why it happened
I slowly began to realize that no one had known me for over a year.
'Cause that's what families do
will tell you who you are
It doesn't matter if the family is good or bad
You know your birthday because someone knows your birthday Mother, father, sister, brother, uncle, aunt, cousin, grandparent, because someone thinks it's important, it's a special day for you too, you know? When I was 14 years old, I shut myself in my shell and lived without being touched by anyone.
I'll come back here to report that when I left the nursing home, there were two things I wanted to do: one was to find my family, and the other was to write poetry.
I found the light in creating
In fantasy I saw the infinite possibilities of life Infinite truths Creation of reality in eternity Where anger exists as an expression to explore love Where dysfunction can reflect its true form that the true form of truth is projected
I want to let you all know that I found my family as an adult, and like everyone else, I have a completely dysfunctional family.
But just to keep things simple, how strong a democracy is is shown by how governments treat their children.
It's about children in government custody.
Thank you. It's an honor. (Applause) (Applause)
In the 17th century, a woman named Julia Tofana had a very successful perfume business.
Her business, which has continued for over 50 years,
Well, it ended abruptly when she was executed, but (Laughter) the crime was the murder of 600 men, and it wasn't a very good perfume.
In fact, the perfume was completely odorless, tasteless, and colorless, but it was the best kind of poison, and many women came to her who wanted to kill their husbands.
Poisoners were a rare and feared entity back then, because it's not easy to poison a person.
The reason is that humans are equipped with poison detectors, so to speak.
This is seen even in newborns
If you want to see this reaction, give it a few drops of a bitter or sour substance, and you can see it's face with its tongue sticking out and its nose wrinkled, as if it's trying to get the stuff out of its mouth.
This response develops further in adults into a mature aversive response that no longer reacts only to the danger of being poisoned, but to the danger of some form of physical contamination. The facial expressions are very similar.
But a mature aversion response isn't just about avoiding physical contaminants, studies have shown that it influences our moral beliefs and even our innermost political intuitions.
what the heck is this
We can understand this process by understanding a little bit about common emotions, basic human emotions that are common to all of us, to make us do what we want and not to do what we don't.
This generally contributes to our survival.
For example, the emotion of fear plays a role in avoiding very risky behavior.
This picture was taken just before he died. (Laughter) Just kidding, the reason this picture is interesting is because most people wouldn't do this. If they did, they would be dead. Because the "fear" of
Just as fear confers a protective benefit, aversion seems to confer a similar benefit, with the difference not being dangers such as predators and heights, but poisons, diseases and other things that make us sick. only to avoid from
One of the things that makes the emotion of disgust so interesting is that it's so easy to trigger. In fact, it's probably easier to trigger than any other basic emotion. I'm sure it will provoke disgust
If you don't like it, please don't watch it.
(laughs) You see it every day, right? It's nothing (laughs) (Audience: disgusting) It's okay now.
I'm sure most of you would have been very disgusted by this, but for those of you who haven't seen it, here are a few more universally disgusting things: excrement, urine, blood, rotten meat.
No wonder you want to avoid these things, because they can contaminate your body.
In fact, things like morbid appearance and bizarre sexual behavior also evoke strong feelings of disgust.
Darwin was probably one of the first scientists to systematically investigate human emotions, pointing to the universal nature and persistence of the aversive response.
This is an anecdote from his trip to South America.
"At Tierra del Fuego, the natives touched the cold-preserved meat I was eating with their fingers,
I was disgusted by its softness, while I was disgusted by the touch of my food by barbaric savages, though my hands did not look dirty."
He later wrote, "I don't care. I have some of my best friends who are savages." I had the opportunity to speak with Richard Dawkins on a documentary taping, and I managed to make him feel bad multiple times.
(Richard Dawkins) We were developed by courtship and sexuality, which belong to deeply ingrained emotions and reactions that are difficult to remove overnight.
What I love about this scene is that Professor Dawkins is really about to throw up.
He jumped back and almost threw up. I did this three times and he almost threw up three times.
But the hallmark of disgust is not just that it's a strong universal response, it's also that it works through connections.
So when the dirty touches the clean, the clean becomes dirty, not vice versa.
If you want to convince someone that an object, a person, or an entire group of people is offensive and should be avoided, this is a very effective strategy.
As the philosopher Martha Nussbaum puts it, "Throughout history, the qualities of slimy, stinking, sticky, rotten, and filthy that have aroused a certain disgust have been repeated over and over again.
It has been associated with Jews, women, homosexuals, untouchables, and people of the lower classes, who were considered physically defiled."
Let me give you some shocking examples of how these things have historically been used.
This is from a Nazi children's book published in 1938, "Look at those men with their lice-infested beards, their filthy, protruding ears, their stained, oily clothes.
Jews smell nasty and sweet
If you have a sharp nose, you will smell Jewish."
A recent example is an attempt to persuade homosexuals to be immoral.
This was on an anti-gay website: "Homosexual vulgarity deserves death."
They are "like dogs eating their own vomit and sows rolling in their own excrement."
These repugnant traits are directly linked to social groups that were disliked.
When we started investigating the role of disgust in moral judgments, one of the things that interested me was whether this kind of persuasion would work harder for disgust-prone people.
While disgust, like other basic emotions, is a common human phenomenon, it seems that each individual is different in their susceptibility to disgust.
You may have noticed that when I showed you the disturbing images earlier.
A method for measuring this tendency has been developed by other psychologists, and it's simple: ask people to imagine a wide variety of situations and ask them how much they dislike them.
Here are some examples
Even if I'm hungry I won't drink my favorite soup if it's been thoroughly washed after use and mixed with a fly swatter
I think so ------- I don't think so (Laughter) I was walking through a tunnel under the tracks and I smelled piss.
Enough questions of this sort will give you an overall score of disgust.
This score actually matters
We call subjects into the lab and ask them if they'd like to participate in a safe but disgusting experiment, like eating chocolate shaped like dog poop, or eating disgusting larvae that are perfectly harmless to your health. The score we measure can predict whether a person will agree to participate in this experiment.
When we compared the data we collected in this way to our political and moral beliefs, we found patterns in all three studies that we did with psychologists Joel Inver and Paul Bloom. We found that people who reported being offended were more politically conservative.
Another way of looking at it is that very liberal people are rarely offended. Here's a sample of Americans, and we found the same pattern there: as you can see, people who are very politically conservative are more likely to report being offended.
Using this data, we can statistically adjust for the well-known factors that influence political preference and dislike.
So we were able to adjust for gender, age, income, education, even basic personality, and the results were the same.
In fact, when you look at voting behavior, not just self-reported political beliefs, you can look across the country geographically, and what we've found is that in areas where people are more likely to be disgusted, McCain gets more votes. was gaining
So this means that we can predict not just self-reported political beliefs, but actual voting behavior, and we can also look at the world in this sample, where we asked the same question in 121 countries. As you can see, we've divided these 121 countries into 10 geographically distinct groups.
Across regions, this shows a relationship between disgust and political beliefs, and across regions, we get similar results.
Another group of researchers measured disgust susceptibility in a different way. Instead of asking people for susceptibility to disgust, they did so in a physiological way, by measuring skin conductance.
What they found was that people who were politically conservative were more physiologically aroused when they were shown disturbing images like the one I just showed them.
Interestingly, what their findings show, as well as what we've done, is that one of the strongest implications here is that easily offended people tend to be more politically conservative. It's not just that he's against same-sex marriage, homosexuality, and most of society's moral issues that involve the sexual sphere.
So in this study, physiological arousal is predictive of attitudes toward same-sex marriage.
But even with all this data linking disgust susceptibility to political beliefs, the question remains: what causal relationship exists? Does disgust really influence political and moral beliefs?
To answer this, we have to use an experimental tool: bring subjects into the lab, make them disgust, and compare them to a control group. Over the past five years, many researchers have done this experiment. I've been doing it, and the results are pretty much the same: when people are disgusting, their attitudes become politically conservative, and they become morally conservative as well.
That is, the smells and tastes associated with disgust, the videos and the post-hypnotic suggestions, the images like the ones I showed, and even the epidemics, warning people to take precautions and wash their hands to maintain cleanliness, are all human. have a similar impact on judgment.
I'll give you an example from a recent study where we asked participants to briefly state their opinions of different social groups in two rooms: one that smelled bad and one that was normal. Did
What we found was that in a stinking room, participants expressed negative opinions about homosexual men.
Opinions of other social groups, including African-Americans and the elderly, were unaffected, as stench evokes negative attitudes only toward homosexual men.
In another study, we had swine flu going around and reminded participants to wash their hands to prevent the spread.
Some of the participants were asked to complete a questionnaire next to a poster urging them to wash their hands.
And what they found was that people were more politically conservative when they took surveys next to handwashing posters.
We also asked them if various actions were right or wrong, and again, we found that simply reminding them to wash their hands made them more morally conservative.
In particular, when asked about sexual practices that are somewhat taboo but mostly innocuous, they think they're morally more wrong just by hand-washing reminders.
I'm going to give you an example of innocuous sex. First, I'll give you a scenario.
For example, a man taking care of his grandmother's house
Had sex with her in her absent grandmother's bed
Another example is a woman enjoying masturbating while snuggling up to her favorite stuffed animal. It shouldn't surprise you that it does, so this is part of how emotions work.
Emotions not only change how we behave, they also change the way we think.
In the case of disgust, what's a little more surprising is the scope of this emotion's influence. Disgust is a very useful emotion in terms of changing the way you see the world around you when you're at risk of contamination.
But it's hard to imagine that some sentiment to prevent poisoning can predict who you'll vote for in the next presidential election.
The question of whether disgust influences our moral and political judgments is a very complex one, and it probably depends on the content of those judgments. I can only assume that it is insufficient to answer the question of
But I'm pretty sure the least we can do with this research is point out what kind of questions to ask first.
Thank you. (Applause)
I was the kid who couldn't help but open the window every time I got in the car.
No matter how hot, stifling, or stinky, my father wouldn't turn on the air conditioner.
They say it's no good because it overheats the engine.
Some of you may remember that cars in those days often overheated.
But it limited the wastage of energy.
The situation has changed, now the car is driving across the continent
You can leave the air conditioner on without overheating
You can use it as much as you want
Is this a good thing? The same can be said for buildings.
Before there was air conditioning, buildings had thick walls.
The thick walls insulated the room, keeping it cool in the summer and warm in the winter, and the small windows worked well, too, as they restricted heat transfer between the room and the outside.
In the 1930s, with the invention of flat glass and rolled steel, and mass production techniques, we had floor-to-ceiling windows and unobstructed views, in exchange for air conditioning to cool our sun-warmed rooms. became dependent on
Buildings are getting taller and bigger by the minute, technology is getting more advanced, air conditioning systems are getting bigger and bigger, and they require a lot of energy.
It releases a lot of heat into the atmosphere, and as you know, it causes the heat island effect, which is the phenomenon in which cities are warmer than their neighboring suburbs. can't stay in the building, and the building can't be used until the air conditioning system restarts.
To make matters worse, we're aiming for net-zero energy buildings, but air conditioning efficiency alone isn't enough.
I need something else, but I'm at a dead end right now.
What measures can be taken there? How do we get out of the hole we dug for ourselves?
Now, let's look at it biologically. Actually, I majored in biology before I got into architecture. The human skin is an amazing organ that naturally regulates body temperature.
The skin is the body's first defense
That's why the skin's pores, sweat glands, and so on, all work together so constantly and efficiently. Isn't the surface of a building supposed to be very similar to skin, so that the walls are more dynamic and more dynamic depending on where they're located? can change sensitively
This leads me to my research
My first suggestion is to investigate a number of different materials.
I'm currently working on smart materials and smart thermo-bimetals.
First of all, the reason it's called "smart" is that it doesn't require any external control or energy, and that's a big change in architecture.
This is a sheet of two different metals glued together.
When you look at it, the front and back light up differently.
Each side has two different coefficients of thermal expansion, so when heated, one side expands faster than the other, resulting in bending.
In early prototypes, we observed how these surfaces curved in response to temperature, which could be used for ventilation applications, and in other prototypes, we used strips of this material, which when warmed up, showed a larger surface. I designed it to distort. It's on display at the Materials & Applications Gallery.
It's titled "Bloom." Its entire surface is made of thermobimetal, so this cover has two functions. The space acts as a ventilator, allowing the hot, trapped air inside to move to the outside as needed.
Here's a time-lapse video where you can see the individual flakes move as the sun hits them and the shadows move.
In fact, using modern digital technology, it's made from 14,000 metal strips, no two metal strips are the same, they're all different.
What's amazing is that each piece of metal can be precisely adjusted to fit where it's placed, the angle of the sun, the curvature.
A proof-of-concept experiment like this is going to have a lot of implications for future real-world implementations of architecture.
To keep the view unobstructed, it's still glass, but it's wrapped in thermobimetal, a screen that covers the entire house and opens and closes as the sun moves.
In addition, screens provide privacy, allowing private spaces to change over time.
So, in the future, buildings won't need curtains, shutters, blinds, and so on, and if you cover a building with this material, you'll be able to control the amount of air conditioning in the building at the same time.
We're also looking to develop building materials for the market, and this is a classic double-glazed window. More and more, we're trying to incorporate a thermobimetal system, where when sunlight hits the outer glass and heats up the inner cavity, the bimetal inside starts to bend, and it blocks out the sun only in certain parts of the building, where it's necessary. If there is, the whole is fine
Now imagine if this were possible, you could install this system on the 30th or 40th floor of a skyscraper, and the entire exterior wall could change over time, depending on how the sun moves and how it hits the sun.
Here's a recent study that I've been working on. The red thing in the lower right corner is actually a very small piece of thermometal, and I'm trying to make it move like an eyelash or a cilia.
The last project is also an architectural element
As you may have noticed, this was also influenced by biology, the grasshopper.
Grasshoppers have unusual respiratory organs
It breathes through holes in the side of the body called spiracles, and air passes through those holes to cool the body. looking into it
This is an early research block. Each hole is through, and this is the one with the bimetal, and this is the one without the bimetal.
On the left, when cold, the thermobimetal is flat and blocks air from passing through the block. On the right, the thermobimetal is curved to allow air to pass through. And these are the two components I'm currently working on, and these. It's a very special thing. It's a whole new way of thinking. Instead of opening a window, it automatically lets the air through the wall.
This smart material is really cool.
When you're tired of opening and closing the blinds every day, when you're on vacation or on the weekend when no one is there to control the air conditioning, or when you lose power in a major blackout, this thermobimetal will work tirelessly and efficiently forever. Thank you. (Applause)
I grew up in Bihar, India's poorest state, and I remember when I was six years old, I came home from school one day and there was a cart full of the most delicious treats on my doorstep.
My brother and I were eating like we were ravenously eating, and then my father came home.
I still remember how much I cried when I was furious.
Later I found out why my father was so angry
The candy was a bribe, a vendor that got my father to order a contract for the state government.
My father was in charge of building roads in Bihar, and he was tough on corruption, even when he was harassed and intimidated.
It was a lonely battle, because Bihar was also the most corrupt state in India. I had no way to complain about the pain I had
I experienced it firsthand when I visited rural villages to study poverty.
As I was going from village to village, one day I almost collapsed from hunger and exhaustion.It was a scorching place under a tree.Just then one of the poorest people in the village invited me into his hut and kindly fed me. gave it to me
As it turned out, the food was enough for his entire family for two days.
This generous and profound grace touched my heart and changed the very purpose of my life.
I decided to repay this mercy
Then I joined the World Bank, an organization that fought poverty by sending aid from rich countries to poor countries.
My first assignment was in Uganda, where I focused on pushing reforms into the Ugandan Ministry of Finance, and I was able to get a loan.
But when I traveled through Uganda after taking out a loan, I remember seeing a brand new school. There were no textbooks, no teachers. was
It was like a reproduction of the situation in Bihar.
Bihar embodies the difficulty of development, a state of abject poverty rife with corruption.
Globally, there are 1.3 billion people living on less than $1.25 a day, and my work in Uganda was a classic approach to this problem of poverty, which has been in place since 1944. Five hundred world war winners, founding fathers and only one founding mother converged in New Hampshire, USA, to establish the Bretton Woods system, which included the World Bank.
Three elements were key to this traditional approach to development: First, the transfer of resources from the richer countries of the North to the poorer countries of the South with a prescription for reform.
Second, the development agency that mediates the transfer of resources was unclear, and the investment objectives and outcomes were unclear.
And third, engagement in developing countries was limited to a small elite of officials, with very little dialogue with the very people who should benefit from development assistance.
Today, these factors are coming to light, because the world has changed so much.
Open knowledge, open aid, open decision-making, and together with them, these three factors are changing, changing development aid, and giving me great hope for the problems I've seen in Uganda and Bihar.
The key to the first change is open knowledge.
As you know, today's developing countries do not simply receive the solutions given to them by the United States or Europe or the World Bank.
They acquired creativity, hope and practical know-how from the successful economic development of the South.
They want to know how China's 500 million people were lifted out of poverty 30 years ago, how poverty policies (Oportunidades) in Mexico improved the education and nutrition of millions of children. of
This is a new ecosystem of open knowledge, not just north-south, but south-south and south-north. Mexico's poverty policy is now in the spotlight in New York.
Just as this transfer of knowledge between the North and South has begun, so too have the development institutions that underpinned that transfer.
This second change is open aid.
The World Bank recently released its data, making 8,000 economic and social indicators for more than 50 years in 200 countries publicly available. announced a competition
Now even more development agencies are making their investment plans public for public scrutiny.
If you look at a map of Kenya using geomapping, you can see at a glance the schools that were built with funding, like the red dots, and the areas with the most preschoolers, the dark green dots.
With this simple mashup technique, funders are informed that schools in the region are still unfunded and mostly preschoolers, and the new question is whether development assistance is right for those who need it most.
So the World Bank has geomapped 30,000 projects in 143 countries, giving donors a common platform to track all aid projects.
This has led to tremendous progress in aid transparency and accountability.
And this, in my view, has led to the most important shift in development, the third: open governance (decision-making).
From the Arab Spring to India's Anna Hazalea movement, we're using mobile phones and social media to pursue not just political accountability, but development accountability.
So does the government provide services to its citizens?
For example, several governments in Africa and Eastern Europe have opened their budgets to the public.
But as you know, there's a huge gap between the published budget and the available budget.
This is the published budget (Laughter), and as you can see, it's not really touched upon, and the general public doesn't understand the government's plans to use that resource.
So as a solution, governments are using new tools to make budgets more visible and easier for the public to understand.
On this map of Moldova, the green color shows the regions that are spending less on education but are doing better, and the red color is the opposite.
Tools like this make shelves full of cryptic papers visible and understandable to everyone, and what's even more amazing is that this disclosure has given today's citizens the opportunity to provide feedback and engage with government.
In the Philippines, parents and students can give real-time feedback on their website through Checkmyschool.org and SMS (Short Message Service) to see if the school has teachers and textbooks. Bihar problem
In another example, the government has been quick to respond. The Philippine Ministry of Education acted swiftly in response to a report on this site that said 800 students were in a dangerous situation where school repairs had been disrupted by corruption.
The amazing thing is that this innovation is now spreading from the South to the South, from the Philippines to Indonesia, Kenya, Moldova and beyond.
Even poor communities in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, can advocate for their aspirations with these tools.
Here's a map of Tandale district [in Dar es Salaam] in August 2011. And here's a map that in a matter of weeks, college students, using cell phones and open source platforms, will make a leapfrog map of all the community's infrastructure. I was able to
And what's exciting is that citizens can go there and give feedback about which health stations and water stations aren't working, and they'll be able to visualize it by adding up the red dots.
Even Bihar today is undergoing a transformation, becoming more open, under a passionate leadership, to make the government transparent, understandable and responsive to the poor.
But in many parts of the world, governments aren't interested in sharing information or helping poverty, so it's a real challenge for those who want to change the system.
They are lone warriors, and like my father and many others, the key to unlocking development aid is to join hands with these lone warriors and fight injustice together.
For example, today, brave reformers in Ghana's civil society have formed an alliance with parliament and government to make transparent deals in the oil sector. is
These stories bring new hope and new possibilities to the problems I saw in Uganda and the problems my father faced in Bihar.
2 years ago April 8, 2010 I visited my father.
It was late at night, and my 80-year-old father was typing out a 70-page complaint against road plan corruption.
My father, who wasn't even a lawyer, fought the case in court and won the case the next day, but that very afternoon he collapsed and died.
He fought to the end, with a growing passion not only for government officials who should be honest in the fight against corruption and poverty, but also for citizens who should come together and join in making their voices heard.
These were like bookends on either side of his life, a journey in between, a mirror of the changing development environment.
Now, inspired by this change, I'm thrilled that the World Bank has made a big departure from my work in Uganda 20 years ago in two new directions that we had in mind.
We need to make development open to the public at scale, so that knowledge is multifaceted, that it inspires practitioners, that aid is transparent, accountable and efficient, that government is open, that government reforms are citizens. are involved and empowered
We need to accelerate this change
If it happens, the voices of all poor people will be heard in Bihar, in Uganda and around the world.
Surely schools with textbooks and teachers will be set up for the children.
Children, too, have a chance to actually get out of poverty.
Thank you. (Applause) (Applause)
I would like to talk about two major trends in the coming century, perhaps in the next 10,000 years.
But before that, I'd like to start by talking about research on love, because that's my latest research.
My collaborators and I took MRIs of the brains of 32 subjects, 32 of whom are in love.
17 of them are in mutual love, the remaining 15 have just been dumped.
I'll talk about that first.
"What is love?" said Shakespeare
Ever since ancient times, people have been asking themselves the question, "What is love?"
I started this research by looking at the last 45 years of psychological research, trying to understand what love is, and I found that when people fall in love, something very special happens.
When you're in love, someone seems to take on a "special meaning."
A truck driver once told me, "There was a new center in the world, and it was Mary Anne."
Bernard Shaw is
"Love is about overestimating how one woman is different from another." They say the same thing, but in a slightly different way. That's what happens when you fall in love.
That's how you fall in love with one person
You will be able to close your eyes to what the other person does not like and only see what they like.
Chaucer said "Love is blind"
In an attempt to understand love, I decided to read poetry from all over the world, and I want to read a short Chinese poem from the eighth century, because it's a good example of a man falling in love with a woman.
It's like being madly in love with someone and walking into a parking lot together, and our car looks different and special than any other car out there.
The wine glasses for dinner for two seem special and different from the wine glasses for any other party.
In the case of this poem, the man had a special feeling for the mat.
I will recite a poem by a man named Yuan Chan.
"I can't put this mat away.
I saw you lay it down the night you came to this room."
He developed a special feeling for the mat, probably because of the dopamine activity in his brain, and that's happening to us right now.
But it doesn't mean that the other person has a special meaning, but that you focus on the other person and-
I'm trying to expand - people have intense energy.
One Polynesian said, "I feel like jumping into the sky!"
Uplifted all night and keep walking until dawn
When your relationship is going well, you feel intensely uplifted, and when things are not going well, you feel hopeless.
Mood depends on others
A businessman in New York told me, "I like everything she likes."
It's a thimble, love is so simple
Increased desire for sexual possession
When I have sex with someone for fun, I don't mind if that person sleeps with someone else.
But the moment you fall in love, you become possessive.
Is that where the meaning of Darwinism lies?
The whole point is to mate a pair of males and females to function as parents to raise offspring.
But the main feature of love is longing, a strong longing to be with a particular person, not just for sex, but emotionally.
Sure, it might be great to have sex with someone you like, but you want them to call you and ask you out on a date.
Another characteristic of love is motivation
The power in the brain activates and desires a partner
I forgot to mention one important thing, but love is also an illusion
Ask all sorts of questions before and during the subject's MRI scan.
But the main question is always the same
"How much of the day do you think about your partner?"
They said, "All day long, I can't stop thinking about the other person."
And last but not least, I'm not a psychologist, and this question always ticks me off.
By the way, we don't use people in traumatic situations as subjects.
And the last question is
"Would you die for someone else?"
and they of course
"Of course!" is the answer.
I flinched
They then scanned the brains of the subjects while they were looking at pictures of their lover and then showing them unstimulated pictures, interspersed with a distraction task.
I could see the inactive state
We also observed activity in many parts of the brain, most notably
It's the part that becomes active when you get high on cocaine.
That part was active.
I realized that love is more than just an emotion
I had always thought that love was a series of emotions.
But it's actually the driver.
It comes from a drive, a desire, a demand.
It's what you feel when you're reaching for a piece of chocolate, or when you're racing for a promotion at work.
Motors in the brain, it's the drive
it's much stronger than lust
If you invite someone to your bed and they refuse, you won't commit suicide or go into depression.
But there will be people who get dumped and commit murder.
People live for love, they can kill, and they can die
He sings about love, writes poetry and novels, carves sculptures, paints pictures, and creates myths and legends.
In over 175 societies, people have left testimony to this powerful brain system.
I believe that love is the most powerful brain system that creates great joy and sorrow in people.
And I've come to think of love as one of three different systems that evolved from mating and reproduction.
The first is libido – the strong desire for sexual satisfaction.
Auden described libido as "an unbearable nervous itch."
Libido is a minor irritation - like when you're hungry
The second of the three brain systems is romantic love, the feeling of excitement and initial attachment to another person.
The third brain system is attachment, the calmness and security we feel toward our long-term partners.
Sexual desire evolved to force people to turn their attention outward and search for a partner extensively.
For example, when you're just driving a car-
Not focused on specific people
Love also evolved to temporarily focus mating energy on a single partner, preserving the time and energy spent on mating.
I also think that a third brain system, attachment, evolved to develop patience with other people -- in the audience (Laughter) -- at least as long as you're raising a child as a parent.
With these preambles, I would like to proceed with the discussion of two profound social trends.
One over the last 10,000 years and the other over the last 25 years or so, and I think these will affect those three brain systems -- libido, love, and attachment.
One is women's employment, women have become the labor force.
We looked at 130 societies in the United Nations statistics
Everywhere in the world, in 129 out of 130 countries, women are entering the labor market, albeit very slowly in some places, and also, albeit slowly, in terms of economic power, health, education. is closing the gap between
it's a very slow move
Every current on earth has an opposing current
Yet, as the Arab proverb says, "The dog barks, but the caravan goes on."
Just like the caravan actually keeps going
Women are returning to the labor market
I used the word "return" because this is nothing new
For millions of years, women have been out in the grasslands of Africa to gather vegetables.
I took home 60-80% of the food on the table.
It was common for both husband and wife to work
Women were economically, socially and sexually equal to men
In other words, society is walking toward the past.
A woman's worst invention is a plow
Farming with tools began and the role of men became very large.
So women lost their ancient jobs as collectors, but they're coming back into the labor market through the industrial and post-industrial eras.
So women are regaining the position they once had a million, 100,000, 10,000 years ago.
We are witnessing one of the most remarkable traditions in human history.
it will be influential
I usually give a lecture about the influence of women in business.
I'd like to stop at two and move on to love and sex.
There are many differences between men and women. If you say that men and women are the same, you've never had a daughter or a son.
Why do some people like to think men and women are the same?
There are some commonalities, but overall there are many differences.
In the words of Ted Huge, "Men and women were created like two legs, they need each other to move forward."
But men and women didn't evolve to have the same brain.
Rather, we have come to understand the differences between men and women in the way the brain works.
Talk about two gender differences and move on to love and sex
The first is women's language ability, women can speak well.
A woman's ability to find the correct word quickly. This rises mid-menstrual cycle - when estrogen levels rise. But even during menstruation, women's verbal abilities outperform the average man's.
Women are good talkers. For many years women have been talking. Words have been women's tools.
Women have been picking up their babies, soothing them, and educating them with words.
That's how I became very powerful.
Even in countries like India and Japan, where women's social advancement is not as rapid, women are making their way into the world of journalism.
TV is like a campfire for the whole planet and we
Around it, television shapes our consciousness.
Almost every time I'm on TV, it's a woman who calls me and negotiates.
Solzhenitsyn said, "To have a great writer is to have another government."
54% of American writers today are women
Language ability is one of the many characteristics women have, and women will bring it into the job market.
Women have great social skills and negotiation skills.
very imaginative
We know about the brain pathways involved in imagination and long-term planning-
Women tend to be web thinkers
Women's brains are better connected, and when they think, they tend to collect more data, organize it into more complex patterns, and see more options and outcomes.
A contextual, holistic way of thinking – we tend to be very web thinkers
Men, on average, tend to eliminate what they consider irrelevant and focus on the pragmatic and step-think.
both are great ways of thinking
We need both in order to progress.
There are many talented men in the world
At the same time, there are a lot of dumb men out there - in the hall (laughs).
When a man's brain works well, it works really well.
I think the world is moving towards a society where men and women work together - a society where the abilities of both men and women are understood and valued.
But the entry of women into the labor market has had a huge impact on sex, relationships and family life.
More than anything else, I've become more vocal about my sexual interest
Surprisingly, some people ask, "Why are men so unfaithful?"
"How can you say that men are more flirtatious than women?"
"Anyway, men are cheaters!"
Audience (laughs) - That's a question that anyone can understand.
anyway
In Western society, women tend to have their first sex at a younger age, have more than one partner and have less remorse, marry later, have fewer children, and tend to give up on bad husbands quickly.
There is a growing trend for women to express their femininity.
And again, we're heading towards a sexual expression that seems to have existed in ancient African grasslands, because this is the sexual expression that we see in hunter-gatherer societies.
Also, we are reverting to the ancient form of equal marriage.
The 21st century is said to be the century of so-called "symmetrical marriages", "pure marriages" and "fraternal marriages".
This is a marriage between equals, moving towards a pattern of equality with the spirit of the ancients.
At the same time, the tide of love is rising.
91% of American women and 86% of men would not marry without love, even if they had all the qualities they wanted in a partner.
All over the world - study of 37 societies says people want to marry who they love
In fact, arranged marriages are disappearing
Marriage could possibly become more stable because of two major global trends.
The first was the entry of women into the job market, but the second was the aging population.
Already in America, we're being told that middle age should be considered up to 85.
Because as many as 40 percent of people in the oldest category, between the ages of 76 and 85, have no health problems at all.
We also face the reality of midlife expansion.
And in my book, I looked at divorce rates in 58 societies.
It turns out that the older I get, the less interested I am in divorce.
The divorce rate in America is now stable, and it's actually on the decline.
may decrease further in the future
And Viagra, estrogen supplementation, hip replacements, women who have become very attractive, women have never been more attractive.
Never before has there been an age when women are educated, attractive and full of possibilities, given the opportunity in human evolution to create good marriages.
i think it is now
But it also comes with a thorny issue
It's just that the three systems in the brain -- lust, love, and attachment -- don't always work well together.
That's why play sex isn't really play
Orgasm activates dopamine
Dopamine is associated with love, so you can fall in love with someone you enjoy play sex with, and orgasm is associated with high levels of oxytocin and vasopressin.
These are related to attachment
This is why people can experience a sense of intimacy with their partner after having sex.
However, the three brain systems of lust and love and attachment aren't always connected.
You can be attached to your long-term partner and fall in love with someone else, or you can be lusting for someone who has nothing to do with you.
This means that a person can love more than one person at once.
As you lie in bed at night, you may be swayed by feelings of deep affection for one person and love for another.
It's like you're having a lot of internal discussion trying to decide what to do next.
I believe that humans are not animals created to be happy, they are animals created to reproduce.
Happiness as we know it today is manufactured
However, men and women should be able to build good relationships with each other.
Two things to conclude, one is a concern.
Concern and the other is a nice story
Concern is-
More than 100 million people in the United States are prescribed antidepressants each year.
These drugs are becoming common medicines
spread all over the world
I know a girl who has been on serotonin-enhancing SSRIs and other antidepressants that act on serotonin since she was 13.
She's 23, and she's been on medication since she was 13.
I have no objection to short-term dosing, when you're going through a tremendous amount of fear,
When you have suicidal or homicidal urges
I would rather recommend taking
But in the United States, more and more people are taking them for longer periods of time, and indeed these drugs act by increasing blood levels of serotonin.
By increasing blood levels of serotonin, it suppresses the dopamine pathway.
as you all know
Dopamine is involved in love
Antidepressants not only reduce dopamine but also impair libido
Impairing libido also impairs orgasm
Impairing orgasm also impairs the release of attachment-related brain chemicals.
they are connected in the brain
If you mess with one system in your brain, you're also messing with another system at the same time.
And - "A world without love is just a world of death"
Audience (applause) - Thank you.
I've spent 30 years researching issues like love and sex attachment.
I'm an identical twin and I'm curious why we look so alike
And why am I like you? And why are Iraqis and Japanese similar to Australian Aborigines and people living in the Amazon River?
About a year ago, I received a request from match.com, a dating site service, to design a new dating site.
"I know nothing about personality
do you think i'm the right one? I replied
Their answer was yes, and since then I've been wondering why people fall in love with one particular person.
That will be my next book in my current project.
There are many reasons to fall in love with 'that person' and not with anyone else.
Timing is important, proximity is also important
Being enigmatic is also important, you fall in love with enigmatic people.
Part of the reason for this is that riddles stimulate dopamine in the brain, pushing people to fall in love.
And people fall in love with people who fit their "love map," which is a list of traits they unconsciously build up from childhood.
So maybe that's why we're attracted to people with complementary brain systems.
It's an ongoing project
I would like to tell you a story
Today we talked about the biology of love
I also want to talk a little bit about love culture and magic here.
This is a story I heard through word of mouth, but I'm pretty sure it's true. It's about a graduate student. I'm at Rutgers University, and I have two collaborators.
Currently working at the State University of New York at Stony Brook
That's where we had the MRI done.
This man, a graduate student there, fell in love with a woman who was also a graduate student, but she didn't care for him.
One time, they were attending a conference in Beijing, and he said he'd do something out of the ordinary with someone from our research.
I knew there was an increase in dopamine, and that could potentially affect the love system in the brain -- audience (laughter).
And he decided to experiment, and he invited the woman to go out for a rickshaw ride.
I've never been on one, but obviously driving a rickshaw between buses and trucks is a crazy, loud and exciting experience.
They hoped that if her dopamine level increased, the relationship would be successful.
They left She screamed and hugged him and laughed and had a great time
About an hour later, they got out of the rickshaw, and she was thrilled and said, "That was lovely!"
"That rickshaw driver was nice too!"
The audience (laughs) (Applause) It's the magic of love!
To conclude, millions of years ago, three drives evolved: sexual desire, love, and attachment to a long-term partner. These pathways are embedded in the brain.
As long as mankind lives, so will these, to borrow Shakespeare's term, as "the troubles of this world."
Thank you - audience (applause)
I have only one request for you today.
don't tell me i'm normal
Now let me introduce you to my brothers
Remi, 22, is tall and very handsome.
He's a man of few words, but he shares his joy in a way no public speaker can.
Remy knows what love is
share unbiasedly and unconditionally
He's not greedy, he doesn't care what color his skin is.
I accept religious differences, and best of all, he's never lied to me.
From a young age, when he sings, he challenges me to lyrics that even I can't remember, and I'm reminded of how ignorant we are of our minds, and how wonderful the unknown is.
Samuel, 16, is tall and handsome.
he has an impeccable memory
I'm picky though
He forgets that he stole my chocolate bar, but the year that all the songs on my iPod were released, and the conversation he had with me when he was four years old. He remembers peeing on my arm and Lady Gaga's birthday
don't you think it's wonderful
most people don't agree
In fact, they are often shunned and misunderstood because their hearts don't fit the "normal" of society.
But it is also true that it has lifted my heart and strengthened my soul. It is true that my brothers are seen as extraordinary, but it only means one thing: they are extraordinary. closed and extraordinary
Now, for those unfamiliar with autism, it's a complex brain disorder that can affect social communication, learning and even motor skills.
Autism is individual, and that's why Remi doesn't look like Sam.
And every 20 minutes around the world, one more person is diagnosed with autism, one of the fastest-growing developmental disorders in the world, with no known cause or cure.
I don't remember the moment I was confronted with autism, but I can't remember a day without it.
When I was three years old, my brother was born, and I was so excited that a new life would join my life.
After a few months, I realized that my brother wasn't normal.
he cried a lot
He didn't like normal baby play, and he didn't seem interested in me at all.
Remi reigned in his own world with his own rules. He found joy in the little things, like the cars lined up around the room, the staring into the washing machine, and eating something that wasn't sweet or spicy. Etc
As he grew older, he changed more, and the differences became even more pronounced.
But on the other side of anger, conflict and hyperactivity, there was something very unique: a boy with a pure and innocent disposition who looked at the world without prejudice, a man who had never lied.
it's extraordinary
Of course, there were some difficulties at home, and I prayed that my brothers were like me.
But I remembered what they taught me about individuality, communication and love, and I realized that I didn't want to change these things with the word "normal."
Being normal overlooks the beauty of being different. Just because we're different doesn't mean any of us are wrong.
there's just a different kind of logic
If possible, I'd like to tell Remi, Sam, and... you don't have to be normal.
it's okay to be extraordinary
Autistic or whatever, the difference we have is a gift! We all have it inside us, and let's be honest, the quest for normality is the ultimate sacrifice that kills possibilities.
Opportunities for growth, transformation and excellence disappear the moment we try to be like others.
So please don't tell me I'm normal
Thank you. (Applause)
About a million children in Europe and Central Asia live in large residential institutions -- orphanages.
When most people think of an orphanage, they think of a warm and loving environment.
Even people who know what orphanages are like see them as a necessary evil.
Because no other place can accommodate so many children without parents.
But what 60 years of research has shown is that taking children away from their families and putting them in big institutions hurts their health and development, especially in the early days of life.
Babies are born with underdeveloped muscles and brains.
The brain completes development by age three, but most of the growth process occurs by six months of age.The brain develops in response to experience and stimulation.
Every time a baby learns something new, like focusing its eyes, mimicking a movement or facial expression, picking something up, speaking a word, sitting down, it creates new synaptic connections in the brain.
Parents are amazed at how fast their children learn.
It's natural for parents to admire and delight in the abilities of their children.
Parents convey their joy to their children, and children respond with smiles and desires to do more and learn more.
Affection between parent and child lays the groundwork for physical, social—linguistic, cognitive, and psychomotor development.
Parent-child relationships are the foundation of future relationships, relationships with friends, partners and children.
In most families, relationships form naturally, unconsciously, and it's hard to realize how important parent-child relationships are to human development and the development of a healthy society.
It's only when there's a problem in the relationship that you realize the importance of home to your child.
In August of 1993, for the first time, I saw how children were being institutionalized and being poorly cared for.
Those of you who remember newspaper reports in Romania after the 1989 revolution will recall the dire conditions of the facilities.
I was commissioned to assist the director of a large facility to keep children from being separated from their families.
It was a model orphanage in Ceausescu with 550 babies, so we were told things were much better than others.
I've worked in a field with small children, so I expected the facility to be noisy, but it's as quiet as a monastery.
I can't imagine having a child, but the director guides me through each room, with countless beds lined up.
You can't hear crying in a room with 40 newborn babies.
I saw the dirty diapers and the fuss, but all I could hear was the helpless moans of the children.
The head teacher said proudly, "The children are very well-behaved, aren't they?"
Over the next few days, I realized that it wasn't just there that was quiet.
When a baby comes in, they cry for the first few hours, but when they realize their needs aren't being met, they stop crying. After a few days, they become lethargic, apathetic, staring into space.
Over the years, many people and press reports have criticized institutional staff, saying that they are harming children, but one staff member takes care of 10, 20, sometimes 40 children.
That's why it's all I can do to carry out the decided plan.
Wake the child up at 7:00 and feed him at 7:30.
At 8 o'clock we change diapers, so we have only 30 minutes to feed our 10 to 20 people.
If your child gets a dirty diaper at 8:30, you'll have to wait several hours to get it changed.
A child's contact with other humans is limited to just a few minutes a day, only during meals and diaper changes, and the only other stimuli are the ceiling, the walls, and the railings of the bed.
Since my first visit to the Ceausescu facility, I've seen hundreds of facilities in 18 countries, including the Czech Republic and Sudan.
Despite the diversity of lands and cultures, institutions and the lives of children there are depressingly similar.
Because of the lack of external stimuli, self-stimulating behaviors -- hand fluttering, rocking back and forth, and aggressiveness -- are seen in some institutions, and some institutions control these behaviors with psychotropic drugs or prevent them from harming themselves or others. tied to
These children are labeled "disabled" and sent to a facility for disabled children.
Once in a facility, it is rare to leave
Children without disabilities are sent to different institutions at the age of 3, and then to the next institution at the age of 7. They are segregated by age and gender, so even brothers and sisters are separated. Things
Not enough food and often starving
Older children bully younger children Children surrender to protect themselves as a way of life
When you leave the facility, you will learn how difficult it is to adapt to society.
In Moldova, institutionalized women are 10 times more likely to be trafficked than non-institutionalized women, and a study in Russia found that two years after leaving institutions, 20% had committed a crime and 14% were involved in prostitution. 10% will commit suicide
Why are there so many orphans in Europe, where there have been no wars or disasters in recent years?
In fact, more than 95 percent of orphaned parents are still alive. Parents are often accused of abandoning their children, but research shows that most parents want to live with their children. disability is an ethnic issue
In many countries, there are no schools that accept children with disabilities, so even children with mild disabilities are sent to boarding schools for special needs at the age of 6 or 7.
The facility can be hundreds of kilometers from home.
If it's a poor family, they won't be able to visit, so the parent-child relationship will gradually break down.
Every child in an institution has a desperate and exhausted parent. Natalia in Moldova is one such parent. She had barely enough money to feed her baby and had to send her older son to an institution in Desi, Bulgaria. I had four children, but my husband died and I had to work full time. Without support, I had no choice but to put children with disabilities in institutions. When a new parent finds out that their first child is disabled, the doctor doesn't say anything positive about the child's potential. Put him in an institution, go home and have a healthy baby."
but you can avoid this
Every child has the right to have a family, they need a family, and children are incredibly resilient.
If you get them out of the institution early on and give them a loving home, they can reverse their developmental delays and lead normal, happy lives.
And it's cheaper to support families than it is to provide facilities.
Studies show that the cost of family support services is only 10% of the cost of sending them to an institution, and even the best adoption systems cost only 30%.
By providing the right support and lowering costs, we can allocate funds to quality residential care for children with severe disabilities.
In Europe, where the quality of care is poor, there is interest and funding to develop community-based services that protect and empower children more than large institutions, and in Romania, my first 20 years of work. Not long ago, there were 200,000 children in the institution, and the number was increasing by the day.
But today, there are 10,000 fewer than 10,000, and family support services are being provided across the country.
In Moldova, despite extreme poverty and the impact of the global financial crisis, enrollment has fallen by more than 50 percent over the past five years, and as a result, funds are being allocated to family support services and "inclusive education."
Many countries have action plans for change
The European Commission and other major advocacy groups are beginning to redirect funds that were originally meant for institutions into family support and community childcare.
Still, there's a lot to do to keep children out of institutions.
We need awareness-raising activities at all levels of society.
Institutions must let children know that they are harming them -- and that there are alternatives.
If someone is trying to support an orphanage, we should persuade them to support family support services instead.
Orphanages are a form of abuse that should end in our generation.
Thank you. (Applause) (Applause)
In the summer of 2016, I made a smart move by quitting my comfortable job at a hedge fund to write a play about the murder of my family.
(sighs) I told my friends and family that this was art, but really it was a search for a spiritual vision.
I was trying to put an end to my relationship with someone I barely knew, the kid who killed his mother and brother.
He was my friend's younger brother and he lived next door.
He's come many times to rummage through our snack cupboard.
My mother actually waved at him from the van and said, "He's going through a tough time and I just want to tell him I'm watching over him."
He broke into our house a few days before Christmas, looking for something he could redeem for cash.
When he saw my brother Jim sleeping on the couch, he panicked, shot him, and fled the scene.
he realized he had forgotten his coat
When we got back to the scene, Jim was found by his mother.
He knew my mother knew his face, and he even shot and killed my mother because, in his words, "she wouldn't stop screaming."
He's now serving a life sentence in a Southwestern Virginia prison.
(sighs) In the seven years since the incident, I've managed not to hate him, but my grief and trauma have done things that are inexplicable.
He became a non-human being to me.
Instead of being human, he became the face of every type of demon.
He took the form of a storm that hit my house, ripped it apart, and threw me into hell's version of the Wizard of Oz, but he's no longer a 17-year-old boy; he's now a 24-year-old adult.
If you're old in prison and you're still "adult,"
And when I tried to write about the villains in my life story, I found names, fragments of childhood memories, brief judicial documents, and nothing more to learn.
So I turned to Google, which has all the information, for the answer.
I googled his prisoner identification number.
That's when I got punched in the face by the internet trap.
In the prison where he was held, two-thirds of the prisoners were in solitary confinement for 23 hours a day, and eight of the 10 rooms had their lights covered.
Conditions were so bad that in 2012, the entire prison went on hunger strike.
As I looked at case after case of abuse in this prison, he suddenly became a person to me again.
I remember seeing the bodies of my mother and Jim for the first time at the funeral at home, and backing away at the small, supernova-like wreckage of the bullet that hit the back of Jim's head.
mother's face was crushed
She wasn't my mother anymore, she was just flesh and bones in the black dress I bought the week before at Coles department store.
These are my most heartbreaking memories
But imagining him being beaten and crying in a hungry, dark cell, it felt just as painful.
I realized that it was because we were still connected.
The chains of trauma that dragged me down when he committed the murder were still there, I resisted the pull and dragged him through the mud For the past seven years, whether I was conscious of it or not.
I realized there was a sort of horror haunting me. He killed his family, and I'm trying to hook up with him.
After painstakingly trying every solution -- literally every possible solution -- I realized that the only way to get rid of this guy was to forgive him.
A really disappointing conclusion
(Laughter) Because I actually thought I had already forgiven him.
I told my friends and family that I had forgiven him, and the national news said, "I forgive you."
So if saying you forgive someone isn't the same thing as actually forgiving someone, why is this guy holding on to me and dragging me around and doing stupid things like quitting my job and writing a play script? did you let me
I've learned that even though society expects you to forgive, you can't pretend to forgive until it actually does.
How can you effectively, once and for all, give eternal forgiveness?
From this question we enter a strange land, Google again, then the land of theology, psychiatric and medical journals, and finally the poor husband comes home and his frantic wife goes wild in his room. I walk around inside and I see them churning out statistics about forgiveness, "Did you know that the Bible has 62 passages about forgiveness, and 27 of them contain the word forgiveness?
But how to forgive is not written at all! "
(Laughter) Talking only about how great it is
"Just do it!" Like Nike's "gift of the spirit"
(Laughter) And there's this guy named Dr. Wayne who said, "To forgive, you have to let it run like water."
What do you mean?
My husband cautiously approached me
"What's wrong with you?"
(Laughter) "I'm trying to forgive him for killing my family, but no one can tell me how."
5-star reviews about forgiveness courses are posted endlessly on the review site Yelp
The pitch is tempting, but what the hell am I doing?
I think I was asking the wrong question. I started with "when and how," but I should have known "why."
why do you forgive why should you do that?
That's when I realized that a lot of people are forgiving for the wrong reasons.
Victims like me are quick to forgive, because it's the right thing to do.
But there are only three reasons victims automatically forgive if they try to be honest with themselves.
First, I believe that by forgiving quickly, I become a better person.
Don't you think it's a common mistake?
If forgiveness is good, good people should forgive immediately.
But in my research, I didn't find the right timing.
Everyone was desperately trying to avoid forgiving because they knew they didn't want to.
Even Jesus wasn't talking about forgiveness when he said give me the other cheek
I was talking about non-violence.
We need an attitude somewhere between immediate forgiveness and full retaliatory "an eye for an eye."
Second, victims are under pressure from everyone around them to forgive.
It could be from friends, family, the media, or it could be a message with a religious tinge.
But the truth is, we all want to forgive right away, so we can feel better and move on.
This is a stupid reason
The third is the idea that forgiveness is a shortcut to healing.
We think that if we skip the story all the way to the end, we can bypass all the maddening, fragile, messy, random healings.
I will reveal the conclusion first.
All three reasons apply to me
I want to be a good person, I love to please others, I am fragile and angry, I hate messy and random healing.
But the power of forgiveness is so great, and none of these reasons worked.
it's like love
If your motives are selfish, even a good thing like healing will collapse into itself like a dying star.
Then why? why forgive?
You can't heal yourself, you can't save yourself or others, or at least you can't make yourself a better person by just forgiving, because forgiveness isn't like that.
Forgiveness is what sets people free
When I say "I forgive you" what I really mean is "I know what you've done
I can't forgive that, but you have something better than that
I don't want us to be caught up in this matter any longer.
I can heal myself and I want nothing from you."
If you can say that, that's what you're really thinking, and you'll be able to be honest with yourself.
No more chains, no more captivity
It doesn't matter if you're originally a good person, a bad person, or an ugly person.
Revenge is free in our culture, but it's a total prison.
All violence, whether mental or physical, is the result of this mysterious and twisted relationship.
In "Greeks," there is a line that says, "A good death is a good death."
please think about it
Every time someone thinks of my mother and brother, I think of the fact that they're not here, and I think of the kid who committed murder.
This single act of violence actually binds the three of us together forever through our minds.
When you choose revenge, you're actually making a blood oath to spend the rest of your life chaining your story to your nemesis.
Forgiveness is the only way to true freedom
But to be free, you have to be very specific about what you're willing to forgive, because you can't forgive something that didn't happen to you.
During my research, a certain Jewish teaching struck a chord with me.
In Judaism, families cannot forgive murderers because they weren't killed.
I can only forgive the pain, the anguish and the grief of losing a family member.
This teaching resonated strongly with me
I had to sort out my own pain. It wasn't what happened to my mom and Jim, it wasn't what happened to my family, it wasn't what happened to society, it was what happened to me.
This is why justice often feels so cold to victims.
It's the judiciary's job to decide what you owe.
And the role of the criminal justice system is to determine what we owe society.
it is not owed to the victim
It's up to us to make it clear individually what we owe the victims.
For example, you can't forgive your father for hitting your mother.
I can only forgive my father for making me feel so sad and lonely and angry.
I could never forgive him for killing my mother and Jim.
still so
I had to measure the depth of my hurt.
wedding without two
My husband and children will never understand unless they know us - the other me
When my new life began at the age of 22, he destroyed what I was.
I honestly don't think we'll ever get back the sense of safety and closeness to family that we should have.
this is the wound in my heart
Many people avoid forgiveness like the plague because they don't want to see their scars.
Scars are terrifying, uncomfortable, and disgusting to look at, like many people turn away from blood transfusions.
It's much easier to take all those feelings away and take your anger out on someone else.
I say honestly "(Just) do it."
(Laughter) Did you think that's what forgiveness means?
This is also important in the process of forgiveness.
Anger is important. It burns the wound, becomes a healing flame, leaves scars and heals.
Excessive anger causes 3rd degree burns
Unless you've been exposed to some degree of heat, you won't have scars, and you'll never know the truth about what happened to you.
You can't know what to forgive if you don't know the truth
But once you know what happened to you, it's time for good old-fashioned justice.
sorry my husband is from texas
(Laughter) So what do you owe me in the name of justice?
apology? explanation?
A front row seat to a torture chamber?
Except for the last one, perhaps in general, we owe that to our victims.
If you ask for an apology or an explanation, 90% out of 10 they will.
So forgiveness is not the right option in many situations.
Forgiveness is appropriate only when it comes at a great cost to await reparation for us.
He's been chained to me all this time I've accomplished a lot
I went to graduate school, married an amazing man, and started a job that I truly love.
But this took some time, and in the process, I was dragging not only him, but my mother and my brother, and I was chaining the three of them together.
Immediately, three people pushed my mind out of my body and my experiences.
And then one day, I felt that the price of losing myself in order to punish him and keep the two of us going was too high.
When I realized what had happened to me, it was time to make a big decision.
He understood what he owed me, and concluded that he was more important to himself than to do justice.
That's when I was ready to forgive.
Stop googling, stop asking question after question, write him a letter.
I ripped out a white page from my mother's diary and wrote on it.
"What happened on December 19th, 2008 is unforgivable, and neither of us will be able to say 'I'm done' forever.
But just because it's no longer good doesn't mean you owe me any responsibility -- an apology or an accountability -- as a bad guy to me.
I hate that I'm trapped in just one thing that happened that day.
I desperately want to look at more and everything, and that desire can come true even if I look at others and position you only as the one who committed the crime that day and make evil out of the parts. can't
I forgive you in the hope that you will spend the rest of your life healing the wounds in your heart."
Without a second thought, I dropped it in the mailbox on the corner of Flatbush Road and Church, and the next ten steps felt lighter.
Then a light sensation turned into a feeling like I've stepped on a landmine -- a sharp pain that hit my stomach.
My heart felt broken and torn, and suddenly loneliness came.
It's as if you were literally alone, gave birth to a strange daughter, and said hello to a girl you hadn't spoken to in seven years.
(sigh) Sometimes I even miss him.
(Laughter) I mean the monsters I created, not him.
When things were black and white, things got more difficult. When there was a villain to fight, things felt simpler and more accessible.
While he was around, his mother and brother were always close by.
My mother and my brother didn't go on stage, they had the roles of being offstage, and we were on stage talking about my mother and my brother.
My story was always about those three.
I had to clarify which contract I was breaking and gaining freedom.
And when it was over, I found myself standing alone in the spotlight center stage with endless possibilities.
True forgiveness requires abandoning all expectations
Don't ask for anything special or try to get a response from them.
Don't expect to know what you'll be like without them.
Forgiveness is a tricky entity
Forgiveness is a tool that only makes sense when exercised correctly, when the heart is sufficiently healed to have nothing to lose.
I'm not in the stage of forgiveness while I'm tormented by bloody pain.
If I can roll up my sleeves to show you my scars and I can't tell you what happened, I'm not ready to forgive.
But it's never too late to forgive the villains and redeem yourself.
And when you're ready to let go of all the sadness, pain, anger, and trauma, instead of trying to prove yourself right all the time, you'll be able to find your authentic self. !
(Laughs) 10 out of 5 stars. Highly recommended.
thank you
(applause)
Magic is a great way to look beyond reality, and make the future that science envisions a reality in no time.
As a cyber-magician, I combine illusion and science to help you experience the world of future technology.
Have you heard of Google's Project Glass?
It's a new technology that uses it to add information to what you're looking at, like the names of places, historic sites, buildings, and in the future, you might even see the names of people you pass by.
This is my illusion glass
It's a prototype, so it's a little big.
It gives you a peek into the mind of a cyber illusionist.
let me show you
All you need is a deck of cards. Take one -
Mark it so that you know
a special mark
put it back in the middle and let's start
(music) Voice "System startup, capturing video"
For those who don't play cards...there are 4 types of cards - Hearts Clubs - Diamonds Spades
It's a very ancient symbol that has many interpretations.
According to one theory, the four cards represent the four seasons.
Spring and Summer — Autumn and — “Winter is my favorite season.” So am I.
Winter is like magic Winter is the season of change - when it gets cold the rain turns to snow and then disappears
There are 13 cards of each type, each representing 13 different moon ages.
Here is low tide - here is high tide - with the moon in the middle
"The moon is a powerful magical symbol."
two colors of cards
It's a red card and a black card, representing the ever-changing - day and night.
(Laughter) Is it a coincidence that there are 52 cards and 52 weeks in a year?
(music) "If you add up the points on the cards, you get a total of 365."
There are 365 days in a year, the number of days from one birthday to the next.
Make a wish (Blowing sound) "Don't tell anyone your wishes"
On my sixth birthday, I picked up my first deck of cards, and since that day I've been performing magic all over the world -- boys and girls -- men and women, husbands and wives -- kings and queens. (Applause) " Who is it?" It's the Joker. Look at me.
Get up
"Wow" Are you ready?
"Okay!" What can you do?
"Then let's go hopping" Be careful
"Wow wow wow!" But today's customers are different from usual
Magic for TED
"Found a signed card." People often ask me, "How do I become a magician?" Do you work from 9am to 5pm?
It's wrong! Practice 24 hours a day, 7 days a week
But 24 hours a day, 7 days a week is not at face value.
24 hours a day, 7 days a week is a little exaggerated, but it takes practice. Some people say that magic must be some supernatural demonic force. (Laughter) (Applause) (Music) Oh.
But to such a story, "no no" If it's German-
"Nine nine." (Laughter) Magic isn't that serious.
(music) "Why? That's a good move.
It is 1 in 4,165.”
It's true, but I'm stronger, come-from-behind victory
"Your wish has come true."
It's unlike anything I've ever seen. "I found a signed card."
this is definitely real
Bye-bye Thank you very much (Cheers) (Cheers) Thank you (Applause) (Applause)
I was one of the few college students who had a reason to go to the PO Box at the end of the day, in large part because my mom didn't trust her email, her Facebook phone.
I was literally sitting next to the mailbox waiting for a letter from home to let me know how the weekend was going. I was looking forward to the letter in cursive
After graduating from college, I moved to New York City, and when I suddenly became completely depressed, I took action on a whim.
I wrote the kind of letters that my mother always sent me, but there was no particular address. I left them all over the city, dozens of them.
I blogged about letters, about depression, and I made a crazy promise on the Internet that I would unconditionally accept a request to write me a handwritten letter.
In one night, I received so many heartbreaking emails, from a single mother in Sacramento to a bullied girl in Kansas, to a 22-year-old who can't even order coffee: "Write me a loving letter." I want a reason to wait next to you."
Now, I'm running a global organization that's powered by a trip to the mailbox, and a whole new system of writing letters through social media to people who need help with handwritten letters. And, after all, this pile of letters is what drives us. It's full of letters written by ordinary people. People don't write letters to people to laugh at each other in cafes, they find each other through their letters. is
But the thing that always bothers me about this letter is that most of the people who write letters have never received a love letter.
People who don't know the love that oozes out of the ink
They're people who, like me, have lived through a time when we went paperless, and the good conversations moved to screens.
I've gotten used to writing down the hard things on Facebook and saying it in 140 characters or less.
But what about non-efficiency aspects?
I was on the subway yesterday with a box full of letters - this is a conversation starter.
If you want to talk, here's the box, and one of the guys was looking at me like, "Why don't you use the Internet?"
"I'm not a strategist, I'm not an expert, I'm just a storyteller," I thought.
So let me tell you the story of a woman whose husband had just returned from Afghanistan, and she was having a hard time getting the conversation going. with the meaning of "come back to me when you're ready"
It seems that he pasted love letters all over the house.
Also, a girl from Dubuque, Iowa, left love letters on campus, and when she went to the courtyard the next day, she found love letters from people she had been inspired hanging on trees, on benches, and in bushes. is
Another man who decided to commit suicide tried to say goodbye to his friends and family on Facebook.He tried to say goodbye to his friends and family on Facebook.
But tonight I'm sure you're sleeping soundly with a stack of letters I'm sure you'll have a pile of letters like this by your bedside, written by a stranger when you needed help.
These stories convinced me that letters are a kind of art, regardless of perfection or efficiency.
When someone sits in a chair and pulls out a piece of paper and thinks of someone else and picks up a brush, it's a lot, much more precious than opening up the iPhone browser and chatting with six people at the same time. No matter how many social networks you use, the significance of handwritten letters will never be compromised.
We still hold the letter tightly, the overflowing words... the words that we always wanted to say to our sisters and brothers, even strangers...
Thank you. (Applause) (Applause)
I'm going to talk a little bit about seeing the world from a completely unique perspective, and I'm going to talk a little bit about the micro world.
After looking at the microscopic world for many years, I discovered that there is a hidden magical world within reality.
Today I'm going to show you some of the worlds you can see directly through a microscope.
First, let's start with something that's not very small, something you can see with the naked eye. It's a honey bee.
But when you get closer, you can clearly see what it really is.
This is the eye of a honeybee as seen through a microscope. Only then can we understand that the honeybee has an innumerable number of eyes called compound eyes. i don't know
Let's make it smaller. It's human hair.
Hair is the smallest thing visible to the naked eye
1/10th of a millimeter in size
Let's make it smaller, one tenth, and this is a cell.
10 human cells are about the diameter of a human hair.
Seeing living cells under a microscope really got me into the biology and natural sciences.
The first time I saw a living cell under a microscope, I was totally fascinated by what it looked like, and I was astonished.
Immune cells are moving around here and there.
These cells are looking for foreign substances, bacteria, etc.
They look around and see something, and when they know it's foreign, they swallow it.
That's where immune cells search for, engulf and eat tiny bacteria.
If you put an animal's heart cell on a culture dish and look at it, it's beating even on the dish.
That's what heart cells do. Every cell has a mission, and in the heart cell's case, it's to pump blood to our body.
Now, the neurons. When we make sense of what we're seeing, it's actually the brain and the neurons at work. They're not sitting still, they're moving around and making new connections.
Let's go to a smaller world, smaller than a micron, a micrometer, a nanometer, 1 angstrom. This size is the diameter of a hydrogen atom.
It's small
Today's microscopes allow us to see atoms. I'm going to show you some pictures of atoms.
This is an ellipse with cobalt atoms lined up.
The world of this size is called the nano world, but the micro world that we see contains the nano world inside. The nano world is the world of molecules and atoms.
But let me tell you about the bigger world, the micro world.
If you were a little bug in a flower, what would a flower look like? A flower is about this size.
If you look at a flower, it will look different than we know it, and if you are a little bug and you look at the flower from the surface, the terrain will look like this.
The petals look like this. There are ants walking around inside like this. I got a little closer to the stigma of the stamen. This is the style of the stamen. with honey inside
This is a little 'dream chocolate factory' for little ants.
It's a little Disneyland, and it doesn't look like what we do.
You can see a few pollen grains here and there. Even though the small yellow pollen grains look like one grain, when you look at them under a microscope, they are actually countless small pollen grains.
For example, bees fly around on these tiny planets, collecting pollen, attaching it to their feet, and bringing it back to their hives. is
The close-up is actually a normal picture of a water hyacinth, and if your eyes are really good, this is what it looks like with the naked eye.
You have stamens and pistils, but these look like you've seen them under a microscope.
This is the stamen. There are countless tiny pollen grains in there. This is the pistil. These are tiny hairs called trichomes.
So I'm going to talk about a very ordinary, very ordinary sand.
I got interested in sand about 10 years ago when I saw sand on Maui, and this is the actual sand on Maui.
sand is 1/10th of a millimeter in size
Each grain of sand is about 1/10 mm
let's get closer and see what's there
I'm really surprised. You can see the little shells.
looks like coral
You can see other shell fragments and olivine.
It's like a little volcano, a tube worm that lives in the crater.
Unbelievable things in the sand
The reason for this is the location of this island. Much of the sand is biogenic material, and that's because coral reefs provide a thriving environment for everything from micro-organisms to giants, and after they die, their shells and teeth and bones shatter. Because it leaves behind something like sand and coral.
For example, look at this picture of sand on Maui.
This is from Lahaina, and by walking along the coast, you're actually walking through millions of years of biological and geological history.
It's easy to overlook, but the coast is essentially the record of the entire ecosystem.
For example, a sponge needle, two pieces of coral. These are sea urchin spines.
When I first saw this I thought, oh this is a treasure trove I can't believe it
I want to investigate everywhere and capture everything in a photograph
Most of the world's sand looks like this
They're quartz crystals and feldspars. Most of the sand in the Americas is quartz crystals and feldspars, and they're formed by the erosion of granite.
Mountains form and are eroded by water, rain, and ice to become sand.
This is pretty colorful sand
It's the sand around Great Lake. It's full of ores. Pink garnets, green epidote, it's full of wonderful things. The sands of Big Sur, but they're like gems.
There's a place in Africa where they mine gemstones, and the gemstones turn into sand that flows into rivers and out to sea, and when you look through a microscope, you can actually see little gemstones.
So every grain of sand is unique, every beach is different.
Every grain is different There is no same grain of sand in the world
Every grain of sand is born somewhere and transported somewhere
I just happen to be here
Sand exists not only on Earth, but everywhere in space. In fact, space is full of sand, and sand collects to form planets and moons.
this is a micrometeorite
This is a micrometeorite given to us by the military, which the military took from drinking water wells in Antarctica.
They're very interesting, and it's these little pieces of matter that make up our planets and our moons.
NASA sent me some lunar sand to photograph, from various Apollo landing sites 40 years ago.
So that's how I started taking pictures with the 3D microscope.
This is the first picture, it looks nice
I felt like it somehow resembled the moon. Interesting.
A microscope usually has a very narrow focus at one time, so you refocus and take a lot of pictures, and then a computer program stitches them together into one picture, like this, in 3D, and this is for the left eye. this is for the right eye
For left eye For right eye
There's something interesting about it. It looked so different from the sand on Earth that I've seen before. I've seen sand on Earth. A small meteorite that hit
The moon has no atmosphere, so it's constantly being bombarded by micrometeorites. The dust covering the moon's surface is because micrometeorites have been raining down on it for four billion years. evaporate
What we have here is that rough coalesced with a bunch of tiny grains of sand as it evaporated.
This whole thing is a very small grain of sand.
It's called Ring Agglutinate.
Moon sand usually looks like this, but Earth sand doesn't.
Moon sand is usually especially -- as you can see when you look at the moon -- there are dark areas and light areas, and the dark areas are lava flows.
Micrometeorites collide, melt, and erupt into lava. Tiny lava flows into the air -- though there's no air -- and rises up into the sky, turning into microscopic glass beads that solidify and fall to the moon's surface. It becomes a beautiful colored glass ball.
Let's actually look at it under a microscope. You can't see it without a microscope.
This is moon sand, and the entire crystal structure is still there.
This grain of sand is probably 3.5 to 4 billion years old. It hasn't been eroded like the sand on Earth. erosion due to radiation from the sun
What I want to tell you today is that even the most mundane things, like grains of sand, can be really amazing when you get up close and look at them in a new light.
William Blake put it so well, "I see the world in a grain of sand, I see heaven in a wildflower, hold infinity in the palm of your hand, eternity in a moment."
thank you (applause)
Ladies and gentlemen, imagine the mammals I'm about to talk about.
The first thing I can say about this mammal is that it's essential for the proper functioning of our ecosystem.
If you remove this animal from the ecosystem, it will cease to function.
that is the first
Second, because of the unique sensory abilities of these animals, studying them can provide great insight into audiovisual disorders such as blindness and deafness.
And third, this animal, interestingly enough, I believe, is that the secret to eternal youth is deeply embedded in its DNA.
Do you understand?
Amazing creatures, right? Amazing creatures, right?
Anyone know that it's a bat?
It's half.
I've been fortunate enough to spend the last 20 years studying these amazing, beautiful animals.
One-fifth of all mammals are bats, and they have very unique properties.
As far as we know, bats have been on Earth for about 64 million years.
One of the distinguishing features of bats is that they fly, even though they're mammals.
flying is inherently difficult
Vertebrate flight has evolved only three times: once in bats, once in birds and once in pterodactylus.
flight requires a lot of energy
Bats have learned and evolved how to solve this.
But what's unique about bats is that they can use sound to perceive their environment, they're doing echolocation.
Echolocation, in this context, refers to the sound emitted from the throat through the mouth and nose. These sound waves bounce off surrounding objects and return to the bat. convert to image
That's how bats can adapt to pitch darkness.
Yes, bats look weird, and we're human.
We perceive our surroundings through our eyes, and when researchers discovered that bats use sound to fly, navigate, and move at night, we didn't believe it.
For 100 years, we've refused to believe it, even though there's evidence that bats do that.
When I see this bat, I get a strange impression.
The famous philosopher Thomas Nagel once said, "To really experience alien life on Earth, just lock yourself in a room in total darkness with bats that emit ultrasonic waves and fly around."
If you look at the facial features of this horseshoe bat, you'll notice that it has a number of features for producing and perceiving sounds.
It has very large ears and a strange lobe-like nose, while its eyes are very small.
Again, when you look at this bat, you realize how important sound is to the survival of this bat.
Most bats look like this
But there are species that do not echolocate.
One such species does not use sound to perceive its surroundings, the flying fox.
If you've ever been to Australia, you've probably seen a flying fox at the Royal Botanic Gardens in Sydney, but if you look at a flying fox's face, you'll see that it has much larger eyes and much smaller ears.
Even among bats, there are big differences in sensory abilities.
This has great implications for what we're going to talk about later.
You might say that the thought of bats flying overhead is scary, and I'm sure some of you might be disgusted by the big image of a bat, but it's not that surprising, because in Western culture, bats are demons. because it has become a symbol of
Of course, the famous book Dracula by Bram Stoker, from north Dublin, also played a part in shaping the image.
But at the same time, I think it's partly because bats are nocturnal, and we don't know what they're doing.
Bats are often used as synonyms for ominous events
Horror movie villains like the famous "Nightwing."
And if you think about it again, devils always have bat wings, while angels have bird-like wings.
This is the situation in Western society, but I hope that tonight you will embrace traditional Chinese culture.In China, bats are considered good luck creatures, and if you walk into a Chinese house, you may see a statue like this. maybe
These are the five benefits
The Chinese word for "bat" sounds like "happiness," and the Chinese believe that bats bring wealth, health, longevity, virtue, and tranquility.
This statue depicts a long life surrounded by five bats.
I would like to share with you tonight that at least three of these benefits are arguably symbolized by bats, and that by studying bats, we can get closer to these benefits.
Wealth first How can bats bring wealth?
As I said earlier, bats are essential to the proper functioning of our ecosystems, but why?
Bats, which live in the tropics, are important for the pollination of many plants.
They also eat fruit and spread those seeds. Bats are the pollinators of the plants that make tequila, and they're a multi-million dollar industry in Mexico. you need a bat to
If you don't have bats, you have a problem.
Most bats are voracious eaters, preying on large numbers of insects.
In the United States, a tiny colony of black-necked bats is estimated to eat more than one million insects a year, and bats are now threatened in the United States by a disease called white-nose syndrome.
The disease is slowly spreading across the United States, infecting bats, and scientists estimate that bat declines are allowing 1,300 tons of insects to survive in the ecosystem each year.
In America bats
Suction to windmills is also threatened. Again — bats are in trouble right now.
In the United States alone, bats are in danger.
So how does this help?
If we took the bats out of the equation, we'd have to use pesticides to get rid of the pests that eat our crops.
Without bats, it would cost the United States alone $22 billion a year, and that's how bats provide wealth.
Bats not only stabilize our ecosystems, they also save us money.
Again, this is the first benefit: bats are important to our ecosystem.
What about the second? What about health?
Every cell in the body contains a genome
The genome is made up of DNA that encodes the proteins that make life function, interact, and make it life.
With recent advances in molecular technology, it is now possible to sequence one's own genome in an amazingly short time and at a low cost.
While sequencing large numbers of genomes, we noticed individual differences in genomes.
look at the people on your side
A quick glance is fine, but the point here is that every 300 base pairs of DNA is different.
One of the big challenges in modern molecular medicine is figuring out whether individual differences make us more susceptible to disease or just make us different.
What does it mean here? What does individual difference mean? If we're going to take advantage of all the new molecular data and personal genomic information that will be available online in the next few years, we'll have to figure out the difference between the two.
I think we should focus on experiments in nature.
Mutations and individual differences that disrupt protein function are naturally selected over time.
Evolution acts like a sieve, filtering out bad individual differences.
So if you put together a bunch of mammals that are very different evolutionarily and ecologically, and you look at the same region of their genome, you can see what evolution has happened in that region, the life function of that animal. It gives us a better understanding of what is important for survival. Important sequences should be conserved across different tribes, species and groups.
So what we have to do is sequence the same genomic regions for those animals and see if the sequences are the same or different, and if they are the same, then the region is important for some function, disease. It is shown that mutations that cause
In our case, if all the animals we're looking at have a yellow-type genome at that site, it probably means that purple is bad.
It's even more useful when comparing animals with subtle differences.
For example, the genomic region I was looking at was one that seems to be important for vision.
If we look at that region in a non-visual animal, like a bat, and find that the non-visual bat has a purple-type genome, we know that it might be the cause of the disease.
In my lab, I've been using bats to look at bi-sensory diseases.
We're watching blind Why?
340 million people are visually impaired, and 45 million of them are blind. Blindness is a big problem, and a lot of blindness stems from genetic diseases, so we want to understand what mutations in genes cause these diseases. thinking about
We're also looking at deafness, where 1 in 1,000 newborns are deaf, and by the age of 80, that number rises to 1 in 2.
Again, much of this is due to genetics.
In the lab, we've looked at bats, they're unique sensory specialists, and we've looked at the genes that cause blindness and deafness, and we've been looking at the genes that cause blindness and deafness, and now we can predict which parts can cause disease. increase
Bats are also important to our health and help us understand how the genome works.
This is where we are now, but what about the future?
What about longevity?
I'd like to do more research like this, because I strongly believe that the secret to eternal youth resides in the bat genome.
Why are we interested in aging in the first place?
This is a picture of the Fountain of Youth, painted in the 1500s. Aging is regarded as one of the most familiar yet poorly understood aspects of biology, and since the dawn of civilization, humans have struggled to avoid aging. was
But it seems that we still need to understand more deeply
By 2050, in Europe alone, there will be 70% more people aged 65 and over, and 170% more people aged 80 and over.
As we get older and weaker, it creates social problems, so we have to solve them.
How is the secret of eternal youth hidden in the bat genome? Can anyone imagine how long bats can live?
Please raise your hand Who thinks it's 2nd year?
Is _____ in? 1 person? Who thinks it's been 10 years?
A few people, who think it's 30 years old?
Who thinks it's 40 years old? yes i got a lot of different answers
This bat is a plant whiskered bat, and it's the longest-lived bat.
Lived up to 42 years and still exists in the wild
But what is the surprise of this bat?
In mammals, body length, metabolic rate, and lifespan are usually correlated, and if you know body length, you can roughly predict lifespan.
Small mammals usually grow fast and die young.
Rats are a good example, but bats are completely different.
The blue dots in this graph are mammals other than bats. Bats live nine times longer than expected, despite their very high metabolic rate.
There are 19 mammal species that live longer than predicted based on their length, 18 of which are bats.
So bats must have something in their DNA that allows them to specifically handle the metabolic stresses of flight. Bats consume three times as much energy as mammals of the same length, yet bats are the same. It's consuming three times as much energy as a full-length mammal, but that doesn't seem to affect it.
Now in my lab, I'm going to go out and catch some of the longest-lived bats, and I'm going to combine cutting-edge bat field biology with cutting-edge molecular technology to learn more about what bats are doing to stop aging. trying to understand
I hope to do a TED Talk about it in the next five years.
Aging is a big problem for humans, but I believe that by studying bats, we can uncover the molecular mechanisms that enable mammals to achieve incredible longevity. will be
Maybe we'll be able to stop aging or even rejuvenate ourselves.
imagine what the world would be like
We should think of bats as superheroes, not dark demons.
The reality is that if you look at it properly, bats offer many benefits: they help keep ecosystems in balance, they help us understand how our genomes work, and they may hold the secret to eternal youth. I have
When you walk out of this room tonight and look up at the night sky, I hope you all smile when you see these beautiful flying mammals. Thank you. (Applause)
The beautiful Malin Ackermann used to say
"All men are entitled to a little luxury," he said.
Ladies and gentlemen, and most importantly, the mustache brothers. (Laughter) In the next 17 minutes, I'm going to tell you the story of my Movember adventure and how it inspired a new kind of charity. We are creating a new way for prostate cancer researchers around the world to work together. We are creating a new way for prostate cancer researchers around the world to work together. I hope I can give you a chance
I get asked this question all the time, and before I get bombarded with questions at the party tonight, let me answer it: What was the impetus for this movement?
What was the beginning of the "Movember Movement"?
Usually, charity work starts for some reason, someone is deeply moved by it.
These people then organize an event, and then they set up a foundation to support the activity.
89 out of 10 charities start like that
Movember is different Traditional Australian style Movember started one Sunday afternoon.
Me, my brother, and a friend were drinking beer and just watching the world go by. We drank more beer, and then we started talking about '70s fashion.
I drank more beers, and I said, "There must be at least one that hasn't come back yet."
"Why isn't the mustache making a comeback?" (Laughter) I continued to drink beer, and at the end of the day, I was determined to try to make the mustache come back. (Laughter) "Mo" is Australian slang for mustache. So we renamed "November" to "Movember," and we created some basic rules that still stand today.
The rule is to shave cleanly at the beginning of the month, to grow a nice mustache, not a beard, and keep it for 30 days in November. (Laughter) In 2003, there were only 30 people, including myself, who had a mustache, and it was before the maddening mustache trend (Laughter). lol) my boss stopped me from visiting clients
(Laughter) I hated my girlfriend at the time, who I'm no longer with.
(Laughter) But we got together at the end of the month to celebrate the end of our adventure, and it was a great adventure.
It was a lot of fun. In 2004, I said to a colleague, "That was a lot of fun. Let's justify it somehow so we can do it every year." Inspired by breast cancer campaign
Meanwhile, campaigns for men's health
I wondered about nothing, and wondered if I could combine growing a mustache with men's health and do something about it.
I started researching and found that prostate cancer in men rivals breast cancer in women in terms of deaths and cases.
But we don't have a campaign for that, so we linked mustaches to prostate cancer.
It's a great representation of the volunteers' 30 Day Transformation challenge and also their purpose: to make men more aware of their own health and more aware of their health risks.
With this ideal in mind, I then made a sales call to the president of the Prostate Cancer Foundation.
"I have a really cool idea for transforming your foundation." (Laughter) I didn't want to spoil it over the phone.
As I sat down, I told them my plan was to get men all over Australia to grow mustaches to raise awareness about prostate cancer, and that the money raised would go to a foundation, and I wanted to partner with them to make it official. told
And he said, "At the end of the day, we're all going to get together, have a DJ, have a mustache party, celebrate the joy of being alive, and change the face of men's health."
The chairman just looked at me and laughed, and he said, "Adam, that's a very novel idea, but we're a very serious foundation.
I can't have anything to do with you." (Laughter) I paid for the coffee that day -- (Laughter) -- (Laughter) -- (Laughter) -- (Laughter) As the chairman left, he shook my hand and said, "If I can raise money for this cause, I'd be very happy. I'll take it." (Laughter) This is where I learned the importance of persistence.
And then we persevered, got together with 450 men, grew mustaches, and raised $54,000 in donations, and sent it all to the Australian Prostate Cancer Foundation, as money donated to the foundation in one name. was the largest amount ever given to the foundation in one name.
From that day forward, my life was all about the mustache.
Every morning when I wake up, I tell myself, "My life is all about mustaches." (Laughter) I'm the owner of a mustache farm, so to speak. (Laughter) November is the season. (Laughter) (Applause) In 2005, the campaign gained momentum, and after a huge success in Australia, it spread to New Zealand, and 2006 was a pivotal year.
The work was taking so long that our weekends weren't enough, and unless we got the Movember fund, we had no choice but to end the campaign, so I could quit my job and focus on the campaign and start the organization. I was able to level up
So when you think about how to raise money for a charity, and it's an organization that's built on growing a mustache, it's kind of interesting. Even the Prostate Cancer Foundation we donated to wasn't interested in investing.
Again, we persevered, and finally, the beer company Foster's came to the party and became our first sponsor, which allowed me to quit my job and do a side business of consulting.
Just before Movember in 2006, the funding from Fosters ran out, and all other funds were used up, and I was broke. I persuaded you to wait
At this point, we were $600,000 in debt, and if Movember hadn't been successful in 2006, we, the four founders, would have gone bankrupt, and we'd be homeless and living on the streets. Just the mustache. (Laughter) But if that's the worst thing that could happen, I guess it's no big deal.
I think you'll have a lot of fun in the campaign and learn the importance of taking smart risks.
And in early 2007, something very interesting happened.
I started getting emails from mustache brothers and sisters in Canada, America, and England saying, "Because there's no campaign for prostate cancer here.
I want you to spread the campaign to our country."
So we decided, "Then let's do it."
I made a pitching call to the president of the Prostate Cancer Foundation of Canada, and I said, "I have the most brilliant idea."
(Laughter) "I can transform your foundation. I don't want to talk to you on the phone, but if you go down to Toronto, would you mind meeting me?" I said, "The idea is to get men all over Canada to grow mustaches to spread the word about the foundation and raise money."
The president just looked at me and he laughed and said, "Adam, that's a novel idea, but we're a very serious foundation."
The chairman said, "You can partner, but you can't invest. It's your job to figure out how to make that campaign successful in Canada."
And so, with the money we raised in Australia, we spread the movement to Canada, the United States, and the United Kingdom. I am confident that we will be able to raise a lot of money from all over the world to support research into a cure.
Finding a cure, not just for Australia, not just for Canada, but for all of humanity.
In 2007, we brought the campaign to Canada, and we prepared the campaign here.
not as successful as expected
I was just madly in love with my success in Australia and New Zealand.
This year, we've learned the importance of perseverance, and we've also learned the importance of understanding the market we're going to before setting bold goals.
I'm very happy that in 2010 Movember really took off around the world.
The amount raised in Canada was on par with the number one campaign in the world The amount raised in Canada was on par with the number one campaign in the world
Last year, there were 450,000 mustache brothers and sisters around the world, and together we raised 77 million dollars.
(Applause) Movember is now the world's largest fund for prostate cancer research and advocacy.
(Laughter) We've transformed charity.
Our symbolic ribbon is the hairy ribbon. Our ambassadors are Brother Mustache and Sisters Mustache.These ambassadors were essential to our success.
Entrust our brand and campaign to ambassadors
I decided to give my own interpretation.
Now, I live in Los Angeles, home of the Prostate Cancer Foundation of America, and because it's a celebrity-centric city, the media always asks me, "Who's your celebrity ambassador?"
I answer, "We were fortunate to have 450,000 celebrity ambassadors last year."
The media is puzzled, "What is it?"
So every single Brother Mustache and Sister Mustache who joins Movember is a celebrity ambassador, and their help is the foundation of our success.
Now, I'd like to share with you one of the Movember stories that moved you the most, at the end of last year's campaign here in Toronto.
I was drinking with the team, late Movember.
And the campaign was pretty successful, and to be honest, I had had enough beer by now, and I said, "Well, maybe we can go to one more bar." Here's a picture of the driver, and you can see him turn around when he asks me in the backseat, "Where are you going?"
"That's a pretty good mustache," we talked.
(Laughter) He said, "It's part of the Movember campaign."
He explained, "I know it's a men's prostate cancer campaign, but mine is for breast cancer."
I said, "I see, interesting."
He went on to say, "My mother had breast cancer and died last year in Sri Lanka because she couldn't afford the treatment."
In the back of the taxi, we were so touched that I didn't reveal my identity because I thought it was unnecessary, but I shook his hand and said, "Thank you so much."
"I'm sure your mother will be delighted."
In that moment, I realized there was more to Movember than just a mustache joke.
Each person participates in this campaign and immerses themselves in the thoughts of Movember in their own way and gives it their own meaning.
Movember's work focuses on making an impact in three areas: knowledge dissemination and education, patient advocacy and research.
Of course, we're also focused on fundraising, which has very explicit results, but for me, knowledge and education are more important, because I know that they can save lives, and that's a great example. is the story of a young man I met last year at the SXSW festival in Austin, Texas.
He said to me, "Thank you for starting Movember."
I replied, "Thank you for participating."
I looked at him and thought -- "He doesn't seem to have the root strength to grow a mustache." (Laughter) "What's your Movember story?"
"I won the ugliest mustache award," he replied. (Laughter) "So I told my family about Movember, and after dinner, I had my first one-on-one conversation with my father about men's health at the age of 26. I talked to my father about prostate cancer and my grandfather. had prostate cancer, and I was able to tell my dad that he was twice as likely to get the same cancer on average. I didn't receive it."
So the father decided to have a checkup.
It's very important for men to have those conversations, regardless of age, and I think it's much more important than the amount raised.
So let's talk about fundraising, research, and how research is changing.
Currently supporting prostate cancer foundations in 13 countries
We fund hundreds, if not thousands, of research institutions and researchers around the world. No, this is not unique to prostate cancer, it's common to cancer research around the world.
Now that we've changed the shape of charity work, we thought we had to change the way researchers work together.
So we put together an international action plan, where 10 percent of the donations we raise in each country will be collected into a global fund that will be put in the hands of the prostate cancer authorities to manage it. Decide, if last year, it was to improve screening.
After making that a top priority, they recruited 300 researchers from around the world to study the same problem, 300 researchers from around the world.
We're backing this research team with as much as five to six million dollars, and we believe that in the field of cancer, we alone can accelerate our results as a result of this collaboration. increase
So we're improving the way research is done.
And finally, what I learned from my Movember adventure is that if you have a really creative idea, passion, tenacity, perseverance, four men and four mustaches, you can influence dozens of people, and dozens of them. It's about being able to inspire an entire city, and that city is my hometown of Melbourne.
That city in turn inspires a state, which in turn inspires a country, and eventually develops into a world-class campaign that's changing the face of men's health today.
I was Adam Garoni's adventure story.
Thank you. (Applause)
Well, people want a lot out of life, but I think what they want most is happiness.
Aristotle called the goal of happiness, to which all things end, the "supreme good."
According to this view, the reason we want a big house or a nice car or a good job is not the value inherent in these things.
We expect happiness from these We expect happiness from these
In the last 50 years, Americans have achieved many aspirations, including wealth.
We live longer, we have access to technology that was science fiction a few years ago, we have access to technology.
The happiness paradox is that while our quality of life seems to have improved dramatically, we're not happier.
The conventional notion of "improving quality of life" may not be the factor that boosts happiness.
Humans have been arguing over the question, "What is happiness?" for thousands of years, but little has been settled to this day.
Like many areas of life, we believe that the scientific method is the answer.
In fact, research on happiness has advanced rapidly in the last few years. Demographics have improved, and a lot of research has been done on the relationship between income, education, gender, marital status, and so on.
But recent studies have found that these factors do not significantly affect happiness.
Of course, it's always better to have money, and college graduating is definitely better than dropping out, but it doesn't seem to affect well-being.
So the question remains: What are the major factors that determine happiness?
I don't think there's an answer to this question, but I think it's possible that happiness has a lot to do with what we experience in the moment.
The way we live our lives—what we do, who we spend time with, what we think about—seems to have a huge impact on our happiness, and it's hard, if not impossible, to study these factors.
A few years ago, I came up with a way to track instant happiness in everyday life, at an unprecedented scale around the world, and I started by launching a site called trackyourhappiness.org that allowed me to track my happiness in real time using my iPhone. check
How it works is that at the appropriate time, you cue the subject and ask them to answer a few questions about their experience in that moment.
The idea is to look at how happiness fluctuates over the course of a few minutes, or throughout the day, and then look at what you're doing, who you're with, what you're thinking, and all the elements that make up that person's day. So I thought that I might be able to identify the relationship with happiness and the factors that have the greatest impact on happiness.
Luckily, we've got 650,000 pieces of data that we never thought possible -- more than 15,000 people submitted in real time.
Not only was there a lot of people, but it was a very diverse group of people, ranging in age from 18 to 80, not just in terms of income and educational attainment, but also in terms of marital status.
We collected data for 86 occupations from over 80 countries.
Now, for the rest of my time today, I'd like to introduce you to one area of ​​research: our distraction capacity.
We humans have a unique ability to turn our attention away from the scene.
He's sitting at his computer, but he can think of other things, like last month's vacation, or tonight's dinner.
You might be worried about going bald. (Laughter) This ability to divert your attention away from what's in front of you is amazing. It allows humans to learn, plan and make decisions that animals cannot.
However, the relationship between the use of this ability and well-being has not been clarified.
You've probably heard the urge to "focus on what's in front of you" hundreds of times.
Maybe we have to focus and immerse ourselves in the moment-to-moment experience to be truly happy.
People who call inability to concentrate evil may be right.
But when we're thinking about other things, we're free. We can't change the reality in front of us, but our minds can go anywhere.
Happiness-seekers may take advantage of the wanderings of their minds to go somewhere happier than where they are, and that makes a lot of sense.
In other words, escapism makes the mind happy and happier.So escapism makes the mind happy and happier.
I'm a scientist, and I'd like to settle this debate with data. I'd like to share with you the responses to three questions I asked my subjects, which were about real-life, ad-hoc experiences.
There are three questions. The first is about happiness. From worst to best, how happy are you right now? And the second is a question about behavior. While eating, at work, watching TV, etc. Choose what you do from 22 activities.
And the last question is about concentration. Are you thinking about anything other than what's in front of you right now? Are you thinking about other things than what's in front of you right now?
The choices were either 'no', which means you're focused on what's right in front of you, or 'yes', where you're thinking about something else. Content was categorized into “pleasant,” “normal,” and “unpleasant.”
"yes" means you're not focused
What was the result?
The vertical axis of this graph is happiness. The left side is focused on what's in front of you and you're not thinking about other things. increase
We found that we were significantly less happy when we were thinking about other things We found that we were significantly less happy when we were thinking about other things
Some people might look at the results and say, "Though the mean is lower when thinking about other things, if reality isn't fun, you should be slightly happier while you're escaping."
It didn't go up. No matter what you were doing, if you thought about other things, you were less happy. there aren't many
It's one of the most boring activities, but even when I'm commuting, I'm much happier when I focus on the commute itself rather than on other things.
Surprise, isn't it?
I wonder why? One of the big reasons is that when we get distracted, we tend to think about unpleasant things. So, what's more, even when our thoughts were neutral, we were significantly less happy than when we were focused on reality.
And even those who verbally said they were happy were slightly less happy than when they were focused on reality.
If the distraction were a slot machine, you would lose $50, lose $20, lose $1, right? (Laughter) So far, I've suggested that distraction is the cause of unhappiness.
That's possible, but it's also possible the other way around, where misfortune causes distraction.
That's more plausible. How can we tell?
I think we can all agree, but let's take advantage of the fact that time moves forward, and the cause must come before the effect.
This time around, we're lucky enough to get a lot of responses, and by analyzing this, we'll be able to investigate whether the distraction comes first, making us less happy later on, or whether being unhappy is the cause of the distraction.
The results showed that distraction was strongly associated with less happiness in the near future, consistent with the idea that distraction creates unhappiness.
In contrast, no association was found between being unhappy and subsequent distraction.
What this means is that distraction is very likely not only the result of unhappiness, but actually the root of unhappiness.
Earlier I likened distraction to a slot that nobody plays.
How often do you lose your attention?
It seems like he's getting distracted quite often.
It turns out that 47% of the time, no matter what you're doing, you're thinking about something else.
Is frequency related to behavior?
This is the frequency of doing 22 different behaviors, with the highest being 65 percent. The one on the far right is lowered a lot, but that's probably where he's laughing.
And even during sex, every 10 minutes, we find ourselves thinking about other things. And 30 percent of the time, you're thinking about something else across the board.
No matter what you're doing, you can get distracted.
We talked a little bit about distraction today, and it turns out that this variable is an important factor in determining happiness.
By collecting and analyzing moment-to-moment happiness levels and experiences in our daily lives, we can discover the source of true happiness, and ultimately deepen our understanding of happiness scientifically, increasing happiness beyond just wealth and health. hopefully i think
Thank you. (Applause) (Applause)
Two years ago, after four years in the U.S. Marine Corps and deployments in both Iraq and Afghanistan, I was three days after the Port-au-Prince earthquake with a team of medical professionals and veterans in the hardest-hit area. I was doing rescue work.
We went where no one wanted to go, we went where no one could go, and after three weeks, we realized that veterans are very good disaster responders.
After returning home, my co-founder and I looked at the situation and realized two problems.
The first is that there is an inadequate disaster response.
It's slow, outdated, not using the right technology, not using the right people.
The second problem that we've noticed is the extremely inadequate reintegration support for veterans. It's getting a lot of press coverage as veterans from Iraq and Afghanistan are demobilized. I am struggling
And we pondered these two issues and came to the conclusion that they weren't problems.
It's actually the solution.
It means that disaster response can be used to support the civilian reintegration of veterans returning to their home countries.
A recent survey found that 92 percent of veterans want to continue contributing to society after completing military service.
We can leverage veterans to improve disaster response.
Now it's working really well, and in 2010, in response to the tsunami in Chile and the floods in Pakistan, we sent a training team to the Burma border in Thailand.
But earlier this year, one of the original members caused the organization to change its focus.
His name is Clay Hunt, he's a fellow Marine of mine.
We served together in Iraq and Afghanistan.
Clay and I have worked together in Port-au-Prince and Chile.
Earlier this year, in March, Clay took his own life.
It was a real tragedy, but the tragedy caused us to refocus on what we were doing.
Clay didn't die because of what happened in Afghanistan or Iraq, he killed himself because he lost himself when he came home.
he lost his purpose he lost his place
Perhaps the most tragic thing is the loss of self-esteem.
As the turmoil from this tragedy subsided and we started to evaluate it, we realized two problems. Our organization was a veteran-based disaster response organization that had a lot of success and a disaster response paradigm. I felt like I was changing
But after Clay, we shifted our focus, and suddenly we had a mindset evolution where we started to think of ourselves as a veterans support organization using disaster response.
Because we believe that we can give veterans purpose, a place to belong, and restore self-esteem to veterans.
Tornadoes in Tuscaloosa and Joplin, and then Hurricane Irene, gave me the opportunity to reflect on that.
Now imagine for a moment an 18-year-old boy graduating from high school in Kansas City, Missouri.
he joins the army the army gives him a gun
he is sent to iraq
Every day he goes on a mission into the danger zone.
Our mission is to protect the freedom of the family we left behind at home.
protect the soldiers around him
Restoring peace in the village where he works
He's got a purpose, but when he comes back home to Kansas City, maybe he'll go to college and get a job, but he doesn't have that same sense of purpose.
Give him a chainsaw and send it to Joplin after the tornado damage, and he'll regain his sense of purpose.
Let's go back to that same 18-year-old boy who graduated high school in Kansas City and joined the military, and the military gave him a gun and sent him to Iraq.
Every day he looks into the same eyes of the people around him.
And he's in danger zone, he's got a trusted companion.
they sleep and live together on the same soil
We eat together, we share the pain together.
Back home in Kansas City
he is discharged and returns to civilian life
no longer have a place to live
Send 25 of these veterans to Joplin, and they'll find their homes again.
Imagine an 18-year-old boy graduating from high school in Kansas City all over again.
he joins the army and is given a gun
he is sent to iraq
When he returns home with his medal on his chest, he is greeted by a confetti-fluttering parade.
When he's discharged, he's no longer Sergeant Jones, but Dave in his hometown of Kansas City.
he doesn't have the same self-respect
So they send him to the tornado-hit Joplin, and someone walks up to him again, shakes his hand, and thanks them for what they've done, and it restores their self-respect.
I think it's important, because now is the time to do it, because this generation of veterans will have the opportunity to do something like this if they have the opportunity.
Thank you. (Applause)
Today I'm going to talk about making an electronic circuit like drawing a picture.
I work in many different fields, but I'm primarily an electrical engineer.As an electrical engineer, I spend a lot of my time designing and implementing new technologies, specifically designing and building electronic circuits.
It turns out that there are many challenges in designing and creating electronic circuits.
So, designing electronic circuits takes time and money, and the end product, which is the electronic circuit board, has a lot of limitations.
This circuit board is small, it's mostly rectangular, it's flat and stiff, and most circuit boards aren't very attractive. I've been thinking
What if we could design and build electronic circuits faster, cheaper, more fun, more versatile and more expressive?
Sounds great, doesn't it? Don't you think it opens up new possibilities?
I'm going to show you two projects today, the first one.
(Video) Electronic parts magnets and ferrous dispersion paper
An electrically conductive pen developed at the University of Illinois Lewis Lab.
sticker example
4x speed display
How to make a switch
Music: DJ Shadow
Add complex movements with a microcontroller
draw the interface
(music) (laughter) (applause) Interesting, right? we also think so
And what we've realized through the development of devices and the discovery of materials that allow us to do this is that basically anything we can do with paper, anything we can do with paper and a pencil, we can do with electronics.
Our next project is an effort to explore this possibility even more deeply.
then please take a look
(Music) (Applause) The next step in this effort is to get as many people as possible to actually build these electronic circuits, and to make that step happen, we'll hold workshops to show them how to use the tools and this. We support such tools, materials and technologies so that they can be used in the real world in various ways.
In the near future, you'll be able to enjoy drawing electronic circuits in this whole new way.
Thank you. (Applause)
Has anyone looked up this word?
In a dictionary. (Laughter) You're right.
what about this word
let me show you
Lexicography is the process of compiling a dictionary.
Notice the word "compile"
A dictionary is not carved out of granite or a block of rock, but out of many tiny pieces.
Small, discrete - spelled D-I-S-C-R-E-T-E - pieces
Fragments are words
One of the perks of being a lexicographer is being able to go to TED and say something really fun, like "lexicographical."
"lexicographical" It's a great dynamic pattern. It has two dynamics. Just saying "two dynamics" changes the color of a nerd's eye. But "lexicographical" is the same as "higgledy-piggledy." is a pattern
Just saying it makes me happy. I often say these words
Now, I would like to talk about the troubles of working as a lexicographer.
it's not something you can hug
This is how people feel about dictionaries
I don't use whistle for dictionary editing, so I'm sure
It's supposed to be my job to guide the good words into the dictionary and keep the bad words out.
But I don't want to be a traffic cop
I don't have a job that requires me to wear a uniform.
Besides, it's not easy to decide which words are good and which are bad.
It's not fun. We find reasons not to do jobs that aren't fun.
If I were to compare my job to any profession, I'd like to be a fisherman.
I want to cast a net into the deep blue sea of ​​the English language and salvage some lovely creatures from the bottom.
But I want to go fishing, so why would they want traffic control?
it's the queen's fault
Why do you blame the Queen?
Above all, it's fun to say that
Because the dictionary hasn't changed at all for a long time.
Dictionaries haven't changed since the Victorian era.
The only thing modern dictionaries can do to displease the Queen is the word 'F---', which has been in American dictionaries since 1965.
James Murray was a Victorian man.
First editor of the Oxford English Dictionary
I don't have a hat like this I want one
He played a huge role in creating the prototype of today's dictionary.
It's a problem that someone wearing a hat like that represents modernity.
He will be able to work on dictionaries even today.
nothing has changed in the dictionary
Some people say that there must be a computer
But what happened?
i like computer
I'm an otaku
I will go on a hunger strike if Google's book search is banned
But all the computer does is speed up the compilation of the dictionary.
does not change the dictionary itself
Dictionaries are Victorian designs that have been slightly modernized.
It's retro. There is an electric motorcycle.
It's just a Victorian design with an engine!
Design hasn't changed
What about online dictionaries?
Online dictionaries should be different
The online version of the Oxford English Dictionary
By the way, I have a favorite word
'Erinaceous' means "of a hedgehog" or "like a hedgehog"
very helpful words see this
Today's online dictionaries are paper projected onto a screen.
Just two links!
Do you understand? That little button - I zoomed in on everything except the date.
Nothing much is happening in the online world.
No click response
In fact, online dictionaries inherit almost all of the problems with paper dictionaries, except for searchability.
Also, if you increase searchability, you lose the advantage of paper, which is serendipity.
Serendipity is when what you're looking for is so hard that you find something else.
(Laughter) So what we're facing is the end of the ham problem.
Do you know what the ham end problem is?
There was a woman cooking ham for the family dinner.
I cut off the end of the ham and saw the end I was about to throw away, thinking, "Why would you throw it away when it looks so delicious?"
"Mother always did."
So I call my mom and ask her, "Why do you cut off the ends of the ham?"
"Well, that's what grandma always did."
So I called my grandma and she said, "The pot was too small!"
The pot is too small!
The edges of ham are also delicious, so you don't have to throw them away.
When I'm looking for a place and I can't find it on the map, I think, "It's a useless map!"
When I find a bar that is not in the guidebook, I think, "It must be a good place because it's not in the guidebook!"
But when I see a word that's not in the dictionary, I think, "That's a bad word." Why? Maybe it's the dictionary that's bad
Why are you blaming the ham for being too big for the frying pan?
Even then you won't get a little ham
English is a big word
If you have a problem with the edge of the ham, if you're thinking about it, the inevitable but counterintuitive conclusion is that paper is the enemy of words.
why? i love books
books are my best friend
But books are not the best form for dictionaries.
"Oh my god
Will my beautiful paper dictionary disappear? are you worried
No, paper dictionaries will live on.
We don't round up horses and shoot them when cars become the primary mode of transportation.
So paper dictionaries will still exist, but they won't be the primary dictionary.
The book form will no longer be the only form for dictionaries, nor will it be the dictionary's prototype.
Think of it this way: artificial constraints lead to arbitrary distinctions and distorted worldviews.
What if biologists could only study animals that made people giggle?
What if we could judge animals by aesthetic criteria and study only those that people find cute?
You know a lot about the popular big animals, but you probably don't know about the others.
this is a problem
I think we should study every word, because when you think about it, you can make beautiful expressions out of understated words.
Compiling a dictionary is really like material science
We build the structure of an expression, a speech or a sentence, by examining the tolerances of the materials we use.
They think, "If words are tools to express our thoughts, how can a screwdriver be better than a hammer?
How can a sledgehammer be better than a round-headed hammer?
Everything just works for its intended purpose."
So you ask, "How do you know if a word is real?"
Anyone who has read children's books knows that love makes things real.
If you like a word, use it and it will be real
Being in the dictionary or not is an artificial distinction
It doesn't make the words more real
Words become real because you hold affection
If you don't want to direct traffic, if you can get past paper, and if you're more concerned with writing than control, then you can think of the English language as this beautiful mobile.
Small parts of the mobile move when you touch them, so when you pick a word and use it in a new context or implication or make it into a verb, the mobile moves.
It doesn't break, it just moves into a new arrangement, and that arrangement can be just as beautiful.
If you stop being a traffic cop -- the problem with traffic cops is that when there's a lot of them at one intersection, it's confusing.
But if you're counting the number of passing vehicles instead of directing traffic, the more people, the better.
You can ask for help!
I can do more with help I really need help
The Library of Congress has 17 million books, half of which are in English.
Even if only one in ten books had a word that wasn't in the dictionary, that would be more than two unabridged dictionaries.
I see non-dictionary words -- like the one I just used, "non-dictionary" -- in almost every book I read. What about newspapers?
The newspaper's archives date back to 1759, with 58.1 million pages, and if there's just one word in every 100 pages that isn't in the dictionary, that's as big as the Oxford English Dictionary.
500,000 words, that's a huge number.
Not to mention magazines and blogs, the blog "boing boing" finds more new words per week than "newsweek" or "time."
many things are happening
I'm not even talking about the ambiguity of words. Some words have a greedy habit of trying to have more than one meaning.
For example, "set" is both a badger's den and an Elizabethan collar fold, according to the Oxford English Dictionary.
33 meanings of 'set'
It's a small word, but it has 33 definitions.
One of them is marked only with "miscellaneous technical implications."
I'm sure it's something like this
I guess he wanted to go to the pub as soon as possible on Friday evening.
I need help because there are so many of these words
In fact, they can help. It's not that hard.
Lexicography is not rocket science
I've talked about a lot of words and numbers, but here's a visual explanation.
If you think of the dictionary as a map of the English language, the bright areas are what we know and the dark areas are the dark areas.
If this is a map that covers every word in American English, we don't know much.
I don't even know the shape of the language
If this is a dictionary and a map of American English, you can vaguely imagine where Florida is, but not California!
California is missing from American English
We don't know much, we don't even know that California is missing
I don't even know that there is a blank space on the map
Again, lexicography is not rocket science.
But even if that's the case, these days rocket science is also being done by enthusiastic amateurs. Did you know?
So finding words shouldn't be that hard
In other fields, many scientists, with the help of people, have achieved good results.
For example, eBird allows amateur birdwatchers to upload bird sightings.
And from that, ornithologists go out and track bird populations, seasonal migrations, and so on.
There is a man named Mike Oates in England.
He's an executive at a plating company.
Discovered more than 140 comets
He found so many that a comet was named after him.
We're on our way past Mars
I won't be able to fit it in the photo for the time being
But he found 140 comets without a telescope.
I found it by downloading data from NASA's SOHO satellite.
If you can find comets without a telescope, you can also find words, don't you think?
you know what i'm trying to do
Go to the internet world like everyone else does
The internet is a great place to collect words, and there are a lot of collectors.
It's a little-known technical fact, but the Internet is made up of words and passion.
And words and enthusiasm are also required for lexicography Isn't that amazing?
There are still many sites out there that are really useful for collecting words, but the problem is that some of them aren't scientific enough.
The words are there, but the context is missing.
where did that word come from? who said?
What newspaper or book was it in?
Words are like archaeological artifacts
If you don't know the provenance and provenance of an artifact, it's not science, it's just looking.
Words without originals are like cut flowers
Beautiful to look at for a while, but eventually withers
It dries out too quickly
I always say "The Dictionary"
It's not an "unspecified dictionary" or "multiple dictionaries" because "that dictionary" can represent the entire word.
I use "that dictionary" metaphorically.
Knowing the word "metaphorical" somehow makes me want to say "metaphorical"
The reason I've been talking to you all day today is to say to you, "metaphorical."
I'm really sorry, but when you use parts of something - like a dictionary is part of a language, or a flag representing America as a national symbol - you're using it metaphorically.
The point is that a dictionary can be an entire language
With a big pot you can put all the words in there
You can put all the meanings
Do you want more meaning in your life?
A dictionary is not just a symbol of a language, it can be an entire language.
What I really hope is that my son, who turns 7 this month, will mostly forget that the dictionary used to look like this.
Dictionaries used to look like this
In my son's time, this kind of dictionary was like an eight-track tape.
I want it to become a useless and obsolete format
It wasn't what people really needed.
If we could put every word in a dictionary, and we wouldn't have to make artificial distinctions between good and bad, we could represent language like a scientist would.
Aesthetic judgments should be left to the writers and speakers.
Then I can stop being a traffic cop and focus on fishing.
Thank you for your attention
Today I'm going to talk about one of the rarest species in the animal kingdom.
There are about 10,000 species of birds in the world
Vultures are one of the most threatened species
If you see a vulture like this, you'd think it's a greedy, carrion-eating, disgusting, ugly creature, like a politician. I want to set things right. They really need sympathy. (Laughter) I'll explain why.
First, why are vultures so unpopular?
In 1832, when Darwin crossed the Atlantic on the Beagle, he discovered the turkey vulture, and he said, "I think the reason why this bird has a stripped red head is because it loves carrion." No insults, and it's from Darwin.
Even in Disney -- (Laughter) -- they're portrayed as goofy, stupid characters.
There was a recent article in a Kenyan newspaper that read (screenshot): Kenyan parliamentarians are vultures. I don `t go
Do you know why?
Because politicians don't clean the environment (Laughter), nor do politicians prevent the spread of disease.
Some even have multiple wives. (Laughter) (Applause) And they're not endangered. (Laughter) What's more, vultures look better. To do
Vultures, which live mainly in the United States, like condors and caracaras, and Vultures, which have 16 species, and 11 of the 16 Vultures are at high risk of extinction.
So why are vultures important? First, environmental protection, they clean up.
nature's garbage collector
It turns animal carcasses into bones only.
Not only does it kill bacteria, it also slows down the spread of anthrax, which can wreak havoc on other animals and livestock.
A recent study found that in the absence of vultures, carcasses take three to four times longer to decompose naturally, which has a significant impact on the spread of disease.
Vultures are also historically significant.
It has a deep connection with ancient Egyptian culture.
Nekhbet was the goddess of protection and fertility, and along with the cobra was a symbol of the unity of Upper and Lower Egypt.
In Hindu mythology, it was Jatayu, the vulture god, who risked his life to protect the goddess Sita from the ten-headed demon king Ravana.
Vultures play an important role in aviary burial in Tibetan culture.Without a place to bury them and no wood for cremation, in Tibet the vultures take care of the natural disposal of carcasses.
What is the vulture problem?
There are eight species of vultures in Kenya, six of which are critically endangered.
It's because humans are poisoning them. The reason for this is the conflict between humans and nature. is
In South Asian countries like India and Pakistan, four species of vultures are listed as endangered and expected to become extinct within 10 to 15 years due to livestock being fed painkillers like diclofenac. because they have eaten
In India, it was banned from administering it to animals, but here are the results.
The vultures disappeared, and the carcasses were swarmed by wild dogs, which, of course, led to the spread of rabies.
Kenya will have Africa's largest wind farm with 353 turbines on Lake Turkana.
I'm not against wind power, but there's an issue we need to work with the government on: turbines can cut vultures in two.
I'm a vulture slicer
In West Africa, vulture carcasses are brutally traded on the fetish market for witchcraft and other reasons.
What are the countermeasures? We're attaching transmitters to vultures and tracking them.
I'm exploring their ecology to see where they migrate.
Vultures cross national borders, so local efforts won't solve the problem.
We need to work with local governments,
We work with the local community
It communicates the value of vultures, such as the existence of amazing vultures and the benefits they bring.
I ask all of you to speak up, write letters to your government and tell them about the misunderstood vulture problem, and make time to tell them about this.
As you leave the room, you have the means to help save vultures, so tell everyone around you.
And the vultures will be delighted. Seeing them again changed Darwin's mind.
Kenya's poverty will only get worse if the magnificent vultures disappear.
Thank you. (Applause)
I'm from Limpopo, South Africa, and I grew up in Motetema, a small town on the border of the neighboring province.
I grew up in a harsh environment where water and electricity supplies were as unreliable as the weather.I was basking in the sun with some friends in the winter when I was 17.
Winter in Limpopo is sunny and very hot
I was basking in the sun, and my best friend next to me said, "Hey man, can someone invent something that I can put on my skin instead of taking a bath?"
I couldn't help but say, "Hey, hey, I want that too."
I went home, did a little research, and found a shocking statistic.
Today, more than 2.5 billion people around the world lack access to water and sanitation.
450 million people are in Africa, 5 million of them in South Africa.
Many diseases thrive in this environment, and the most devastating disease is trachoma.
Trachoma is an eye infection caused by bacteria in the eye, and multiple infections can lead to permanent blindness.
Eight million people are permanently blinded by this disease every year. And the scary thing is that there's nothing to prevent trachoma other than washing your face. There's no medicine, there's no vaccine.
When I saw this shocking statistic, I thought, "I'm not doing this for myself. It's true that I hate bathing, but I have to do it to save the world." I don't have a computer, and the internet doesn't work very well, except for internet cafes that charge 20 lands an hour. I wrote down the chemical formula on a piece of paper, and it looked like a KFC secret spice recipe.
Now that we have the chemical formula
I had to practice
Over the next four years, I wrote 40 pages of business plans and patent specifications, all on my cell phone, became the youngest patentee in the country, and... I invented "dry bath," the world's first lotion to replace bathing.
Literally put it on your skin and you'll never have to bathe again.
(Laughter) After doing it in high school with limited resources, I went to college, met some people, and had a finished product that worked well enough to be practical, and it's actually on the market.
I've learned a few lessons in promoting and spreading Dry Bath.
First, people who don't have money don't make big purchases.
I buy according to demand at the time. I don't buy cigarettes by the box, I buy one a day, even if it's more expensive.
That's why I put my dry bath in this innovative pouch.
If you snap it in half and push it firmly, it will come out.
One bag of just 5 Rand is enough for one bath. That's what Dry Bath sells.
After building this business model, I also learned a lot about productization.
(Laughter) At least once a week.
Besides that, not only do we save 80 liters of water by skipping one bath, but we also save two hours a day for children living in rural areas, which is time for school, time for homework, as a child. It can also be a time to spend
In the face of the global impact, we've narrowed this movement down to a key proposition: cleanliness and convenience.
A dry bath is a convenience item for the rich and a lifesaver for the poor.
We've got the product out of the market, and we're in negotiations with multinational companies to sell it. After that, it's going to be on store shelves all over the world. I have one question for all of you listening to this story right now. I found a way to avoid bathing for the world on the gravel roads of Limpopo.
What's stopping you? (Applause) My story isn't over yet.
There's one more important thing that I learned from this whole process. Last year, I was named by Google as one of the smartest young people in the world.
In addition, I was the first African to win the Global Student Entrepreneurship Award, but I'm confused as well, because the only reason I was able to do this was because bathing was a hassle. Thank you very much.
The past month has been full of talk about "lies."
(Laughter) We're not talking about the plagiarism of a prominent journalist, the removal of most of the books written by a hot young author because they were hoaxes, or the New York Times exposing fake book reviews.
there was a lot
Of course, not all lies make news.
Lies are pervasive in our daily lives, and in fact, many studies have shown that we all lie once or twice a day.
It's six-thirty, and most people should be lying by now.
How many of you in Winnipeg have you told a small lie or a big lie in the last 24 hours?
Are you sure those people are liars?
(Laughter) I'm kidding. It was about two-thirds of the total.
The rest of you didn't lie or did you forget?
So lying is a sign of being human, so lying is a sign of being human, and telling the truth and lying has been an interesting problem throughout history.
Ancient Greek Diogenes with a lamp
Anyone know what they were looking for?
He was an honest man, but he died without ever finding a single one in his life. In the East, Confucius valued honesty very much, not only doing what he said, but doing what he believed to be right.
I valued having faith
It wasn't until a little later than their time, thousands of years later, that I first encountered "lies" at work.
In the mid-'90s, I worked as a customs officer in Canada.
I was guarding the Canadian border
You might imagine him with a weapon, but in reality he was escorting the Canadian border with a stamp. (Laughter) Very Canadian, right? I learned a lot about lying there, including the fact that many of the myths about lying were wrong.
Since 1995, 1996, the way we communicate has completely changed: email, text, Skype, Facebook.
Most of the ways we communicate have changed, and of course it's affected the "lie."
Here's a new type of lie that we're studying.
It's called "butler", "self-made performance", and "China's Internet Navy".
It sounds like a weird book title, but these are all new types of lies.
Let's start with the butler type.
You were lying, right? (Laughter) Not "I'm on my way," but "I'm thinking of going."
Next example: "Sorry for the late reply"
"Battery was dead" There was, right?
You were in the area, right?
Did you just not want to reply at the time?
So here's a final example: mid-sentence, "I have to get back to work."
But maybe he got tired of the conversation and wanted to leave?
All of these examples are related to relationships. We live in a world where we can be reached 24 hours a day.
So this type of lying is used to keep us apart, like the old butler used to put a cushion between us and the other person.
This lie is very special because the ambiguity of technology makes it impossible for people to know where you are and what you are doing with them.
This lie is used to protect the relationship with the other party.
I'm not lying because I have a bad personality, but I didn't reply at that time, but I want to cherish my relationship with you.
lie
The "self-made" type, on the other hand, is quite different. This "self-made" type is not ambiguity, it's a lie about identity.
I'll give you an example that happened recently, just last week.
There is a best-selling author in the UK named R.J. Ellory
for one of his bestsellers
Here's an online Amazon review
Great review by Nicodemus Jones "In any case, this book will touch your soul."
As you may have guessed, Nicodemus Jones is R.J. Ellory himself.
he gave a very positive review of his book
This "do-it-yourself" type is actually not that new.
Walt Whitman once did the same thing, before the Internet, and the "self-made, self-playing" type, when scaled up, did something interesting: it fell into the category of the "Chinese Net Navy."
The "Chinese Net Navy" is the thousands of people who are paid to post online. For a small fee, they can be hired for reviews and promotional activities. is everywhere
In North America, it's called "astroturfing," and it's now widespread, and there's a lot of concern about that.
Especially product reviews, book reviews, you see it everywhere from hotels to toaster reviews.
After hearing about these three new types of lies, you might be thinking, "The Internet is making us liars."
But my findings turned out to be quite different.
Except for anonymous dating chats you never used.
there's a liar over there
Also, an email from a Nigerian prince saying, "Save 43 million people," is out of the question. (Laughter) Forget all that stuff.
Focus on conversations with friends, family, co-workers and lovers
Focus on these important conversations
How does technology affect the lies you tell in those conversations?
So here are some of the results of our study. The first, we call the diary study, asks subjects to record all their conversations and the lies they tell during those conversations for seven days, and then from there, the media they talk to and the lies they tell. Surprisingly, email conversations had the lowest number of lies.
I was very surprised by the results, because it's easy to lie because you can't hear your voice or your actions.
Conversely, the number of lies that were most frequently reported was over the phone.
No matter how many times I tried, it was just a phone call, probably due to a lot of "butler" type lies and cheating.
This result is far from our expectations.
What about your resume? We took job seekers and compared traditional resumes to LinkedIn, which is a Facebook-like social network where you can see the same information as a business resume.
The results of the study turned out to be surprising: LinkedIn was more accurately populated with information employers wanted to see, such as prior experience and skills.
what about facebook?
We tend to think that "everyone posts only good things and shows their ideals," I used to think like that too.
I thought it would be impossible to have such a cool and fun day
So I checked the facts with a subject personality survey.
First, ask four close friends to judge the personality of the subject.
And we asked people we didn't know to judge a person's personality based solely on their Facebook profile, and the personality ratings came out pretty much the same. It's
What about dating sites?
It's a space full of lies
I'm sure all of your "friends" have used dating sites before (Laughter) because the man who came in had thinning hair, or the woman who came in didn't look like the picture at all.
I was really interested in these cases, so I did some research. I took people who were on dating sites and measured them, and I had them measure their height and weight. I was asked to confirm my age on my driver's license.
It turned out to be very interesting
Here's a chart about men's height
The horizontal axis is the height written in the profile
Vertical axis is actual height
If there's a dot on this diagonal line, then the height you've entered is correct.
As you can see, most of the points are under the diagonal line.
It means that many men lie about their height.
In fact, roughly an inch (about 2.5 cm) was reading mackerel.
But what I want you to notice here is
The point is that the dots are near the truth line, and 80 percent of the subjects lied about their height, which was a small lie.
The reason is very simple. If you meet in person on a date and are completely different in height, then it's game over, right? People tell lies a lot, but they keep it to small lies.
What can we learn from this survey? Contrary to what many of you, myself included, are communicating online through technology, is it more honest than face-to-face?
It doesn't feel right
Why? Let's take a look at the literature dealing with false detection
It's a very old document, 50 years old.
It's been reviewed many times, and we've run thousands of experiments, and hundreds of studies have yielded convincing results.
First, we're very bad at spotting lies.The average probability of spotting someone's lies is 54 percent.
very low why?
Remember Pinocchio's nose
If I were to ask you how to spot a lie, what would you look for to spot a lie?
Don't most people answer with eyes? It is said that the eyes are the windows to the soul
Not just for you, but for many cultures around the world. But over the past 50 years of research, I've learned that there's no such thing as a lie-detector, and I'm amazed at this, one of the hardest lessons I've learned from my time as a customs officer.
Eyes can't see through lies
In some situations, the person's pupils may dilate, their voice may rise, their behavior may change slightly, but you can't rely on it because it's not the same for everyone.
Also, just because you can't see it doesn't mean you'll tell a lie.
To protect yourself, lie for your own benefit or for the benefit of others
There are pathological liars, but they're a minority. People lie for a reason.
Just because you can't see it doesn't mean you have to lie
But there's a much more interesting underlying cause, so let's go back to the origins of language.
Linguists believe that humans began speaking between 50,000 and 100,000 years ago, a long time ago.
In a life where many people have language
They were probably talking about fires and caves and sabretooth tigers.
And it's important to note that writing was only 5,000 years old, so it means that before writing, there was no record of a single human language spoken.
We've evolved in a state where words don't have a written record, and yet, the big turning point in the history of writing was the arrival of the printing press, which was only 500 years old. Before World War II, literacy rates were so low that even words spoken by people just 200 years ago are largely unrecorded.
Shall we go back to the network age?
Has anyone logged anything in one day today?
How many people have written sentences and letters?
Almost everyone here has already recorded something today.
The amount of documentation going on in this room right now probably exceeds the number of all prehistoric records.
It's amazing, because we're at a turning point in human evolution.
In the near future everything we do, not just what we write, will be recorded.
What does this mean?
As a sociologist, it's quite surprising and delightful, because now we can see the language, which for the past few thousand years has disappeared from the side of our speech.
Now I can examine lies that were unthinkable before
Do you remember "astroturfing"? Their fake review needs to be posted and it will be recorded.
Here's one of our studies, where we paid someone to write a fake review, either at the James Hotel.
Fake reviews by people who have never stayed
The other one is real written by someone who stayed at the hotel
Now what I want you to do is guess which ones are fake reviews.
I will give you a little time, so please read and compare
please raise your hand
My specialty is lies, so I can easily tell who didn't raise their hand.
Then, if you think A is fake, please raise your hand.
OK, about half
Then who thinks B is fake?
B is slightly more
the correct answer is
It's B. The group that raises their hand to B wins. (Laughter) It's a little bit different than usual. Maybe I'm good at spotting lies
Maybe it's because of the harsh cold winter
Now, why are you doing this experiment on me?
I asked a computer science colleague to create a computer algorithm to analyze the linguistic signature of deceit.
There are a couple of key findings. First, people who write fake reviews tend to create stories: "Who?" "What happened?"
Even these fake reviews say who you've been with and what you've done.
It's about inserting "me" into the hotel review, emphasizing that you've been there.
By contrast, the people who wrote the real reviews were actually there, so they were reviewing more spatial information.
Information about how big the bathroom was, how far the shopping place was from the hotel, etc.
You guys seem to be good at spotting lies.
Our computer algorithms are more accurate, but not always.
You can't detect lies in your girlfriend's emails.
All types of lies, such as fake hotel reviews, fake shoe reviews, lies in your girlfriend's text messages, etc. They are all different types of lies.
As a social scientist, this is great.
By recording everything, we are able to gain a deeper understanding of human thought and expression, of affection and behavior, of ordinary citizens, of our lives.
what does it mean?
Let's step away from the "lie" for a moment. The important thing, I think, is that we leave a huge record.
I have tons of emails in my inbox, but I never check them. I don't check my records.
But I'm sure there's a lot to be learned from it.
Now, coming back to "lies," there are a few things to keep in mind.
First of all, lying online is very dangerous, right?
Because not only is it recorded on your computer, but it's also recorded by the person you're lying to, and it's also data for my research, by computer algorithms.
Of course you can do so
But when it comes to lying, I think what we want to do is to emulate Diogenes and Confucius. They weren't worried about lying. i think this is very important
When you're about to say something or about to do something, you can ask yourself, "Do I want that act to be on my record?"
We live in the digital age.In the networked age, everything we do is recorded.
Thank you for your time and good luck with your record Thank you for your time and good luck with your record
I have a small bowl on my desk at work. It's a type of pottery that I made in college, called Raku ware. Raku ware was invented in Japan centuries ago to make bowls for the tea ceremony.
This is over 400 years old
Raku ware is made by pinching clay with your fingertips and scraping it with a spatula, but it has been loved for its imperfections.
Ordinary pottery like this takes 8 to 10 hours to bake.
I just took this out of the kiln last week, and the kiln itself takes a few days to cool down, but Raku ware is very fast. Turn off the fire, put in the tongs, and grab the work.In Japan, this red hot state is immediately soaked in green tea.You can imagine what the steam smells like.
But in the US, we do it a little differently, and we take it out and put it on top of sawdust, and it catches fire.
I will go home with smoky clothes
I love Raku ware because I can play with it in many ways.
You can make shapes out of clay, and you can choose the glaze, but you have to accept fire and smoke.It's also fascinating that unexpected things can happen. because it cools down to
Raku ware beautifully symbolizes the creative process.
I find conflict in many things. There are things I can control and things I have to accept, all the time.
When I was writing a book about creation, I realized that the order was reversed.
The first thing to do is to embrace As we soak and listen to the experiences of hundreds of artists, writers, musicians and filmmakers, the seeds of our creations, surprisingly, fall in our everyday experiences. I realized that one thing is acceptance
(Laughter) That's another example of acceptance.
The best way to learn is by listening to other people's stories. Here are four life lessons we should adopt to help us unleash our own creativity about work and play.
The first one seems very easy, but it's becoming more difficult these days: pay attention to the world around you.
A lot of artists say you need to be open-minded, to be open to experience, but it's difficult when you have your phone in your hand, because it's a distraction.
Filmmaker Mira Nair told me about her experience growing up in a small Indian town called Bhubaneswar, and this is the temple in that town.
Nair: There were about 2,000 temples in this small town
I used to play cricket all the time. We kind of grew up in the rubble. And one of the biggest things that influenced me and led me down this path and made me a filmmaker was the troupe of traveling actors that came to town to tour. I saw a fierce battle there, two actors, good and bad, fighting in the schoolyard, no props, but plenty of passion and cannabis, it was moving.
The Mahabharata and the Ramayana are the two great scriptures, and according to the epic, all things originated in India. After seeing a play called Jatra, I knew I wanted to act.
Burstyn: That's a great story.
Opportunities are in everyday life
Even in the schoolyard there's good and bad There's passion and cannabis Mira Nair was just one girl in the crowd of thousands But she was ready Ready to take inspiration And it led her to become an award-winning filmmaker.
The first is to open up and accept experiences that might change you.
Again, artists say that the most powerful works come from the hardships of life.
Novelist Richard Ford tells us about a challenge he struggles with from his childhood to the present day: He is severely illiterate.
Ford: I'm a slow reader, and I was barely able to read in school. Even though I still read silently, my speed isn't nearly as fast as reading aloud. So slowly, I came to understand the peculiarities of language and the beauty of sentences, not just perceiving language, but syncopation, phrasing, how words line up, where paragraphs end, where lines break. I was illiterate, but it wasn't that I couldn't read. I could read it if I slowed down. is
Burstyn: That's pretty powerful, because Pulitzer Prize winner Ford says illiteracy helped him write.
He had no choice but to accept the challenge, not to overcome it, but to accept the literacy problem.
He needed to learn from his illiteracy and listen to the music of language.
Artists also say that pushing the boundaries of what is possible, sometimes pushing the impossible, allows them to listen to themselves.
Sculptor Richard Serra told me about his early life as a self-described painter and living in Florence after graduate school.
He went to Madrid around that time and went to the Prado Museum to see this painting by the Spanish painter Diego Velázquez.
It's "Las Meninas," from 1656. It's a painting of a young princess and her maids. Over the shoulder of the fair-haired princess is a mirror. is you looking at the picture
Velázquez, as he often does, paints himself here.
Standing on the left, holding a paintbrush in one hand and a palette in the other.
Serra: When I stood in front of the painting, I realized that Velázquez was looking at me and said, "Oh, am I the subject of the painting?"
And I thought, "I can't paint like this."
At the time, I was timing myself, drawing squares and such, blindly, but nothing came of it, so I went home, threw all my drawings in the Arno River, and decided to play around.
Burstyn: He said it was easy. Did you hear that? Richard Serra saw the work of a painter who died 300 years ago and said, "I can't do this." So Richard Serra went to a studio in Florence. I went back and threw all my previous works into the river.
That's when Richard Serra gave up on painting. I've played around with what I wrote down, and I've tried it with all sorts of materials. I've rolled and unrolled giant sheets of lead. I've also done rubber. Owned by the museum
Richard Serra had to give up painting.To begin this playful exploration, his masterpiece, the curve of a huge steel plate, is a work that makes you feel the time and movement of the viewer.Richard Serra paints with sculpture. We have achieved what was not possible in
The subject of his art is us
Creativity flourishes by embracing experience, challenges and limitations.
And number four, this is the biggest challenge.
Accepting Loss Loss is something that humans have experienced since time immemorial.
To create, we must stand between reality and hope, facing rejection and grief, war and death.
it's pretty tough
It's what the educator Parker Palmer called "the pathetic gap." It's not because it's sad, it's because it's inevitable. As my friend Dick Nodell would say, "You can create something beautiful if you have tension like a violin string. '
That tension is reflected in the work of photographer Joel Meyerovitz, who began his career as a street photographer who captured moments in the city, but he's also known for his beautiful landscapes, the landscapes and lights of Tuscany and Cape Cod.
He's a New Yorker, and his studio has been in Chelsea for many years, just downtown, overlooking the World Trade Center, and he's photographed buildings in different lights.
You know what the story will be
9/11 He wasn't there. He was away from New York.
Meyrowitz: Like other passers-by, I was standing at the chain link fence on Chambers and Greenwich streets, all I could see was smoke and a little bit of rubble, and I held up my camera and peered in. I was wondering if there was anything I could see, and a police officer, a female police officer, tapped me on the shoulder and said, "No photography!"
It was a big shock and it brought me back to my senses.
When I asked a police officer why photography was prohibited, he said, "You can't film at the scene of a crime."
I said, "What if I was a member of the media?" And the cop said, "Look at that." And there was a group of reporters a block behind them, crammed into a small enclosure.
"You won't get permission."
As I walked away, I felt my thoughts take shape, and the impact was kind of an insult.
And I thought, "Without photography, we can't keep records. We need records."
"Then I will make that record."
Let's find a way to make something so important disappear.
Burstyn: He found it, pulled all the strings and got permission to go in. So he shot almost every day for nine months.
These pictures remind me of the smell of smoke that permeated my clothes the night I went home to my family.
My place of work was only a few blocks from the scene.
But some of these pictures are beautiful, and we wonder, was it difficult to capture something so beautiful in that devastation?
Meyerovitz: Well, it was terrible, it was intense, it was horrific, it was terrifying, but it was also epic. But — over time, it takes on new meaning.
In the afternoon, the light turns pink in that area, and it's haze. There's rubble under my feet. I'm standing there, feeling the beauty of nature and the fact that time passes and nature erases these scars. rice field
You can't stop time, and time changes reality
That day is getting farther and farther away The light and the changing seasons will calm things down I'm not saying this because I'm a romantic I'm a realist
In reality, the Woolworth Building is shrouded in smoke, but the smoke forms a curtain of gauze that paints the stage pink. For example, the water looks yellow-green under the sodium lamp, and I thought, "Who could have imagined such a scene?"
I was there and thought I had to take a picture anyway.
Burstyn: "I have no choice but to shoot." Joel's story conveys a strong sense of urgency and mission.
I met him recently, and when I commended him for his ardent persistence and determination to persevere through the tedious process, he laughed and said, "He's stubborn, but more importantly, I'm ardent. optimistic about
When I first gave this talk, one of the people in the audience said, "It's not about art, it's about the work of an artist. I listened to it in connection with myself. I'm not an artist, but I'm a creative worker. That's right Experience Challenge Limitation Loss We are all struggling
Creativity is essential for everyone, whether you're a scientist, a teacher, a parent, an entrepreneur.
And finally, I'd like to show you one more Japanese tea bowl, from the Freer Gallery of Art in Washington.
It's over 100 years old, but it still bears the marks of the potter's fingers.
But as you can see, there are still signs of cracks in 100 years.
Instead of hiding the cracks, the craftsmen who restored them emphasized them with gold lacquer.
Once broken, this tea bowl became even more beautiful than when it was made. This crack tells us about creation, destruction, control, acceptance, restoration, and creation of something new. We all live in that cycle. that you are
thank you
I was just trying to please my wife
That's why I'm standing here
What I did goes back to when I was newlyweds.
When you're newly married, you try to impress your wife, and I'm just like you.
One day I noticed my wife holding something like this
I saw it and asked, "What is it?"
My wife replied, "It's none of your business."
Even with that said, I'm my husband, so I ran behind her and knew it was a dirty rag.
It was a dirty cloth that wouldn't even be used to wipe down a motorcycle.
That's when I realized I was getting through my period in that unhygienic way.
I immediately asked my wife, why are you doing such unsanitary things?
She replied, I know about sanitary pads, but if me and all my sisters start using them, we're going to have to cut the cost of milk for our family.
I'm surprised, why is there a relationship between sanitary pads and the cost of milk? I'm surprised, why is there a relationship between sanitary pads and the cost of milk?
It's a so-called household affair.
I tried to surprise my wife with a pack of sanitary napkins.
I went to the local store and tried to buy her some sanitary napkins.
The store clerk looked left and right, unfolded the newspaper, wrapped it up inside the newspaper, and handed it to me as if it was something forbidden.
I don't know why
I got a sanitary napkin like this I really wanted to take a look What's inside? What
When I turned 29, I actually touched a sanitary pad for the first time.
How many men here have ever touched a sanitary napkin?
I don't usually touch it, it's nothing to do with men.
Then I found out that the white one was made of cotton, and sanitary napkins made from such a cheap material cost hundreds of yen.
Why don't you make some sanitary napkins locally for my new wife?
That's how it all started, but if I made a sanitary pad, how would I try it?
I can't test it in the lab.
I need female volunteers, how can I find them in India?
You haven't been to Bangalore in the south, have you?
That was the only problem. My wife is the only victim.
So I made sanitary pads and gave them to Shanti, who is my wife's name.
"Close your eyes What I'm giving you isn't a diamond pendant, or a diamond ring, or chocolates, but I'm giving you a surprise wrapped in glitter paper.
close your eyes"
I wanted to get along with my wife
'Cause it was an arranged marriage, not a love marriage
(Laughter) But then one day, she frankly told me that she couldn't help me with the research anymore.
So I needed other victims, my sisters.
But even my wife and sisters refused to support my research.
That's why I always envy Indian saints
'Cause there's a lot of female volunteers around
I have no one
They don't ask for anything, and they get a lot of female volunteers.
So I tried to ask female medical school students to volunteer.
But after they refused, I finally decided to try using sanitary pads myself.
That's why I have the title of the first man to walk on the moon.
Like Armstrong, or Tenzing and Hillary, who were the first to climb Mount Everest, I, Muruganatam, was the first man on earth to wear a sanitary napkin.
I put on a sanitary napkin and tied a water bottle filled with animal blood to it and ran the tube down into my pants. Dandesu
I am humbled by all the women in front of me I respect them from the bottom of my heart I will never forget these five days Those dirty days Those boring days That wet feeling
it was really an incredible experience
But the problem is, one company makes good napkins made of cotton.
Even with the best quality cotton, my sanitary napkins were a failure.
So I didn't want to continue this research, research, research every day.
I needed money first.
But it wasn't just the financial crisis, because it was researching sanitary napkins, all sorts of problems came to the fore, including my wife filing for divorce.
Why? I was asking a female medical student to volunteer.
My wife thinks I'm chasing a medical school girl on the pretext of research.
In the meantime, I learned that there was a special kind of cellulose that could be harvested from pine trees.
So over the next four years, I built my own machine, and it's a very simple machine like this.
With this machine, any rural woman can use the same materials as a multinational factory to make napkins, and anyone can make world-class sanitary pads at home.
this is my invention
What I've done after inventing a machine is, normally, if you patent it or develop it, you want to turn it into money right away, right?
I never did this I dropped it this way 'cause chasing money like that would make life boring instead of beautiful.
A lot of people are making and hoarding hundreds of billions of dollars
Why is going to charity an afterthought?
Why should you save money and then do charity work?
What if you decided to do charity work from day one?
That's why I offered this machine only to rural women in rural India, and the truth is that only two percent of women in India use sanitary napkins. Corn husks, wood chips, sanitary napkins, no one uses them.
It's still the same in the 21st century, so I decided to make this machine available only to poor women across India.
So far, 630 have been installed in 23 Indian states and six other countries.
It's now in its seventh year as a multinational corporation, and MBA students should have question marks floating above their heads.
How can people from Coimbatore who have no education survive the competition?
It's helped me become a visiting professor and guest speaker at the Indian Institute of Management.
(Applause) Please play video one.
Looking at the cloth my wife had, I asked, "Why are you using such a dirty cloth?"
She quickly replied, "I know napkins, but I'm going to have to cut my family's milk bill if I use them."
So I thought maybe I should make my own cheap napkins.
So I decided to sell this new machine only to women's self-help groups.
this is my idea
It used to require hundreds of thousands of dollars of investment in all the machinery, but now rural women can manufacture it.
I'm praying for you
(Singing) Just think about it. Dealing with a big company would be hard even if you studied at Harvard or Oxford.
But I made it possible for rural women to compete with multinational corporations.
i have been doing this for 7 years
Already installed 600 machines What is my mission?
In my lifetime, I want to make India a country where 100% of women use sanitary napkins.
So I'm going to create at least 100,000 jobs in rural areas.
I didn't do anything to make myself rich
i am serious
Chasing a woman doesn't make her like you
If you do the right thing, women will come after you.
Because I didn't pursue Mahalakshmi, goddess of wealth
Mahalakshmi is chasing me and it's always in my butt pocket
I'm not a front pocket man I'm a hip pocket man
And that's it, someone with no education sees through the problem of sanitary napkins not being used.
I was able to provide a solution to the problem, and I'm very happy now.
I don't want this for my company
We want to spread this local sanitary napkin movement to the world, so we're making all the details public, like open software.
110 countries currently have access
Now let's divide people into three types: uneducated, under-educated, and over-educated.
I was able to do this with a little education. What do you do to society when you're overeducated?
Thank you for your attention
(applause)
Hello everyone
Yes, I wrote in my book that humans would one day become digital, but I never thought that it would happen so quickly, and it would happen to me.
Anyway, I'm here as a digital avatar. So folks, let's get started.
let me ask you a question first
How many of you here today are fascists?
(Laughter) It's a little hard to answer, because we've forgotten what fascism is.
The word "fascist" is overused in many ways these days.
Or you're confusing fascism with nationalism.
So let's take a moment to clarify what fascism really is and how it differs from nationalism.
"Gentle" nationalism is one of the most benevolent human creations.
A nation is a community of millions of people who don't know each other very well.
For example, I don't know the eight million people who have the same Israeli citizenship.
But nationalism allows us to care about each other and work together effectively.
this is very good
Some people, like John Lennon, imagine that a world without nationalism would be a peaceful paradise.
Rather, without nationalism, we would be much more likely to live in tribal chaos.
If you look at countries like Sweden, Switzerland, and Japan, which are currently the most prosperous and peaceful countries in the world, you can see that they have a strong sense of nationalism.
Conversely, countries with less sense of nationalism, like Congo and Somalia and Afghanistan, are prone to violence and poverty.
So what is fascism and how is it different from nationalism?
Nationalism is the idea that your country is special and that you have special obligations towards your country.
Fascism, on the other hand, believes that your own country is the best and that you have obligations only to your own country.
It means that no one outside your own country should care about anything.
Of course, in general, people have multiple identities and loyalties to different groups.
For example, I may be a good patriot and loyal to my country, but I may also be loyal to my family, to my neighbors, to my work, to humanity as a whole, to truth and beauty.
Of course, having different identities and allegiances can also create conflicts and problems.
But who said life was simple in the first place?
life is complicated
I have no choice but to deal with it
Fascism is born when people ignore complexity and try to enjoy themselves.
Fascism denies all identities, apart from national self-identity, and claims that the individual is only responsible to the state.
If the state orders you to sacrifice your family, sacrifice your family.
If the state tells you to kill millions, kill millions.
If the country orders you to turn your back on truth and beauty, you must turn against truth and beauty.
For example, how would a fascist appreciate art?
How do you judge a movie as good or bad?
this is very very simple
There's only one yardstick: if the film serves the interests of the country, it's a good film, and if it goes against the interests of the country, it's a bad film.
That's all
Similarly, how do fascists decide what to teach in schools?
this is also very simple
There is only one yardstick: teach them to serve the national interest no matter what.
It doesn't matter if it's true or not
The horrors of World War II and the Holocaust are reminders of the terrible consequences of such thinking.
But when we try to convey the evils of fascism, our narrative is ineffective. We just portray it as a terrifying monster, and we fail to explain what makes fascism so appealing.
In a way, I'm portraying them like Hollywood movie villains, like Voldemort, Sauron, Darth Vader, ugly, vile, brutal.
Villains are ruthless even to those who support them
When I watch those movies, I just can't understand who would want to follow a hideous villain like Voldemort.
The real-world problem with the concept of "evil" is that it doesn't necessarily look ugly.
can look so beautiful
Christianity understands this so well that Christian religious paintings, unlike Hollywood movies, usually depict Satan as a magnificent masculine beauty.
That's why Satan's temptations are hard to overcome, just as fascism's charm is hard to overcome.
Fascism makes people think they belong to the most beautiful and most precious thing in the world: the nation.
And people think, "I was told that fascism is ugly.
But I see something very beautiful in the mirror, so I'm not a fascist, am I? "
wrong
This is the problem of fascism
When you look in the mirror with fascist eyes, you look much more beautiful than you really are.
In the 1930s, when Germans looked into the mirror with fascist eyes, Germany would have looked more beautiful than anything else in the world.
Now, if Russians looked in the mirror with fascist eyes, Russia would look more beautiful than anything else in the world.
If an Israeli looked in the mirror with fascist eyes, Israel would look more beautiful than anything else in the world.
This does not mean that the events of the 1930s are repeating themselves.
Fascism and dictatorships may return, but they will come back in a different form, more in line with the new technological realities of the 21st century.
Land was the most important asset in the ancient world.
So politics was about controlling the land.
And dictatorship meant that all land ownership belonged to one ruler or a few oligarchs.
In modern times, machines became more important than land.
Moved to a policy of trying to control the machines.
So dictatorship meant a plethora of machines in the hands of governments and a handful of elites.
Data is now replacing land and machines as our most important asset.
Politics is now about going to great lengths to control the flow of data.
And dictatorship now means that too much data is concentrated in governments and a handful of elites.
The biggest danger facing liberal democracy is that the information revolution will make dictatorships more efficient than democracies.
In the 20th century, democracy and capitalism beat fascism and communism because democracy was better at processing data and making decisions.
Twentieth-century technology simply wasn't suited to centralizing a lot of data and a lot of power.
But it defies nature to say that centralized data processing is always less efficient than distributed data processing.
With the rise of artificial intelligence and machine learning, it may become possible to efficiently process vast amounts of information in one place and make all decisions in one place, so centralized data processing is more distributed. more efficient than data processing
The burden of 20th-century dictatorships was trying to centralize information, but that may be its greatest advantage.
Another technological threat to future democracies is the convergence of information technology and biotechnology, which could lead to algorithms that know more about themselves than they do.
Algorithms like this would allow governments and other external systems to not only predict my decisions, but also manipulate my emotions and emotions.
Dictators may not provide me with adequate health care, but they can make me love them and hate my opponents.
It will be difficult for a democracy to survive such changes, because ultimately democracy is driven not by human rationality but by emotion.
In elections and referendums, it's not about how you think
Being asked "How do you feel?"
And if someone can effectively manipulate people's emotions, democracy becomes a puppet show of emotional manipulation.
How can we prevent the return of fascism and the rise of new dictatorships?
The first question we face is, "Who controls the data?"
If you're an engineer, think about ways to prevent data from getting into the hands of a few people.
And make sure that distributed data processing is at least as efficient as centralized data processing.
This is the best defense for democracy.
For non-engineers, the number one problem facing us is how to avoid being manipulated by those who control the data.
The way the enemies of liberal democracy do
hacking our emotions
It's not our emails or our bank accounts, it's hacking our emotions -- our fear, our hatred, our vanity -- and then using those emotions to polarize democracy and destroy it from the inside.
In fact, this is a method Silicon Valley invented to sell its products.
But now, in exactly the same way, the enemies of democracy are using it to sell fear, hatred, and vanity.
You can't create these feelings from scratch.
Find out our weaknesses
use it to attack
That's why it's the responsibility of all of us to recognize our weaknesses and prevent them from being weaponized in the hands of the enemies of democracy.
Knowing your own weaknesses keeps you from falling into the fascist mirror trap.
As I've already explained, fascism takes advantage of our vanity.
It makes us look more beautiful than we really are.
That's the lure of fascism
But if you know yourself well, you won't fall for these lies.
If someone puts a mirror in front of you that covers up all your flaws and makes you look more beautiful and more important than you really are, break it.
thank you
(Applause) (Chris Anderson) Thank you.
how nice to meet you again
If I understand correctly, you sounded the alarm about two dangers.
One is the revival of fascism in a glamorous guise, and the other is a dictatorship similar to fascism but not exactly the same, to rule all data.
And I fear that there's also a third danger, which, as other speakers have said, is that big corporations, not governments, control all of our data.
What do we call this and how concerned should we be about its dangers?
(Yuval Noah Harari) At the end of the day, it doesn't really matter whether you're a business or a government, because, as I said, the question is, who owns the data?
This ruler is the de facto government.
Whether you call it a business or a government, if a business actually controls data, it's the de facto government.
So the only difference is appearance
CA: But if you're a company, wouldn't market forces drive you out of your position?
What that means is that consumers say they're no longer interested in those companies and give other markets a chance.
I think it's easier to imagine than the people rising up and overthrowing the government that controls everything.
Yuval: The public isn't at that level yet, and I repeat, if companies knew people better than they knew them, at least they could manipulate their deepest emotions and desires so that people didn't even realize it, and they said, "True. "You'll think it's your opinion.
In theory, you can rise up against corporations, just as you can, in theory, rise up against dictators.
But in reality it's very difficult
CA: In "Homo Deus," you say that in this century humans will become like gods through advances in artificial intelligence or genetic engineering.
Has your view of that possibility been influenced by the view that the political system is changing and collapsing?
Yuval: That would make it even more possible, and it would happen sooner, because in times of crisis, people are willing to take risks that they wouldn't normally take.
And they try all sorts of high-risk, high-reward technologies.
So these crises play a role similar to what the two world wars did in the 20th century.
The two world wars significantly accelerated the progress of new and dangerous technologies.
The same thing could happen in the 21st century.
It just takes a little bit of hooping off and it can go out of control, like genetic engineering.
In today's world, more and more deviant people are taking power in different countries, so I think the danger is increasing.
CA: Yuval, I think it's a very unique take on the whole.
Turn the clock forward 30 years
Do you predict that humanity will slip through the cracks and look back and say, "Oh, I was in danger! But I was saved!"
Or is it the other way around?
(Yuval) Humanity has managed to avoid crisis in the past.
Especially when you're looking at liberal democracy, you might think the current situation isn't good, but in retrospect, 1938 and 1968 were even worse.
So the current situation is nothing more than a small crisis.
But no one knows. As a historian, I can tell you that you should never underestimate human stupidity.
(Laughter) (Applause) Human stupidity is one of the key factors that have shaped history.
(Chris) Mr. Yuval, it was a pleasure to meet you.
Thank you for coming to the virtual
Have a nice night over there in Tel Aviv
It was Yuval Harari!
(Yuval) Thank you
(applause)
Living with a physical disability is hard anywhere in the world, but in countries like the United States, we have facilities and tools that make life easier.
You can use the elevator in the building
Sidewalk curbs are lowered at crosswalks
Disabled-adapted vehicles are available for places you can't get to on your own, and public transportation is available if you can't afford a special vehicle.
But in developing countries the situation is completely different.
40 million people use wheelchairs, the majority of them living in rural areas, where they have to traverse long, bumpy dirt roads to get to work, school or community.
The tools people have available are ill-suited, break easily, and cannot be repaired.
I first noticed wheelchairs in developing countries in the summer of 2005 when I conducted a survey on the state of industrial technology in Tanzania. and there were no wheelchairs designed to speed efficiently.
As a mechanical engineer studying at MIT, I had a lot of resources at my disposal, so I thought, let's do something.
When it comes to traveling long distances over bumpy terrain, mountain bikes immediately come to mind. Mountain bikes are suitable for rough roads. No, but you get strong torque
If you want to increase speed on paved roads, etc., put it in a high gear and the torque will be small, but the speed will increase.
So logically, we could build a wheelchair out of mountain bike parts, and many people have already tried.
These are two products that you can buy in the United States, but you can't use them in developing countries. First, they're too expensive.
Must be $200 or less in the countries I'm targeting
To get to work or school, you have to travel five kilometers a day, and you have to deal with different terrains.
At home or in your indoor workplace, you need to be small and maneuverable indoors.
To be durable in remote areas, it must be repairable with locally available tools, materials and knowledge.
The crux of the problem is how to create a mechanism that is simple yet has great mechanical efficiency.
Can you build a paddle mountain bike without the price and complexity of a mountain bike?
The simple answer, as always, was right in front of me: using the lever.
Used in various places such as tools, door knobs, bicycle parts, etc.
I got the inspiration for the invention when I was sitting at my desk looking at a design book, and someone in a wheelchair would squeeze a lever. can be obtained
Move your hand downwards, shorten the length of the lever, grip it, and increase the angle of your stroke to increase the rotation speed and achieve the effect of high gear.
The great thing about this system is that it's mechanically really simple, and you can build it with technology that's been around for hundreds of years.
Let's see it in action. It's the Lever Freedom Chair (LFC). It's been in development for several years, and it's now in production. I can go on the road
The innovation of this wheelchair is that if you want to increase your speed, you hold the lower part of the lever and pedal at a large angle. can
What's really important here is that humans are complex machines here.
It's the human that changes the grip position of the lever, and that simplifies the structure itself, and it can be made from bicycle parts that you can get anywhere.
These bicycle parts are available in every country and are very cheap.
It's mass-produced in China and India, and parts can be sourced from all over the world to build a wheelchair.
When you want to use the LFC indoors, you can use it as a normal wheelchair by removing the lever and fitting it into the frame of the car body.The dimensions are also designed so that it can be used just like a normal wheelchair.It is wide enough to pass through a standard size door. We're building it. It's at a height that fits under a table. It's small and easy to move around in the toilet.
I'm going to bring together three important points here, and these three are the heart of the project.
First, the ease of use of this product lies in its combination of extreme technical sophistication and user-focused design, and its focus on the social, economic and practical factors that matter to wheelchair users in developing countries. I guessed
I'm a researcher and mechanical engineer at MIT. We're going to look at the forces you can pull, and analyze how fast you can go when you push or pull a lever in your wheelchair.
As a fledgling researcher, I was ecstatic and my team built a prototype that we brought to Tanzania, Kenya, and Vietnam in 2008, and found it completely useless, because we hadn't listened enough to what our users had to say.
So we asked wheelchair users and manufacturers to take us for a test ride, and we took their feedback, not just the problem, but also their suggestions for solutions, and together we went back to the drawing board, redesigned it, and brought it back to East Africa in 2009. It was useless indoors. It was too big and heavy, and it was not possible to turn in a small radius. Based on the feedback from users, we returned to the design drawing and cut 10 kilograms off the new model. We tested a newer version in Guatemala, and as a result of the refinements, the product reached marketable quality.
Also, as an industrial scientist, I was in a position to measure the performance of the LFC, so I brought it to Guatemala and tested it in a real vehicle on village land, including the user's biomechanical emissions, oxygen consumption, vehicle speed, and muscle strength required to operate. We compared the LFC with a conventional wheelchair and found that the LFC advanced 80% faster than a conventional wheelchair on the land.
It turned out to be 40% more efficient, and thanks to the mechanical properties of the lever, you can get 50% more torque, so you can brute force your way through the toughest roads.
The second big takeaway from this project is that design constraints lead to innovation, and you have to aim for very low prices, and you have to be able to adapt to a lot of different landforms and still be able to work indoors. It needed to be tamper-proof and easily repairable, which led to the development of a completely new product, something that had barely changed in 100 years, and had to be revolutionary.
The results obtained are not limited to developing countries.
Effective in developed countries like the United States
We worked with Continuum, a design firm in Boston, to create an upscale version for the developed world, which will be for the upper income brackets in the United States and Europe.
Ultimately, what made this project so successful was that, from the planning stage, all of the key stakeholders involved were focused on technology, while balancing innovation, feasibility, marketability, adoption, and so on, starting with users. It was a cycle that ended
We had to define what the users wanted from the technology, and then finally get them to say, "This is good, this is what I wanted."
Researchers like me develop, analyze, test, take data and build prototypes.
We need the help of commercial companies like Continuum. We've started a new NGO called GRIT to bring wheelchairs to market. We've partnered with Indian manufacturing giant Pinnacle. The units will be produced next month and will be sold first in India.
To reach even more people, we partnered with Jaipur Foot, the world's largest support organization for people with disabilities.
The strength of this business model is that we've connected the key players in the cycle, one by one, from concept to implementation in the field. And then the magic happened.
As a researcher, I analyze, test, create new technologies, and quantify how they improve performance.
When we involve manufacturers, we can speak directly to them and combine their local knowledge of production methods and customer requirements with our own technical knowledge to create synergies that we could not have achieved on our own.
In addition, by getting users involved in the design process, we can not only understand their needs, but we can also help them think about how to meet those needs.
This is a picture taken in India during the last field trial. 90% of people are switching from conventional wheelchairs to LFC. This is a picture of Ashok. Ashok fell from a tree and injured his spinal cord. He used to be a tailor. has been unable to move in a regular wheelchair to a store a kilometer away since he was injured
because the road was bumpy
The day after he got the LFC, he jumped into his wheelchair, drove a kilometer, and opened a shop.
"You encouraged me to work
take a rest at home
I came to the store by myself the next day.
Everything is normal.”
Thank you for inviting me today.
(applause)
What I'm doing now, including my job, is based on my experience working in Africa for seven years when I was young.
From 1971 to 1977 -- I'm not as young as I look -- (Laughter) -- I was doing technical assistance work in Zambia, Kenya, Côte d'Ivoire, Algeria, Somalia.
I used to work for an NGO in Italy, and every project I launched in Africa failed.
I was very worried
I was 21 at the time, and I thought we Italians were good people and we were doing well.
But everything I did was no good
The first project, as I wrote in my first book, Ripples on the Zambezi, was for us Italians to teach the people of Zambia the art of food production.
We entered southern Zambia with Italian seeds, a magnificent gorge that descended to the Zambezi River, and taught the locals how to grow Italian tomatoes, zucchini...
Of course, no one is interested, so I gave them money to come, and now and then people started coming.
But we didn't even ask why we weren't farming.
Everything grew beautifully in Africa.
I also got a big tomato, which in Italy is only this size, but in Zambia it grows very big.
I couldn't believe it, but I told people in Zambia, "Farming is easy, isn't it?"
When the tomatoes were ripe and bright red, in the middle of the night, 200 hippos came out of the river and ate them all.
And they said, "That's why I don't farm."
At first, I thought we were the only ones failing, but after seeing what the Americans, the British, the French were doing, I wanted to brag about what we were doing in Zambia.
'Cause at least I gave the hippos food.
Look at the junk we've been -- (applause) we've given innocent Africans.
If you want to read a book, I recommend Dambisa Moyo, a female economist from Zambia, "Aid won't make Africa better."
Published in 2009
Over the last 50 years, Western countries have contributed two trillion dollars to the African continent.
I'm not going to talk about the damage this money has done right now.
read her book
Learn from African women the damage we've done.
Westerners are imperialists, colonialists and missionaries, and we know that there are two ways to treat people.
Both are described by words that contain the Latin word "pater," "father."
But the two words have very different meanings.
"Paternalistic" describes the attitude of treating people from other cultures as if they were your own children, the attitude of loving children.
"Patronizing" describes the attitude of treating people from different cultures as if they were your servants.
This is why white people are called "bwana" and "bosses" in Africa.
I felt like I was slapped when I read "Small is Beautiful." Schumacher, the author, says that in the process of economic development, if people don't need help, they should be left alone.
This is the first principle of support
Respect is the first principle of support
In a speech this morning, a man challenged us, saying, "Can we build a city that isn't neocolonial?"
When I was 27, I made up my mind not to act on my own initiative, but only to respond to requests, so I created a mechanism called business promotion. Volunteers of the world and people who want to be better people - serve as servants
So the important thing is to keep quiet.
Instead of going out to give them ideas, they go talk to locals.
i don't work in the office
talk in cafes and pubs
have no infrastructure
Get along with people and find out what they want
passion is what matters
it's easy to give an idea
I can't help it if you say you don't want to do it
Passion for growth is the most important thing for women
Passion for growth is the most important thing for men too
And then we help you get the knowledge you need, because no one can succeed alone.
People with ideas don't have the knowledge they need, knowledge is what you get.
So I started thinking, "Instead of going into the community and telling people what to do, let's listen to what people are saying." But not in public gatherings.
let me give you a trick
Community gatherings have their drawbacks.
Entrepreneurs don't show up, and there's no way a gathering of people will tell you what you're going to do with your money and what opportunities you've found.
So the idea itself is flawed.
You can't find the best local talent because they don't show up in public.
So we decided to go one by one, because to talk to each one of us, we would have to build the social infrastructure from scratch.
i need a new job
It's like a family doctor for companies and businesses, listening to people in their own kitchens and cafes and helping them find resources to turn their passions into livelihoods.
Tried in Esperance, Western Australia
At the time, as I worked on my PhD, I was trying to let go of my commanding attitude to protect my local people.
During my first year at Esperance, I walked around the city. On my third day, I got my first request, and it was a Maori man who was making smoked fish in his garage, selling to restaurants in Perth and organizing. I helped, and then a fisherman came and said, "Who helped the Maori? Can you help us too?"
So I worked with five fishermen to find a way to sell these amazing tuna to a cannery in Albany for only 60 cents a kilo, but to Japan for $15 a kilo for sushi toppings, and now it's time. Farmers come to us for help
We launched 27 projects in one year, and then a government official came and asked us to share our know-how.
So I replied, "It's very difficult.
Just shut up and listen." (Laughter) (Applause) And then the official said do it again.
We have supported 40,000 businesses
A new generation of entrepreneurs will fail because of isolation.
A few years ago, Peter Drucker, one of the greatest management consultants of all time, died at the age of 96.
He was a professor of philosophy before he got into business He was a professor of philosophy before he got into business Drucker said, "Planning is incompatible with the entrepreneurial society and the entrepreneurial economy."
Planning is deadly for entrepreneurs
Christchurch is currently in the process of rebuilding, but they don't realize that these talented people are putting their money and energy into it.
We need to learn how to come and speak for ourselves.
You have to commit to confidentiality and privacy, and you have to be a master at helping, and people line up.
If the population is 10,000, the number of clients is 200.
Christchurch, population 400,000, must have a lot of intelligence and passion.
Where did you applaud the most during your morning presentation?
It's a presentation by a local passionate person.
This is truly the age of the entrepreneur.
The first wave of the industrial revolution is now coming to an end, with non-renewable fossil fuels and manufacturing making the system unsustainable.
The internal combustion engine cannot continue
I can't continue using freon
We have to think about how we can sustainably provide food, health care, education, transportation and communication for the seven billion people on earth.
The technology to do this doesn't exist yet
So who will develop the technology for the "green revolution"? University? unreliable
government? that would be impossible
The answer is entrepreneurs, and they're already starting.
I once read an interesting article in a futuristic magazine.
In 1860, experts were convened to discuss the future of New York.
They got together to make predictions about what New York would look like in 100 years, and the unanimous conclusion was that New York wouldn't exist in 100 years.
They looked at the graph and concluded that if the population were to grow at the rate it is now, it would take six million horses to move the residents around the city, but they wouldn't be able to handle six million dung. won't cut
The city was already full of horse droppings. (Laughter) In 1860, experts focused on the dirty technology of transportation, and New York was almost suffocated by it.
what happened after that? Forty years later, in 1900, there were 1,001 automobile manufacturing companies in America, 1,001.
The idea of ​​exploring alternative locomotion technologies was gaining ground, and that's why there were so many small factories in the most remote places.
For example, in Dearborn, Michigan, there was Henry Ford.
Now, there's a trick to working with entrepreneurs.
First, you must promise to keep the secret.
Otherwise he won't come to talk to you
Second, you must commit to 100% dedication and passion.
And we need to teach them the realities of entrepreneurship.
Every company, small or large, must be able to do three things perfectly: build great products, run great sales, and manage finances well.
just saying that
I've never seen a person who can manufacture, sell and manage money at the same time.
there is no such person
not in this world
We surveyed 100 of the world's largest companies -- Carnegie, Westinghouse Edison, Ford -- including startups like Google and Yahoo.
The successful companies of the world had one thing in common, none of them started alone.
In an entrepreneurship class for high school students in Northumberland, in the first hour, I give them the first two pages of Richard Branson's autobiography. Underline how many times "we" is written in
Zero "me" and 32 "we"
Branson didn't start the business alone.
No one starts a company alone
That's why we build communities. Caregivers with small business experience are waiting in cafes and bars, and peers are ready to help, just as they did for autobiographical author Branson. "What do you need?
What can you do? can you make this
So what about sales? What about financial management? and asked
If you say you can't, they'll say, "Shall I introduce you to someone?"
we activate the community
The business promotion, supported by thousands of volunteers, helps us find resources and talent. What we've learned is that the intelligence of local people can work miracles, transforming the culture and economy of their communities. It's possible if you capture the passion, the energy and the imagination.
Thank you very much. (Applause)
I'm a brain scientist, and as a brain scientist, I'm particularly interested in how the brain actually learns, and the potential for it to work smarter, better, faster.
It's from this perspective that I want to talk about games. When most people think of video games, they think of children.
90% of children play video games
but to be honest
Who's sitting in front of the PlayStation after the kids go to bed?
Most of you. The average player age is 33, not 8. And if you look at the demographics of the players, the players of the future are the elderly.
Games have certainly taken hold in society and have had a powerful impact on our daily lives. Take a look at this statistic from Activision. Play time spans 68,000 years
If this was the time you spent studying linear algebra, no one would complain.
So we're researching ways to harness this power.
let's go back a little
I'm sure you've all had the experience of coming home to find your child playing a game.
It's a game where you shoot bad zombies and kill them.
You're probably thinking, "Oh, why can't we do something better than killing zombies?"
Now, on the other hand, if your daughter was playing Sudoku or your son was reading Shakespeare, how would you react?
most people think it's great
I'm not saying that playing video games every day is good for your health.
Don't overdo anything
But in moderation, an action-shooting game like the one I showed you at the beginning can be a little bit useful in many ways.
The impact of video games, good or bad, hits mainstream media every week, non-stop.
Leaving aside these rambling discussions, let's actually take a look inside the laboratory.
What we're doing in the lab is quantitatively measuring how video games affect the brain.
I'll show you some examples
First of all, I'm sure you've heard that staring at a video game screen for too long can damage your eyesight.
it's a vision problem
I'm sure some of you are vision experts.
It's easy to verify authenticity
All you have to do is measure your eyesight
What about the result? People who don't play action games, who don't look at screens often, have normal eyesight, of course.
Now, what about the people who are addicted to video games, the people who play hours a week, the people who play hours a week?
their eyesight must be pretty bad
But their eyesight was very good.
Better than people who don't play games
Two good points
One is the ability to see details in clutter, the ability to read fine print with the naked eye without a magnifying glass.
Another great thing is that you can tell shades of gray.
Let's say you're driving in the fog, and your ability to see the car in front of you affects your chances of being in an accident.
Based on this experiment, we're developing a game to help visually impaired people retrain their brains to improve their vision.
When it comes to action games, looking at a screen for too long doesn't hurt your eyesight.
Another myth is that video games make you less focused and more distracted.
Now, in the laboratory, attention can also be measured
to show you how to test
Let's actually do the test Everyone please participate together Colored words will appear, so tell us the color of the letters
Are you ready? first example
"Chair" is orange. "Table" is green.
"Blackboard" Red
"Horse" yellow
"yellow" red
「Blue」 yellow
Now you know what's going on. (Laughter) Why is this test so difficult?
Because the words and the colors themselves contradict each other.
Good or bad concentration is determined by how quickly you can resolve conflicts, which is why young people outperform older people.
People who play games a lot when they do tests like this, people who play games a lot do better when they do tests like this.
So playing action games doesn't cause attention problems.
Rather, game players are better at concentration, because they're better at being aware of their surroundings, which is a component of their attention.
This power is used in many everyday situations, for example, when driving a car, the cars around you,
By knowing where pedestrians and dogs are, you can drive safely.
I'm going to ask people who come to my lab to sit in front of my computer.
I'll show you the yellow happy faces and the blue sad faces, the faces of the children in Geneva in the winter, and most of the children look happy, because it's recess time.
Some kids look sad because they forgot their coats
The kids start moving, so don't lose sight of who was wearing the coat first, or who wasn't. There is a question mark Is this child wearing a coat?
Was it yellow at first, was it blue?
I heard a voice say yellow. Okay, everyone.
Don't move your eyes, widen your attention. Don't move your eyes.
yellow or blue?
AUDIENCE: YELLOW DAPHNE: OK
The average young person has three or four things to pay attention to.
Like we just did, an action game player has six or seven attention. An action game player has six or seven attention.
So if you play action games, let's do it.
It's a little difficult, isn't it? (Laughter) Is it yellow or is it blue? Ao: Some of you are really serious. (Laughter) Now, we've studied not only how games affect the behavior of players, but also the effects of brain imaging on the brain itself. What we found was that the network that governs our attention has changed the most.
The second is the frontal lobe, the part that maintains attention, and the third is the anterior cingulate cortex, which controls attention and resolves conflicts.
Brain imaging studies show that people who play action games are more efficient in all three of these networks.
And that led me to the literature on technology and brains, and I discovered something counterintuitive.
People talk about multitasking, but using your phone while driving is a big mistake.
why? That's because your attention is focused on the phone, and if the car in front of you brakes, you won't be able to react quickly enough, making you more likely to get into an accident.
I also tested this ability in the lab.
But we can't have people actually have an accident, but we can't have them actually have an accident. I tested to see if I could move
The results showed that people who played a lot of action games did very well.
They were changing jobs quickly with very little effort.
With this result in mind, let's think about another group of technology users, highly respected people in society who do multimedia tasking.
What is Multimedia Tasking? Most of us and our children are searching the web, listening to music, and chatting with friends on Facebook at the same time.
This is multimedia tasking
Research by colleagues at Stanford University, and follow-up experiments we've done, have shown that even people who consider themselves multimedia taskers can't multitask at all.
I did badly on the test
how is it? There are two key takeaways from these studies.
One: "All media cannot be treated the same"
The effect of multimedia tasking is one thing, and the effect of action games is one thing.
Not even the action game I'm talking about here.
Different video games have different effects on the brain.
So we need to actually measure the impact of each game.
Another lesson is that myths are unreliable.
Like I just explained, like an action gamer, you can keep looking at a screen and have good eyesight, and so on.
What's interesting is that the students who say they're good at doing multimedia tasks, believe they got near perfect grades on the lab.
And when I showed them the data, they said, "It can't be that way."
This assumption is one of the reasons why we need to actually measure in the lab.
The effects of video games on the brain are very similar to the effects of wine on health.
You can't drink too much wine, and you can't play too many games, but when adults drink it in moderation, wine is good for their health.
In the same way, action video games have elements that improve brain flexibility, learning ability, attention and vision. And once we know what those elements are, we can use them for education and rehabilitation.
But our study has implications for education and rehabilitation, and we're not really interested in the ability of people to play video games for long periods of time.
I'm interested in proving that you can improve your eyesight by making anyone play an action game, whether they actually want to play the game or not.
That's what rehabilitation and education are for.
Normally, no child goes to school saying, "Yeah, I can do math for two hours today!"
And this was the crux of the study, and we needed to dig deeper.
So we did a "training study"
Let me give you an example of a test called mental rotation.
I want you to try it yourself. Look closely at this shape. This is the shape of the problem.
One of the four is the rotated shape of the problem. Can you guess which one?
the correct answer is number 4
One more question, please use your brain
this is the original shape
The answer is number 3 Difficult, isn't it?
What do you think? Did you feel like you were using your head?
It's different from action games where you don't use your brain, right?
Now, in the training study, we force 10 hours of action games after a test like the one above.
not played consecutively
Divide it into 40-minute sessions and have them do it little by little over the course of two weeks.
After two weeks, you'll be given a similar test in the lab. This is a study of a colleague of mine in Toronto. The first test results were age-appropriate. And what's more, the results were still good when measured five months later, which is very important.
Because in order for games to be used in education and rehabilitation, they need to have lasting effects.
Some of you might be looking at these results and wonder if we can quickly make a game that will benefit society, whether it's a fun game for grandmothers to improve their attention or help rehabilitate children with low vision.
but there are still challenges
Neuroscientists like me are beginning to understand what the useful elements of the game are, and here are the "broccoli" elements to solve this challenge.
The entertainment software industry, on the other hand, is very good at launching compelling products that people want to buy right away.
This is the "chocolate" element of the challenge
Can you put these two irreconcilable things together? The problem is like food.
Who wants to eat chocolate-covered broccoli? (smile)
No. (Laughter) The same goes for games. Educational games aren't very fun, so what's needed now is a compelling new type of chocolate that's only secretly loaded with broccoli nutrients. We're developing chocolates that have positive effects on the brain. We need to work with neuroscientists, people in the game industry, and software publishers. When I'm in
I hope you understand. Thank you for listening. (Applause) (Applause)
(Tommy) I'm going to listen to two songs today.
We're three brothers from New Jersey who, strangely enough, are obsessed with bluegrass music.
(Playing) (Applause) (Tommy) Hi
(Applause) (Robbie) Thank you.
My name is Robbie Mizoni, I'm 13 years old, playing fiddle.
This is my brother Johnny, 10 years old, playing the banjo.
And on guitar is my 14-year-old brother, Tommy.
(Applause) We call ourselves the Sleepy Man Banjo Boys.
(Playing) (Applause) (Tommy) Hi
(Johnny) Thank you everyone.
(Tommy) Thank you
About the creation of a new form of life that started 16 years ago
talk about the project
The creatures are made of tubes like this, what the Dutch call insulating tubes.
Here's a little earlier video about it.
Narrator: Eventually these animals will live in herds on the beach.
Theo Jansen continues to study the evolution of these animals every day.
Theo Jansen: We want to send these creatures to the beach.
And they should be able to live there on their own in the future.
It will be a few years before they learn how to live on their own and walk on their own.
Narrator: This mechanical lifeform is not powered by food, it is powered by the wind.
Their legs move as the wind moves the wings on their backs.
Walk sideways on the wet beach with your nose pointing in the direction of the wind
As soon as you step on the beach or dry sand, stop and walk to the other side.
Through the process of evolution, many races were born
This is Animalis Karens Bentosa
(Applause) Jansen: This herd is built on a genetic code.
It's kind of like a competition, where they're all different species, but the winner is the one who continues to evolve.
This is a wave, you can see it flowing from left to right
It flows like this from left to right
This is a new generation of race capable of amassing wind power.
So you push air into a lemonade bottle with a feather on the tip.
In the unlikely event that the wind stops or the tide comes in, they can use the little energy they have stored up to reach the sand piles and survive.
(Laughter) Let me also introduce
(Applause.) Thank you.
The balance of the tube is very important for this animal to walk.
There are 11 numbers and we call them sacred numbers
This indicates the distance between the tubes, which allows walking
In fact, this is the invention of the new wheel.
this works like a wheel
Just as the axle of the wheel is kept at the same height, so is this hip joint.
In fact, it's better than a normal wheel, because when you try a bike on the beach, you realize it's really hard.
A leg just touches the sand as a point, whereas a wheel must touch the ground on all sides.
So, 5,000 years after the wheel was invented, here's the new wheel, which I'm going to show you in the next video.
Can I get started? This means that even very heavy objects can be moved.
There is one person pushing from behind, but I can walk well against the headwind.
By the way, it weighs 3.2 tons, and it's powered by wind in a bottle.
You can detect the position of obstacles with your sense of touch and bypass them.
As you can see, it's turning
Can you bring me your sense of touch?
good
So in order for them to survive on the beach, they have to avoid all the risk factors.
so they have to be able to sense water
This is the tactile part that senses the water, and very important is this tube, which normally entraps air.
Rejection when inhaling water
Imagine this animal walking towards the ocean
As soon as you touch the water, you should hear a sound like air is leaking
that's right! If you can't sense it, you'll just drown, right?
here is the brain of this animal
To tell the truth, this is a pedometer counting steps
This is a pedometer based on the binary system.
Swap the permutation of 1 and 0 as soon as you touch the ocean
I always know where I am on the beach.It's just a very simple brain.
In other words, "There is the sea over there, and there are sand dunes over there, so I am here now."
It's a kind of fantasy about the simple daily life of animals living on the beach.
thank you
One of the greatest enemies is the storm
This is part of Animales Pescipiere's nose
When this nose is fixed, the whole body will be fixed
When a storm approaches, they drive stakes into the ground. (Laughter)
The nose is fixed, the whole body is also fixed
The wind may change direction, but they always turn their noses to the wind
In a few years you will be able to live on your own
I still need some help
Thank you all for attending.
(applause)
Hello, today I'm going to talk about traffic jams, which means traffic jams.
Traffic jams are everywhere
It's amazing when you think about it, but it's found in almost every city in the world.
Consider how diverse cities are
A typical European city is densely packed in the center, has a good public transport system, and the road capacity is relatively small.
American cities, on the other hand, are different.
The slide has progressed, but-
Cities in the United States mean a vast area of ​​roads spread out and very little public transportation.
What's more, in the new world cities, there are all kinds of transportation, different land uses, sprawling areas, but denser city centers.
Transportation planners around the world have tried different solutions: dense cities, decentralized cities, lots of roads, lots of public transit, lots of bike lanes, lots of information. I've tried various remedies, but none of them seem to work
But all these attempts have one thing in common.
I was trying to figure out what people should do instead of driving in traffic.
It was like planning how other people should live their lives.
Planning a complex social system is very difficult, and I'm going to tell you an interesting story.
Back in 1989, when the Berlin Wall came down, a city planner in London got a call from a colleague in Moscow who asked, "Hi, I'm Vladimir. Do you know who's in charge of London's bread supply?"
A city planner in London said, "Who's in charge of London, what do you mean? Nobody's in charge."
"But I'm sure someone must be in charge.
It's a very complicated system, so someone must be managing it."
"No no no no no one's in control
In other words, I didn't even think about it, but the point is
The operation of the bread supply is automatic."
it works well naturally
This is an example of a complex social system with the ability to self-organize, and it's a very interesting insight.
When you're trying to solve a really complex social problem, what generally works is to create incentives.
Don't plan the details, and people will naturally pick up on what they need to do to fit into the new framework.
So let's think about how we can use this insight to reduce road congestion.
This is a map of my hometown, Stockholm.
Stockholm is a medium-sized city of about two million people, but Stockholm has water all over the city, so there are a lot of bridges, narrow bridges, old bridges, and they cause a lot of traffic jams.
These red dots are the most congested parts of the bridge that lead to downtown.
So someone came up with the idea that instead of spending money on better public transport and better roads, try charging drivers a euro or two to use the traffic jams.
One or two euros doesn't seem like a lot compared to the cost of parking and maintenance, so you'd think drivers wouldn't react to that tiny amount.
actually it was different
For just a euro or two, we've managed to remove 20% of cars from rush hour traffic.
Now, you might think that 20 percent is a big difference, but there's still an 80 percent problem left.
because there is still 80% traffic
That's also wrong, because traffic is a non-linear phenomenon, which means that once traffic exceeds a certain amount, congestion starts to deteriorate rapidly.
But luckily it works for good too.
If we can reduce the amount of traffic even a little bit, the congestion will clear up sooner than expected.
January 3rd, 2006 Congestion charges were introduced in Stockholm. The first picture here is a picture of a typical street in Stockholm on January 2nd.
The next picture is the first day of the congestion charge introduction.
This is what happens when you reduce traffic by 20 percent.
We were able to reduce traffic congestion
But as I said, drivers will adapt.
After a while, you'd think the driver would get used to the congestion charge and come back.
And that's wrong, too. Six and a half years after congestion charges were introduced, traffic is still very low.
But if you look at the timeline for 2007, there's an interesting gap.
Congestion fees were actually piloted in January, phased out at the end of July, and reintroduced in 2007 after a referendum, which was a great opportunity for research.
I mean, it was really fun to experiment with in the first place, and I actually got to do it twice.
Personally, I'd like to do it once a year, but that doesn't seem to work.
Either way it was fun
And I continued my research. What happened?
This is the last day of the congestion charge, July 31st, the same road, but in the summer. Summer in Stockholm is wonderful, it's the brightest time of the year, and when we abolished the congestion charge, it was like this from day one.
All the cars are back again, kudos to the drivers who have adapted so quickly.
They all came back on the first day
This effect continued, and in 2007 the numbers were:
These traffic data were interesting, unexpected, and informative, but the slide that surprised me the most was this slide.
This shows public support for congestion charges in Stockholm, when they were introduced in the early spring of 2006, and everyone was vehemently opposed to congestion charges.
70% of people were against the introduction
However, contrary to expectations that dissatisfaction with congestion charges will increase after the introduction of congestion charges,
On the contrary, 70 percent of the people supported congestion charges, and again, 70 percent of Stockholm residents wanted to keep congestion charges, which they didn't have before.
How did this happen? Why?
So think about it: Who has changed?
The 20% of drivers who disappeared must have had some sort of dissatisfaction.
Where did they go? If we could understand this, we might find a way to make people happy with the transportation system.
We conducted investigative interviews with a number of transit agencies to try to understand who changed and where they went.
And it turned out that they themselves didn't understand (Laughter).
How can you say so? That's because migration patterns are less fixed than you might think.
People make different decisions every day, their mindsets change, the world around them changes, and every day all these thoughts push us a little bit further, and before we know it, we're trying to keep us from driving in rush hour.
The driver himself is unaware of it.
Another question is who changed them?
Who changed their minds and why?
We also did investigative interviews. Why did you change your mind? What made you change your mind?
After analyzing the answers, we found that more than half of the drivers don't think anything has changed.
They confidently said they'd been in favor of congestion charges all along.
So what we're saying is that with this toll, we've reduced traffic by 20 percent, and we've reduced congestion by a lot, but people don't realize that they've changed, and they simply believe that they've been supporting congestion charges all this time. there is
This is a force that can be harnessed when trying to solve complex social problems, and the trick is not to tell people how to adapt.
You just have to nudge them in the right direction.
And if it's done well, people might actually accept the change, and they might even appreciate the change.
Thank you for your attention. (Applause)
Life is full of opportunities, and it's something we make and seize.
For me it was the Olympics
that was me and my happiness
As a cross-country skier for the Australian team, aiming for the Winter Olympics, I was training with my teammates on the bike.
We could see the majestic Blue Mountains west of Sydney on our way.It was a clear autumn sky.The sun was shining, the scent of eucalyptus, and dreams were overflowing.
I felt fulfilled
Five and a half hours into my training, I cycled to my favorite hill, I love hills.
I started peddling, straining my legs, feeling the cold mountain air fill my lungs, and looked up to catch the sun.
Then all of a sudden it became pitch black
Where am I? What happened?
I felt pain all over my body
With 10 minutes to go, a very fast pick-up truck hit me.
He was taken by helicopter from the scene of the accident to the spinal cord ward in Sydney.
I had life-threatening injuries all over my body.
6 fractures in neck and back
Five left rib fractures
His right arm and clavicle were also broken.
Partially fractured below the ankle
The right half of the body opened wide, and the inside was full of gravel.
Through the cut across my forehead, I could see my skull.
Both head and internal organs are damaged
5 liters of bleeding
That's the equivalent of the total blood volume in a body the size of me.
By the time I got to Prince Henry Hospital, my blood pressure was only 40.
It was a completely unlucky day (laughs).
For ten days I traveled between two worlds
There was a part of me that looked at me from somewhere else, as if it was someone else's problem
Do you want to go back to that broken body?
But another voice says, "Good luck and don't die."
"No, no way"
"Okay, this is your chance."
"No, that body is in tatters. It's no longer useful."
"It's okay, if we work hard together, we can do it."
i was at a crossroads
If I don't return to my body, I can never return to this world again
It was a life-and-death battle
After 10 days, when you decide to return to your body,
Stopped internal bleeding
The next problem was walking, because I was paralyzed from the waist down.
Doctors told my parents that he had a stable fracture in his neck, but his back was completely crushed and his L1 vertebrae looked like he had stepped on a dropped peanut and shattered it.
I needed surgery
Surgery began and I was put on a bean bag
literally cut in half
Proof of that is still the scars that go around the body.
Removed as much bone as possible that was stuck in the spinal cord.
I took two broken ribs and used them to reconstruct L1, and then used the other broken rib to join T12 L1 L2 together.
Then it took an hour to stitch the body together.
I woke up in the intensive care unit, and there was a doctor who was thrilled with the success of the surgery, and my big toe moved just a little bit, and I thought, 'Yeah, I'm going to the Olympics!'
(Laughter) I was convinced
I don't think this should happen
But the doctor said, "Janine, the operation was a success, and we removed as much bone as possible from the spinal cord.
Disability will remain for life
No cure for central nervous system
It's what's called partial paralysis, and there are various scars that come with it.
Loss of sensation from the waist down, and if it does come back it's probably 10-20%.
Remaining visceral disorder
I need a lifelong catheter
Even if I could walk, I wouldn't be able to do it without braces and a walker."
And she said, "Janine, think again about what you're going to do, because you can never do what you've done before."
I had trouble understanding
I'm an athlete and that's all I've ever done
What can you do if you can't do that?
I asked myself, if I can't do that, who am I?
Moved from the intensive care unit to the spinal cord ward
I was laid in a thin and hard private bed
unable to move legs
I was wearing compression tights to prevent blood clots.
Cast on one arm, IV needle on the other
My neck was also held in place by a neck support and sandbags on either side, and my world was just what I could see in the overhead mirror.
There were five other patients in the room, but they were all lying motionless, so they couldn't see each other.
How wonderful!
There aren't many opportunities in life to develop friendships regardless of appearances, right?
It wasn't just a superficial conversation, it was an internal conversation about our fears and our hopes for life after we left the hospital.
One night, Jonathan, a nurse, brought a stack of straws into his room.
He handed each of us a stack of straws and said, "Here, put this together."
We started connecting because there was nothing else to do.
When he had tied them all together, he quietly walked around the room, connected all the straws, and surrounded the room with straw rings.
"Now everyone hold your straws"
As we grabbed him, he said, "Now we're all connected."
When I took a straw in my hand and breathed as one with everyone, I knew we were all friends on this journey.
While in the hospital room, unable to move
I felt a deep, rich, pure bond that I had never experienced before.
And I realized that after we got out of the hospital, we were all going to live differently.
Half a year later, it's time to leave the hospital
I went outside in a wheelchair pushed by my father.
I thought, why did I take this for granted?
i was grateful to have life
But before I left the hospital, the head nurse came up to me and said, "Janine, be prepared. Something's going to happen when you get home."
"What's that?" she said when I asked
"I'm sure I'll fall"
"I won't be Janine Machine." That's my nickname.
She said, "No, we're all going to be
In the spinal cord ward, that's normal. Wheelchairs are normal, too.
But when I get home, I realize my life has changed."
it happened when i got home
Nurse Sam was right
i was depressed
Sitting in a wheelchair, numb from the waist down
I had a dangling bottle of catheter, and I couldn't walk.
I lost a lot of weight while in the hospital, weighing only 36 kilos.
i wanted to throw it all away
I wanted to put on my running shoes and run outside
I wanted my original life back, my original body back.
My mother sat on the bed and muttered, "I wonder if life will get better in the future."
I thought, "Impossible important things
I lost everything I tried
everything"
And all I could think was, "Why me?
Why me?" Then I remembered my friends in the spinal ward, especially Maria.
Maria was in a car accident and was told on her 16th birthday that she was a total quadriplegic, unable to move from the neck down, damaged her vocal cords, and could not speak.
I said, "I'll move you next to her, it'll help her."
I was afraid, I didn't know how I would react when I lay down on her side.
I thought it would be hard, but in fact, her smile saved me She never stopped smiling
She always seemed happy, and when she could speak it was difficult to understand, but she never complained.
I wondered how she could have accepted the situation the way she did.
And I realized that I'm not the only one with problems, life has its problems, and I'm not the only one with pain.
It's something that everyone has, like before
The choice is yours to keep fighting or to give up and accept this body and this life.
So I stopped asking myself, "Why me?"
I began to think, "Then I will."
I began to think that rock bottom might be the best place to start.
I never thought of myself as a creative person.
I was an athlete, my body was a machine
But then I got to work on the most creative project ever: rebuilding my life.
I felt a sense of freedom in the midst of the uncertainty, when I had no idea what to do.
I don't have to go down the pre-determined path anymore
Explore life's endless possibilities
Realizing that, life was about to reach its starting point
Sitting at home in a wheelchair with a cast on, I could see the planes flying overhead.
I came up with "This is it!
If I can't walk, why not fly?"
"Mommy, I'm learning to fly," I said.
My mom said, "Oh, that's nice." (Laughter)
I continued, "Give me a town page."
I got the phone book and called the flight training school and told them I wanted to book a flight course.
The school said, "When can you come?"
I replied, "I've got to ask my friends what's going on, because I can't drive, and I can barely walk.
is there a problem?"
I made an appointment, and a few weeks later, my friend Chris and my mother took me to the airport, where I was 36 kilos in a torso cast and covered in baggy overalls. (Laughter)
(Laughter)
I said while holding onto the counter and supporting my body.
"I've come to take flight lessons."
"You should be in charge" "Good, good, you should be in charge"
Finally one of them came out and said, "Hi, I'm Andrew. Let's go fly."
I who said "best"
They took me to the tarmac, and there was a red, white, and blue plane, beautiful, I was lifted up to the wing
From there I was put into the cockpit
I sat down and there were buttons and dials everywhere.
When I'm thinking, "How am I supposed to remember all this?"
Andrew, my instructor, sat in the front, started the plane, and asked me, "Would you like to try a taxi?"
When you fly the plane on the ground, you control it with your foot pedals, and I said, "No, I can't move my feet."
"Oh," he said, "but I can use my hands." And he said, "OK."
And so he took control and entered the runway and prepared to take off.
As I speeded up the runway and the wheels left the tarmac and took off into the air, I felt the greatest freedom.
As we entered the training area, Andrew said, "Can you see that mountain over there?"
I said yes and he continued
"This time, you should hold the pilot and try to fly toward that mountain."
Looking up, he was pointing at the Blue Mountains where this journey began.
I was flying with the control stick in my hand
stay far away from the spinal ward
In that moment, I knew I was going to be a pilot.
I doubted if I would pass the physical examination.
Dreams were the first priority
After I got home, I wrote a plan in my training journal.
After completing the walking training to the fullest and standing supported by two people,
With just one person supporting me, I can stand up
I've gotten to the point where I can walk along furniture as long as it's not separated from another piece of furniture.
And I was finally able to walk inside the house, along the wall, like this, my mother followed me around.
I was wiping my fingerprints off (laughs).
At least she knew where I was
While the doctors continued to operate to get my body back on track, I continued to study aviation theory until, to my surprise,
I passed the pilot's physical examination and was cleared to fly.
I took the time to go to flight school, and it took a little courage, but among the young people who dreamed of becoming Qantas pilots, there was the older me, the cast, the metal braces, the baggy overalls, the medicine bag, the catheter, and I was lame. I'm pulling
They looked at me and thought, "Are you kidding me? She can't beat me."
I thought so too sometimes
But it didn't matter, something started to burn inside me and erased my scars.
I achieved small goals and progressed until I finally got my private pilot's license.
I learned to fly free and flew all over Australia with my friends.
I also learned to fly twin-engine planes and got my certification.
I trained to fly in both good and bad weather, and acquired an instrument flight qualification.
Then I got my commercial pilot's license.
Qualified as an instructor
And I found myself back at the training school where I first flew, teaching students how to fly.
I had just been discharged from the spinal cord ward, 18 months later.
(Applause) And I thought, "Well, anyway.
I wonder if I should learn to fly upside down."
I took his word for it and became an aerobatic instructor.
What about my father and mother? You never flew with me
Physical limitations couldn't keep my spirits up.
As Lao Tzu said, "When you stop being fixated on who you are, you become who you can be."
I realized that I can create a new life for the first time by throwing away the self that I've decided on myself.
Only after I let go of my life and the life I believed in
I discovered a new life that awaited me.
My true strength doesn't come from my body
Even if my physical abilities changed dramatically, I didn't change who I am.
The light inside me has not gone out, it should be inside everyone.
Just like my body isn't "me"
Only your body is not you
Appearances, hometowns, jobs, etc. have no meaning anymore
It's important to express your true self in the ultimate creative way and keep the fire of humanity alive, because we are all connected by a myriad of straws.
Now is the time to connect and squeeze it all together.
If you want to grasp the happiness of the whole
Don't look at the physical things, listen to the voice of your heart
Come on guys, why don't you raise a straw with me
Thank you. (Applause)
thank you
I am a designer and an educator.
I'm good at multitasking, and I've taught my students the creative, multitasking design process.
But just how efficient is multitasking?
The option of monotask Would you like to review it?
Let me give you some examples
look
(Laughter) And while I was cooking, I was on the phone, chatting, and posting pictures of this amazing barbecue.
We hear about people who can super-multitask, but only two percent of us can do that.
But what about the remaining 98% of us?
When was the last time you really enjoyed chatting with your friends?
Here's a project I'm working on, and with this cover, we can downgrade our phones to just the bare minimum, which is both great and great -- (Laughter) (Applause).
Next Have you ever been to Venice?
In that beautiful townscape, you can forget reality just by walking down the quiet lanes.
But our ability to multitask is very different, and we're flooded with information.
So how about remembering your adventurous spirit? So how about remembering your adventurous spirit?
I know the advocacy of monotasking seems strange now that our smartphones have increased our possibilities, but I dare say: reconsider your one-task focus options, or turn off your digital senses altogether. Senka?
Today, anyone can create a product specifically for monotasking.
Explore the possibilities of monotasking in a world of multitasking
thank you
(applause)
I'm going to talk about the power of words, the word "jihad."
For most Muslims who practice Islam, jihad means an inner struggle of faith.
It is the struggle within the individual against evil, sin, temptation, desire and greed It is the struggle within the individual against evil, sin, temptation, desire and greed
It's the struggle that comes with living a life guided by the moral rules written in the Quran.
In its original interpretation, jihad is as important to Muslims as mercy is to Christians.
So when you think about it, "jihad" is a very powerful word, and it even has a certain mystical tone to it.
That's why, for hundreds of years, Muslims everywhere have named their children "Jihad" -- daughters and sons alike -- just as Christian parents name their daughters "Grace," like me. Hindu parents name their daughters Bhakti, a Sanskrit word that means worship of God.
But there is always a minority of Muslims who believe that jihad means not only an internal struggle, but also an external one, a struggle against the forces that threaten their faith and believers.
Some believe that it's okay to be armed for the struggle.
So thousands of young Muslim men flooded into Afghanistan in the 1980s to fight the Soviet Union's occupation of the Islamic State, as they understood them to be fighting jihad and practicing jihad. They called themselves 'Mujahideen', a word that has the same root as 'Jihad'.
Now forgotten, but back then the Mujahideen were celebrated here in America.
Regarded as a sacred warrior who bravely fought against the evil communists Regarded as a sacred warrior who bravely fought against the evil communists
America was arming them, funding them, cheering them on, encouraging them.
But a small minority of them -- a minority within a minority -- created a new and dangerous conception of jihad, a new and dangerous conception of jihad. Bin Laden leads them, he refined the concept even further.
His jihad was a global war of terrorism whose primary target was the United States, a distant crusader of the West.
He did the most terrifying and absurd thing in the world to carry out this jihad, and the shock of this incident was so great that his definition of jihad took hold not only in the West, but around the world.
We didn't know the details and had no doubts.
We assumed that because this lunatic and his lunatic followers called their activities "jihad," that's what they meant by "jihad."
Not just us, but Muslims as well, and his definition of jihad was gradually accepted.
Last year, I met an old imam in a tiny mosque in Tunis, the capital of Tunisia.
Fifteen years ago, he named his granddaughter "Jihad," with the original meaning, and he hoped the name would lead her into a religious life.
But after 9/11, he says he's starting to regret having that name, but after 9/11, he says he's starting to regret having that name.
I was worried that if I called her by that name, especially when she was out in public, she would look like a supporter of what bin Laden meant by "jihad."
In his mosque, every Friday, to restore the original meaning of jihad, every Friday, his mosque holds a sermon to restore the original meaning of jihad. We're watching footage of the building collapsing We're watching footage of planes crashing into a building and the building collapsing.
He heard bin Laden proclaim that this was jihad, and the old imam worried that no one might listen or pay attention to his preaching.
But some people were interested in him for the wrong reasons.
At the time, the United States was pressuring its Arab allies, including Tunisia, to stamp out extremism. it has become
I suddenly started visiting an old man in a small mosque, whom I had never paid much attention to before, and sometimes bombarded him with questions, always the same question: "Why did you name your granddaughter Jihad?"
“Why do you keep mentioning jihad in Friday sermons?”
"Do you hate Americans?"
"What is your relationship with Ozama bin Laden?"
To Tunisian and other Arab intelligence agencies, "jihad" meant extremism, and bin Laden's definition became official. is
The impact of his words was so powerful
This old imam was overwhelmed with grief
He said that among bin Laden's many crimes, this one escaped people's attention. Bin Laden stole these beautiful words.
Rather than abuse the word, he abducted it, demeaned it, polluted it, gave it a meaning far removed from its original meaning, and made the world believe that it originally meant international terrorism. They convinced the world that the word originally meant international terrorism.
But fortunately, international jihad, as defined by bin Laden, is coming to an end.
Long before he died, his momentum began to wane, and now he's dying.
Polls in Muslim countries show that very few people are interested in waging a global jihad against distant Western nations.
The number of young people willing to participate in such wars and give their lives is decreasing.
And just as much, if not more importantly, as military strength, funding is becoming scarcer.
Wealthy zealots who used to fund them are now reluctant to fund such activities.
How should we think about this?
Is it time to celebrate with champagne? Does it mean that we can withdraw from the war, withdraw from the battlefield, and live in peace?
No, you can't withdraw from a war, because if local jihad survives, it will become an international jihad.
There are all sorts of violent jihads in the world right now.
Somalia, Mali, Nigeria, Iraq, Afghanistan, Pakistan, there are organizations that claim to carry on the legacy of Ozama bin Laden.
uses the same words as bin Laden
It's even inherited the brand he created for jihad.
"Al Qaeda" is present today in the Islamic region of Mahbreb, in the Arabian Peninsula, and in Mesopotamia.
Nigeria has "Boko Haram," Somalia has "Al-Shabaab," and they respect Ozama bin Laden.
But if you look carefully, you'll realize that they're not fighting international jihad.
they are addressing narrower issues
Ethnic or racial or sectarian issues or power struggles.
Most of the time it's a question of power struggles within a country or a narrower region.
They sometimes cross borders, for example, from Iraq to Syria, or from Mali to Algeria, or from Somalia to Kenya, but they do not engage in international jihad against distant enemies.
But that doesn't mean you can rest easy.
I recently went to Yemen, which is still the last stronghold of al-Qaeda groups that still target Western countries.
This is the old faction of Al Qaeda.
you might remember
They used the "underwear bomb" to go to the United States and try to blow up planes, and they used the Internet to incite violence against Muslims in the United States.
but not these days
Last year they occupied parts of southern Yemen and ruled them the way the Taliban did.
The Yemeni army rallied against it, and the civilians went up against al-Qaeda, resulting in the organization being kicked out, and since then it has focused its attacks on the Yemenis.
All of this makes me think, as some political commentators say, that all jihad today is local.
But that doesn't mean we can't retreat, because we're seeing the tragedy it causes in Afghanistan.
We withdrew when the Mujahideen organization defeated the Soviet Union.
And while we were celebrating, the Taliban took over Kabul, and at that point we said, "It's local jihad, so it's none of our business."
The Taliban handed over the Kandahar stronghold to Ozama bin Laden, and it developed into a problem that touches us all.
If local jihad is ignored, it will redevelop into international jihad.
Fortunately, the tide can be stopped.
we know how to fight
I have the necessary tools and the knowledge to use what I have learned from fighting and winning international jihad to respond to local jihad using what I have learned from fighting and winning international jihad.
So what is "learned"? SEAL Team 6 killed bin Laden.
So who put an end to bin Ladenism?
Who ended international jihad?
That answer holds the key to resolving local jihad.
Who Ended Bin Ladenism? Let's think about bin Laden himself first.
9/11, which bin Laden himself praises,
It was, in fact, the beginning of his end.
He killed 3,000 innocent people, instilling fear and hatred in Muslim countries, which prevented his concept of jihad from becoming mainstream.
He has positioned himself as a mad extremist in Islamic society.
9/11 made him less powerful than he was
Who Killed Bin Ladenism? Abu Musab Zarqawi
He was the most brutal leader of Al Qaeda in Iraq. He sent hundreds of suicide bombers to attack Iraqi Muslims, not the United States.
Al-Qaeda's claim to protect Islam from Western crusaders has drowned in the blood of Iraqi Muslims.
Who killed bin Laden? Seal team 6
Who Killed Bin Ladenism? Al Jazeera, Al Jazeera and several Arab satellite stations, because they beat the national television, which was hiding information from the public, because they beat the national television, which was hiding information from the public.
With Al Jazeera, the people were informed, and the people knew what was going on in the name of their religion, exposing the hypocrisy of Ozama bin Laden and al-Qaeda, informing the people, and making their own decisions. I gave you the opportunity
Who killed bin Laden? So was the Arab Spring. The Arab Spring taught young Muslims that they could make a difference, a change that the poor imagination of bin Laden could never have achieved.
Who defeated international jihad? It's the American army. It's an American soldier and his comrades. It's a soldier who fought in a distant battlefield.
The day will come when they will be given the fame they deserve.
All of these factors and many others, some of which we still don't fully understand, combined to defeat monstrosities like bin Ladenism and defeat international jihad. was
Not all of these are effective in local jihad.
US military will not intervene in Nigeria to defeat Boko Haram US military will not intervene in Nigeria to defeat Boko Haram Similarly, SEAL Team 6 follows al-Shabaab leaders into their hideouts. it won't happen
But many of the other elements already exist in stronger forms, and things have changed quite a bit.
you don't have to start over
The concept of violent jihad, where more Muslims are killed than other Muslims, is completely discredited.
No need to go back to that concept
New technologies in satellite broadcasting and the Internet are empowering young Muslims.
The Arab Spring created governments, many of them Muslim governments, that knew they needed to crack down on extremists in self-defense.
You don't have to convince them, but you have to help them, because it's their first time doing this.
And the good news is that many of their needs are things that we already have and can easily give: not just money, but financial support, including expertise, technology, knowledge, investment capital, fair trade rules, health care, Technical assistance in education, and training to strengthen the police. Technical assistance in medical, education, and training to strengthen the police.
what we have enough
What else they need may not be given to us or anyone else.
Time, Patience, Tactfulness, Understanding These are hard to give
I live in New York City right now, and a poster was put up in a New York subway station this week, claiming that jihad is violent.
But I've been covering the Middle East for years, and I've never been more positive than I am today. And one of the reasons for my optimism is that there are millions, millions of Muslims like the Imam of Tunis, millions of millions. Because I know that Muslims like the Imam of Tunis are trying to take back this word and try to take back the original intention of that beautiful word.
Bin Laden is dead, his cause has been defeated.
His definition of "jihad" can now be erased.
Say goodbye and say goodbye
And let's welcome the true 'jihad' with 'Welcome back, keep up the good work'
thank you
BJ was one of the prisoners with big plans for the future.
He had a vision, and when he was released, he was going to say goodbye to his drug life and live it right.
I was going to pay 10,000 dollars to buy a website that was dedicated to women having sex in luxury sports cars. (Laughter) This was my first week in federal prison. I knew right away that it was completely different.
In fact, the people in prison were smart, enthusiastic men, often with business instincts as sharp as those of business leaders. It was as good as CEOs who had enjoyed wine and food before.
Ninety-five percent of the prisoners who were locked up together were drug dealers in the outside world, and they used a different jargon than ours to talk about their business, but in terms of business concepts, they were first-year MBA students at the University of Pennsylvania. It wasn't much different than what I learned: promotional incentives, free trials, focus group methods for new product introduction, market expansion, and so on.
But they have no time to reclaim their past glory.
Most of the time people are desperate to survive
It's tougher than you can imagine
Most people think that prisoners don't pay taxes and live on taxes, but they pay for their living.
Soup, deodorant, toothbrush, toothpaste, etc. I have to pay for everything myself.
this is too harsh
First, everything is 30-50% more expensive than the price in the outside world. Second, you can't make a lot of money.
My job was unloading trucks. I worked all day in a grocery store. I made $5.25.
How am I supposed to live?
First you have to learn how to make money
There are legal ways to earn money.
use stamps as currency
Clean out your colleague's cell and demand money.
There are also gray ways to earn money, such as running a barber shop outside your own room.
Of course, it's illegal to run a tattoo parlor outside the chamber.
And what's completely illegal is the illicit acquisition of drugs, pornographic magazines, mobile phones, and other things that are available in the outside world.
If you want cigarettes in prison, it's three to five dollars a cigarette.
Even an old flip phone that opens up to about the length of your head costs about $300.
Is it a porn magazine?
The market price will be around $1,000
As you might expect, life in prison requires ingenuity.
Through different means, prisoners have managed to keep costs down by cooking delicious meals with leftovers they stole from the pantry, cutting their hair with toenail clippers, and making training supplies by hanging stone-filled laundry bags from tree limbs. They learn how to make ends meet, and many of them want to take this ingenuity to the outside world and open restaurants, barbershops, gyms.
But there's no job training, no way to prepare them, no support for reintegration, no one to teach them how to write a business plan, someone to help them turn their intuitive business concepts into legitimate businesses. no i don't even have internet access
And even when they go out into the world, most states don't have laws against discrimination against people with criminal records.
So it's no surprise to hear that two-thirds of ex-offenders re-offend within five years of being released.
Look, I lied to the federal government and lost a year of my life.
But when I got out, I vowed that I would do anything I could to keep the prisoners from wasting their lives.
I would appreciate it if you could help me with anything
The best thing we can do is find ways to nurture entrepreneurship and untapped potential within prisons, otherwise they won't learn useful new skills, and they'll be back in prison sooner rather than later.
In prison, you can only learn how to make money.
thank you
my air jordan is $100 including tax
My leather jacket has the Raiders logo on the back
I smile stylishly and pretend I don't want to be heard, I just want to be seen
My leather Adidas baseball cap looks great with a fake Gucci backpack (lol) No one looks better than me But this takes money I'm unemployed and broke But anything from the mall is easy can steal
My parents say don't steal, but there's no other way
I don't know what I look like I have no choice but to do it The real reason I dress up is- I don't even know Maybe it makes me feel special
With the latest gear I can be proud I need to get some new clothes soon My ego is going to explode like a cheap balloon
But the security in the store is tighter and the police are increasing day by day.
My nigga laughs at my ragged clothes
School is about to end, summer is just around the corner
But my Jordans are torn
I need new shoes, there's only one thing to do
If you skip school on Fridays, take the subway downtown, and wander around looking for prey
Good prey can be found with luck
I need the latest gear
I have a gun and I have enough motivation
this is not a game nothing is fun
no one laughs at me
I'm gonna get some cool stuff
I left the station and saw one of the guys playing basketball on Nishi 4-chome, near the park. "Hey, where did you get those Nike shoes?" The white of the tip is dazzling and blinding
Jordan's red logo looks like it's flying through the air
Brand new Air Jordans with no stains
there's only one thing you can do with a gun
Waiting for an opportunity, I approached and followed
Left turn on Houston street I pulled out my gun And I said "Give me the Air Jordans!" And he tried to run away
Don't let it go, I'll take it away quickly I hit "Pan!" Falling between two cars
He was coughing and crying and he was vomiting blood on the ground.
When I grab onto the Air Jordan at my feet
He lay on the ground and breathed like a worm and said, "Please don't take my Air Jordans."
you think life is more important
I saw tears in his eyes as I took off his shoes.
The next day I went to school in brand new Air Jordans I was looking good
I killed people for my shoes but I don't care 'cause now I need a new jacket
Thank you. (Applause) One thing I've always wanted to do over the last 15 years is to go beyond poetry and let the world know.
See, writing a book won't be enough
Participating in poetry slams wasn't enough, and while I was focusing on those things, I couldn't hold a pen and say nothing.
I still remember this feeling of hunger and thirst, "How can I get people who hate poetry to love me?
I am an extension of my work, so if they love me, they will love my work, and if they love my work, they will love poetry. will finish the work of
In 1996, I found the answer in the master of the spoken word, Reg E. Gaines, author of the famous poem "Don't Take My Air Jordans."
I followed him everywhere until he put me in the same room I read my favorite books to him And what do you think he said?
"Hey weirdo
Can you guess what the problem is?
You don't read other people's poetry, so you can't come up with any deliberate notes to rhyme with your words? (Laughter) For a while, he continued to talk about poetry, style, and Friday nights at the Nuyorican Cafe.
So I could have quit, I should have quit
Because I thought poetry was just self-expression.
I didn't know you needed creative control.
So instead of giving up poetry, I followed him around.
I was outside the door when he was writing a Broadway production
The best poet used to wake him up at 6:30 in the morning to ask him
I remember eating the eyeballs of freshly caught fish after he told me they were food that made me smart.
One day, I said to him, "Leg E, what is a deliberate tone to rhyme with words?" It's a paper called "Characteristics of Oral Poetry," written by . Words such as if, and, but, what 'cause slang like gangsta can be made to sound good And since then I've been chasing Etheridge Knight
In my search for what kind of poetry he would read, I came across a poem called "Dark Prophecies: A Song of Brilliance." "Toast" was the beginning of my greatest stage as a poet: Broadway.
Since then, I've learned to step away from the mic and attack poetry with my whole body.
But this is not the greatest lesson I've learned.
The biggest lesson came years later, when I ran into a talent agent in Beverly Hills who stared at me and told me that I looked like I had no experience in the industry at all.
I said to him, "Listen, you idiot. You failed your acting career and became an agent. Do you know why you failed?
People like me become actors
Coming all the way from Cleveland to Essex, New York Riding platform 6 at each stop With the business woman at Hunt's Point Acquiring the art of sense of distance Putting myself in the shoes of an infinite number of men and women and children and carrying them as my experience I can do anything
People who bought tickets for my story Stick it on their fridge and let them know that the revolution is on the way Stock up
While you went to a prestigious school to learn "sonnet collection"
I know the shock of the "Crying Game" I know the fear of the son of a man who gave his mother AIDS I know the fear of a boy being bullied for being unknowingly called an AIDS victim And this is a slogan
I've got a lot of experience When I went to Fell School, kids from wealthy families decided to help one of them, and it was me, but I'm the one who teaches those boys how to rub jeans I was found and kicked out. Show me Chekhov.
Sanford Meisner said quietly to himself, "If it doesn't work, there's something wrong."
Method acting is just a mixture of personalities, like pretending a lie is real, like when Kenny in high school said he wanted to be a cop.
He's going to an inmate's school
David Mamet analyzed my aggressive questioning Stanislavski will beat you and these incompetent students like Bruce Lee.
What can you get from studying guerrilla theater in London?
I'll teach you an ancient Chinese trick on a Saturday afternoon kung fu show.
"The board doesn't hit back"
Do black people think it's hard to find a job in this industry? I'm an obscure mulatto I'm too black to be white but too white to be right
I know the slums of America When I stopped by Soweto Buried an abortion child in an unclaimed cemetery And I managed to keep a smile on my face So when I walked out this door No matter how you yell at me, the way I did Did you know how to slander me?"
Thank you. (Applause)
I'd like to show you a video of the models I work with.
It's the perfect size and has no fat on it.
So beautiful, isn't it?
(Laughter) As you can imagine, I'm a regenerative medicine scientist, and this is a video of a beating heart that I made in my lab.
It is hoped that one day these tissues will become replacement parts for the human body.
But what I'm going to talk about today is the usefulness of these tissues as research models.
Think about the drug discovery process
You start by synthesizing the drug, then you go through lab testing, then you go through animal testing, you go through clinical trials, which you might call human testing, and then the drug finally hits the market.
It costs a lot of money and time, and even when drugs hit the market, they sometimes cause unexpected side effects and harm people.
The later you notice a side effect, the more damage it does.
It all boils down to two issues: first, the differences between humans and rats, and second, even among nearly identical humans, small individual differences can have a big impact on how drugs are metabolized and how they work.
What if we had better models to study that were closer to humans than rats, and that could replicate human variability?
Let's see how regenerative medicine can make it possible.
One of the key technologies here is called induced pluripotent stem cells.
Most recently developed in Japan
iPS cells
It's very similar to embryonic stem cells, except that it's ethically acceptable.
These are artificially induced cells. For example, we introduce several genes into skin cells and culture them.
iPS cells are essentially skin cells that have been engineered into an embryonic state, like cellular amnesiacs.
So the first advantage is that there are no ethical issues.
The second advantage is that you can use your own cells to make brains, hearts, livers, any kind of tissue.
You can model your own heart or your brain on a chip.
Techniques for tissue generation with predictable density and behavior are another essential key to applying models to drug discovery.
This is the blueprint for the bioreactor that we're developing, which will allow us to build modular structures at different scales.
In the future, if this can be massively parallelized and thousands of human organizations can be created at the same time,
It's going to be like doing clinical trials on a chip.
And with iPS cells, you can do things like, for example, if you take skin cells from a person with a genetic disease and then make a tissue out of it, you can use regenerative medicine techniques to create a model of the disease in the lab.
An example from the Kevin Egan lab at Harvard University.
From a patient with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), we generated iPS cells, generated neurons, and when we differentiated the iPS cells into neurons, to our surprise, these neurons also developed ALS symptoms.
With disease models like this, we'll be able to stop disease faster than ever before, understand disease in greater depth, and find drugs much easier.
Here's another example of using patient-specific stem cells, made from a patient with retinitis pigmentosa.
This is a disease that weakens the retina.
I have inherited this disease in my family, so I hope iPS cell therapy will be found.
These models look good, but one might wonder if they're as useful as rats.
Essentially, rats are complete organisms with a network of interacting organs.
Cardiac drugs can be metabolized in the liver and by-products can be stored in fat.
Aren't these things overlooked in experiments using regenerative medicine models?
as a recent trend
Merging regenerative medicine technology with microfluidics is becoming mainstream, using models that recreate complete whole organisms with multiple organ systems, like the effects of blood pressure drugs on the liver, or antidepressants on the heart. experimenting with the effects of
Building a system like this is really hard, but it's becoming feasible, so watch it.
But that's not all, because even after drug approval, regenerative medicine technologies can help develop personalized treatments.
This is an example that might interest some of you in the future, and I hope it doesn't happen, but let's say you get a phone call from your doctor with the bad news that you suspect you have cancer.
Wouldn't you like to test whether an anticancer drug works for your cancer before taking it?
Here's an example from the Karen Berg lab, using inkjet technology to print breast cancer cells to study cancer progression and treatment.
At Tufts University, they're mixing models like this with regenerated bone to see how cancer spreads from one part of the body to another, and this kind of multi-tissue chip is the kind of study that does this. will be responsible for the next generation of
When you think about models like this, you can see that regenerative medicine is poised to revolutionize each step of drug discovery in the future. Massively parallelized human tissue models will reduce animal and human testing in clinical trials, and will also upend unthinkable markets such as personalized medicine.
Essentially, we're dramatically speeding up the feedback between the process of synthesizing a molecule and studying its effects in the human body.
The process by which we do this is essentially transforming biotechnology and pharmacy into information technology to make the discovery and evaluation of new drugs faster, cheaper and more efficient.
I think you can see the superiority unique to models over animal experiments.
Thank you. (Applause)
In 2002, a group of therapeutic activists met to discuss early aircraft development.
At the beginning of the 20th century, the Wright brothers were the first to take a machine into the sky.
We also have a number of patents on key parts of this plane.
It's nothing special.
As is common in industry, patents on airplanes were a strong defense against themselves and sued their competitors.
This just wasn't very good for the development of the aviation industry, at a time when the US government was interested in increasing the production of military aircraft.
There was a conflict of interest.
The United States government has taken action. Requires patent holders to share their patents with other companies so they can build airplanes.
So what does this patent action related to airplane development have to do with this meeting?
In 2002, Kenyan social scientist Nelson Otwama was diagnosed with HIV and needed treatment.
At that time, he was told there was no cure.
AIDS is a deadly disease. No treatment was provided. In fact, by this time there was a cure in the wealthy countries.
AIDS had already become a chronic disease.
People in our European countries and North American countries lived well with HIV and HIV.
Not so with Nelson. They weren't rich enough. His 3-year-old son was also found to be HIV-positive a year later, and it was the same for him.
Nelson decided to become a therapy activist. Worked collaboratively with other groups.
In 2002, I faced another struggle.
The cost of ARVs (antiretroviral drugs) needed to treat HIV was $12,000 per patient per year.
A number of Western pharmaceutical companies had patents on these drugs, and they were not necessarily willing to make the patents available.
Having a patent precludes someone else from manufacturing or producing it. For example, it can eliminate the production of cheap products of expensive drugs such as ARVs.
Obviously, this is why there are patent fights all over the world.
Luckily, the patent wasn't anywhere.
There were countries around the world, such as India, that did not recognize pharmaceutical companies' patents. So Indian pharmaceutical companies started producing cheaper versions of the so-called generic drugs, antiretroviral drugs, and made the drugs available in their developing homeland. And in less than a year, the price dropped from $10,000 per patient per year to $350. And now that same triple cocktail is $60 per patient per year. Of course, this result had a huge impact.
(As a result) treatment programs became available and funded, and more and more people began to receive antiretroviral treatment.
Currently, 8 million people are being treated with antiretroviral drugs.
There are 34 million people living with HIV.
It's not a very high number [of people on medication], but it's actually good news. Because patients stopped dying.
If you can get medicine, you can avoid dying.
There are more.
It stops further spread of the virus to others.
This is shown in a fairly recent study.
What this means is that we have the means to prevent the spread of [HIV].
What is the problem now?
Well, things have changed since then.
First, the rules have changed.
All countries must now recognize pharmaceutical company patents for at least 20 years.
This is the result of WTO (World Trade Organization) intellectual property regulations.
So we can no longer do what India did.
Second, the efforts of companies holding patents have also changed.
This is the actual number of patents, this is before the 1995 WTO (Intellectual Property) regulation, before antiretroviral drugs.
This is where we are now, and in the developing world, what this means is that if we don't do something intentional, if we don't do something now, we're going to run into another expensive drug problem very soon. increase. Because new drugs are being developed one after another and appearing on the market one after another, these drugs are also being patented in a wider range of countries than before.
So if we don't act, if we don't do something today, we will soon face the problem of a 'treatment time bomb'.
The number of patented drugs is not the only issue.
There are other issues that really daunt the commercial companies.
This shows the current state of the patent.
This is the current state of affairs for one drug.
So if you're a commercial company and you have to decide whether to invest in developing a product in a developing country, if you don't know that these patents are actually going to be available in the future, invest in something else. will choose to do
Again, intentional action is required.
So certainly if patent pools could be set up like they were done to boost military aircraft production, they should be able to do the same for the HIV/AIDS epidemic.
And we made it happen.
In 2010, UNITAID (International Medical Purchasing Facility) established a patent pool against HIV.
Here's how it works: Patent holders, developers who develop new drugs, obtain patents for those developments, but have made the patents available in the "pharmaceutical patent pool." And the "pharmaceutical patent pool" grants permission to make the patent available to anyone who needs it.
Patents will be available to general producers as well.
For example, non-profit drug development agencies are also available.
These producers can sell this drug much cheaper to the people who need it and the treatment programs they need.
Producers pay royalties to patent holders from their sales, and those payments are rewards for sharing intellectual property.
There is one important difference from an airplane patent pool.
The Pharmaceutical Patent Pool is a voluntary (not mandatory) mechanism.
Airplane patent holders had no choice but to license their patents.
I was forced to grant a license to use the patent.
This (mandatory action) is not possible for pharmaceutical patent pools.
Pharmaceutical patent pools rely on the willingness of pharmaceutical companies to license their patents for use by others.
Currently, Nelson Otwama is living in good health.
Antiretroviral drugs are available,
His son will be 14 soon.
Nelson is currently a member of the Pharmaceutical Patent Pool Advisory Group. During this time he told me, "Ellen, we are working in Kenya and many other countries to ensure that new drugs are available in the pharmaceutical patent pool quickly and without delay. I trust you.”
And this is no longer a novelty.
Already, like the example I'm about to show you.
In August of this year, the U.S. Drug Administration will approve a four-in-one AIDS treatment.
The company that owns this patent, Gilead, has licensed its intellectual property to a pharmaceutical patent pool.
The [pharmaceutical patent] pool is already working today to ensure that, in two months, commercial producers will be able to sell this drug where and when they need it, at a lower price.
This had never happened before.
It used to be common knowledge that in developing countries, even if new drugs were available, it would take 10 years to get them.
This has never been seen before.
Nelson's expectations are very high, and quite rightly so. He and his son will soon also have access to the next generation of antiretroviral drugs. The next and the next medicine will be available for the rest of your life. As a result, Nelson and many others in Kenya, and many others outside Kenya, will be able to continue to live healthy and active lives.
Now we rely on the willingness of pharmaceutical companies to make this happen. We are moving from conflict to cooperation, companies that understand this need, not just for the world, but for themselves. We believe in change. And through the pharmaceutical patent pool they made the change.
They could choose not to, but if they did, they might ultimately face governmental coercion similar to the situation faced by the Wright brothers at the beginning of the 20th century. To prevent this from happening, we should take the first step now.
thank you. (applause)
This is the hun. Today I want you to share my thoughts on the hun.
These creatures' brains are the size of a grain of rice, but they do things no human would ever attempt.
It's about how they treat their food source, the dung.
What shall we start with?
Again, the buttocks are a good place to start. This is the waste produced by other animals, but it still has nutrients in it. It's enough nutrients for the dung beetles to survive. to eat
It grows by feeding only on feces.
There are 800 species of dung beetles in South Africa, 2,000 in Africa, and 6,000 in the world.
For them, the hun is quite a feast.
If you don't pick out the dung with your fingers, you won't see 90% of the dung beetle species because they go deep into the dung, making many round trips between their dung above ground and their nests in the ground.
So what do they do with Hun?
Most of them come together in some form
The 10% roll the feces like a ball and roll them away from the original feces and bury them in the ground.
Here is the owner of the proud feces
It's a male. He's got hair on the back of his legs. He seems happy with this beautiful ball of feces.
But the tragedy is that I fell victim to a cowardly robbery, an act that shows that the dung is a valuable food source.
Valuable food sources need to be protected in a special way, so why not roll the dung far away? Because the competition for dung is fierce.
This clump of dung -- it's past tense. It was a clump 15 minutes before this photo was taken.
Now imagine this creature traversing the grasslands of Africa.
head down walking backwards
It's the wildest way to transport food, and it's also fighting the heat.
africa is hot
So I'm going to tell you about an experiment that my colleagues and I did, how do dung beetles cope with transport and heat.
Look at this dung beetle. Notice two things.
It's how you deal with the obstacles that are put in it.
Dance for a moment, then move in the direction you want
They know where they're going. They know where they want to go. And that's very important. For example, if they're in a big hunk of poop, they want to have the treat all to themselves, they want to carry it far away. It's quick, isn't it?
So we gave this kid an extra challenge, and we turned his feet. Watch his reaction.
His world has now turned under his feet, it's turned 90 degrees.
But it doesn't budge at all.
So how do they know where they're going?
what are you doing?
They sometimes climb onto the ball and look around.
Climb to the top of the ball, what the hell are they looking at?
What are the cues that animals can use? The sky is probably the most obvious. So what are you looking at in the sky?
The sky is the sun
So we did a classic experiment, moving the sun.
You use a board to block the sun, and you use a mirror to move the sun to a completely different position.
Watch the reaction of the dung beetles
Dance a little and walk in exactly the same direction as you started.
it became clear that they were looking at the sun
The sun is an important clue for them.
But the sun isn't always there, and after sunset it's hidden below the horizon.
There's a large pattern of polarized light in the sky that we can't see that the human eye can't detect.
But the sun is on the horizon. When the sun is on the horizon -- let's say it's on this side -- it creates a big north-south strip of polarization that's invisible to humans, but it's visible to dung beetles.
let's prove it
Take a large polarizing filter, put a dung beetle under it, and place the filter at right angles to the direction of the polarization pattern in the sky.
The dung beetle comes out from under the filter and turns to the right, back under the sky in its original pattern of orientation, turning its body back in its original direction.
They can see the polarization of light.
Dung beetle rolls a ball
Moreover, it rolls in a straight line
How can you move without bending?
Because it uses celestial cues that we can't see.
How do you perceive that clue?
that was exactly the next question
And I thought, maybe this dance is really important, because sometimes I take a break like this, and then I head back in the direction I want to go.
What is the meaning of this dance?
What will happen to them that will turn them around?
In this experiment, we start by forcing him into this groove, and if you look closely, you can see that he wasn't being forced into it.
Let's see how he reacts: he goes past the 90-degree spot and keeps walking until he turns 180 degrees from where he started.
look at his reaction
Dance a little, turn around, and go through the groove again.
He knows what's wrong, he knows how to deal with it, and this dance is the turning point that puts them in the right direction.
That's all about dancing. But after years of observing dung beetles in the heat of Africa, I noticed another behavior associated with dancing.
As they climb onto the ball, they occasionally wipe their faces.
you did it again
What is this all about?
Obviously the ground is hot, and when the ground is hot, you dance more often, and when you dance, you wipe the bottom of your face.
Isn't this for temperature control?
We thought he was cooling himself by brushing off hot sand and spitting in his face.
I made two stages there.
one hot and one cold
I put one in the shade and the other in the sun.
and photographed with a thermal imaging camera.
What you're seeing now is a visualization of the heat, and out of the droppings came a cold dung beetle.
Dung beetles are cold, cool, cool guys.
Ambient temperature is approximately 50°C
A dung beetle and a ball are probably around 30 to 35 degrees, like rolling a big hunk of ice cream across a hot meadow.
I haven't climbed yet, I haven't danced, because my body temperature is relatively low.
about the same as our body temperature
And the little brains are pretty cold, too.
But when it gets hot around you, look at the temperature of the ground.
55°C to 60°C
I started dancing often.
Look at your paws, they look pretty hot
The ball leaves a shadow of heat, and the dung beetle climbs onto the ball, wiping its face and constantly cooling down, presumably trying to avoid the hot sand.
So I put shoes on them to see if they could perceive the temperature of the ground with their feet.
Look at this, when you wear shoes, you climb on the ball a lot less often.
I named it cool boots
The shoes are made from dental materials.
We also chilled the ball of feces.
It's called stilt walking, which humans do when they walk on a hot sandy beach. You can jump on someone else's towel and say, "Excuse me, I stepped on it."
Dung beetle behavior is exactly the same.
I'd like to tell you one more thing, and it's about this species.
called the subgenus Pachysoma
There are 13 species, and they have interesting habits.
this is a dung beetle look
See the difference?
This video is not at normal speed
The point is, it's walking forward, and it's carrying dry little poop.
They're different species in the same genus, but they have exactly the same foraging behavior.
Another interesting thing is that dung beetles forage for food and bring it back to their nests.
Look at this kid, he's building a nest
Maybe they didn't like the first position, so they set up the nest in the second position. After 50 minutes, the nest is complete, and they go out for food.
What I want you to pay attention to is the difference between the outbound and return trips.
The return trip is much straighter than the outbound trip.
On the way out, I'm always looking for new droppings around me.
On the way back, they aim for their own nest and go straight home.
Importantly, unlike normal dung beetles, they make multiple round trips between feeding grounds and nests.
And South Africa's crime repeats, his neighbor stole his poop.
What we're looking at here is an act called path integration.
Dung beetles have homes. When they go out in search of food, they follow complex routes, and when they find food, they go straight home because they know where it is.
Two possibilities come to mind, and to test that, move the dung beetle from the feeding ground to another location.
If you're pointing to something on the ground, you can go home.
On the other hand, if you're using the path integral, you can't find the nest.
It knows in which direction the reference nest should be.
If you shift the position, you will get the wrong place
So let's do an experiment with this dung beetle.
here's a cunning experimenter
Move the dung beetle, let's see what happens
There's a nest here, the feeding ground over there
moved to a new location
If you're using landmarks, you should be able to find the nest, because you can recognize the landmarks around the nest.
If you're using path integral, you're arriving at the wrong place here.
Let's see what happens to dung beetles that are put to the test.
you are here
I'm about to go home what will happen
I'm sorry
I have no idea
I'm trying to find a house that should be the right distance from the feeding station, but I'm completely lost.
So they're using path integrals to navigate. The ruthless experimenter leads them to the top left and leaves. Here's a creature that uses the sun as a compass to navigate. We can measure this distance. We know that these species count their steps. They use that mechanism like a rangefinder to get back to their nests.
It is not clear if they are using
What have we learned from this creature with a brain the size of a grain of rice?
It turns out that they can use the celestial cues to roll the ball straight.
I also learned that dancing is for orientation and temperature control, and I learned to use path integrals when returning to the nest.
Even from such a small creature handling unpleasant objects, there is much to be learned from watching them do things that no human would ever do.
thank you
Hello everyone in Doha Hello (Arabic)
I love coming to Doha because it's really international.
This venue looks like a United Nations conference.
At the airport I was greeted by an Indian woman, in the airport lounge there was a Filipino woman, then a South African woman, then a Korean woman, and a Pakistani man carrying my luggage to a car driven by a Sri Lankan. gave me
The hotel receptionist was Lebanese.
It was a Swedish man who showed me to my room.
I screamed, "Where are the Qataris?" (Laughter)
(Applause) And the response was, "It's too hot right now.
They're smart, we'll see more later." (Laughter)
There's been a lot of development here, but there's also a problem with that.
For example, if you think you've met someone who knows the local area well, you actually don't know anything, right?
I called an Indian taxi driver to my hotel, and I told him I was going to the Sheraton, and he said, "No problem."
It doesn't move at all for 2-3 minutes.
So I asked, "What's wrong?" He said, "There's a problem."
"Where's the Sheraton?"
(Laughter) I said, "You know, you're a driver." And he said, "No, I just got there."
I asked, "Are you at this hotel?" "No, I just arrived in Doha.
I got a job right out of the airport and just started."
At the end of the phrase, "Do you want to drive a customer?"
I refused, saying, "I don't know the way."
"Me too. It's going to be an adventure."
Speaking of adventure, the Middle East has experienced adventure in recent years.
It started with the Arab Spring, and revolutions followed.Is there anyone from Lebanon?
Lebanese, can you please clap your hands? (applause)
Yes, the Middle East is running wild
The Middle East has gone completely insane that Lebanon is the safest place around here.
(Laughter) (Applause) Who would have thought that? wow
Now, the Middle East has serious problems.
Some people don't want to talk about it, but I'm here to talk about it.
People in the Middle East, about that problem, in the Middle East, when you meet people,
What is the correct number of kisses on the cheek?
It's confusing because it's different for each country, isn't it?
Three times in Lebanon, but two times in Egypt.
In Lebanon when I was used to three times
I once went to Egypt and said hello to a local man, and I kissed him one, two, three, but he only did it twice.
(Laughter) "Sorry, I was in Lebanon."
I explained that, but he said, "It doesn't matter where you were, just follow the rules of where you are now."
In Saudi Arabia, after kissing once on each side,
He kisses me on the same cheek as the second time. because it should be
"Abdal are you okay?"
I've been greeting you for 30 minutes, so I'll be back to normal soon."
Qatari people greet each other with nose to nose.
why? Is it troublesome to go to the cheeks?
"Habibi, it's hot today. Come on, put your face close. Hello.
Habibi don't move, stay like this
Give me some rest."
In Iran, it varies from two times to three times.
I heard from a friend that before the Revolution of '79,
It was 2 times, but it seems that it has become 3 times since then.
So, in Iran, the number of kisses tells you whether or not you supported the regime.
If you reach the third time, "Why three times? You...
I can't believe you supported the government."
Now, I'm really excited because, as I said before, the big cultural shift that's happening now is going to change the way the West views the Middle East.
Many Americans misunderstand the Middle East.
I'm Iranian and I'm American, so I know both.
We laugh too, right?
People in the Middle East are thought not to laugh
When I was doing the Axis of Evil Tour on Comedy Central, I was reading your comments online.
Some people wrote, "I didn't know people in the Middle East would laugh so much."
Now that you mention it, people in the Middle East don't laugh in American movies and television.
It's different from laughing like a villain like "Fuhahahaha" (laughs)
"In the name of Allah I will kill you Huhahaha"
But I don't laugh like "hahaha" in a cheerful way
We laugh and we want to enjoy life
I tell my friends that I want Americans to come to the Middle East.
The Middle East is full of wonderful things and people, and vice versa.
It can also prevent birth.
Have you ever heard of a Muslim family walking down the aisle of an American plane a while ago and asking, "Where is the safest seat?"
When passengers heard this, they mistakenly thought they were terrorists and they were eventually removed from the plane.
Father, mother and child, a normal family
I was just talking about seats. Of course, I know there are taboos on American aircraft.
"Hi Jack" in an airplane This is not a good way to say "Hi Jack" in an airplane
Even if your friend Jack is there, "How are you doing, Mr. Jack?"
It will be safer here
(Laughter) No, no, you can't even talk about safe seats.
To all of you in the Middle East and Muslims, or those of you who appear to be -- Indians, Latinos, dark-skinned people, I have a little piece of advice for you.
Next time you board an airplane in America, please speak in your native language.
That way, the contents won't be revealed, so it's safe
But there are some languages ​​that Americans find threatening, right?
If you walk down the aisle and speak Arabic, some people might get a little intimidated, like, "What are they talking about?"
Alright, Arabic speakers, while you're talking, shout out a random word that comforts those around you.
For example, "(Arabic imitation) - Strawberry!"
(Laughter) "(imitation of Arabic) - Rainbow!"
"(Arabic imitation) - ice cream!"
American Passenger: "Don't hijack with ice cream."
thank you have a nice night
TED Thank you (applause)
we held hands and stared at the door
I was waiting for my brother and my mother to come back from the hospital.
Because that day was my grandmother's surgery for cancer.
Finally the front door opened and my mother said, "He's dead.
Grandma is no more."
My mother sobbed and quickly said, "I gotta get ready.
Until the very end, my grandmother said she wanted to go to the grave of her homeland, South Korea.”
I was only 12 years old, and when the shock subsided, my mother's words were ringing in my ears.
My grandmother wanted to enter the tombs of her motherland.
Six years ago, we moved from South Korea to Argentina without speaking any Spanish or knowing how to make a living.
As soon as we arrived, we became immigrants who had lost everything, and we had to work really hard to rebuild our lives.
After spending a few years doing that, I didn't feel that my homeland was still South Korea.
So in the future, where would I want to be buried? Where is my homeland? The answer isn't immediately obvious.
I was worried
This was the beginning of my lifelong journey in search of identity.
I was born in South Korea, the land of kimchi, and grew up in Argentina, where I ate a lot of steak, so now I'm probably 80 percent cow, and I was educated in America, where I got hooked on peanut butter.
(Laughter) When I was a kid, I had a strong feeling that I was Argentinian, but sometimes I realized that I wasn't because of my physical appearance.
I remember the first day in middle school, my Spanish literature teacher walked into my room.
I looked around the class and said, "You--you need a tutor, or you're going to drop out."
But by then, I was already fluent in Spanish, and I thought to myself, I could be either Korean or Argentinian, but I couldn't be both.
It felt like a zero-sum game, and I felt that in order to gain a new identity, I had to give up my old identity.
When I was 18, I decided to go to South Korea, hoping to finally find a place to call home.
But then they asked me, "Why do you speak Korean with a Spanish accent?"
(Laughter) And he said, "You must be Japanese because your eyes are big and you have body language like a foreigner."
So I'm too Korean to be Argentinian and too Argentinian to be Korean.
For me this was a pretty important discovery.
I couldn't find a place in the world to call home.
But how many Japanese-looking Koreans do you think speak Korean with a Spanish accent, or more specifically with an Argentinian accent?
maybe this will be my weapon
I was easy to stand out, and in a fast-changing world where my skills can become obsolete overnight, that's an advantage.
So I stopped looking for 100% common ground in everyone I met.
Instead, I found that I was often the only common denominator between groups that were often at war with each other.
With that in mind, I decided to love all the different parts of myself, sometimes surrendering myself to a new me.
For example, in high school, I was actually a very hard worker.
I think you can easily imagine him with thick glasses and a plain hairstyle without a hint of fashion sense.
The reason I had friends was probably because I showed them my homework.
Actually it is
But once in college, I was able to find a new identity for myself, a hard-working kid who became the star of the class.
But it happened at MIT, so maybe it's not that big of a deal.
An MIT student used to say, "The chances of dating are high, but the people you're dating are weird."
(Laughter) I changed majors so many times that my advisor joked that I should get a degree in "random studies."
(Laughter) I tell my kids this story.
Over the years, I found many different identities.
Beginning with inventors, entrepreneurs and social innovators
Then became an investor and a female tech teacher
And recently, I became a mother. My little child repeats day and night, "Mommy!"
Even the accents are mixed and the origins are ambiguous, so my friends call my language "Rebecca."
(Laughter) But it's very difficult to become a new you.
sometimes you will face many obstacles
When my PhD was almost over, I had an entrepreneurial fever.
I was in Silicon Valley because I thought writing papers in my basement was boring compared to starting my own company.
I went to see my conservative Korean parents, and they're here today.
We were the first generation in our family to go to college, so this was a big deal for immigrant families.
I think you can imagine what this conversation would turn out to be.
But luckily, I had a secret trump card, and it was a chart comparing the average annual salary of a Stanford PhD graduate to the average Stanford master's dropout.
(Laughter) Actually, the data was clearly skewed towards the founders of Google.
(Laughter) But my mother looked at the table and said, "Well, go after your passion for yourself."
(laughs) Hi mom
Now my quest for identity is no longer about finding the same people
I embraced my own potential for change and changed from looking for diversity outside of myself to looking for diversity within myself.
Today, I have three-year-old and five-month-old sons who are born with three nationalities and four languages.
I should tell you that my husband is from Denmark, so I decided to marry a Danish man so that I wouldn't have to deal with culture shock in my life.
I'm sure my children will be the first Vikings to grow up to struggle without a beard.
(Laughter) Yeah, the future will be tough.
But I believe that their diversity opens up a lot of possibilities in life, and I believe that they can help us find common ground in today's rapidly globalizing world.
Instead of feeling anxious and worried that one day you won't fit in one box or that your identities won't fit, don't be afraid to test yourself and find your own story and identity.
And I want them to use their unique mix of values, languages, cultures, and abilities to create a world where identities connect people rather than alienate those who are different.
And most importantly, I want them to find great joy in their journey into uncharted territory, because I did too.
Now about my grandmother, her last wish was also her last lesson to me.
Actually, my grandmother didn't want to go back to Korea and be buried there.
I wanted to die next to my son, who died long before my grandmother emigrated to Argentina.
For my grandmother, it was important to find the interface between her past and her new world, not in the ocean that separated her, but in the world.
thank you
(applause)
Images like the Auschwitz concentration camp burned into our consciousness throughout the 20th century, giving us new interpretations of who we are, the paths we took, the times we live in.
The 20th century saw atrocities, Stalin, Hitler, Mao Zedong, Pol Pot, Rwanda, and other genocides. We're only seven years into the 21st century, but it's already a daily routine in Darfur and Iraq. I have seen the situation
And so there's a common understanding that modern society is in danger because it's gone from a primitive, violent and harmonious era.
For example, a few years ago, on Thanksgiving, the Boston Globe commented, "Indian life was hard, but there were no employment problems, there was strong camaraderie, there was no substance abuse, crime was almost non-existent, and tribal strife. was largely ritualistic and rarely led to indiscriminate killing or genocide."
We teach our children, we hear about it on television and in picture books. The theme of this session is "questioning common sense." Things are declining, and we are living in perhaps the most peaceful time in human history.
In a time of conflict in Darfur and Iraq, statements like this sound illusory or even unjust, but I'm going to explain that this is the correct understanding. The decline in violence is a fractal phenomenon, and it's been going on for thousands of years, hundreds of years. It's observable on a scale of years, decades, and even years, and the beginning of the Age of Reason in the 16th century seems to have been a tipping point, not uniformly, but across the globe.
The Age of Enlightenment, which began in England and Holland and is particularly prominent in the West.
Now, let me explain this on a scale of thousands to years. Until 10,000 years ago, humans lived as hunter-gatherers, without permanent settlements or governments, and this is generally thought of as one of primitive harmony. But archaeologist Lawrence Keely drew a new picture of hunter-gatherer societies by referring to modern hunter-gatherer mortality rates.
Keeley put together this chart, showing the percentage of male deaths from conflict in a number of hunter-gatherer societies.
The red bars show the probability of being killed by someone, not by natural death, in various indigenous societies in the New Guinea highlands and the Amazon rainforest.
Some places have a 60% chance of being killed, while others have a 15% chance of being killed.The short blue bar on the bottom left is a 20th century Western statistic that includes casualties from the two world wars. And if we had the same mortality rate going into the 20th century, instead of 100 million people, 2 billion people would have died.
Continuing the millennium story, the Bible gives us a glimpse into the social practices of ancient civilizations. In the Bible, which we consider to be the source of moral values, there are passages that give us a view of war. commanded Moses, they fought with the Midianites, and they killed all the men, and Moses said, Did you let the women live? Kill them, but let the girls who don't know men live for you." This means that you can kill men and children, and if you find a virgin, let it live and rape it.
There are four or five such passages in the Bible.
And according to the Bible, the crimes for which the death penalty is justifiable include homosexuality, adultery, blasphemy, idolatry, talking back to parents, and picking up branches on the Sabbath.
So let's zoom in by an order of magnitude and look at it on the scale of the century.
We don't have statistics on warfare from the Middle Ages to the present day, but history clearly shows a decline in socially acceptable violence, such as amputation and torture in any society.
It was a regulated form of punishment. Today, offenses are punishable by fines. punishment
There were many cruel things, like dismemberment, even non-violent crimes like criticizing a king and stealing bread.
The death penalty was applied, slavery was used extensively to secure a labor force, entertainment was cruel, and the most intense was the burning of cats, where a cat was hung, howling in pain, and burned to death. The audience was laughing and screaming when they saw it.
Because we document the cause of death, we have statistics, criminologist Manuel Eisner said.
We studied all the homicide records we could find across Europe and spliced ​​the data with national statistics plotted on a logarithmic scale of 100 homicides per 100,000 people per year.
It starts with the typical values ​​of the Middle Ages, but the numbers plummet to less than 1 per 100,000 people a year in European countries, and then there's a slight rise in 1960, when rock 'n' roll changed moral values. I don't think it's wrong to point out that the rate will be lowered.
Since the beginning of the 16th century, it has declined by at least double digits, let's look at the decade-by-decade basis.
According to statistics from non-governmental organizations
In Europe and the Americas, since 1945, there have been fewer wars, more victimized ethnic riots, genocides, and military coups. Globally, war casualties have plummeted. The yellow bar is from 1950 to the present day. It shows the number of casualties per year in one war, compared to 65,000 in the '50s.
Since 2000, albeit horribly, the number of victims per year has fallen to less than 2,000.
After the end of the Cold War, there were fewer civil wars and genocides.
It's a 90 percent decline since World War II, and we've also recaptured the '60s rise in homicides and violent crimes, and here are the homicide statistics compiled by the FBI.
Violence was subdued in the '50s and '60s, but after several decades of higher numbers, it began to plummet in the '90s, returning to roughly '60s levels. Thank you, President Clinton.
(smile)
Now, I think there are many reasons why such an important fact can be misunderstood.
The Associated Press is a better chronologist on warfare than a 16th-century monk, to the extent that cognitive illusions make it easier to recall a specific instance.
Cognitive psychology tells us that preconceived notions grow stronger when you see brutal pictures or news stories in the newspapers.
They're more likely to be remembered than older people who die of old age. You can't claim that things are getting better as a matter of public opinion and advocacy dynamics, and you can't attract attention and support and support. (Laughter) To indigenous peoples. because I feel guilty
Today's intellectuals are reluctant to accept the peculiarities of Western culture. Moral shifts may overtake behavioral shifts. One of the reasons for the decline in violence is that
Because people were fed up with the genocide and brutality of the time, and it still is, that morality overtakes action and changes, even more than by the historical standards of the time.
It's considered barbaric, so it's no surprise that murderers after 15 years of judicial proceedings would be sentenced to death by lethal injection. He may have been tried and burned at the stake to a degree, or rather, it would have happened many, many times. Today, the death penalty is seen as a barbaric act. No one knows for sure why violence has decreased, but all four explanations I know of are
The first is that Thomas Hobbes is right. According to Hobbes, the human condition is "lonely, poor, moody, cruel, and short-lived," not because of bloodlust, aggressive instincts, or turf wars. They say it's because of the logic of anarchy. In anarchy, you have to do it before it gets you. Thomas Schelling exemplifies this with a noise in the basement of his house, where Americans usually pull a gun from their bedside. Grab it and go downstairs What caught my eye was an intruder with a gun Thinking of each other
"I don't like killing people, but if it's about getting shot,
I'd better shoot him before that, though he might not want to kill him either.
They will fear that they might be killed.” Hunter-gatherer tribes follow this line of thought and attack out of fear of being attacked.
Now, deterrence is one of the solutions to this problem. We don't strike first, but if we are invaded.
I declare a policy of violent retaliation.
This policy is often seen as bravado, but it only works if you think it's for real.
To let people know you're serious, take revenge on every intrusion, make sure you pay back what you owe, and eventually get revenge on blood. It's the world of gangster movies.
Attributed solely to the democratic institution of Leviathan, it would reduce the number of attack attempts, because any attack would be punishable, and there would be nothing to gain from it, and it would deter preemptive strikes out of fear of being attacked. Deterrence eliminates the need for explosive revenge to show that you're serious, and thus peace.
Eisner, who made a graph of the percentage of murders that I wasn't able to show you earlier, points out that the decline in murders in Europe coincided with the rise of centralized states, a little bit of support for Leviathan's theory in today's anarchy. Violence can erupt
Supports the theory of failed states and failed empires.
Backwoods, the mafia, street gangs, etc. The second explanation is that there were many times and places where life was seen as insignificant.
In the old days, when suffering and premature death were the norm, I felt no qualms about harming others.
As technology and economic efficiencies make life longer and more enjoyable, humans generally add more value to life.This is the argument of political scientist James Payne.The third explanation is the concept of "non-zero sums." reminiscent of
Journalist Robert Wright
He points out that under certain circumstances, cooperation, including non-violence, is mutually beneficial, either through excessive trade in goods so that the two sides do not fight, or through the dissolution of war arrangements and the distribution of the so-called peace dividend. Wright says the number of positive-sum games involving people has increased.
Because technology allows the exchange of goods, services, and ideas to be carried out over greater distances and in greater numbers, resulting in a higher value for the living than the dead, and less violence for self-centered reasons. Wright. to say
"Don't bomb Japan. They built me ​​a minivan." (Laughter) The fourth explanation was written by the philosopher Peter Singer.
Indicated in the title of the book, he argues that evolution has led humans to empathy, the ability to consider the interests of others as our own. Only friends and relatives. Others are treated as subhuman and exploited as a matter of course. But as time goes by
Its scope has expanded, and the historical record goes from villages to clans, to tribes, to nations, to other races, to men and women, and Singer's own argument that it should be extended to other sentient species. There are many possibilities, such as the increasing circle of interdependence and the golden rule, as Robert Wright discusses.
In other words, if you want people to listen to you enough to think and influence them,
It turns out that it's not good to put your own interests first. Being self-centered is inappropriate, in the same way that you can't say that where you are is a special place in the universe. Shiremasu History Report Memories Realistic novels Travelogues Literacy―
In this way, it allows us to see ourselves in the ways of others that we once saw as subhuman, and makes us realize that our position in life is the result of chance, that it can happen to anyone, for whatever reason, violence. There is a deep meaning in the decrease of
We should ask, "Why is there peace?" We should ask not only, "What have we done wrong?", but also "What have we done right?"
Thank you very much. (Applause)
It was a great piece, written by Peter Singer.
That spread is technology and
I think a lot of people feel that it's caused by an increase in the number of visible others, and therefore the feeling that the world is getting smaller. Yes, they both fit Wright's theory that cooperation in a much larger circle is beneficial.
It also helps us put ourselves in the shoes of others. When you read the horrifying stories of torture in the Middle Ages, you wonder how they were able to do that and why they didn't feel sorry for their victims. I can't imagine it being anything like - it was just an outsider. Thank you very much.
you're welcome
I've been a journalist since I was 17 years old, and I find this industry very interesting right now, because, as you know, there's a tremendous amount of change going on in the media industry. is capturing
As a journalist, it's really interesting, but I'm not interested in changes in the story itself.
I'm interested in changes in the pre-writing stage, that is, information acquisition, and reporting methods.
This is because the power relationship has shifted significantly from newspaper publishers to readers, and reporting has changed completely.
Readers have never been able to influence or change the news; there was no connection.
but things have changed
My first interest in the media came in 1984, when the BBC went on strike.
I was angry because I had to take a break from manga.
so i wrote a letter
The best way to end a harassing letter is, "With love, Markham, 4."
I don't know what impact it had on the strike, but what I do know is that it took three weeks to respond.
I wanted to take action and see the results, but it took me so long.
And that's all changed. Everyone interacts instantly. Gone are the days when readers reacted to articles.
Journalists now rely on their readers.
Readers will look for news. Readers will tell us the approach to coverage and what everyone wants to know.
It's all in real time, it's all in the blink of an eye. I'm always desperate to catch up
How much do we rely on our readers? Let's take the example of the September 5 Costa Rica earthquake.
It was a big earthquake of M7.6.
60 seconds after the earthquake - Managua 250km away shook
It took 60 seconds for Managua to shake.
30 seconds after that, the first tweet was tweeted, "temblor," an earthquake.
It took 60 seconds for the earthquake to arrive.
And 30 seconds later, the news of the quake instantly traveled around the world, and everyone in the world knew about the Managua quake.
It all started because one of the first people posted because they wanted to share what was going on. Now everyone posts. Updates, photos and videos are constantly pouring into the cloud.
Huge amounts of data are constantly uploaded
Data shows that more than 72 hours of video is posted on YouTube every minute More than 72 hours of video is posted on YouTube every minute
There are more than an hour's worth of posts per second.
58 photos per second on Instagram -
Over 3,500 photos posted on Facebook
So by the time I finish this story, there are 864 hours of video on YouTube and 2.5 million photos on Facebook and Instagram.
Being in a position where all information is available is an interesting situation for journalists.
You can find out what's happening around the world almost simultaneously, and for free.
this situation is the same for everyone
But the problem is that when you have a lot of information, it's hard to find anything of value.
I really felt this during Hurricane Sandy, the biggest hurricane we haven't experienced in a long time, and it hit the headquarters of the iPhone (Laughter).
So fakes and reposted old photos -
Journalists need to identify composites of historical photos.
There are even pictures from the movie "The Day After Tomorrow."
(Laughter) Jokes aside, this photo from Instagram required a thorough examination.
Filtered on Instagram
The way the light hits it looks suspicious
But this was the real deal, a submerged Manhattan Avenue C.
It turned out to be real because I was able to identify the source of the information, a food blogger in New York.
well known and respected
In this case, I was able to prove that it was real.
Here's a journalist's job information check
Instead of going out and gathering information and showing it to your readers, you turn off information that might be problematic.
Journalists frequently use Twitter because finding reliable sources is important.
Since a large amount of information is collected, if you know how to use it, you can use it like an article distribution service.
The Egyptian Revolution of 2011 proved that it was both useful and difficult.
I don't speak Arabic, and being in Dublin, not Egypt, it was important for me to have a Twitter list, a list of quality sources, people I could trust.
How can I create such a list from scratch?
It's very difficult if you don't know what to look for
This is the Italian scholar André Panison
This is a visualization of Twitter interactions in Tahrir Square, the day President Mubarak resigned. A dot is a retweet, and when someone retweets a message, the two dots connect.
It's a great way to visualize conversations, but all it gives you are clues as to who to care about and who to look into.
As the conversation unfolds, it becomes more and more lively, until eventually the conversation becomes a giant, rhythmic mass of dots.
You might look at the connections and think, "Let's find out about them.
maybe you know something
Let's find out what kind of person you are."
We journalists are very interested in the information overload, the simultaneity of the web, because there are so many tools that we can use to do this kind of investigation.
I can look up sources in much more detail than before.
Even if you think you've found something that looks good, you may not be sure if it's actually usable. Is it a reliable source?
Because I don't know if it's a synthesis or a repost
need to find out
I found the video you're watching two weeks ago.
Video "It's getting windy"
(Sound of wind and rain) (Sound of explosion) "Great!"
If you're a producer, you're going to want to broadcast it, because it's a great find.
It's a graphic reaction. It was filmed in my backyard.
But how do you know if it's real, fake, old, or a repost?
I went through the video and all I could find was the YouTube username.
This account has only 1 post Username is "Rita Krill"
I don't know if it's a real name or a pseudonym
So I started researching with free tools on the internet.
First I looked up the name on Spokeo
I searched all over the country and found this name in New York, Pennsylvania -- Nevada, Florida.
Then I used Wolfram Alpha to check the weather forecast for the day the video was posted, and one of the places you mentioned -- Florida had a thunderstorm that day.
So I found some Rita Krill in the WhitePages phone book, and I scoured the addresses -- Google Maps and found the house.
It's very similar to the video -- a house with a pool. I watched the video again, looking for clues.
If you look closely at the video, you'll see a large parasol, a white air mattress, a pool with curved corners, and two trees in the background.
And if you go back to Google Maps and look closely, there's an air mattress, two trees, and a parasol, closed in the picture.
With a little ingenuity, you can also see that the corners of the pool are rounded.
Based on my research, I called Rita and confirmed that it was me, and the client was able to air it without worry.
On the other hand, knowing the truth can have serious consequences.
The reason we're focusing on Syria is, of course, that there's a lot more to be done about judging the authenticity of information that could be evidence of war crimes, and in this case, YouTube is an important source of information about what's going on in the world.
This video is pretty brutal, so please listen to some of the audio.
The source is the Syrian Hummer
(Screaming) The footage shows a bloodied corpse being unloaded from a pickup truck and thrown over a bridge.
Members of the Muslim Brotherhood are believed to dump the bodies of Syrian soldiers, but the men are cursing and blaspheming, and opinions are divided as to who they really are and whether the video describes them.
So I asked some people in Hummer who I've been interacting with on Twitter about this, and what I'm looking at is the bridge, and maybe you can identify it.
The testimony of the three sources was inconsistent.
“There are no bridges,” said one collaborator.
Another collaborator said, "We have a bridge, but it's not a Hummer."
The third said, "I think there is a bridge, but the upstream dam is closed and there should be no water in the river, so it doesn't match the image."
The last testimony gave me a hint
looking for clues
When I watched the video, I noticed a distinctive railing.
The shadow on the pavement extends south, so the bridge spans east-west.
Sidewalks are painted black and white
Looking at the surface of the river, you can see the concrete revetment and blood flowing on the west side.
So the river flows from south to north.
If you look beyond the bridge, you'll see that the bank has been eroded, narrowing the width of the river.
Then I looked at all the bridges on Google Maps.
I went downstream from the previous dam and looked at all the places where there were bridges and removed the ones that didn't apply.
I'm looking for a bridge that spans east and west
But I've looked from the dam to the Hummer, and there's no bridge.
But when I switched to aerial photography, there was one bridge, and the evidence began to pile up.
This bridge seems to span east and west.
Is it this bridge? Let's zoom in.
There's a line in the middle of the bridge, so you know it's two lanes.
There's also a sidewalk that's painted black and white. If you click more, the uploaded photo will appear on the map. If you click on the photo, you can see the details and match it to the video.
The first thing you'll notice is a black and white curb that might give you a clue.
You can also see the distinctive railing, from where the men were throwing corpses.
I kept testing until I was sure this was the bridge I was looking for.
What can we learn from this? I want you to recall three pieces of information from three people -- "There is no bridge," and "It's not a Hummer," and "There is a bridge, but the water level is wrong."
The third person's information suddenly looked credible, and we were able to verify it with a free tool, in just 20 minutes from our office in Dublin.
And that's the beauty of the job. There's so much information out there on the internet, and sorting through it is so hard, and it gets harder every day.
If you have a clue, you can find out even the information that you don't want to know.
Now, more than ever before -- there's so much information, it's hard to sort through, but we have powerful tools.
It's a free tool that allows you to do the kind of research I talked about.
We have sophisticated algorithms and fast computers.
But an algorithm is just a set of rules
Yes or No, it's white or black
the truth is not the truth is worth it
Truth is emotional, fluid, and above all human.
No matter how fast computers become, no matter how much information we have, we still need humans to find the truth, because the quest for truth is a human trait.
Thank you. (Applause)
Pulling a sled is my primary job, and it's not like I'm questioning my intelligence. In an interview I had this year, I was asked this question. Does this supply of information rob us of our imagination, or replace our expectations of achievement?
After all, if you can participate online in what someone else is doing, why bother leaving your house? "
as a polar explorer
It's been featured a lot, and I don't think it's a very modern title, but I spend two percent of my life in a tent in the Arctic.
I'm essentially not a bystander or a thinker, but rather a doer, and today I'm going to explore this dichotomy, the gap between ideas and actions.
It's been with me for 12 years
The man who found a plausible answer to the question, "Why?" is the handsome gentleman in the back row, second from the left, who, as you all know, is George Lee Mallory.
In 1924, he disappeared into the clouds near the summit of Mount Everest.
He may have been the first man to climb Mount Everest, more than 30 years before Edmund Hillary.
the truth is still a mystery
It is said that he left a famous saying, "Because there is a mountain there."
did he really say that
I don't have any proof, but he did have other great things to say, and I printed them out, so I'll read them.
"The first question that I have to answer is this: Why do you want to climb Mount Everest?
No reason
there is no prospect of gain
Well, maybe we'll learn a little bit about human life on the mountain, and maybe doctors will apply our findings to aeronautics, but that's about the point.
I don't go home with a piece of gold or silver, not even gemstones or coal or iron.
I can't find any land to cultivate.
Human beings have something to respond to and rise to the challenge from Everest That we have to climb higher and higher The severity of the mountain is also the severity of life itself If you don't understand that, go to the mountain I see no reason to climb
This adventure will give you the greatest joy, the joy that fills your life.
we don't live to earn or eat
These are just the means to enjoy life
Life is meant to be enjoyed, it's meant to be enjoyed.”
Mallory's conclusion is that leaving home for adventure can be a fun, joyful experience, but it doesn't exactly match my experience.
The furthest I've ever been from home was in the spring of 2004. I still question my sanity, but my plan was to cross the Arctic Ocean alone and without assistance.
The plan was to walk from the north coast of Russia to the North Pole and then continue on to the north coast of Canada.
Challenge to the first in history I was 26 years old at the time
Many experts told me it was impossible.
(Laughter) It took us five hours from our small observatory on the north coast of Siberia to our final starting point, the edge of the pack ice, on the Arctic shore, when fearless Felix Baumgartner went skydiving in a balloon. If you've seen it rise, you know what my anxiety was like as I boarded a helicopter heading north and thought of my impending doom.
I was wondering what I was doing
To me who was only 26 years old
I don't have time to make the most of the trip. I was watching the sleigh from the helicopter.
Looking out the window, our two helicopters
Flying through a stunning Siberian dawn Half of me was Wilfred Thesiger crossed with Jason Bourne Half of me was proud but totally terrified increase
The crossing journey took 10 weeks, 72 days.
I was alone the whole time. This photo was taken next to the helicopter.
I didn't see anyone for 10 weeks after that.
The North Pole is in the middle of a wide ocean, so we're walking on the frozen surface of the Arctic Ocean.
In the worst weather ever recorded by NASA
We hauled 180 kilos of food, fuel and consumables -- about 400 pounds -- for 10 weeks, the average temperature was -35 degrees Celsius, sometimes as low as -50 degrees Celsius.
there is nothing fun
But I also had a wonderful experience. I was walking on the ocean, on a mass of ice drifting in the Arctic Ocean, in a constantly changing environment.
The ice blocks drifting in the sea are crumbling and hardening again, and they keep changing shape.The scenery I saw for three months was only mine.Because there will never be the same scenery before or after.
This is probably the biggest reason to leave the house
You can describe the experience in words, but you won't know how it actually tastes. How lonely one person on 5.4 million square miles was. I have no words to express
In my opinion, rather than indirectly looking at it or thinking about it, the act of doing it, the experience, the engagement, the challenge will make life more fulfilling and more enjoyable.
But I have one piece of advice, from my experience.
A challenge to the limit of humankind Once you know this taste, it becomes a habit
It's not just about silly Edwardian adventures, it's about pancreatic cancer, and it's kind of addictive.
I can't explain it, but once you do it, you're hooked You'll spend all your money and ruin all your relationships So be careful what you do
Mallory says that humans have something to face the challenges from the mountains, but that something is the challenge itself, especially the kind of challenge that no one has ever succeeded before that awaits us. I believe that confrontation lies in that action.
An unfinished challenge has haunted me all my adult life
I hope you all know this story
This is a picture of Captain Scott and the expedition.
They set out a little over 100 years ago to be the first to reach the South Pole.
At that time, Antarctica was an unknown world with no maps.
As we all know, Scott and his friends were beaten by a Norwegian party led by Roald Amundsen on dog sleds. Scott and the others went on foot, all pulling their own sleds, to the South Pole. By the time they got there, the Norwegian flag was already up. It stung. You must have been terribly disappointed.
All five died on the way back to try to get back to the coast.
Many modern people mistakenly believe that there is nowhere left for exploration and adventure.
When talking about Antarctica, people often say things like, "I saw a program about a bicycle trip there the other day."
"Oh! My grandmother is going on an Antarctic cruise next year.
Maybe we'll meet."
(Laughter) But Scott's journey isn't over yet.
No one has yet been able to walk from the tip of Antarctica to the South Pole and back.
It's probably the most daring challenge in King Edward's Golden Age of Exploration. Everything in this century, from scurvy to solar power, has been completed by someone's challenge.
so i challenge
Next October, leading a team of three
I will go back and forth over 4 months
This is a scaled map.The red line is the route to the South Pole.
Then turn right and go back again
It may contradict what I said, but the way we blog, we tweet, and through today's internet, you can have a simulated experience.
And over the next four months, we'll find answers to the "why" question.
It's a time when explorers are no longer needed, with such a safe and comfortable lifestyle.
For example, if you want to know how many stars there are in the Milky Way, or how old the Moai statues are on Easter Island, you can find out right away without sitting down.
But what I've learned from my 12 years of carrying heavy loads in the cold is what real inspiration and growth comes from leaving the comforts of a normal life and stepping into the unknown, where growth comes only through hard work and effort.
We all have hurdles to overcome and goals to reach in life, and metaphorically speaking, there's something to be gained by being brave enough to step outside the house a little more often.
Open the door and explore the outside world, that's what I'm asking you to do.
thank you
(applause)
12 years ago I founded Zipcar
Zipcar is a service where you buy a vehicle, put it in the center of a big city, and let people use it by the hour or by the day instead of owning a car.
One Zipcar saves 15 cars, and since Zipcar users pay for a vehicle that they normally don't see, they drive about 80 percent less.
But Zipcar's real achievement is popularizing the concept of sharing.
Ten years later, I moved to Paris with my husband and youngest child two years ago to take this idea even further, and last year I launched Buzzcar.
Buzzcar is a business that allows you to rent out your car to friends and neighbors.
Instead of investing in vehicles, we invested in communities.
We back up people who register their cars on the network with the power unique to the company.
Some people call this type of business peer-to-peer.
It's a name that does a good job of describing the humanity of the service and the interpersonal relationships, but it can be confused with traditional peer-to-peer services like bazaars and pocket money nannies.
confused with traditional peer-to-peer
It's like saying a yard sale is the same as eBay, or a craft fair is the same as Etsy.
But there's a difference. We have an internet-based, participatory platform that's free and available to everyone. We ask our peers, as partners in the company, to build shared values ​​based on shared values, and we have weaknesses on both sides. It is a system that develops together while compensating for
I call this kind of business a "peers company."
The organization side, in other words, the company, does what it is good at as a company.
What a company is capable of doing is building a large scale business, offering large, long-term investments and expertise from different disciplines and different ways of thinking. And we can support them. These are the things that consumers really want, and they're kind of like the guarantees that brands offer.
Peers offer or do things that would be very expensive for a company to do.
What is that? Great diversity, which is expensive for companies. What does it do?
It contributes to things related to people-to-people connections, such as responding to the special needs of regions and individuals.It is a field that general companies want and want to enter.
For an individual, it's like a very natural connection between friends.
Diversity also leads to great ideas, which I'll talk about later.
Peers provide services and goods, and companies do what normal companies do.
We offer the best of both worlds to each other.
Here's a great example of a company in transportation: Carpooling.com, 10 years old, 3.5 million members, 1 million people ride carpools every day.
It's a great thing, because that's the equivalent of 2,500 TGV train cars, and we're doing it without having to lay tracks or buy cars.
It's just clever use of extra space in the car.
But it's not just transportation, it's possible in other areas, like Fiverr.com.
I met the founders right after launch. We're in our second year. What kind of work would you do for $5?
750,000 "$5 services" advertised on this site
Piers Company's service is not always easy.
The TopCoder concept lies in a very difficult and complex area
This Piers company has 400,000 engineers and provides complex design and engineering services.
The lines of the CEO I met were wonderful.
"This is a community of people who own companies."
and my favorite Etsy
Etsy is an online marketplace for handmade items Etsy is an online marketplace for handmade items
We just celebrated our 7th anniversary, and last year, 7 years later, we made $530 million worth of sales from our own creations.
If you're an entrepreneur, you might be thinking, "Wow, I wish I could do this.
This is incredible speed and scale
Should we just lay the groundwork and let the user do the rest, relax and wait for the money to roll in? "
Building a foundation for user acquisition is not an easy task.
Consider the difference between Google Video and YouTube
It's amazing that two young startups beat Google Video. Why?
Actually, I don't know, because I didn't ask.
But I think YouTube has a slightly prominent "share" button on the right side, which makes it easier and more convenient for contributors and viewers to join the network.
I've learned a lot about building peer platforms and peer companies, because I've been doing this in Paris for the past two years.
Now I want to go back to how starting Buzzcar is different from starting Zipcar. In the case of Buzzcar, you have to consider two different sides of every decision: the owner of the car, and the one who provides it. is the driver's side who wants to borrow
Whatever decision you make, you have to think in a way that is good for both parties.
There are many examples, but let me give you one, and it's a complicated one, and it's about car insurance.
It took me a year and a half to find insurance that I was happy with.
I spent hours meeting with dozens of insurers to discuss the risks they were worried about, the innovativeness of this idea, and other uncharted territory.
It's a huge amount of money, and I hate to say it, but after talking with my lawyers about how it's different from regular insurance and who's responsible for whom, I've been able to promise owners to protect their driving records and histories.
The car is fully insured for the duration of the rental. Now on the driver's side, what do they want?
Low deductible co-pay and 24 hour road service
This is about taking care of both.
Now let's move on. You're an entrepreneur, and you're starting a new company.
You will see the fruits of your hard work
We launched on June 1st last year, and it was a very exciting moment.
Many owners have registered their cars
Many drivers have become members, which is great.
And then the bookings started coming in. Owners get texts and emails saying, "Hey, Joe wants to rent your car for the weekend.
How about 60 euros, right? "Yes" or "No"? ]
No response. Most of the owners have just registered and are too lazy to respond.
And I thought, "Oh yeah, this is the difference between a commercial product and a Piers company product."
A standardized and rigorous service model that is consistently consistent in all respects is provided by ordinary companies.
Zipcar also provided consistent service and it worked very well.
But what about Piers' products? The Peers companies have taken a completely different approach, and there's been a wide range of quality of service. Now, eBay, the original Peers company in my opinion, solved this problem shortly after launch, and we also need ratings and comments. Annoying stuff that comes with
It allows us to mark the not-so-good products so that consumers and buyers don't have to choose them.
Back to the topic, this is me in high hopes and joy.
That's how diverse Buzzcar has become.
Different nice owners, different cars, different prices, different regions. (Laughter) Different fashions, different looks. I love looking at these pictures.
Some are cool, some are hot. This is Selma. I like this person too.
A year later, there were 1,000 cars registered all over France, and 6,000 people wanted to drive them, and 6,000 people wanted to drive them.
I don't think this would have been possible with traditional corporate management policies.
Returning to the differences in service quality,
Some are terrible, some are really great
I will tell you two wonderful stories.
A driver once told me that he had rented a car to drive around the coast of France, and the owner of the car said, "Look, these are cliffs, this is all beach, and this is my favorite beach. And we have the best seafood restaurant here."
This is how peers become peers, and drivers and owners build relationships, and then all of a sudden, "Hey, I need a car urgently, can I borrow one?" I have a wife at home, so you can get the key and go."
It makes me want to shout, "Wow!"
This is what happens here. It's the power of the individual. If you're a normal company, innovation happens in 10 or 100 people.
At Piers, tens, hundreds, thousands, millions of people At Piers, tens, hundreds, thousands, millions of people can participate in creative endeavours, their efforts and their impact. It's possible to innovate on such a special scale because of this. It's possible to innovate on such a special scale.
And the reason I've named it Buzzcar here is because I want to remind all participants of the power of the beehive and its amazing ability to create a platform where individuals want to participate and innovate.
And personally, when I think about our future and all of the enormous, seemingly impossible, pressing problems, I think that Piers can provide the speed, the scale, the innovation, the creativity to handle them.
Building a strong platform for participation is very important.
I believe that in a difficult world, transportation is at the heart of it.
All problems come down to transportation for me
But in all other areas, there are serious, big problems, and people are working on them in different areas, but there are also really great things that are using the power of the Piers company model.
Over the last 10 years, I've been very pleased with the power of the Internet and the power it has for individuals. The Piers Company takes that one step further. can combine the power of
this is really a collaboration
Together we can do great things. (Applause) Thank you. (Applause)
I'm a neuroscientist who studies decision making.
I'm doing an experiment to see how different brain chemicals affect decision-making.
Today I'm going to share with you the secret to good decision making: a cheese sandwich.
That's right, scientists say a cheese sandwich is the solution to all those tough decisions.
I can say that because I was the scientist who did the research.
A few years ago, a colleague and I became interested in how a brain chemical called seratonin might influence decision-making in interpersonal relationships.
In particular, I wanted to know how serotonin affects how people react when they've been mistreated.
I did an experiment there.
First, to manipulate serotonin levels in subjects, they were given a terrible-tasting, lemon-flavoured drink, which had the effect of removing an essential building block for serotonin synthesis in the brain.
The main component is the amino acid tryptophan.
They found that people with lower levels of tryptophan in the brain were more likely to take revenge when they were wronged.
Here's a study we did, and here's the headline for an article that talks about it, for example:
"Cheese sandwiches make good decisions." "Cheese is a loving companion." "Cheese and meat can increase self-control."
"Breaking news! Feel refreshed with chocolate" Did cheese and chocolate have anything to do with each other?
This puzzled me too, because we didn't find any cheese or chocolate in our study.
We just gave the subjects a terrible-tasting drink that manipulated their tryptophan levels.
But it turns out that tryptophan is also found in cheese and chocolate.
When a scientist announces that cheese or chocolate can have a positive effect on decision-making, it deserves attention.
And so this headline evolution happened, and then this headline evolution happened.
When this happened, on the one hand, I thought, "This is not a big deal."
The media simplifies things, but it's just a news story.
I think many scientists think so too.
But the problem is that this kind of simplification happens all the time, not just in the news stories you read, but in the products you see in stores.
When that headline hit, I got a phone call from the marketing guys.
Can you provide scientific testimony that certain drinking water products have mood-enhancing effects?
Appearing on TV, I was asked if I could prove that warm food really makes my heart feel relieved.
I'm sure they didn't mean it badly, but if I had accepted that request, I would have crossed the line of what it takes to be a scientist, which is taboo for any serious scientist.
Despite this, neuroscience is gaining ground as a marketing method.
An example of this is the Neuro Drink, which is called Neuro Bliss, which says on its label that it "reduces stress," "improves mood," "increases focus," and "increases positivity."
(Laughter) It might have helped if I had taken this 10 minutes earlier.
When I found this at my local store, I was naturally intrigued by the research supporting the described effects.
I started by going to the manufacturer's website, trying to find a product test report.
nothing found
Regardless of whether or not the experiment was conducted, there was a statement in the center of the package along with an illustration of a brain that claimed the effects of the experiment.
Illustrations of the brain actually have a special effect.
An experiment was conducted in which hundreds of people were asked to read scientific articles.
Half of the subjects were given an article with an illustration of a brain, half were given an identical article without an illustration of a brain, and half were given an identical article without an illustration of a brain.
At the end of the experiment, we asked the subjects whether they agreed with the conclusions of the article.We asked the subjects whether they agreed with the conclusions of the article.
Here's the number of subjects who agreed with the conclusion of the article that didn't include a brain illustration, and this is the number of subjects that agreed with the conclusion of the article that didn't include a brain illustration.
Here's the number of subjects who agreed with the same article's conclusion, including the illustration.
What I've learned here is that if you want to sell a product, put an illustration of a brain on the package.
Now, let me just say one thing: over the last few decades, neuroscience has made tremendous progress, and it's been making amazing discoveries about the brain.
Just a few weeks ago, neuroscientists at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology showed how we could change rat habits by controlling neural activity in specific parts of the brain.
it was really great research
But the promise of neuroscience has raised hopes and led to some wildly unsubstantiated claims.
So let me show you how you can easily spot these "neuroscience lies."
The first unsubstantiated claim is that brain scans can be used to read people's thoughts and emotions.
Here's an article from a research report that the research team published in an op-ed in the New York Times.
The headline was "You really love your iPhone"
It quickly became the most emailed article on the site.
What is the basis for this article?
We used a brain scanner to show 16 people a video of their iPhone ringing.
Brain scans have found that parts of the brain called "islands", areas associated with feelings of love and compassion, are becoming more active. bottom
Researchers concluded that subjects loved their iPhones because of the activation of "islands."
But there's one problem with this logic, and that's that the "islands" have many functions.
Yes, it's associated with positive emotions like love and compassion, but it's also involved in other processes, such as memory, language, attention, anger, disgust, and even pain.
By the same logic, we can also conclude, "You hate your iPhone."
In other words, when brain scans show activation of "islands," you can't just pick out the best explanation from a long list, and this list is dauntingly long.
Colleagues Tal Jarconi and Russ Poldrak found that nearly one-third of the brain imaging studies published to date mention "islands."
This means that there is a very high probability that there will be activity on your island even at this very moment. It doesn't mean that you love me
Now speaking of love and the brain, according to a researcher known by some as "Doctor Love," scientists have discovered the glue that holds society together. Scientists hold society together. He says he's found the glue, the source of love and prosperity.
This time it's not about cheese sandwiches
We're talking about a hormone called oxytocin.
you've probably heard
Dr. Love's claim is based on research that increases a person's oxytocin levels enhances feelings of trust, empathy and cooperation.
He calls oxytocin the "moral molecule."
These studies are scientifically valid and replicated, but they're only partially focused.
Some studies have shown that increased oxytocin increases feelings of jealousy and ridicule.
Increased oxytocin can increase the tendency to sacrifice other groups for one's own group Increased oxytocin can also increase the tendency to sacrifice other groups for one's group
In some cases, oxytocin can reduce our willingness to cooperate.
Based on these studies, I would like to call oxytocin an "immoral molecule" and call it "Doctor Strange Love."
(Laughter) Now, the article headline infests supermarket shelves and book covers.
I came to see "Bullshit Neuroscience"
What about in the clinic?
SPECT is a brain scanning technique that uses radioactive tracers to track blood flow in the brain.
There are clinics in the United States that sell SPECT tests for just a few thousand dollars and use the images to make diagnoses.
Clinics say these scans can help forestall Alzheimer's disease, weight problems, addictions, marital problems, weight problems, addictions, marital problems, from depression to ADHD. It is useful in treating various mental illnesses.
Sounds great, doesn't it? I think a lot of people would agree.
Some of these clinics are making tens of millions of dollars a year.
But there's one problem
In neuroscience, it's generally accepted that a single brain scan cannot diagnose mental illness.
But these clinics have already treated thousands of patients, many of them children, and SPECT tests use single shots of radiation, and exposing people to radiation can be detrimental to their health.
As a neuroscientist, I'm extraordinarily excited about the potential of neuroscience to treat mental illness, and it could make us better and smarter.
It hasn't been proven yet, but if one day you find that cheese and chocolate can have a positive effect on your decision-making, then I'd like you to join me.
but we haven't gotten there yet
We don't know what makes a sale, and you can't tell if someone is lying or in love with a brain scan, and hormones can't turn a sinner into a saint.
Maybe one day it will be possible, but until then we have to be very careful not to rob real science of resources and attention because of exaggerated claims, which is a much longer battle.
here is your turn
If someone wants to sell you a product with an illustration of a brain printed on it, don't take their word for it.
Ask them hard questions Seek evidence
Dig deeper into what's hidden
The brain is so complicated that it shouldn't give you easy answers.
But that doesn't mean we give up trying to figure it out.
Thank you. (Applause)
Ever since I first picked up a camera, photography has been a passion of mine. Today, I'm going to show you 15 of my most cherished photographs, and none of them were taken by me.
No art director, no stylist, no chance to reshoot, don't even care about the lighting
In fact, most of them were taken by strangers.
This story began when I was in New York to give a talk, and my wife took a picture of me holding my daughter for her first birthday on the corner of 57th Street and Fifth Avenue.
Exactly one year later, I happened to be in New York, and decided to do the same photo again.
You can guess what happened after that
As my daughter's third birthday approached, my wife said, "Why don't you go back to New York with Sabrina? Why don't we make it a father-daughter trip?"
From this point on, I started asking passers-by for photos.
The gesture of handing the camera over to a complete stranger surprisingly works for anyone.
I've never been turned down, and luckily nobody ran away with my camera.
Little did I know at the time that this would change our lives.
It has become truly sacred to us.
This was taken a few weeks after 9/11, and I was trying to explain what happened that day in a way that even a five-year-old could understand.
These photos are much more than documenting a moment or a particular trip.
It's also a way to lock in time, one week in October, to reflect on the time we spent together and see how we've changed over the years, both physically and in other ways.
Even though we're taking the same picture, our perspective changes. My daughter has reached new milestones, and I've started seeing things through her eyes. I came to understand
We cherish this special time together and look forward to it all year round.
On a recent trip, as I was walking down the street, my daughter frozenly stopped and pointed at the red shade of a store, a doll store that she had discovered during a visit when she was a little girl and loved it.
He told me how his five-year-old self felt in that moment.
When I first visited the store 9 years ago and saw it for the first time, I clearly remember how my heart was beating so fast it felt like it was going to jump out of my chest.
Now my daughter sees college in this city, and she's determined to go to college in New York.
It made me realize that the most important things we create are memories.
That's why I want to tell everyone to actively create memories.
I don't know about you, but apart from these 15, I don't have many pictures of myself.
i always take pictures
I encourage you to be in the picture yourself. Don't be afraid to ask, "Can I take your picture?"
Thank you. (Applause)
Posted this poster on Facebook on March 14, 2012
It's me and my daughter holding the Israeli flag.
I'd like to give some background on why I posted this poster.
A few days ago, I was sitting in line at a grocery store, and the owner and one of the customers were talking, and the owner was explaining to the customer that 10,000 missiles were going to land in Israel.
And the customer says, "No, it's 10,000 bottles a day."
(Laughter) The phrase 10,000 missiles epitomizes the state of Israel.
The threat of war with Iran is now a decade old, and of course some people are scared.
Every year seems like our last chance to avoid a war with Iran.
It's been 10 years since you said that if you don't act now, it will be forever too late.
At some point, I needed to do something, so as a graphic designer, I made a poster and posted the poster I showed you earlier.
When I make a poster, I usually post it on Facebook and see how my friends react, but most of the time they ignore it and they don't share it or do anything.
So I went to sleep, and that was all for me.
Every day, I wake up late at night. I wake up as usual, and when I look at Facebook, I see the most news ever waiting for me.
(laughs) What happened? I thought
As I looked around, I saw a lot of people talking to me, many of whom I didn't know at all, and some of the posts were from Iran. I'm feeling
because in israel you don't talk to people from iran
I don't usually know anyone
Most of my Facebook friends are people in my neighborhood.
But this time, an Iranian will speak to you.
So I decided to write to this girl. When she saw the poster, she called her family and showed them the poster. I heard you cried
Surprised I
I called my wife and showed her this story.
When I read that my family was crying, my wife started crying too.
(Laughter) Not knowing what to do, my first reflexive action as a graphic designer was to share this story with everyone.
And the next day, it was really big, and my wife said she wanted a poster of her too, and she said she wanted a poster of her too. Put it in (laughs)
To be a little more serious, this poster works, and I thought it could be used not only by me, but also by Israeli people who want to speak out.
So I thought I'd share a poster with everyone I know who agrees with me.
So I went around to my neighbors, my friends, and my students, and told them that if they gave me a picture, I'd make a poster for them.
And that's how I started, and suddenly I realized that people on Facebook -- friends and non-friends alike -- could get involved.
They saw that we could make posters for everyone, not just one man, and they sent me pictures and asked, "Please make me a poster and post it.
And tell the Iranians that we in Israel love you."
and became very exaggerated
I mean, there were so many pictures, so I got some friends -- mostly fellow graphic designers -- to make posters with me.
I had a lot of photos
My living room looked like this for a few days
While we receive Israeli posters and photos, we also receive many comments and messages from Iran.
And I made posters based on these messages. People don't read text, but they do see images.
You may read the message in the image
These are just a few examples (Friends of Israel for the First Time)
(I wish there would be no more stupid politicians) (I love the blue star flag) This message is so moving, it's from a girl who grew up in Iran, but she's forced to step on the Israeli flag every morning as she walks into school. And this time, she said she changed her mind when she saw the poster we sent her, and now she likes the blue star flag - the Israeli flag. It was just a few days after I posted my first poster.
Since then, the Iranians have started responding with their own posters.
There was a graphic designer over there! (laughs) It's dangerous (laughs)
I don't want to show my face, but I still want to send a message I don't want to show my face, but I still want to send a message
I want to reply and say the same thing
this is communication
It's a two-way story where Israelis and Iranians send the same message to each other.
(You're not the enemy. I hate war.) This is unprecedented. We're on the brink of war, and we, who are traditionally enemies, suddenly say through Facebook, "I love you, I love you." Teru"
This story is getting hotter and hotter
and it was in the news
Only bad news is reported in the Middle East.
But all of a sudden, the good news got all the media attention, and they said, "This is good news."
And it made the news all over the place. I remember one day my wife, Michal, was talking to a journalist and asking him, "Who's going to see this?"
"Are you all in Palestine? Or where? Israel? Who are you talking about?"
"Everyone is everyone"
"What about Syria?" "Syria too."
"What about Lebanon?" "Lebanon too."
The conversation continued, and the journalist said, "Forty million people will see it today.
I mean, everyone." This is the Chinese version.
This was just the starting point for the story
Another great thing happened
Germany, the United States, and other countries, every time we talk about this topic, there's a new Facebook page, sharing the same logo and story. do you love
I give my love to Israel."
There is also love from Palestine
There was also love from Lebanon a few days ago
All these Facebook pages here have the same message: people give their love to each other.
Actually, something amazing happened at this time. A friend of mine said to me, "Do a search for 'Israel'." Well, these images were the first hits on Google.
We've changed the way people view the Middle East.
that is, usually
If you search for "Israel" to find out about the Middle East, you'll get all bad things.
But only for a few days I got a nice image
The "Israel loves Iran" page now has 80,831 likes! Two million people visited, shared and liked the page last week. and commented on the photo
Like this, me, Michal, and my friends have been making images for 5 months.
We're just making images, but we're showing you a new reality, because that's how we see the world.
The Middle East had a bad image
So we try to create a good image... that's all.
Look at this "Iran loves Israel" page
this is not made by me
It was created by a man in Tehran who posted an image of an Israeli soldier on Memorial Day for Fallen Israeli Soldiers.
traditionally enemies
What do you mean?
(My deepest condolences) The Israeli side is not defeated either.
we respect each other
We understand each other and show compassion
and become friends
Sometimes we become Facebook friends, sometimes we become friends in our personal lives.
We can go out and meet
I was in Munich a few weeks ago.
I went there to do an exhibition about Iran, and I met people on my Facebook page, and they said, "If you're in Europe, I'll go." From France, Holland, Germany, of course, Israel. met
We, traditionally enemies, met for the first time, shook hands, drank coffee, talked about food and basketball, and had a wonderful conversation.
It just is the thing
Remember the very first image?
One day, the two people who drew the poster meet in the real world and become friends.
The opposite pattern is also possible
The girl I met on Facebook was born and raised in Iran, lives in Germany, has never been to Israel, and is afraid of Israelis, because that's the reality for her, after months of talking to Israelis online. She decided to come to Israel, and when she got on the plane and arrived at Ben Gurion Airport, she said, "Well, it's not a big deal."
A few weeks ago, the tension increased, so I started a new movement, "I don't want to die in this war."
My message isn't that different, but I wanted to add a little more positivity this time.
Another great thing happened, something that didn't happen in the last exercise.
In the first poster, the Iranians who didn't show their real faces, only their legs and profile, turned their heads and started saying, "No problem, we agree, we're allies."
see who these people are
Alternating images of Israelis and Iranians.
People just send me pictures
Crazy right?
So... (Applause) You're probably wondering, who is this guy?
My name is Ronnie Edley. I'm a 41-year-old Israeli. I'm a father and husband of two. I'm a graphic designer and a school teacher.
I'm not that naive. I'm often asked, and my response is, "Yeah, no, but it's a pretty thing, like sending a bouquet of flowers." You can see the scenery from the ground
I know how bad it looks
For me, this took courage, trying to reach the other side before it was too late, and if it's too late, it's all over.
Sometimes war is unavoidable, but if you try, you may be able to avoid it.
If we all work together, it might be possible, especially since Israel is a democracy and we have freedom of speech.
I can speak as an ambassador myself.
You can just send me a message and wish me luck.
So let's get my wife, Michal, on stage, and let's create an image together. It's all about the image.
Maybe this image will help us change something.
hold up this heart
Now I'm going to take a picture and post it on Facebook with the title, you know, "Peace Loving Israelis."
how wonderful
don't cry
thank you
(applause)
It's 1819, and 20 American sailors were watching their ship sink in the middle of the Pacific, 3,000 miles off the coast of Chile.
It hit a huge whale, and it blew a big hole in the hull.
They were huddled together in three small whaling boats while the ship was swept away by the waves.
16,000km from home - the nearest land mass is 1,600km away
The boat was equipped with very basic navigational instruments and limited food and water.
They were crew members of the whaling ship Essex, who later became part of the model for Moby Dick.
Even if it is now, the situation is so serious that it makes you feel the harshness of those days.
On land there is no way of knowing about the accident
No search party should come
Few people have experienced as much terror as these sailors, but everyone knows the feeling of fear.
But even though I knew it intuitively, I never really thought about the meaning of fear.
As we grow older, we begin to see fear as a sign of weakness -- something childish that should be discarded, like baby teeth or roller skates...
But it's no coincidence that we think so.
Neuroscience reveals that humans are naturally optimistic.
Maybe that's why we think of fear as dangerous.
People often say, "Don't worry, don't panic."
Fear is something we must overcome—
It's an opponent to fight against, an obstacle to overcome.
But what if you change your mind
Why don't you think of fear as a wonderful exercise of the imagination, as profound and insightful as a "story"?
In young children, the relationship between fear and imagination is very clear, because fear is so vivid.
When I was little, I lived in California.
I remember being scared when I saw the chandelier on the dining table sway every time a small earthquake occurred. Sometimes I couldn't sleep because I was worried that a big earthquake might hit while I was sleeping.
When we see a child afraid of such trivial things, we think of him as having a strong imagination.
But at some point, we forget this imagination and grow up.
We learn that there are no monsters under our beds and that earthquakes don't always destroy houses.
On the other hand, it may not be a coincidence that talented people do not forget their fears as they grow up.
The same imagination that gave birth to "Origin of Species" and "Jane Eyre" -- "In Search of Lost Time" also created intense anxiety that threatened adult Darwin, Charlotte Brontë and Proust.
So what can we learn from geniuses and children about fear?
Let's go back to 1819 and recall the situation faced by the crew of the Essex.
What kind of horror did they imagine as they drifted in the middle of the Pacific Ocean?
It's been 24 hours since the ship capsized.
I needed the calculus to survive, but my options were limited.
Nathaniel Philbrick described the distress in his book, "They were farther from land than anyone else on earth."
They knew the closest island was the Marquesas, 1,900 kilometers away.
But there were terrible rumors
Rumor has it that cannibals live in and around the Marquesas.
They imagined themselves being killed and eaten as soon as they landed.
Another option was Hawaii, but the captain feared that the season would be bad and we would meet with a violent storm.
The last option was the longest and the toughest: first go 2,400 kilometers south, then catch the wind and head for the coast of South America.
But it was a long trip, so food and water were scarce.
Get eaten by cannibals, get caught in a storm, or starve to death before reaching land...
Those fears dominated their imaginations, and as a result, which fear they followed could mean the difference between life and death.
Now fear can be rephrased in another word.
Why don't we call it "story" instead of "horror"?
Horror is essentially a story
Fear is an unconscious story that we are born with.
Horror and story are common elements
has a structure
Horror, like stories, has characters.
In fear, the characters are ourselves.
There is also a plot
You get in the plane, it takes off, the engine shuts down, and so on.
Also, fear tends to be accompanied by graphic images that appear in novels.
Imagine a cannibal's teeth bite into human flesh... Human flesh roasted on fire...
Fear also has an element of suspense.
If I'm telling the story well, you all want to know what happened to the crew of the Essex.
Fear creates suspense much like this.
Like all masterpieces, fear guides us to ask the central question in literature and in life: "What will happen next?"
In other words, we think about the future through fear.
Only humans have the ability to think about the future in this way and project themselves into the future.
A fiction writer's main job is to predict the impact that one event will have on another, and so is fear.
Like a novel, one event follows another.
When I was writing my first novel, The Age of Miracles, I spent months wondering what would happen if the rotation of the Earth suddenly slowed down.
What will happen to life, what will happen to crops—
What changes occur in the psyche?
I later realized that what I was thinking was similar to what I was thinking in the frightened nights of my childhood.
When I was a kid, I was always worried about what would happen to my house and my family if an earthquake happened tonight.
And the answer was always a story
If you think of fear as a story, not just an emotion, then you should be the author of that story.
And the other important thing is that you should also think of yourself as the reader of fear.
Some people are really good at reading the details of fear.
I recently read a paper about successful entrepreneurs, and the authors tell me that they all share a habit of "using their fears." understood as a guideline for
So even if the worst happens, we can get on with our work.
And the worst often happens
Here is the amazing place of horror
Because through fear we can predict the future
But we can't prepare for every horror imaginable.
So how do we know which fears we should follow and which ones we shouldn't?
The story of the Essex ends in tragedy, but I think there's a lesson to be learned.
The sailors made a decision after much thought.
Fearing cannibals, they gave up on the nearest island and chose the farther, far more difficult route to South America.
After two months of drifting, as expected, we ran out of food, and land is still far away.
When the last survivors were rescued by two passing ships, less than half survived, and some survived by eating cannibalism.
Melville used this story as the subject of Moby Dick, and later wrote, "The poor crew of the Essex would have spared themselves the trouble if they had gone straight from where they were shipwrecked -- to Tahiti. Wax
But they were terribly afraid of cannibals."
What's strange is why they feared cannibalism more than the possibility of starving.
Why were they so drawn to one of the two stories?
Seen from this perspective, it becomes clear that this is a story about interpretation.
The novelist Nabokov said, "The best readers are those who have two different temperaments, the artistic and the scientific."
A good reader immerses himself in the story with the passion of an artist, but the reader must have the cool judgment of a scientist. I will
The crew of the Essex were of an artistic temperament.
I imagined all sorts of scary scenarios.
It was just a mistake to focus on the wrong story.
Of all the tales that terror has created, they have responded to the scariest, most graphic -- and easiest to imagine -- tales of cannibalism.
If they'd thought of their fears like scientists, and judged them calmly, they'd have looked at a less bloody, but more likely, starvation scenario than cannibalism. would have been
Decoding your own fears may keep you from being swayed by terrible scenarios.
We should be able to spend less time worrying about killers and plane crashes and more time with the more subtle and slow tragedies before us, like the silent progression of arteriosclerosis or the gradual rise of climate change.
In literature, subtle stories are said to be the richest, and similarly, small horrors are the closest to truth.
Fear, if read correctly, is the wonderful gift that the imagination gives us -- it's a familiar precognition, a way to get a glimpse into the future at a stage where we can influence it.
When read correctly, fear can give us something as precious as literature: a little bit of wisdom and insight -- and something very elusive -- the truth.
Thank you. (Applause)
A political scientist friend made this prediction a few months ago A political scientist friend made this prediction a few months ago A political scientist friend made this prediction a few months ago
"Fiscal Cliff Hits Early 2013"Fiscal Cliff Hits Early 2013
Both Democrats and Republicans want this problem solved, but they are reluctant to move.Democrats and Republicans want this problem solved, but they are reluctant to move.
They want to drag out a solution until the last minute From now on you're going to hear reports that negotiations are going haywire from here on out, that negotiations are going haywire and that they've broken down But around Christmas or New Years But by Christmas or New Year it will be 'all settled'."
He said a few months ago that he had a 98 percent chance of solving this problem, but this morning I got an email from him saying, "That's basically what I expected, but the probability of solving the problem is down to 80 percent. It said
This story reminded me of one thing, when ever in American history there was a two-partisan conflict, when ever in American history there was a two-partisan conflict, the economy was on the brink of collapse. was standing at
The most famous historical example is the battle between Hamilton and Jefferson.The most famous historical example is the battle between Hamilton and Jefferson.They argued about issuing and stabilizing the dollar. We should set up a bank, a central bank, or else the dollar would be worthless and the economy would cease to function."
Otherwise, the dollar will be worthless and the economy will not work." Jefferson, on the other hand, said, "People will not trust central banks.
We just won the independence war and gained freedom, but we can't accept a central authority."
This debate has defined the first 150 years of the American economy. Whenever partisans clash, they say, "the economy collapses." It's been said that people who aren't in conflict often splurge and buy what they want.
Well, let me briefly explain the current economy. Well, let me briefly explain the current economy.
In fact, the financial cliff is just a partisan facade. In fact, the fiscal cliff is just a partisan facade. I forget which party is claiming what.
Some people say the slope isn't steep enough to call it a fiscal cliff, and others say it's not a cliff, it's an austerity crisis. some people say
In short, it's a self-made, self-perpetuated suicide attempt to turn away from solving the essential "inevitable."
This is what I mean by "inevitable"
Here's a chart from the Congressional Budget Office for projected future US debt and GDP. This chart is from the Congressional Budget Office for projected future US debt and GDP.
The dotted light blue line is what would happen if Congress did nothing. The dotted light blue line is what would happen if Congress did nothing. The dotted light blue line is what would happen if Congress did nothing. So around 2027, America's debt will be on par with Greece, and as you can see, around 2027, America's debt will be on par with Greece, and it's about 130% of GDP. If we don't do something, which means if Congress doesn't do anything in the next 20 years, the day will come when America will be abandoned by investors around the world, and they'll say, "We don't trust America anymore. I won't lend you more money unless you raise the interest rate."
The American economy will collapse at that moment.
But unlike Greece, we have 20 years to spare.
But unlike Greece, we have 20 years to spare, and we can avoid this crisis. just one more push for both parties to
There's also a completely different way of looking at this financial cliff.
The dark blue graph is government spending.
The light blue graph is government revenue.
You can see that the United States recently spent more than it earned, except for a short period of time. You can see that the United States recently spent more than it earned, except for a short period of time.
And as time goes on, we can see this gap widening, and we can see this gap widening as time goes on.
By 2030, this phenomenon will be even worse.
The essence of the problem is shown in this graph
Democrats say, "It's no big deal.
Just raise taxes a little bit to fill the gap, just raise taxes on the rich."
Republicans say, "Wait, there's a better way.
lower both lines
Let's reduce government spending and reduce tax rates. Isn't that better for the economy in the long run? '' Wouldn't that be better for your finances in the long run? "
Behind this deep conflict between the Democratic Party and the Republican Party, behind this deep conflict between the Democratic Party and the Republican Party, there is internal competition and political activity, not as politicians, but as politicians. On the one hand, it's the difference between two very interesting and wonderful economics.
Republicans think of the economy as a precision machine Republicans think of the economy as a precision machine, a perfect machine.
Unfortunately, it's probably made in Japan or Germany. This machine carefully examines people's production activities. This machine carefully examines people's production activities. We're going to move people from high to high, and there will be a moment of chaos, but we're going to make the high productivity areas stronger and the low productivity areas crush. more efficient and prosperous for all
In this Republican way of thinking, the role of government can be small. Government just has to keep people from cheating and hurting each other. Government just has to keep people from cheating and hurting each other. It's just good.In other words, we have the police, the fire department, and the military, but we don't have to intervene in the economic mechanism itself.
But what about Democrats and democratic economists? But what about Democrats and democratic economists? They're capitalists, so they're mostly for Republican mechanisms. They're capitalists, so they're mostly for Republican mechanisms.
We value moving resources to more productive locations.
But this has the problem of accumulating wealth in the wrong place.
But this has the problem of accumulating wealth in the wrong place.
In other words, wealth is taken away from the less productive (I hate to say it).
This will not create a fair and just society.
And the mechanisms that the Republicans advocate don't take into account issues like the environment and racism, and the GOP's dominant mechanisms don't take issues like the environment and racism into account. That's why Republicans believe that government should be responsible for redistributing resources from the more productive or wealthy to the less productive.
Now, if you look at it through the different lenses of the Democratic Party and the Republican Party, you can see how difficult it is to solve this crisis. Because the bigger things get, the more convinced both parties are of their solutions and the more they try to destroy the other party.
I've been in despair over this situation, and I've been in despair all these years. because you don't believe me
but let's say
Americans, when it comes to economic matters, Americans are moderate, pragmatic, neutral when it comes to economic matters.
You won't soon believe that Americans are moderate and realistic and neutral You won't soon believe that Americans will be moderate and realistic and neutral
Please let me explain
Let's take a look at how the federal government spends its money. This is where the debate really comes into play. 55% goes to social and health insurance, public low-income medical assistance. 55% goes to social and medical insurance, public low-income. 20% defense costs 19% discretionary 6% interest payments 20% defense costs 19% discretionary 6% interest payments
This is the graph we use to talk about government spending cuts. This is the graph we use to talk about government spending cuts. In fact, most Americans, no matter what party they're in, agree with this 55 percent payout. I am
I agree with social security and medical insurance.
I'm even in favor of public low-income medical assistance that doesn't seem like much help I'm even in favor of public low-income medical assistance that doesn't seem like much help
It's basically something you don't want to change, although both Republicans and Democrats are surprisingly tolerant of small changes that make for a more stable guarantee.
So social security is relatively easy to agree on.
Rumors about the disappearance of the system are exaggerated
Let me give you a few examples of why.
Democrats and Republicans, the ratio is almost 1:1. Democrats and Republicans, the ratio is almost 1:1.
So what about reducing medical coverage for wealthy seniors? It's not a loss of insurance, it's a reduction
I think both Democrats and Republicans are good.
And finally, what about the increase in medical insurance premiums?
Majority Against Both Democrats and Republicans Oppose Majority Opposition Both Democrats and Republicans Oppose
So when it comes to fiscal issues, for the most part, the public agrees. For the most part, the public agrees.
We Americans are tolerant of some change, but we want to maintain the status quo.
We can't even discuss the abolition of social security
So what we're going to talk about is the areas where one party is increasing spending, and it's just going to continue to increase. That party is, of course, the Republican Party, and the Republican Party is more aggressive than the Democrats in increasing defense spending.
Republicans are more aggressive than Democrats in increasing defense spending
Many Republicans want to keep defense spending
Defense spending is 20 percent of the budget, and that's what makes it even more difficult.
We also have to pay attention to the "discretionary" part. It's 19% of the budget. Different parties have different ways of thinking about how to spend it. They tend to spend this part on things like food discounts, while Republicans spend more money on things like farm production price control statutes and Department of the Interior subsidies that encourage businesses like oil drilling.
And there's a lot of disagreement about taxes.
It's a highly contested area.
Democrats are aggressive in raising taxes on the wealthy with incomes over $250,000 Democrats are aggressive in raising taxes on the wealthy with incomes over $250,000 Republicans are opposed to this. People under $5,000 agree
So basically Republicans who make over $250,000 a year don't want taxes on them.
Two-thirds of Democrats are in favor of increasing taxes on investment income, while only one-third of Republicans are in favor. do not agree
And here's what you notice, and it's that almost all Americans are either Republicans or Democrats, and almost all Americans are considered to be either Republicans or Democrats, and only about 2% of the rest. is there
They think that if you add up the Democrats and the Republicans, you get the whole American.You think that if you add the Democrats and the Republicans, you get the whole American.
this is a big mistake
There are only a few periods in modern history when America has been divided in two.
About a third of Americans are Democrats
About a quarter will be Republicans
Then there are minorities, such as revolutionaries and socialists, and then there are minorities, such as revolutionaries and socialists.
So most Americans aren't partisan. A lot of independents hold neutral views. A lot of independents hold neutral views. So, when it comes to economic issues, Republicans and Democrats already have the same opinion, but adding this independent faction will bring the majority to the same opinion.
There are disagreements in other areas
Like gun control, abortion, environmental policy. Like gun control, abortion, environmental policy.
And even economists don't really think as differently as people think.
Economists in the '70s and '80s had an ugly conflict Economists in the '70s and '80s had an ugly conflict
Harvard University, Princeton University, and MIT's so-called "seawater school" Harvard University, Princeton University, and MIT's so-called "seawater school" and Chicago University and Rochester University's "freshwater school" "of
The two sides were fiercely hostile.It was a battle between the lake group's free market and the seaside group's concentrated investment faction.Different factions did not go to weddings, and they criticized each other at academic societies.Different factions did not even go to weddings. We criticize each other in academic societies
But right now, my sense is that there is very little conflict among scholars under 40. There is very little conflict among scholars under 40.
Most scholars think it's uncool to join a faction Most scholars think it's uncool to join a faction
If you're a graduate student or a junior professor, you'll say, "I'm a scientist, and I'm a data-driven opinion."
"I'm a scientist. I speak based on data."
the data is clear
None of the popular economic theories have ever been completely successful.
Over the last 100 years different schools have tried to explain the past and predict the future Different schools have tried to explain the past and predict the future Different schools have tried to explain the past and predict the future produced poor results, which led economists to be conservative.
They're still arrogant, but they're not biased. They're still arrogant, but they're biased. They think there are hundreds of possibilities.
In America, nonpartisans have existed, but the fact has been hidden until now, the fact has been hidden.
This fall, I've been in conversations with three large organizations that research American political consciousness: the Pew Research Center, the University of Chicago Research Center, and one that's importantly obscure is the American Voting Institute, and that's importantly obscure. That's the American Voting Research Association, a group with a long tradition of studying voting behavior since 1948.
It's a long-established group that has been studying voting behavior since 1948, and the survey shows that very few Americans continue to insist that we should have a smaller government and less taxes. Nor did anyone hold to the argument that government should play a greater role in repairing the damage done by capitalism.
Very few people are stubborn
Most people have changed their minds, choosing the pros and cons of each policy over time, finding compromises.
This trend continues today
What's changed is how you answer ambiguous questions.
What's changed is how we answer vague questions like, "Big government intervention or little government intervention?"
For vague questions like "Should the government..." or "Should the government redistribute?"
For vague questions such as “Should the government redistribute?”
The answer is highly polarized
But when you ask them more specifically about taxes and how they spend their money, but when you ask them more specifically about taxes and how they spend, they become more neutral, and it's easy to compromise.
When discussing the fiscal cliff, it is better not to think that, in principle, the two sides cannot stand side by side in the United States, that a battle that divides national opinion is unavoidable, and that a battle that divides national opinion is inevitable.
The only ones who can't compromise are the outdated economists and the biased fanatics.
But the reality is that their voices tend to stand out, and their voices tend to stand out. I'm also in the media I love to blog and I'm in the media
They're getting more and more vocal, but they're never speaking for us.
But it never speaks for us.
You remember the central bank controversy that I mentioned at the beginning, we should take lessons from that controversy, we should take lessons from that controversy.
Politically biased people predict the end of the world on television and in parliament Politically biased people predict the end of the world on television and parliament, "If you don't follow your ideas, how disastrous it will be. And don't be afraid to say, "What will happen if I don't follow my ideas?" Just like the Hamilton-Jefferson debate.
It's the same thing as the Hamilton-Jefferson debate.
Let me tell you the outcome of this debate After an emotional and intense struggle, a compromise was finally reached After an emotional and intense battle, a compromise was finally reached After an emotional and intense battle, the final A compromise was made. It was the worst kind of compromise. It seemed like it would destroy the value of the dollar.
"As long as there is a gold standard, it's okay, it won't be bad"
But then, during the Great Depression, individuals abandoned the gold standard, but then during the Great Depression, individuals abandoned the gold standard, and even on a global currency level, the gold standard ended in the Nixon era.
We thought the economy would collapse, but in the end nothing happened.
We thought the economy would collapse, but in the end nothing happened.
Throughout history, the dollar has been a long-term stable and widely used currency. It has been a long-term stable and widely used currency. The claim of the loud voice was wrong.
In today's fiscal problem, Congress doesn't have to actually agree. It doesn't have to compromise well.
The scary thing is the world is watching this
The more we delay the solution, the more eyes are on America The more we delay the solution, the more attention is on America
Far from being the foundation of the global economy, it could be seen as a country unable to self-manage. Far from being the foundation of the global economy, it could be seen as a country unable to self-manage. The day of calamity will come sooner Then the interest rate will be higher and the day of calamity will come sooner The interest rate will be higher and the day of calamity will come sooner
You don't have to actually compromise. Just making compromises will give you time. Just making compromises will give you time.
I'm a media person. The mission of the media is to talk about financial issues frankly, avoiding vague and grandiose extremes. The financial crisis is not an extinction crisis, it is not a religious war, it is just a mathematical problem with a solution. I should be able to share
The financial cliff can be resolved quickly through action, and, paradoxically, over time.
thank you for listening
Filmmaker Georges Méliès was originally a magician.
Film is the best medium for showing magic.
Because cinema gives us complete control over what the audience sees, filmmakers have developed a variety of techniques to create more sophisticated illusions.
The motion picture itself is an illusion created by projecting a series of still images.
Even the modern movie-obsessed audience is glued to the screen, and filmmakers exploit the gaps in reality to great effect.
Illusions have been enjoyed by imaginative people for over 400 years.
In the 16th century, the Neapolitan scholar della Porta learned how to manipulate the natural world through observation and research.
Manipulating the world and the way we perceive it is the essence of visual effects.
In collaboration with the Science and Technology Council of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, we delve into the essence of visual effects to reveal the truth behind the techniques.
Visual effects are based on the principle of illusion 1. "Preconception" that things are as we know them - 2. "Beliefs" that things unfold as we expect - 3. "Background knowledge that supports reality" This is the knowledge we have about the world, and a good example is the sense of scale.
And the fourth element that everyone sticks to is "Illusions must never go unnoticed."
Because of this, visual effects have always strived for perfection.
What I'm going to show you is how the visual effects have evolved, and sometimes repeated, from the earliest days of cinema with hand-cranked cameras to the most recent Academy Award winners.
Please enjoy
"Georges Méliès is the man who realized that cinema has the power to capture dreams."
"A Trip to the Moon" (1902) Reproduction of original hand-coloring (2011) "2001: A Space Odyssey" (1968) Academy Award for Best Visual Effects "How are you Jake?" "Avatar" (2009)
"Hey, guys"
Academy Award for Best Visual Effects "Welcome to a New Body"
"Let's start slowly." "Do you want to wake up? Okay."
"Slowly... be careful"
"It doesn't look like there's any functional impairment."
"You can move your toes."
"Alice ~Great Adventure in Wonderland~" (1972) "I wonder what happened to me?"
“Alice in Wonderland” (2010) Nominated for Academy Award for Best Visual Effects “Lost World” (1925) Stop-motion animation “Jurassic Park” (1993) CG Animation Academy Award for Best Visual Effects “Smurfs” (2011) 2011) Keyframe animation produced with Autodesk Maya "Genesis" (2011) Oscar nominee for Best Visual Effects "Metropolis" (1927) (music) "Blade Runner" (1982) Academy Best Visual Effects Nomination "It's Alright" "It's Raining" (1939)
"Do not worry"
Academy Award for Special Effects 1st work (explosive sound) "The worst seems to have passed" "2012" (2009)
Destruction by CG "Lord of the Rings: Return of the King" (2003) Large-scale crowd generated by software Academy Award for Best Visual Effects "Ben-Hur" (1925) Crowd moving with miniatures and puppets "Gladiator" (2000) CG stadium and digital crowd Academy Award for Best Visual Effects "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Part 2" (2011) Nominated for Academy Award for Best Visual Effects Produced in cooperation with the Academy's Science and Technology Council The possible and the improbable can be achieved - Georges Méliès"
He is a permanent honorary member of the Maurice Douron Académie Française, the French Council.
He looks great in his $68,000 uniform, and is perfectly suited to the role of instituting the correct usage and pronunciation of French for members of the Académie Française.
The Académie Française has two main tasks: the first is to compile the official French dictionary.
Now they're working on the ninth edition, which started in 1930, and they've just made it to the letter "P."
It also enacts correct usage, arguing that "courriel" should be used as the proper term for what the French call "email."
What the French called the "world wide web" was arranged to be called "la toile d'araignee mondiale" -- the global spider web -- but in the end it was a convention the French didn't care about. is
This story is just one example of how language was treated, and it had its correct usage established by a particular council.
But if you look at language, you'll see that it's a stupid idea.
Given the constant change in language, this is obvious, in fact, by the time the Académie Française finishes compiling a dictionary, it will already be outdated.
We see this in the constant emergence of slang and jargon, in historical changes in language, in the diversity of dialects, in the formation of new languages.
In other words, language is a window into human nature, not something that makes or shapes human nature.
In the book I'm writing, I'm using language to clarify some aspects of human nature, such as the cognitive mechanisms that shape the conceptual system of the world and the relationships that govern human interaction.
Here we will talk about each
Let's start with the formal issues of language that sometimes come up -- bear with me for a moment on my fondness for verbs and verb usage.
Which verbs fit which syntax?
The verb is the chassis of the sentence, so to speak.
The verb becomes the skeleton onto which the other parts are bolted.
Let's remember a little bit of what we all learned
Intransitive verbs such as "dine" cannot take a direct object
"Sam dined" is correct but "Sam dined the pizza" is incorrect
Transitive verbs must have an object "Sam devoured the pizza" is fine but not "Sam devoured"
There are dozens of verbs of this kind that determine the form of sentences.
Whether you're trying to explain a child's language acquisition strategy, or teaching an adult a foreign language to avoid grammatical errors, or programming a computer to manipulate language, the question is which verbs can be used in which syntax.
For example, in English dative construction
Also the dative preposition "Give a muffin to a mouse"
You can say either of the dual objects "Give mouse a muffin"
There are many examples like "Promise anything to her", "Promise her anything" etc.
Hundreds of verbs are available in both syntaxes
If all verbs can be rephrased as subject-verb-object-to-receiver as subject-verb-receiver-thing, children, adults, and computers are going to generalize.
This is useful because there are an infinite number of languages, and you can't parrot what you've heard.
general rules must be extracted to form and understand new sentences
Here is an example of how
But unfortunately there are peculiar exceptions
You can say "Biff drove the car to Chicago" but you can't say "Biff drove the car to Chicago"
You can say "Sal gave Jason a headache", but "Sal gave a headache to Jason" goes a little crazy
The key to solving this problem is that these constructions are not synonymous even though they start off the same sentence. If you look at human cognition under a microscope, you'll see subtle differences between the two constructions.
The syntax of "Give the X to the Y" is consistent with the idea of ​​"Cause X to go to Y" and "Give the Y the X". "Give X" matches the thought "Cause Y to have X"
Many phenomena can be interpreted either way, and it's kind of like the classic ground-figure inversion illusion: when you focus your attention on the central object, you pay less attention to the picture in the surrounding space, and to the blank space. When you gaze at the face, the central object is pushed out of your consciousness.
How are these interpretations reflected in language?
In either case, the thing that is interpreted as being affected is expressed in the direct object, the verb followed by the noun.
If it's an event that moves the muffin somewhere -- when you're doing something to the muffin -- you say "Give the muffin to the mouse."
If you interpret "the mouse is giving you something," or you're doing something to the mouse, then you say, "Give the mouse the muffin."
So the question I raised, which verbs can be used in which constructs, depends on whether the verbs refer to an action or to a change of possession.
Giving something involves both transferring something and giving it to someone else
Driving a car only represents transportation, because it's impossible for Chicago to own anything.
Only humans can own things
Giving someone a headache is making them "own" a headache, but that doesn't mean taking it out of their head and intentionally moving it to someone else and putting it in their head.
Headaches are triggered when you are annoyed by other people's noise or unpleasant behavior.
Here's an example of one of the things I do
why should i think about this
An interesting conclusion comes from an analysis of hundreds of English verbs similar to this one.
First, there's a level of fine-grained conceptual structure that's automatically and subconsciously processed when we make sentences and pronounce sentences, and that govern our use of language.
This is what we call the language of thought, or "Mentalese."
This "Mentalese" is based on a fixed set of concepts that seem to codify dozens of constructions and thousands of verbs, not just in English, but in every other language. Space, time, causality, intention -- what is the means and what is the goal.
This is reminiscent of Immanuel Kant's taxonomy in the basic framework of human thought. Interestingly, our unconscious use of language is associated with things like color, texture, weight, speed, and so on.
It seems to reflect Kant's classification of perceptual properties as irrelevant, and in fact these perceptual properties do not affect how the verb is used in different constructions.
Another trend is that all English constructions are used not only in a literal sense, but also in a figurative sense.
For example, this dative construction is used not only as a metaphor for moving objects, but also as a metaphor for moving thoughts: "She told a story to me" or "told me." For example a story" "Max taught Spanish to the students" or "taught the students Spanish"
These are exactly the same syntax as before, but you're not getting a muffin or a mouse, nothing is being moved.
This leads us to imagine a "containment metaphor" that thinks as thoughts, sentences as containers, and communication as a form of transmission.
For example, if the words are not "empty" or "hollow", the ideas "collect" and "put" them into words. We use the expression “pull out”.
This kind of usage is not special and is customary
It's not easy to find an example in an abstract language that doesn't use concrete metaphors.
For example, the verb "go" can be used with the prepositions "to" and "from" in a sentence in a literal spatial sense.
"The messenger went from Paris to Istanbul"
But you can also say "Biff went from sick to well"
Biff doesn't have to go anywhere, because he must have been in bed the whole time, but the expression thinks that his health is a point in state space, and that point is moving.
In "The meeting went from three to four," I think of time as being stretched on a single line.
Similarly, when using force, it is not just physical force such as "Rose forced the door to open" but "Rose forced Sadie to go". It can also express interpersonal power, such as "I was forced to go to the hospital."
Or "Rose forced herself to go." It's as if there are two entities in Rose's head playing tug of war.
The second conclusion is that human beings are capable of interpreting events in two different ways, such as "make <things> go to <people>" and "make <people> have <things>". It's a fundamental feature of the way people think, and it's the basis for people's arguments.
Here are some examples: "terminate pregnancy" vs "kill the fetus" "cell mass" vs "unborn child" "invade Iraq" vs "liberate Iraq" "redistribute wealth" and "confiscation of income"
Taken together, all of this suggests that it is true that most uses of abstract events are based on metaphors for concrete objects, and that the first components of human intelligence are matter, space, time, and cause and effect. It's a stack of concepts, like intention, which is good for a social, knowledge-intensive species. You can imagine how that species evolves. Another component of human intelligence is metaphorical concepts. This allows abstract concepts to emerge from the original concepts of space, time, power, etc. By applying them to new abstract things, humans can move from the stage of dealing with rocks, tools, and animals to mathematics and physics. It evolved to be able to embody science, law, or any other abstract thing.
Now, I've said that I'm going to talk about the two windows of human nature, about the cognitive mechanisms that help us conceptualize the world, and then, from a language perspective, I'd like to talk about how the forms of relationships are reflected in language.
Let's start with the problem of indirect speech.
I'm sure many of you have seen the movie "Fargo."
There's this scene where the kidnapper is pulled over by a police officer and asked to show his driver's license.
"I thought that might be the case here in Fargo." He interprets this as a roundabout offer of a bribe, including the audience.
Indirect speech like this is ubiquitous in language.
For example, if you're making a polite request, and someone says, "It would be great if you could get me some guacamole," I know exactly what you mean. You don't have to know guacamole.
(laughs) "Would you like to come see the etching in my room?"
Most people will know the true meaning of this phrase.
In the same way, I understand that when you say, "Well, it's a good store, I hope nothing happens."
So the question is, why are bribes, polite requests, temptations and threats so often circumvented?
nobody gets confused
They both know what the speaker means, the speaker knows what the listener knows, and the listener knows what the speaker knows, and so on.
what is going on
Importantly, language is a way of coordinating relationships, and relationships can be categorized into several types.
According to the well-known taxonomy of anthropologist Alan Fisk, relationships can be classified as one of the following: communality is "what's mine is yours, what's yours is mine." Dominance is the principle of "Don't disturb me", and reciprocity is "If you scratch my back, I'll scratch it." Represented by Cole Porter's immortal phrase "Let's do it"
Now the type of relationship is something that can be adjusted.
Under certain circumstances, even if one of the above relationship types automatically applies, that type may be extended.
For example, "community" should apply to family and friends relationships, but it can also be used to try to harness the spirit of sharing in groups where other principles would normally be taken for granted.
Mutuals, cooperatives, sororities, phrases like "human brothers," it's possible to try to adapt the type of relationship that's normally only appropriate to close relatives to people in other relationships.
But there's a mismatch, and the time one side assumes one type of relationship, and the other side assumes another type, is bad.
It would be an unlikely situation to reach out and take the shrimp off your boss's plate.
Or if a dinner guest pulls out their wallet after the meal and says they're going to pay for the meal, that's also bad luck.
In cases as vague as this, reconciliation of relationships can still occur.
For example, in a company, there's a lot of debate about how close employees should be to their bosses, or whether they should use their first names when talking about their bosses.
So let's say two friends are trying to sell a car or something else that's a mutual transaction.
In dating, the transition from friendship to sexuality is notoriously fraught with awkwardness, and in sexual relationships at work, the conflict between dominance and sexuality is called sexual harassment. increase
Now, what do these things have to do with language?
As a social interaction, language must satisfy two conditions.
First of all, it's a containment metaphor that has to convey factual content.
Even if the speaker wants to express a bribe, an order, a request, a temptation, etc., it's imperative that they adjust and maintain the relationships they've built with others.
The solution is to use language on two levels: the literal level, which conveys the safest relationship with the listener, and the implied substance of the word -- what the speaker expects the listener to understand by reading between the lines. -- allows the listener to interpret it most closely to the context, which may change the relationship.
A polite request is the simplest example
Let's say you make a request using a conditional statement, "It would be great if you could open the window for me." It means that you don't want to have a dominance relationship that assumes that
Mysterious food If you want guacamole
Expressing yourself in the "if...then..." format allows you to communicate your needs without appearing bossy to those around you.
In a more subtle way, it seems to me that any kind of oblique speech is left open to refutation, whether it's a bribe, a threat, a proposal, a seduction, or something else.
We can see this by trying to imagine what it would be like if language could only be used literally.
You can think of it according to the game theory payoff table.
I want to bribe a police officer Let's assume the kidnapper's position
I would say it's a high stakes situation as to whether the police are dishonest or fair.
If you don't bribe a cop, you'll always get a traffic ticket regardless of whether the cop is fair or dishonest. You don't have a choice.
it will be worse
In situations like this, the consequences can be pretty grim.
On the other hand, if you give a bribe, if the cops are dishonest, you get a big payoff of getting through.
If the cops were fair, they'd get big penalties of being arrested for bribery.
this is an embarrassing situation
But with roundabout language, when you offer a bribe in vague terms, if the police are dishonest, you can take it as a bribe and get the benefit of passing through.
A fair cop can't be bribed, and as a result gets handed a nasty traffic ticket.
So you get the best results at either level.
I think it's for the same reason that we tend to act awkwardly when we engage in sexual temptation, even in other situations where the possibility of rejection comes along.
This reaffirms what has long been known by diplomats that linguistic ambiguity is nothing but flaws and imperfections, and that language is used to gain dominance in social interactions. It is the characteristic of
So let me sum it up: language is a holistic creation that reflects the human nature of how we conceptualize the world and how we interact with each other.
By analyzing the ambiguity and complexity of language, we gain a window into what makes us tick.
thank you very much
(applause)
we live in an incredibly busy world
The pace is often frantic, the mind is always busy, and there's always something going on.
With this in mind, think about it for a minute. When was the last time you didn't do anything?
When was the last 10 minutes of calm?
Do nothing here
No e-mail, no internet, no chatting, no eating, no reading
It means not looking back or looking to the future and really doing nothing.
I just don't do anything
Everyone looks shocked (laughs).
isn't it a long time ago
This is funny, isn't it?
Is it okay to feel like this
The mind is the most valuable and irreplaceable possession, and every moment of life is experienced through the mind.
Your mind determines your happiness, contentment, and emotional state as an individual, but it also influences your kindness and compassion in your relationships.
And when we're focused, when we're creative, when we're spontaneous, when we try to do our best, we rely on this mind.
But we don't set aside time to care for our hearts.
Instead, they spend a lot of time on cars and fashion, which is what most people do, and the result is, of course, stress.
My mind is spinning like a washing machine, caught in a vortex of difficult and confusing emotions, and I don't know how to get out of it.
Sadly, our minds have been blocked and no longer exist in the real world.
We lose sight of what's most important to us. The funny thing is that we all operate on speculation, and in the name of life, we just have to conform.
this is not what it should be
When I was about 11, I took my first meditation class.
It's hard to believe, but it was exactly what I imagined it would be: people sitting on the floor with their legs crossed, there was incense, herbal teas, and they were very vegetarian. continued together
At the same time, I was watching kung fu movies, and I was secretly trying to learn how to fly.
If I were there today, I'm sure, like all of you, I would think of meditation as just a pain reliever for the mind.
I meditate when I feel stressed
It never occurred to me that meditation could provide any kind of prevention until I was 20 years old, when so many events in my life happened so often and so seriously that they literally turned my life upside down. I was overwhelmed with difficult emotions and didn't know how to deal with them.
Dealing with one raises another
It was a very stressful time.
I think we all deal with stress in our own way.
For some people, it's a great distraction.
Some people talk to their friends and family and ask for support.
Some ask for prescription drugs
In my case, I became a monk.
I quit college, went to the Himalayas, became a monk, and started studying meditation.
I am often asked what I have learned
Needless to say, it changed the way I saw things.
Becoming an ascetic monk changed a lot of things.
that's not all
I have learned to appreciate and understand the present moment.
I didn't get lost in my thoughts, I didn't get distracted, I didn't get overwhelmed by difficult emotions, I learned how to be here, how to be aware, how to be.
The present moment is so underrated
The words are mediocre, but we are barely conscious of the far-from-ordinary moment that is now.
According to Harvard University, our minds are at a loss 47% of the time, on average.
47%
If the mind continues to wander in this way, it is also a direct cause of unhappiness.
We don't live that long, but we spend half our lives feeling lost, and as a result, we end up unhappy. I wonder if we should call it a tragedy. It's a clear, practical, and scientifically proven technique that can be achieved.
The beauty of this technique is that just 10 minutes a day can change your life.
just need to learn a trick
it takes practice to learn how to be conscious
I also need a framework
this is what meditation is
Helps me understand the present moment
We also need to learn how to approach it to get the best out of the present moment.
This is what meditation is for, because a lot of people think that meditation is about stopping your thoughts, or letting go of your emotions, or controlling your mind, but it's really not.
Meditation is about taking a step back and seeing your thoughts clearly, observing your fluctuating thoughts and emotions without discrimination, with a relaxed and focused mind.
For example, if I'm too focused on the ball right now, I can't even talk like this.
Similarly, if you relax too much in talking, the ball will fall.
In life, in meditation, we can become overly focused and life becomes cramped.
When stress reaches this point, life becomes very miserable.
On the other hand, if you take a breather too much, you'll end up looking like this.
Of course, during meditation... (snoring) you can fall asleep.
What you need is balanced, focused relaxation, and if you can achieve this, you can free your mind from the hustle and bustle of everyday life.
We usually get distracted by our thoughts when we start learning how to be conscious.
For example, let's say you have anxiety.
When everything is going well, I think of anxiety
"Come to think of it, were you worried about that?"
Then I clung to the idea
"I'm really worried, I'm full of anxiety"
Until we realize that, we're worried about feeling anxious.
It's funny
it happens every day
Think about a time when your teeth were loose.
Didn't you notice the pain?
So what do you do every 30 seconds?
(Auau...) It hurts, doesn't it?
i do this every time
By simply learning how to observe the mind, we can eliminate these negative cycles of the mind.
If you observe your mind calmly, you can see various states of mind.
You may notice that your heart is always restless
Don't be surprised if you feel agitated even when you're sitting still and doing nothing.
You may find that your mind is dull and dull. Wake up, go to work, eat, sleep, wake up again, wake up, go to work, eat, sleep, wake up again, and you may feel like a machine. not
Or maybe it's spinning around your mind as a result of overthinking one little thing.
No matter what, meditation allows us to take a step back and see things from a new perspective, and take a step back and see things from a new perspective, giving us the opportunity to see things that aren't necessarily what we appear to be.
We can't change a single thing We can't change a single thing But we can change the experience we have
This is the potential for thoughtful meditation.
You don't have to burn incense, you don't have to sit on the floor
All it takes is 10 minutes a day to step back and understand the present moment, and you can experience a wonderful sense of focus, calmness and clarity in your life.
Thank you. (Applause)
I'd like to start with the most dangerous animal in the world.
If you were to ask about dangerous animals today, most people would think of lions, tigers and sharks.
However, the most dangerous animals are mosquitoes.
Mosquitoes have killed more humans than any other species in human history.
All those numbers add up, and mosquitoes kill more people.
And mosquitoes kill more people than war and disease.
Can we not think that human science, social progress, cities, civilization, public health development and wealth have all contributed to curbing the spread of mosquitoes and reducing disease?
actually not
If that's the case, then there can't be 200-300 million cases of malaria each year, and malaria shouldn't kill 1.5 million people. It wouldn't have had dengue, which has recently burst on the scene to become one of the most deadly mosquito-borne viruses.
Fifty years ago, almost nobody knew about dengue fever, nobody in Europe.
But dengue fever now infects between 50 and 100 million people each year, according to the WTO, which means it's infecting as many people as the population of the United Kingdom.
Some estimate that the number of infected people is about twice this number.
Dengue fever is spreading at an alarming rate.
In the last 50 years, the incidence of dengue fever has increased 30 times.
So for those of you who don't know what dengue is, let me tell you a little bit about it.
Let's imagine you're on vacation right now.
For example Caribbean Sea, Mexico Latin America, Asia, Africa, Saudi Arabia
India or the Far East would be fine
Location doesn't matter. It's the mosquitoes, the diseases they carry, and you're in danger.
Imagine being bitten by a mosquito that carries the virus.
If you get sick, you will experience flu-like symptoms.
Minor symptoms at first
As the disease progresses, you may experience nausea, headaches, muscles contracting, and bones breaking.
Because of these symptoms, the disease has been nicknamed
Fracture fever because that's how it feels
The strange thing is that once you've been bitten by one of these mosquitoes and you've contracted the disease, your body develops antibodies that prevent you from getting sick if you're bitten by another mosquito carrying the same virus.
But we don't have one virus, we have four. But the problem is that the antibodies don't give us the same virus as before, but they make us more susceptible to three other viruses.
So the next time you get dengue, if it's a different strain, you're more likely to get sick, and you're likely to have much worse symptoms, and then you'll end up with a more serious illness, hemorrhagic fever or shock syndrome. more likely to become
Ladies and gentlemen, you never want to get dengue fever, never again.
So why is it spreading so rapidly?
the answer is this
It's Aedes aegypti
This mosquito, as the name suggests, came from North Africa and has spread all over the world.
A single mosquito only travels about 200 yards in its lifetime and doesn't fly very far.
What they're good at is hitchhiking and carrying eggs.
They lay their eggs in clean water, such as pools, puddles, basins, flower pots, etc. If you have clean water, they will lay their eggs. is transported to
This is what's happening. Humans are transporting these eggs all over the world. And Aedes aegypti has spread to more than 100 countries. 2.5 billion people live with this mosquito. increase
Here are just a few examples of how fast this spread: In the mid-1970s, Brazil declared, "We don't have Aedes aegypti in our country." we're trying to get rid of against just one kind of mosquito
I don't remember very well, but yesterday or the day before yesterday, according to Reuters, there was the first case of dengue fever in Madeira, with about 52 confirmed cases and about 400 suspected cases.
it was two days ago
The first time Aedes aegypti was found in Madeira was in 2005, and the interesting thing is that it took several years before the first cases of dengue fever appeared.
What this tells us is that wherever this mosquito goes, the dengue fever will follow.
Once Aedes aegypti invades an area and someone with dengue comes into the area, that mosquito bites that person, that mosquito bites someone else, and so on, and it becomes an epidemic.
Therefore, mosquitoes must be exterminated
However, it is very difficult
There are two basic methods
The first is to use pesticides.
Chemicals are sprayed where the Aedes aegypti lays eggs.
But in an urban environment, this is very difficult.
All puddles, basins and tree trunks must be sprayed with chemicals.
it's not realistic
The second method is to get rid of flying Aedes aegypti mosquitoes.
This photo is being sprayed
What they're doing here is spraying chemical-laden smoke all over the place.
It can also be done by aerial spraying
It's a really nasty substance, and if it does anything good, it's going to prevent an outbreak of Aedes aegypti and dengue fever.
So it's not very effective. However, this is probably the best we can do for the time being.
With that said, in fact, our best protection, like mine, is to wear long-sleeved shirts and carry bug repellent.
Let's start again from scratch Design a product from scratch And decide what you need
What is clear is that we need something that can effectively reduce mosquito populations.
Simply getting rid of mosquitoes doesn't make sense
We need something that can definitely reduce mosquito populations, and thus prevent disease epidemics.
Also, this product must be safe for humans
because we use this around people
must be safe
Also, it must not leave a negative impact on the environment.
I don't want to do anything that I can't do back to normal
Maybe in 20 to 30 years there will be better products.
It's great. We don't want to leave an impact on the environment.
And you want something relatively cheap or cost-effective, because it's a problem that touches so many countries, some are emerging markets, some are low income. because it is a developing country
And finally, you want something that works only against one specific species.
You only want to get rid of Aedes aegypti, which spreads dengue fever, and you don't want to involve other insects.
Some insects are beneficial, and some are important in the ecosystem.
This mosquito is different. This mosquito attacks us.
However, this does not mean that we want to get rid of all insects.
I just want to get rid of this mosquito
Most of the time, Aedes aegypti lives in and around your home, so no matter what we do, we're going to run into these mosquitoes.
These mosquitoes invade people's homes, bedrooms and kitchens.
By the way, there are two biological features of mosquitoes that help them. One is that males don't bite.
Only females bite
Males can't chew, they don't have mouthparts to chew on.
Only females bite
The second feature is that males are very good at finding females.
If you release a male mosquito and there is a female around, the male will find the female.
make use of these two characteristics
This is a typical situation where a male finds a female and leaves many offspring.
A single female lays about 100 eggs at a time, up to about 500 in her lifetime.
Now, if this male carries a gene that causes his offspring to die, the offspring won't survive, and 500 mosquitoes won't be flying around.
And let's call the males, whose offspring eventually die if they release more of them, "azoospermic."
If you release more infertile males outside, females will encounter more infertile males than fertile males, thus reducing the total population.
This is because a sterile male is released to seek out and mate with a female.
Even if you can't find a female, you'll die anyway.
Mosquitoes can only live for 2-3 days.
this is what we are doing now
This technology was developed at the University of Oxford several years ago.
I've been working on it for the last 10 years at a company called Oxytec, which is very similar to the development process in a pharmaceutical company.
After about 10 years of internal evaluation and testing, we've reached a level where we think this technology is viable.
So we started an outdoor experiment, with the consent of the local people and the necessary permits, of course.
We are currently conducting field tests in two locations: the Cayman Islands, a small island in Malaysia, and Brazil.
what about the result?
very good
We bring in sterile mosquitoes and release them for about four months. In many cases, we start in towns with 2,000 to 3,000 people. reduced by 85 percent
After reaching that number, the mosquitoes were almost gone, and it was difficult to count.
Here are the results from the Cayman Islands, and similar results from the experiment in Brazil.
So next, we're preparing to scale up this experiment, so that we can do it in towns of about 50,000 people, so that we can see the results on a wider scale.
We also have a production facility south of Oxford where we produce sterile mosquitoes.
You can produce mosquitoes in a space slightly larger than this red carpet, where you can produce about 20 million mosquitoes a week.
and transport the mosquitoes around the world
It's not that expensive. Because a container the size of a coffee cup, a coffee cup, can hold about three million eggs.
(Laughter) We have a production facility, you might call it a mosquito factory.
And we're doing some experiments for Brazil, and the Brazilian government itself built a mosquito factory, much bigger than ours, and we're going to use it to scale up in Brazil.
Suppose you're here, we're sending mosquito eggs.
Separate males and females from birth
Put the male in a little pot, put it on the truck, and release the male where it goes.
Let me explain in a little more detail
You want to release mosquitoes to cover a wide area.
So you look at Google Maps, you divide the area, and you calculate how far the mosquitoes can fly, and you release them to make sure you're covering the area you want to cover, and then they come back. can do
we are doing this in agriculture
We've found some mosquitoes that are relevant to agriculture, and we expect to get some funding soon, and then we're going to tackle malaria.
So that's where we are now. I'm going to give you a few final thoughts. One is that this case is one way biology can help with supplement chemistry in mature societies. This kind of biological approach. is put to practical use in very different ways, and if you think about genetic engineering, we're now using industrial enzymes, genetically engineered enzymes in food.
Genetically engineered crops, medicines, new vaccines, they're using more or less the same technology, but with very different results.
I'm looking forward to it, of course, personally.
They especially like situations where old technology is no longer working or acceptable.
Even though the technologies are similar, the results are very different. For example, when you compare our approach to mosquitoes with genetically modified crops, both technologies attempt to create enormous benefits. I understand
Both can significantly reduce pesticide use as a side effect.
But genetic engineering gives crops an advantage by protecting them from pests, whereas what we're actually doing is making mosquitoes the worst disadvantage by making them unable to reproduce effectively. is
This is the end of the cycle for mosquitoes
Thank you very much. (Applause)
If you're watching the news, you know there are a number of giant asteroids heading toward America, and all of them are expected to hit us in the next 50 years.
We're not talking about actual asteroids made of rock and metal.
Then it doesn't really matter, because if our lives were at stake, we'd put our fights on the sidelines and find a way to avoid the asteroid by any means necessary.
I'm not talking about asteroids, but looming threats that have a unique heat and aura that pushes us to extremes and paralyzes us.
In March, I heard NASA scientist Jim Hansen speak at the TED conference.
This is how we're headed for global warming, and if we continue on this path, we'll be four to five degrees Celsius warmer by the end of this century.
According to Hansen, sea level rise of 5 meters is expected.
This is what happens when sea level rises 5 meters
Low-lying cities around the world will disappear while a child born today is still alive.
Hansen ended by saying, "Imagine a giant asteroid about to hit the Earth.
We are faced with a similar situation
If we don't take any action to avoid the asteroid, the longer we wait, the harder and more expensive the solution will be."
Of course, the left wants to take action, while the right denies even having a problem.
The week after I returned from TED, I was invited to a dinner party in Washington, DC. I read the paper "Beyond the Welfare State" contributed by
As Levin writes, "Countries around the world are becoming unacceptable and unaffordable for social-democratic welfare states, relying on dubious economic logic and relying on outdated demographic models. I'm starting to accept what I'm doing."
Now, it's not as scary as an asteroid, but let's take a look at the graph provided by Mr. Levin.
This graph shows the national debt of the United States as a percentage of GDP, and thus, going all the way back to the founding of the nation, we borrowed heavily for the American Revolutionary War.
War is expensive. I desperately paid off the bills and paid them back, but soon we were in the Civil War.
Borrowing a lot and repaying it over and over When you think you're close to paying it off, don't worry! It's World War I
I'm starting over again
Now it's time for the Great Depression and World War II
Debt has risen to astronomical levels, to about 118 percent of GDP, a very unsustainable, very dangerous bridge.
But when you try to pay it off again, what will happen this time?
Why has the amount of debt increased since the 1970s?
We don't have the money to fill the void, and we've cut taxes, and that's part of it.
Our debt levels are approaching World War II levels, and the baby boomers haven't retired yet, and this is what happens when they retire.
This data from the Congressional Budget Office represents the current situation and expectations and the most realistic projections if trends continue.
Now, did you notice that these two graphs are exactly the same? It's not about the x-axis or the y-axis or what the data is telling you, it's about the same ethical and political implications.
Let's explain a small argument
"If we don't act now, our fate is over.
Guys on the other side of the opposition party, what's the matter?
Can't you see reality? If you don't want to help me, you're lost."
we can avoid both asteroids
Strictly speaking, both problems are solvable.
Our obsessive adherence to political beliefs is our problem and our tragedy. The mere factual statement, "Hey, there's an asteroid," is just a different political party, "Huh? What?
No, I don't even want to look up."
To understand why this is happening and what we can do about it, we need to learn about ethical psychology.
I'm a social psychologist, and I study ethics, and the most important principle of ethics is that ethics locks you in and blinds you.
Ethics bind us to sacred value cliques that blind us to objective reality.
think of it like this
It's extremely rare to see large-scale cooperation on this planet.
Only a handful of species have succeeded in doing so.
On the left is a beehive and on the right is a large white ant colony.
When I look for examples like this in other animals, I always come up with the same answer.
Because they share the same mother, they share a common destiny.
They're always together in all their ups and downs
There's only one species on this planet that can do that regardless of bloodline - that's us.
This is the revival of ancient Babylon, and this is Tenochtitlan.
How did we achieve this development? From being hunters and gatherers 10,000 years ago, over the last few millennia, we've built many great cities.
It's truly miraculous, and part of that is undeniable the ability to align with sacred values.
So in ancient civilizations, temples and gods played a big role.
This is a photo of the Kaaba in Mecca with the Muslims circling.
As people walk together in circles around the sacred stone, they become one, united, trusting beings.
It's almost as if we're moving wires with magnetic fields that create currents.
When people walk in circles, they create electrical currents.
we like to go around
If you go around the same flag, you will be able to trust each other.
You can fight as a team or as a group
But while ethics connect people to groups and teams, the act of spinning blinds them.
because it distorts reality.
We begin to divide all things into good and evil conflicts.
That act is a little pleasure, you will even feel a sense of satisfaction.
But it's a gross distortion of reality
The "electromagnet of ethics" is affecting Congress.
This graph is a distribution chart showing how far the bills passed by Congress are left-wing or right-wing. I know exactly
And what we do know is that in the decades after the Civil War, Congress was predictably, abnormally and impossibly polarized.
But after the First World War, it declined to the point where polarization reached historically low levels.
It was truly a golden age of bipartisanship, when political parties worked together to solve the country's great problems.
However, in the 1980s and 1990s, the "electromagnetic force" switch was turned on again.
Congress has become more polarized
There used to be a coalition within Congress between conservatives, moderates, and liberals.
They could have changed their positions and formed bipartisan committees, but when the ethical "electromagnetic waves" emerged, the magnetic field grew stronger, pulling the Democrats and Republicans away from each other.
It became harder to interact with each other, and it became harder to cooperate.
Retired lawmakers called it a gang war.
Did you notice that in two of the three debates, Mr. Obama wore a blue tie and Mr. Romney wore a red tie?
Do you know why I chose that color?
So that my fellow gangsters know who to vote for.
It's clear what's happening in Washington
But it has been suspected that the phenomenon is also happening among voters.
Over the last 12 years, voters have become more polarized.
Look at this data, it's a national election survey in the United States.
The question format for this survey is called a "grading thermometer."
It's how you feel warmly or coldly about something, whether it's Native Americans, military personnel, Republicans, Democrats, or any group in America.
The blue line is the warmth that Democrats feel about their party, and they're pretty positive about themselves.
As you can see, it's in the 70s out of 100.
Republicans love Republicans, no surprise.
But when you look at the cross-party ratings, even though they're lower than the data above, it actually surprised me when I first saw this data.
It's not that bad of a number when you think back to the days of Carter and Reagan. Giving other parties 43 or 45 points isn't terrible.
It's getting slightly underrated, but under George W. Bush and then Obama, this is what happened.
It's plummeting here something happened
The ethical electromagnetic waves have been flipped again, and now, according to more recent results, Democrats and Republicans hate each other.
And we voters are on the cusp of change.
It's as if the ethical "electromagnetic waves" are starting to work on us too.
It's like the Pacific and the Atlantic are tearing America apart on both sides, pulling right and left into their own territory, just like street gangs.
There are many reasons why these things happen, and many of them are irreversible.
You will no longer see political coalitions, the experience of World War II fighting a common enemy is no longer there.
No more three big-name TV stations all reporting from a relatively neutral point of view.
Many conservative Democrats in the South and liberal Republicans in the North will no longer promote cooperation, leaving room for bipartisan representation.
For a variety of reasons, the decades following World War II were historically extraordinary.
Bipartisan revival will never come true again
But there's a lot that can be done, and there's still a lot of reform that needs to be undertaken to make things better, because much of the dysfunction we see in Congress today can be traced back to Congress itself in the 1990s. has created further division and dysfunction in
The details of this change have been written in many books.
My recommendations are these two books, which list a number of reform policies.
These policies are broadly classified into three categories.
First, if the problem is that Congress is dysfunctional due to excessive polarization, the first step toward a solution is to prevent extreme partisans from being elected. Limited to a handful of Republicans and Democrats, the most extreme partisan will be elected and nominated.
Having more open primaries, where anyone can vote, would lessen the severity of the situation.
But election errors aren't the biggest problem.
In addition to my own experience, what I've heard from sources inside Congress is that most members are good, straight-laced, smart, and really want to tackle the problem. We are forced into a game that encourages and punishes individual thinking.
Punishment awaits if you deviate from the established route.
Many reforms are needed to combat this situation.
For example, the Citizen's Coalition system was a disaster because it had a money gun pointed at its head, and if it deviated from the rules or tried to compromise, the gun would go off and huge amounts of money would flow to the hostile forces. Negative campaigns promote you as a bad person.
So the third part of our reform agenda is to bring about changes in social relations within Congress.
All the politicians I've met have been extroverted, affable, gregarious people, and that's the nature of politics. make full use of the sociability of the
But in the early 1990s, the House of Representatives first changed the legislative calendar so that basically everything would end in the middle of the week.
Now, lawmakers fly in on Tuesday morning, have two days of debate, and leave the airport on Thursday afternoon.
they don't bring their families to the capital
without seeing each other's spouses and children
Family relationships are dead
Running Congress without human interaction is like trying to run a car without gas.
Not surprisingly, everything changed in an instant, paralysis and division began to take place all around.
A minor change in the legislative calendar -- as little as taking a week off instead of working another three weeks -- has fundamentally changed the social dynamics of Congress.
There's a lot that can be done, but who's going to push Congress?
Many organizations are working on this issue
No Labels, Common Cause and others have good voices to make the changes needed to achieve a more responsible democracy and a more efficient Congress.
But I'd like to complement their work with a little psychological trick that I'm about to tell you.
Nothing brings us together like a common threat. Or attack, especially when it comes to foreign invasions. will be split
As we've seen, sometimes one threat leads to conflict.
So what if what we're facing isn't just a simple threat, but something like this? What if there are so many things coming your way that you're just like, "Start shooting! All right, everybody, shoot anywhere!"
this is our reality
our country has come this far
Now here's another asteroid.
I've seen it in various versions, and this graph shows how goods have changed since 1979, and thus almost all of America's income goes into the pockets of the richest 20 percent and the top 1 percent.
The existence of these inequalities is related to a number of issues that threaten democracy.
In particular, it destroys trust in each other, and it's impossible for us to feel that way because we're obviously not in a common destiny.
Some people are lying safely and quietly on a big yacht
Others are clinging to pieces of driftwood.
Not having a common destiny means that no one wants to sacrifice themselves for the common good.
The left has been yelling this threat for 30 years, and the right has been saying, "Huh? Huh? No problem."
Now, why is there such a widening gap?
The next big reason after globalization, which is actually the fourth asteroid, is the increase in single-parent families.
This graph shows a steady increase in the number of children born out of wedlock since 1960.
Today, most Hispanic and black children are born to single mothers.
White people are also increasing the trend
In 10 or 20 years, most American children will be born into fatherless families.
This means less household income
It's not just about money, it's also about family security.
What I learned from working with street children in Brazil is that a mother's lover is often extremely dangerous to a child.
The right wing has been yelling about this "asteroid" since the 1960s, but the left has always said, "No problem."
Leftists were reluctant to mention the benefits that marriage brings to women and children.
Mind you, I don't blame women.
Rather, I want to criticize the men who refuse to take responsibility for their children and the economic system that makes it difficult for them to earn enough money to support their children.
But regardless of who's to blame, a national problem is a national problem, and one people cares more about the problem than the other.
The New York Times finally took notice of this "asteroid" in a front-page story last July, showing how declining marriage rates are leading to inequality.
This country is becoming a country with only two classes.
America had a very low divorce rate when everyone was getting married after college.
They have a lot of income and they invest in their children's future, some mothers raise their children strictly, and their children make the most of their potential, and they end up in the top two lines in this graph.
And the rest of the people are the bottom line, because children who don't get the social protection of a stable marriage, they don't get financial investment, and therefore they don't have a stable home environment, and they walk to the bottom three lines of this graph. to advance
As I said earlier, these two graphs show the same phenomenon.
If you have a problem, you have to solve it. You have to take action. Why can't you see this threat?
If everyone could pull off the blindfold of factions, they would realize that these two problems are problems that need to be solved together.
If you're worried about income inequality, you might want to talk to an evangelical Christian evangelist who promotes marriage.
But that approach quickly runs into problems: women generally don't want to marry unemployed people.
So if you want to improve family ties, talk to the liberals who are working to close the education gap, to raise the minimum wage, to the extent that so many people are so easily branded criminals, to marry. People trying to stop being cut off for life.
All in all, there are at least four asteroids about to hit us.
How many can you see?
Raise your hand if you think all four are national issues.
please raise your hand
It's okay, it's almost everyone
Welcome to the "Asteroids" Club, you are the first members, a club of Americans willing to admit that the other side may be right.
In this club, we don't start by looking for mutual understanding.
It's so hard to find common ground
So we start by looking for common threats, and then common threats create common perceptions.
Am I a naive idealist? Is it naive to believe that the Left and Right can work together, putting down swords in hand?
I don't think so, because you can actually do it.
we can work together
It's precisely because both the right and the left fear that civilization is dying that they've launched dozens of organizations like this -- from the national level to the local level -- like To The Village Square in Tallahassee, Fla. We invited our leaders to join us in fostering the local-central relationships that were needed to solve Florida's problems.
Both the right and the left recognize global poverty, AIDS, and many other humanitarian issues as serious problems. Liberals and evangelicals are essentially allies.
What I find most surprising is that sometimes we can even share a common understanding of criminal law.
For example, the number of inmates in the United States, the prison population, has quadrupled since 1980.
This is a social disaster. Liberals are worried about this problem.
The Southern Poverty Law Center frequently fights the criminal industrial complex to prevent a system that sends young, poor people to prison.
Are conservatives happy with this system?
Not Grover Norquist, the cost of maintaining this system is unbelievable.
This criminal-industrial complex is bankrupting our country and corrupting our souls. raised
Sometimes they work with the Southern Poverty Law Center to campaign against the construction of new prisons and work day and night to fix the criminal justice system to be more efficient and humane.
So cooperation is possible, we can do it.
Now let's head to the battlefield, not to fight each other, but to avoid the incoming asteroids.
Let's start by getting Congress to reform itself, before it's too late for our country.
Thank you. (Applause)
I'm happy to be here today to talk about my journey in life and my wheelchair and the freedom it brings.
I started using a wheelchair 16 years ago when an advanced disease changed the way I connected with the outside world.
When I started using a wheelchair, I gained tremendous freedom.
While the life I had before disappeared and was restricted
The wheelchair has become a very special new toy.
I ran around and felt the wind again
It was exhilarating just to be outside
But while I had a newfound joy and freedom, the reaction of the people around me completely changed.
As if they could no longer see me As if I had been covered by a transparent cloak
People seemed to fantasize about what life in a wheelchair would be like.
When I asked them what they thought of when they heard the word 'wheelchair', they responded with words like 'limitation', 'anxiety', 'pity' and 'restriction'.
Their reactions took hold within me and changed who I was at a fundamental level.
something inside me was released
I saw myself constantly and vividly, not through my own eyes, but through the reactions of others.
So I had to reclaim my identity by telling my own experiences. "What it means to find freedom." By creating for ourselves, we begin to weave our life stories as seriously as writers (Davis 2009). TEDx Women)
"Finding Freedom" Self-creation allows us to take the story of our lives seriously like a writer (Davis, 2009, TEDx Women). By conveying this feeling, I wanted to face the world, even though it's an electric wheelchair.
I wanted to create a transcendental image to change the preconceived notions that had been ingrained in me and shaped my identity ever since I started using a wheelchair.
The wheelchair became an object to paint and play with.
And when it literally started to leave trails of joy and freedom, people showed interest and wonder, and it inspired me.
It was as if new horizons had opened and a paradigm shift had taken place.
He showed that through art embodiment, we can rebuild our identity and challenge our preconceived notions to change our preconceived notions.
And when I started scuba diving in 2005, I realized that just like a wheelchair, you can expand your range of motion with your diving equipment. It's completely different from the image you have of
So I thought, "What if I put those two things together?"
Now, I'm going to show you one of those amazing sights, and I'll tell you what an amazing journey it has been.
(Music) (Applause) It's better than anything I've ever encountered in my life.
Literally moving 360 degrees gave me the ultimate joy and freedom.
And what's even more surprising is that the people around them seem to feel the same way.
They'll shine their eyes and say, "I want the same thing," or, "If you can do it, I can do it too."
Perhaps it's because the moment you see a scene that transcends your preconceived notions, when the stereotypes that you've been holding onto in your wheelchair are broken, you have to look at things from a completely new perspective.
In addition, along with such new realizations, freedom of thought will be born, and it will extend to other people's lives.
People are worth discovering because they are different, and by focusing on the joy that it brings rather than the loss and limitations, we discover the power and joy of looking at the world from an exciting new perspective. Is not it
For me, a wheelchair is a vehicle for change.
In fact, I call my underwater wheelchair a "portal" because it's exactly what takes me to a new me, to a dimension, to a new level of consciousness.
And since no one has ever seen an underwater wheelchair before, creating a scene like this means creating new perspectives, new beings, new knowledge, including those of you here today with those concepts.
I'm already participating in this creative activity.
(applause)
Hi, my name is Jarrett Klosowska, and I write children's picture books.
So you're eating with your creativity.
Creativity has always helped me in my life, even before I took advantage of it as a job.
Ever since I was little, I loved drawing.The artist I respected more than anyone else at that time was my mother.The artist I respected more than anyone else at that time was my mother.But my mother was addicted to heroin.
It's like Charlie Brown trying hard to kick a football when his parents are addicted to drugs, but no matter how hard you try to love and be loved, you'll be disappointed every time you open your heart.
My mom was in prison all my life, and my dad wasn't even there, and I didn't even know his name until I was in sixth grade.
But my grandparents were always there for me. My maternal grandparents, Joseph and Shirley. They adopted me when I was three years old, and they took me in as if they were my own, after raising five of my own.
These two had grown up during the Great Depression and adopted a new child in their 80s.
I was a kid who came from an unexpected place, like a new relative who suddenly appeared to bolster a comedy show.
grandparents don't care about details
We both smoke two packs of cigarettes every day Without a filter By the time I'm 6 they let me order cocktails Twist it dry Rock on the side Ice in a separate cup is more liquor let's go in
But he loved me so much.
He always supported me in my creative endeavors, and I think it was because my grandfather was also a hard worker.
run a factory and work there
grandmother was a housewife
But then came a kid who was obsessed with Transformers and Snoopy and the Ninja Turtles, and I was obsessed with the characters in the books, and I considered them my friends.
Childhood best friends are these characters that came out of the books.
I went to Gates Lane Elementary School in Worcester, Massachusetts, and I had great teachers, especially Alissi in the first grade.
I still remember the teacher's love for us students I still remember the teacher's love for us students
When I was in third grade, something happened that changed my life.
A writer came to visit us at school, his name is Jack Gantos.
A professional author who has a book coming out came to talk to me about his work.
After listening to the story, I went back to the classroom and imagined and drew a picture of the main character of his book.
Then, suddenly, the artist appeared in the classroom and walked slowly and silently between the desks, looking at each painting.
When he came next to my desk, he suddenly stopped, tapped the desk with his fingers, and said, "Hey, you're a good cat." (Laughter) Then he left again.
Those two words changed my life.
Before I finished my junior year, I wrote my first book, "The Owl Who Thought It Could Fly." It's a story about challenging Hermes in a race, and the owl cheats, and the Greek god Hermes goes mad and yells and turns the owl into the moon. I live my life watching
Okay (Laughter) I made a proper colophon page.
Even though I was eight years old, I thought that copyright was important.
(Laughter) This book is written with words and pictures, which is exactly what I'm doing at the moment.
I especially like this "About the Author" page. (Laughter)
I especially like this "About the Author" page.
I especially like the last part, "He enjoyed writing this book."
I remember that I really enjoyed imagining things and writing them down. That's what writing is about.
Writing is about developing your imagination on paper, but one of the things that has struck me as a crisis in my recent visits to schools is that children have no idea that writing is about using their imagination. If only I had the chance to write
I loved to write, and when I got home from school, I would bundle up the papers, staple them together, and fill the blank pages with words and pictures.
The character I made became my friend
Eggs, tomatoes, lettuce, pumpkins, they all live in the city of refrigerators.If you venture to the haunted mansion, there are many dangers waiting for you.The evil mixer who will try to cut you to pieces. Yes, an evil toaster, an evil microwave oven that tries to melt your friend with heat, and that friend is actually butter. It's something you use to tell a story in a different way.
In sixth grade, the Worcester school district-wide art budget was cut, and the Worcester school district-wide art budget was cut.
Art classes that used to be weekly turned into twice a month, then once a month, and finally, they were gone.
My grandfather was a smart guy, and he realized that this was a problem.
I don't play sports, so art was my only pastime.
My grandfather came into my room one night and sat by my bed and said, "Jarrett, if you want to go, go to the Worcester Art Museum class."
I remember being really happy
After that, from sixth grade through high school, I went to art museum classes once, twice, sometimes three times a week, surrounded by friends who loved to draw, and spent time with friends who shared my passion.
The first work I published was the cover design for my middle school yearbook. The first work I published was the cover design for my middle school yearbook. Because I was into DeVoe, MC Hammer, Vanilla Ice, I can still go to karaoke and sing "Ice, ice, baby" without looking at the lyrics.
Please don't put it on because I'll sing
After graduating, I went to a private high school.It was a public school all the way through middle school, but for some reason my grandfather was very worried about someone being stabbed to death at a local high school, and he didn't want me to go to that school.
Gave me a choice in going to a private school.
It's either co-educational Holy Name or St. John's, an all-boys school.
You made me feel like I was the one. I knew from the beginning that I wouldn't choose Saint John. That's why I went to Holy Name. I told you that I don't play sports, but sports were popular in this school, but Mr. Schirard's art room was a saving grace.
I learned a lot there and grew a lot.
I looked forward to going to that classroom every day.
How did you become friends with everyone?
I drew funny caricatures of my teachers (Laughter) and passed them around in class.
During my freshman year of high school in English class, my friend John, who was sitting next to me, accidentally laughed out loud.
Mr. Greenwood was annoyed (laughs).
(Laughter) Dr. Greenwood was disgusted.
I get scolded by grandpa."
When the teacher came out into the corridor, he said, "Show me the paper."
While bewildered, "I was caught out"
I handed over the picture I was drawing reluctantly
After a few seconds of silence, the teacher said, "You're talented."
But please don't draw during my class."
Parents don't know
I was introduced to him by Mr. Casey. I was the adviser for the school newspaper. Until I graduated there, I did illustrations for the school newspaper. How much does it cost to... etc.
I did a satire on the headmaster, and I did a serialized story about Wesley falling hopelessly in love, and I remember swearing that this wasn't me. it was a story
But it's been really fun, I write stories, I come up with things that I like, and they're published in the school newspaper, and people I've never met read them.
Just the thought of being able to convey my thoughts on a printed page was thrilling.
For my 14th birthday, my grandfather and grandmother gave me the most amazing gift ever, on the drafting table, and I still use it to this day.
Twenty years later, I still sit at that desk every day to work.
On the night of my 14th birthday, I got this desk and we all ate Chinese food.
Inside the fortune cookie was a piece of paper that said, "You will be successful in your career."
I taped this piece of paper to the top left corner of my desk, and you can see it's still here.
I never asked my grandparents for anything
Actually, there are only two... Rusty, the great hamster.
(Laughter) And then a video camera.
I really wanted it
After a lot of requests for Christmas presents, they bought me a used camcorder, so I started making animations, directing them myself, and making my own animations all through high school.
In my sophomore year of high school, I convinced my English teacher to write a short animation for Stephen King's "Misery."
When I was drawing cartoons a lot, I learned the most important thing in life from a teacher at the Worcester Art Museum.
Mark Lynch was an amazing teacher, and we're still close friends.
I brought along a book called How to Draw Marvel Comics, and it showed how to draw superheroes, how to draw women, how to draw muscles, how to draw X-Man and Spider-Man. there was a way
When the teacher saw that, I could see the blood draining from his face. He looked at me and said, "Forget everything you learned from this book."
When I'm puzzled, "You have something good
Acknowledge your own style and don't imitate others
Stick to your style and hone it, you're really talented."
There are many things that no one cares about in the latter half of their teens, but for 17 years I was really frustrated with my mother who kept coming and going in my life like a yo-yo and my father who I didn't even know his face.
When I was 17, I met my father for the first time, and at the same time, I learned that I had a younger brother and a younger sister.
The day I first met my dad, I got a rejection letter from Rhode Island School of Design, the only college I ever wanted to go to.
Then I volunteered for a week at Camp Sunshine and met some amazing kids, one of the kids with leukemia named Eric, who changed my life.
Eric died before he was six years old, but he still lives in my heart.
This experience and the picture book that Mr. Schirard brought with him inspired me to make a picture book for children.
I started writing children's books when I was graduating from high school.
He later passed the Rhode Island School of Design.
I transferred in sophomore year, and I took every class I could take about writing.When I was in school, I wrote a story about a giant orange slug.I wanted to be friends with a kid.
It's a curse, so it didn't work
I sent my book to more than a dozen publishers, but none of them turned me down.At the time, I was also working at Hole in the Wall Gang Camp, a camp for seriously ill children, and they were my children. He was a fan of books, and when I read my work to him, he listened with pleasure.
I graduated from RISD, my grandparents were happy, I moved to Boston, and I set up a workshop.
I set up a studio and tried to get it published.
I sent books, I sent editors and art directors hundreds of postcards, I sent books, I sent editors and art directors hundreds of postcards, and I never heard back.
My grandfather calls me every week and says, "Hey, Jarrett, did you find a job?"
You invested so much in your college education that you should be worried.
"I have a job. I'm writing a picture book."
"But will someone pay me?"
"Not yet, but soon
I'm sure you will succeed someday."
I worked at the Hole-in-the-Wall on the weekends. I wrote a book called you
I decided this was the last time, and I sent a postcard to the publisher.
And then I got an email from the editor of Random House, with a title in the title, "What a lovely piece of work!" and an exclamation mark.
"Dear Jarrett, I received your postcard.
I liked your illustration, so I looked at your web page.Do you also write stories? It's a very good illustration and seems to have some kind of story
If you have a chance to come to New York, please contact me.”
It's from the Random House children's book editor.
I happened to have an errand to go to New York the next week (laughs).
The next week, I "coincidentally" had to go to New York on business.
Local newspapers praised the news
The local bookstore is in a frenzy
the book is sold out
My friend told me it was like a happy wake, because my relatives and acquaintances were waiting in line to see me. Of course I wasn't dead.
grandparents surrounded by everyone
Very smiling and proud
There was also Mr. Alisi, Mr. Schirard, and Mr. Casey.
Miss Alissi cut her way in, and when she got to the front, she boasted, "I'm the one who taught you how to read."
I got the first fan letter that left a lasting impression on my mind.This kid loves Mr. Monkey and asked for Mr. Monkey's cake for his birthday.
For a two-year-old, it means a lot more than getting a tattoo. (Laughter) Birthdays come only once a year.
It's only the second time it's special.
When I saw this photo, I thought, "I will always remember this event, because I will always have this picture in my family albums."
I framed the photo and put it in front of my eyes, and while I was looking at it, I wrote many books.
10 books have been published so far.
"Punk Farm" "Baghead" "Purple Elephant Ollie"
I just finished drawing the ninth book in the graphic novel series "Lunch Lady", a story about a school lunch lady fighting evil.
A book for the younger grades, "Police Platypus: The Frog Who Cried," is coming out soon.
I've visited schools all over the country and told many kids that they're good cats.
I also met real bagheads wearing paper bags.
The lunch lady is very kind to me when I meet her.
I owe my fame to my children.
The "School Lady" series has won two "Best Children's Books of the Year" awards in the 3rd and 4th grade books category, and the winning books are projected onto an electronic billboard in Times Square.
"Punk Farm" and "School Lady" are being made into movies, so I'm a movie producer, thanks to the camcorder I got in my freshman year of high school. is
Punk Farm's birthday party, Punk Farm's Halloween costume, Punk Farm's nursery room, I'm a little worried about what will happen to a child who grows up in a room like this.
I get heartfelt letters from fans, I get amazing artwork, and the most moving thing happened last year on Halloween.
When the bell rang and the door opened, there were children in costumes.
My grandparents have passed away, but I've established a scholarship at the Worcester Art Museum in memory of them, a fund for children in need who can't afford a class.
There was an exhibition at the museum, ten years of work on display, and who do you think came to see it? I'm teacher Alice
When I asked my teacher, "How are you?"
"He's still alive," he replied.
But the best thing about my life right now is being a father, and I have two beautiful daughters, and raising them in an environment that encourages creativity. I drew a picture on the wall of the room Drawing a face on the terrace of the garden is something that suddenly gives me the desire to create. I let them play on that desk that I've been using for 20 years.
Thank you. (Applause)
I want to share with you the story of a patient I met.
Her name is Celine, she's a housewife and she lives in Cameroon, a country in the Midwest of Africa.
Six years ago, after being diagnosed with HIV, she was invited to participate in a clinical trial there.
When I met Celine a little over a year ago, she hadn't received antiretroviral therapy for a year and a half, and she was very sick.
She stopped going to the hospital as soon as the clinical trial ended because she didn't have the money to pay the bus fare and she didn't have the strength to walk 35 kilometers.
During the trial, the antiretroviral drugs were provided free of charge, and the bus fare was covered by the research fund.
After the trial ended, all those benefits disappeared, and Celine was forced to stop the treatment.
When I asked her the name of the drug being tested, she couldn't even tell me what the trial was about.
I didn't even ask because I didn't know the results of the clinical trials.
But the thing that puzzled me the most was that Celine had given consent to participate in the trial, but what does it mean to be in the trial, and what will happen to me once the trial ends? or something I didn't quite understand
It's a classic example of what can happen to subjects when a trial is done improperly.
We may get great results from this trial.
It might even have been published in a prestigious scientific journal.
It may provide useful information to clinicians around the world about how to improve the clinical management of HIV patients.
But once clinical studies are completed, hundreds of patients like Celine are abandoned and sacrificed.
I'm not here to evade HIV clinical trials in developing countries.
On the contrary, clinical trials are extremely valuable and much needed to tackle serious diseases occurring in developing countries.
But there is a real risk of human exploitation because of the funding gap between developed and developing countries, especially if the research is funded by external sources.
What's terrible is that a lot of the research that's being done in the developing world will never be allowed in the developed countries that fund it.
I'm sure you're wondering why the developing world, and especially sub-Saharan Africa, is such an attractive region for HIV clinical trials.
To produce meaningful and broadly applicable results in clinical trials To produce meaningful and broadly applicable results in clinical trials A large number of patients with the disease under study and possibly new HIV infections We need to do clinical trials in high-rate areas.
Sub-Saharan Africa fits most of this criteria, with 22 million people living with HIV in the region, which is said to account for about 70% of the 30 million people living with HIV worldwide.
And because of the continent's prevalence of poverty, its endemic disease, and its poorly functioning health system, it's very easy to conduct research.
Clinical trials are more likely to be approved if they are thought to be of potential benefit to the population, and since there is no functioning health care system, it is better than nothing, so most offers of medical help are accepted. can be
Even worse are the low risk of litigation, lax ethical scrutiny, and the willingness of patients to participate in any study that suggests a cure.
With more funding for HIV research in the developing world and more ethical scrutiny in the developed world, you can see why sub-Saharan Africa has become so attractive for clinical trials.
Because of the high prevalence of HIV infection, researchers conduct clinical trials that are scientifically acceptable but ethically questionable in many ways.
So how can we ensure that, in the process of researching treatments, we don't take advantage of people who are already suffering from infections?
I would like to suggest four things we can focus on to improve the way we conduct clinical trials.
The first is the “Explanatory Agreement”
In order for clinical trials to be ethically acceptable, relevant information should be provided in a way that subjects can understand Participation in clinical trials is voluntary
This is especially important in developing countries, because many participants agree to clinical trials because they believe that clinical trials are the only medical treatment available to them.
It would be irrelevant and pointless to apply the same consent procedures that exist in developed countries to many developing countries.
It's plainly wrong to force an illiterate subject like Celine, for example, to sign a lengthy consent form that she can't even read, let alone understand.
I think the local community needs to be more actively involved in establishing standards for recruiting subjects as well as the benefits of participating in clinical trials.
Information about these clinical trials needs to be presented in a way that is linguistically and culturally understandable to potential participants.
My second point is that I want you to think about the standards of care that are offered to subjects in every clinical trial.
This is where much discussion is needed
Should the control group for comparison in clinical trials receive the world's most effective treatment currently available?
Or should we offer another level of care — the best care currently available locally?
Is it fair, once a clinical trial is over, to evaluate a treatment that is probably beyond the reach and availability of subjects for the rest of their lives?
If the best current treatments are cheap and readily available, the answer is simple.
However, it is often very difficult to provide the world's best treatments today in developing countries.
It's important to assess the potential risks and benefits of the treatment offered to participants in any clinical trial, and to establish the level of treatment that will benefit the study and benefit the participants.
My third point is to ask you to think about the ethical review of clinical research.
An effective ethical review system is fundamental to protecting human subjects in any clinical trial.
Unfortunately, in many developing countries, these mechanisms are either inadequate or ineffective.
Local governments need to develop effective mechanisms for reviewing the ethical issues of clinical research that is allowed in individual developing countries, by establishing independent ethics review committees independent of governments and research sponsors. We need to deal with that
There is a need for greater public accountability, and to that end, it is important for non-governmental organizations and international organizations, where appropriate, to be transparent, disinterested and impartial in their review. it is important
The final point I want you to think about here tonight is what happens to the subjects once the clinical trial is over.
I believe that starting a clinical trial without really thinking about what will happen to the subjects once the trial is over is the worst thing you can do.
Researchers must make every effort to make their subjects more accessible to the treatments that have been shown to be beneficial during the trial, even once the trial is over.
And once the clinical trial is over, we should consider the possibility of introducing effective treatments and continuing to provide them to the wider community.
If for some reason the researchers say it can't be done, I think we have to ethically justify why we have to do clinical trials in the first place.
Luckily for Celine, meeting and hearing wasn't the end of the story.
I was able to get her into a free HIV treatment program closer to her home, and I was able to find a group to support her in her fight against HIV.
In her case, it ends on a positive note, but there are thousands of people in similar cases who, however, are much less fortunate than she is.
She probably doesn't know this, but meeting Celine completely changed the way she looked at HIV clinical trials in the developing world, and made her even more determined to be part of the effort to change the way trials are done today. is the
I believe that each and every one of you listening to me tonight can be part of a movement that will change that.
If you're a researcher, have higher morals and make sure your research is ethical and don't violate human rights for research results.
If you work for a funding agency or a pharmaceutical company, please encourage the agency or company to invest in ethical research.
If you're from a developing country like I am, please urge your government to more thoroughly review the clinical trials it sanctions in your country.
Yes, we need to find a cure for HIV, we need to find an effective vaccine against malaria, we need to find a way to diagnose tuberculosis, and yet we are actively and selflessly involved in clinical trials like this. I believe we have a duty to treat people who are willing and willing to consent.
thank you
I was talking to some girls, and a girl named Joy said, "I wish you could just leave me alone.
My dad always calls me
"It's nice to get a phone call," Jasmine said.
"I haven't heard from you in years."
This made me realize that these kids needed a way to connect with their fathers.
At my nonprofit, Camp Dibba, we have conversations like this all the time, to help these African girls prepare to be women.
I thought these kids needed a chance to accept their father in their own way.
I asked, "Is there anything I can do to help other girls have a better relationship with their father?"
"Let's have a dance party," one child suggested, and all the children immediately agreed.
I started imagining all sorts of things: decorations, invitations, their dresses, even my father's dress code. You know, because over the last decade, I've been working with girls and I've learned that they know exactly what they need.
very smart
As long as we have the foundation, the people to guide us, and what we need to achieve our goals, we can build anything ourselves, not just to survive, but to thrive.
And then there was a dance party, and many girls and their fathers attended.
They were all gorgeously dressed
Dancing happily together
(laughs) Playing around
enjoy spending time with each other
it was a great success
The girls decided to make this an annual event.
When the seasons changed and it was time for the dance party again, a little girl named Briana called out and said, "My dad can't come, and just the thought of this party makes me sad."
"Why can't you come?" asked the other children.
"Because your father is in prison," she ventured.
"Can't you just come out that day?" asked one child (laughs) "With handcuffs on?
Then you'd better not come."
When I heard this exchange, it hit me that these kids had a chance to become heroes to save their friends.
So I asked, "What do you think I should do?
I wish everyone could go dance with their father
The girls thought for a moment, and one of them suggested, "How about throwing a dance party in prison?"
Most girls thought it was impossible and said, 'I can't do it!
You can't let a bunch of dressed-up girls go to jail (laughs) and dance with their dads in SpongeBob's clothes."
That's what they called their prison clothes.
I said, "Well, well, you never know until you ask."
So I wrote a letter to the Warden of Richmond Prison, signed by all the girls, and that Warden is a very special person.
He contacted me immediately and said that if there was an opportunity to invite a prisoner's family into the prison, he would be happy to do so.
He knew that prisoners who had access to their own children were less likely to return to prison.
And so a party of 16 inmates and 18 daughters came into being.
The children were dressed in extra fashion, and the fathers changed their yellow and blue jumpsuits into white shirts and ties.
they hug
Enjoy a prepared chicken and fish feast
We laughed together
It was a heartwarming sight
Fathers and daughters were able to achieve body-to-body contact that hadn't been possible for a long time.
Fathers were given space to let their daughters play, and they would pull out their chairs and invite them to dance.
Even the guards were moved to tears
But I knew that after the dance, the fathers would remain in prison.
I needed to make something I could bring back there.
So I brought in a little video camera and asked them to interview each other in front of the camera, a video recording their messages and thoughts.
Based on this, when you're apart and you miss each other, you can watch this video and reconnect with each other.
I'll never forget a little girl who looked into her father's eyes and said through the camera, "Dad, what do you see when you look at me?"
A father is the mirror a daughter sees herself in. We look at ourselves in the mirror and decide what kind of man is right for us and how that man sees us.
I know that because I'm one of the lucky girls
my father was always by my side
I'm still sitting there today
(Applause) So making sure these girls can connect with their fathers is especially important to me, especially when they're separated by barbed wire fences and iron doors.
We've given girls the freedom to ask their innermost questions -- the questions they ask their fathers -- to their fathers and give them the freedom to answer them.
Because we know that fathers also have some thoughts: what kind of woman would they send their daughters into the world?
Just because their father is in prison, they shouldn't be shut out of girls' lives.
(applause)
Hi, my name is Cameron Russell, and I've been modeling for the last few years.
I've been modeling for some years now, actually 10 years.
There's something edgy about this venue, and there's something edgy about this venue, but it's probably because I'm wearing these clothes. (Laughter)
luckily i brought a change of clothes
It's the first time in TED's history that there's a costume change on stage, so I think everyone who gets to see this is lucky.
If you are worried about what will happen when you see me on stage, you don't have to raise your hand, but I will find out later on Twitter (laughs).
You don't have to raise your hand, but I'll find you on Twitter later. (Laughter) I'm so happy that I was able to change the way people think about me in 10 seconds.
You don't have many chances like that
These heels make me tired I'm glad I brought another pair These heels make me tired I'm glad I brought another pair
Everyone laughs when they put on their sweaters.
this is good
Why do you think I showed you this?
I showed you something ugly
Well, I hope it's better than this picture
Images are powerful, but they're also superficial.
I just changed my image in seconds
At the time of this photo, I had never actually dated a boy.
It was a difficult shoot, and I followed the cameraman's instructions, arching my back, running my hands through the man's hair, and so on.
Of course, without surgery or the fake tan I had a few days ago for a shoot like this, there's very little you can do to change your appearance.
For me, the theme of this event, courage, is telling the truth.
I'm standing on this stage because I'm a model
I'm good-looking and I'm white, so I'm on this stage.
Today, I'd like to answer some of the most frequently asked questions, but in a different and honest way.
The first question is how did you become a model?
I always answer, "Because I was scouted."
That's not the answer. The real reason I became a model is because I received a great legacy.
Over the last few centuries, our definition of beauty has come to include not just the elements we're biologically trained to admire, such as health, youth, and proportions, but also things like tall, slender figures, femininity, and fair skin. was
In this way, I make money using the things that have been handed down conveniently to me.
Some of you may question this. Fashion savvy people might say, Fashion savvy people might say, "We have Naomi, Tyra, John Smalls, Liu Wen, and other non-white models. I'm here."
It's great that you know so much about the model.
(Laughter) But that's actually not the case. In 2007, a brilliant Ph.D. student at New York University counted every single model walking the runway. Only 27 people were less than
The next question that people often ask me is, "Can I be a model when I grow up?"
First say, "Well, it's not for me to decide,"
I ask the girls who have asked me, ``Why do you want to be a model?
The president of the United States, the inventor of the next generation internet, the president of the United States, the inventor of the next generation internet, or the ninja cardiothoracic surgeon poet? I haven't become anyone yet Isn't it great? "
(Laughter) Even with all these other options, if I say, "I want to be a model," I say, "Well, you should be my boss."
I have no authority, but I could be the editor-in-chief of American Vogue, the CEO of H&amp;M, or the next Steven Meisel.
Wanting to be a model is the same as saying, "I want to win the lottery."
It's great, but it's something you can't control, and it's not something you can grow as a career.
I'm going to show you a decade of modeling knowledge that, unlike a cardiothoracic surgeon, I can give you a short summary.
So let's say you have a photographer here, and if you have a light here and they say, "I want to take a picture of you walking," you're going to put your left leg straight out in front of you, your left hand behind you, your right hand forward, and keep your head at a 45 degree angle, like this, back and forth. Assuming you have a friend, you turn around 300 times... 400 times... 500 times (laughs).
And it ends up looking like this (laughs).
The picture in the middle is a little unnatural.
I wonder why this happened
Even if you're out of school and have some work experience, there's nothing more you can do on your resume. Let's say you want to be president of the United States, but your resume says, "10 years underwear model."
Now, the next question they ask is, "Do you retouch images?"
Nearly all photos are retouched, but that's not all.
This photo is my maiden work. It was also the first time in my life I wore a bikini. I didn't even start my period.
Talking about my personal life, I was just a normal girl.
This is a picture I took with my grandma a few months before the shoot.
These two photos were taken on the same day
friends came with me
A few days before shooting for French Vogue, we had a pajama party.
Here's a photo from the soccer team and a photo from V magazine.
and a recent photo
What you see is not the real me
These are works created by professionals such as hair stylists, make-up artists, photographers, stylists, etc., as well as professionals such as hair stylists, make-up artists, photographers, stylists, their assistants, and pre- and post-production. It's
Now, the next question we often get asked is, "Can I get a lot of things for free?"
I have a surplus of 20 cm heels that I never use in my daily life.
I forgot my money when I went shopping in my hometown of Cambridge, but I got the dress I wanted for free.
When I was a teenager, I was driving with a friend, and I ran through a red light, and the police stopped me, but I said, "I'm sorry, officer," and they let me go.
These free things come from my looks regardless of who I am.
In New York City, where I live, 140,000 teens were searched last year, 86 percent of whom were black or Latino, mostly young men.
There are only 177,000 black and Latino young people in New York, so for them, it's not like, "Can I get tested?"
"How many times can I take it? When is that?"
In reviewing what I'm going to talk about today, I discovered that 53 percent of 13-year-old girls in America dislike their bodies, and by the time they're 17, that number has risen to 78 percent.
Now, the last question that is often asked is, "What about models?" Well, the last question that is often asked is, "What about models?"
The answer that the questioner expects is, "If I was slim and had beautiful hair, I would be happy and famous."
You may think so after listening to behind-the-scenes interviews.
We say, "It's great to be able to travel the world and work with talented, passionate, creative people."
It's certainly not a lie, but it's only half the truth. It's something no one would ever say to a camera.
The reason I'm insecure is because I have to worry about how I look every day.
If you ever wonder, "Would I be happier if I had thinner legs and shinier hair?", meet the models.
If you have any doubts, meet the models, who have perfect legs, perfect hair and nice clothes, but they probably have the most physical insecurity in the world.
When I was writing the manuscript for this story, I struggled with how to balance the story exactly. On the other hand, it's not easy to add, "That doesn't mean I'm always happy."
But the hardest part was talking about our inherited gender and racial oppression, because I'm the one who's benefited the most from it.
But I'm happy and proud to be on this stage, and I'm glad that I'm here to talk to you today, 10 years from now, 20 years from now, 30 years from now, when I get more agents, maybe how I got this job, how I paid for college. I may not have told you. Studying is very important to me now.
I hope that my story today will make you think about the power of imagery behind our apparent successes and failures.
Thank you. (Applause)
Before I became a dermatologist, like many other British dermatologists, I started out as a physician.
At the end of my career as an internist, I went to Australia, about 20 years ago.
What I feel in Australia is that Australians are very competitive.
It means being competitive
I often felt that way, like, "You British people can't play cricket, you can't play rugby."
Well that's right
But when it comes to work... I was doing a weekly dissertation at that time, a group where I read and study medical papers with other doctors.
One week the topic was heart disease-related mortality, how many people die from heart disease based on data, and what is the percentage of those deaths?
They were also competitive on this topic, saying, "You Brits have an alarmingly high rate of heart disease."
and they were right
Australians have one-third the rate of heart disease that we do, they are less likely to die of a heart attack or heart attack, and they are generally healthier than us.
They said, of course, that it's because they're moral, they're physically active, they're Australian, and we're British.
But it's not just Australians who are healthier than us.
There are also differences in health levels within the UK, which is called the standardized mortality rate, which is basically your chance of dying.
This is data from a paper from 20 years ago, but it's still valid today.
Mortality in the 50th latitude region, this is London and the south of England, this is 55th latitude, unfortunately this is Glasgow where we are.
I'm from Edinburgh and unfortunately the situation is the same.
(Laughter) So what's causing this extreme difference between the south of Scotland and the south of England?
We are addicted to the Glaswegian diet of smoking and fried foods and French fries.
I know about
But this graph is the result of considering those risk factors.
This is after taking into account risk factors such as smoking, social class, and diet.
We're left in this lost space where death rates increase as you go north.
This is where the sun comes in
Vitamin D is getting a lot of attention, and a lot of people care about vitamin D.
Vitamin D is necessary. Children are required to take vitamin D.
My grandmother grew up in Glasgow, and cod liver oil started being used in the 1920s, 1930s, when rickets was a big problem.
Cod liver oil was effective in preventing rickets, which is common in this city.
My grandmother made me drink cod liver oil when I was a child.
I remember the taste so clearly, I don't think anyone can forget it.
The more vitamin D you have in your blood, the lower your rates of heart disease and cancer.
There's a lot of evidence that vitamin D is good for you.
It also helps prevent diseases such as rickets.
But taking vitamin D supplements doesn't change the high incidence of heart disease.
Similarly, it doesn't do much to prevent cancer.
I'd say vitamin D isn't the only star.
It's not just vitamin D that prevents heart disease.
High vitamin D is simply a sign of sun exposure, and I suspect that, as I'm going to talk about, sun exposure can help prevent heart disease.
With that said, I came back from Australia and moved to Aberdeen knowing the risks to my health.
(Laughter) And then I started training as a dermatologist in Aberdeen.
I also became interested in research, and I was particularly interested in a substance called nitric oxide.
Here are three people, Furtigott, Ignaro and Murad, who won the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1998.
they were the first to discover that nitric oxide is a new chemical messenger
Nitric oxide has the effect of dilating blood vessels, which means that it has the effect of lowering blood pressure.
It also dilates the coronary arteries and prevents angina pectoris.
The groundbreaking thing about this discovery is that until now, when we thought about chemical messengers in the body, we thought of things like female sex hormones, insulin, and neurotransmitters.
It was like a very complex process, a very complex chemical reaction, affecting a very complex receptor.
On the other hand, it's a very simple molecule, a nitrogen atom and an oxygen atom bonded together, but it's very important for blood pressure control and neurotransmission, especially for cardiovascular health. increase
So I started doing some research and found the surprising fact that the skin produces nitric oxide.
not only produced in the cardiovascular system
It is also produced in the skin.
After discovering this and writing a paper on it, I wondered what to do next.
What does it mean that the skin becomes hypotensive?
it's not the heart what to think
So, like many researchers, I went to the United States and spent a few years in Pittsburgh, and this is Pittsburgh.
I'm interested in very complex systems
We wondered if nitric oxide might be involved in cell death, that it might be involved in cell survival and resistance to a variety of things.
So I started working with cells that I grew in culture, and then I started working with knockout mice, which don't make the gene.
We figured out how nitric oxide helps cells survive
back in edinburgh
In Edinburgh, medical students are our laboratory animals.
It's a species close to humans, and it has several advantages over the mouse: it costs nothing, it doesn't need to be shaved, it can forage for itself, and it says, "Save the lab medical students," and it's in the lab. No one occupying the surroundings
they are really ideal laboratory animals
But it turned out that the results obtained in mice were not reproducible in humans.
It didn't stop the production of nitric oxide in the skin.
We've tried enzyme-blocking creams and other injections -- but they haven't been able to stop the production of nitric oxide.
And after a few years of research, we found that our skin has the ability to store large amounts of nitric oxide, even though it's not intact. Nitric oxide is a gas that disappears in seconds, so it's stored as nitric oxide, nitrate. (NO3) and nitrites (NO2) nitrosothiols, etc.
These are the more stable substances, the skin can store a lot more nitrogen oxides.
So I thought, if sunlight could activate the nitric oxide stored in the skin and release it out of the skin, the amount would be about 10 times that of circulating nitric oxide.
Can sunlight activate and circulate these stores? And does the circulating nitric oxide have cardiovascular benefits?
Now, I'm an experimental dermatologist, so I decided to expose experimental animals to the sun.
We gathered a bunch of volunteers and exposed them to ultraviolet light.
a kind of sun lamp
What we've noted here is that vitamin D is produced from UVB radiation, in order to eliminate the effects of vitamin D from our experiments.
We used UVA radiation that does not produce vitamin D.
By exposing test volunteers to ultraviolet lamps, simulating exposure to the Edinburgh summer sun for 30 minutes, we were able to increase the production of circulating nitric oxide.
So we exposed the patient to the same UV light, and the result was an increase in nitric oxide levels and a decrease in blood pressure.
Individuals don't change much, but the population as a whole is enough to change the rate of heart disease.
This effect was not seen when the patient's skin was warmed to the same temperature instead of being exposed to UV light.
I believe this is the effect of UV light hitting the skin.
We are still collecting data
Here are some of the positives: this effect seems to be stronger in older people.
I'm not sure exactly how high
My mother-in-law is an example, though of course I don't know her exact age.
People older than my wife seem to be more prone to this.
The other thing I want to point out is that there was no change in vitamin D levels.
This effect is separate from that of vitamin D.
Vitamin D helps prevent rickets and disorders of calcium metabolism
But what I just told you is a different mechanism than vitamin D.
The problem with blood pressure is that the human body does all kinds of things to keep blood pressure constant.
If your leg is amputated and you lose blood, your body tightens up and does everything it can to keep your heart rate up and your blood pressure steady.
this is a basic physiological principle
So the next thing we did was look at vasodilation.
So we did another experiment, and this is a medical student, who has no tail and no hair.
You can measure blood flow by measuring the dilation of blood vessels in your arm.
So what we're doing here is the fake irradiation, this thick line. It's the UV that's hitting the arm, which heats it up, but the cover keeps the UV from hitting the skin.
No change in blood flow or vasodilation
However, when exposed to effective UV light, vasodilation was observed during and one hour afterward.
This is the mechanism by which blood pressure is lowered, and the coronary arteries also dilate to pump blood away from the heart.
So here's another piece of data that shows the effect of UV light, that is, the effect of sunlight.
So, I came up with the following model, where the amount of UV light varies depending on the location and time of year. So, I thought it might be possible to extract nitric oxide from the nitrogen oxides, nitrates, nitrites, and nitrosothiols stored in the skin. rice field
Since different wavelengths of light have different effects
You can look for wavelengths of light that work well
If you live right on the equator, the sun shines straight down, and the light travels through a very thin layer of air.
The amount of light in winter and summer is the same
If you live here, in the summer, the sun's rays come down pretty high, but in the winter, the light travels through a very thick layer of air, and much of the ultraviolet light is lost, and the wavelengths of light that reach the surface of the earth are also different in summer and winter. wrong
Multiplying these data by the amount of nitric oxide released gives us an idea of ​​how much nitric oxide was released from the skin and circulated.
If you're right on the equator, you've got these two red and purple lines, and the amount of nitric oxide released is the area under those lines, right here.
Whether it's December or June, your skin releases tons of nitric oxide.
Ventura is in Southern California
Summer is not much different from being right on the equator
A lot of nitric oxide is released
Ventura in winter still has some amount of nitric oxide.
Even in Edinburgh in the summer, there's a good amount of nitric oxide, but in the winter, Edinburgh emits very little nitric oxide, very little.
What can we learn from this
We're working on this problem, deepening our understanding and extending the theory.
I think this issue is very important
We predict that this is the main reason for the difference in health between the north and south of England, and I think that's a reasonable conclusion.
We know that the skin is a large reservoir that can store nitric oxide in many forms.
I think most of the nitric oxide will come from a healthy diet, fresh leafy vegetables, beetroot lettuce, and these foods are rich in nitric oxide that can be stored in the skin.
Nitrogen oxides are stored in the skin and released by sunlight, which is usually beneficial.
This is still a work in progress, but my day-to-day work as a dermatologist is
It's telling people, "I have skin cancer."
I think there's actually a more important message, and that's that sunlight has benefits as well as risks.
Yes, sunlight is a risk factor for skin cancer, but the death rate from heart disease is 100 times higher than that from skin cancer.
We need to get the risks and benefits right and determine the risk/benefit ratio.
How can we derive the optimal solution for safe and healthy sunlight at what level of sunlight?
thank you
(applause)
What I'm going to talk to you about today is a little different than planned.
If it's a foreign policy issue, listen to Rachel Maddow or someone on TV. (Laughter) Listen to Rachel Maddow or someone.
This is a scene from last Wednesday at Christ Rey High School in Brooklyn, New York, a Jesuit school.
I was talking to students at a meeting, look at this.
I am surrounded by them
As you may have noticed, most of them are minorities.
The building is simple.
No frills in an old New York school building.
Still using old chalkboards and stuff
We have about 300 students, and we're actually in our fourth year, and we're having our first graduates this year.
22 graduates, 22 of them all going to college.
Many of these students live in single-parent households, usually mothers or grandmothers, and they come to school for education and character development.
This was taken last week, and I posted it on my Facebook, and someone wrote, "Why the hell are you making your students stand still?"
"But it's cool." (Laughter) Yes, it looks cool. It's important to be neat. It's a technique I often use when I visit schools. I told the child, "Come over here," and stood in front of me.
Stand with a posture of caution like a soldier
Have your arms neatly at your sides, your eyes wide open, look straight ahead, and ask the question out loud for everyone to hear.
It's no good to have a bent back or a loincloth.
(Laughter) This young man's name -- his last name is Cruz -- and he loved it so much he put it on his Facebook page and he became famous.
(Laughter) You might think it's tough, but I'm enjoying it.
You may think it's tough, but I'm enjoying it.
In fact, I've been doing it for years, so the younger I am, the more I enjoy doing it.
How to keep a group of six- and seven-year-olds quiet
start talking right away
So I play a little game before I can stand up straight.
"Look, in the military, when you want people to hear you, say, 'Look, in the military, when you want people to hear you, I have an order to use, 'At Ease'." it means
Do you understand? "
"Yeah yeah I get it" "Let's practice. Everyone talk."
Let them speak for about 10 seconds, then say "At ease!"
(Laughter) "Yes Chief, yes Chief."
See if it works for you at home, too.
Anyway, this is my game, but of course it came from my experience in the military.
Over the years I've grown up, I've educated many young "teens with guns."
When they enlist, the first thing they do is put them in a disciplined environment, give them a rank, make them wear the same clothes, cut their hair the same way, and line them up by rank.
Teach right to right, left to left, make them obey orders and tell them what will happen if they don't obey them.
That's where discipline comes into play.
And soon, I'll have you meet the drill sergeant everyone fears.
It's really scary
Drill sergeant yells, makes you do everything, jerks everyone.
But then something surprising happens
When you have the discipline, you know why you need it, and you say, "Mommy's not here.
I, your nightmare, am your papa and mama here
I get it
Oh, and if you ask me a question, there are only three answers: yes, no, or yes.
don't make excuses
"Yes" or "No" or "Exactly"
"You haven't shaved your beard." "But..." "Nobody asked how many times I stroked my face with a razor this morning."
He says his beard isn't straying.'
"That's right." "Yes, that's the correct answer."
But if you can discipline like this, you can do a lot of things.
In 18 weeks, you're mastered and grown up.
And you'll even come to respect Drill Sergeant, a person you'll remember for the rest of your life.
I come to respect
I wish my children had this kind of discipline and respect.
I also work with adolescents, and to my question, "When does education begin?"
People say, 'Let's improve our schools'
"Let's help teachers more," or "Let's put up computers."
"Let's connect online" is often a topic of discussion.
But these are only part of the answer to this question.
What's really important is that the discipline is instilled in the child's heart before he enters school.
When do you start doing that? when you're a freshman?
No. It starts when a child is held by their mother for the first time, looks into her face and says, "This is what a mother is.
Give me milk when I'm hungry
If your butt is disgusting, I'll clean it for you.
I'm learning to speak to my mother."
The moment a baby decides to do so, it ignores other words and can hear other people's words, but three months pass.
Whether the person by your side is your biological mother or your grandmother, what that person does is the beginning of education.
that's where the words begin
That's the beginning of love, that's the beginning of character formation.
It's also the time when you start thinking things like, "You're special, you're different from everyone else in the world."
"I'll read you a book"
Children who weren't read had a hard time at school Children who weren't read had a hard time at school
I can't tell the names of colors, I don't know how to read a clock, I can't tie my shoelaces, I can't do things like this, and I'm also hard-pressed if I can't do things like "consideration," which was instilled in me when I was a child.
Be polite Respect adults Be careful with your words
should be brought up correctly like this
I have grandchildren, and this is what worries my children, and they do the same things that we do.
But it's important to be well prepared for education and school like this.
My current focus is to get this message across: the need for day care, preschool systems for low-income preschoolers, and the need for education for pregnant women.
Education begins before a child is born.
We often see problems in communities and schools. In first grade, children walk into school with twinkles in their eyes. I read a book and I know the alphabet
By the time they're in third grade, kids who don't have discipline or care start to realize that they're left behind, and what happens is that they start to realize that they're left behind.
The children's attitudes get worse, and they enter juvenile training schools or drop out.
It's pretty predictable
3rd grade reading literacy makes 18 year old prison candidate 3rd grade 18 years old poor reading ability makes 18 year old prison candidate This country has one of the highest incarceration rates in the world. The highest is partly due to not giving children a good start in life.
The final chapter of my book is titled "What can we leave behind for the future?"
We should give every child a good start as a legacy for the future.
I was lucky enough to get off to a good start in life.
I wasn't a good student
I went to public school in New York and my grades were absolutely terrible.
I have a report card in my hand that's in New York City records from kindergarten through college.
When I wrote my autobiography once, is my memory correct?
I brought it in just to make sure. Unfortunately, I remembered correctly (Laughter).
I managed to graduate from high school and got into the City University of New York. There was no way I could get in with a 78.3 subject average, but I majored in engineering, but it lasted only six months, so I switched to geology, which was the easiest course to get credit for.
That's where I met ROTC (Reserve Officer Training Course).
For the first time, I met something that I am good at and that I love. I also met other young people who feel the same as I do.
I was obsessed with ROTC and the military at the time.
I often tell kids that they're growing more disciplined. When you find something, it's a big deal
That's why I found it
My university professor said that I've been here too long
I was there for four-and-a-half, almost five years, and my grades weren't great, and I was a nuisance to the student affairs department at times.
"But he's doing well in ROTC.
Even though my grades are all top "A", I'm not good at anything else."
So the teachers said, "Why don't we use these ROTC grades as an overall assessment?"
(Laughter) It's true. (Laughter) (Applause) Let the state hire you.
If you send him to the army, he won't come back, so that's good."
So when I graduated, I was sent to the Army, and to my surprise, many years later, I was one of the most proud alumni of New York City! (Laughter) That's why I tell young people that life isn't where you start, it's how you live it that determines your future. It is to keep believing in yourself, believing in society and the country, believing that you can improve yourself, and living while constantly learning.
that is the key to success
But a good start is still important
If you don't give it to every child, every child, and don't invest in it when your kids are young, you're going to run into trouble later.
This is why high school dropout rates are as high as 25 percent, and among minorities, the rate is as high as 50 percent, children from low-income households, because they're not given a good start.
A good start isn't just being born into a good family, it's a family that I grew up in that I can talk about: "Hey, this family came to this country by boat in 1920 and 1924, and they said, 'Hey, this family. came to this country by boat in 1920 and 1924
I sweated and worked every day at a clothing factory
It's not for you guys to do stupid things or cause problems. Never think about dropping out of school."
If you grew up in an immigrant family like this and said, "I hate school, so I'm quitting," they'll say, "I'm quitting raising my kids because I'll have other kids come to my house." (Laughter)
It's going to be, "I'm going to quit raising my kids. I'm going to have other kids come over to my house." not only be
It's a deep sense of shame, a lesson: "Don't disrespect this house."
Sometimes, while I'm waiting for my parents to come home for my bad behavior, I think, "I'd rather be beaten with a belt than be preached about that family shame."
It was really painful for my mother to say that.
I always had a wide network around me
Children need networks, they need to belong to a tribe, to a family, to some kind of community.
In my case, this network was the aunts who lived in the buildings around me.
If you're from New York, you know, there were a lot of buildings like this, and there were these old ladies by the windows, leaning on their cushions.
They're always there (laughs).
I didn't go to the bathroom, I didn't cook. (Laughter) I just sat by the window all day.
but he was watching us
You were watching over me
I don't care if I become a doctor, an army general, or a lawyer. I don't care if I become a doctor, an army general, or a lawyer. do
"Self-actualization is fine, get a job and leave home
"Self-actualization is fine, get a job and leave home
I don't have time
It's your job to earn money and help your family."
I think it's very important to bring this culture back into the family.
I believe that everyone here today is successful and has wonderful families, children and grandchildren. Find out how to reach out to those in need, be a role model, support after-school activities, help the school, make it a better school, not just your child's school, but in Harlem. SUPPORT SCHOOLS Look beyond the Westside Montessori Schools
we should all pledge that
It's not just an investment in children
it's about investing in the future
The next generation will be a minority majority The next generation will be a minority majority
People who are now called the minority will become the majority.
I want to raise people who will become this majority
To be the leader of this country, to lead our wonderful country, to this unique country, to this country that surprises us every day, to this unruly country, we are just debating.
This is the way this country is
People have different opinions, but we are a multiethnic nation.
No country is irrelevant
It's a country built on immigration.
So we also need good immigration laws
It's absurd that we don't have good immigration laws. We welcome people to come to this wonderful country and become a part of this nation. So that I can go back and save my country from poverty
I love to tell this story, but I love to go to my hometown, New York, and walk down Park Avenue on a nice day and see people from all over the world. i love
It's always a must to buy a hot dog from the immigrant-driven stalls on the street corners.
(Laughter) No matter where I am or what I'm doing, I'm obsessed with it.
It's the same when you're an aide to the president.
So you come out of the Waldorf Astoria in a suit (Laughter) and you walk the streets, you look around 55th Street looking for immigrant-run stalls.
In those days, you had five guards everywhere you went, and you always had three police cars by your side, just so you wouldn't suddenly get hit on Park Avenue or something like that. While we were preparing, the people at the stalls began to notice their surroundings. There were security guards and police cars, so I would often say, "Hey, I have permanent residency! You have it!" (laughs).
But now I'm all alone
No bodyguards, no police cars, no one to follow
But I still have to eat hot dogs
I ate there last week, Tuesday night, near Columbus Circle.
the same thing happens all the time
I asked for a hot dog, and the vendor made it and handed it to me, saying, "I know you, I've seen it on TV.
Um…Secretary of State Powell.”
"Yes, yes." "Ah."
"No, I can't take it because I paid for it.
America paid for it, but I'll never forget my country.
But I took citizenship and became an American. Thank you."
I accepted my thanks and walked away, and suddenly I realized, oh, this is the same country that welcomed my parents 90 years ago.
It's still a great country, but it's filled with the energy of young people from all over the world. It means to watch over not one child is left behind.
thank you
(applause)
Now where's the robot?
A robot will appear soon and take over the job
It's been said for 40 years
Cooking, cleaning, shopping, building, but I can't find it anywhere.
Instead, illegal immigrants do the work, but no robots.
what should i do now
So I want to give you guys a slightly different perspective on robots.
Now, here's an X-ray of a real beetle and a 1988 Swiss watch, nothing has changed since then.
we can still make the right parts
You can make computer-powered electrical circuits, but you can't actually assemble these into adaptive, working aggregates.
So let's look at it from a different perspective
Summon the ultimate designer
Let's see what evolution has brought us
We threw a lot of robotic material into the raw liquid, like rods, motors, neurons.
They mixed them together and gave them a reward response based on how far they advanced after going through natural selection and mutation.
It's a simple task, but it's interesting to see the results of the experiment.
Look at the different kinds of machines that came out of this experiment, all in different ways.
This is how it moves and crawls. I've actually built these things. They don't look great, but they're advanced enough in simulation to give you a reward response for moving forward.
So here's a real robot with a brain that can compete on machines and evolve.
It's like a rodeo show, where you're rewarded for how fast and how far the machines can advance.
As you can see, these robots are not yet ready to take over the job, but they're gradually learning how to move forward and become autonomous.
Now, using these two examples, we've actually seen a machine that learned how to walk in simulation and a machine that actually learned how to walk.
I would like to show you another approach, this robot has four legs.
Four motors are installed in each of the knees and hips.
It also has two tilt sensors to check the tilt.
You can see four legs, but the machine itself
I don't know what I look like.Is it a snake or a tree?I have no knowledge of what it looks like, but I try to identify it myself.
First, they try to move randomly and try to find their own shape.
I guess you're thinking about a lot of things, a self-modeling attempt to explain the relationship between motion and perception, and then the machine, in a second move, pulls out the predictions and the greatest dissonance between these analyses. Science in the lab. And then, based on this interpretation, we refine our self-modeling.
This last cycle captures a lot of the appearance.Once we establish self-modeling, we use it for movement pattern extraction.
So what you're seeing is a machine, a pattern of movement.
I was hoping for a spidery, wicked gait, but instead, it gave birth to this slumbering gait.
By the way, remember, this machine never tried how to move forward, it had no self-awareness.
I managed to figure out my shape and how to move forward, and I actually did it.
(Applause) So let's move on to another idea.
So you've seen a few of us... what happened is... OK, okay (Laughter) You don't seem to get along. Now here's another robot.
We saw earlier what happens when a robot's behavior is rewarded with a reward response.
What if we don't give it a reward response and just throw it in the primeval fluid?
Here is a cube as shown in the picture
This solid can rotate on a plane. So let's put 1,000 of these cubes in the protozoan solution. It's a simulation without the reward response. prize
Nothing happens at first, just moving around.
But after a while, you can see more blue stuff on the right side.
It started to multiply, and in the absence of an external reward, it self-replicates as an intrinsic stimulus.
I actually built something like this, part of a big robot made out of cubes.
Fast forward, but you can actually see the robots doing self-replication.
In this case, it's a cube, but with more parts and more energy, we can build another robot.
Of course, this is a rough idea, but we're also working in the microscopic world, and we want to make this cube as small as a particle.
So what can we learn from this? These robots are pretty useless as they are, but they might lead to how to build smarter robots, or how humans and animals can model themselves.
And one of the most important things is to move away from the idea that machines are created by human hands, and let robots evolve and learn freely like children. That will lead to the future of robots.
(applause)
What I love about being a father is being able to watch movies that I don't usually see.
I love watching my favorite movies with my child. When my daughter was four years old, she saw "The Wizard of Oz."
My daughter spent the next few months completely daydreaming.
My daughter's favorite, of course, is Glinda.
It was the perfect excuse to wear sparkly clothes and carry a cane.
But when you watch it over and over again, you can see how it's different from other movies.
Children today grow up watching powerful fantasy movies.
But the "Wizard of Oz"
it's not that kind of movie
Forty years later, the trend was popularized with a movie in which metal robots and furry characters disguised themselves as enemy guards to rescue a princess.
Do you know what movie it is? (Laughter) Of course
Just as there is a big difference between these two movies, there is a crucial difference between modern movies and The Wizard of Oz.
First, "The Wizard of Oz" uses very little violence.
Slightly aggressive monkey and apple tree
But if this movie were made in modern times, the wizard would say to Dorothy, "You are the savior of Oz.
Defeat the computer-generated witches with your magic shoes."
Of course not
Another feature of this movie is that in addition to the main characters, the good witches and the bad witches are all women.
I realized this a few years later when I showed my daughter "Star Wars," and this time the situation was different from "The Wizard of Oz."
a son was born
son was 3 years old
I was too young for 'Star Wars'
But this is my second child, because I'm starting to lose control over my own child. I don't think my son understood the context of the movie, but he definitely learned something.
i thought it was something
Courage, perseverance, loyalty, the theme of the movie?
Or is it that our main character, Luke, is going into the military to overthrow the government?
Or is it that the movie is a male-only world? In fact, the only female characters are Beru and Princess Leia. to celebrate with medals and winks for saving the world in
Meanwhile, in 1939's The Wizard of Oz,
What has Dorothy accomplished?
You became friends with everyone and became their leader.
The land of Oz is the world we want our children to grow up in, but the reality is that they live in a world where men fight.
Why are there so many "forces" in children's movies and so few roads leading to dreams?
There are a lot of books out there on the effect of men fighting movies on women.
Conversely, there are very few books devoted to the impact on men.
What I've learned from my experience is that Princess Leia doesn't do enough to represent what's important in the adult world, which is co-ed society. I thought, don't you think that's the scene where the movie should end?
Ended the adventure and made love come true
What more do you need? (laughter)
I do not understand
The theme of the current film is about killing bad guys and getting rewarded, and it doesn't deal with relationships or anything else.
It's as if boys were slow animals and girls were supposed to wear warrior clothes.
There are many exceptions, like the Disney princesses.
They also send messages to boys, even though they're not the intended target of the movie.
And we teach girls how to face a male society, but we don't have to show boys the same thing, right?
they have no example
In recent years, great women writers are writing new stories for children. Hermione and Katniss are great female characters, but there are also battles in their worlds.
Disney's hugely successful films have always dealt with the same theme: they're all stories of a man's journey -- a boy's story, a man's story, a story about two male friends, a father and a son, or two men raising a little girl. like the story of
But as you might think, last year "Melinda and the Horror Forest" came out.
It's a movie I recommend to everyone.
Remember the critics' reaction to the film?
"Pixar making a princess movie"
It's a great movie, so ignore their comments.
Most of these movies don't pass the Bechdel test.
This is a test you've never heard of.
It's not very popular yet -- it's a test we want to spread.
Cartoonist Alison Bechdel chronicled a conversation she had with a friend in the mid-'80s, in which she rated a movie she had seen.
It's a simple test with just three questions: First, are there two or more speaking female characters in the movie?
You must meet this condition
Then do the women talk during the movie?
And the conversation is about something other than the guy you both like? (Laughter) Simple, right? Thank you. (Applause) Thank you.
Two female characters have some kind of conversation
It's a cinematic scene, isn't it?
I saw "Argo" last week, it's a high quality movie.
It's a movie that's expected to win an Academy Award, and it's a big hit.
it won't pass the bechdel test
You're not supposed to pass. Most of the scenes in this movie are the embassy, ​​where people were taken hostage in the Iranian embassy hostage crisis.
The hostage men have a serious and disturbing conversation, while the actress's best moment in the film is when she says, "Will you come to bed?" through the gap in the door.
this is hollywood movie
let's look at the statistics
How many of the top 100 movies of 2011 do you think will have female protagonists?
It's 11. Not a bad number.
That's less than the percentage of women elected to the U.S. Congress last year.
But there are statistics that surpass this, which will surprise you.
Last year, the New York Times published a study conducted by the government.
there is
1 in 5 American women report being sexually assaulted
I wouldn't say it's because of popular entertainment.
I don't think it has anything to do with children's movies.
I don't think music videos or pornography are directly related, either.
who are the men? What have you learned?
What have we missed?
Has the role of the male hero learned to defeat the bad guys with violence? And the reward is a silent woman with no friends.
Have you learned that?
Perhaps, as a parent who has had the privilege of raising a daughter, the world and statistics terrify you, and you want to do something about it for your daughter.
We all have girl power at our disposal, and we hope to have that power, but we have to think about it.
I think it's important to decide which movies to rent, and the father is the key.
We fathers must teach our sons a new definition of man.
Already the definition of man is being turned upside down
The roles of caregivers and workers are changing, aren't they?
You're in a terrible situation
That's why sons need to develop new relationships. Fathers must set an example for their sons and teach them. Real men trust and respect women, team up with women, and bully women. A father must show his sons that he is a man who stands before us.
The father's role is to find movies that pass the Bechdel Test when renting movies, and to find the real courage, the camaraderie of the heroines in those movies, to make his sons empathize with the heroines, and to "come with the heroines." I want to be like that."
I asked my daughter who her favorite Star Wars character was, and what do you think she said?
obi wan
Obi-Wan Kenobi and Glinda
what do these two have in common
It's probably not all about glittery clothes
they are experts
What I think they have in common is that they have superlative knowledge in movies and share it for the growth of their peers.
they are leaders
I want my daughter and son to have adventures like yours.
I wish there were more adventures like this
I don't need adventures that tell my son to go fight alone. Adventures that sons need are adventures that make them feel the need to join a team led by a woman to help them grow. It's an adventure like the Wizard of Oz
thank you
This is how war starts
Everyone goes about their business as usual, making plans to go to parties, sending the kids to school, making dentist appointments...
But the next moment, the phone goes dead, the TV goes out, and armed men and barricades appear in the street.
Ordinary life paralyzed—
all stop
I'm going to tell you about a story I heard from a friend in Bosnia, who knows exactly what it feels like when a war starts.
In April of 1992, she wore a miniskirt and high heels to walk to her bank.
I was a young mother and loved to party.
is a wonderful person
And then suddenly, a tank appeared and mowed down everything, making its way down the main roads of Sarajevo.
I thought I was dreaming, but I'm not
She ran away, as everyone does, and in her high heels and miniskirts, she took refuge behind a trash can.
While hiding, he thought it was silly, but when he saw the chaos of tanks and soldiers going back and forth and people fleeing, he thought, "I feel like I'm Alice in Wonderland falling down a rabbit hole and falling steadily into chaos. “I felt like my life would never go back to normal.”
A few weeks later, she was still in the crowd with her young son in her arms, to leave the child with a stranger on the bus, which was almost the last flight out of Sarajevo to evacuate the children to safety.
She was pushing her way through the crowd with her mother, yelling, "Take her away!"
and gave the child to someone through the bus window
I haven't seen my son for years.
The siege lasted three and a half years, and there was no water, no power, no electricity, no heat, no food inside the siege, which happened in 20th-century Europe.
I am proud to have experienced the siege of Sarajevo as a journalist. I consider this experience to be a source of pride and honor, not only as a journalist, but as a person. I learned everything during this time.
Compassion -
Even an ordinary person can become a hero
To share Fraternity among fellows—
And above all, I learned about love
In the midst of all the devastation, death and chaos, ordinary people help their neighbors, share food, look after their children -- risk their lives to drag a sniper across the street to save an injured man in a taxi. I'm going to help you and send you to the hospital
I got to know myself
Martha Gellhorn, whom I admire, said, "You can only love one war, and the rest is a sense of responsibility."
After that, I covered war after war, too many times to count, but Sarajevo was special.
Last April, I attended a gathering that was very strange -- a sort of "perverted high school reunion."
It's a gathering to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the Siege of Sarajevo.
It was a solemn gathering of journalists, humanitarian aid workers and brave citizens of Sarajevo who had worked in the field during the war.
There was a scene that touched my heart and touched my heart There was a sight that touched my heart and touched my heart Twenty years ago, my friend Aida ran into a tank. There were more than 1,000 empty red chairs, each representing a person who died during the siege. That number is only for Sarajevo, not for all of Bosnia. It started - it covered most of the city. I was sad when I saw the little chairs for children.
I'm covering Syria right now, and I started covering it out of a sense of duty.
Syria's story needs to be told
The course to war is the same for Syria and Bosnia.
The funny thing about arriving in Damascus is that no one thought there would be a war. It's exactly the same as Bosnia.
We don't want to believe in war, so we won't escape while we can.
don't withdraw cash
stay home
And then war and chaos begin
Rwanda is a scary place to me
In 1994, I left Sarajevo briefly to cover the Rwandan genocide.
One million people were slaughtered between April and August of this year.
I was overwhelmed in Sarajevo with 12,000 chairs, but imagine a million people.
For example, I saw this scene where there was at least a mile of piles of dead bodies on the road as far as the eye could see, and they were twice as tall as I was.
But that's only a fraction of the dead.
There were mothers among them who held their children, leaving traces of agony.
We learn a lot from war, and I'm talking about Rwanda because it's like South Africa -- it's healing after 20 years.
56% of parliamentarians are women, which is great, isn't it?
We can't discriminate between people according to the group they belong to, because that was the beginning of the massacre in the first place.
An activist friend told me an inspiring story, and I think it's inspiring.
On one side, there is a group of children, both Hutu and Tutsi, and on the other side, a group of women who want to adopt children, and they are put together one after another.
There is no atmosphere of arguing that the other person is a Tutsi or a Hutu - trying to settle the grudge that his father and mother were killed -
It's coming together through reconciliation like this, which is great.
People ask me why I keep covering wars, and this is the reason.
I'm actually going back to Syria next week, and what I'm seeing is some incredibly brave people. We take democracy for granted, but there are people fighting for it.
I interview them because they are
I gave birth to a baby boy in 2004. My son is a miracle to me. After seeing so much death and destruction -- chaos and darkness -- a ray of hope was born.
I named him Luca, which means "bearer of light" because he brought light to my life.
When my son was four months old, the head of international affairs forced me back to Baghdad, because I had been covering Hussein's regime and had followed him since the fall of Baghdad. A friend of mine, a well-known Iraqi politician, said to me, "What are you doing here?
Why aren't you at home with Luca? "
2004 was the year that the terrible carnage began in Iraq.
"We have to see what's going on and report it."
Then he said, "Go home - if you don't see them grow teeth and walk for the first time, you'll regret it for the rest of your life. And -
When will war break out?"
sadly war always happens
It is self-deception that I, as a journalist, as a reporter, as a writer, as a journalist, as a reporter, as a writer, think that I can end war. I have no power to do so.
I'm not Kofi Annan and even he can't stop the war
Special envoy Annan's negotiations in Syria have failed.
I'm not involved in UN conflict resolution.
I'm not a humanitarian doctor, I don't know how many times I've felt helpless because I couldn't save people dying in front of me.
i'm just a bystander
My job is to give voice to the voiceless.
A colleague likened the job to shining light into the darkest corners of the world.
i'm aiming for it
It's not always successful, and sometimes frustrating.
Syria, Bosnia, who cares?
Congo, Côte d'Ivoire -- Liberia, Sierra Leone -- a place that I will remember for the rest of my life, but who cares?
But my job is to testify, and that's the heart and essence of what we journalists do.
All I can do is hope, but not hope for policy makers and politicians. I'm fooling myself into thinking they'll read my articles and take action.
What I really hope is that you will remember my story at breakfast tomorrow -- if you remember the story of Sarajevo, the story of Rwanda, I have achieved my goal.
thank you
(applause)
I want to talk to you about two things today.
The first is that it is very difficult to teach surgical knowledge and techniques.
And the second is how language barriers are a barrier to people around the world.
In my area of ​​expertise, these two issues are intertwined, and I'm going to explain this intertwining.
Well, nobody likes surgery.
Have any of you had surgery?
did you want it?
If you would like to receive it, please keep your hands up.
If you would like to receive it, please keep your hands up.
What I really hate is surgery that requires a big hole in the body and uses a tool like this, which is extremely painful and causes long periods of absenteeism and long absences, leaving huge scars.
If surgery is unavoidable, minimally invasive surgery that minimizes scars is the way to go.
What I want to tell you tonight is how the process of doing this kind of surgery and teaching the technique led me to find a multilingual translator.
Minimally invasive surgery is a difficult thing. First, we put the patient to sleep, then we put carbon dioxide into the stomach, inflate it like a balloon, insert a sharp tool into the stomach. to be monitored by the camera
It looks like this
This is gallbladder surgery
This surgery is performed about a million times a year in the United States alone.This surgery is performed about a million times a year in the United States alone.
This is real footage. No blood.
The nervousness of the operating team How much concentration is required
I can tell from your expression
Very difficult to teach and not easy to learn
Probably 5 million in the United States, probably 20 million around the world.
You've heard this before, haven't you? "He's a born surgeon."
But surgeons are not born
it wasn't made
There's no tank like this for cultivating surgeons.
Surgeons are trained little by little
It starts with learning the foundation, the basic technology.
And I'll be able to take you to the operating room, where I'll use you as an assistant first.
Teaching while showing surgical procedures
And after about five years of training like this, you're given the long-awaited license.
If you're going to have surgery, you want it done by a properly licensed surgeon.
Once I got my license, I was able to perform the surgery myself.
If you do it right, you'll be able to perform difficult surgeries.
The foundation is very important, so we started a training program in 1990 with doctors from SAGES, the largest surgical society in the United States, to ensure that all surgeons who perform minimally invasive surgery have a solid foundation of knowledge and skills to operate in the field. is something that allows
The effectiveness of this professional program has been scientifically proven, and the American Medical Association has made it mandatory to complete the program in order to become a licensed surgeon.
It's not just lectures and courses, it's those plus certification exams.
it's a difficult one
Last year, in collaboration with our partner, the American College of Surgeons, we issued a statement that all minimally invasive surgeons should be certified in FLS (basic laparoscopic surgery).
not just the US and Canada
Open to ALL surgeons worldwide
To bring this education and training up to the world level is a huge challenge.
SAGES performs surgeries around the world and trains surgeons.
But one of the first things that comes into play here is distance.
I can't go anywhere
the world needs to shrink
I think we can develop a tool for that.
My favorite tool is video
It was the possibility that
I'm Alan Okleinek, a friend of mine in Toronto.
What he did prove was that real-time video could be used to teach surgery.
This is Alan, teaching English-speaking African surgeons the basic skills to perform minimally invasive surgery.
It is wonderful
But there's one problem with doing this very difficult qualifying exam.
Even students who say they can speak English have a pass rate of 14%.
For them, it's not a surgical knowledge test, it's an English test.
There are problems even in familiar places
Cambridge hospital where I work
Affiliated hospital of Harvard Medical School
We've partnered with 100 interpreters to support 63 languages, and even a hospital this size costs a lot of money.
It's a very labor intensive job
If you think about it on a global scale, just talking to patients -- without training surgeons -- just talking to patients, no matter how many interpreters you have, it's not enough.
To meet this demand, we need the power of technology.
Our hospital has a wide variety of patients, from Harvard professors to people who just arrived in the country last week.
Talking to and treating people who don't speak your language is harder than you might think.
Interpretation may not be convenient
so i need some tools
I need a multilingual translator
What I'm talking about here is not a one-sided opinion of "it should be this way."
I want everyone to think about what we can do from now on.
I still have a lot to learn
In the United States, the per-patient cost of medical care is higher than in other countries, but medical outcomes are not necessarily superior.
We can learn from other countries' ways of doing things.
I have a strong desire to spread basic laparoscopic surgery (FLS) technology to the world.
Last year, I traveled to South America and China to introduce the basics of FLS.
Everywhere I went, I felt a wall: "I want to learn, but it's hard if it's not my native language."
Don't you think it should be like this? It would be nice to be able to give lectures in different languages ​​at the same time, using the native language of each attendee.
We want to use technology to communicate smoothly, accurately and cost-effectively to people in different parts of Asia, South America, Africa and Europe.
Of course, you have to be able to understand what the other person is saying.
I should be able to teach you something
grand plan
I searched to see if a multilingual translator already existed.
Now, even web pages and mobile phones have translation capabilities, but there was nothing that could be used to teach surgery.
because you need a lexicon
It's like a glossary of technical terms
I need a medical glossary
We also need a glossary of surgical terms.
But there is no such thing, I need to make this
Let me show you what we're doing
It's still in the research stage, but it's not widespread.
In collaboration with IBM Research, we are combining several technologies to create a multilingual translator.
We start with a framework, and we're going to use a framework that allows us to subtitle the screen when the surgeon is giving a lecture, and then we're going to add video conferencing technology to that.
Since the subtitles are not out yet, I will add the third technique.
This will add subtitles. Put the translation function over here.
When the subtitles appear in the frame, they magically change the language.
this is the fourth technique
Currently available in 11 languages
To shrink the world even further, we will add more languages.
I'm going to show you a prototype, and we've brought these pieces of technology that are usually disjointed together into something that's amazing.
Fundamentals of laparoscopic surgery
Chapter 5: Surgical Technique Practice
Select your language and watch subtitles in your native language
South American learners click the "Watch in Spanish" button to see real-time Spanish subtitles.
If you're taking a class in Beijing, you can use this technology to do the same thing with subtitles in Chinese, Russian or anything else, simultaneous translation without human intervention.
but it's just a lecture
At the beginning, I talked about FLS (basic laparoscopic surgery), but this surgery requires knowledge and skills.
The difference between successful and unsuccessful surgery is the slightest difference in hand movements.
So I've taken it one step further and have Alan come back.
I'm going to practice suturing today.
hold the needle like this
hold the tip of the needle
Don't shake your hands
Aiming for the black dot
point the loop here
then please cut
Oscar, well done, see you next week.
I showed you the development process of a multilingual translator.
I want to be able to exchange information back and forth.
I need something I can teach and learn at the same time
There are many uses for this tool
A good example of the integration of different technologies is the ubiquity of mobile phones with cameras, which can be used in a variety of fields: medicine, nursing, engineering, law, conferencing, video translation.
A tool you can use anywhere
In order to break down the barriers, we must advance the development of interpreting technology so that we can communicate with everyone.
Needed in many places To bring the world closer together
thank you
(applause)
The title of my talk today is "Be an Artist, Now"
Many people don't seem to listen to me when I say things like, "I can't make a living off of art, and I'm busy right now."
"I'm going to school," "I'm busy job-hunting," "I have to pick up my kids," "I'm so busy, I don't have time for art."
There are many reasons why I can't be an artist right now
You all immediately come to mind, don't you?
There are so many reasons why I can't become one, I don't even know why I should become one
I don't know why I should be an artist, and there are many reasons why I can't
Why do I feel reluctance to connect myself with art?
Maybe they think art is only for great geniuses or trained professionals.
Some people think it's because I'm moving away from art
The possibility is not zero, but I doubt it.
I will talk about this today
We're all artists since we were born
I know people who have children
Almost everything a child does is art
drawing on the wall with crayons
I imitate Son Dam Bi on TV and dance, but I can't imitate it and it becomes an original choreography
I dance strange dances and make people listen to songs
Maybe only the child's parents can put up with a child's art Because the child's art activity lasts all day It's really hard for the child
Sometimes I play a play -- playing is a play for one or more people.
Some children learn to lie when they get a little older
Parents remember the first time their child lied
I'm in shock anyway
"I think you've come to your senses," said the mother, thinking, "Why did I look like my father?"
So ask the child, "What kind of adult are you going to be?"
But don't worry
The moment a child begins to lie, the gift of storytelling awakens.
start talking about things you've never seen
it's a wonderful moment
parents should be happy
"I did it! My child told a lie for the first time!"
i have to celebrate
"Mama! Do you know who you met on the way home?
When a child says, "You're an alien," a normal parent would say, "Stop!"
An ideal parent would respond, "Really? Were there aliens? How was it? Did you say something?"
where did you meet "Um... in front of the supermarket."
If you talk like this, the child will have to think carefully about what happens next.
As you do so, the story develops.
Of course, it's just a child's story, but the work of thinking line by line is the same as us professional writers.
there is no essential difference between the two
Roland Barthes said of Flaubert's novel, "Frobert did not try to write a novel.
I just put together sentences one by one
The eros that lurks between the lines is the essence of his novels."
That's right -- in a novel, write one sentence first, and then write the next line so as not to deviate from the premise.
It is produced by repeating
Let's take a look at this sentence: "One morning, as Gregor Samsa awoke from a disturbing dream, he found himself transformed in his bed into a gigantic poisonous bug."
This is the opening sentence of Kafka's "The Metamorphosis."
From such an improbable beginning, Kafka created a masterpiece of modern literature by continuing it in a compelling way.
Kafka never showed his work to his father
I was on bad terms with my father
Kafka secretly wrote
If I show it to my father, he'll think I've lost my mind
It's true, because art is out of the ordinary, and it's created in a child's play way of continuing the next sentence as if it were true.
A child who begins to lie has taken the first step toward becoming a storyteller.
children practice art
I'm doing it while having fun without getting bored
I went to Jeju Island a few days ago.
Most children want to go into the sea
Some kids like sand better. They build mountains and oceans -- oceans, something -- people and dogs.
At times like that, my parents say, "The waves will destroy you anyway."
It means it's useless and it's useless
It means it's useless and it's useless
but the kids don't care
Enjoying the moment and innocently continuing to play in the sand
I'm not doing this because someone told me to
It wasn't ordered by the boss, I just do it.
When you were a child, did you ever dream of drawing?
When I ask students to write about their happiest times, they often write about their experiences with art when they were young.
When you play the piano for the first time or play a duet When you play a sketch with a friend as a blur
When I developed the first photo I took
begin to talk about such experiences
Didn't you have a time like that too?
Art must have made you happy then, unlike work.
Are you happy at work? There are many things that are difficult
There's a famous quote by the French writer Michel Tournier.
You seem to be teasing me
“Work is against humanity. The fact that work makes you tired is proof of that.”
If work is human nature, why do we get tired
I don't get tired of playing
I can play all night
Claim overtime if you work all night
I'm bored and tired
But kids do art for fun, it's play
I'm not painting and trying to sell I'm not playing the piano to support my family
Of course, there were children like that in the past.
Do you know who this person is?
Mozart, who traveled all over Europe to support his family -- but that was centuries ago, so Mozart should be an exception.
Unfortunately, art, which is supposed to be pure fun, eventually comes to an end.
The kids start going to school and classes, homework is given, there are piano and ballet lessons, but they're not as fun as they used to be.
Ordered or made to compete, that sort of thing is definitely not fun
Even though I entered elementary school, my mother would scold me if I scribbled on the wall.
And if you act like an artist all the time, you'll start to feel more pressure -- people will look at you weirdly and tell you to do it.
I was like that -- When I was in middle school, I participated in a sketching contest at Gyeongbokgung Palace.
I was drawing with all my might, and then the teacher came around and asked me, "What are you doing?"
When I answered, "I'm working hard on drawing,"
"Why is it all black?"
I used to fill my sketchbook with all black
I explained, "A picture of a crow resting in a tree on a dark night."
The teacher said, "Yongha, you can't draw, but you have a talent for storytelling."
-- I wish
Actually, he scolded me, "Don't be silly!"
"Today I came to paint a palace" But my painting was black My teacher dragged me out of the group
There were a lot of girls around, I was so embarrassed
No matter what I said, no one listened and I was deeply hurt
An ideal teacher would have given me the answer I was hoping for.
But there aren't many teachers like that.
When I went to museums in Europe as an adult -- when I was in college -- it felt very unfair.
When I saw this (laughs), when I was forced to stand in front of Gyeongbokgung Palace with my painting in my mouth, this painting was on display in the Museum of Fine Arts in Basel.
Isn't this like wallpaper
Modern art doesn't need excuses
how is the crow
Most of the works are titled "Untitled"
In any case, 20th-century contemporary art is doing something weird and filling in the blanks with explanations and interpretations, just like I did.
Mine was completely amateur work, let's look at more famous works instead
This is Picasso's work
He attached a saddle to the handlebars of his bicycle and gave it the name 'Bull's Head'.
This urinal is a work titled "Izumi"
Duchamp's work
So what contemporary art is doing is doing something weird and explaining it with a story.
Picasso said, "I don't paint what I see, but what I feel."
I didn't have to draw Keikairo as I saw it
If I had known these words from Picasso, I might have beaten that teacher.
Unfortunately, the creativity within us is stifled before we learn how to fight the oppressors of art.
trapped in a cage
it's our tragedy
What happens when creativity is trapped or trampled?
The desire for art never goes away
The thirst for self-expression remains, but if creativity is denied, it can only be expressed in a repressed form.
Singing "Melody of Remembrance" and "Hotel California" at karaoke while playing the air guitar
Usually very bad
Some people become like that
some dance in the club
People who could have spun a story are buzzing all night on the internet
There, the talent for writing shows its dark side.
Some fathers take away their children's toys when playing with Lego or plastic models
"Don't touch me! Daddy will do it"
The kid gets bored and starts doing something else, but the dad doesn't care and keeps building the castle.
Proof that creativity hasn't completely disappeared when it's suppressed
It often manifests in the flip side of jealousy
Do you know the song "I want to be on TV"? Why do you want to be on TV?
There are a lot of people on TV that I never wanted to be
Dancing, acting -- the more you do, the more praise you get
Then they get jealous
Grab the remote control and start criticizing the people on TV
"I'm not good at acting" "This is a song? It's not in tune"
Words like this keep popping up
We don't get jealous because we're bad characters, it's because we have creativity locked up in us.
I think so
What should I do then?
that's right
we should start our art now
You should turn off the TV, turn off the internet, and start doing something yourself.
I teach a course in acting and directing at a theater school.
In this course, all students will put on stage performances.
But acting students aren't allowed to act.
I let them write scripts, and I let students who want to be writers do stage art.
Complete the stage by having students majoring in art act
Students are confused at first, but then they begin to enjoy their new roles.
Whether it's at school, in the army, or even in a psychiatric hospital, when it comes to performing on stage, everyone enjoys it.
It was the same in the military -- lots of people were having fun on stage.
Let me tell you one more thing about my experience.
In my lectures, there are many students like you who are not aspiring writers.
Art and music students think they can't write
I give students a blank sheet of paper and a theme
Give a simple theme to write about the most unlucky experiences that happened to you as a child
However, I have one condition: write like crazy!
And go around the classroom and say to the students, "Just write!" Let them write like crazy for an hour or two.
Think about the first five minutes
Write like crazy, because if you write slowly, you'll think too much and give the devil space.
The devil comes up with many reasons to try to make you give up writing "Everyone will laugh at you."
"Weird sentences!" "Wrong handwriting!"
say that one after another
I have to run as fast as I can so that this devil doesn't catch me
The best work I've done in class so far has not been a long-term assignment that I can work through, but a sentence that a student has written in pencil in front of me in a short period of time, less than an hour.
the student falls into a kind of trance
After 30 or 40 minutes, I start writing things that I don't understand
Then there will be no room for the devil to take advantage of
You could say that you don't need many negative reasons to be an artist, but just one compelling reason.
It doesn't matter why you can't make it
A single inevitable reason produces many artists
Once you've locked in the devil and started doing your own art, you're now exposed to attacks from the outside.
Most of the time it's my parents.
the devil is disguised
I've come to prevent the devil from turning into someone close to him and becoming an artist.
they use amazing spells
When I say, "I'd like to take acting class at the community center," or "I want to learn canzone," they say, "Hmm?
"For what?" This "For what?" is the devil's spell.
art is not something you do for something
Art is the ultimate goal
Give salvation to the human soul and enrich life
Express yourself and have fun without relying on alcohol or drugs
So don't be afraid if this spell is cast on you.
Say something like, "Because it looks interesting! What if you find something too?"
In my ideal future, everyone has multiple identities, at least one of which is an artist.
When I got into a taxi in New York, there was a theater-related poster in front of the back seat.
When I asked the driver, "What is this?"
He said it was his profile I asked him "What are you doing?" He said "I'm an actor"
He's both a driver and an actor.
He happily replied, "It's King Lear."
King Lear
"Who tells me who I am?"
-- King Lear's famous line This is the world I dream of
A golfer by day, a writer by night
Whether you're a driver, an actor, a banker, or a painter, everyone does art, whether they show it or not.
When modern dance pioneer Martha Graham visited South Korea in 1990
The great artist in his 90s landed at Gimpo Airport and reporters asked him the stereotyped question, "Is there anything you should do to become a good dancer?
Do you have any advice for Korean dancers?”
she was a master She was already a star when this photo was taken in 1948.
This question was asked in 1990
Her answer was, "Just try it."
i was impressed
With that said, she left the airport
what should we do now?
Become an artist! Now!
But how? Just try it!
thank you
(applause)
What I'm going to talk about today makes me hate asking and answering questions.
I'm going to talk about the secrets of domestic violence, and I'd like to answer a question that people often ask, and it's, "Why don't you run away?"
The question is, "Why are you with an abusive man?"
I'm not a psychiatrist, I'm not a social worker, I'm not a domestic violence expert.
I'm just experienced
When I was 22, I graduated from Harvard University.
Then I moved to New York for a job as a reporter and editor for Seventeen magazine.
I rented my first apartment, had my first credit card, and had a big secret.
A loaded gun was pointed at my head by a man I believed to be my soulmate, over and over again.
The man I loved most on earth pointed a gun at me and threatened to kill me more times than I can remember.
Today I'm going to talk to you about "dangerous love," a heart trap disguised as love, the love story that millions of women and even men experience every year.
it might be your story
I don't look like your typical domestic violence ex-victim.
I have a degree in English from Harvard University and an MBA in Marketing from Wharton Business School.
And I've had careers in high-income companies, including Johnson & Johnson and the Washington Post.
I have been married to my second husband for almost 20 years and have three children.
I have a black Labrador and a Honda minivan.
(Laughter) My first message is that domestic violence can happen to anyone, regardless of race, religion, income, education.
it can happen anywhere
The second message is that domestic violence happens to women, so people tend to think it's a women's problem.
not necessarily
More than 85 percent of perpetrators are men. Violence happens in intimate, interdependent, long-term couples. So it happens in the home. It is
"People who don't get along with violent men," I believed myself to be, but my age was the hallmark of a typical victim.
I was 22 at the time, and American women between the ages of 16 and 24 are three times more likely to be victims of violence than any other age group. In America, more than 500 women in this age group have been victims of violence. Every year people lose their lives to romantic boyfriends and husbands.
Ignorance was typical, too: I didn't know the red flags and patterns of domestic violence.
I met Korone on a cold January rainy night
On the New York subway, he sat next to me and seduced me.
he taught me two things
He also graduated from one of America's most prestigious universities, and he works at a Wall Street bank.
My strong first impression of him at this time was that he was smart, funny, and he seemed like a redneck.
His big, red, round cheeks, his shining golden hair, he looked so kind.
When I first met him, he acted smartly, making me think I was in control.
He seemed to worship me, especially when we first met.
When we started dating, he loved everything about me, how smart I was, how I was from Harvard, how I helped teenage girls, how hard I worked.
He wanted to know everything about me, my family, my childhood, my hopes and dreams.
He trusted me as a reporter, as a woman, and he was the first to do this.
He built trust between us by revealing a secret, which was about four years of age, when he was subjected to constant and horrendous violence by his stepfather. The abuse escalated until I dropped out in eighth grade, despite being a "good" student, and spent almost 20 years trying to rebuild my life.
So the prospect of graduating from a prestigious university, working on Wall Street, and a bright future awaited him meant a lot to him.
At the time, I would have laughed it off, saying that this smart, funny, sensitive man was going to dictate whether or not to wear make-up, whether to wear a short skirt, where to live and where to work, who to be friends with, and where to spend Christmas. In the beginning, we didn't see any violence, dominance, or anger in him.
I didn't know that all domestic violence begins with charm and seduction.
The next step is to isolate the opponent.
It's not like he came home one day and suddenly said, "Well, those Romeo and Juliet days were great." "But I want to take the next step." "Let's move now." "Don't let the neighbors hear you screaming."
In reality, he came home from work one Friday and told me that he quit his job. It's his dream job. He just said he wanted to leave town, away from his violent, broken family, and move to a small town in New England and start a new life with me.
Leaving New York was the last thing I wanted to do, and I didn't want to quit my dream job, but I believed that I should sacrifice myself for my soulmate, so I agreed with him. I quit my job, we left Manhattan.
Little did I know that I was in a dangerous love affair. I plunged headfirst into a carefully planned physical, financial and mental trap.
The next step in domestic violence patterns is to glimpse the violence and watch the other person's reaction.
It was at this stage that guns entered our lives.
He had just moved to New England, where he said he would feel safe, and he had bought three guns.
1 in the dashboard
I kept one under my bed pillow and the last one in my pocket.
He told me why I have a gun, because I had a traumatic childhood experience.
You know, having a gun makes you feel protected.
But it was actually a message to me. At this point, there was no violence, but my life was getting a little closer to grave danger every day.
The first time he assaulted me was five days before our wedding.
Seven o'clock in the morning I was still wearing my nightgown
I was frustrated at my computer trying to finish a freelance writing job, and he used my anger as an excuse to choke me with his hands, so hard I couldn't breathe or scream. slammed my head against the wall over and over again while still strangling me.
Five days after the 10 birthmarks on my neck finally disappeared, I put on my mother's wedding dress and married him.
In spite of all this, I believed that a happy life awaited me, because we loved each other.
He also deeply regretted
The wedding and becoming a family with me were stressful.
I promised myself that I would never use violence again, just for this one time.
But on my honeymoon, the same thing happened twice.
I was driving to a secluded beach and I got lost, and he hit me hard on the side of the head. rice field
A few days later, driving home from our honeymoon, he got so impatient in traffic that he threw a cold hamburger in my face.
He became violent once or twice a week, and this lasted for about two and a half years.
I misunderstood this situation, thinking it was a special and lonely situation.
One in three American women is a victim of domestic violence or being stalked, and according to CDC statistics, 15 million children are abused each year -- 15 million.
I mean, I had a lot of friends who were in the same situation as me.
Going back to the first question, "Why didn't you run away?"
The answer is simple
I didn't realize I was being abused.
A gun pointed at my head, I was thrown down a flight of stairs, I was threatened to kill my pet dog, my car was unlocked while I was driving down the highway, After I got dressed for a job interview, I was hot. Even if coffee grounds were thrown over my head, I never thought I was being assaulted.
Instead, I thought I was a very strong woman, a woman who loved a man with many problems, and that I was the only one on earth who could help him face the devil.
Another question everyone asks, "Why don't you run away?"
Why didn't you leave? I could have run away anytime
For me, this is the saddest and most painful question to ask, because there is something only the victim knows: it is very dangerous to run away from a violent person.
The final pattern of domestic violence is to kill the other person.
More than 70 percent of domestic violence homicides occur after the victim has ended the relationship, after the victim has run away, because the perpetrator has nothing left to lose.
It can even lead to long-term stalking, refusal of financial assistance even after the other person remarries, and the use of the family court system to terrorize the victim and their children, who, depending on the court's decision, may not. You have to meet with your father regularly, in private, and you're the father who beats your mother.
Would you like to know? Why don't you run away
I was able to escape, because the brutal violence I suffered at the end destroyed my denial.
I finally realized that the man I love so dearly might kill me.
so i broke my silence
I told everyone, the police, my neighbors, my friends, my family, even complete strangers, and it's because of them that I'm here today.
We tend to stereotype victims as self-defeating women who make it to the front page of the newspaper.
Asking the question, "Why don't you run away?"
It's like saying, "She's responsible for not running away," as if the victim had fallen in love with a man who was deliberately abusive.
But since the publication of Crazy Love, I have heard many stories of men and women who have managed to escape, who have learned valuable life lessons through their experiences, and who have started happy, happy new lives. The people who made it work, the wives and the mothers, all of them, like me, lead lives that are completely free of violence.
I was one of the classic victims of domestic violence, and I was one of the survivors of typical violence.
I remarried to a very kind man and had three children.
I have a black Labrador and drive a minivan.
What I'll never get again is... a gun pointed at my head A gun pointed at by a man who says he loves me.
Now you're probably thinking, "That's a great story," or, "What an idiot she was."
I know that some of you are also experiencing violence today.
Violence may be threatening your daughter or your best friend's life.
I was able to end the "dangerous love" myself because I broke the silence.
I continue to break the silence today
This is my way of helping other victims. My final request to you.
tell me what you heard here
Violence threatens in silence
You have the power to stop violence, just put a spotlight on it.
we victims need you
I Need You To Understand The Secrets Of Domestic Violence
Spotlight the violence by telling your children, your co-workers, your friends and family.
Please change the image of former victims as people with a wonderful and lovable future.
Recognize and mediate early signs of violence End violence and show victims a safe exit
Together, we can create what should be an oasis of safety and happiness, where we can all sleep, eat and be with our families.
thank you
(applause)
let's tell a story
This is my first year as a high school science teacher, and I'm really excited.
Excited and enthusiastic about planning lessons
However, I gradually came to realize the terrible truth that the students didn't understand at all.
One day, in class, I asked them to read a passage from their textbook, which was about one of my favorite subjects in biology: viruses and how they attack.
I was looking forward to arguing with my students, so I said, "Someone please explain the main points. Can you explain to me why this is interesting?"
The classroom fell silent, and finally my favorite student looked me in the eye and said,
"This is crap"
then she explained
"It's not that science is crap, it's that textbooks don't make sense
It's boring and nobody cares, it's ridiculous."
A smile of agreement spread across the classroom, and every student felt the same way.
No one knew why science was interesting and why it mattered
i was totally wrong
I was at a loss what to do
And all I could think of was, "Let's talk.
The main characters are bacteria and viruses
they are millions of times magnified
Real bacteria and viruses are so small that they can only be seen under a microscope, and we all know bacteria and viruses because they both cause disease.
What many people don't know is that viruses can make bacteria sick."
The story I started with my children started out like a horror story.
Once upon a time there was a happy little bacteria
please don't get along too well
He may be hanging out in your stomach or in spoiled food and then he suddenly feels sick.
It must be because I ate something strange for lunch.
It got worse and worse, and my skin started peeling, and I could see the virus coming out of it.
The symptoms got worse, and it exploded, and the virus army started pouring out.
- It hurts! - Isn't it?
If you're bacteria and you're in this situation, it's a nightmare.
But if you were a virus, you'd cross your little legs and think, "We're winning."
because bacteria are tough
let me explain how this happened
Viruses stick to bacteria and sneak their DNA.
The viral DNA then knocks out the bacterial DNA.
When the bacterial DNA is dead, the viral DNA takes over the cell and tells it to make more viruses.
DNA is like a blueprint that tells an organism what to produce.
It's like going to a car factory and replacing the blueprints for a car with the blueprints for a killer robot.
The next day, a factory worker comes to work and follows the wrong instructions.
So the bacterial DNA and the viral DNA swapped places, turning the bacteria into a virus factory until the bacteria filled up with viruses and burst.
Bacteria aren't the only way viruses can infect.
there are worse ways
Virus covert operatives catch bacteria and spy on them
Black-suited virus covert agents infiltrate bacterial cells with their own DNA, and the point is, it doesn't do any harm at first, but --
Gently slip your own DNA inside the bacteria and stay like a dormant terrorist cell waiting for your next command.
What's interesting is that whenever this bacterium makes a baby, it always has a baby with viral DNA.
And you end up with a large family of bacteria full of dormant virus cells.
Bacteria are living happily, but at a certain signal, suddenly - BANG! - DNA pops out.
They take control of all of the cells and turn them into virus manufacturing factories.
Now you know how viruses attack cells.
There are two ways, the lytic way on the left, and the way the virus enters the cell and takes the initiative.
Lysogenic method on the right Using Virus Covert Ops
It's not that difficult, is it?
you all understand
If you've graduated from high school, you've probably heard it before.
But it wasn't explained in a way that stuck in my head
Why were my students so reluctant when they studied this?
There are two reasons
First of all, because textbooks don't have covert virus agents or horror stories.
The stereotype of always being serious when communicating science is entrenched.
I'm not kidding.
When I was writing for educational publishers, I was always told, don't put a story in it, don't use funny glamorous words, because that would make your paper "unserious" and "unscientific."
So it seems that science isn't meant to be learned for fun.
And in the science field, there's also this thing about slimes and color changes.
Of course any good scientist would handle it
There is also the field of explosions!
But if textbooks are too fun, they say they're unscientific.
Another problem lies in the incomprehensible textbook terminology.
To summarize what I said earlier, it goes something like this: Viruses infiltrate DNA into bacteria and make copies.
But when it's put in textbooks, it says, "Bacterophage multiplication begins when the nucleic acid of the virus causes lysis inside the bacterium."
It's pretty much right for 13-year-olds
But there's still a problem. There are a lot of people in science education who think that texts like this can't be passed on to their students.
For example, you said that viruses have DNA.
but a few don't have it
Instead, they have something called RNA.
A professional science reporter points out that
"Instead, it should be a professional expression."
A team of professional scientific editors, after deliberating on this short description, will find most of the words I've used wrong, replace them with all seriousness, and rewrite the whole thing to be 100 percent accurate.
And even if it becomes an accurate sentence, it becomes an incomprehensible text.
this is horrible
I'm trying to expand on the idea of ​​analogy to stories, but scientific communication is so precise that it prevents us from telling stories.
Like the worst storytellers, science begins to explain details that no one cares about, like, "I was having lunch with a friend the other day, and she was wearing these weird jeans.
It's more like leggings than jeans.It's more like jeggings.
And even worse, science education always wants to use the word "exactly."
Suppose you say, "Listen, I was woken up in the middle of the night and had to drive 100 miles in total darkness."
And the other person replies, "87.3 miles, to be exact."
You're tempted to say, "Actually, I want you to shut up! I was just trying to talk."
Because a good story is to convey feelings
You have to convince your audience that it's important.
Only when you understand which details to omit do the important things become clear.
It reminds me of the words of the German architect Mies van der Rohe.
I think this feeling applies to science education as well.
Finally, I'm disappointed that people think I'm the one responsible for devaluing science.
that's not the case
Now that I'm a Ph.D. student at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, I know very well that it's important to talk about science in detail and concretely among professionals, except when you're teaching 13-year-olds. is
Just because kids think all viruses have DNA doesn't ruin their chances of being successful in science.
The very fact that young students can't understand and dislike science is ruining their chances of success.
have to stop this
I hope that the roots of this problem -- the upper echelons of the educational community -- will change.
It doesn't seem to go that way
Thankfully, we now have access to sources like the Internet, and we may be able to turn the educational world upside down.
There is a growing amount of information online that explains science in an easily understandable way.
My dream is a Web page that, like Wikipedia, explains science in simple language that even a high school student can understand.
I spend most of my spare time making science videos and putting them on YouTube.
When I explain chemical equilibrium, I compare it to the awkward high school dance.When I teach fuel cells, I talk about boys and girls at summer camp.
Sometimes the feedback I get is misspelled or in feline, but that's what I really appreciate, and I believe this is the right way to communicate science.
I still have a lot of work to do, so if you're involved in science in any way, please follow me soon.
Grab your camera, start a blog, anything, don't be serious, don't use jargon.
Make me laugh Make me feel important
Skip the annoying details that no one cares about and get to the point
how do i start?
How about starting like this? "Okay, let's start the story."
Thank you. (Applause)
Talk about blind spots in the labor market
Behind the scenes, there are people who can't work unless they have a very flexible working schedule.
For example, people with recurrent illnesses who may never know when they will return People caring for dependents Parents of children with special needs
Their available hours look something like this: "I only have a few hours today.
I think I'll probably be able to work tomorrow, but I'm not sure, I don't know the time."
These people find it very difficult to find work despite the great need to work.
But it doesn't have to be this way, because there are employers who would benefit from being able to hire local, flexible people on their own terms and only when they need them.
For example, let's say you run a cafe.
Crowded mid-morning and likely to get busy at lunchtime
Crowded mid-morning and likely to get busy at lunchtime
It would be nice if I could get two employees to work for 90 minutes an hour later, but they have to be trustworthy and knowledgable about working in a café.
Hire again at a reasonable salary
I also need to be able to arrange it immediately
But no company would be interested in that kind of staffing, so we're going to be understaffed and thrown into chaos.
This isn't just the restaurant industry, it's hotels, it's retail, it's the service industry for the general public and for businesses, and it's everywhere.
There are many organizations that can take advantage of people who are flexible and who may have been trained.
What the labor market at this level needs is a market for leftover time. What the labor market at this level needs is a market for leftover time.
Let's see an example in action
For example, a logistics company says, "I have an urgent order to ship by tomorrow morning.
Show everyone who can come."
31 found
Everyone on the screen can work at that time tomorrow.
everyone is in touch
Everyone has set the conditions for agreeing to a contract
This contract applies to each individual's desired terms.
no legal issues
All of them have been trained in the warehouse, and you can choose as many as you like.
All of them have been trained in the warehouse, and you can choose as many as you like.
Dispatch from multiple sources
Each person's hourly wage under this contract,
You can also see ratings
At the top of the list are those with a proven track record
wages will be higher
As another way of looking at local flexible people, I'd like to introduce you to a market research company that trained about 25 people how to do street interviews.
We will have a new campaign next week.
See how many trained people can work each hour next week See how many trained people can work each hour next week
Decide when to do street interviews.
But isn't there more that can be done in this labor market blind spot?
Because there are a lot of people who need every income possibility right now.
Let's take a look on an individual level
Imagine this young woman, at the bottom of the economic pyramid, with no hope of getting a job. What kind of economic activity could she do?
You may be willing to work special hours in a call center, reception desk, or mailroom.
You might be interested in things you can do near your home: babysitting, delivery, pet care, etc.
You may have possessions that you can turn into income when you don't need them You may have possessions that you can turn into income when you don't need them
For example, a sofa bed in the living room that can be rented as an empty space,
You may have a bicycle or a game console that you only use occasionally.
Internet savvy people probably think that we live in an era of collaborative consumption, and that we can do anything online.
Offer a sofa bed on Airbnb or a local delivery service on TaskRabbit.com
These are also good sites, but I believe they can go further.
The key to that is the idea of ​​a modern marketplace for everyone.
The market has changed a lot in the last 20 years, but only at the top of the economy.
Wall Street traders take it for granted that they buy and sell financial assets in a market system that identifies the most profitable opportunities in real time and trades within a specified range at a fraction of a second.
This system analyzes supply and demand, the market, and tells us where the next opportunity will come from.
Manage counterparty risk in a very sophisticated way
It doesn't cost much
At the bottom of the economy, what have we gained in the last 20 years in terms of markets?
It's basically a job ad with a search tool.
So why is there such an inequality between the sophisticated markets at the top of the economy, which have siphoned off more activity and resources from the main economies and become more sophisticated traders, and the rest?
Modern markets are more than just websites.
A Wall Street trader might come to work in the morning, but nothing. They would make a list of all the financial derivatives they wanted to sell that day, post it on multiple websites, wait for potential buyers to contact them, and then negotiate the terms of the deal. does not start
When modern market technology began to be used, how could financial institutions leverage their purchasing power, back-office operations, and connections? tackled the task
We asked the government to support the regulatory system, and we won various systems.
But there should also be similar improvements in new generation markets for the benefit of all across the economy.
Such functions are, for example, functions like our identity, a credential management organization that can always check what an individual can legally do, a credential management organization that can always check what an individual can legally do, It is the process of resolving disputes through public means.
These features and instruments are not run by Craigslist, Gumtree, Yahoo, etc., but are government-controlled.
But I don't think the policy makers who lead these institutions are thinking about how these functions can be used as the basis for a new era of markets.
These policy makers, like the general public, take it for granted that modern markets are limited to institutions powerful enough to create these functions themselves.
Suppose we stop taking it for granted
Suppose tomorrow morning the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, or the President of the United States, or the leader of some developed country wakes up and says, "Because the current climate is unlikely to create the jobs we need.
Efforts must be made to ensure that citizens have all economic opportunities
Citizens need to reach cutting-edge markets
What should I do? "
Even if you say that, I can imagine how your eyes are swimming.
A politician in a huge, complex and sophisticated IT project?
A catastrophe awaits
not necessarily
There is precedent for a technology-enabled service that has been advanced by politicians in multiple countries and has had great success: the national lottery.
Take the UK for example
The UK government doesn't plan, sponsor or operate a national lottery.
We just passed a law on the National Lottery, and here are the results.
This law defines what a national lottery looks like.
The benefits that the country independently gives to the operator are specified
At the same time, we have obligations to operators.
It was a huge success in terms of bringing gambling to the masses.
But if your goal is to bring new economic activity to the bottom of the pyramid,
Is it possible to use the same model?
i believe it is possible
Suppose a policy maker creates a functional framework
Let's call this the National e-market, or NEM for short.
like a regulated public utility
It's the equivalent of a water system or a road network.
A variety of markets for low-level trading that can be carried out by individuals and small companies.
Governments can offer various benefits to these markets.
Public spending can be channeled through this market to finance public services at the local level.
It also connects this market with the highest routes of administration.
These markets will be protected by the government,
It will also deregulate certain sectors to allow locals to enter.It will also deregulate certain sectors to allow locals to enter.
One might say that taxis are an example
Operators have specific obligations attached to such benefits, but the key, of course, is the obligation to pay everything, including those involving the public sector.
Imagine operators benefiting from commission-based fees charged on each transaction
Given the right to operate for about 15 years so that these benefits can be obtained
What if the operating entity with the lowest percentage of fees for each operation decided to acquire the operating rights?
The government will get out of this framework
in the hands of the governing body
Either you give a lot of people the opportunity to generate income, and they get a piece of each market's profit, or you fail completely, while your shareholders lose money.
does not necessarily impose a burden on the taxpayer
Nor does it constrain other markets.
It's just one more option in the millions of Internet forums out there.
But it makes a big difference. Having links with public institutions incentivizes governing bodies to start seriously considering investing in their services.
Because you have to do a lot of small deals to make a profit.
Typical examples are home hair care, toy rental, farm work, clothing rental and meal delivery, tourism and home care services, such as clothing rental and meal delivery, tourism and home care services.
There are very few transactions in this world, but the information is very rich, because the national electronic marketplaces provide the data.
This person is wondering whether to start a babysitting business.
You may realize that if you want to enter the market, you need money for market research and talent training.You might realize that if you want to enter the market, you need money for market research and talent training.
I have to interview parents who need a babysitting staff bank.
Is it worth it?
Should we look to other industries?
Should you move to an area with a shortage of babysitters? Should I move to an area with a shortage of babysitters?
Such data are routinely obtained
Investors can also use this data
If there's a shortage of babysitters in some part of the country, and no one has the money to research and train them, investors can help, and then for the next two years or so, they'll take a portion of the increased individual profits from joining the system.
This is a fragmented world of capitalism.
It's a small transaction in a small market, open, safe, convenient, cheap and fast.
Some studies have shown that a country the size of the United Kingdom can generate an economic impact equivalent to 15 billion yen per day.
Do you think that is impossible?
Twenty years ago, people were saying exactly the same thing about fast trading in currency trading.
Never underestimate the true transformative power of modern markets
thank you
(applause)
It was a Saturday afternoon in May, and I suddenly realized that tomorrow was Mother's Day.
So I thought, why not make interactive cards -- using a software called Scratch that my group at the MIT Media Lab is making.
This software was developed with the goal of making it easy for anyone to create interactive picture books, games and animations, and share them with everyone.
So I thought making cards for Mother's Day would be a great opportunity to use Scratch.
Before I started making my own cards, I thought I'd take a quick look at the Scratch website.
Over the years, kids all over the world, ages 8 and up, were publishing their projects on the web, and I figured there might be a Mother's Day card among the three million projects. is
I typed "Mother's Day" into the search field, and to my delightful surprise, dozens of Mother's Day card projects popped up in the search results, many within 24 hours by procrastinators like me. it was made
So I decided to take a look at the work, and this one is about a kitten and a mother cat coming out to celebrate Mother's Day.
The author thoughtfully provided a "replay" button for moms.
The other piece was interactive, where you could move your mouse over the words "Happy Mother's Day," and the appropriate words for Mother's Day would appear.
The piece told the story of how the author found out through a Google search that Mother's Day was coming up.
And when Mother's Day was approaching, the author had a special Mother's Day message telling her how much she loved her.
These works were really nice.
I really liked it, so instead of making my own, I decided to send my mom 10 links to these creations.
My mother replied, "I'm proud to have a son who created software that allows children to send Mother's Day cards to their mothers."
My mother was happy, which made me happy, but there was another reason why I was happy.
We were happy that the kids were using Scratch the way we wanted it to be.
Children are very good at using new technology, like we made cards for Mother's Day.
"Good" means—
I think it's about being able to express yourself with that technology and being able to express your ideas.
Being proficient in a language means being able to keep a diary in that language, tell a joke to someone, write a letter to a friend, and so on.
It's the same with new technology.
By creating interactive Mother's Day cards, the children were demonstrating their mastery of this new technology.
This may not surprise you all that much, because young people feel that they can use technology to do a lot of things.
We all know that young people are called the "digital generation."
i have doubts about this
Should young people be considered a “digital generation”?
If you pay attention to how young people use new technology,
It's scenes like this and scenes like this that are common, and there's no question that young people are comfortable browsing the web, chatting, emailing, playing games.
But that's not the same as being good with technology.
Young people have a lot of experience with new technologies, they're used to manipulating them, but not so much when it comes to creating and expressing themselves with new technologies.
It's like a new technology that you can read, but you can't write.
I'm interested in how we can help young people become better at writing with new technologies.
To do that, they themselves need to be able to write computer programs.
More and more people are realizing the importance of learning how to program.
Over the past few years, a number of new organizations and websites have sprung up to help young people learn to code.
There are sites like Codecademy, events like CoderDojo, girls sites like Girls Who Code and Black Girls Code.
It looks like a lot of people are starting to act
Earlier this year, as the new year began, New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg said that his New Year's resolution for 2012 was to learn to code.
A few months later, in Estonia, I decided to teach programming to first graders.
And that's what got me started in England --
There was a debate about whether we should teach programming to all children.
When you hear stories like this, everyone -- some of you may feel uncomfortable learning to code.
A lot of people think of programming as something that only a very limited number of people in the world need, and imagine writing programs like this.
If programming is like this, it may be possible only for a limited number of people in the world with special mathematical wisdom and technical background.
But it's not all like this
Let me show you how you can program with Scratch
Programming in Scratch is just plugging in blocks
In this example, all you have to do is move the blue blocks and fit them into these blobs. These blobs control the movements of different characters in games and stories, and in this example, they're controlling a big fish.
Once the program is complete, you can share the project with other people by pressing the button labeled "Share" so that everyone can use and participate in the project.
Of course, fish games aren't the only thing Scratch can do—
Among the millions of projects are animations, school science projects, home drama cartoons, virtual building kits, old video game recreations, political polls, trigonometry tutorials, interactive art pieces and Mother's Day cards. I have
There are so many ways people can express themselves here, and they can bring their ideas to life and share them with the world.
Not just on the screen
You can also work with the real world around you.
Here's an example from Hong Kong. In a game that the kids made, we built our own interface device that uses light sensors. It detects a hole and moves the saw on the screen to cut down the tree.
We will continue to explore new ways to bring together and connect the physical and virtual worlds.
Here's an example using a new version of Scratch that we're planning to release in the next few months.
Here is an example
using webcam
You can pop balloons with your hands, you can move insects.
It's kind of like Microsoft's Kinect, where you manipulate the world with gestures.
But instead of playing ready-made games, you can create your own games, and you can see how other people do this by looking at the inner workings of other people's games.
We're using a new block that tells us how much movement there has been, and we're telling it to pop the balloon when there's a lot of movement.
You can also use the microphone here in the same way that you used the camera to bring information into Scratch.
Here is an example project using a microphone
Everyone can use their voice to participate in the game
(Insects) (screaming) (gulp) (Laughter) (Applause) Children learn to code by doing projects like this, but more importantly, they learn by writing programs.
By learning to program, you can learn many other things, opening up new avenues of learning.
I'd like to explain again by analogy with reading and writing.
Learning to read and write opens up the possibility of learning many other things.
When you can read, you learn by reading.
Similarly, if you can program
programming allows you to learn
Some of the things you learn are obvious
how computers work—
but it's just the beginning
Learning to program opens up the opportunity to learn many other things.
For example
This is another project, and I saw this project when I visited a computer class.
An after-school learning center that we helped launch, teaching low-income young people how to use new technologies to express themselves creatively.
A few years ago, when I went to that computer class, there was this 13-year-old boy who was making a game similar to this in Scratch. bottom
I wanted to be able to display the score
It was a game of big fish eating small fish, and he wanted to have a score so that every time the big fish ate a small fish, he would get more points, but he didn't know how to do it.
So to him in Scratch
I taught you that you can use variables
Let's name the variable "score"
And then you'll have a new block, and you'll also have a little board to display your score, and every time you click "Update Score," your score will be added.
I showed this to the kid in computer class.
He took a block and put it in the part of the program where the big fish eats the little fish.
And every time the big fish eats the small fish, it gets a score, and the score goes up by one.
it was actually working correctly
He got excited and grabbed my hand and said, "Thank you, thank you."
At the time, I thought, how often can a teacher teach variables and be thanked by the students? Because sometimes you don't know why you learn variables
it's not what they use
When you learn ideas like this in Scratch, you learn in a meaningful and motivating way. You understand why you need to learn variables. Children understand more and better.
I think Victor already learned about variables in school, but he didn't pay attention to them.
Now he had a reason to learn variables.
Learning through programming, and programming to learn, allows you to learn in meaningful contexts, which is the best way to learn things.
By kids like Victor creating projects like this, they're learning important concepts like variables, but that's just the beginning.
When Victor was working on this project and scripting it, he was also learning the design process, how to start with a vague idea and turn it into a full-fledged, working project, as you can see.
He was learning a lot of the core concepts of design, how to test new ideas, how to break down complex ideas into simpler pieces, how to collaborate with other people, as you'd expect. How to find and fix bugs when things don't work, how to persevere and move forward with direction when things go wrong.
This is an important skill, not just for programming.
important in many activities
Will Victor be a programmer or a computer scientist when he grows up?
I think it's more likely that he won't, but whatever he ends up doing, he can use the design skills he learns here.
Whether you're a sales executive, a machinist, or a community organizer, ideas like these are useful for everyone.
Let's think about it in comparison with language.
Being able to read and write freely is not just necessary to become a professional writer.
I think very few people become professional writers.
But reading and writing skills are useful for everyone.
It's the same with programming
Most of us don't grow up to be computer scientists or programmers, but the skills to think creatively, to reason systematically, to work collaboratively, we learn by writing programs in Scratch. I can help you even if you want to get a job.
This is not limited to work either.
Programming can also be used in life to express your ideas and feelings.
Let me give you one last example.
This piece was created after I sent my mother a Mother's Day card, and she wanted to learn Scratch.
So she made a project for my birthday and sent me a Scratch birthday card.
This work isn't going to win a design award, and it's clear that my 83-year-old mother isn't studying to be a programmer or a computer scientist.
But through this work, my mom was able to connect with people she cared about, continue to learn new things, and find new ways to be creative and express herself.
If you look around, Michael Bloomberg started learning to code, kids in Estonia are learning to code, even my mother learned to code.
If you're interested, take a peek at the Scratch website.
scratch.mit.edu and try programming
Thank you. (Applause)
From the moment we meet, people categorize each other: "Is this person dangerous or attractive?"
“Can I become a future lover or a network of contacts?”
We start interrogating people trying to build resumes in our heads We start interrogating people trying to build resumes in our minds
"What's your name?" "Where are you from?"
"How old are you?" "What is your job?"
And more and more personal questions
"Have you ever had a sexually transmitted disease?"
"Have you ever been divorced?"
Judging whether your breath stinks while answering
"What are your hobbies?" "Who is your favorite celebrity?"
"Which do you prefer, men or women?"
this can't be helped
We are made to seek out like-minded people We are made to seek out like-minded people
When I feel accepted, I form a faction When I feel a sense of acceptance, I form a faction
We try to connect with people based on commonalities such as the same taste in music, race, gender, etc.
I'm looking for a place where my decisions are affirmed.
But sometimes the question "What do you do?"
I feel like I'm telling you to put yourself in a small box I feel like you're telling me to put you in a small box
because to classify is to limit
The box is too small and sometimes
can be dangerous
Before I talk too much about this issue, I'll tell you a little bit about me Before I talk too much about this issue, I'll tell you a little bit about me
I grew up in an overprotective environment
I grew up in downtown Manhattan in the 1980s, just two blocks from the center of punk music.
It has been shielded from the pain of religious prejudice and social restrictions.
There, if you weren't an extremist or a transvestite or some kind of street performer, you were a weirdo.
(Laughter) That's an odd upbringing, but just as a kid growing up in New York, I learned to trust my instincts and follow through on my ideas.
So when I was six years old, I decided to be a boy.
One day at school, the boys said, "We have to let the girls play basketball."
One day at school, the boys said, "We have to let the girls play basketball."
So I went home, shaved my head, and the next day at school, I said, "I'm a boy."
No one knows, right?
6 year old can do it
I didn't want people to know I was a girl and it worked
I lived as a boy for eight years
this is me at 11
I played a boy named Walter in the movie "Tears of Julian Poe" I played a boy named Walter in the movie "Tears of Julian Poe"
It's the kid who stuck around and annoyed Christian Slater.
This experience as a child actor made me more identified as a boy This experience as a child actor made me more identified as a boy Because no one knew that girls were playing the roles of boys.
And what's more, the people around me, like my teachers, and my friends, even the filmmakers I worked with didn't know I was a girl, and my friends, even the filmmakers I worked with, didn't know I was a girl.
In the classroom, my classmates approached me and grabbed me by the throat to check my Adam's apple.
In the toilet cubicle, the shoes were rotated 180 degrees to make it look like they were being used standing up.
At sleepovers, I was worried about how to keep girls from kissing without coming out.
But let me be clear, I didn't hate my body or my gender.
It didn't feel like I was in the wrong body, it felt like I was acting carefully.
It didn't feel like I was in the wrong body, it felt like I was acting carefully.
So it doesn't apply to transgender people.
But if my family was a real recipient of therapy and things like that, but if my family was a real recipient of therapy and things like that, they would see me as transgender, put me on hormone therapy, and I wouldn't hit puberty. Maybe they thought I was transgender, they put me on hormones, and I never hit puberty.
But for me, one morning when I was 14, I decided to be a girl again. But for me, one morning when I was 14, I decided to be a girl again. decided
I hit puberty and had no idea what it was like to be a woman, but I was ready to find who I really was.
You don't need to come out if your kid behaves like I do, right?
no one is surprised
(Laughter) My parents never asked me to clarify whether I was gay or not.
My parents never asked me if I was gay or not. When I was 15, I told my father that I fell in love with him. It didn't matter to us that our first love was a woman and what that meant.
When I fell in love with a man three years later, my parents didn't even blink.
Not having to define who I am is one of the great blessings of my unusual background Not having to define who I am
Even though I changed as I grew up, I was able to be myself
Now, about four or five years ago, there was a growing debate in the country about Proposition 8, equal rights to same-sex marriage.
I wasn't thinking much about marriage at the time, but I wasn't thinking much about marriage at the time.
I was shocked that America, with its tainted history of discrimination, was trying to repeat the same mistakes.
When I saw the debate on television, it was interesting to watch the debate on television, and what was interesting was that the people who lived there, whether they believed in the separation of church or state, or they didn't, and that's how the boundaries were drawn in this country. it was
And that discussion started to create boundaries around me.
If this is a war between two sides, I'm automatically put on Team Homosexual If this is a war between two sides, I'm automatically put on Team Homosexual I'm completely heterosexual because there is no
At that time, I was in an identity crisis that took eight years of twists and turns, starting as a boy and becoming a girl who looked like a boy. On the other side of that, I overcame being a girly girl who was overly devoted to men, and while hesitating, I was just beginning to find my true self. She was a tomboy who was liked by both men and women.
For a year, I've been photographing new generations of women like myself who don't feel like they belong on either side, skateboarding in lace underwear, men's haircuts, cute nails, and scraped knees. Girls who like girls, boys who like both girls and boys, everyone hates being tied down by something.
I loved them and I respected the freedoms they had, but when we weren't there, an explosive debate broke out, and we saw critics compare our love to the love of animals.
I felt a strong sense of crisis that my home country was judging me as a minority by cutting out only one side of me.
I was legally clearly a "quasi" citizen.
not an activist
I had never been a flag bearer before.
I've been haunted by the question, Who has the right to vote for something that's going to strip and disenfranchise the people I know?
What makes you say our group doesn't deserve equal rights? What makes you say our group doesn't deserve equal rights?
Are we a group in the first place? what group are you in?
Haven't they even met the victims of discrimination?
Are you voting knowing what the impact will be on whom?
And then I suddenly realized that if we looked deeply into the eyes of the people we classify as "semi-citizens", it would be harder to vote. Heel
may hesitate to vote
Of course, it's impossible to throw a party for 20 million people.
In the photo you can see your face without worrying about being bitten by a lion In the photo you can see your face without worrying about being bitten by a lion
For me, photography isn't just about showing a picture, it's about exposing the viewer to something new, to places they've never been, and most of all, to people they've been unaware of and afraid of.
Through photography, Life magazine has introduced far-flung cultures to millions of people.
So I decided to make a series of simple headshots, a collection of mugshots.
So I decided to take pictures of all the people in this country who weren't 100% heterosexual, and there are, in fact, countless of them.
(Laughter) This was a tough project, and I needed people's help to complete it.
Two years ago in February, I scrambled out in the cold to take pictures of everyone I knew, and I took those pictures with me.
Seeking help from the HRC (United Nations Human Rights Commission)
Funding was provided for a two-week photo session.
and it turned out something like this
(Music) I'm Io Tillet Wright, an artist born and raised in New York.
(music) Self-evident Truth is an American LGBTQ photo documentary.
Self-evident Truth is a photographic documentary about LGBTQ people in America, taking simplistic portraits of people who aren't 100 percent heterosexual but who consider themselves LGBTQ in some way.
I hope that through these simple headshots, you can get a sense of each of them as a person.
(music) "We hold the following facts to be self-evident: All men are born equal."
"We hold the following facts to be self-evident: All men are born equal."
We have not defended the foundations of this nation written in the Declaration of Independence We have not defended the foundations of this nation written in the Declaration of Independence
There is no equality in America
[ What is equality for you? ] [ Marriage, Liberty, Human Rights ] [ Treating others as you treat yourself ] It's simple if you don't think too hard This fight for equal rights is not limited to same-sex marriage.
If you don't think about it, it's simple. This fight for equal rights is not limited to same-sex marriage.
In 29 states, more than half of this country, you can legally be fired for your sexual orientation.
[Who is equally responsible?] Hundreds of people said the same answer, "We are all equally responsible."
So far, I've photographed 300 people in New York.
This would not have been possible without the generous support of HRC
I want to carry out this initiative nationwide
Visit 25 US cities and take pictures of 4000-5000 people
This is my contribution to the human rights movement.
Can you look them in the face and say, "You don't have the same rights that we do." you can't say
(music) ["A self-evident truth"] ["America 4000 Faces"] (music) (Applause) What happened next was astonishing.
85,000 people across the country watched the video, and we got a lot of emails from them asking them to come to our town and show us their faces.
And more people wanted to see their faces than I expected.
So I changed my goal to 10,000.
That video was shot in the spring of 2011, and to date, I've already visited 20 cities and photographed 2,000 people.
This is a lecture, but please give me some quiet time to introduce their faces Please give me some quiet time to introduce their faces because I have no words to add.
Seeing is believing, these portraits need new words Seeing is believing, these portraits need new words
After visiting states like Oklahoma and Texas and talking to people who live there, after visiting states like Oklahoma and Texas and talking to people who live there, we were convinced that we were right.
Visibility is what really matters
Familiarity is the gateway to empathy
If the problem is your neighbor's or your family's, you're likely to approach it with empathy or look at it in a new light.
Of course, along the way, I met people who divorced their children because they weren't heterosexual, but I also met people who left the conservative Southern Baptists because their daughter was a lesbian.
Empathy is the backbone of the self-evident truth.
But the more interesting thing I learned from this effort is that the self-evident truth doesn't make us different from heterosexuals.
Actually, on the contrary, it highlights
This initiative not only shows that there are many people with different personalities, but that there are many facets to each of us.
It's not that there are too many boxes, it's that there aren't enough boxes.
One day, I realized that filming "homosexuals" was wrong, because there are a million ways of homosexuality.
While I was trying to help them, I was doing the thing I least wanted to do, which was put them in a box.
At one point, I added a question to the survey: "How gay are you? On a scale of 0 to 100 percent." "How gay are you? On a scale of 0 to 100 percent."
I saw a lot of self-destruction
(Laughter) I've never thought this way, so I didn't know what to do.
Is it possible to measure sexual preference?
After overcoming the shock, most people chose 70-95% or 3-20%.
Of course, some people chose one or the other. I know you recognize
Most people are in the part where I say "gray."
I want to be very clear, but I'm not saying that I don't have tastes.
And I don't want to debate whether this preference is innate or chosen. If you believe that your sexual preferences are chosen, try to be gray.
I'll take a picture for you
(Laughter) What I'm trying to say is that people are multifaceted.
What the results of this questionnaire suggest is that if there's a homosexual here, and now there's a heterosexual here, most people are on either extreme, but most people are either. So even though we're close to that extreme, there are still people with varying degrees of sexual orientation in between.
Also, this highlights a complex reality.
For example, let's say we pass a law that says you can fire people for their homosexual behavior. Where do you draw the line for being gay?
Have you experienced a heterosexuality or two?
Or will you be here with a homosexual experience or two? Or will you be here with a homosexual experience or two?
At what point does a person become a "quasi" citizen?
And the other thing that I've realized through this project is that sexual orientation is such a weak link.
I've been to a lot of places, met a lot of people, and what I've found is that even within the LGBT community, there are nice people, naughty people, Democrats, Republicans, masculine people, feminine people, all sorts of people you can think of.
We've all been bound by unfavorable laws, suffered discrimination and suffered because we're not heterosexual, but other than that, we don't necessarily have anything in common.
The faces of self-evident truths are ever-increasing, and we want to see them everywhere, at bus stops, on billboards, on Facebook, on screensavers, in this journey of human nature that's interesting and informative. something might happen
I hope that the classification of people like this, a box that is too simple, will become more and more useless and meaningless.
Because really these boxes tell us nothing about what we see, who we know, about ourselves.
we all know that people have different sides
Seeing them makes it hard to deny their humanity.
At the very least, I hope it will become difficult to deny human rights.
Would you choose to deprive me personally of my right to buy a house, marry, adopt, live freely and shop?
Would you choose not to recognize me personally as a child, brother, parent, neighbor, cousin, uncle, president, police officer, firefighter?
But it's too late
'cause I'm already all that
We are already and always have been
So please accept us as one and the same, not as strangers.
thank you
(applause)
I have never forgotten the words of my grandmother, who died in exile, "Son, resist Gaddafi and fight.
But it should never be a Gaddafi-style revolution.”
It's been about two years since the Libyan revolution started It's been about two years since the Libyan revolution started A massive wave of turmoil Following the revolutionary tides in Tunisia and Egypt, a massive wave of turmoil In response to the tide of revolution in Tunisia and Egypt
I joined Libyan forces at home and abroad to raise their voices of anger and revolution against Gaddafi's dictatorship.
Thus began the great revolution
Young Libyans, men and women, stood at the forefront, clamoring for the overthrow of the dictatorship, with slogans of freedom, dignity and social justice.
They showed their courage to the people by denouncing Gaddafi's brutal dictatorship.
They taught me the strength of unity, across the country's east and west, all the way down to the south.
Six months of brutal war resulted in the deaths of some 50,000 people, overthrowing the tyrant and liberating the country.
(Applause) Gaddafi's regime left behind a great deal of trouble, and the roots of tyranny, corruption, and embezzlement still remain.
Forty years of Gaddafi's dictatorship have devastated infrastructure, destroyed Libya's culture and morals.
Understanding the tragedy and the ordeal, I made a passionate call to the women around me to rebuild Libya's civil society, to demand comprehensive and fair change by the people, democracy and national reconciliation.
About 200 groups were organized in Benghazi City. Under the Gaddafi regime and immediately after the collapse of the government, about 300 groups were formed in the capital city of Tripoli.
After 33 years in exile, I returned to Libya, and with an extraordinary passion, I began to conduct workshops, such as capacity building and leadership training.
Together with these wonderful women, we launched the Libyan Women's Association for Peace. To encourage women's equal participation in democracy-building and peace operations.
In the primaries, we were in a very difficult environment, a dominant and exclusive environment shaped by conflict and selfish politics.
With the Libyan Women's Group for Peace, I took the lead in calling for more elected legislation to give every citizen, regardless of background, the right to vote and stand for office. To give every citizen, regardless of background, the right to vote and stand for office. Candidate names should be a list like this "Zipper" written alternately vertically and horizontally Make a list like "Zipper" written alternately vertically and horizontally
In the end, our request was accepted and we were successful.
Women won 17.5 percent of parliamentary seats, the first time in 52 years of elections.
(Applause) But little by little, the joy of elections and even the joy of revolution faded away.
One morning, the news was about desecration in ancient mosques and Sufi tombs.
And then another morning, we got news about the murder of the American ambassador and the attack on the consulate.
And then another morning... the assassination of an army officer, etc.
Every day, we wake up under the rule of militias who refuse to stop abusing prisoners -- and who disregard the rule of law.
Shaped by the spirit of revolution, our society has grown more fragmented and farther from our ideals. Far away, freedom, dignity, social justice... far from what we started with
Intolerance, exclusivism and retaliation are the aftermath of the Revolutionary War.
I'm not here today to talk about "zipper lists" of male and female candidates and their electoral successes, I'm here today to talk about "zipper lists" of male and female candidates and their electoral successes. not
Rather, I'm here to confess to you that we, as a nation, chose the wrong option.
I wasn't prioritizing correctly.
Elections have failed to bring peace, stability and security to Libya.
Alternating male and female electoral candidate lists Has the "zipper list" united the nation?
no i couldn't
what's the problem
Why is our society still fragmented and dominant, because of dominant, exclusive, selfish politics? Is it both male and female?
Maybe it wasn't just women that were missing, but feminine values: compassion, compassion and inclusion.
What our society needs is public dialogue and consensus-building. It was what we needed before elections that only stoked divisiveness.
Our society needed the character of women, and it was more important than the number of women in a quantitative sense.
we stop being driven by anger and calling for protest
Acts of Compassion and Compassion Must Be Taken
We have to look for solutions in women's language, not just in mind, but in action. Mercy, instead of retaliation, cooperation instead of competition, inclusion instead of competition.
This is the ideal that war-torn Libya strives to achieve peace This is the ideal that war-torn Libya strives to achieve peace
There is a secret to peace, and the secret is to create relationships that respect both the masculine and feminine perspectives. The secret is to respect both the masculine and feminine perspectives. to create mutual relationships
This is the real "Zipper"
We should make it real Before we act sociopolitically We should make it real Before we act sociopolitically
According to the Quran, "salaam" (peace) refers to the merciful god Raheem.
And the Abrahamic word raheem has the same root as the Arabic word rahem (womb), a word that symbolizes feminine motherhood, including charity, uttered by men and women, both sexes and by all tribes and all peoples. is
In other words, like the womb enveloping the developing fetus in it, all beings are kept alive by a divine, compassionate mother.
We are taught, "My mercy is all-embracing."
We are taught, "My mercy transcends wrath."
May we all be granted the grace of mercy
(Thank you for applause
(applause)
peace to you (greetings)
welcome to doha
My job is to provide a steady supply of food for this country.
Over the next two years, we'll put together a comprehensive plan, and over the next 10 years, we'll put it into action.
First, let me tell you a story about myself. It's about the country you're in today.
Most of you here have had three meals today, and will continue to do so after this event.
Let's get down to business. This is what Qatar looked like in the 1940s.
11,000 people live here
There was no water, no energy, no oil, no cars.
Most of the inhabitants lived in coastal fishing villages or were nomads migrating in search of water.
It didn't have the charm you see in recent years.
There were no cities like present-day Doha, Dubai, Abu Dhabi, etc.
It's not that we couldn't build cities
I didn't have the manpower or the resources.
As you can see, life expectancy is short, and most people
Died around age 50
Moving on to the next topic, the oil age is coming.
Oil was discovered in 1939
Unfortunately, it didn't reach commercial exploitation until the end of World War II.
what did the oil bring
As you all know, I changed this country.
The "urbanization" of life for desert nomads who wandered in search of water and food to feed their livestock.
In case you're wondering, each member of my family has a different accent.
My mother's accent is very different from my father's, about 300,000 people, all from the same country.
There are five or six different dialects in this country.
You may be wondering, "Why is this happening?"
It's because we've lived scattered
We didn't have the resources to live together in one place.
And when the resource -- the oil -- came along, we started to create these wonderful high-tech facilities, and the need to organize it brought them together.
there people get to know each other
I noticed that there are some accents
So much for the oil age story
Let's see what life is like today
This is the skyline of Doha, as you all know it.
the current population is
1.7 million people
This is the increase in just under 60 years.
Over the last five years, the economy has averaged about 15 percent annual growth.
Life expectancy extended to 78 years
Water consumption increased to 430 liters
became the world's largest consumer
From a time when there was almost no water, to now, we're consuming more water than any other country.
I don't know if it's a reaction to the era when there was no water
What's interesting about the story so far?
And that's that we're continuing to grow, averaging 15 percent each year for five years without water.
This is unprecedented and historic.
Many cities have disappeared due to lack of water.
It's a historic event in this area.
We're building not just a city, but a city full of dreams for people who want to be scientists or doctors.
It's a city where people have good families and build nice homes.
These are the people who have believed this place to be their home since the beginning of time.
Of course, using technology
Annual precipitation for Brazil is 1,782 mm
Qatar has this economic growth rate despite being 74mm.
how?
how did you do it
there is little water here
It's simply a huge device that removes salt from sea water.
Energy resources are key, and this changed everything.
Something that sucks up from the ground and burns tons of it every day, and I'm sure you used it when you came to Doha.
This is the lake of this country and-
It is the figure of the river of this country
We're in this situation because you use water.
The best technology in this area is this desalination equipment.
Have you ever considered the risks
Have you ever considered the risks
Looking at the current state of the world, I have to say it's a worrying problem.
As the population grows so does the demand
A few months ago, the world's population reached 7 billion.
Of course, the demand for food will also increase.
to reach 9 billion by 2050
So in countries without water, we have to think about what happens across the border.
also about food
Tastes change as the socio-economic level improves
You will eat more meat etc.
Meanwhile, food production is declining due to climate change and other factors.
Someone needs to foresee the crisis and ring the alarm bells.
For those of you who don't know, this is the situation in Qatar.
we can only store water for two days
We import 90% of our food, and less than 1% of our land is cultivated.
The country's limited number of farmers are alienated from their own farming methods, and face stiff competition as a result of open market policies and other factors.
So you're also facing risks.
These risks directly affect the survival of nations.
Is there a solution-
Is there a sustainable solution?
Actually there is
This is a summary of thousands of pages of technical documentation over the last two years.This is a summary of thousands of pages of technical documentation over the past two years.
First is the issue of water.
You already know, like I said earlier, we need energy.
So what kind of energy do we need?
Limited energy? Fossil fuel?
Or is it some other kind of energy?
Are there any advantages to using other energies?
As you can see, we have 300 sunny days a year here.
We use this renewable energy to supply the water we need.
1,800 megawatts of solar power could generate 3.5 billion liters of water.
this is a good amount
This water will go to the farmers, who will be able to water their crops and provide food to society.
However, in order to maintain this series of horizontal flows, it is also necessary to create a vertical flow to support the entire system we provide. System maintenance, advanced education, research and development, industry, technology, application of that technology, and ultimately the market. is to ensure
And what makes this possible is the enactment of laws, policies and regulations.
this is essential
that's our plan
I think we can put this plan together and put it into action within two years.
Our goal is to become a metropolis that already exists everywhere, like Istanbul, Rome, London, Paris, Damascus, Cairo.
Our city is only 60 years old, but we wish it everlasting prosperity in peace.
thank you
(applause)
Organic chemists cut large molecules or analyze existing molecules to create complex molecules.
A few years ago, I asked a group in my lab if they could make a universal chemistry kit.
So is it possible to turn chemistry into an app?
Let's take a look at what it means and how to make it into an app.
To get started, I had a 3D printer and I printed beakers, test tubes, and other experimental vessels.
Simultaneous Printing of Containers and Molecules Opens Potential for Chemical App Development
what does this mean
If we could build a biochemical network into something like a search engine, and if we wanted to cure diseased cells or kill bacteria, if we had this built into our devices, we might be able to experiment with chemistry and create drugs in completely new ways. not
If we do this in the lab
All you need is software, hardware, and chemical ink.
The cool thing about this is that you can take a set of chemical inks, put them in the printer, download the molecular blueprints, and create them on your device.
We use an app to make molecules.
in the end
You will be able to print your own medicine
It's still in the research stage
In order to get even a little closer to that goal, we first have to consider the structure of the drug, the drug formulation, the development and manufacturing of the drug.
Because once a drug is developed and manufactured, it can be delivered anywhere.
No more going to the pharmacy
Print chemicals where you need them
You can also download new diagnostics
Even if a new strain of drug-resistant bacteria appears, search for it immediately.
Even if a new strain of drug-resistant bacteria appears, we can immediately search for it and create a therapeutic drug.
We can build molecules on the fly.
I think the future of this research is the idea that you can take human stem cells, combine them with your genetic information and your environment, and print your own personalized medicine.
If you want to expand your fantasies even further, what's waiting after this
It may be a personal matter builder.
"Charlie, please transfer."
(applause)
i am an artist
I live in New York and work in the advertising industry. It's been seven or eight years since I graduated from school.
I worked late into the night and worked without rest until I realized I wasn't wasting my time doing what I wanted to do.
That's when I stumbled across a TED Talk by Stefan Sagmeister, "The Power of Long Recharge Vacations." He said, "This is it, let's take a year off.
Make time for travel, spend time with your family, and work on creative ideas."
So for my first project, I decided to do "one second a day."
Basically, I just record one second of my life every day for the rest of my life. Chronologically, every second of my life is stitched together into a video until I can't record any more.
The purpose of this project is only one, I don't want to forget the past events.
Even though it happened in my life, there are things that I don't remember at all, and people say to me, and I finally remember them.
When I started doing this, I quickly realized that if I didn't do something interesting, I would forget to record the video.
So that day... the first time I forgot, it was a shock. It was something I really wanted to do, and from the moment I turned 30, I wanted to continue this project for the rest of my life. Sometimes it stuck in my head and I never forgot it.
If you're 80, the video is five hours long and summarizes 50 years of your life.
By the time you're 40, you'll have an hour-long video of yourself in your 30s.
Thinking about this inspired me every day so that I would wake up in the morning and use the day to do something interesting.
Now, there's something that's been bothering me for a long time. As the days, weeks, and months pass, the months and days fade and become a mess.
This project builds a bridge from my faded memory to what I actually did, and I can remember everything.
That one second reminds me of everything I did that day.
Sometimes it's hard to decide which second to choose
On a good day, there are candidates for 3 or 4 seconds, but you have to keep it to 1 second.
And this project is also about protesting against the culture that we face today.
not even enjoying
Watching a concert through the filter of my phone
I don't want to end up like that, but looking back, I have to admit that I was a little bit like that. The best thing for me, after all, is to document my life. Let's record just one second to evoke "That concert was the best, I really enjoyed it"
In that way, the memory will be revived in 1 second
I traveled by car for three months this summer.
It's something I've always dreamed of, just driving around the United States and Canada, and it was amazing.
It's just that I've spent too much money, even the money I'd been saving to take a year off, so I went to Seattle and started working on a great project with a friend.
One of the reasons I decided to take a year off was to spend more time with my family.Unfortunately, my sister-in-law suddenly developed a bowel obstruction and was rushed to the emergency room, but she was in serious condition.
I nearly died several times, and my brother and I watched over him closely.
It made me realize something even more important: It's very difficult to record one second on an unlucky day.
Take out your camera when you're having the best time
It's not like saying, "Let's take a picture" at a party.
I don't think many people shoot video on their bad days.
I thought it was meaningful to record a second even when the worst was happening.
By recording bad times, you can appreciate the good times.
Life has ups and downs, so it's important to remember the bad times just as much as the good times.
There's one thing I'm careful about, and that is to record as much as possible what the naked eye sees, without filters.
So I decided to shoot from a first-person perspective.
For the first two or three shots, I was the subject of it myself, but then I realized that maybe I was doing it wrong.
The best way to evoke a memory is to record what you actually see.
There are two things that I'm thinking about right now about this project: It would be interesting if a lot of people would participate in this project.
―I turned 31 last week.It was this scene―
And it would be interesting to see everyone's projects.
Different people have different interpretations
One second a day makes everyone's life better
I'm tired of forgetting, but don't worry, it's easy.
Most of the people in this room probably carry around a video camera that can shoot HD images. I don't want to forget the days I've lived. So if you type this into a website, you can watch frame after frame of people around the world on June 18th, 2018.
I think this project has a lot of potential, and I would like to suggest that you record a little bit of each day, so that you don't forget that you lived that day.
thank you
(applause)
i used to be a painter
I still draw and love art
I love the joy that color brings to our lives and communities, and I'm trying to apply myself as an artist to politics.I'm here today to let you all know about not just my party, but politics itself. To talk about how politics can improve the lives of citizens, to talk about how politics can improve the lives of citizens.
I was the mayor of Tirana, the capital, for 11 years.
It was a series of difficulties
Art was one of the solutions. Shortly after taking office, I was known for two things. Shortly after taking office, I was known for two things. It was the use of color to rekindle hope that was lost in
But using color is not just an art activity.
It was a political activity that I was able to accomplish with the little budget I was given after I was elected mayor.
The first time I repainted a gloomy gray building bright orange When I repainted it bright orange, something I never imagined happened.
There were traffic jams, crowds of people, and the commotion was like the scene of a glamorous accident or the appearance of a star without warning.
The French EU officer in charge of funding hurriedly stopped the painting job.
I shouted "Budget hold"
When I ask "why?"
They said, "The colors you specified don't meet European standards."
So I answered, "Well, but the buildings themselves don't meet European standards. We don't like that either. because there is
If you interfere with the work, I will hold a press conference right here and announce that you behaved like a censor in the era of socialist realism."
Then the officer looked confused and asked for a compromise.
But I refused, saying, "Compromise is the color of gray. Gray is enough for a lifetime."
(Applause) It's time to change that.
The restoration of public spaces has reawakened a sense of belonging to the city that people had lost.
Pride in the city in which I live and anger at the barbaric and illegal construction that has sprung up in public spaces have spilled out emotions that had been suppressed for years.
And when color appeared everywhere and the atmosphere changed, people's consciousness changed.
People started saying things like this
"What is this feeling that color gives?"
So I did a poll, and it was the most interesting poll of my life.
The question was, "Do you think it's a good idea to repaint the building?"
The second question is, "Should I stop or should I continue?"
For the first question, 63% said yes.
37% said no
But half of the people who responded negatively to the second question wanted to continue. (Laughter) I could feel the change.
For example, we littered less, we started paying taxes, people regained feelings they had forgotten, and beauty took on the role of escort that the police and the state itself had lost sight of.
I remember walking down a freshly painted street one day, and they were in the middle of planting trees.
The original shutter was in a garbage dump.
When asked, "Why did you throw it away?"
"It's a safe street," he said.
I asked, "Is it safe? Are there more police officers?"
"What are you talking about, cop?
You can see it, the paint, the streetlights, the new smooth pavement, and the plants, and when it's clean you'll be safe."
Yes, the beauty of the city gave me a sense of security.
And as proof that it wasn't out of place
crime has actually decreased
The freedoms won in the 1990s brought chaos to the city, and the barbarism of the '90s wiped out hope.
The color of the walls didn't feed the children, nurse the sick, or educate them, but it gave hope and light, and that light showed us that there's more than one way to do things. No. It means that we can live our lives in a different way, and that if we can channel that energy and hope into politics, we can improve the lives of entire nations.
We've removed 123,000 tons of concrete from the riverbank alone.
We've demolished over 5,000 illegal buildings across the city, the tallest being eight stories high.
55,000 trees and shrubs were planted along the road
When we introduced an environmental tax, citizens accepted it, and businessmen paid it regularly.
Through open competition, we were able to recruit many young people into the city government, thus establishing a gender-equal public institution that was not influenced by politics.
Over the last 20 years, international organizations have invested heavily in Albania, but not all of it has been put to good use.
When I asked World Bank executives to help finance the construction of a model city hall window for citizens, they understood my intention that it would be a countermeasure to the region's endemic and everyday corruption. did not
But citizens stood in line for a long time in the sun and in the rain, but citizens stood in a long line in the rain and in the sun, and two windows in two metal booths to get certificates and curt answers.
They were bribing them to avoid the long lines.
While their requests are answered by voices coming out of the dark pits, while voices coming out of the dark pits are answered, mysterious hands take their papers and seek out the bribes that lie hidden within.
Changing contact person every week didn't change fraud
I said to the German World Bank representative, I said to the German World Bank representative, "If they worked for a German organization, there would be no bribes. If they worked, there would be no bribes." It's impossible. On the other hand, if you throw a German employee into that pit, you'll probably be bribed."
(Applause) It's not a matter of national character.
It doesn't matter if the person is virtuous It doesn't matter if the person is virtuous
It's a matter of structure, of organization, of environment, of dignity.
It's a matter of structure, of organization, of environment, of dignity.
we removed this window
We've built a new, bright city hall. It's designed to make the citizens of Tirana, who have errands, feel like they're abroad from the moment they walk in.
We have made the process online so that it can be completed quickly.
I thought of the public first.
Corruption in public institutions in a country like Albania, and I'm not saying that Greece is like that, can only be countered by modernization.
Renewing politics and renewing governments is the solution, and trying to change people by applying existing methods that developed countries often do will not work.
(Applause) The reason we're in this situation, especially in our country, is that politicians in general are making fun of the people.
No matter what kind of government is put in place, the people take it for granted.On the other hand, politics is becoming increasingly unable to respond to the concerns of the people and the pressing issues faced by the common people.
Politics has become like a cynical team game of politicians, the people are pushed to the side, like spectators in the stands, the passion for politics is slowly cooling down, making people ignorant and breeding despair.
Today's politicians look the same to the bystanders Today's politicians look the same to the bystanders Politics has become a game that encourages aggression and pessimism We should defend civic action, we should defend social cohesion and civic action.
Barack Obama won because (applause) he was able to mobilize the public through social networks.
You turned people you didn't know directly into activists in a brilliant way, giving them all the possibilities, giving them the issues and the tools they needed to campaign, and campaigning in your name.
i love twitter
Because I can express my opinion, and at the same time, I can deliver the opinions of others.
This is politics. It's not about top-down, it's about bottom-to-top and side-to-side connections, and what we need is to listen to the voices of the people.
Leaders, politicians and laws alone do not make politics.
Leaders, politicians and laws alone do not make politics.
We have to consider how people think, how they see the world, how they use their time and energy, how they use their time and energy.
Those who say all politicians are the same Is Obama the same as Bush? Is Hollande the same as Sarkozy?
No, they have different thoughts, different perspectives.
For those who say nothing will change, stop and think about the world 10, 20, 50, 100 years ago.
The world is defined by the speed of change
the world can change
I gave you a very small example of how the mere use of color can make a difference.
As the Prime Minister of Albania, I would like to make a bigger difference, but each one of you can make a difference if you want to.
As President Roosevelt said, "If you think you can do it, it's as good as half done."
efharisto (thank you) kalinihta (good night)
(applause)
(Hammer sound) (Laughter) (Microwave operation sound) (Laughter) The road in this picture is a nicely paved road.
This one is made out of asphalt. Asphalt is a nice material to drive, but it's not always a good thing, like today, on a cloudy day.
Water accumulates on the road surface and water splashes freely
At times like this, when you're riding a bicycle and a car passes by, it's the worst.
Another drawback of asphalt is noise.
It's a noisy material. Quiet roads are desired near urban areas in the Netherlands.
Porous asphalt Porous asphalt pavement solves these problems.
Now most of the highways in Holland are made of a material called porous asphalt, and this material has a lot of voids, so all the rainwater flows to the side of the road, so it's easier to drive and you don't have to worry about splashing.
In addition, this groove eliminates noise.
A lot of air gaps absorb the sound of the road, which means it's a very quiet road.
But, of course, it's not all good news, and the problem is delamination.
Delamination is when the gravel on the surface comes off, as you can see in this image.
It starts with one piece of gravel and crushed stone, and then little by little, little by little, more and more, and eventually -- it's not going to hit you (Laughter), but it's going to scratch your windshield.
If delamination progresses further
A dent may form from here.
he enjoys fishing
Dimples are also a problem, of course, but here's a solution.
Here is a diagram of the damage
Because this asphalt is porous, there's less binding material between the gravel.
As the asphalt itself, which holds it together, shrinks due to weathering, ultraviolet light, and oxidation, it forms tiny cracks that lift off the gravel.
If a car drives over it, the gravel will come off, so it will look like the one we saw earlier.
To solve this problem, we came up with self-healing asphalt.
If we could give asphalt the ability to heal itself, that might be the solution.
Now, specifically, I use steel wool to rub the frying pan with.
The result is asphalt with pieces of steel wool.
The next thing we need is a machine like this, an induction heater that's also used for cooking.
Induction heating is especially effective in steel
Now, when the steel is heated, the asphalt melts, and the melt flows into the cracks, fixing the gravel back to the surface.
Today, I can't use a large induction heater on this stage, so I'm using a microwave instead.
You can do something similar in the microwave.
I'm going to take out the sample I put inside. What's going on?
Here is a sample that has been overheated
I told you that the lab had a big one to heat the samples, and with that,
We tested different samples, and the government was interested in the results and wanted to see if we could actually try them.
They gave us a 400 m section of the A58 so that we could build a test road and test this material.
This is where we're building the test road. Of course, this road should last for years without damage.
We took a lot of samples from this road and tested them in the lab.
We ran a durability test on the sample, put a load on it, and repaired it with an induction heater, and then tested it again.
repeat this many times
So what we've learned from this study is that every four years, if you go to the road with a large induction heater that we've built, and you go to the road and repair it every four years, you can double the life of this road. Big cost savings
So the bottom line is, we've created a new material that works with steel wool and inductive energy, and it can extend the life of roads, and it's possible to double the life of roads. can expect
Well, I'm curious if this one went well too
Here's a sample, it's still pretty warm
I really need to let it cool down before I can show you how well it fused.
let's try
What do you think?
thank you
(applause)
When I was 11 years old, I woke up one morning to the sound of cheers all over the house.
My father listened to the BBC news on his little gray radio.
And he had a rare big smile on his face, because he was usually depressed by gloomy news.
"The Taliban have withdrawn!" cried my father
I don't understand what that means, but I know my father is overjoyed.
"Now you can go to a proper school," my father said.
I will never forget that morning
decent normal school
I was six years old when the Taliban took control of Afghanistan and banned girls from going to school.
For the next five years, I dressed as a boy and accompanied my sister, who was already banned from going out alone, to a secret school.
it was the only way we were educated
We changed our route to school every day, so no one would suspect where we were going.
I carried my textbooks in my shopping bag, because then it looked like I was just going shopping.
A private house was turned into a school, and more than 100 children were crammed into a small living room.
The winter was warm, but the summer became very hot
Teachers, students and parents all knew they were putting their lives at risk.
Occasionally, the school would suddenly be closed for a week because the Taliban were suspicious.
We were always worried what the Taliban knew
Are we being targeted?
You know where I live, don't you?
Everyone was scared, but they still wanted to go to school.
I was lucky enough to grow up in a family that values ​​education and loves their daughters.
My grandfather was an extraordinary person in Afghanistan at the time.
An unconventional person from the countryside, who insisted on sending her daughter, my mother, to school, and was disowned by her father for it.
That's how my mother was educated and became a teacher.
this is my mother
I retired two years ago, but then I opened up my house to create a school for the women and girls in my neighborhood.
And my father, here, he was the first in the family to get an education at the time.
It was only natural for him that his children, including his daughter, should get an education, no matter what the Taliban said or what the risks were.
In fact, the risk of not doing so was greater.
When I was under the control of the Taliban, there were times when I was sick of living in constant fear and not knowing the future.
There were times when I wanted to quit school, but then my father would always say, "Listen, listen carefully, humans can lose everything they hold dear.
Your money may be stolen, or war may force you to leave your hometown.
But the only thing you never lose, it's right here with you So dads can sell their blood if it's to pay for your tuition
Do you still want to quit? "
now i'm 22
I grew up in a country ravaged by decades of war.
Fewer than 6 percent of women my age went on to high school before high school. If my parents weren't so determined, I would be one of them.
But today, I stand before you all proudly as a graduate of Middlebury College.
(Applause) When I returned to Afghanistan, my grandfather was one of the first to congratulate me, the man who bravely educated his own daughters and was disowned by his family for it.
My grandfather boasts not only about me graduating from college, but also about being the first woman to graduate, and the first woman to drive me around Kabul in a car.
(Applause) My family believes in me.
I have big dreams, but my family expects even more from me.
That's why I am a global ambassador for 10 x 10, a global movement to advance women's education.
In addition, I co-founded SOLA, the first and possibly the only school in Afghanistan for girls. It's a boarding school
The good news is that the students at SOLA are all eager to seize the opportunity.
And their parents, their fathers, like my father, defend their daughters despite the intimidating opposition of others.
Ahmad is one of them. We can't reveal his real name, we can't show him what he looks like, but Ahmad is the father of a SOLA student.
About a month ago, Ahmad and his daughter were literally killed in the nick of time by a roadside bomb on their way home from SOLA to their village.
And as soon as he got home, the phone rang and a strange voice threatened to kill him again if he sent his daughter to school again.
"If you want to kill me, kill me now," he said.
I've learned something about Afghanistan, which is often overlooked in the West, but often in the shadows of successful people like us, of fathers who see the potential of their daughters and see her successes as their own. there is existence
I don't take the role of mothers lightly.
In fact, mothers are often the first and most persuasive negotiators in securing a bright future for their daughters, but in social settings like Afghanistan, male support is essential.
Only a few hundred girls went to school under the Taliban, because, as I said earlier, it was prohibited by law.
But today, there are over three million girls in school in Afghanistan.
(Applause) Afghanistan is very different than here in the United States.
Americans seem to view these changes as fragile.
I fear that these changes will not last long after the Americans withdraw.
But when I actually go back to Afghanistan and see the SOLA students and the parents who speak up for them and support them, I think the future is bright and the change will last forever.
To me, Afghanistan is a country of hope and endless possibilities, and every day, day after day, the students of SOLA remind me of that.
Like me, they have big dreams.
thank you
(applause)
More time is needed for the “total opening” of school education
It's not so much "where" you learn -- it's "what" you learn that's not understood.
I'm going to talk to you about PISA, the OECD test that measures the knowledge and skills of 15-year-olds around the world. It's a story about whether it was possible to fix
Let's start by looking at the world in the 1960s from high school graduation rates.
The United States is leading the pack, and its leadership in education and long-term dominance have contributed to its economic success.
But by the '70s, other countries were catching up.
In the 1980s, human resources increased on a global scale In the 1980s, human resources increased on a global scale
This trend continued in the 90's.
America was number one in the 1960s.
In the 1990s, it fell back to number 13, not because of a drop in standards, but because of other countries' rapid improvement.
South Korea is showing the potential of education.
Two generations ago, South Korea had a standard of living similar to that of Afghanistan today, and nearly the bottom of the list.
But now all young people have graduated from high school.
In today's globalized economy, it's not enough to just improve education domestically to be successful.
It's just that a student's true ability, just the true ability of a student, can't be properly captured by the length of time they've been in school or the degree they've earned.
It's the worst possible situation, where some students can't get a job after college, while employers struggle with a shortage of people with the skills they need.
Higher education doesn't translate to better skills, better jobs, better lives.
So by using PISA to directly measure knowledge and skills, so by using PISA to directly measure knowledge and skills, we want to change this situation.
our method is special
We don't really care if students remember what they learned in school. What we tried to measure was their ability to reason based on their knowledge and their ability to use that knowledge in new situations.
This method has also been criticized
"It's the first time students see a problem, and they say, 'It's unfair to measure performance by the first time a student sees a problem.'"
But if you think about it that way, life isn't fair either. Life doesn't test what you learn in school. Life doesn't test what you learn in school. But can you use new technology -- can you solve unforeseen problems?
It was criticized for a while, but our method quickly became the norm.
Our most recent test, in 2009, looked at 74 school systems around the world, which covers 87 percent of the world's economies.
This figure shows the results by country
Below the OECD average is red ―
Yellow for average, green for excellent
The top performers in Asia are Shanghai, South Korea, Singapore, Finland in Europe, and Canada in North America.
If you compare 15-year-olds in Shanghai and Chile, you'll find that there's about a 3.5 grade gap in academic achievement. If you include the lowest-performing countries, that's a seven-year gap. spreads to
Young people embarking on today's economy are already far from ready to go.
Let's add an important element here
Educators focus on 'fairness'
With PISA, we wanted to measure the degree of equity, that is, whether people from different social backgrounds have equal opportunities.
And what we found was that, in some countries, social background had a big impact on performance.
because of unequal opportunities
children's potential is compromised
On the other hand, some countries are much less affected by social background.
Ideally, you'd have good grades and equal learning opportunities, like the one on the top right.
Every country wants to avoid the red zone, where poor grades are combined with high social inequality.
On the other hand, it raises the question: Is it better to have good grades and high inequality?
Aiming for Equality of Opportunity Should we turn a blind eye to grades?
In fact, if you look at the countries in the graph, you can see that there are many good and fair countries.
One of the big findings from international comparisons is that you don't have to sacrifice equality of opportunity to achieve excellence.
The goal of these countries has been to improve the ability of all students, not just some of them, which is an important lesson.
Sorting people out at school -- also a critique of the education system.
Once the results were published, policy makers, educators, and researchers around the world began to explore the secrets of success. was
Let's look at the situation by country that participates in PISA Let's look at the situation by country that participates in PISA.
Change the size of the circle according to the amount the country spent on the student
If you could explain learning outcomes in terms of money, the bigger the circle, the better.
but it's not
Spending per student explains less than 20 percent of the gap in ability.
In some cases, expenditures are roughly the same, but there are large differences in performance.In some cases, expenditures are roughly the same, but there are large differences in performance
And I think the biggest silver lining is that the world today can no longer distinguish between rich and well-educated countries and poor and undereducated countries, and that's very important.
let's take a closer look
The red dot is the amount spent per student relative to the country's wealth.
One of the ways we spend money is on teachers' salaries, and South Korea invests a lot in getting the best people into the teaching profession.
Also, in Korea, class hours are long, so it's even more costly.
Korean teachers also need training outside of class.
Investing in improving expertise and joint research
Everything costs money
How do you make ends meet?
Actually, in Korea, there are many students in one class.
Downward bars represent elements that reduce costs
In Luxembourg, the red dot is in the same place as South Korea, because both countries spend the same amount per student.
But in Luxembourg, parents, teachers, administration - all prefer small classes.
It's fun to go to a class like that.
Money is being invested in maintaining small classrooms, driving up costs.
There's a finite amount of money that can be spent, so teachers' salaries will be reduced instead, teachers' salaries will be reduced,
The class time in a day is not too long.
In addition, teachers basically only teach
The way money is spent is very different in the two countries, and how the money is spent is far more important than how much money is invested in education.
Let's go back to the year 2000
It was the year before the iPod was invented.
This is what the world looked like from PISA results This is what the world looked like from PISA results
Maru is small
We spent 35 percent less on education than we do now We spent 35 percent less on education than we do today.
So did spending money on education improve quality?
Unfortunately in many countries this is not the case.
On the other hand, some countries are doing amazing things, and other countries are doing amazing things.
In 2000, Germany, my country of origin, was in the bottom group, with subpar grades and wide social disparities.
Germany was one of the best countries when degrees were the norm.
very disappointing result
people are shocked
For the first time in history, for months, the domestic debate was dominated by education, not taxes or anything else, but education.
Policy makers have started to respond
The federal government has significantly increased the education budget
More opportunities for immigrant and disadvantaged students
Interestingly, it's not just the debate about education policy, but the underlying ideas and paradigms of education that have changed because of the PISA data. Even the paradigms have changed because of the PISA data.
Until then, early childhood education was considered a family responsibility, and when a mother sent her child to kindergarten, it could be thought that she was abandoning her family responsibility.
But PISA turned the debate around and put early childhood education at the center of public policy.
And traditionally, German education has, as early as the age of 10, made a distinction between children who would go on to become knowledge workers and those who would serve them. The system itself has been challenged because
big change
Happily, nine years later, a survey shows that education quality and equity are improving.
It is the result of properly responding to the issue
South Korea is in contrast
In 2000, they were already good, but the challenge was that really good students were only a fraction of the total.
South Korea has also responded to the challenge, doubling the proportion of students with good reading comprehension in 10 years.
If you just focus on the brightest students, the gap will widen.
In Poland, educational reforms have dramatically reduced inequality between schools, and many of the lower-performing schools have improved their grades by more than half a year's worth of grades.
what about other countries
Portugal has united its fragmented school system to improve the quality and equity of education, and so has Hungary.
There are actually a lot of visible changes happening.
I often hear people criticize that the relative rankings that PISA puts out are nothing more than cultural and economic factors -- social issues, social homogeneity, etc. I have to admit that it is possible
For example in Poland
No change in culture, economy or demographics
We haven't cut back on teachers, we've only changed educational policies and practices.
And that begs the question: What can we learn from countries that fall into the green region of the chart -- countries that have achieved both fairness and performance and achieved outstanding results?
And can success in one environment translate to another?
Of course, we can't copy the entire education system, but international comparisons reveal commonalities among the best systems.
Everyone recognizes the importance of education
Everyone recognizes the importance of education
But the challenge is how to prioritize it in the context of other policies.
What will the state do with teachers' salaries? What is the balance with the salaries of other skilled workers?
Is teaching more attractive than a lawyer as a career for your child?
How do the media treat schools and teachers?
All of these are important issues, and what we've learned from PISA is that in a good education system, leaders are calling on citizens to persuade their citizens to value education tomorrow over consumption today.
Believe it or not, there are countries where people want to go to schools, not shopping centers.
it's a true story
It's not enough to just say that education is worth it.
Another important thing is the belief that all children can succeed.
There are countries where students are segregated from an early age.
Children who reach global standards are divided based on the idea that only a few children reach global standards.
This is often closely related to social inequality.
In Japan and Finland, parents and teachers believe that all students can succeed, and that's reflected in their behavior.
When I ask my students what it takes to be successful in math, when I ask them what it takes to be successful in math, North American students usually say -- talent.
If you're not a math genius, I say study something else.
Ninety percent of Japanese students say it depends on the time and effort they put in. Their answers are a good reflection of the education system.
In the past, students were diverse, but they were taught in much the same way.
Countries with the highest PISA scores are acknowledging student differences and educating them individually.
In those countries, we believe that every student is a gifted individual and provide individualized learning opportunities.
And good education systems set ambitious, clear goals in every area.
What is important to the student -
I know what makes me successful
In any country, the quality of teachers is more important than the quality of systems.
High-performing education systems focus on teacher recruitment and training Focus on teacher recruitment and training
We're looking at how to improve the skills of teachers who are struggling in tough situations, and how to structure their salaries.
In addition to creating an environment in which teachers can practice better through collaborative work,
We provide training opportunities to enhance your expertise
A bureaucratic system that pushes a ton of instructional material onto the teacher and puts it in the classroom alone and unassisted.
High-performing systems, on the other hand, have a clear picture of who they want to be.
Even if the goals you set are high, what you should teach the students in front of you is easy to understand What you should teach the students in front of you is easy to understand
Once upon a time, education meant imparting wisdom.
But now we are being asked to proactively create wisdom.
Top-performing countries are trying to bring accountability and control -- the work of making sure things are being done -- into the whole organization, rather than leaving it to a few professionals or managers.
Encourage teachers to innovate their own education ―
We provide the tools you need to improve your practice.
The goal used to be standardization and compliance.
High-performing education systems value the creativity of teachers and principals.
Education policy used to focus on outcomes and teacher retention.
In a good system, teachers and school principals have an environment in which they look at their teachers and schools near them.
The result of a first-class system is that the system as a whole is performing well.
What's particularly impressive about Finland, which is in the top PISA, is that Finland, in the top PISA, is particularly impressive because the difference in student performance between schools is only 5 percent.
all schools are successful
organizational success
What's the secret?
It's all about putting people in the right place
A tough school has a tough principal -- a tough class has a great teacher.
And these countries are aligned across all areas of public policy.
We're constantly making sure that our policies are consistent over time and that they're being implemented.
But knowing what successful countries have done doesn't tell us how to improve.
And it's clear that international comparisons of PISA have their limitations.
That's why we need a wide variety of studies. That's why PISA doesn't propose concrete measures to countries. That's why PISA doesn't propose concrete measures to countries.
On the other hand, the strength of PISA is that it can introduce the efforts of other countries.
As the example of PISA shows, the power of data is greater than the power of government to control subsidies for education.
Some people liken the reform of educational administration to "moving the graveyard."
You can't get help from people inside (Laughter), but PISA shows the potential for education --
I'm helping you realize that improvement is possible.
I will not allow the excuses of the status quo faction
Helping countries to set firm goals based on examples of what has been achieved by leading initiatives
If we can tell every child, every teacher, every school principal, every parent what improvements are possible -- if we can show them that there are no limits to educational reform, then we have laid the groundwork for better policies and better lives.
thank you
(applause)
“In crisis situations, it quickly becomes apparent that there is a serious problem with the current economic and financial model.”
"I agree with the idea that crude, simplistic, and overconfident economics contributed to the crisis."
You've probably heard people who are skeptical of capitalism make these criticisms.
But the words I just mentioned are the voices of people at the heart of finance.
But the words I just mentioned are the voices of people at the heart of finance.
The first words were the then President of the European Central Bank - Jean-Claude Trichet
Then comes the words of the Chief of the British Financial Services Authority.
Are they saying that we don't understand the economic system that drives modern society?
More severe criticism follows
"We spend billions of dollars trying to find the origins of the universe, and yet we don't yet know the conditions for social stability, economic functioning -- or even peace."
How could this happen?
Does that mean that we know better how the physical world works than how human society works?
Unfortunately that's right
So an interesting solution is the science of complexity.
To explain its significance and content, let me go back a little bit.
I learned physics by accident
I stumbled upon it when I was younger, and it's amazing to see how physics can explain the reality in front of us so well.
What is the heart of physics
It's about taking a part of a natural phenomenon and describing it in mathematics.
replace reality with equations
Now the prediction can be verified
This is a big help, because otherwise you just can't explain why the things you think in your head actually lead to how the universe works.
This works well, but physics has its limits.
As I quoted earlier -- we don't understand the complexity that surrounds us.
It was this contradiction that got me interested in complex systems.
Complex systems are made up of many interconnected and interacting parts, such as birds, swarms of fish, ant colonies -- ecosystems, brains, financial markets.
this is just a small part
Complex systems are very difficult to translate into mathematical equations, and general physics approaches don't work.
What do we know about complex systems?
What appears to be complex behavior is actually the result of a few simple rules of interaction.
So if you forget the equations and look at the interactions themselves, you'll get clues to understand the system. You'll get clues to understand the system.
What's even more interesting is that most complex systems have this amazing property of emergence.
Emergence is the sudden emergence of behavior in an entire system that you can't understand or predict by observing individual elements.
Then the whole exceeds the set of parts.
It means that individual elements in the system, no matter how complex, can be ignored.
Whether it's a cell, a termite, or a bird, all you have to do is focus on the rules of interaction.
Networks are the best representation of complex systems.
The nodes in the network are the elements of the system and the links are the interactions of the elements.
What equations are to physics are networks in the study of complex systems.
This method has been successful for a variety of complex systems in physics and biology -- in computer science and social science -- but what about economics?
where is the economic network
In fact, research in this area is clearly underdeveloped.
In 2011, we published a paper called "Global Corporate Control Networks," which was the first detailed analysis of economic networks.
This research generated a huge response online and attracted the attention of international media.
It's amazing how until now no one-
Didn't you pay attention? Although similar data have been
What we analyzed was the ownership network.
This node represents people and companies -- governments, foundations, etc.
The lines connecting the nodes are the stockholding relationships Shareholder A owns x% of the stock in Company B, and so on.
We also give this company a value based on operating revenue.
And then the stockholding relationships emerge from the ownership network.
This example highlights some financial institutions and this example highlights some financial institutions and some links.
Perhaps the reason ownership networks haven't received much attention so far is because they seem boring.
In fact, because ownership has to do with control -- because ownership has to do with control -- ownership networks tell us a lot of things. Ownership networks tell us a lot of things. Who are the key players?
How is it organized? Is it alone or connected?
How is it organized? Is it alone or connected?
What is the distribution of power
So who controls the world?
interesting question
Understand system risks
It shows how vulnerable the system is.
Close ties undermine stability, and high-density relationships spread the load like an epidemic.
What scientists have criticized is that economists focus more on ideas and concepts than on data.
First, we used a database of 13 million ownership relationships since 2007.
To find out, "Who rules the world," in a mass of data, we looked at multinational corporations.We looked at multinational corporations.
It's companies that do business in two or more countries.There were 43,000 multinational companies.
Then, to create a network based on companies, we took the entire relationship of multinational corporations, shareholders of shareholders, and shareholders of shareholders, and built a network of 600,000 nodes and 1 million links.
Here's the network of multinational companies we analyzed.
Analysis reveals structure
A network has a perimeter and a center, with 75% of all companies in the center.At the center, there is a dominant core that is more closely connected - a small number of companies.
It's easier to understand if you compare it to a metropolitan area.
There are suburbs and fringes - there's a center like the financial district - and a core with skyscrapers.
We are already starting to see how it works
A core 36% of MNCs contributes 95% of all MNCs' operating revenues
I understand the structure, but what does this have to do with control?
If there is ownership, shareholders have voting rights ―
This is the normal conception of control
Another model can calculate the controlling power that arises from ownership
Owning a majority stake gives you control over a company, but that's usually determined by the relative distribution of the total stock.
Here the network becomes important
About ten years ago, Mr. Provera owned and controlled a small company, which owned and controlled a much larger company.
you know
After all, he dominated Telecom Italia with 26x leverage.
Using chain ownership, Provera was able to move 26 euros in market value for every euro invested.
In this study, we calculated the power of multinational corporations over value.
This way, you can allocate a certain amount of influence to each shareholder.
This is Max Weber's idea of ​​potential, the ability to make your own will despite the opposition of others.
We calculate the flow of influence in the ownership network as follows:
it's not as hard as it looks
let's talk parable
Suppose you have water running through a pipe, and the pipes are of different diameters.
Dominance flows in the same way through the ownership network -- it accumulates in the nodes.
By calculating the forces that dominate the network, we find that
737's major shareholders have the power to control 80% of the multinational's value.
The total number of nodes was 600,000, so the number of major shareholders, 737, is about 0.1% of the total.
US and UK financial institutions account for the majority
Additionally
At the core, there are 146 shareholders, who can control 40% of the value of a multinational corporation.
What does this fact tell us?
The concentration of control you've seen is clearly overkill.
Excessive concentrations of core shareholders pose significant systemic risks to the global economy.
Multinational corporate networks were easy to replicate with a few simple rules.
Because structure arose as a result of self-organization.
It's a property that emerges from the rules of how the system interacts, so it probably doesn't come from a top-down structure like a global conspiracy theory.
Our research, rather than a detailed map,
This is a rough sketch
So don't take the numbers in this study with a grain of salt.
I hope that this will lead to more research in the same direction, and more research into uncharted territory.
slowly
Long-term, well-funded research programs are emerging to try to understand the networked world in terms of its complexity.
But the quest has just begun, and it will take time to see results.
I think there are still important issues left
Financial, economic, political, and social ideas are often entwined with personal ideologies.
That's why I'm hoping that the complexity perspective will give us a common ground.
Conflicting ideas create deadlocks and weigh on our globalized world, and it would be great if we could help break them down.
Reality is so complicated, don't be bound by one dogma.
But this is also my personal ideology.
thank you
(applause)
Why does good sex often fade? It can happen to even the most loving couples.
Why does good intimacy not mean good sex? This is contrary to popular belief.
And then there's the question: Can we desire more for what we already have?
This is also a difficult question, isn't it?
Why is it tempting to be forbidden
What is abstinence that arouses intense desires?
Why would a child born from sex take a toll on a couple's sex life?
Sounds like a fatal sexual blow, doesn't it?
How does it feel when you love someone?
How is it different from having a desire?
These questions are central to my theme, the nature of sexual desire in modern relationships and the dilemmas that come with it.
In my travels around the world, I've noticed that wherever romanticism is prevalent, there seems to be a crisis of desire.
The crisis that comes to desire when we possess what we want is the crisis that comes to desire as free choice, taste, and self-expression, and the crisis of desire that has become a major concept as part of modern love and individualistic societies. is
It's the first time in human history that we've ever attempted to maintain sexual interest for an extended period of time. But it's not because we want 14 children. not because it's a woman's role
It's also the first time we've tried long-term sex seeking for pleasure and connection rooted in desire.
So what keeps this desire going, and why is it so hard?
I believe that the pillar of maintaining desire in a serious relationship is balancing two basic needs.
The first need is safety, predictability, security, trust, reliability and permanence.
These are the foundations of our lives, called homes.
The other is a strong need that men and women alike have: adventure, the novelty, the mystery, the risk, the danger, the unknown, the unpredictable, the surprise.
In other words, we want relationships that are both safe and adventurous. These days, we call these relationships passionate marriages, but in the old days they were contradictory terms.
Marriage used to be an economic institution, where getting a lifelong partner gave you continuity and companionship in having children and social status.
Today, we want the same things in our partners, but we want them to be our best friends, we want our lovers to be loyal and passionate, and we're living twice as long as we did in the past.
And we live twice as long as we did in the past (Laughter).
We want belonging, identity, continuity, transcendence, mystery and reverence - all in one person.
peace of mind
New things Familiar things
Seeking predictable surprises
I'll ask as a matter of course Can you get by with sex toys and lingerie?
(Applause) So the reality is in sight, right?
I think in a sense -- and I'll explain later -- when desire is at stake, even our imagination is threatened.
Why does good sex eventually fade
What is the relationship between love and lust?
How are they connected and how are they contradictory?
That's where the mystery of eroticism lies.
If there is a verb that takes "love", use "have"
If there is a verb for "desire", I think it is "want".
In love, I want to own the person I love, I want to understand
I want to close the distance, I want to fill the gap
I want to relieve tension I want a sense of intimacy
But in the case of desire, what we've already experienced is what we don't want.
Predictable endings don't intrigue me.
In the case of desire, we can visit strangers and spend some time with them, or peer into forbidden places.
In desire, we want a bridge to different worlds.
In other words, a fire needs air to burn.
desire needs space
Putting it this way sounds pretty abstract.
So I asked the question
Over the past few years, I have visited more than 20 countries with Mating in Captivity in hand. When do you feel strongly attracted to your partner? I asked
By the way, it's not sexually, it's when you're most attracted as a person.
Across cultures, religions and genders, we found some similar responses, with one exception.
The first group said that they were most attracted to their partner when she was away - when they were separated and reunited.
So it's time for me to reclaim these powers: the ability to imagine being with someone, the power of imagination to return, the power of imagination to take root through absence and longing.
the second group is more interesting
She's most attracted to him when he's working in the studio When she's on stage When he's shining in what he's good at While she's doing what she's into At a party other people are him when you see her so attracted to you when you see her in the spotlight
I mean, when I see my partner shining and full of confidence
It seems like the most attractive situation
Shine is independence and self-respect
By the way, almost no one ever said that when you're attracted to your partner, it's when you're in close contact -- when you're five centimeters away. How much in inches?
Not even when you're too far away to see
When you're attracted to someone, when you look at your partner from just the right distance, and at that distance, that familiar, well-known person can momentarily seem somehow mysterious and elusive.
This perfect sense of distance is erotic and attracts the other person.
As Marcel Proust said, mystery isn't about looking for new landscapes, it's about seeing with new eyes.
So when I see my partner doing things alone, with new eyes, it's a moment of wonder.
And more importantly, these desires have nothing to do with being cared for, which is an interesting point.
you don't need someone
Desire is very different from caring
Caring is both a deep love and a powerful anti-aphrodisiac.
I've never met anyone who gets so excited when someone wants them.
It's not the same thing as wanting someone;
Women have known this for a long time, because the more parental they are, the less sexual energy they usually have.
But this makes sense
And the third group's answer is when they're surprised, when they're laughing together, and so on. Today, at work, a colleague said it's best when his boyfriend wears a tuxedo, so I said, "For men, it's either a tuxedo or cowboy boots."
It's a novelty after all
But it's not new sex positions or a variety of techniques.
What is novelty? What part of yourself can you bring out?
it's about what part of you is being watched
Because in some ways, sex is not an act.
Go to a place called sex
go inside yourself
Where do you go when you have sex?
Which part of you do you connect with?
What do you want to express there?
Is it a place of excellence and sublimeness?
Is it okay if I don't look classy? Can you be safe and bold?
Is it a place where you can surrender yourself and not be held accountable?
A place where you can express your childish desires?
What will sprout there? words come out
It's not just about deeds
What I'm interested in is the poetic part of the language, and that's why I started exploring sensual intelligence.
By the way, animals have sex too.
It's their core, their biological instinct.
But we're the only ones who live a sensual life, a sexual capacity shaped by the human imagination.
Only humans can make love for hours, have the best time, have multiple orgasms, and even be alone without touching anyone, because we have imagination.
You don't have to actually have sex, just hint at it.
We have a powerful force called anticipation. Anticipation is the basis of desire.
It's the power to imagine it as if it's happening, the power to experience it as if it's happening when nothing's happening, and you can experience all of this at once.
So when I thought about eroticism, I started thinking about the poetic part of sex.
And when you look at it as intelligence, it's something you cultivate.
What is that material? imagination, playfulness
novelty, curiosity, mystery
But it's the imagination that's central to the role.
Because it's important to get it right, what kind of couples keep their sensuality glowing, and what keeps their lust alive? We looked at trauma, we looked at the turning points.
I grew up in a small community in Belgium, surrounded by Holocaust survivors, and there were two types of survivors: those who simply didn't die, and those who survived mentally.
But those who didn't die seemed to be chained, never enjoying joy, unable to trust anyone, always on alert, full of trepidation, nervousness, and anxiety, hanging their heads down, unable to step forward, playful. You lose your sense of security and your imagination
Those who survived spiritually understood that eroticism was a drug to escape death.
they knew how to survive
Since I started receiving consultations for sexless couples at work, I sometimes hear about quantity issues, but most of the time quality is sought. It's about reconnecting with energy and things like that, what sex used to give or want to give, what sex used to give or want to give.
So I started asking different questions
The first question is "I close myself off when..."
"At times like this, I don't feel like it." This question is-
It's not like "What disillusioned me is..." or "When you..."
The answer is, "When I don't feel like it. When I feel dead inside. When I hate my body. When I feel old. When you can't even get in touch with me When things don't go your way When you lack self-confidence When you feel worthless When you feel you don't even have the right to desire, have or receive pleasure
So I asked the opposite question.
"I get excited when..."
It's not like, "Who got you excited and what got you excited?"
If you're dead inside, even if it's Valentine's Day
It's a futile effort because there's no one at the reception.
(Laughter) I tell the story that this is the time when I get aroused, and this is the time when I wake up to want.
What seems so puzzling about the contradiction between love and desire is that the elements that are supposed to nurture love, such as reciprocity, interdependence, protection, care, and responsibility to others, are sometimes the ingredients that suppress desire.
Because lust entails a multitude of emotions, not all of which are compatible with love: jealousy, possessiveness, aggression, power, dominance, vulgarity, nastyness.
Most of us get excited at night, but during the day we pretend we don't like it.
erotic thoughts are morally questionable
It wouldn't be such an interesting discussion if it were a beautiful delusion like a bed of roses.
But there are so many things in our heads that we don't know how to bring up in front of the person we love, because we think love is selfless, and desire is kind of selfish, in a good way. It can be said that it is the power to not lose your individuality even when the other person is in front of you.
I want you to have an image in your mind, because we need to reconcile two conflicting desires that we are born with.
The need for connection, the need for distance, the need for safety, the need for adventure, the need for unity and independence. Suppose you have a little child sitting on your lap. All of us at some point have to go out into the world to discover and explore new things.
Desire starts here Exploration requires curiosity and discovery
After a while the child will look back at you
What if I said, "The world is a wonderful place, come on out
It's full of fun things to do." Then they'll sail out into the oceans of the world, experiencing both connection and separation at the same time.
They can travel in their imagination, in their bodily sensations, in their playfulness, and when they return, they know someone will be waiting for them.
But what if someone left here said, "I'm worried and anxious, I'm not feeling well.
Hasn't been cared for by a partner for a long time
what's so good about that? if we have each other
Not enough? "
You know how you get the slightest response?
Some will come back, some will come back long ago, and the children who come back will hold back a part of themselves so that they don't lose someone.
You lose your freedom to stay connected to others.
The way we love has a certain habit, which is distorted by too much worry, too much responsibility, too much protection. I can't get into myself
If we translate this into adult language,
What started when I was little affects my sex life.
this lasts a lifetime
My second child is back, but he's always looking behind me.
"Are you there all the time?
complain to me scold me?
are you mad at me "
They seem to have gone somewhere, but in reality they can't leave.
And these people say they were very passionate in the beginning.
So in the early days of this relationship, the mutual intimacy isn't so strong that it doesn't reduce desire.
The deeper the connection, the more responsibility you feel and the less you can show yourself in front of others.
the third child never came back
It's really a dialectical question of what to do if you want to keep your desires alive.
'Cause I want security to see a new world
But if you can't leave, you can't have fun, you can't reach sexual climax, you can't have an orgasm, you can't be aroused because you're so obsessed with what your partner thinks and feels.
Given the dilemma of merging these two fundamentally conflicting desires, I've noticed a few things that couples with fulfilling sex lives do.
The first is that we have plenty of sexual privacy.
They understand that each other's space to be erotic is protected.
Also, I understand that sex foreplay isn't something you do five minutes before the actual performance.
Sexual foreplay begins when the previous orgasm ends
And I understand sexual space isn't just about stroking each other's bodies.
It's a place to forget all the clichés about managing a large company and the agile manuals.
Responsibility and desire collide
the two are incompatible
Couples with fulfilling sex lives also understand that passion comes in waves.
Just like the moon, sometimes it fills and sometimes it wanes
But when they extinguish the fire, they rekindle their passion
i know there is a way
Because you don't live up to the myth that something just happens spontaneously. You don't get a helping hand when you're folding laundry and your wishes come true. Long-term relationships, no effort. I understand that nothing new will happen to
Fulfilling sex is planned sex
It's not a coincidence, it's something you do on purpose
to concentrate is to be conscious
Happy Valentine's Day
(applause)
The advances in astronomy, cosmology and biology over the past decade have been astonishing, in terms of understanding the universe and how it works, more than most of you can imagine.
But there were other realizations as well, around the time those changes happened, and around the time we began to realize that there was a black hole at the center of each galaxy.
Science writers and editors -- or rather science writers and editors -- would often sit down with a beer after a day's work and talk about some incredible views of how the universe works. start
And in the end, I always come to the conclusion that my thinking is very bizarre, and that's the view that the world is suddenly ending.
That's exactly what I want to talk to you about today.
At first, it was just an idea, but as I considered various ideas, I started to think about it more seriously. And then the 9/11 attacks happened, and I thought, oh, can we talk about the end of the world?
No one wants to hear that after an event like this.
And that led me to have discussions with other people and scientists, sometimes on other topics, and one neuroscientist said, sometimes on other topics, and one neuroscientist said, "I think there are a lot of solutions to the problems you've raised," and I'm reminded of Michael's talk yesterday and his mother's words, "If there are no problems, there are no solutions."
And then we started looking for solutions to the various possibilities of the end of the world and, surprisingly, we found them.
I saw footage from President Bush's press conference a few weeks ago.
Can you move the video, Andrew?
PRESIDENT GEORGE W. BUSH: We will do whatever it takes to keep our security and our freedom, and we have to pay the price.
I feel the same way
The next year, he budgets two trillion dollars to protect the nation from terrorists, which means that the budget deficit will balloon again very quickly.
But there are other threats we face besides terrorists.
A real catastrophe awaits us, just as the terrorism we previously denied happened with 9/11.
So what I'm proposing is that if we take 2% of the budget of $2.13 trillion, take 10 billion dollars, take 2% of that, 10 billion dollars, and split each of the problems I'm going to talk about with a billion dollars, we'll be able to solve most of them. But I'll be able to handle the rest, so I want people to be interested.
But I also believe that the people here can literally change the world, and I also hope that when you take home a few stories and are in a position of influence, you'll spend significant money on these ideas.
Let's get started Number 10: Losing the Will to Survive
We live in an amazing age of modern medicine.
We are all in much better health than we were 20 years ago.
People all over the world are getting better medical care, but they're mentally overwhelmed.
The World Health Organization estimates that one in five people on the planet is currently clinically depressed.
And according to the agency, depression is the most prevalent epidemic humankind has ever experienced.
It is believed that life expectancy will soon reach 100 years, thanks to advances in genetic research and better medical care.
If a girl is born tomorrow, she will live an average of 83 years.
Life expectancy increases by about a year each year
The problem with aging today is that people over the age of 65 are the most likely to commit suicide.
So what is the solution?
We don't have health insurance for mental illness in this country. (Applause) It's a real shame.
Nearly 98 percent of people who are depressed have really serious symptoms, and I have a friend who is very, very depressed.
It's usually a combination of talk therapy and drugs.
In particular, people who are clinically depressed cannot be treated with drugs alone.
We should be able to see a psychiatrist or a psychologist, of course, for a $10 out-of-pocket, just like we did with the amputated arm.
Second, pharmaceutical companies don't try to develop really effective psychotropic drugs, because most mental illnesses involve biological substances and are manageable.
And now, more than a decade ago, we know more about the brain than we did a decade ago, and governments are pushing, from institutions like the National Institutes of Health and the Science Foundation, to start subsidizing drug companies to develop the latest psychotropic drugs. is needed
Let's go on, number nine, don't laugh, aliens are invading earth
Ten years ago, very few astronomers were talking about exoplanets Ten years ago, very few astronomers were talking about exoplanets
We found three in 1995, and now we're at 80, and we're discovering about two or three per month.
Since all of the planets we've discovered are here at the edge of our Milky Way galaxy, there must be millions of planets throughout the galaxy, and as Carl Sagan argued for years, laughed at, there's a universe out there. there must be an infinite number of
A few years later, NASA launches four or five telescopes toward Jupiter, and they begin searching for Earth-like planets in dust-free areas that cannot be found with current technology.
The idea that there's no life in the universe other than Earth, or that it's not even relatively close, has been pretty much dismissed.
And I also doubt the idea that there are no life forms that are smarter than humans.
Remember, for 200 years only humans have had a highly industrialized civilization.
But every time I go to Pompeii, I'm surprised to find the same McDonald's on the street corner.
In fact, I don't know how far civilization has progressed since 79 AD, but I'm pretty sure. there is a possibility of confronting civilization
Now, what would happen if aliens came? Does it suck up sea water?
Does it drive humans away like it drives flies?
Looking back at history, the late physicist Gerard O'Neill said, "Advanced Western civilizations have a devastating effect on any primitive civilization they come in contact with, no matter what attempts are made to protect them."
If aliens come, humans are a primitive civilization.
So how to solve this? (Laughter) [Ministry of Defense considers contact plan with advanced aliens, becoming a space tourism nation] Oh thank you I can read it!
It may sound silly, but we've anticipated these things, and we've actually been prepared for them, and we have a pathetic history.
How much effort and money would it take to actually plan to negotiate with advanced species?
Second, and more than that, we have to look at life in a space nation.
We must accept the idea that neither the earth nor the sun will last forever.
If we wish for the permanence of mankind, we must colonize the Milky Way.
It's not an incomprehensible idea at this point.
(Applause) If you come across other advanced civilizations while you're colonizing space, this will help a lot. ! I got a job
Number 8: Ecosystem Collapse
Last July, 19 oceanographers published an unusual article in Science magazine.
It's not really a research report, it's a long piece of writing.
They say they've been observing the ocean for a long time, and it's not just in trouble, it's on the brink of collapse.
Many other ecosystems on earth are in real danger.
We are living in an era of mass extinction that is 10,000 times larger than the fossil record.
25% of Hawaii's endemic species has been lost in the last 20 years.
California is expected to lose 25% of its species over the next 40 years.
Some of the Amazon forest is reaching its limits.
If you cut down trees there, you're destroying the rainforest ecosystem.
That tree really exists, and it's happening.
And when that ecosystem collapses, we can also lose more important ecosystems, such as our atmosphere. So what are the possible solutions to this?
Now ecosystem modeling is being done.
We don't understand the ecosystem very well, and by the time we realize we're in danger, it's almost too late.
We need to know sooner what we're at risk, and we need to apply possible solutions to the model.
Now, with the computing power we have right now, things like I talked about are being done, but at a cost.
The National Science Foundation -- let me tell you, in this country, a lot of the money spent on science comes from the federal government.
And this foundation is prioritizing
Some people say that this is the most important mission of the National Science Foundation.
they should take this more seriously
Second, we need to start creating and moving around huge biodiversity reserves on the planet.
In the last four or five years, no-fishing zones have been designated in George Bank and Grand Bank of Newfoundland.
Fishing is prohibited within a radius of approximately 320 km.
An amazing thing has happened. Most of the fish have returned and are breeding at a tremendous rate.
And I have to say that I haven't cut down trees in the Amazon for 20 years.
Let it heal before resuming logging
(Applause) Number Seven: The Particle Accelerator Accident
Do you remember Ted Kaczynski (The Unabomber)?
The Unabomber has argued that the particle accelerator experiment could go awry and set off a chain reaction that could destroy the world.
Believe it or not, many cool-headed physicists think exactly the same.
Brookhaven on Long Island, which has a collider, will be experimenting with creating a black hole this spring.
I'm going to create a very small black hole.
They're supposed to disappear after that. (Laughter) I hope it works (Laughter). It will inevitably destroy and obliterate any other matter it collides with, and today's accelerators probably won't have enough power to create black holes or strangelets, as many physicists think.
But there are discussions all over the world, including Japan and Canada, to restart the giant accelerators in the United States.
I stopped once
There's still talk about building a giant accelerator.
What are the possible solutions for this?
I used to have a fox guard the chicken coop.
To talk about particle physics and what should be done, we need the opinion of particle physicists, but we need outside thinking and oversight of the effects of experiments.
Second, natural laboratories surround the planet.
There is a magnetic field around the Earth, and it is constantly bombarded by high-energy particles like protons.
And in my opinion, we haven't spent enough time looking at natural laboratories and figuring out what's safe to do on Earth in the first place.
Number 6: Disaster caused by biotechnology
It's one of my favorites, because Bt corn was controversial.
Bt corn has a gene that kills the corn borer
I'm sure you all know about the Starlink corn recall.
The corn was limited to animal feed in the United States, but it was mixed into food grade ingredients, and you should know that it can easily get into food.
That warning came months ago in Mexico, where the Bt corn gene was found in the wild in Mexico, which makes genetically modified corn illegal.
Corn is said to have originated in Mexico
This is maize's treasure trove of genetic diversity.
This is reviving the once-disappeared skepticism that biotechnology will quickly destroy the food supply with super weeds and super pests.
What do you do?
We treat biotechnology as carefully as we treat nuclear power plants.
It's simple, it's a surprisingly unregulated area.
When the Starlink disaster happened, there was a game of blame between the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.
Number 5 My Favorite Geomagnetic Reversal
Believe it or not, this happens every hundreds of thousands of years, and it's happened many times in Earth's history.
The North Pole becomes the South Pole, the South Pole becomes the North Pole, and the geomagnetic field reverses.
But when this happens, we lose the magnetic field that exists around the Earth for about 100 years, and all the cosmic rays and particles pour in from the Sun. (Laughter) (Audience: Steve, there's an extra hat here) What can you do with that? a! By the way, time is up
It's been 780,000 years since that happened.
So it should have happened 480,000 years ago.
there's one more thing
Scientists now believe that the magnetic field is probably decreasing by about 5 percent.
So we may be in the middle of that phenomenon.
One problem with trying to calculate whether the planet is healthy is that we haven't had accurate weather data for 60 years, and we have far less data about things like the ozone layer.
so there's a pretty simple solution
A lot of cheap rocket tests with online links will be possible in six or seven years, and they'll take you cheaply to thin air.
As you know, you can make ozone from the exhaust pipes of your car.
It's not difficult. It's just three oxygen atoms.
If the ozone layer were brought down to the surface of the earth, it would be two cents thick, or six kilometers per six square centimeters.
you don't need that much there
We need to learn how to repair and replenish the earth's ozone layer.
(Applause) Number 4: Giant Solar Flare
Solar flares are giant magnetic explosions on the Sun that bombard the Earth with high-velocity subatomic particles.
So far, the atmosphere and the magnetic field have protected us just fine.
Occasionally affected by solar flares, causing disruptions to communications and electricity.
But what's disturbing is that in recent years, astronomers have been studying stars like our Sun, finding stars that are close to our Sun's age and 20 times brighter.
And these superflares are believed to be millions of times more powerful than conventional solar flares.
Absolutely not. (Laughter) But it's also the other way around. In my research, I discovered that stars similar to our Sun also have periods of reduced activity, reducing the total amount of energy emitted from them by 1 percent.
1% doesn't sound like much, but it's going to cause a massive ice age.
What can you do?
(Laughter) Terrestrialization of Mars, one of my favorite topics.
1993 I wrote this story for Life magazine.
It's rocket science, but it's not too complicated to understand.
Everything you need to know about creating an atmosphere and making Mars a habitable planet is written there.
And we just send a small nuclear facility that consumes a lot of the iron oxide on the surface of Mars and spews out oxygen.
The problem is that it will take at least 300 years for Mars to terrestrialize.
By sane means, it actually takes 500 years.
No reason not to start now (laughs) Number 3: Isn't it wonderful? (Laughter) A new epidemic pandemic. The human battle against germs is a new epidemic pandemic.
In 1918, a flu epidemic in the United States killed 20 million people.
The population at that time was about 100 million
The bubonic plague in medieval Europe killed one in four Europeans.
AIDS will come back, Ebola will come out much more often, AIDS will come back, Ebola will come out much more often, and old diseases like cholera will become resistant.
We've learned that the emergence of ancient diseases like anthrax causes panic.
The worst possibility is that a very simple bacterium, such as staphylococcus, for which we now have effective antibiotics, mutates.
We know some surprising features of staphylococci.
Staphylococcal cells can come into contact with muscle cells and, with the help of their genes, change and mutate when antibiotics come along.
The danger is that bacteria like staphylococci mutate into highly virulent, highly contagious bacteria that spread through the population before they can be dealt with.
It happened about 12,000 years ago, and the mass extinction of mammals in the Americas is thought to have been a highly contagious disease.
What can you do?
It's ridiculous how antibiotics are given. (Applause) Cows, lambs, chicken chicks are given antibiotics every day.
The fish you eat in restaurants is farmed, and they won't tell you if it's wild unless you ask.
Like giving someone a code during a war
We're trying to tell bacteria how to fight humans.
must be resolved and banned immediately
Second, the health care system in the United States is as dire as the example of anthrax.
There could be a real outbreak of disease in the United States, but we are not prepared to deal with it.
Well, there is next year's federal budget to improve public health. Well, there is next year's federal budget to improve public health.
but i don't think i need it
Number 2 Encounter with a stray black hole
10 or 15 years ago at an astronomical conference, 10 or 15 years ago at an astronomical conference, if you said, "There's probably a black hole at the center of each galaxy," you'd be jeered and dragged off the stage.
And now, in those meetings, if you say, "The black hole isn't there," you'll be jeered down.
Our understanding of how the universe works has made incredible progress recently.
There are believed to be about 10 million dead stars in the Milky Way galaxy alone.
Squeezed to a size of 20 or 25 kilometers, these stars are black holes.
Most black holes are in orbit of something.
But galaxies can be thrown out of orbit in extremely violent environments.
On the one hand, the universe is incredibly huge.
So even if one million objects were to be deflected from their orbits, the chances of them actually hitting the Earth would be very small.
But just one of them getting close to about 1.6 billion kilometers away is a big deal.
When you get that close, the Earth's orbit is affected so that it's an elliptical orbit instead of a circular one.
Three months out of the year, the surface temperature rises from 65 degrees Celsius to 80 degrees Celsius.
Down to minus 45 degrees Celsius for 3 months out of the year
That's not good. What can I do?
This is my biggest fear. (Laughter) There's no good answer to this.
I must consider becoming a colonist again.
And finally number one: as you know, probably the most dangerous to life, a large asteroid coming towards Earth.
The important thing to remember here is not the question of possibility, but the question of when and how big.
In 1908, a mere 60-meter comet exploded in Siberia, clearing 100 miles of forest.
It was about 1,000 times more effective than the Hiroshima atomic bomb.
Astronomers expect such small asteroids to come every few hundred years.
In 1989, a large asteroid passed 600,000 kilometers from Earth.
Nothing to worry about, right?
It passed straight through Earth's orbit. Earth was at the transit point six hours ago.
An asteroid as small as 800 meters triggers a firestorm, followed by flying debris that leads to severe global cooling, something like Carl Sagan's "Nuclear Winter."
8 km asteroid causes mass extinction
The extinction of dinosaurs is thought to be due to this 8 km class.
where is it? It's called the Kuiper belt -- and some people don't think Pluto isn't a planet -- and Pluto is in the Kuiper belt.
A little further out is the Oort Cloud.
There are about 100,000 spheres of ice and rock, and comets with a diameter of about 80 km are outside of them, and they regularly rotate a little bit toward the sun, passing relatively close to the earth.
Even more worrisome are the asteroids between Mars and Jupiter.
The Sloan Digital Sky Survey announced last fall -- it's creating the first three-dimensional map of the universe -- that between Mars and Jupiter there are probably 700,000 asteroids that are about 800 meters or more in size. When I'm there
So how likely is this to happen?
Andrew, can you show me that diagram?
This is a graph that Dr. Clark Chapman of the Southwest Research Institute presented at a conference a few years ago.
Their research shows that the chance of dying from an asteroid or comet impact is 1 in 20,000.
Look just below it
Airplane crashes occur once in 20,000.
We've spent a lot of money making planes safer, but we don't spend a lot of money on this, but it's completely preventable.
Just last year, we finally got the technology to prevent this cooling.
Any solution?
NASA spends three million dollars a year -- it's like pocket money -- on asteroid research.
Because for each asteroid out there, we can calculate if and when it will hit the Earth.
trying to calculate it
But at $3 million a year, it would take 10 years, and even then, they say, they would only be able to classify about 80 percent.
comets are more difficult
We don't really have the technology to predict the trajectory of a comet or when the named comet will arrive.
But if you know it's coming, you'll have plenty of time.
I really need a dedicated observatory
You'll find that many comets are named after amateur astronomers you've never heard of, because only they are looking for them.
We need a dedicated observatory to explore comets
Solution number two: We need to find a way to explode the asteroid or change its orbit. Well, a year ago, we did something amazing.
We sent a space probe called the NEAR Shoemaker to this asteroid belt, a near-Earth asteroid approach program.
They orbited an asteroid called Eros, 48 ​​kilometers long, no, 35 kilometers.
And then, of course, we did a secret NASA mission, and we had extra batteries, gas, everything, and we landed at the last minute.
I landed when I finished my mission.
We've landed spacecraft on asteroids, and it's no big deal.
Now, the problem with trying to send a bomb to an asteroid like this is that there's nothing to push in space, because there's no air.
A nuclear explosion is violent, but it's not powerful enough to melt an asteroid about 35 kilometers long, or it's more fitting to vaporize it.
But humans have learned to land on these named asteroids and attach them to things like small ion propulsion motors, which after some time will gradually push the asteroids into different orbits and, if our calculations are correct, to Earth. will prevent collisions
It's just a matter of discovering them, going there and doing something about them.
you must be confused
that there are so many threats
The thing to remember is 9/11
I don't want to be caught by surprise again
I understand this
Science now has the power to predict many futures.
knowledge is power
The worst thing we can do is not worry about the asteroid threat (Laughter), a mistake that literally costs us our future.
thank you
In the aftermath of the global financial crisis, there's one thing that's sparking interest again, and it's one of the oldest questions in economics, at least - predating Adam Smith.
“Why do countries with similar economic activities and institutions have such different saving behavior?” “Why do countries with similar economic activities and institutions have such different saving behavior?”
Bright economists have spent their lives searching for answers, and they've made great strides forward and made a lot of sense.
Today I'd like to introduce you to a new hypothesis that I'm working on, and an amazing new discovery about the relationship between language structure and saving habits.
I'm going to give you a quick rundown of the savings rate and the language, and then I'm going to untangle the connections.
Let's start with the member countries of the OECD Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development.
OECD countries can generally be described as rich industrialized countries OECD countries can generally be described as rich industrialized countries
Also, as a member of the OECD, we have expressed our willingness to engage in democracy, free markets, free trade.
Despite these commonalities, saving patterns are very different.
If you look at the left side of this graph, many OECD countries are saving more than a quarter of their GDP each year, and some are saving more than a third.
If you look on the other side, on the far right is Greece.
Over the last 25 years, Greece's savings rate has remained barely above 10% of GDP.
Of course, we can't forget that the United States and the United Kingdom are right next to it.
Now, could language be involved in these differences in savings rates?
There is a fundamental difference between languages—
The differences have been studied by linguists and cognitive scientists.
This will be relevant to the story of savings later.
As you may have noticed, I am Chinese.
I grew up in the American Midwest
When I was very young, I realized that when you try to talk about your family in Chinese, the way you think about it is different than it is in English.
I'll give you a concrete example.
For example, let's say I introduce you to my uncle.
In English, "uncle" is fine.
But when this is Chinese, it's not so easy.
I don't have enough information
In Chinese, if you don't give a huge amount of information to "uncle", you can't tell what you're saying.
When you say "uncle", is it maternal or paternal? Blood relative or in-law? If paternal, is it father's brother or brother?
These are all essential items in Chinese that cannot be ignored.
When you try to speak accurately in Chinese, you have to think about things like this.
I used to have endless fun with this sort of thing, but what strikes me today as an economist is that there are similar differences between languages ​​when it comes to time.
For example, when speaking English, there are grammatical differences. For the past, "It rained yesterday." For the present, "It is raining now." For the future, "It will rain tomorrow."
In English, information about the timing of events is essential.
Depending on when you say it, you'll need to change it to the future tense.
"It rain tomorrow" is not allowed in English
But in Chinese, that's fine.
Weird in English, but okay in Chinese
You can say "It rain" in the past, present or future
So Chinese doesn't have tense breaks like English does, which means Chinese doesn't have tense breaks like English does.
Is it because the relationship between English and Chinese is particularly weak? Is it because the relationship between English and Chinese is particularly weak?
wrong
English, as you know, is a Germanic language.
In fact, English has an exceptional feature
English is the only Germanic language that has tenses.
In Germanic languages ​​other than English, you can say "Morgen regnet es" for tomorrow's rain, or -- "It rain tomorrow."
As a behavioral economist, I came up with an interesting hypothesis.
Isn't it possible that the way we perceive "time" and linguistic constraints affect our behavioral tendencies before we know it?
English has a future tense
When you talk about the future in English, when you talk about the future in English, you have to grammatically separate it from the present, and intuitively see it as far away.
If that sense of distance separates the present from the future every time you use English,
The future feels so far away from the present that it makes us less willing to save.
In a language without a future tense, the present and the future are one.
If you routinely equate the present with the future, it's easy to be tempted to save.
This is a crazy theory
I'm a university professor, so this is part of my job.
Think of a way to test the theory in practice
hit the literature on linguistics
Interestingly, there are clusters of regions in the world that speak languages ​​that have no future tense.
The languages ​​of this part of the Nordic region have no concept of the future.
What's interesting is that when we look at the data, we find that those who speak a language without a concept of the future are almost identical to those who have high savings.
Here's a hint. Let's go back to the OECD graph.
Countries with high savings rates are systematically left-leaning Countries with high savings rates are systematically left-leaning compared to countries that speak languages ​​with future tense.
Finding the average difference
The difference in savings rates is 5% of GDP each year.
In 25 years, it will have a huge impact on the nation's wealth.
I have a feeling there might be something to do with it, but I can't generalize about the differences between countries because there are so many different things.
So here's what I've been doing over the past year: I want to use all the data that economists have, I want to use all the data that economists have, and I want to eliminate as much as possible the differences between countries and prove that there's no correlation. but
In conclusion, I have to accept the correlation.
Explain the verification process
For example, we collect a lot of data from all over the world.
Looking at the "Survey on Health, Aging and Retirement in Europe"
Retired households in Europe prove to be very patient with surveys like this.
(Laughter) Suppose you retire and set up a house in Belgium, and someone comes to visit you.
"Excuse me, could you show me the details of your holdings?
Do you know the price of your home? can you tell me
Are there corridors longer than 10 meters?
May I count how many seconds it takes you to walk that corridor?
Can you hold the device firmly with your dominant hand? I will measure your grip strength.
Breathe into this tube to measure your lung capacity."
Investigation lasts more than a day
(Laughter) I'll also add USAID's Demographic and Health Surveys of developing countries in Africa, for example, the HIV prevalence of rural households in Nigeria.
You can also use the World Values ​​Survey, which looks at the political views and, fortunately, even the savings behavior of millions of households in every country in the world.
Combining all that data, we get
In the nine countries you see -- languages ​​with and without the future tense -- both languages ​​with and without the future tense are used.
From there, we combine similar data for evaluable terms and pair them for statistical analysis, and then we look at whether there is an association between language and the rate of savings when the terms are aligned.
characteristics that can be controlled
Country of birth Attributes such as gender and age Income level by country standards Details of educational background and family structure
In Europe, there are six types of marriage alone.
And then we broke it down by religion, and there are 72 religious categories in the world, so that's pretty granular.
There are 1.4 billion types of household attributes in total.
Here, I will extract only households with similar characteristics and compare them.
It's almost like a thought experiment: two families in Brussels who share all non-linguistic attributes, one speaking Flemish and the other French, or two families in rural Nigeria, one Hausa and the other Igbo.
If you narrow down the conditions in this way and analyze it, do speakers with no future tense save more?
That's right, in any given year, people who speak languages ​​without a future tense are 30 percent more likely to say they saved money.
You can also see the cumulative effect
People who speak languages ​​without a future tense continue to save their income until retirement, saving 25% more at retirement.
Let's dig deeper
Now that we have the health data at our fingertips,
With your savings in mind, how are you doing with your health?
Let's take smoking for example.
Smoking is, in a sense, negative savings.
Saving is "present pain" in exchange for "future pleasure" Smoking is the opposite.
"Pleasure of the Present" that turns into "Suffering of the Future"
The effect would then be the opposite.
it was actually
People who speak a language without a future tense are about 20-24% less likely to smoke at any time than those who don't, are 13-17% less likely to be obese by retirement, and are more likely to have used a condom during recent sex. They were 21 percent more likely to use a condom during recent sex, 21 percent more likely.
These numerical differences are too numerous to enumerate.
Without a strong statistical effect, it would be no exaggeration to say that there would be no saving behavior.
Together with a fellow linguist and economist at Yale University, we set out in earnest to understand how every time we use language influences the way we think about the future, even if we don't know it.
Ultimately, I want to understand how the accumulation of small effects can change decision-making, and provide tools that help people save more consciously and make better investments for the future.
thank you
(applause)
What a neuroscientist does is like a weather forecaster.
always chasing the storm
The storms we observe are brain storms, electrical activity in the brain.
Brain storms are very familiar, but we usually can't see or hear them.
So before I start explaining, I'm going to show you the real thing first.
This is the first time we've recorded the activity of multiple neurons, 100 brain cells at the same time, and this is the first time we've successfully measured the electrical activity of 100 cells in the brain of a single animal. the first 10 seconds
I was able to capture and visualize a fragment of thought I was able to capture and visualize a fragment of thought.
I tell my students that neuroscientists are like astronomers, because we're dealing with systems that are as many cells as there are galaxies in the universe.
Ten years ago, only 100 of those vast numbers of neurons could be recorded.
Currently 1000 can be recorded
Based on this, we're trying to unlock the foundations of human nature.
As you may know, everything that makes us who we are is born out of this storm, which traverses the hills and valleys of our brains and shapes our memories, our beliefs, our emotions, our predictions about the future.
Everything we do -- everything human beings do in the past and in the future -- needs this storm of neurons.
This is what a brain storm actually sounds like.
turn up the volume if you can
My son said, "It's like I'm making popcorn while listening to a noisy radio."
this is the brain
This is a verbalization of the brain's electrical storm, 100 cells firing. Your brain and mine all sound the same.
Now, as neuroscientists, we are listening to this brain symphony and trying to read the messages it contains.
To be more specific, about 12 years ago, I built a device called the Brain-Machine Interface.
this is how it works
You put a sensor in the animal's brain, and it reads the storm that travels from the brain to the legs and hands, within about half a second of the time that the signal travels from the brain to the limbs, and it reads the motor commands embedded in the signal, and then it reads the motor commands embedded in the signal. It is an experiment in which we read movement commands, convert them into digital signals, and send them to an artificial device.
And by comparing it to actual body movements, you can test the accuracy of reading instructions.
And we also provide feedback: when sensory signals come back from these mechanical robots, computer actuators, controlled by the brain, how does the brain process them?
This is exactly what we did 10 years ago
The experiment began with Aurora, a monkey that would later become a superstar in the field.
Aurora loves video games
As you can see, Aurora is just like us, she likes to play games with a joystick.
I've even started cheating as smart primates do.
Before the target appears, you manipulate the joystick and move the cursor to where the target is likely to appear, and try to find it wherever it is.
Because every time your cursor crosses a target, you'll get Brazilian orange juice.
As long as you have orange juice, monkeys will do anything.
All primates are like that
isn't it
Now, while Aurora is playing a game like this, while we're trying 1,000 times a day, and getting a 97 percent success rate and 350 milliliters of orange juice, we're recording the brainstorms she creates with a robotic arm. I sent it to the Aurora Borealis and trained it to replicate the movement of the aurora.
I wanted to use this brain-machine interface to allow Aurora to play games without using her body, just by thinking.
You could use Brainstorm to control a robotic arm and aim your cursor at a target.
I'm amazed that Aurora actually pulled this off.
I played a game without moving my body
This cursor movement was successfully manipulated by Aurora for the first time.
That's exactly when the intention of the brain was released from the body, and it was able to manipulate artificial machines to perform actions in the outside world.
After that, Aurora kept playing the game and kept winning her favorite orange juice.
with my new arm
Thirty days after the first video I showed you, the robotic arm is now completely under the control of Aurora's brain, and the robotic arm is now completely under the control of Aurora's brain, moving its cursor toward its target.
What's more, Aurora knows she can play games with her robotic arm, so she can still use her arm to do whatever she wants.
You can scratch your back or us, or you can play another game.
So Aurora's brain integrated the artificial machine as an extension of its own body.
Aurora's self has expanded into a new arm.
this was ten years ago
last year we
I realized I didn't even need a robot
You can create a computer alter-ego, a monkey avatar.
You can have a monkey interact with an avatar, or you can train a monkey to recognize itself as a virtual avatar, and have a virtual avatar recognize you as you, and you can train the avatar's limbs to move just by thinking.
Now we're training animals to control avatars and explore objects in virtual worlds.
These objects look the same, but when the avatar crosses their surface, electrical signals corresponding to the texture of the object are sent directly to the monkey's brain, telling them what the avatar is touching.
In just four weeks, the brain learned this new sense and acquired new sensory pathways -- a new sense of sorts.
The brain is completely free because it can send movement commands to the avatar.
And the feedback that comes from the avatar goes directly to the brain without going through the skin.
Here's a summary of how the experiment works
animals touch three targets
Only if you choose the correct one will you receive a reward of orange juice.
But you have to use virtual hands that don't actually exist.
it's a real video
The brain is completely free, freed from the limitations of the body and movement.
This animal uses an avatar to touch the target
It receives electrical signals directly to the brain, giving it tactile sensation.
And the brain decides which tactile sensations are associated with rewards.
Captions on videos are not shown in the monkey experiments.
I can't read English anyway, and the correct target position has changed here.
It distinguishes by tactile sensation and selects the correct one.
So if you look at what's going on in this animal's brain, the diagram above looks at 125 neurons and sees what happens to the brain cell activity when the animal uses a joystick -- an electrical storm. I used to see what an electrical storm would look like.
As a neurophysiologist, you can see this
These cells are sending out signals in all directions.
Below is an image of an animal controlling a robot or computer avatar instead of moving its body.
As soon as you restart your computer, your brain activity changes in response to this new device, as if it were part of you.
The brain has assimilated what it manipulates in an instant.
So it seems that our notion of self doesn't end at the outermost layer of the body, the skin, but extends to the tools that can be manipulated by the brain.
Violins, cars, bicycles, soccer balls, clothes -- all of them are coordinated by the brain, a greedy, wonderful and varied system.
What can we do next?
Here's an experiment I did a few years ago to explore that limit.
At Duke University on the East Coast of the United States, they ran animals on a treadmill to measure the brain storm needed for movement.
And we sent it to a humanoid robot at the ATR Laboratory in Kyoto that was designed to be manipulated by the brain. A robot that dreams of
Signals controlling the monkey's movements were sent to Japan to make the robot walk, and footage of the robot was sent to the monkey at Duke University, where he could see the robot walking in front of him.
If the monkey wants a reward, instead of moving its own body, the monkey has to use brain activity to make a robot on the other side of the world take precise steps using brain activity. You have to make the robot in the room take precise steps
Interestingly, the communication travels around the globe and back 20 milliseconds faster than the instructions from the brain reaching the monkey's own muscles.
This monkey moved a robot six times bigger than itself on the other side of the world.
It's one of the experiments that robots can walk on their own.
This is a dream come true for a Japanese robot called CB1, controlled by a primate brain.
well we in the future
What can we learn from studying the brain, the microcosm between our ears?
For example, by combining all of these knowledge and skills, we may be able to overcome one of the most severe neurological disorders.
Many people have lost the ability to translate brain activity into action Many people have lost the ability to translate brain activity into action.
Even though the brain is giving the proper commands to move, they don't get across the injured part of the spinal cord.
Could we bypass it? We could use a brain-machine interface to read brain signals, read signals on a much larger scale, and use computer-assisted microtechnology to create a bypass that would become a new body for the patient. We deliver it to the exoskeleton robot suit.
This is called "Walk Again Project"
It's a chart of a non-profit consortium that's bringing together researchers from Europe, the United States, and Brazil to work together to develop this new body, presumably flexible in functionality -- a brain-machine interface to Aurora and others. It's kind of like manipulating monkeys to use tools, and you can use it to combine things like everyday tools.
And what we hope is that this mechanism will not only allow patients to get their new bodies to do what they want, to be integrated as part of the body of
About 10 years ago, I was told that this idea of ​​mine was not feasible.
But as a scientist, I can tell you that I grew up in southern Brazil in the mid-1960s, and at the time, I heard the crazy idea of ​​going to the moon.
When I was five years old, I used to wish NASA had asked Captain Kirk or Spock, and I thought they could do it -- anyway, I grew up in these times, and I believe what my grandmother used to say. "Nothing is impossible - you just don't try hard enough."
Even if the people around me say "I can't let you walk"
i will follow my grandmother
thank you
(applause)
Kenya has an ethnic group
Across the sea many people come to see them
they are tall
jump high and wear red
kill a lion
What kind of ethnic group are you?
The answer is Masai
What's so amazing? I'm Masai too
In the Maasai boys were raised to be warriors.
girls are raised to be mothers
When I was five years old, I learned that when I hit puberty, I was already destined to get married.
My mother, my grandmother, my aunt, always said to me, "Look, that's my future husband!"
(laughs) Isn't that great?
Since then, all I've done is prepare myself to be the perfect woman when I was 12.
The day starts at 5am, milking the cows, cleaning the house, preparing meals for my brothers, going out to fetch water and collecting firewood.
I did everything the perfect woman wanted
I went to school, not because other Maasai women went to school.
Because my mother couldn't get an education, she used to say to me and my brothers, "I don't want you to have a life like hers."
why did you say that
my father was a town police officer
I come home only once a year
There were times when I didn't see my father for two years.
Everyday life changes when my father comes home
My mother works hard in the fields to grow the grain we eat.
My mother raises cows and sheep and takes care of us.
But when my father came home, he would sell his livestock and sell his stuff in the house to pay for a drink with his friends in a bar.
As a woman, my mother had no right to own any property, and by definition, everything in our house belonged to him, and he owned it.
If my mother rebelled against my father, she would be beaten and abused, so I couldn't rebel.
When I was in school I had a dream
i wanted to be a teacher
your teacher is cool
Dressed in clean clothes and wearing high heels
Later, I realized that high heels were difficult, but I admired them.
(Laughter) In particular, the teacher's job is to write something on the blackboard.It's not easy! I thought it was a lot easier than what I was doing in the field.
That's why I wanted to be a teacher
I worked hard in school, but when I was in middle school, I had to make a decision.
The Maasai have a traditional ceremony that every girl has to go through to become an adult woman.
I graduated from middle school and it was a transitional period for me to go to high school.
It's a turning point in life
If I accept this rite of passage, I will be your wife.
My dream of becoming a teacher will not come true
So I came up with a strategy to solve this problem.
I made a request to my father that no other girl would ever do.
I said to my father, "I will complete the ceremony properly, if you promise to let me go to school again."
If I run away from the ritual, my father will be greatly embarrassed and people will point the finger at me as the father of the daughter who ran away from the ceremony.
I can't stand living with a stigma
So my father said, "Okay, you can go back to school after you participate in the ceremony."
i attended the ceremony
It's a big festival that lasts a week.
people had a lot of fun
And the day before the ceremony actually took place, we danced and had fun and stayed up all night.
When the day of the ceremony came, we left the house where we were dancing and walked away dancing.
When I went to the square, there were a lot of people waiting.
everyone was in a circle
We danced as we approached the circle, and women, men, children, the whole village were in the circle.
There was a woman in the center of the circle, sitting there waiting for us.
There were my sister and other girls, but I was the first to go. When I approached the woman, she looked at me and sat down.
and spread your legs
I spread my legs and another woman came up with a knife.
He walked over to me with a knife and grabbed my genitals and cut them off.
As you can imagine, a lot of blood was spilled.
After bleeding for a while, I lost consciousness.
A lot of girls die from this, but I was lucky I didn't.
There was no anesthesia, and the knife was rusty, so it was very painful.
I was lucky because my mother did what most mothers don't do.
Three days after the ceremony, when the house was empty, my mother went to get a nurse.
we sisters get paid well
After three weeks, I recovered and was able to return to school.
I was determined to become a teacher, to make a difference in my family.
something happened when i was in high school
I met a young man from my village who was studying at the University of Oregon.
He was wearing a white shirt and jeans, with a camera, and he was wearing sneakers, all white sneakers.
Something's wrong with your clothes, and your shoes
I was wearing sneakers, and since there are no paved roads in this village, those sneakers were very attractive.
I said to him, "I want to go where you were." He looked so happy and envious.
He asked, "Um, what do you mean you want to go?
Isn't there a husband here waiting for you? "
I said, "Don't worry about that.
All you have to do is tell me how to get there,' he said.
this man helped me
Also, when I was in high school, my father got sick.
It was a stroke so severe that my father couldn't command me.
But my father is not alone
All the men in my village who are my age have been my father from the beginning. They're like uncles.
And then I got word that I had been accepted from Randolph-Macon Women's College in Virginia, to which I had applied, but I couldn't attend without the village's help, because I needed money to buy a plane ticket.
There were scholarships, but I had to provide some myself.
But I needed the village's help.
This opportunity should be given to boys! I can't help you."
So I took advantage of the village tradition again.
These people believe that good news comes in the morning
So it had to be in the morning to solve anything, because the good news comes in the morning.
There's an elder in the village who's the leader of everyone, and if he agrees, everyone follows suit.
So I visited him early in the morning as soon as the sun rose
he opened the door and i was standing there
"What are you doing this early in the morning?"
"I need help. Can you help me get to America?" I said.
I promised him that I would be a good woman and one day come back to my village, and after that I would do whatever the villagers wanted.
He said, "It's not a matter that I can decide by myself."
He gave me a list of names of 15 men in the village, no, 16 men, and I went to see them every morning.
they all cooperated
All the women and children in the village worked together to help me get an education.
So I was able to go to America What did I see there?
First I saw snow!
And when I saw Walmart and vacuum cleaners for the first time, I was amazed at the amount of food in the cafeteria.
I am now in a privileged country
I had a lot of fun, but I learned a lot during my time in America.
The ritual I went through when I was 13 was called female circumcision.
I know it's against Kenyan law
I didn't have to hurt myself to get an education.I had a right to an education.
At this very moment, three million girls in Africa are at risk of undergoing such rituals.
I also learned that my mother had property rights.
I didn't have to be beaten by my father because I was a woman.
Learning these things made me angry
I wanted to do something
Whenever I go back to my hometown, I see the girls in my neighborhood getting married.
They're doing what I was doing. I graduated from college, worked for the United Nations, and then went back to graduate school, and I couldn't go a day without thinking about their crying faces.
i thought i had to do something
I went home and talked to the men and women of the village, and I said, "I'm going to keep my promise that I'll come back one day and do whatever you want. What should I do?"
When I spoke to a woman, she said, "We need a school for girls."
Because there was no school for girls in the village.
Moreover, it was the mother who was accused of being raped while the girl was on her way to school.
When a girl gets pregnant before marriage, the mother is blamed and punished.
mother gets beaten
They said, "I want my daughter to be in a safe place."
But when I talk to village fathers, of course, they say quite the opposite: "We need schools for boys."
I replied, "Some of the men in the village are being educated outside.
What if they built a school for the boys and I built a school for the girls?"
they were convinced
And I said, "Show me the proof of promise."
Then they gave me land to build a girls' school.
and built a school
Let me introduce you to a girl who goes to this school.
Angelina applied to this school, but didn't meet the admission criteria.
She was an orphan, so maybe I could have taken her.
But it was too old. Angelina was 12 and we were going to take a fourth grade girl.
She was constantly moving because she was an orphan. She had no mother or father.
I still remember when I saw her
Although she is too old for a fourth grader
we gave permission to attend class
This is Angelina 5 months later
her life started to change
She wants to be a pilot so she can fly around the world and make a difference.
When she entered school, her grades weren't the best.
Now she's the best, not just in our school, but in our entire district.
She's Sharon and five years later.
She's Evelyn, and this is five months from now, and this is how we're making a difference.
A new beginning is happening just like a new dawn is happening in our school
At this very moment, 125 girls have survived circumcision.
don't get married when you're 12
we can make our dreams come true
That's what we do. We give them the opportunity to grow.
Girls aren't being abused today because we've made a difference in our communities.
(Applause) I have a favor to ask of you today.
The reason you are listening to me is to participate in a meeting like this and have a positive mindset.
you have a passion
wish for a better world
I want to end war and end poverty.
you want to make a difference
You want a better tomorrow for mankind.
What I want you to do is act first, and then others will follow.
Act first, then someone will follow
Don't be discouraged, be confident
We take action. We change the world. We make a difference in our communities. We believe that one at a time, we impact one girl, one family, one village, one country.
We're making change, too. When you change your world, you change your community. And you change your country. Can't you prepare a better future for your children and for all of us grandchildren?
Then we will live in a wonderful and peaceful world. Thank you.
(applause)
Well, today I want to talk to you about corruption.
Corruption is defined as the abuse of one's position for personal gain, but sometimes the benefits extend to friends, family and even supporters.
May I? Friends, family, supporters (applause)
But we need to get a better handle on corruption and let go of the misconceptions we've been taught.
We must have the courage to admit our mistakes and rethink how we fight corruption.
First, there's a big myth about corruption. First, it's that corruption isn't actually a crime.
When I'm with friends and family, we talk about big crimes, crimes in our country, crimes in our neighborhood, but nobody talks about corruption.
This is reality
The police commissioner on TV talks about crime, but not corruption.
And even the Minister of Defense, when he talks about crime, he doesn't talk about corruption. (Laughter)
I mean corruption is a crime
It's an economic crime of embezzling taxpayers' taxes.
Corruption in government and in the private sector is now a reality.
As someone who comes from the private sector, I can say with certainty that there is a great deal of corruption even in the private sector, even outside the government.
Bribes such as secretly handing over money are common occurrences in the private sector.
Today, I'm going to focus on corruption in public institutions, where private companies also intervene.
The second myth is a big big misconception, but we need to debunk these misconceptions and get a real picture of corruption, and the second big myth is, "If corruption is a problem, it's a small problem." It's a myth.It's only 10-15%.Corruption has been around forever.It's useless to create laws to regulate it.There's nothing you can do about it.
This is a very dangerous myth.
harm the world
Now I want to tell you about an incident that happened 30 years ago.
Trinidad and Tobago, where we meet today, is a small, resource-rich Caribbean country that benefited greatly when world oil prices soared in the early 1970s.
Called oil money, central banks were flooded with money.
But ironically, we're in that central bank now.
Yes, there is a lot of irony in history.
A lot of what I'm about to tell you is that central banks have a lot to do with it.
The government is said to be irresponsible
In fact, the building next door on the other side of this terrace is the Ministry of Finance, which is also closely related to the speech in hostile territory.
(Laughter) (Applause) The first thing I want to talk about is that 40 years ago, when the petrodollars started pouring in, the governments of the time started to scramble to get all sorts of intergovernmental agreements to accelerate economic growth.
Some of the largest domestic projects were planned in accordance with intergovernmental agreements with the United States, the United Kingdom, France, and many other developed countries around the world.
Even this central bank -- again ironically -- was built as part of that project and is called the "Twin Towers."
This overheated situation was alarming, and a council was formed, and 30 years ago, in 1982, a report was submitted that immediately halted the agreement between the nations.
I will never forget the budget speech that the then prime minister gave to the Diet.
I was still young at that time
It pierced my heart
I'll show you what he said
here he said
“Actually, two-thirds of the national income, including petrodollars and taxes, was wasted or stolen.”
They say 10-15% is pure damages.
Let's stop making up stories like that
It's like a child's trick. We're trying to look at the truth and face the problems that are happening in society.
the problem is the scale
Two-thirds of the budget disappeared.
30 years after this report
did anything change?
I don't want to expose this embarrassing secret to the world, but I dare.
Four months ago, there was a constitutional riot in this country.
This is what we call the "Section 34 failure," and this questionable law, exactly the questionable law, was passed without objection at a questionable time. defendant'
It's a coined word in my dictionary. (Laughter)
They are suspects at Piako Airport
This was a huge constitutional riot, a veritable corrupt parliamentary conspiracy.
The country's highest institutions were corrupt.
We are fighting economic and financial corruption.
Do you understand how serious the problem is?
There were also huge protests, and I'm sure some of you here protested in some way.
So, most importantly, at the request of the U.S. Embassy, ​​Congress changed course and repealed this law.
In legal terms, it's abolition.
In fact, Congress used a clever method to get this law passed. What actually happened was that the law was in danger of being passed, so Congress passed this law for the 50th time in our country. Independence Day, which is a public holiday,
That's why people rioted
It's a paltry measure, albeit for economic growth.
this was a big hope for me
Because when I'm doing this kind of activity, I feel like my actions are meaningless.
Through the passage and repeal of this law, the evils of the "Piako Airport Criminals" were exposed.
As a result, the law backfired.
So what did they do?
What should be punished?
Things are a little more complicated, so what's the problem?
It was a massive project to rebuild an already outdated airport.
It's a project totaling about $1.6 billion, and there was corruption and fraud during the bidding process.
Let's take a look at the second slide to clarify what was going on and to relate this story to the "corruption is a small problem" myth.
This is not what I said, but what the Director of Public Prosecutions - the head of the prosecution - said in writing.
He reported that "of the $1.6 billion cost of this project, $1 billion was transferred to offshore accounts."
A billion dollars in tax dollars was being transferred to offshore bank accounts.
I'm a skeptic, and this issue pisses me off, but let's stop this for now and talk about something else.
It's about what I saw last November at Zuccotti Park on Wall Street.
It was a chilly autumn day and it was getting dark
I was walking through the Occupy Wall Street demo looking at the One Wall Street building.
A woman was holding a placard.
The words on that placard shocked me
There is a saying, "Not getting angry is the same as not caring."
Not getting angry at injustice is the same as not caring
Let's dig a little deeper into this
I thought
So if - I've read a lot of spy novels, I'm skeptical -
(Laughter) If -- but in order to correct a mistake like this, you'd have to study something like a spy novel, wouldn't you? (Laughter) What if this wasn't the first time?
This may be the first time someone has been arrested.
What if something similar had happened before?
The two examples I just talked about were corruption in the construction industry.
I am currently representing an NPO called the Joint Consultative Council.
If you do a search on jcc.org.tt, you'll see that we're creating a new funding system for public money transactions.
If you are interested and want to know more, if you would like to participate, if you would like to sign, please do so.
The next thing I'm going to talk about is the transparency and accountability of the bailouts that have been made against CL Financial, a company that I've been involved with for over three and a half years.
CL Financial is the largest conglomerate in the Caribbean.
I won't go into details, but the company had already gone bankrupt in 2009, which is January of 2009, so four years ago.
But the government was very tolerant -- it's very suspicious -- (Laughter).
I can confidently say that this is the first time in the history of the world that this has happened.
Let's take a closer look
People say it's like what happened on Wall Street, but it's not at all.
Trinidad and Tobago is nothing like any other land. (Laughter)
(Applause) This is Trinidad and Tobago.
Others are other, we are ours
Let's return the story
Wall Street was also bailed out.
like it was done in london
Europe was bailed out
In Africa, like Nigeria, like Trinidad and Tobago, six major banks failed simultaneously.
Nigeria's response is very interesting. Compared to Trinidad and Tobago, they handled the crisis very well.
If you look around the world, not a single country has gone beyond the legal limits of taking all debt bailouts.
Only in our country. Why?
Is it because the government is so tolerant? maybe
Let's take a closer look
I have researched this incident and published the results of my research on a site called AfraRaymond.com.
AfraRaymond.com is my blog
Not very popular
(Laughter) So, with this "Section 34 failure," congressional conspiracy, on the palliative day of Independence Day, I got the results of the investigation, and I looked at it again, and I looked at the past investigations. I exchanged ideas with some of the officials throughout, trying to find out the truth.
"Who did what?"
Therefore, we reviewed the survey results
And in May of this year, we filed a Freedom of Information request with the Ministry of Finance.
The Ministry of Finance is in the building next door.
The Treasury Department is different from the Central Bank
The Treasury Department is subject to the Freedom of Information Act.
But some things aren't covered by the Freedom of Information Act.
The central bank we're in now isn't subject to the Freedom of Information Act.
So I can't ask you anything, and you won't answer me anything.
This is a law passed in 1999.
I used this law to ask four questions.
Let me explain to you the question and the answer to give you a sense of the situation in our country.
Trinidad and Tobago is unlike any other country.
First of all, I asked them to show me CL Financial's accounting information, and if they couldn't show me, the financial reports that the Treasury Department produced, the decisions that passed laws, the speeches that were passed.
What numbers are they based on?
It's like you're joking
You answered a question with a question, and the answer I received was
It was like, "What do you mean?"
Then I requested a list of lenders for debt to CL Financial.
Because 24 billion Trinidad and Tobago dollars of our tax dollars went to --
That's about $3.5 billion in U.S. dollars, and all this money -- which was once rich in resources -- came from this little country.
And the third question asked who received that $3.5 billion.
Now let's talk a little bit about the background, and this background will help you understand this.
There's an official in the government-
I won't name you-
The official used the Freedom of Information Act to make a political case and build a career.
I won't tell you my name (laughs).
Because it's not the name that matters
Importantly, the official used the Freedom of Information Act to make a political statement.
The most famous case is what we call the "backward scholarship scandal," in which $60 million of government funds continued to be spent on completely undisclosed scholarships.
He used the Freedom of Information Act to get a court order to release the information, which I thought was very good.
That's excellent
But the problem is, if we can use the Freedom of Information Act to get the courts to release information on $60 million of public funds, it's also in our right to demand that the whereabouts of $24 billion be released. is not
That's right? But the Secretary of State for the Treasury Department replied, "This information is an exception."
We are fighting against these "powers"
And the third thing I want to say is that when I asked a CL Financial executive, "Did you file a tax return in accordance with the Public Welfare Consolidation Act?"
This is the law of Trinidad and Tobago to protect national interests.
Based on this, civil servants are required to declare their assets and liabilities.
And, of course, they hadn't filed, and the Treasury Department hadn't instructed them to do so.
This is the reality: laws that are supposed to guarantee accountability and transparency are being neglected.
I asked this question in accordance with the law.
was not dealt with
We should continue to take action and keep our attention to the 34 failures.
This is the biggest waste of money in the history of our nation.
And according to the equation that I'm going to show you next, this is a prime example of state corruption.
here is the equation
If you take a nation's spending minus accountability and transparency, it equals the degree of corruption. In Russia, Nigeria, Alaska, the equation holds, and we are fighting this corruption.
I will continue to work and find solutions to the Treasury Department's problems.
If I have to appear in court personally, I will.
we keep fighting
The same goes for the Joint Consultative Council
Now let's take a step back from Trinidad and Tobago and talk internationally from a new perspective.
A journalist named Heather Brooke, who covers the fight against government corruption, introduced me to a site called Alaveteli.org.
[ Alaveteli.org ] allows us to publish and discuss information disclosure databases.
You can see what other people have applied for
I know what kind of response you got.
We need to work together to create open databases, to better understand where we're going from here.
should be concerned with corruption
And the last thing I want to talk about is IPaidABribe.com, an amazing Indian website.
There are other similar ones, but we focus on this site.
IPaidABribe.com is very nice, please check it out
This is the end of the story. Please have the courage to abandon the myth.
corruption is a crime
Corruption is a big problem
It's a big problem, it's economic crime.
And let us continue to work together to build a better world and a more prosperous society. Thank you.
I grew up watching Star Trek. I love Star Trek so much.
My love grew so much that I wanted to meet aliens, creatures from distant worlds.
Well, I knew that the best I could come across would be strange creatures on Earth.
Growing up, I became an insect researcher.
I'm fascinated by insects, especially the way they fly.
The evolution of insect flight is perhaps one of the most important events in the history of life.
Without insects, there would be no angiosperms
If it weren't for angiosperms, those clever monkeys wouldn't be talking at TED.
(Laughter) Now, David, Hidehiko, and Ketaki, I mentioned earlier, had a really interesting talk about the similarities between fruit flies and humans. Maybe this is what fruit flies like to do -- (Laughter) But today, I'm not going to talk about the similarities between humans and fruit flies, but the differences between the two, and the advantages of fruit flies.
First, I'd like to show you what we've captured with a high-speed camera -- infrared footage at 7,000 frames per second -- off-screen to the right, where a predator is closing in on a fly.
A fly senses a predator
stretch your legs
I ran away quickly, you saved my life
This video was cut at the same time that a human blinks.In the blink of an eye, the fruit fly detects its predator, locates it, and starts making muscle movements to fly away, flapping its wings 220 times per second. While
This is an interesting move that shows how fast the fly brain processes information.
Now for flight -- what does it take to fly?
To fly, you need wings that produce enough aerodynamic force, just like an airplane. You also need enough engines and controls to produce enough power to fly. It was my brother's brain
how does this compare to a fly
In my early days as a researcher, I was desperately trying to solve the mystery of how fly wings generate sufficient buoyancy.
Have you heard of it? According to aerodynamic calculations, the bumblebee won't be able to fly.
It was a mistake to think of insect wings in the same way that they work in airplanes.
To solve this problem, we built a giant, dynamically scaled insect robot and experimented with it by flapping its wings in a large volume of mineral oil and observing aerodynamic forces.
It turns out that insects flap their wings very cleverly, and their high angle of attack creates a tornado-like flow at the tip of their wings, called the leading edge vortex, and this vortex allows the insect wing to generate sufficient buoyancy.
However, the most interesting thing is not the shape of the wing, but the morphology of the wing.
What a clever way to move your wings! The movements of the wings are, after all, controlled by the nerves that allow the fly to fly freely.
What about the engine?
The fly engine is very interesting
There are two types of flight muscles in flies. The muscles called tensor muscles are stretch-active, but they're active in themselves, so they don't need neural control each time they stretch or contract.
It's a purpose-built muscle that creates a lot of force for flight. It occupies the fly's chest.
But there's also a little control muscle at the base of the wing that's weak but very fast-reacting, and a little control muscle that's weak but very fast-reacting that can adjust the hinge of the wing with each flap. This allows the fly to adjust its flapping and manipulate the air to fly in different directions.
The nervous system controls all of this.
Let's take a look at the controller
Flies are excellent sensors, but that's not always a good thing.
They have antennas that detect smell and wind direction.
They have advanced eyes, the fastest vision system on earth
It also has a pair of eyes on the top of its head.
We have no idea what role those eyes play.
They have sensors on their wings.
Wings are covered with sensors, and among those sensors, there is also a sensor that detects shape deformation.
They even have a sense of taste with their wings
One of the best sensors in flies is an organ called the balance staff.
The balance stick is a gyroscope-like organ
During flight, the flies swing at 200 hertz, allowing the fly to sense body rotation and quickly adjust its flight attitude.
But all the information from the sensors has to be processed in the brain, yes, the fly has a brain, too, a brain with 100,000 nerve cells.
Some attendees at this conference seem to say that fruit flies have simpler brain functions that make them well suited for neuroscience research.
But don't underestimate it! If you ask me, it's a complete misunderstanding
I don't think a fly's brain is simple
great model
Let it be a fly
(laughter) So why is it supposed to be simple?
Unfortunately, neuroscientists think we tend to be selfish.
When we say "brain," we think in terms of our own brains.
But remember. This is the brain This tiny brain -- with only 100,000 cells, not 100 billion -- is the most common form on Earth, and it's been around for 400 million years.
Am I right in saying this is simple?
The number of nerve cells is certainly small, but is that standard enough?
i don't think so
Let's think about this for a minute, let's start with this comparison -- (laughter) You have to compare the size of your brain to what that brain can do.
Let's say we have an index called the number of Trumps, which is the number of behavioral patterns in the number of Trumps divided by the number of neurons.
Do the same for flies
what about! Who thinks the trump count of flies is higher?
(Applause) All of you here today are smart.
That's right, size and function are not always proportional
It may not be very rational to compare the number of behavioral patterns of flies and humans.
But what about other animals? For example a mouse
Rats have 1000 times more nerve cells than flies
I used to study rats. At that time, even I was speaking slowly
But something changed when I started studying flies.
(Laughter) Flies and mice have something in common, naturalistically, like scavenging for food.
courtship behavior
Mating and hiding from predators
We have a lot in common
I think flies have more patterns of behavior.
For example, the video I'm going to show you now Ah, I have to say something. To tell you the truth, I am partially funded by the military. So don't tell anyone you've seen this top-secret footage! OK?
Watch out for the bomb hanging from the fly's butt
Come closer and take a closer look. I can see why my 6-year-old son said he wanted to be a neuroscientist.
timing
Dawn
At least you know that flies aren't as smart as mice. At least they have the intelligence of pigeons. (laughter) First of all, I want to tell you that it's not just the number of neurons, but that flies process all the information with such tiny neurons.
Here's a beautiful picture of a neuron in a rat that I borrowed from Jeff Rickman.You can see a beautiful picture of that brain.
Above the far right is a fly neuron shown to the same scale.
let's zoom in
They are wonderfully detailed neurons.
Biophysically, we're trying to process a lot of information in these tiny neurons.
How small can neurons be? here is an interesting bug
It looks like a fly It has wings, eyes, antennae, legs and a complex life cycle It's actually a caterpillar parasite It's actually a caterpillar parasite And it's the size of a grain of salt Not only does it have a brain, but compared to a fruit fly, its entire body is only the size of a grain of salt.
Let's compare the size with other life forms
It's the size of a paramecium or an amoeba, but it has a tiny brain with 7,000 nerve cells. Have you heard of it? These are called cell bodies, and the nuclei of the nerve cells are contained in the cell bodies.
This has been removed as it takes up too much space even at this size.
The theme this time is the frontiers of neuroscience.
Let's assume that some frontier in neuroscience can figure out how the brain works.
Let's think about it together. How can we do a lot of processing with a few neurons?
From an engineering point of view you might think of it as multiplexing.
Take a piece of equipment and have it do different things at different times, or make other parts of that piece of equipment do different things.
There are two things I would like to investigate.
These concepts weren't invented by me, they were put forward by others in the past.
One of them is inspired by the way crabs bite.
We don't bite crabs
I grew up in Baltimore, so I'm super good at chewing crabs.
I'm talking about the crab's own chewing behavior.
Crab chewing behavior is really interesting
Underneath the crab's shell is a complex organ called a masticator that allows it to chew its food in many different ways.
This is an endoscopic image of a masticator
What's so amazing about the chewing apparatus is that it uses only about 20 neurons to create a wide variety of muscle movement patterns, and this is possible because the crab's tiny ganglia are bathed in a wide variety of neuromodulators.
You mentioned neuromodulators in your earlier speech.
There are more neuromodulators than neurons to change or actually stimulate more neurons than there are in the organ, and that creates complex movement patterns. enables
Here's what Yves Marder and colleagues have been working on for years, because they're working with amazing tissues, and it's showing that even a small collection of nerve cells can do a lot. Because fundamentally, neuromodulation happens moment by moment.
So this is basically temporal multiplexing.
Imagine one neuromodulator with one neuronal network.
You can imagine that by assigning one neuromodulator and some cells to one behavior, and then assigning another neuromodulator and cell to another behavior, you can create very complex movement patterns.
Are flies the same?
For many years, in my lab, and in labs around the world, we've used little flight simulators to study fly behavior.
stick a fly to the end of a stick
measure aerodynamic force
Make the fly look like it's playing a video game by keeping the fly flying in the video
Let me show you a little more of this
There's a fly A big infrared image of a fly in a flight simulator, this is one of the fly's favorite games.
If you make the fly fly toward the small stripes, it will keep doing this for a long time.
It's a function built into the fly's eye guidance system.
But more recently, it's become possible to physiologically alter these behavioral domains.
This was a preliminary work previously done by Gaby Mamon when he was a postdoc here, but now he has completed it at Rockefeller University. It's not just a flight simulator, it's able to insert electrodes into the fly's brain and record electrical currents in genetically specified neurons.
Here is one of those experiments.
In the laboratory, experiments were handed over from postdoc to postdoc. Her successor is Bettina Schnell.
The green line at the bottom of the screen is the membrane potential of fly brain cells. Look, the flies are starting to fly. The rotation of the pattern is controlled by the fly itself through the movement of its wings. The rotation of the pattern is controlled by the fly itself through the movement of its wings. You can see the visual interneurons. is
So, for the first time, we're able to record cranial nerve currents in flies, even when they're performing sophisticated behaviors like flight.
As a result, one of the things we learned is cell physiology. We've been studying fly neurons for many years when they're resting, but there's a physiological difference in the neurons of flies when they're moving -- movements like flight and walking. It's a matter.
Why are there physiological differences?
In fact, it turns out that neuromodulators play an important role. As with crabs, here too
This is a picture of the octopamine system
Octopamine is a neuromodulator. It appears to play an important role in behavior such as flight.
This is one of many neuromodulators, yes, fly brain.
So as the research progresses, it will become clear. The whole fly brain is like the chewing ganglion of a crab, and one reason why so few neurons can do so much.
Let's think about another way of thinking, and other ways of multiplexing. In spatial multiplexing, different parts of the neuron are doing different things at once.
Here is a diagram of a human pyramidal cell by Ramón y Cajal from Vertebrates and Invertebrates The other cell on the right is a diagram of a non-spiking interneuron And this was the work of Alan Watson and Malcolm Burroughs long ago. Malcolm proposed an interesting idea, based on the nerve cells of an insect, which does not fire action potentials.
These are non-spiking cells.
General nerve cells, like our brain nerve cells, have a part called a dendrite, and when the input received there accumulates, an action potential is generated, propagates through the axon, and activates the output part of the nerve cell.
But non-spiking neurons are more complex, because they have a complex web of input synapses and output synapses, and there's no single action potential that drives all the outputs -- they all come out at the same time. It's because it's made.
Then there is a possibility. It means that the computational blocks are separated, and different parts of a single neuron may perform different processes.
These basic ideas of temporal multiplexing, and spatial multiplexing, are fundamentally applicable to the human brain, but insect multiplexing is more developed.
Did today's story change the way you think about insects? Before you swing the fly swatter next time, remember today's story.
(applause)
good news about family
What it means to be a family has revolutionized in the last 50 years What it means to be a family has revolutionized in the last 50 years
Mixed half-siblings, adopted children, nuclear families where everyone lives separately, divorced couples living in the same house.
Family ties are still strong
8 out of 10 say their current family ties are stronger than the family they grew up in 8 out of 10 say their current family ties are stronger than the family they grew up in
here's the bad news
Almost everyone is utterly overwhelmed by the chaos of home life Almost everyone is utterly overwhelmed by the chaos of home life
I feel like every parent, myself included, is always on guard.
I throw a tantrum when I think I've got teeth
After finishing taking a bath, next is the problem of internet stalkers and bullying
More bad news for everyone
Children feel that their parents have given up
FWI's Ellen Galinski asked 1,000 children Ellen Galinski, FWI asked 1,000 children, "If you could ask a parent one thing, what would it be?"
"I want to spend more time with my parents." You would say, "I want to spend more time with my parents."
But no. What is a child's number one wish?
“I want parents to feel less tired and stressed.”
Now how do we fill this gap?
Is there a surefire way to somehow reduce the stress and reduce the family distance and somehow reduce the stress and reduce the family distance and prepare everyone to send their children out into the world?
Over the past few years, I've been trying to find this answer, traveling around, meeting different families, talking to academics, from the peace elite, from Warren Buffett's bankers to the Green Berets, from the peace elite to Warren Buffett's bankers. to Green Berets
I explored how "happy families" thrive, and what I could learn from them to make my own family happier.
I'll give you an example of a family that might give you some clues I'll give you an example of a family that might give you some clues
Hidden Springs, Idaho, Sunday at 7:00 p.m. This is the weekly family meeting of the Starr family, a family of six. This is the weekly family meeting of the Starr family, a family of six.
The Starr family is a normal family with the common problems of American families The Starr family is a normal family with the common problems of American families
David is a software engineer and Eleanor takes care of four children aged 10-15 David is a software engineer and Eleanor takes care of four children aged 10-15
One is a math tutor across town, one is lacrosse in the neighborhood.
One is a math tutor across town, one is lacrosse in the neighborhood.
One has Asperger's and the other has ADHD.
Eleanor says, "We are complete chaos."
What the Starr family did next was astonishing.
Instead of looking to friends and relatives, they looked to David's workplace.Instead of looking to friends and relatives, they looked to David's workplace.
I saw a novel methodology called agile development, which spread from Japanese manufacturers to Silicon Valley startups.It spread from Japanese manufacturers to Silicon Valley startups.
"Agile" divides members into small teams for short-term tasks "Agile" divides members into small teams for short-term tasks
Rather than issuing orders from higher ups, the small teams act on their own judgment.
Constant feedback and daily updates
We do a weekly review, so there's always change.
When David brought this system into his home, especially through family meetings, there was more communication, less stress, and everyone was happier as part of the family. And
When my wife and I introduced these kinds of family meetings and other methods into the lives of our then five-year-old twin daughters, the biggest change happened for the first time in their lives.
A meeting that takes less than 20 minutes will see results A meeting that will take less than 20 minutes will see results
So how does this "agile" work in something that's very different from the enterprise, like in the home?
In 1983 Jeff Sutherland, a New England financial engineer, was in 1983 Jeff Sutherland, a New England financial engineer,
I was very frustrated with the design of the software.
The company operates in a waterfall format, in other words, like a waterfall, policies decided by upper management descend in sequence, and then programmers at the bottom, and no one listens to them.
83% of projects failed
Too bloated and outdated when finished Too bloated and outdated when finished
Sutherland's vision was not for ideas to flow in from the top, but for ideas to rise from the bottom up and change in real time.
He reads 30 years of Harvard Business Review and comes across an article from 1986. He reads 30 years of Harvard Business Review and comes across an article from 1986 called "The New New Product Development Game." (New product development method)
"The pace of business is picking up," he wrote in 1986, noting that "especially successful companies are flexible."
Named for Toyota and Canon, the flexible and tight-knit organization has been likened to a rugby scrum.
When Sutherland came across that paper, he said, "This is it!" When he came across that paper, Sutherland said, "This is it!"
Under Sutherland's method, companies don't do large projects that take two years.
do it in smaller units
2 weeks maximum
In other words, instead of saying, "Hang yourself in that pit and build a mobile phone or a social network," say, "Find a piece of something, bring it back, and we'll talk about it and build it."
You can judge success or failure at an early stage.
Recently, "Agile" has been adopted in many countries as a management method.
Inevitably there will be people who will bring these techniques into the home Inevitably there will be people who will bring these techniques into the home.
We have blogs, we publish manuals.
Even the Sutherland family used to say, "Agile Thanksgiving."
It was the best Thanksgiving ever.
So let's take a family problem as an example: a busy morning, how agile works.
The key is accountability. At the company, the team uses a large display, a large board that everyone can see.
So the Starrs took this into the house and made a checklist of things to do in the morning.
I visited one morning and Eleanor came down and poured her own coffee and sat down in her recliner and sat there smiling at the kids coming down the stairs smiling at the kids coming down the stairs kids They look at the checklist and make their own breakfast. I went to the school bus stop
It was the most amazing family force I've ever seen.
This is absolutely impossible at home, and I insisted that my children should see them all, Eleanor looked at me and said, "So did I.
Eleanor looked at me and said, "I thought so too.
David, I was wrong when I told you not to bring work home."
So I asked David, "Why is it working?"
And he said, "Don't underestimate this power."
and drew a check mark and said
"At work adults love this but-
It's a bliss for children."
When I put this morning checklist into my home, my parent's anger was cut in half. (Laughter) But the real change came at a family meeting.
Following the "Agile" model, I ask three questions: What went well at our house this week? What went wrong? What are we going to do next week to make things go well?
Everyone makes suggestions, and then we pick two of them and do them Everyone makes suggestions, and then we pick two of them and do them.
One day, out of the blue, some surprising words came out of my daughters.
What went well at home this week?
"I'm no longer afraid to ride a bicycle" "Making a bed"
What didn't work? "Arithmetic calculation problems and... answering when a customer comes."
Most parents think their children are like magical waters.
Thoughts come in, but never come out, except those revealed
This suddenly gave us access to the depths of our thoughts.
What surprised me the most was when I shifted my focus to how I will solve the problem next week What surprised me most was when I shifted my focus to how I solve the problem next week
The key to Agile is self-managing teams The key to Agile is self-managing teams It turns out that it's as effective for kids as it is for software development.
my kids love this job
That's why I have so many ideas
"We will welcome five guests next week." "I will read for 10 minutes before going to bed."
"If you kick someone, you get a month off dessert."
Oh, by the way, my daughters talk like dictators.
You have to constantly pull them back and calm them down.
It's only natural that there's a gap between the strategy that's set in the meeting and the action that's actually taken.
It feels like it will be many years before the underground wires that are now circulating will brighten up their lives.
Three years later, my daughters are eight years old. This family meeting is still going on. Three years later, my daughters are eight years old. This family meeting is still going on.
My wife says this is the most valuable time as a mother.
what i learned from this
The word "agile" entered the dictionary in 2001, the year Jeff Sutherland and his designers met in Utah to write the Manifesto for Agile Software Development.
Isn't it about time to make an "Agile Family Declaration"?
Get ideas from the Star family and various other families
I propose 3 items
Item 1 “Always adapt”
When I became a parent, I realized
set some rules and stick to them
It's that parents expect that possible problems are always expected.
No. That's the beauty of agile: it's built on change, so it can adapt to any change.
In the Internet world, they say: If you were doing the same thing six months ago, you're doing it wrong.If you were doing the same thing six months ago, you're doing it wrong.
Parents can learn a lot from this
To me, "always conforming" also means something deeper.
We want to break the stereotypes that hold our parents in bondage, that the only thing we can test at home is the teachings of self-help and family counselors and so on.
Honestly, their ideas are old There are so many new ideas in the world that effectively move teams There are so many new ideas in the world that effectively move teams
Let's take some examples
One of the biggest family problems: dinner time
We all know that it's important to have dinner with our families We all know that it's important to have dinner with our families
but most of us fail to do that
A celebrity chef in New Orleans once said, "Oh, no problem, I'll shift my family time.
Can't you cook dinner because you're not home?
Then make breakfast a family time, or a midnight snack
That's why I cherish Sunday meals even more."
In fact, the latest research proves what he said was true.
They say that the really meaningful time for a family meal is about 10 minutes The really meaningful time for a family meal is about 10 minutes
The rest of the time it's like "Keep your elbows down" or "Get the ketchup"
Move that 10 minutes anywhere in the day and you'll get the same effect. Move those 10 minutes anywhere in the day and you'll get the same effect.
Shift family time away from dinner. This is adaptability.
An environmental psychologist once said, "Sitting in a hard chair makes your mind hard." Sitting in a hard chair makes your mind hard.
If you sit in a well-cushioned chair, you become more open.”
"When disciplining a child, a parent should sit in a soft chair with a straight back, and the conversation will go well."
If you sit in a soft chair with a straight back, you should be able to have a good conversation."
When my wife and I have a serious conversation, we move seats because I'm in a position of authority.
Move your seat This is also adaptable
The point is that there are so many new ideas out there.
I want to tell my parents about this
This is the first item "always adapt"
Be flexible, be open-minded and embrace the best ideas
Item 2 “Leave it to the child”
Parental instinct tends to give orders
It's easy and it's usually correct
Because the structure from top to bottom like a waterfall has a good reason in the home Because the structure from top to bottom like a waterfall has a good reason in the home
But one big thing I've learned is to try to reverse this flow of water as much as possible.
Involving children in their own development
Just yesterday, at a family meeting, the topic was "Overreaction."
"Then think about rewards and punishments," said one of the daughters.
“You can overreact for five minutes a week.”
I think it's good
But another daughter used the system and said,
"One five minutes, or ten 30 seconds?" "One five minutes, or ten thirty seconds?"
That's good! You can divide it as you like
So what's next?
"15 minutes of overreaction is the limit.
If you exceed that, do 1 push-up per minute.”
See, it's established, isn't it?
A lot of times, parents tend to make the decisions about everything.
We have them practice independence, which is, of course, the ultimate goal.
Just before I got here one of my daughters started screaming Just before I got here one of my daughters started screaming
Then the other person said, "Over reaction! Over reaction!"
So I started counting, and in 10 seconds it stopped.
It's an award-winning "Agile Miracle"!
(Laughter) (Applause) And this is also backed up by research.
Children who set goals, make weekly schedules, and self-assess grow their frontal cortex and gain control over their lives.
The point is to let the children experience their own successes, of course, while failing occasionally.
When I talked to Warren Buffett's banker, he scolded me for not letting him "fail with pocket money." He scolded me for not letting him "fail with pocket money."
But I said, "What if those kids stumble?"
"It's better to fail once with $6 in pocket money than to fail with a $60,000 annual salary or a $600,000 inheritance." It's better than failing with a $600,000 salary or a $600,000 inheritance." "It's better to stumble once with $6.00 in pocket money than fail with a $60,000.00 salary and $600,000 legacy."
This is what it means to entrust children
Item 3 “Tell your story”
Adaptability is important, but so is foundation.
The author of "Good To Great" … Jim Collins said, "Successful organizations have two things in common." Jim Collins said, "Successful organizations have two things in common." There are two things in common.” Maintaining the axis Praising progress
"Agile" encourages progress, but we often hear about the importance of staying on track.
how?
Collins taught me what companies do: articulate your mission and find your values. Articulate your mission and find your values.
he taught me how to find a family mission
I tried a family version of an employee trip
it's a pajama party
I made popcorn and it burned, so make another one
wife ready flip board
We had a great conversation. What's important to us?
what is the priority value
10 articles have been completed
"I'm a traveler, not a tourist"
"I don't like dilemmas, I want solutions"
Some studies say parents spend less time regretting their mistakes, and some studies say parents should spend less time regretting their own mistakes, focus on doing the right thing, worry less when things go wrong, and create good times.
By putting this family's mission into written conventions, we can define what is the right thing to do.
A few weeks later, I got a call from school saying one of my daughters had a fight.
A few weeks later, I got a call from school saying one of my daughters had a fight.
I was worried that my child was mean
We didn't know what to do and called her to my study We didn't know what to do and called her to my study
There was a family mission on the wall, and my wife asked, "What fits here?"
My daughter looked at the list and said, "Do you cooperate with people?"
All of a sudden, I found a thread for conversation
"Tell your story" Another example is to talk about your children's roots "Tell your story" Another example is to talk to your children about their roots
Researchers at Emory University give kids a quick "What do you know?" test Emory University researchers give kids a quick "What do you know?" test
"Do you know where your grandpa and grandma were born?"
"Do you know which high school your parents went to?"
"Do you know how someone in your family overcame illness or hardships?" "Do you know how someone in your family overcame illness or hardships?"
Children who score high on this "do you know?" test have strong self-esteem and believe they can control their lives.
This "do you know" test is the best diagnostic of mental health and happiness. This "do you know" test is the best diagnostic of mental health and happiness.
The authors of the study said that children who felt they were part of the story were more confident, and children who felt they were part of the story were more self-confident.
This is the last item, "Tell your story."
Re-tell good family stories and how you got through tough times.
By giving this happy story, the children will get the food to lead themselves to happiness By giving this happy story, the children will get the food to lead themselves to happiness
When I first read "Anna Karenina" as a teenager, it begins with the famous line, "All happy families look alike, but unhappy families have their own unhappiness."
"All happy families look alike, but each unhappy family has its own unhappiness."
When I read it for the first time, I thought, "This sentence is ridiculous.
Not all happy families are alike."
After working on this project, my thoughts started to change After working on this project, my thoughts started to change
For the first time, recent research reveals what makes a successful family.
So today, I've listed three things: always adapt, let your kids do it, and tell your story.
How can Tolstoy be right after all this time?
I believe the answer is "yes"
When Leo Tolstoy was five years old, his brother Nikolai came to him. I hid it in the ravine." I carved it into a small green stick and hid it in the ravine on the property."
If we can find that stick, all mankind will be happy.
Tolstoy searched desperately for the stick, but couldn't find it.
In fact, he was buried in the ravine where he believed the stick was.
He's still sleeping there under the green grass
This story perfectly captures what I have learned: This story perfectly captures what I have learned: Happiness is not something you find, it is something you create.
Everyone who has seen good tissue comes to roughly the same conclusions Everyone who has seen good tissue comes to roughly the same conclusions
Greatness is not a matter of circumstances or circumstances, but of choice.
Greatness is not a matter of circumstances or circumstances, but of choice.
We don't need grand schemes or waterfall top-downs.
Just take small steps, accumulate small wins, and keep chasing the green stick.
Last but not least, this is the point of today.
The secret to a happy family? -I'll try
(applause)
(mechanical sound) (music) (applause)
What will the future of learning look like?
I have an idea, but to explain what it is, let me start with a background story.
I explored where the origin of the learning that takes place in schools lies
Education has a long history, but it's easy to trace the origins of what we do in schools today.
About 300 years ago, the most powerful empire on earth -- the last empire -- the British Empire. Imagine trying to conquer the planet in a time when there were no computers, no telephones, all information was handwritten on paper, and transportation was by boat. is
people in the victorian era
did it brilliantly
We built a world-class computer out of human parts.
it's still used
Under the name of "bureaucratic administrative machine"
It takes a lot of people to make this machine work.
So another machine was built to manufacture humans for that purpose, which is the school.
Schools have produced humans who are cogs in the bureaucratic machine.It has produced humans who are cogs.
Everyone must be the exact same gear
There are three conditions for gears: You must be good at writing, because all information is handwritten.
They're all the same type, so if you pick one person from New Zealand and send them to Canada, they'll be able to adapt right away.
The Victorians were a great group of engineers.
The system they built was so robust that it's still going strong today without machines, and it's still going strong today without machines, and it's still producing people of the same type.
Now that the empire is dead, what are you using this machine for, and how are you going to change the design of the machine in the future?
(School is outdated) That's an impactful statement.
"School" as we know it is outdated.
it doesn't mean it's broken
"School collapse" is often said.
It hasn't collapsed. It's built properly.
It's just old and unusable.
Consider today's job situation
Clerks replaced by computers
Every workplace has a pile of
There are people who operate computers There are people who operate computers
Even if I'm not good at writing
It's okay if you can't do mental arithmetic
However, the ability to read is a must-
In addition, good reading comprehension is required
Well that's where it is now, but what will the future of work look like?
You will be able to work in the way you want, regardless of the time or place you work.
I'm thinking about how today's schools prepare for the new age of work.
It all happened quite by accident 14 years ago when I was in New Delhi.
Teaching how to write computer programs Teaching how to write computer programs
I looked at the slums right next to my office and thought,
"Do slum kids ever learn how to write programs?
Isn't that necessary in the first place? "
At that time, there were a lot of parents who were rich enough to buy computers, and they said, "My son must be gifted because he can do amazing things with computers."
She used to say things like, "My daughter is super talented."
So I thought, why are all the kids from wealthy families geniuses?
(laughter) What did the poor man do?
I went to the slums next to where I work, and I put a hole in the wall, and I put a computer in there, and see what happens. I put a computer in there, and I see what happens. These are children who don't know English or the Internet.
Children run up and ask, "What's this?"
Children run up and ask, "What's this?"
I replied, "I don't know."
(laughs) "Why did you put it here?"
"I just put it down"
"Can I touch you?"
so i walked away
About eight hours later, we were using browsers and teaching each other.
"Impossible. Why is that? I don't know anything."
A colleague said, "It's easy."
"Your student passed by and taught you how to use a mouse."
maybe
So we did the same experiment, 500 kilometers from Delhi, in a remote village where no software developer would happen to pass by.
I just set up the computer and left, and when I came back a few months later, the kids were playing games on their computers.
My order is "Change to a faster processor and mouse."
(Laughter) And I said, "How the hell did you figure out how to do that?"
I got a very interesting answer.
In a sullen tone, he said, "This machine only works in English, so I had no choice but to teach myself English."
This is a picture from that time
This is what it looked like on the first day of installing the computer.
The one on the right is an 8 year old
The one on the left is his student, who is 6 years old.
Teach me how to use the browser
We repeated this experiment over and over again in different parts of India, and the results were the same.
(Photographed in 1999) An eight-year-old boy teaches his older sister
My sister also explains in Marathi, "There's a processor inside."
I have documented my findings in detail
I wrote a paper, published it everywhere, and concluded that if you give a child a computer for nine months, they'll reach the level of a Western clerk, regardless of their language.
I've seen it so many times
If children can do this, I wonder what else
I changed the subject, for example pronunciation.
Children in a village in southern India had such bad English pronunciation that they had to improve their pronunciation to get good jobs.
So I gave him a computer with a speech-to-text function, and I said, "Keep going until I type what you said."
(Laughter) The kids did it right.
"nice to meet you"
I stopped by this girl's face because I thought you might know her.
Now, I'm working in a call center in Hyderabad, doing credit card reminders, and my English pronunciation is very clear.
As I continued the experiment, people around me wondered how far this method could be applied.
came to be asked
So I thought I'd challenge myself by making an insane proposition.
I made a ridiculous hypothesis that
"Will Tamil-speaking children in southern Indian villages learn the bioengineering of DNA replication in English just by leaving a computer behind?"
I expected the result to be 0.
Even if I leave the computer for a few months, it will still be 0 points anyway.
I was going to go back to my lab and say, "We still need teachers."
in a village called Kallikpam in southern India.
I set up my computer and downloaded all sorts of information about DNA replication that I could barely understand.
Children ran up to me and said, "What is this?"
"It's important and interesting, but it's all in English."
"How do you understand difficult words, diagrams, and chemistry in English?"
I had already developed a new teaching method, so I said, "I have no idea."
(laughs) "Then let's go."
(Laughter) Let it sit for a few months.
I got 0 on the test
Two months later, the children still said, "I don't understand anything." Two months later, the children still said, "I don't understand anything."
"Well, it's impossible."
"But how many days did you try until you didn't understand anything?"
"I'm not giving up
I see it every day,' he says.
"It's been two months and I don't understand anything, so why are you still watching?"
And the girl from before raised her hand and said in her clumsy Tamil and English, "I don't know anything except that improper replication of DNA molecules causes disease."
(Laughter) (Applause) So I put it to the test.
Educationally, it was an unthinkable result, from 0 to 30 points. Just by putting a computer under a tree in a hot tropical region for two months, you learned something in a language you didn't know that you would learn 10 years from now.
It's outrageous, but by Victorian standards.
30 points is a fail
I need 20 more points to pass
I didn't have a teacher, so instead I asked a 22-year-old female accountant who was my playmate. I asked a 22-year-old accountant.
When I say I want you to help me
she replied "no"
"I never learned science, and I don't know what the kids are doing all day under that tree."
I said, "I wish I could be a grandma."
"What do you mean?"
"Stand behind
No matter what the kids do, they're like, 'Wow, how did you do that? next? 』
'I couldn't do that when I was your age,' as Grandma would say."
After having it continued for two months
score jumped to 50
The children of Kallikupam in New Delhi The children of Kallikupam lined up with students from a wealthy private school with a biotechnology teacher in New Delhi.
With this result, I thought I could level the playing field.
This is kalikpam
(Children's voice) Neuron... Transmission
It's a bad camera angle, but as you can see, this kid is doing this with his hands, talking about communication between neurons.
I'm 12 years old
What does the future of work look like?
I know the current situation
What is the future of learning? Here's what's happening now: A child with a mobile phone in one hand, a book in the other, reluctantly going to school.
what will the school of the future look like
Will I no longer need to go to school?
If you want to know anything, will you be able to look it up in two minutes?
In the worst case, Nicholas Negroponte asks, is there ever a day when knowledge itself becomes obsolete, or has it already arrived?
It's terrible, isn't it?
The difference between us homo sapiens and other apes
but think about it
It took 100 million years for monkeys to stand upright in nature and become Homo sapiens.
It took only 10,000 years for knowledge to become obsolete.
it's a big deal
we must prepare for the future
"Encouragement" seems to be the key
In Kupam's example, and in my experiment, just saying, "Wow," worked.
It can also be proven by brain science.
When the central part of the brain, the reptilian brain, senses fear, it shuts down, and the prefrontal cortex, the part involved in learning, shuts down.
Punishments and exams are perceived as 'fear'
You're telling children to shut down their brains and say, "Go for it."
If you ask me why I created such a system,
because it was necessary
In the empire, people needed people to survive in the face of fear.
Even if you're alone on the front line, if you survive, you'll pass
fail if not
But the empire is over
Harnessing the power of modern creativity
We need to shift the balance of power from fear to joy.
I went back to England and applied for the role of Grandma.
I put out an ad and said, "If you have an internet connection and a webcam, please volunteer for one hour a week."
200 people gathered in two weeks
No one knows more British grandmothers than I do. (Laughter) It's Granny Net.
grannies are online
Children call grandma when they are in trouble
Grandma solves problems over skype
It connects the village of Diggles in the northwest of England to a remote village in Tamil Nadu, India, 10,000 kilometers away.
Grandma does this old fashioned gesture
"Shhh"
Only this
Please look
"'You can't catch me,' repeat."
"You can't catch me"
"You can't catch me"
"I am the gingerbread man" "I am the gingerbread man"
"Well done"
Now what does this show
Shouldn't we be focusing on learning as a result of educational self-management?
It's a real-life example of how learning can come naturally when the educational process is left in the hands of the student.
without forcing
it happens naturally
Once the teachers have set the stage, they can step back and watch in admiration as learning takes place.
That's what this shows
as a way of demonstrating
I'm thinking of making a self-learning environment SOLE I'm thinking of making a self-learning environment SOLE
It's basically a place to collaborate and provide encouragement online.
I tried it in many schools around the world.
We've tried it in dozens of schools around the world, and the teachers stand in the back and say, "Are you going to wake up on your own?"
"Yes, by itself." "How can you say that?"
I answer, "Because children have proved it in many places."
It is the state of the actual SOLE
(children talking) This is England.
This kid keeps his friends together, because there's no teacher by his side
"The numbers of electrons and protons don't match." Australia. "Because it depends on the net amount of positive and negative charge.
The net charge on an ion is equal to the number of protons in the ion minus the number of electrons."
I'm way ahead of my age
SOLE needs a curriculum based on big questions.
you understand
A stone age man and woman looked up at the sky and said, "What's that shiny thing?"
Modern man has lost sight of such questions as the source of the curriculum.
So I decided to try my hand at trigonometric functions.
It's not fun as it is
If I were to tell a nine-year-old, I would say, "If a meteorite were to fall, how would you know if it would hit the Earth?"
if the child is interested
If you say, "The hint is the magic word 'trigonometric function,'" the child will solve the rest on their own.
This is a picture of SOLE
I asked a ridiculous question, "When did the world begin? When will it end?"
This is about breathing and airflow.
Completed by the children alone without the help of a teacher
The teacher just poses the question and then stands back and praises the children's answers.
i have a wish
It's about designing the future of learning.
Humans should not be spare parts of society
create the future of learning
Hold on, this is very important, and I want to be precise.
My ambition is to inspire children around the world, inspire peer collaboration, and shape the future of learning.
please support
It's called "School on the Cloud"
It's a school where the big questions posed by the facilitator set the children on an intellectual adventure.
I want this school to be a place where I can study.
This school is virtually empty
Except there's one grandma to look after the kids' health and safety.
it's all cloud
Everything from room lighting management can be done on the cloud Everything from room lighting management can be done on the cloud
There is one more thing I would like your help with.
You can easily create this self-learning environment at home, at school, at your club.
Instructions written by TED show how to make a SOLE Instructions written by TED show how to make a SOLE
Go build it, and send me data from anywhere on five continents, and I'll put it together into a "school on the cloud" and create the future of learning.
that's what i want
one last thing
Take me to the Himalayas
It's 3,600 meters above sea level, where the air is thin, and we've set up computers in two places, inside the children.
I asked the little girl who was following me
"I want to give each of you a computer,
how can i do that? "
When I tried to take a picture of the child
Raising his hand suddenly like this, the child said, "Hurry up."
(Laughter) (Applause) That's good advice.
let's keep quiet and obey
thank you
(Applause) Thank you. (Applause) Thank you very much. (Applause)
Think about it What do you think of when you hear the word “organic chemistry”?
What comes to your mind?
Almost every university has a course in organic chemistry, which is a daunting introduction to the subject, and the amount of content in it can be disconcerting to students, but if you want to be a doctor, dentist, or veterinarian, you have to learn it. not get
That's why so many students take up this science
Think of it as an obstacle in your path, fear it, hate it, and call it a cut-off course.
How cruel to sift young people
This view has spread beyond the university.
The word organic chemistry gave everyone headaches.
I happen to love this science, and for me, this position is unacceptable.
It's not good for science, it's not good for society, I don't think it's desirable.
This class is by no means easy
But your view of organic chemistry shouldn't be defined by the experience of a medical student who feels uncertain that his life is at stake.
I'm here today because I think it's important to have a basic understanding of organic chemistry, and I want to prove that it's accessible to everyone.
May I?
of course!
Hooray
(Laughter) Here's an expensive EpiPen.
Inside is a drug called epinephrine.
Epinephrine restarts the heartbeat and can even stop life-threatening allergic reactions.
I have to inject it here.
It's like an ignition device for my body's fight-or-flight response.
My heart rate and blood pressure go up, blood rushes to my muscles.
My pupils will open and I will feel the power
Epinephrine has made the difference between life and death for many people.
It's a little miracle that you can pinch with your fingers
chemical structure of epinephrine
This is what organic chemistry looks like
It looks like lines and letters
It doesn't make sense to many people
let me do the painting
You can see an object with depth and moving parts, but it moves.
We call it a compound, or molecule. It's made up of 26 atoms connected by atomic bonds.
This unique arrangement of atoms determines epinephrine, but no one has ever seen it in person, because it's so small.
Less than 0.5 milligrams of this is soluble in water.
It weighs as much as a grain of sand
There are 100 quintillion molecules of epinephrine in this.
18 0's
It's a difficult number to come up with
Was there 7 billion people on Earth?
Are there 400 billion stars in this galaxy?
far from
If you're going to do a good approximation, you have to imagine every single grain of sand on the shores of the oceans and lakes of the world, and shrink it down until it's all there.
Epinephrine is too small to be seen with the unaided eye, and it's hard to see with a microscope, but I know it's in this form, and it's revealed using a sophisticated machine with the aptly named Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectrometer (NMR). I'm coming
That's why you can see this molecule so well whether you see it or not.
It's made up of four different atoms: hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen.
I usually use these colors
Our world is made up of tiny spheres called atoms.
There are about 100 different types of atoms, each made up of three different types of smaller particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons.
Line them up into the familiar periodic table of atoms.
Each one has a name and a number
But we don't need all of them for life, we need less.
These four atoms stand out in particular. They are the main building blocks of life, the same ones found in epinephrine: hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen and oxygen.
The most important thing I'm going to tell you
There's a set of rules when these atoms combine to form molecules.
Hydrogen has one bond, oxygen has two, nitrogen has three and carbon has four.
Only this
THIS １２３４
You can count to 4, change the spelling of honk, and you'll remember it for the rest of your life.
(Laughter) Now we have these four ingredients.
Now you can assemble the molecule
Start with Epinephrine
Bonds between atoms are made of electrons
Atoms use their electrons as arms to connect with their neighbors.
Two electrons on each bond, like a handshake, and like a handshake, it doesn't last forever.
Release one atom and grab another
When atoms change partners to create new molecules, we call it a chemical reaction.
Epinephrine's backbone is made up mostly of carbon atoms, which is normal.
Carbon is often used in life to create structure, because it has just the right number of handshakes and just the right amount of force.
So you could say that organic chemistry is the study of carbon molecules.
As we assemble the smallest molecules according to the rules, we emphasize our rules, but the familiar names are water, ammonia, methane, H2O, NH3 and CH4.
The words hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen -- we use the same words when these three molecules have two atoms each.
These also follow the rules, because there are one, two, three bonds between them.
So oxygen is called O2.
Combustion phenomenon is
Now that's carbon dioxide, CO2.
Let's put water and oxygen on top and fuel on the side.
This fuel is made entirely of hydrogen and carbon.
That's why we call them hydrocarbons, which is really creative.
(Laughter) Like your engine or your barbecue, when these hit an oxygen molecule, they release energy and rebuild, and all the carbon atoms settle in the center of the CO2 molecule, taking in two oxygens, and hydrogen is the building block of water. and all follow the rules
There are no exceptions, and larger molecules are no exception, just like these three.
On the left is vitamin C, which we love, and next to it is caffeine, which we all love. (Laughter) Morphine is the most important story in medical history.
For the first time ever, medicine has triumphed over physical pain. Every molecule has a story, all published in a paper.
A paper is written by a scientist, and then read by another scientist, and there's a handy way to show this on paper, and I'll teach you how.
Spread the epinephrine out on a piece of paper. Replace all the spheres with simple letters. Bonds that are on a flat sheet of paper will be normal lines.
We don't actually write these carbons.
hide and save time
The corners between the bonds are the carbons, and we're also hiding all the hydrogens that are bonded to the carbons.
If you have less than four carbon bonds, you know you have hydrogen.
The last is the bond between OH and NH
Removed these to make it easier to see and that's all done
This is the technical notation for molecules
This can be seen on the Wikipedia page
It takes a little practice, but anyone can do it. Today, it's epinephrine.
It's the same thing called adrenaline.
Made by your adrenal glands
This molecule is swimming through your body.
is a molecule of nature
You can quickly add 100 quintillion with this EpiPen.
(Laughter) Epinephrine can be extracted from the adrenal glands of sheep and other livestock, but that's not what it's made of.
We're making epinephrine in factories by connecting small molecules that are made primarily from petroleum.
100% synthetic
The word "synthesis" is somewhat uncomfortable
Not as safe as "nature"
But these two molecules are indistinguishable.
It's not like the two cars on the assembly line.
You can scratch a car, but you can't scratch an atom.
It's surreal and mathematically identical.
At this atomic scale, mathematics becomes real.
The molecule of epinephrine has
I have no memory of its origin
Just let it be. Then it doesn't matter if it's natural or synthetic. Nature synthesizes this molecule, but it does it much better than we do.
Before life appeared on Earth, every molecule was small and simple: carbon dioxide, water, nitrogen, just simple things.
It changed with the advent of life
Life has given rise to biosynthetic factories powered by sunlight. Within these factories, small molecules collide with each other to become larger molecules, such as carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, and many other magnificent creations.
Nature was the original organic chemist, filling the atmosphere with the oxygen we breathe, this high-energy oxygen.
All these molecules are infused with solar energy.
Stockpile like a battery
nature is made of chemicals
Please help me get the word "chemistry" back, because it was stolen from us.
Chemistry doesn't mean toxic or harmful, it doesn't mean artificial or unnatural.
It means "substance"
(Laughter) There is no such thing as chemical-free charcoal.
it's nonsense
(Laughter) Let me say one more thing.
As you know, "natural" is not "safe."
Many of the chemicals in nature are toxic, some are delicious, and some are both.
(Laughter) Some are toxic and some are delicious.
The only way to know if something is harmful is to try it. I don't mean you.
There are people called professional toxicologists.
Trust me, they're trained.
Molecules in nature are everywhere, and so is this decomposed black compound that we call petroleum.
purify this molecule
there is nothing unnatural
refine these
We rely on them for energy, which means any of these carbons are converted into carbon dioxide.
These are the greenhouse gases that are disturbing our environment.
Knowing this chemistry might help some people come to grips with reality, but these molecules aren't just fossil fuels.
They're also the cheapest raw materials for chemical synthesis.
use these like legos
we know how to connect and tear apart
I've done a lot myself, and it's amazing to me that it's even possible.
What we do is sort of throw boxes of Lego in the washing machine and put them together, but it works.
We make copies of natural molecules, like epinephrine, or we make them from scratch, like these two.
It relieves the symptoms of multiple sclerosis (MS) and cures a blood cancer called T-cell lymphoma.
When molecules of the right size and shape fit together like a lock and key, they react with disease-causing chemicals.
This is how the drug works
Whether natural or synthetic, any molecule that binds exactly to the target site at the critical point will work.
But nature is better at making things than we are, like this one.
this is vancomycin
Nature gave this guy two chlorine molecules that look like earrings.
Vancomycin was found in muddy water in the Borneo jungle in 1953.
made by bacteria
cannot be cheaply synthesized in the laboratory.
It's too complicated for us, but we do it because we can get it from nature, because it's one of the most powerful antibiotics.
New molecules are being published every day.
made or found somewhere on this planet
This is how medicine is made, and that's what makes doctors so powerful
(Laughter) It cures life-threatening infections and things like that.
A doctor is like a knight in shining armor.
We fight with courage and composure, but we also have great weapons.
Don't forget the role of this blacksmith, it would be very different without the blacksmith.
(Laughter) This science is much bigger than medicine.
It's oils, solvents, fragrances, fabrics and plastics, even the cushions you're sitting on, but they're all manufactured, they're mostly carbon, so they're all organic chemistry.
rich science
There's a lot of stuff I've left out today. Phosphorus, sulfur, and many other atoms, all of which have their own unique bonds, left-right symmetries, lone pairs, charged atoms, reactions and mechanisms, and much, much more, and it takes time to learn synthesis. takes
But I didn't come here to teach you organic chemistry.
He's an undergraduate student majoring in chemistry, and he's good at computer graphics.
(Laughter) All the moving molecules you saw today were created by Weston.
We wanted to use this graphic to help bring this complex science to life.
What I really wanted you to know is that organic chemistry is not scary.
The root of this is, so to speak, a window through which the beauty of nature can be seen more abundantly.
thank you
(applause)
You introduced me as the former governor of Michigan, you introduced me as the former governor of Michigan, but I'm actually a scientist.
Political science isn't really a science, but it did the study of democracy, and it used Michigan as a laboratory, and like scientists do, experiment with policy, how can we do it for more people? I studied to see if I could do better.
But I had three conundrums that I couldn't solve.
The first problem isn't just in Michigan, it's in every state, and it's the question of how to create good jobs in America in a global economy.
First, let's take a look at the data from my lab.
I was elected governor in 2002, and in 2003, my first year in office, I got a call from a staff member saying, "We're in trouble."
In the small town of Greenville, Michigan, population 8,000, the refrigerator factory of Electrolux, the largest employer in the small town of Greenville, Michigan, population 8,000, is going to close.
When I asked how many people were employed there,
3,000 out of 8,000 people in Greenville.
So it's a city made up of one employer.
Electrolux was planning to move its factory to Mexico.
"Now that I'm governor, I won't let you do that.
Let's get into Greenville with the head of state government and offer them an attractive offer that Electrolux can't refuse."
With that in mind, I took the top executives of the state government, and joined with the big guys in this small town, the mayor, the mayor, the president of the local college, and laid out everything they could afford on their desks, and set various conditions to discourage moving the factory to Electrolux. Presented in front of executives Presented in front of Electrolux executives
From waiving business taxes for 20 years, to helping finance the construction of a new factory, to union representatives pledging to make unprecedented concessions to protect jobs in Greenville.
Electrolux executives took our proposal and walked away for 17 minutes. When they came back, they said, "There is no precedent for this kind of effort to protect jobs.
But I can't help it. In Mexico, you can hire people for $1.57 an hour, so I can't stay here."
So the factory is gone.It's like an atomic bomb dropped on this city.
In fact, the factory was blown up and demolished.
This is the man heading to his last job on the day the factory closes.
The same month that the last refrigerator on the production line was shipped, the people who worked here gathered for the "Last Supper."
It's a big building in Greenville, and I'm here, too, to feel helpless as governor for not stopping the job drain, and to share my grief with the people. there were people
It was a big gathering, round tables, and everyone was eating their lunches, and there was a lonely band playing a lonely song. I had two girls with me, and he said, "Governor, these two are my daughters.
I'm 48 now, and I've worked in this factory for 30 years.
Come to this factory immediately after graduating from high school
I started working with my father who works here
In fact, my grandfather also worked here.
I can do nothing but build a refrigerator."
He said, looked at his daughters, put his hand to his chest, and said, "Governor, who in the world will ever hire you?"
Are you saying that you would hire me like this? "
I've heard the same thing from not only this person, but many others, and I'm sure that everyone who has worked in the 50,000 factories that have closed in the last decade of this century feels the same way.
This is the first question: How do we create jobs in America in a global economy?
The second is, in a nutshell, how to solve climate change. There is no national energy policy.
Recent polls show that the House of Representatives has lower approval ratings than other nasty things like cockroaches, lice, banded nickelbacks, root canals, and Donald Trump. Yes, but don't worry, it's still better than meth or gonorrhea.
What is it?
What on earth is going on in the democratic laboratory?
What policy lines will actually make a difference and be accepted by the two warring parties?
Think about it: What was the policy of the Obama administration that made a difference across the country?
Health insurance reform, but it's government-imposed.
Only half of all states are participating
What about the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act? This is not a policy change.
The successful policy change was the "race to the top" program of education reform.
The government set aside $4.5 billion to let governors across the country compete.
Forty-eight governors took part in convincing the state legislature to raise the bar for high school education, requiring all high school students to complete a college preparatory curriculum.
It's a reform of education policy that starts in the states and affects the whole country.
I saw this and wondered if I could do the same thing to create clean energy jobs.
If you look at the context of this, over the last eight years, companies have invested $1.6 trillion globally, and that investment is creating jobs.
Such as China, which has a well-established policy.
Actually, when I went to inspect China, there was a sham presentation for our party, and I was standing in the back of the hall watching some kind of demonstration, and next to me was the Chinese government. This person asked me, "When will we have an energy policy in the United States?"
I replied, "The House is always in a stalemate, when will it be?"
I said like this, "Please take it easy."
It's better for them to wait
So what about a competitive program that governors across the country can participate in. The prize money is the same as the program for education reform, $4.5 billion approved by both parties in the House of Representatives. yeah
It's like a fraction of a rounding
Why not use President Obama's ambitions as a condition of entering the race?
The standard that the House is pressing for approval is 80 percent clean energy by 2030. In other words, we're aiming for 80 percent clean energy by 2030.
What if we let the states do this?
It might work, because each region can do something.
Take Iowa or Ohio, for example, which is a very important state politically, and the governors of those states might say they're going to be leaders in wind turbine manufacturing and wind power. it may be said that
States in the Sunbelt will have solar power California governors may form industrial clusters of solar panel production within the state. We will stop importing from China and start producing in our own country.
These are things you can do in any region
Solar and wind power should be available all over the country.
Northwestern states may also have geothermal potential, and Texas may become a leader in smart grids.
In the Middle East, we can use waste from forests and agriculture to become a leader in biofuels.
The Northeast can contribute to solving the problem of energy efficiency.
Offshore wind power is available in areas along the eastern coast
Michigan can become a leader in lithium-ion batteries, the heart of electric vehicles.
Each region has its own thing to do, so having a competitive program allows you to respect each state's strengths and give them the freedom to tackle issues.
Texas and South Carolina, which did not participate in the education race to the top, may also join.
Because governors, whether they're Republicans or Democrats, love to start new businesses.
want to increase employment
And that's how we encourage innovation in each state, in the lab of democracy.
People looking at recent policy might say, "It's a good idea, but can it be done?
Will the House approve a $4.5 billion investment?
There is nothing to agree on in an argument.”
I could run this program through the House, but I have to be patient.
And there's an unconventional way to get it out of the House of Representatives.
I'm going to skip the House of Commons.
How about having the governors compete in a private program?
A company with capital, an individual who is here at TED, a few companies with capital, an individual who is here at TED, a few companies, a few people, partnered up in a "race to the top" competition where governors all over the country competed. What do governors do when they plan
Inspired by this TED
It would be wonderful if we could discover the secret to improving the employment environment in America.
TEDsters, if you're as impatient as I am, you're probably aware that your economic competitors -- that is, other countries -- are already ahead of the competition, and our country is being beaten.
Either enter the competition or not
If we fight on the same spot or get eaten
Which will you choose? I choose to participate in the competition.
Thank you. (Applause)
I have 18 minutes to tell you what happened in the last six million years.
OK, let's get started
We traveled a long way to get to this place in Africa, where 90 percent of human evolution took place.
I'm not saying this because I'm African, but because the first evidence of an upright-walking human ancestor and stone tools were found in Africa.
We are all Africans welcome to your home
Now
I'm a paleontologist who studies the role of humans in nature and what makes us human.
Today I'm going to tell you our story as I introduce you to Serum, the oldest child ever discovered.
Seram is the most complete skeleton of a 3-year-old girl who lived 3.3 million years ago.
It belongs to the species Australopithecus afarensis.
you don't have to remember
Also known as the Lucy species, my research team discovered it in December 2000 in a place called Dikika.
located in northeastern Ethiopia
Seram means peace in many Ethiopian languages
This name was given to pray for peace in the region and the world.
You can see what she meant by having been on the covers of many famous magazines.
After being invited to TED, I did a little TED research, just to honor the person who invited me.
shut up and don't accept invitations
What we found was that the first stone tools were made 2.6 million years ago.
The first recreational device was the flute, made 35,000 years ago.
The first ornaments were beads, made 75,000 years ago.
Let's do the same with your genes, going back in time.
Analysis of modern humans and chimpanzees shows that they diverged about seven million years ago, and the two species share more than 98% of the same genetic material.
It's very useful information for thinking about our ancestors.
However, this analysis alone tells us only the beginning and the end, nothing in between.
So we, paleontologists, look for hard evidence, like fossils, to try to fill in the gaps, and then we try to trace the stages of development.
(Laughter) Now we can finally talk about the appearance and behavior of our ancestors at different times and how they changed over time.
In doing so, we can explore the biological mechanisms and forces that govern the gradual evolution that has made us who we are today.
Finding solid evidence is a very complicated task.
It's a methodical, scientific method, but it's going to be a hot, harsh and remote place that's hard to get to.
For example, Dikika, where Seram was discovered in 1999, is about 500 kilometers from Addis Ababa, the capital of Ethiopia.
It took me only seven hours to travel the first 470 kilometers, and four hours to travel the remaining 30 kilometers.
I made my way with the help of locals and with shovels and pickaxes.
The car I drove was the first to reach the site.
This is the view when we arrived. It's a place with nothing, so I feel very uneasy.
And as soon as we get there, the question arises, where do we start?
(Laughter) And for years, we still haven't found anything.
When you go to a paleontological site like this, it's like a wildlife sanctuary -- and it's extinct.
We don't always find traces of humans like Serum and Lucy.
You can find elephants, rhinos, monkeys, pigs, etc.
You may wonder how such a large mammal could live in such a desert?
Of course not. So the environment and the carrying capacity of the organisms back then were very different from what they are today.
Important environmental lessons can be drawn from this fact
Either way, this is a wildlife sanctuary, an extinction sanctuary.
Our ancestors lived there, too, but they were in the minority, and they weren't as well adapted and widespread as we homo sapiens.
It's an anecdote that shows just how rare a creature was.
They find bones and they say to me, "Isn't this what you were looking for?"
I said, "No, it's an elephant."
Another bone says, "That's a monkey," "That's a pig," etc.
Assistants who have never been to school say
"Maybe you don't know what you're looking for, or you're looking in the wrong place."
(Laughs) When I asked him why, he said, "Because there are elephants and lions, people were afraid and ran away.
Let's go to a different place."
I'm very tired I'm really tired
After all that pain and difficulty, I finally found Serum, a face surrounded by sandstone.
This is the spine, the upper body is buried in a block of sandstone, buried by the river.
It doesn't look like much, but here's an amazing amount of scientific information that unlocks what makes us human.
It's the oldest and best-preserved child of a human ancestor ever discovered in paleontological history, and it's a remarkable one in its long history.
It's me and the three who found it.
How would you feel if you were in the middle of nowhere with something very precious in your hand?
I was overwhelmed with a deep, quiet joy and excitement, and of course, at the same time, with a great sense of responsibility, I tried to make sure everything was okay.
Here's a close-up of the fossil, after five years of cleaning, prepping, sorting, and taking all the bones out of the sandstone I showed you in the previous slide.
it took 5 years
So for this child, it was her second birth after 3.3 million years, but her contractions were very long.
It's a big picture. It's a small bone.
In the middle is the Ethiopian Minister of Tourism, who was visited while I was working at the Ethiopian National Museum.
I'm trying to protect my child, but I'm making a worried face.
And when that's done, the next step is to find out what this thing is.
(Laughter) Once that's done, we can make comparisons.
It was clear that she belonged to a human, because her legs, feet, and other features indicated that she walked upright, which is the hallmark of humanity.
And if you compare the skulls of a chimpanzee of the same age and a small George Bush, the human forehead is vertical.
Because humans have a well-developed brain called the prefrontal cortex.
Chimpanzees don't have them, and they don't have sharp canine teeth.
So she belongs to the human race, and after some more narrow-minded research, it turns out that she's a species of Lucy called Australopithecus afarensis.
The next big question is girl or boy
And how old were you when you died?
Gender can be identified by tooth size Gender can be identified by tooth size
how?
Apes are characterized by sexual dimorphism Apes are characterized by sexual dimorphism Simply put, males are bigger than females, and males have bigger teeth than females. Simply put, males are bigger than females. have larger teeth than females
Permanent teeth are needed for comparison This individual has only deciduous teeth This individual has only deciduous teeth
But with conventional medical CT scanning technology, however, with conventional medical CT scanning technology, when you take a closer look inside your mouth, you can get images like this of both beautiful baby teeth and growing permanent teeth.
When these teeth were measured, we knew this was a girl because of her small canines. We knew this was a girl because of her small canines.
To determine her age at death, I used the available information, such as how long it took her to form so many teeth, and put her at three years old.
This child died at the age of three, 3.3 million years ago.
Now that we know all this, the big question is, what is she talking about?
To answer this question, I would rephrase the question as
What do we know about our ancestors?
I want to know what they looked like, how they behaved, how they walked around, how they lived and how they grew up.
Here's what this skeleton gives us: First, this skeleton reveals the first shape of an infant over three million years ago. First, this skeleton reveals the first shape of an infant over three million years ago.
Then she walked upright, which turns out to be good for climbing trees.
What's even more interesting is that this kid's brain is still developing.
It is characteristic of humans that the brain is developing at this age It is characteristic of humans that the brain is developing at this age
In chimpanzees, at this age, more than 90 percent of their brains are developed.
So they can adapt to their environment sooner than we do.
In humans, the brain continues to grow.
That's why we need parental care
caring is learning
spend more time with parents
This is also a characteristic of humans, called childhood. Human children depend on their families and parents for a long period of time. Human children depend on their families and parents for a long period of time.
So the fact that this kid's brain was still growing suggests that there was an early childhood, and a very incredibly complex social organization for that already existed over three million years ago -- over three million years. indicates that it already existed before
At the dawn of human evolutionary history, Serum demonstrates the traits that we all have in common that make us human.
But they weren't all human, let me give you a very interesting example.
It's the hyoid bone. It's here.
support the tongue from behind
vocal cords
This determines the sound quality of your voice.
We didn't know this from the fossils, but we did with this skeleton.
When this bone was analyzed, it clearly resembled a chimpanzee. When this bone was analyzed, it clearly resembled a chimpanzee.
So, 3.3 million years ago, this child's call to mother would have been more like a chimpanzee than a human.
You might think, "This monkey's characteristics. Human characteristics. Monkey characteristics.
What does that mean?”
What's really interesting to us is that we can see the evolutionary process of different traits changing slowly but surely.
The significance of this fossil is summarized as follows The significance of this fossil is summarized as follows
Traditionally, our knowledge of our ancestors came from adult individuals, because there were no infant fossils.
Infants are less likely to become fossils
So our knowledge of how our ancestors looked and acted was limited to adults.
Just imagine, if someone came from Mars to study humans on Earth, and we hid all the babies and children, what would the findings be?
very limited results
We were in a similar situation because we didn't have any baby fossils, and this fossil solved that problem.
Finally, I think the most important question is, what can we learn from this species, or the past in general?
Of course, we're extracting vast amounts of scientific information to explore what makes us human, and there have been many human ancestors in the last six million years, and they're said to number more than 10, but they're modern homosexuals. They didn't have the technology or the advanced knowledge that sapiens have.
If ancient species traveled through time to meet us today, we would be proud of the legacy they pioneered, for they are the progenitors of the most successful species in the universe.
Well done without knowing the future legacy they left behind.
The problem now is that we, Homo sapiens, are in a position to decide the fate of the planet and much more.
So the question is, are we up to the challenge?
Can we do better than our primitive, small-brained ancestors?
Africa's chronic problems are among the most urgent of our challenges.
I won't go into specifics here, people who are smarter than me will tell you.
However, I think we have two choices.
One is an Africa that continues to struggle with poverty and disease, an Africa that is armed and eternally dependent on other peoples, an Africa that simultaneously recognizes its many challenges and its great value, and confidently seeks to promote a peaceful and independent state.
I support the second opinion, and I'm sure many of you do too.
The key is to promote a positive Africa for Africa.
The reason is that Africans -- I'm from Ethiopia, by the way -- pay too much attention to how the outside world sees Africa.
It's important to promote a positive attitude about ourselves It's important to promote a positive attitude about ourselves
This is the positive attitude of Africa
Finally, let's try to keep Africa upright and moving forward, so that we, as a species, can be proud of our future heritage.
thank you
(applause)
(Deep breath) It's not like music has been my life.
For about five years after graduating from a liberal arts department at a proper university, this is my main job.
I had a living sculpture called "Two-and-a-half-foot Bride."
this is my job
Paint your face white and stand on top of a box -- put a hat or a can at your feet -- and if someone puts in money, you'll hold out a flower and stare.
When they don't accept it, I see them walking away with a sad, appealing pose.
(Laughter) I've had some really touching encounters, especially lonely people -- people I haven't spoken to in weeks, and I've had these beautiful moments of staring at each other in the middle of the street. I experienced a beautiful moment, it was like a little romance
When I appealed with my eyes, "Thank you, I'm watching you properly."
The other person's eyes also say, "No one is looking at me. Thank you."
I had a bad experience
from a passing car
I get yelled at, "Go to work!"
"Because this is my job," he retorted.
Even so, I still get hurt.
I can't tell you how much I've learned about the music business on this box.
If you're an economist, you might be interested in being able to predict your daily income, because you don't have regulars -- I was always surprised: $60 on Tuesdays, $90 on Fridays.
it's constant
Around that time, I was in a band called the Dresden Dolls, playing around the neighborhood and playing clubs.
With me on the piano and the genius drummer
I wrote the song, and when I got enough money to stop making living sculptures and start touring, I didn't want to lose touch with that person, because I loved him.
So when the show was over, I was signing autographs, hugging, chatting with fans, asking them to help me out, to perform with me, and then it worked out, I would call a local artist and do something outside the venue. Or get it done They collect money for their hats Join the stage later All kinds of interesting guests keep coming
When Twitter came out, it became even more amazing because you could ask for anything anytime, anywhere.
If you want to practice the piano, I'll be at your fan's house in an hour, this is London.
Everyone brought home-cooked meals from each country, and we ate together in the dressing room.This is Seattle.
Fans who work in museums, shops, and public places respond well to sudden bursts of free guerrilla gigs.
This is Auckland's Library
I didn't want to haul the boxes and hats for TED all the way from the East Coast, so I tweeted on Saturday that I wanted them, and this Chris from Newport Beach brought them, saying "Hello."
When I tweeted "Where can I buy a nasal irrigator?" in Melbourne
A nurse immediately drove me to the cafe where I was, bought me a smoothie, and talked about nursing and death.
I like these lucky chance encounters. I often stay overnight at other people's houses.
Each member gets their own room, but there are mansions with no Wi-Fi, everyone is sleeping on the floor, and there are no toilets - but there's Wi-Fi, and there are run-down rooms - that's better, isn't it?
(Laughter) My staff and I used to go to a very poor neighborhood outside of Miami, and that night, we had an 18-year-old girl who was still living with her parents.
That night, the whole family slept on the couch so that we could go to bed -- and the kid was sleeping with his mother.
I lay down and thought, this family has nothing -
can i take the bed
The next morning, my mother showed me how to make tortillas and tried to give me a Bible, then she called me up and said in her broken English, "Your music is what sustains my daughter—
Thank you for coming.
I thought I should accept it
it's an exchange
Two months later, in Manhattan, I tweeted asking for a place to sleep. I called the doorbell in the middle of the night and suddenly I realized that I'm the first one.
I realized that it was the first time I was alone.
I thought, "Maybe this is something stupid to do?" (laughs)
"Is this how idiots die?"
When I thought about quitting, the door opened
A couple came out, an artist and a financial reporter.
You drank red wine with me and lent me a bath, I've spent countless nights like that.
I often stay overnight and do a lot of stage diving.
I think that staying overnight and stage diving are essentially the same thing.
Jumping into the audience is a sign of mutual trust Jumping into the audience is a sign of mutual trust
I once suggested to an undercard band, why don't you pass your hat to the audience and get paid? Did I do well too?
Everyone is excited to go, but only one person won't move I can't bring myself to go ―
I feel like I'm begging
His fear is that voice I know so well: "Can I take it?"
In the meantime, our band's popularity increased.
signed with a major label
Our music is somewhere between punk and cabaret
Love it or hate it
but it might be your choice
So our album got a lot of publicity
It sold 25,000 copies in the first few weeks after its release, and the company said it was a failure.
I said, "Isn't that a lot?"
The other side said, "Sales are falling and it's a failure."
I withdrew like that
Around the same time, after a gig, I was signing autographs and hugging fans, and a man came up to me and handed me a ten-dollar bill and said, he handed me a ten-dollar bill and said, "Sorry, I copied your friend's CD." Did - "
(Laughter) "But I know you hate that record company on your blog.
I want you to receive this money."
This has become a common occurrence
After the show, I'll be the hat that collects the money, and I'll actually stand in front of everyone and ask for their support, unlike the guy on the opening act, I'm used to doing that.
Receive "thank you"
At that point, I made up my mind to distribute music online for free as much as I could Metallica hit Napster, but for Amanda Palmer, P2P, downloads, and sharing are OK. Let's ask for help, because it went well on the street
I struggled to leave the label to start my next band, The Grand Theft Orchestra, and I turned to crowdfunding.
I jumped into the thousands of connections I'd made and asked everyone to help me.
The goal is $100,000, but the support of the fans is-
It's nearly $1.2 million, a record for music crowdfunding.
(Applause) Do you know the number of supporters?
about 25,000 people
The media asks, "The music industry is in decline, and you're distributing your music for free.
How did you get the money
I didn't ask you to let me out.
You can connect with people by asking - you can connect with people by asking - if you can connect with people, they will help you
I think a lot of artists are that stupid.
It's outrageous to rely on someone
It's not easy to ask for help-
Many people feel resistance
'Cause all I ask is to make myself defenseless
As our Kickstarter donations grew, we started getting criticized on the Internet because we were still asking everyone, especially our musician fans, to give us love, tickets to gigs, beer, and some songs with us. I invited him to do it with me, and it turned out to be a good deal. This is a modified image of me that was uploaded to a website.
I'm hurt, but I've had similar experiences.
When you see people accusing you of not being entitled to favors, you see people accusing them of not being entitled to favors.
They're not standing on the sidewalk together, so they don't understand what's going on between me and the audience.
It might be a problem for people watching at work
At the Kickstarter backing party in Berlin
I took off my clothes and had various things written on my body.
If you want to feel trust in people from the bottom of your heart, I highly recommend it, especially with drunken Germans.
It's a master-level fan interaction, because I said, "I trust you so much."
Can I trust you? Show me the proof."
Since the dawn of human history, artists have been part of a community.
It was a role that connects and liberates people, not a star that can't be reached
A star is a lot of people who love you far away, but thanks to the internet and free-to-share content, thanks to the internet and free-to-share content, we're all connected again.
Even if there aren't many of them -- there's people nearby to cheer you on, and that's enough.
There is no fixed price for cheering, so some people are confused. Some people are confused because there is no fixed price for cheering.
I see this as a risk, but Kickstarters, street performances, and late-night doorbells aren't risks to me.
is a sign of trust
As easy and intuitive as swapping on the street - online tools are coming
But if you can't face each other and interact freely, the perfect tool won't help you, and more importantly, don't be shy to ask for help.
As a musician, I've always cherished meeting people online, just as much as meeting people on that box.
So in my blogs and tweets, I don't just talk about tour dates and new music videos, but also about our work, our art, our fears, our hangovers, our failures.
When we actually meet, we should want to help each other When we actually meet, we should want to help each other
People are stuck with the wrong question: "How do we get people to pay for music?"
But what if you think, "How can I get people to pay for music?"
thank you
(applause)
Unimaginably large-scale disasters are coming one after another.
What this series of disasters brings is a terrifying reality, a reality that is getting worse.
A perfect storm is caused by population growth approaching 10 billion people, land desertification and, of course, climate change.
There is no doubt that technological innovation is essential to replace fossil fuels.
But the carbon dioxide released by fossil fuels, coal and oil, is not the only cause of climate change.
Desertification is just a fancy word for turning land into a desert. Desertification is human activity that creates more desolate land.
nothing else
What I want to focus on is most of the land in the world that is going through desertification.
So let me tell you a very simple and very hopeful story.
There are regions on Earth that have high humidity throughout the year.
These areas can't have desolate land.
No matter what you do, nature will quickly heal you
Whereas in other areas, the rainy and dry seasons alternate every few months, and desertification occurs in those areas.
Today, thanks to space technology, we can observe it from space, and we can get a good idea of ​​the percentage.
In general, the green areas are not desertified, while the brown areas cover most of the planet.
About two-thirds of the world is undergoing desertification
This is a photo taken in the Tihama Desert, where there was 25mm of rain.
Converting to 200 liter drums Converting to 200 liter drums
That place gets more than 1,000 raindrops per hectare a day.
This is what happened the next day
where did the water go
Rather than flooding, most of the water that seeps into the soil evaporates, just like when you don't cover the soil in your garden.
Water and carbon dioxide are closely related to the organic matter in the soil. Destruction of the soil releases carbon dioxide.
Carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere
And as we've all heard repeatedly, desertification only occurs in arid and semi-arid regions, and it doesn't affect the grasslands in these high-rain areas.
But if you look at the grassland soil, you'll find that most of it is barren and covered with algae, which is prone to runoff and evaporation.
In fact, this is the cause of desertification, and we don't realize it until it's too late.
Desertification is thought to be caused by livestock - cows, sheep and goats, etc. - eating up the vegetation and releasing methane gas from the exposed soil.
Almost everyone knows that, including Nobel Prize winners, golf caddies, and I.
What you see here is the dusty landscape of Africa where I grew up.
A college course that taught me to be an ecologist backed up that belief.
But I have news
We used to believe the world was flat
it was a mistake the mistake repeats itself
So let me take you on my journey of re-education and rediscovery.
When I was young, as a young biologist living in Africa, I participated in a project to protect this amazing area as a national park.
It was in the 1950s, and as soon as we displaced the hunting and drumming peoples for animal protection, the land began to deteriorate.
We hypothesized that the increase in elephants was the cause, that livestock wasn't involved, and our research proved that, and we recommended that the region reduce elephant populations to sustainable numbers.
It was a very difficult decision for me, and it was a political flashpoint.
So the government created a team of experts to reinvestigate.
The result was the same, and over the next few years, we shot 40,000 elephants in an attempt to stop the damage.
The situation got worse instead of better
For me, who loves elephants, this is the biggest tragedy and blemish of my life, and I will take it to the grave.
This is the reason
I made the decision to dedicate my life to finding a solution.
When I came to the United States, I was very surprised to find that national parks like this are turning into deserts, just like in Africa.
This area hasn't been grazed by livestock for over 70 years.
And American scientists couldn't explain why, other than the desolate nature.
We've looked at all the areas we can study all over the western United States, and when we looked at the consequences of stopping cattle grazing to stop desertification, it actually got worse. It was dark, but in 2002 it turned out like this.
The view of the authors of the climate change report that cited the photo was simply "unexplained."
What we didn't understand was what caused the desertification that destroyed so many civilizations and is now a global crisis.
it is clear
A square meter of land cleared in this way will surely be cooler before dawn and hotter during the day than it would be if it was covered with mulch. It will be cooler before dawn and hotter during the day.
Local climate change has happened.
Similarly, if we open up more than half of the world's land area, we will cause global climate change, we will cause global climate change.
But what we didn't understand was why desertification began 10,000 years ago.
Has it become noticeable recently?
I was totally ignorant
What we've overlooked is that seasonal humidity changes, soils and vegetation around the world are maintained by vast numbers of herbivores, and carnivores that prey on those herbivores.
Herbivores form groups to protect themselves from carnivores, and the larger the group, the safer.
Large flocks defecate on their food, so they must be constantly on the move, so they don't eat up the vegetation, and regularly trampled areas become overgrown with grass. You can tell by looking at where the herd passed
This is a picture of a typical seasonal grassland.
The four months of the rainy season have just ended and the eight months of the dry season are about to begin.
Let's see what happens during this long dry season
All the grass on the ground has to be biologically degraded by the next growing season or the grassland and the soil will die or the grassland and the soil will die.
Without biodegradation, a long, slow oxidation process would occur, and the grasslands would die and become wastelands of lush vegetation, releasing carbon dioxide.
I used fire to prevent it
But fire can also cause wasteland, releasing carbon dioxide, and to make matters worse, open burning releases more than 6,000 cars per hectare of toxins.
In Africa, we burn more than a billion hectares of land each year, and we don't even talk about it.
Scientists say burning is necessary to remove dead vegetation and encourage vegetation regeneration.
So let's take a look at this desiccated prairie, how can we make it healthy?
This is what is happening all over the world
Reducing animal populations only increases desertification and climate change.
Open burning only promotes desertification and climate change.
what should i do
There is only one choice, and I repeat, meteorologists and scientists are left with only one option, which they hadn't thought of before: using livestock, herding them in herds, mimicking nature, like previous herds and carnivores. do
Mankind has no other choice
Try it now
I will try it only on the front side of this grassland
We mimicked nature and had the cow stomp very hard, and you can see the result.
Grass covers the surface of the soil, which mixes with manure and becomes compost. As gardeners know, the soil is ready to absorb and retain rainwater, store carbon dioxide, and break down methane.
And you can do that without using fire to destroy the soil, allowing the plants to grow freely.
For the first time, I was deeply troubled by the realization that climate change and desertification could only be tackled with livestock, which scientists demonize.
should i go ahead
Nomadic pastoralism has been around for 10,000 years, and we've found ways to group and move animals, but that's why we're seeing more and more artificial deserts around the world.
On the other hand, scientific research on rainfall has been going on for over a hundred years, and desertification is progressing. It was first noticeable in Africa and confirmed in the United States. is the situation
Clearly it needed something more than a herd of animals to move with humans Clearly it needed something more than a herd of animals to move with humans For over a thousand years that alone would have taken nature's course. It couldn't deal with complexity, and for over a thousand years it simply couldn't deal with the complexity of nature.
But we biologists and ecologists have never had a challenge so complex, but we biologists and ecologists have never had a challenge so complex.
So instead of starting over, I looked to see if other industries were doing something similar.
And I decided to apply a deliberate approach to meet the biological requirements, and I decided to apply a deliberate approach to meet the biological requirements, and from that I've integrated grazing. Based on that, I created a process for comprehensively planning and managing grazing. Based on that, I created a process for comprehensively planning and managing grazing. The method responds to the complexity of nature and human socio-environmental and economic factors.
Today, these young women are teaching in African villages how to build herds, how to mimic natural grazing, how to stay at night, and so on. So if we keep it in place all day and night, we're plowing the fields where we're going to plant the crops, and the yield is dramatically increasing.
Let's look at some examples
around our administrative area in Zimbabwe
We've had a lot of rain for four months this year, and we're about to enter a long dry season.
But as you can see, most of the rainwater has evaporated from the surface.
The river has just stopped raining and is dry 150,000 people are permanently dependent on food aid 150,000 are permanently dependent on food aid
Now let's take a look at our land nearby on the same day, the same amount of rainfall.
The river is full of water, healthy and clean.
very nice
Grass, shrubs, trees, wildlife, everything is alive.
What they did was quadruple the number of cows and goats, mimicking nature, grazing them, and coexisting with elephants, buffaloes, giraffes and other animals.
But before I started, it looked like this
This land has been devastated for over 30 years regardless of rainfall.
Look at the marked trees and see the changes brought about by livestock mimicking nature.
Another place, this land has been so degraded that 30 centimeters of soil has been washed away from the surface of the little tree that marks it.
Look at the changes brought about by livestock mimicking nature again.
Now there are fallen trees, and elephants and other things have returned to the improved land.
This part of Mexico was in a terrible state, and we marked the hills, and a tremendous change had taken place.
(Applause) In the 1970s, I started helping families in the Karoo desert, and they're trying to green this desert on the right side. Thankfully, my grandchildren have found hope for the future in this land.
This example, too, shows incredible transformation. A ditch created by erosion has been completely restored thanks to livestock that mimics nature. Again, the third generation of the family that lives here lives in hope.
The vast grasslands of Patagonia are turning into deserts, as you can see.
In the middle is an Argentinian researcher who has watched the land degrade as the number of sheep has been reduced over the years.
So we put 25,000 sheep in one herd and did a systematic grazing that imitated nature. improved by 50%
In the dangerous Horn of Africa, grazing is practiced to mimic nature, and rangers profess that this is the only way to protect their families and cultures.
Ninety-five percent of this land needs animals to feed humans.
The rest of the world holds our destiny as well, the rest of the world holds our destiny as well, including some of the most dangerous parts of the world. 95% of the world can't be fed by humans without relying on animals
Around the world, human activity is driving climate change on a scale that is as large as fossil fuels, if not more.
Worse, it causes famine, poverty, violence, social disintegration and war Worse, it causes famine, poverty, violence, social disintegration and war Worse, it causes famine, poverty, violence, social disintegration and war Hundreds. Millions of men and women of all ages are suffering and dying Millions of men and women of all ages are suffering and dying
If that continues, even if we eliminate fossil fuels, we won't be able to stop climate change.
What I've shown you is reversing this trend, very cheaply, by imitating nature.
This work has already started on 15 million hectares on five continents, and if people who know much more about carbon dioxide than I do, and people who know much more about carbon dioxide than I do, if we do this method, what will come out of the atmosphere? We estimate that if we implement this method for thousands of years, we'll have the effect of having the grasslands absorb and store thousands of years of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. And we've calculated that it's effective for carbon dioxide to be absorbed and stored in grasslands. If we do, we'll get back to pre-industrial levels, and we'll get better food.
For our planet, our children, their descendants, and humanity, I don't think there is anything more hopeful than our planet, our children, their descendants, and humanity. think
thank you
(Applause) (Applause) Thank you.
Me, I'm sure the audience, I, and I'm sure the audience have a lot of questions and want to hug you.
I have one quick question
When you first release a herd of animals into the desert, what exactly do you feed them? What's the point?
how do i start
We've been doing this for years now, and the only time we've ever had to provide food is when we turned a completely barren mine into a green field. only when
Many years ago when I was working in the worst part of Zimbabwe, I offered 160 kilometers of land to find a single grass, 160 kilometers of land to find a single grass, and I would give them £5. where the number of animals used is controlled and not fed in the first year, where the number of animals used is controlled and not fed in the first year, mimicking nature by migration. I used the sigmoid theory and it worked I mimicked nature by moving I used the sigmoid theory
It was a bit of a technical explanation.
really interesting and important idea
I'm sure a lot of smart people will talk to you on their blogs and so on. Please tell me more about this. Please tell me more about this.
It was an amazing, really amazing story, and I think everyone here will continue to support it.
Thank you very much.
(applause)
The kraken was a terrifying monster that was said to swallow people, ships and whales, and was so huge that it was sometimes mistaken for an island.
When judging the authenticity of such stories, it is wise to keep in mind the difference between a fairy tale and a sailor's legend. The only difference is that it starts with, "This is a real story."
And yet, the ocean is indeed inhabited by gigantic creatures, and we've got video evidence of that, if you've seen it on the Discovery Channel.
I was one of three scientists who took part in a survey that took place off the coast of Japan last summer.
I am short
The other two are Dr. Tsunemi Kubodera and Dr. Steve O'Shea.
Thanks to TED, I was able to participate in this historic event.
In 2010, a TED event called Mission Blue was held on board the Lindblad Explorer in the Galapagos Islands to fulfill Sylvia Earle's TED wish.
I talked about a new way of exploring the ocean, one that focuses on attracting animals instead of frightening them away.
Mike Degley was also invited, and he spoke with great passion about his love of the ocean, and I also discussed applying my approach to the giant squid hunting he's been doing for years.
It was Mike who invited me to the Squid Summit, the gathering of squid experts on the Discovery Channel, during Shark Week that summer. I suggested gathering them together and quietly observing them, emphasizing the importance of exploring with quiet, unobtrusive equipment.
I've done hundreds of dives, and I've found that, with all the equipment, and spending time in the pitch-black depths, I've done more dives with deep-sea research submersibles than with any remote-controlled craft. I had the impression that I saw an animal
Maybe it's just because deep-sea submersibles have such a wide field of view.
Still, I felt like I saw more animals with Tiburon than I did with Ventana. Same field of view, but different propulsion systems.
So I began to suspect that it might have something to do with noise levels.
We placed underwater microphones on the seafloor and recorded sounds from each submersible traveling at the same speed and from the same distance.
You can hardly hear the sound from the Johnson Sealink here, it uses electric propulsion and is very quiet.
Tiburon also uses electric propulsion.
It's also fairly quiet, but it's a little noisy, but most modern remote-controlled boats have hydraulic propulsion, and they sound like Ventana, which I think is what makes a lot of animals scare them away. rice field
So for deep-sea squid hunting, I proposed attaching glowing lures to the camera. can't see
Red to our eyes is equivalent to infrared in the deep ocean.
Called Medusa, this photographic device is thrown into the sea from the stern, connected to a buoy on the surface of the sea by a cable of more than 600 meters, where only the blue glow of the lure, which drifts with the currents of the sea, is visible to deep-sea creatures. We called the lure an e-jelly because it was designed to mimic the bioluminescence of Atola, a jellyfish that lives abundantly in the deep sea.
This pinwheel of light emitted by Atola, known as a bioluminescence alarm, is a form of self-defense.
The reason electronic jellyfish are so useful as lures isn't because the giant squid preys on jellyfish, but these jellyfish only emit light when they're about to be eaten by predators, and to attract the attention of even larger predators. Because if the first predator is attacked, this may provide an opportunity to escape.
It's a cry for help, a last-ditch effort, and a common form of self-defense in the deep sea.
This approach worked
In previous expeditions, we weren't able to capture a single moment of the giant squid on video, but this time we succeeded six times.
Edith Widder: Oh my God! Really? Scientist: Oh, I'm on hold!
It was like they were doing a funny dance, teasing us, coming out and hiding, doing that kind of teasing four times, and on the fifth time they were near the camera and we were cheering.
(music) Look Scientist: Bang! What the hell!
(Applause) I could see the whole thing.
What really surprised me was that the giant squid climbed over the e-jelly and attacked the giant next to it, probably mistaking it for an e-jelly predator.
Even more astonishing was the footage taken at Triton.
The squid that Dr. Kubodera used as bait was a one-meter-long diamondback squid with a light attached, which is also used for longline fishing. I think
What you're looking at now is a super-sensitive camera shot under red light, and this was all Dr. Kubodera could see when the giant squid arrived.
This got him so excited that he wanted to get a better look, so he turned on his flashlight, but the giant squid didn't go away. was captured in high-definition video.
It was a breathtaking moment, because if this creature had kept its tentacles intact and had stretched them out, it would have been the size of a two-story house.
How could these gigantic creatures live in the ocean and have not been photographed until now?
Only 5 percent of ocean exploration is covered.
There's still a lot more to discover, some amazing creatures that have evolved over millions of years, and bioactive compounds that may offer benefits in ways we never imagined.
But the money we've put into ocean exploration is a tiny fraction of what we've put into space exploration.
We need organizations like NASA for ocean exploration, because we need to understand and protect the life systems on this planet.
We need -- thank you. (Applause) Exploration is the engine of innovation.
Innovation drives economic growth
So go explore, folks, but do it in a way that doesn't scare the animals away. If you want to see something you've never seen before, get on a submarine."
Mike was supposed to come with us on this adventure
pray for his soul
(applause)
i live in south central
This is South Central Liquor store Fast food store Vacant lot
A group of city planners got together and decided to change the name "South Central" and make the city different, so it came to be called "South Los Angeles." as if
And this is "South Los Angeles." (Laughter) Liquor stores, fast food restaurants, vacant lots.
Like 26.5 million other Americans, I live in a food desert called South Central Los Angeles, home to drive-thru and drive-by shooting.
The funny thing is that drive-thru deaths outnumber drive-by deaths.
In this city, people are dying of curable diseases.
For example, in my area, the obesity rate is five times higher than in other areas, like Beverly Hills, which is only 15 kilometers away.
I'm tired of seeing this kind of situation
How would you feel if you had no access to healthy food at all, and every time you step outside, you see the negative impact that our food system is having on your community?
Wheelchairs are bought and sold like used cars Wheelchairs are bought and sold like used cars
Dialysis centers pop up on street corners like Starbucks
"I can't stay like this" I thought
"These problems are also solutions," he said.
The food we eat is both the problem and the answer.
And I was sick of driving 45 minutes round trip to buy apples that weren't soaked in pesticides.
So what I did was plant a "food forest" in front of my house.
It's a strip of land at the end of a sidewalk called a "parkway"
45m long and 3m wide
The land itself is owned by the city.
I have to do the management, that's when I thought
"Okay, if management is our responsibility anyway, we'll do what we want."
That's how I decided to use the land.
Together with members of my group, the L.A. Green Grounds, we planted fruits and vegetables and everything else.
We are a group of gardeners with various occupations who gather from all over the city in a "pay forward" group to pass on the goodwill we have received to the next person.
The resulting vegetable garden was very beautiful.
And while I was doing that, I started complaining.
I got a notice from the city authorities to remove the garden, and then I got a warrant.
I said, 'Wait a minute, are you serious?
Is it a warrant just for planting vegetables on such a small, neglected piece of land? (Laughter) I was like, 'That's great, just try it.'
Well, the warrant was never executed.
And so the L.A. Times heard about it, and reporter Steve Lopez wrote it, interviewed the city council, and so on. the exercise was successful
I got the victory
The city council even called me to say how much they supported what we were doing and how much they loved what we were doing.
I mean, isn't that normal?
Los Angeles is the municipality with the most vacant land in the nation.
Its total area is 67 square kilometers
It's the size of 20 Central Parks.
There is enough space to plant 725 million tomato seedlings.
If you think about it, what the heck are you complaining about?
A single seedling can produce 1,000 or even 10,000 seeds.
$1 worth of green beans yields $75 worth of harvest
I preach to people like the gospel about growing your own food
It's the same as printing money yourself
(Applause) I have a fondness for South Central.
I grew up in this city and raised my sons here.
I don't want to be part of this reality that has been artificially created by others.I will create my own reality.
i am an artist
Gardening is my graffiti art I grow my art
Like a graffiti artist beautifies a wall, I beautify a lawn or a green space on a road.
We use the garden and the soil as a canvas, and the plants and trees become the decoration of that canvas.
You'll be amazed at what you can do with soil as a canvas.
You have no idea how beautiful a sunflower flower is and how much it affects people's hearts.
And what happened?
I saw first-hand how these gardens became a tool for education and community change.
To change a community, we have to change the composition of the soil.
And it's each of us that makes up that soil.
You'd be surprised to find out what effect it has on your child's development.
Gardening is one of the most healing and challenging activities, especially in poor inner-city areas.
You can also get strawberries
(Laughter) There's an incident that I still remember, but one day, around 10:30 at night, my mother and daughter came into my garden, and I just ran into them.
"Hey, hey," I said, feeling sorry for myself, "Don't sneak around like that.
That's why I made it on the street."
The thought of having hungry people so close to me made me feel so embarrassed, and it made me even more motivated, "Finn, aren't you worried that someone might steal what you've worked so hard to make?" ?”
I answer, "No way, I'm not worried.
That's why I'm on the street
that's the original purpose
I don't mind if you take it with you, but in return I want everyone to regain their health."
This happened to me: I built a vegetable garden in a homeless shelter in downtown Los Angeles.
All the guys there helped unload.
It was great, people told me so many stories about how this kind of work resonated with them, how they used to help their mothers and grandmothers with their yards, and it was amazing to see them change through gardening. Even if it was just for that one time
And so Green Ground continued to plant crops, creating about 20 vegetable gardens.
About 50 people gathered at the work site, all volunteers.
Kids who grew kale started eating kale
(Laughter) Children who grow tomatoes eat tomatoes. (Applause) But if these foods aren't offered to children, and if no one teaches children about the effects of food on their minds and bodies, they will undoubtedly be blind. you will eat what is in front of you
Young people want to work, but kids of color who are stuck in the status quo have to follow pre-drawn rails, and there's nothing beyond them.
So I think gardening is a great training ground for these kids to inherit their community and sustain a healthy life.
maybe as a result
Botanists like George Washington Carver may emerge.
But if we don't change the soil, that's never going to happen.
Well, I have a plan, and I want to do something like this.
Use an entire city block to plant vegetables and fruits and share them with neighbors
Convert a shipping container into a healthy cafe
But don't get me wrong
I'm not a "take it your way" kind of guy, because doing things for free isn't sustainable.
The interesting thing about continuity is that it has to be continued
(Laughter) (Applause) What I'm talking about here is giving people jobs, and taking the kids out of the streets and letting them feel the joy and pride of growing their own crops, opening open-air markets, that sort of thing. is that
The main thing here is how well you do it.
That's why I want to join you all to be the revolutionary gang gardeners of the eco revolution.
We have to overturn the definition of gang.
A non-gardener can't be a gangster
Grab your shovel and join the gang, shall we?
And armed with a shovel, win your choice.
(Applause) So if you want to see me, if you want to see me, if you're going to sit in a comfy chair and talk about this and that boring thing, it's no use contacting you.
If you want to see me, take a shovel and come to the garden, and we'll plant something boring together.
then thank you
(Applause) Thank you. (Applause)
Many people are here
When I was a child, I hid my heart under my bed Because my mother said, "If you're not careful, someone will break you someday."
Trust me, don't hide under the bed
I've been knocked down over and over again, so if I stand up for myself, I'll get altitude sickness
But I was taught
that you will stand up
It's hard when you don't know who you are
From an early age, I was told to decide who I was, and if I had to decide myself, someone else decided for me.
"Otaku" "Fat" "Pervert" "Okama"
As soon as you told me this, they asked me, "What do you want to be when you grow up?"
I always thought it was a cunning question
Because it's based on the premise that we can't stay the way we are now
we were kids
When I was a kid, I wanted to grow up
I also wanted to accumulate a public pension, so that I could live a sweet old age full of candy
When I was a kid, I wanted to shave my beard
not so much now
When I was eight years old, I wanted to be a marine biologist.
When I was 9, I saw the movie "Jaws," and I thought, "I quit."
At the age of 10, I was told my parents abandoned me-
When I was 11 I wanted to be left alone When I was 12 I wanted to die When I was 13 I wanted to kill a child
At 14, I was told to take my future seriously.
If you say, "I want to be a writer,"
I was told to "make it realistic"
So when you say "professional wrestler"
I was told not to be joking
Everyone asks what they want to be, and in the end they say no
And it's not just about me
What we were taught was to let go of who you are, be who you are, put on the mask of who you should be.
I was taught to accept the identity others gave me I was taught to accept the identity others gave me
But why do you give up on your dreams so easily?
It's true, my dream is to be shy because I'm Canadian (laughs)
My dream is shy and I'm so sorry
I was alone at a high school dance party and never been kissed
Even my dream has a nickname
stupid fool impossible
But I kept dreaming
I decided to become a wrestler
I was going to be the Garbage Man
His specialty is the garbage compactor
The catchphrase is "I'll throw it in the trash!"
(Laughter) (Applause) But that wrestler, Duke the Dumpster, got ahead of me.
Garbage compactor decided, I'm down
"Then what should we do next time?" I thought.
it's poetry
Like a boomerang, the things I love came back to me
I remember one of the first poems I wrote was a poem against the world that made me hate myself.
When I was 15 to 18, I hated myself because I was on the side of the bullies I should have hated.
When I was 19, I wrote, "I'll love myself, even if it's easier not to."
Standing up for yourself doesn't necessarily mean resorting to violence.
When I was a child, I wanted friends, so I did my homework.
Every time I break my promise, I leave alone
But I got mad at him when he kept calling me "Kumagoro," pointing to his stomach and saying, "I ate too much lunch," so I devised a plan.
It's actually not that hard to fool people. One day, before class, I said, "You can copy my homework," and I wrote it down the night before.
When his homework was returned, he expected a near-perfect score, and in disbelief he gave me a zero sign.
I didn't even have to show him my homework, which was 28 out of 30. I was happy just to see him confused.
(Laughter) (Applause) This is me
This is how I face myself
When I was a kid, I thought pork chops and karate chops were the same
I thought they were both pork chops
My grandmother thought it was cute - it was one of my favorites, so I kept it.
it's a silly story
One day, the fat boy fell out of the tree, not knowing that he was not fit for climbing, and got a bruise on the right side of his body.
I didn't want to tell my grandmother about it.I was in a place where I shouldn't play.I was afraid of being scolded.A few days later, the physical education teacher noticed the bruise
sent to the principal's office
Then I was taken to another small room where a very nice woman asked me questions about family life.
there was no reason to lie
Life was so good as far as I know
Said "When I'm sad, my grandmother gives me karate chops"
(Laughter) So the real investigation began -- I was quarantined from my home for three days, and then they finally asked me why I had the bruise.
This silly story quickly spread throughout the school and gave me my first nickname, Pork Chop.
I still hate pork chops
I'm not the only one who's grown up like this The cliché of the people around me is, "No matter what they say, it doesn't hurt or itch" Even terrible nicknames aren't as painful as broken bones I've been called by nicknames
We grew up believing that nobody loved us anymore All alone all our lives Never meeting anyone to make me feel that the sun is for me
A broken heart plays the blues of blood, emptying it so it doesn't feel anything
I don't want to hear that it doesn't hurt more than a broken bone, or that a twisted and painful heart can be operated on, or that it won't spread.
She was eight years old and was called ugly on the first day of third grade.
We were made to sit in the back of the classroom so that no scraps of paper could be thrown from behind.
But the corridor was a battlefield
Miserable days spent outnumbered
Avoiding the worst of the outdoors, never leaving the classroom even during break time
Outside, I had to repeatedly run away or stand still like a statue and disappear.
When I was in 5th grade, there was a sign in front of her desk that read, "Watch out for ugly dogs."
Even now, with a wonderful husband, she still doesn't think she's beautiful because of the birthmark on nearly half of her face.
"Somebody tried to erase it, but it didn't - it looks like the wrong answer," said the children around them.
They'll never understand how she raised two children - to them "beauty" is what "mother" means to them children look at the heart before the skin, and she's always been so wonderful. Because he was a broken branch grafted onto a different family line.
I'm adopted. My parents didn't want me to leave.
At the age of three, one was left alone, a tragedy struck two In eighth grade, treatment began, tests and drugs created a personality Life is a mountain of uphills and cliffs of downhills Repeatedly, 80% of people are caught up in suicidal thoughts and swept up in a tide of antidepressants - Adolescent nicknamed "drug" 1% due to drugs 99% due to cruelty
I tried to commit suicide when I was in the 10th grade, when a child from a blessed family told me to 'get out of the way'
As if depression could be cured with what's in the first aid kit
To this day, he's still a dynamite on fire He can tell in detail the moment the sky falls - how it bends I have a lot of friends who tell me that he's ingenious, but he's still a topic of conversation among those who don't get it. Medicine is essential, not because of addiction, but because of illness
We're not the only ones who grew up like this
Even now, children are still called by terrible nicknames.
The typical ones are "Yo Baka" and "Yo Tomma".
Every school seems to have a list of nicknamed weapons that's updated every year.
If there is a child who is hurt at school and no one listens, will there be a sound?
When you say, "Children are cruel," are children's voices just noise in the soundtrack?
Every school is a big circus hut and there's a hierarchy, starting with the acrobatics, then the lion tamers, then the clowns, then the spectacle.
We're freaks - freaks Shrimp scissors men and bearded women Juggling depression and loneliness Playing the game of kings alone Trying to kiss and heal our wounds At night after everyone goes to sleep We walk a tightrope continued to
It was practice, but yes, some people fall.
But I want to tell them that this is all - when you decide to let go of all your old selves, it's just a wreck If you can't see the beauty in you Get yourself a good mirror and take a closer look Everyone tells you to stop Because there's something inside that keeps you going
You put a cast on your broken heart You wrote yourself "They're wrong"
maybe it's because you didn't belong to the group
Even in basketball, he might not have been selected as a member until the end.
With a bruise and a broken tooth that could prove it, you probably wouldn't have sued, 'cause you can't stand in the land where they want to bury you.
i have to believe they are wrong
they are wrong
Otherwise why are we still here?
I grew up being told to encourage the weak because I find myself in the weak
We are deeply rooted in believing that a nickname is one thing
We're not a car that's stalled and abandoned on the road In a way it is but don't worry
I just walked to get gas
We've already graduated from the "Hekotare-gumi" There's no more fading echoes of voices shouting, "Nicknames don't hurt me"
It is true that I was hurt
But our life is a long-a long tightrope walk Less pain, more beauty Walking a tightrope
(applause)
Today I'm going to talk about innovation for society and social entrepreneurship.
i have triplets
I'm still young, I'm 5 years old
When I say triplets, people say, "Really? Who are they?"
Here's a picture of the kids: Sage, Annalisa, and Ryder.
Well I also happen to be gay
Being a gay parent of triplets is, for me, the most socially innovative and socially entrepreneurial thing.
(Laughter) (Applause) Today's story that really brings innovation for society.
It's about philanthropy, and what I want to talk about is how the way we've been taught about giving, about philanthropy, about nonprofits, is destroying our passion for changing the world and our core beliefs.
But before we do that, the question is, do we believe that the nonprofit sector is doing a great deal to change the world?
Many people think that if business can grow the economies of developing countries, then social enterprise will solve the rest.
Of course, I believe that economic growth will lead to great human progress.
But it always leaves behind 10%, or more, of the less fortunate and less fortunate.
A market is necessary for social projects, but there is the problem that it is not possible to create indicators that can be easily quantified in order to commercialize it.
I'm on the board of a developmental disability facility, and what they want is laughter, compassion, and even love.
Can you turn it into money?
That's where the nonprofit sector and philanthropy come in.
Charity is a market for love
It's a market for people ignored by other markets.
If we want a world for all, where no one is left behind, as Buckminster Fuller said, we need to seriously talk about the nonprofit sector.
But the reality doesn't seem to go so well
Why is breast cancer charity so far from finding a cure for breast cancer, and homeless charity so far from ending homelessness in major cities?
Why hasn't America's poverty rate improved over 40 years at 12% of the population?
That's because social problems are so big, and the institutions that we're trying to solve are so small.
There are 2 types of rules
One for the nonprofit sector and one for the rest of the economy at large.
It's like apartheid. There are five areas where the nonprofit sector is discriminated against.
In the for-profit sector, if you do a good job, you get paid more.
I don't like nonprofits using money to motivate staff and improve welfare services.
We are uncomfortable with the idea of ​​making money by helping others.
It's funny how the idea of ​​making a lot of money without helping people is not offensive.
For example, if you want to sell violent games to children and make 5 billion yen, cheer them on.
I'm going to put it on the cover of WIRED magazine.
But when you try to raise $500,000 for a child with malaria, you're treated like a parasite. (Applause)
We see this as our ethical system, but what we don't realize is that this way of thinking has terrible side effects. You're faced with a stark choice between making a lot of money for yourself and your family, or making a difference for the world, and in doing so, you're making a significant contribution to the nonprofit sector, which is helping tens of thousands of people each year. More and more people are choosing the path to commercial enterprise without hesitation, because they don't want to spend the rest of their lives at financial expense.
Business Week surveyed annual income 10 years after MBA
The median for a Stanford MBA graduate was 38 years old with $40 million including bonuses.
On the other hand, you're the CEO of a $5 million medical charity in the United States.
The average salary was 23 million yen, and 8.4 million yen for hunger programs.
Now, it's very difficult to get people who can make 40 million yen a year to sacrifice 31.6 million yen a year to become the CEO of an anti-hunger organization.
Some people say, "People who get an MBA are greedy."
Not necessarily
It's cheaper for them to donate 10 million yen to fight hunger every year. They can save 5 million yen in taxes and still have 27 million yen more per year than going to a hunger organization. By doing so, you'll be called a philanthropist, and you'll be on the board of a hunger-fighting organization, and you'll be in control of the poor guy who chose the CEO's path, with lifelong power and influence for the rest of his life. continue to be admired
The second area of ​​discrimination is advertising and marketing.
If you're a for-profit business, you might say, "Every last dollar that makes a sale, spend it on advertising, spend it, spend it."
When it comes to charity, they don't want their money spent on advertising.
Our stance is, "If somebody donates the ad space itself to an organization, maybe it's a slot at 4 in the morning, but it doesn't really matter.
I don't want my donations to flow to advertising expenses. Please give them to people who need them."
It's like saying that investing in advertising can't possibly raise a shocking amount of money for the poor.
In the 1990s, my company organized AIDSRide, a long-distance bicycle trip and a three-day breast cancer walk of about 100 kilometers. and helped people and collected 58.1 billion yen
We've raised more donations, faster than any previous event on the same theme. And here's the point: I hope you don't mind people asking you to do something you think you can't do.
I have a feeling that I want to try how far I can go for an important idea.
But it's useless if you don't get invited
I've advertised in the New York Times, in the Boston Globe's spreads, and in primetime radio and TV, and I've had huge audiences.
How many people do you think would have gathered if they had just put up flyers around?
Charitable giving in the United States has stagnated at 2% of GDP since the survey began in the 1970s.
This is an important fact, because in the last 40 years, the nonprofit sector has failed to wrest any share from the for-profit companies.
Think about it, how do you say you can take share from other sectors without pitching?
If you tell consumer brands, "You can promote your products," but tell philanthropy, "Don't promote good deeds," where do you think consumers' money will go? ?
The third area of ​​discrimination is how much risk you're willing to take in pursuing new ideas to make money.
For example, if a $20 billion Disney movie fails, I wouldn't sue the government.
When you raise 100 million yen in your community for the poor, if within the first year you don't use about 75% of the funds for the purpose, your character will be questioned.
That's why nonprofits are reluctant to boldly and boldly embark on large-scale fundraising, fearing failure and reputational damage.
As we all know, you can't innovate if you forbid failure.
If we stop innovation in fundraising, we will not be able to increase revenue.If we do not increase revenue, there will be no growth.Without growth, we will not be able to solve major social problems.
The fourth area of ​​discrimination is time.
It's been six years since Amazon didn't share profits with investors, but we've all waited.
Because he understood the goal of eventually dominating the market.
But if this is a non-profit organization, if the organization has big dreams that take six years to come true, invests all their money in scaling up, and operates in such a way that the money doesn't go to the people who need it, they're going to get kicked out.
The final area of ​​discrimination is profit itself.
For-profit companies can use cash-back mechanisms as a way to raise money to bring their ideas to life. And the nonprofit sector is starved for growth, risk tolerance and funding to foster ideas.
To summarize these five differences, you can't spend money on talent acquisition like a for-profit company does, you can't advertise on a large scale to get new customers like a for-profit company does, and you're taking the risk of acquiring customers like a for-profit company does. And if it's a for-profit company, it's allowed. There's no time to do it, and there's no stock market where you can raise money. are being relegated to a disadvantageous situation for
If you doubt the ramifications of having this other rule, look at this startling statistic: Between 1970 and 2009, 144 nonprofits grew past the $5 billion annual revenue mark.
During the same period, 46,136 commercial companies crossed this milestone.
We're dealing with big social problems, and non-profit organizations aren't growing to the scale they need.
Coca-Cola and Burger King can grow
Why do we think so?
Like most strange doctrines in America, it has its roots in ancient Puritan thought.
The Puritans are said to have come to America for religious reasons, but also to make money.
They were religious people, but they were also ardent capitalists, denounced for their tendency to pursue profits more radically than other colonists.
Puritans were Calvinists at the same time, so they were literally led to hate themselves.
We were taught that selfishness swallows us up and is the road to eternal ruin.
Isn't this a big problem for believers?
You went all the way across the Atlantic to make money, but when you make money you go straight to hell.
what happened to them?
Charity was their answer
Charity became the sanctuary of their economic activity, allowing them to seek profit while atonement by donating 5% of the profits.
If charity is an atonement for making money, then of course charity can't make money.
Excluded from the realm of helping others, financial motives have come to be heavily pursued only in the realm of selfishness. there was no movement to
This ideology is anchored by this very dangerous question: "What percentage of my donations go to operating expenses instead of their intended purpose?"
This question is problematic
I would like to focus on two issues
The first is to make operating costs seem irrelevant and negative.
But it actually serves a purpose, especially when it's used for growth.
The idea that operating costs are the enemy of the original purpose creates a second and even bigger problem: organizations are forced to operate in such a way that they don't spend what they really need to grow. Keeping operating costs low. we need to grow the organization to
So I've been taught that we should keep our expenses, like fundraising, to a minimum.
Of course, that would be true in a dark world where the total donated pie couldn't be increased.
But in a world where it's natural to invest in fundraising to increase the total donation pie and raise more money, you would have understood the opposite: instead of investing less in fundraising. We should increase it, because fundraising is a very promising way to multiply the amount of money that can be spent on a purpose that we care deeply about.
Let me give you two examples.
Launched with an initial investment of 5 million yen from the risk market
In just nine years, we've multiplied that funding by 1,982 times, and after deducting overheads, we've funded AIDS-related activities by 10.8 billion yen.
Three-day breast cancer event received an initial investment of 35 million yen from risk markets
In five years, it increased 554 times, and 19.4 billion yen was devoted to breast cancer research, excluding expenses.
Now, if you were a philanthropist with an interest in breast cancer, what would you do? For example, would you find the most innovative researcher in the world and give them $350,000 to spend on research, or would you give her fundraiser $350,000 to increase research funding to $194 million? right?
2002 was the most successful year
That year alone, I made 7.1 billion yen, excluding expenses, just for breast cancer.
And then it went bankrupt, suddenly bankruptcy in a terrible way.
why? You think? In short, the sponsor had a different opinion than we did.
The reason the sponsors left was because we were bullied by the media, who accused us of spending 40 percent of our total revenue on recruiting, customer service, and creating memories for our attendees. There was no accounting term for growth and investment for the future, only the devilish label of operating costs.
350 amazing employees, all fired en masse.
Because it was labeled as an operating cost.
Sponsors then run their own events
Their operating costs have also increased
In just one year, the revenues for breast cancer research have decreased by 84%, or 6 billion yen.
This is what happens when you confuse being ethical with being frugal.
We've been taught that a handmade bazaar with a 5 percent operating cost is ethically better than a professional fundraiser with a 40 percent operating cost, but the most important piece of information is missing: the actual total revenue. is how much is
Even if the bazaar costs only 5% to operate, it doesn't mean anything if the profits are small.
Since the bazaar does not invest in scale expansion, the profit is only 7,100 yen, and if a professional invests in scale expansion, the profit will be 7.1 billion yen.
So which total is better? Which sum would you prefer if you were a starving person?
Let's talk about how it affects the whole
You said total donations in the US is 2% of GDP.
That's about 30 trillion yen a year.
But only 20 percent of that, or 6 trillion yen, goes to health and humanitarian services.
The rest is spent on religion, higher education, and hospitals. 6 trillion yen is not enough to solve these problems.
But if, by investing in growth, we could push philanthropic giving just one step further, increasing its share of GDP from 2% to 3%, that would mean an additional $15 trillion a year in donations. If the money was only spent on health and humanitarian services, which is one of the areas we're particularly encouraged to grow and expand, that would triple the amount of money we donate to that sector.
yes if you have the scale
You have the potential to make real change
But you can't make change if you're narrowing your organizational vision with a demoralizing purpose to keep operating costs low.
You wouldn't want our generation's epitaph to say, "I saved money on running a charity," right?
(Laughter) (Applause) I'd like you to write, "We changed the world."
So that when choosing a charity, from now on, instead of asking for a percentage of operating expenses,
Ask them how big their dreams are. Ask them if they have dreams of the size of Apple, Google, or Amazon.
If the problem is actually solved, what does the operating cost matter?
If you can have that kind of generosity, if you can have that kind of generosity in your thinking, then the nonprofit sector can do a great job of changing the world for those who desperately need it to change.
If it will be the enduring legacy of our generation, then take responsibility for the ideas that have been handed down to us, rethink and correct them, and forever reinvent the way humanity thinks about making change. Then I'd like to ask the children to summarize what this is all about.
(Analisa) It's a (Rider) reform for a (Sage) real society.
thank you
(Applause) Thank you (Applause)
If anyone in your family or friends is struggling with some form of mental illness, please raise your hand.
yeah i thought so
So how many of you think that basic research on Drosophila will help us understand mental illness in humans?
I'm not surprised.
looks like i have a job
As Dr. Insel said this morning, people with mental illnesses like autism, depression, schizophrenia, etc. suffer a lot.
We know very little about mental illnesses, how to cure them, about their underlying mechanisms, whereas we know so much about physical illnesses.
Think about it, it's 2013, over a decade into the century, and if you're thinking about getting screened for cancer, you go to the doctor, you get an x-ray, you get a biopsy and a blood test.
Also in 2013, if you're worried about depression, what tests do you go to the doctor for?
inquiry only
Now, one of the reasons for this is that our view of the biological basis of mental illness has become simplistic and increasingly outdated.
It's a common belief, and one that the populist press and others instigate, is that these diseases are caused by chemical imbalances in the brain, making the brain a chemical sack full of dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine.
This is because so many drugs are prescribed for people with mental illness, and antidepressants like Prozac change the chemistry throughout the brain, as if the brain were really a chemical sac.
But that's not the answer, because in practice these drugs don't always work.
Many people don't want to take their medicines, or they stop taking them because they have unpleasant side effects.
These drugs have so many side effects, and using these drugs to treat complex mental disorders is like opening a can of oil and pouring it all over an engine for an oil change.
It hits the right spot to some extent, but it does harm to many others.
There's a new way of thinking about this, and as you heard in Dr. Inzel's presentation this morning, mental disorders are actually caused by disruption of the neural circuits that mediate emotions, moods, and emotions.
When we think about intellectual activity, we liken the brain to a computer.
So that means that emotions can be likened to computers as well.
I just don't usually think of it that way.
But we don't know much about the underlying circuitry in mental illness, because the hypothesis that chemical imbalances are the causative holds overwhelming ground.
It's not that chemicals aren't important in mental illness.
But it's not like the chemicals are soaking the whole brain like a soup.
Rather, they're released at specific locations and act on specific synapses to alter the flow of information in the brain.
If we really want to understand the biological basis of mental illness, we need to identify where in the brain those chemicals work.
Otherwise, we'll continue to oil the entire engine of our mind and continue to suffer its effects.
To overcome our ignorance of the role of chemicals in brain circuits, so-called "model organisms" can be very helpful. Animals such as fruit flies and laboratory mice can be manipulated at the molecular level by applying powerful genetic techniques. We can identify and localize specific types of neurons, and that was what Alan Jones was talking about this morning.
Once you can do that, you can activate specific neurons, or you can destroy or inhibit their activity.
If we inhibit a particular type of neuron and find that a behavior is blocked, we can conclude that that neuron is essential for that behavior.
On the other hand, if we activate a group of neurons to cause a behavior, we conclude that the group of neurons is necessary and sufficient for that behavior.
By doing tests like this, we can draw causal relationships between the activity of specific neurons in specific circuits and specific behaviors, and it's not impossible to experiment with this in the human body right away. is very difficult
But organisms like fruit flies -- they're amazing model organisms, they have tiny brains, they can do complex and sophisticated behaviors, they reproduce quickly, they're cheap.
But can these creatures tell us of emotional states?
Do they have feelings at all, or are they just robots?
In his 1872 treatise on emotional expression in humans and animals, Charles Darwin wrote that insects have emotions and can express them through behavior.
So did my esteemed colleague Seymour Benzer.
Seymour introduced the use of fruit flies as a model organism to study the relationship between genes and behavior here at Caltech in the '60s.
I was hired by Seymour to attend Caltech in the late 1980s.
To me, he was a Jedi and a rabbi, and Seymour taught me to love fruit flies and to enjoy science.
Now how do I ask this question
First, we believe that flies have an emotional state, but how do we know if that's true?
We humans, as I'll tell you later today, read emotions from facial expressions.
But when it comes to fruit flies, it's a little more difficult.
(Laughter) It's like you've landed on Mars, and you're looking out the window of the spaceship, and you're looking at these little green people that surround the spaceship, and you're like, "Whether or not they have feelings -- how can I find out?" it's like thinking
what you can do it's not so easy
One of the ways we can do this is to look for common traits and characteristics of emotion-like states, such as arousal, and see if we can identify behaviors in flies that might represent these states.
There are three things that matter: the degree of persistence, strength, and triggerability.
Persistence is long-term continuous action.
As we all know, once an emotion is triggered, it lasts long after the cause is gone.
Degree of strength is what the word means
People can increase or decrease their emotional intensity.
When people are a little sad, they lower the corners of their mouths and sniffle. When they are very sad, tears run down their cheeks and they may sob.
Provocativeness is pleasant or unpleasant, attraction or avoidance
So I decided to test whether flies could be provoked into behaviors that express emotions. It's the kind of behavior that comes home and looks annoyed.
We built a device we called the Puff-O-Mat, and we're going to blow air through this plastic tube on the lab bench, and it'll take the air to the fruit flies and blow them away.
What we found in this experiment was that when we breathed on the flies in the puff-o-mat a few times, they became very active, and even after we stopped blowing, they continued to fly around for a while and took a while to settle down.
So, to quantify this behavior, we used motion-tracking software developed by our collaborator Pietro Perona, who's in the electrical engineering department here at Caltech.
The results of this survey showed that experiencing these continual winds puts the flies in a kind of hyperactivity that is permanent, long-lasting, and graded in severity.
The more wind, or the stronger the wind, the longer it will stay in this state.
So I wanted to find out what controlled the duration of this state.
So I decided to use this puff-o-mat and automated tracking software to screen hundreds of mutant fruit flies to see if any of them had abnormal responses to the wind.
This is one of the great things about fruit flies.
We have a vault, and with just one phone call, we can order hundreds of vials of different mutants, screen them and analyze them to find out which genes are affected by the mutation.
During the screening, we found that one mutant took longer than normal to settle down after blowing the wind, and we also tested the gene affected by the mutation, the gene that encodes the dopamine receptor. I found out that there is
Yes, flies have dopamine, just like humans, and they interact with the brain and synapses through the same dopamine receptor molecules, just like you and I do.
Dopamine has many important functions in the brain, including attention, alertness, and reward. Disorders of the dopamine system have been implicated in many psychiatric disorders, including substance abuse, Parkinson's disease, and ADHD.
It's a little counterintuitive in genetics.
When we look at the normal role of a substance, we conclude by looking at what ``does not happen'' when the substance is removed.
If removing the dopamine receptors takes longer to calm the flies, we speculate that the normal role of the receptors and dopamine is to calm the flies faster.
It's a bit reminiscent of ADHD, but it's related to disorders of the human dopamine system.
If you give normal flies cocaine and raise their dopamine levels, you have to get the proper Drug Enforcement Administration license, and that's a big deal. is also like ADHD, but is often prescribed drugs like Ritalin because it acts like cocaine.
Slowly, I began to realize that what started out as a kind of playfulness, trying to piss off flies, might actually have something to do with mental illness in humans.
So how far does this analogy hold?
As many of you know, people with ADHD also have learning disabilities.
Could this be the same for flies with mutations in dopamine receptors?
surprisingly the answer is yes
As Seymour published in the 1970s, flies are as capable of learning as songbirds.
Here's a blue perfume, and if you shock it with the smell, you can train the flies to avoid the smell.
When the imprinted flies were asked to choose between tubes containing the shocking odor and another odor, they avoided the tube containing the shocking blue perfume.
If you do this to flies that have mutations in their dopamine receptors, they won't learn, they'll get a learning score of zero.
Failed from Caltech
So this type of fly has two disorders, what we geneticists call phenotypes, the hyperactivity disorder and the learning disability seen in ADHD.
So what, if any, relationship is there between these two phenotypes?
In ADHD, hyperactivity disorder is often thought to cause learning disabilities.
I can't sit still for long periods of time, so I can't concentrate on my studies.
But it's equally possible that learning disabilities lead to hyperactivity disorder.
Because you can't learn, your attention gets distracted by other things.
And one final possibility is that learning disabilities and hyperactivity disorders are completely uncorrelated, and are caused by common ADHD mechanisms.
This has been a mystery for a long time, but we can actually experiment with flies instead of humans.
The method is to use genetics to explore the fly's mind and unravel its neural circuits.
We take flies with abnormal dopamine receptors and put a copy of the normal dopamine receptor gene back into the fly's brain to genetically reconstruct or repair the dopamine receptors.
But then we go back to just one specific neuron in the fly and test it for learning deficits and hyperactivity disorders in each fly.
Surprisingly, it turns out that these two anomalies are completely different.
If you put a normal copy of the dopamine receptor back into this oval structure called the central complex, the flies would lose their hyperactivity disorder, but they would still have learning deficits.
On the other hand, putting the receptors back in another tissue called the mushroom body restores the ability to learn and the flies learn better, but the hyperactivity doesn't go away.
What this tells us is that the fly's brain is not bathed in dopamine like soup.
Rather, it controls different functions in two different circuits, so the two disorders in flies with defective dopamine receptors are because the same receptor controls two functions in two different areas of the brain. because there is
I don't know if the same is true for ADHD in humans, but these results give me something to think about that possibility.
Now, with these results, we can say with even greater certainty that the brain is not a bag of chemicals -- it's wrong to try to cure complex mental illnesses by blindly changing the taste of soup.
We have to use our ingenuity and scientific knowledge to design a new era of treatments, and it's important to be able to target specific neurons and specific brain regions that are affected by specific mental disorders.
If we can do that, we may be able to treat these ailments by applying oil only where it's needed in our mind's engine without any unpleasant side effects. Thank you.
Extinction is not ordinary death
more serious
I realized this in 1914, when the last passenger pigeon named Martha died at the Cincinnati Zoo.
This species was once the most numerous bird in the world, and lived in North America for six million years.
it suddenly disappeared
The sun was once blocked by a band of herds two kilometers wide and 500 kilometers long.
Aldo Leopold called it a biological storm, a blizzard of feathers.
As an important species, this bird supported deciduous forest ecosystems ranging from the Mississippi River to the Atlantic Ocean to Canada to the Gulf of Mexico.
In just a few decades, the population went from five billion to zero.
the cause is
was commercial hunting
They were hunted for meat and sold in large numbers. It was easy to catch, because once the herds landed on the ground, they were so dense that many captors would come and slaughter them.
Meat was America's cheapest protein
By the end of the century, the only remnants of it were the stuffed animals kept in museum specimen boxes.
One good story
People realized that the American bison was also endangered, so the birds saved the buffalo, so to speak.
but many other animals died
Carolina parakeets were once seen in the backyard
However, it was hunted for its feathers and became extinct.
The New England steppe grouse that lived on the east coast
Although they were loved and protected, they became extinct
A local paper lamented, "There are no survivors, there is no future, this creature will never be born again."
Extinction is accompanied by deep sorrow. Tragedy has struck even beloved birds.
so are mammals
Another important species that was famous was the aurochs.
A movie was recently made
Aurochs resembled bison
This animal acted as a mediator between forests and grasslands, and was widely distributed throughout Europe and the Asian continent, from Spain to Korea.
This animal was also depicted in the Lascaux Cave paintings.
There are other extinct species
Bucardo, a kind of goat that lived in Spain
extinct in 2000
On the island of Tasmania in southern Australia, there lived a magnificent marsupial thylacine called the Tasmanian tiger.
The hunt continued until the zoo was down to the last few dead.
valuable film remains
regret anger sadness
Stop grieving and make a plan
What if you could take DNA from a museum specimen or a 200,000-year-old fossil and use it to recreate an extinct species? Where would you start?
Let's first look at the cutting edge of biotechnology.
I spoke with my wife, Ryan Pheeran, who runs a biotech company called DNA Direct, and her colleague George Church, who's a top-notch genetic engineer, but he's also obsessed with passenger pigeons, and he's doing his research. I was confident that I could make great use of
So my wife and George held a meeting at Harvard's Wyss Institute and called on passenger pigeon experts, ornithologists and bioethicists, and I was delighted to learn that a molecular biologist named Beth Shapiro had already decoded passenger pigeon DNA. rice field
This scientist used toe tissue from a specimen in the Smithsonian Institution, and that's where the Paleozoic DNA was.
The DNA was extremely damaged, but with today's advanced technology, we can reconstruct the entire genome.
So the question is, can we use that genome to regenerate extinct birds?
George Church thinks he can
I recommend his book "Recreation." It describes the science of regenerating extinct species. He also has a machine called the Complex Automated Genome Engineer.
It's an evolutionary device, so to speak.
You can write different combinations of genes on a chip at the cell and organ level, and then transplant the successful individuals into a living organ and it will work.
As for the accuracy of this method, according to this illegible George slide, the accuracy is down to each base pair.
The passenger pigeon genome has 1.3 billion base pairs
And today we can replace one gene with its derivative.
called alleles
alleles can occur in normal mating
In this case, it's a synthetic cross between genomes of extinct and closely related living species.
During his research, George points out that the synthetic biology technology he's working on is accelerating four times faster than Moore's Law.
accelerated since 2005 and will continue
Now, the closest surviving species to the passenger pigeon is the banded pigeon.
Genetically, band-tailed pigeons are mostly live passenger pigeons.
Banded pigeons differ only slightly
If we replace those differences with passenger pigeons, extinct species can be resurrected and cooing.
there's a lot to do
Identification of critical genes is required
There's a gene for the short tail of the banded pigeon and a gene for the long tail of the passenger pigeon.
The result of mixing everything will not be perfect
But it's close enough, because nature isn't perfect either.
The meeting in Boston had three outcomes.
First, my wife and I founded a non-profit organization called Revive and Restore to promote the restoration of endangered species, clarify who is responsible, and then proceed with the research and incorporate it into the recovery of passenger pigeons.
Then I met a young graduate student named Ben Novak, who had been interested in passenger pigeons since he was 14 years old, taught himself Paleozoic DNA, and with the help of family and friends' funding, he ran passenger pigeon DNA.
decided to hire him
This is a picture of him at the Smithsonian Institution last year, and he's looking at Martha, the last passenger pigeon.
If the reproduction is successful, it will not be the last one
The third result of the Boston meeting was the realization that although there are scientists all over the world who are working to restore extinction, they have never met together.
So National Geographic took notice, because National Geographic thinks that last century discoveries were new discoveries, and this century discoveries are new creations.
Extinction reproduction falls under it
So another meeting was set up, and 35 scientists came together, they were conservation biologists and molecular biologists, and they discussed areas of collaboration.
Some Conservation Biologists Are Very Bold
Three of them, in particular, want to not only regenerate extinct species, but also restore destroyed ecosystems in northern Siberia, the Netherlands, and Hawaii.
I'm Henri from the Netherlands, forgive me for pronouncing his Dutch last name, he's working on the Aurochs.
Aurochs are the ancestors of all domestic cattle, so the genome is inherited, just scattered.
They're trying to recreate the aurochs by crossbreeding seven primitive species, like the stocky Maremmana species above, through artificial selection over time.
Wildlife restoration is ahead of the United States in South Korea Wildlife restoration is ahead of the United States in South Korea The plan is to introduce aurochs into restored wildlife across Europe to restore their original ecological role. And we're trying to turn barren land into fertile forests to support a wide variety of species.
Another amazing story The main character is Alberto Fernandez-Arias
He worked on Bucardo in Spain
The final bucardo was a female named Celia, who was still alive at the time, and was captured temporarily, and tiny cells were taken from her ear, and then frozen in liquid nitrogen and released back into the wild for a few months. Died under a fallen tree
They extracted the DNA from the ear, implanted the cloned egg into the goat, and after the gestation period passed, a live Bucardo baby was born.
It was the first reproduction of an extinct species in history.
(Applause) But it was short-lived.
Occasionally, cross-species clones have respiratory problems.
This individual died 10 minutes later due to underdeveloped lungs, but Alberto is convinced of the progress of cloning technology, and believes that bucardo herds will eventually return to the mountains of northern Spain.
I'm Oliver Ryder, a great pioneer in cryopreservation technology.
Over 1,000 frozen cells have been stored in the San Diego Zoo for over 35 years.
Cells and their DNA frozen at -196°C are, so to speak,
It's alive. Bob Lanza of Advanced Cell Technologies took cells from an endangered Java Banteng species and transplanted them into cows. The cows conceived and eventually gave birth to healthy Java Banteng babies. Born and raised well, still alive and well
Now, Bob Lanza's focus is on using iPS cells to create embryonic cells, like eggs or sperm, from any cell.
Then there's Mike McGrew, a scientist at the Rosslyn Institute in Scotland who's trying to do miracles for birds.
For example, we use hawk skin cells to create iPS cells.
Making embryonic plasma from iPS cells
He established a technique to implant this embryonic plasma into the embryonic cells of chicken eggs, so that chickens, so to speak, have hawk gonads, chickens, so to speak, hawk gonads.
If you get a pair of chickens, you get a hawk.
(Laughter) Chickens that are slightly modified produce hawks.
Ben Novak was the youngest participant
he took the role of organizer
So it goes like this: we collect the genomes of the banded pigeon and the passenger pigeon, we use the technology of George Church to obtain the DNA of the passenger pigeon, and we use the technology of Robert Lanza and Michael McGrew to transfer the DNA into the gonads of chickens, and then the eggs are laid. Pigeons are born out of it, and a flock of passenger pigeons regenerates.
The problem that arises is that the new flock doesn't have parent pigeons to teach passenger pigeons' habits.
What shall we do
In fact, many of the behaviors of birds are innate, which means they're in our DNA. To complement that, Ben is thinking about using homing pigeons, so that young passenger pigeons can form flocks, nesting sites and feeding grounds. you'll learn how to find
Conservationists include Stanley Temple, famously known as the founder of conservation biology, and Kate Jones of the IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature), who is involved in the Red List.
They're very interested, but also worried about competing with very important conservation efforts for endangered species that are still alive.
In other words, I want to continue wildlife conservation activities.
Want to save the 25,000 elephants slaughtered each year with a devastating uptake of the Asian ivory market
But on the other hand, conservation biologists also find that dark topics can make people cringe.
The Red List is very important to protect endangered and endangered species.
Meanwhile, they're trying to create a Green List, which lists healthy species that were previously endangered, including the bald eagle, thanks to the efforts of people and the very well-managed reserves around the world. Here is a list of species that have successfully recovered
I'm trying to liven up the activity with a bright topic.
The restoration of extinct species is meaningful as part of such a bright topic.
Let me give you some examples
Breeding in captivity is an effective means of restoring extinct species
California condors were down to 22 in 1987
Extinction seemed a matter of time
But thanks to captive breeding at the San Diego Zoo, we now have 405 birds, 226 of which have returned to the wild.
This method can also be applied to the restoration of extinct species.
The next successful example is the mountain gorilla in Central Africa.
In 1981, Diane Fosse prepared for extinction
Only 254 survived
Now it's 880, and it's growing 3 percent every year. Now it's 880, and it's growing 3 percent every year.
The secret is a very good eco tour system The secret is a very good eco tour system
This photo was taken by my wife last month with her iPhone This photo was taken by my wife with her iPhone last month
This wild gorilla is used to tourists
The next one is also interesting, but needs more help, the white rhino example.
no pair
Yet various DNA samples from this animal have been preserved.
Reproducible by cloning
so what's the next step
It's been a private meeting so far
I think this topic should be made public
question public opinion
Does public opinion want the restoration of endangered species?
Do you want to revive extinct species?
(Applause) Tinker Bell will fly.
It's that very moment that some people are so hopeful for.
some people worry
We intend to continue the recovery of passenger pigeons
Ben Novak started working with Beth Shapiro's group at the University of California, Santa Cruz.
We are going to analyze the genomes of the passenger pigeon and the banded pigeon.
When it's done, send it to George Church, who will magically extract the passenger pigeon's DNA.
So Ben Lanza and Mike McGrew insert the inherited DNA into the embryonic plasma and transplant it into the chicken, and from the chicken the passenger pigeon chick is born, and the band-tailed pigeon raises it. is
And if the cost goes down, we can do the same thing for the Carolina parakeet, the Aurochs, the New England steppe grouse, the billy woodpecker, the eskimo, the curlew, the Caribbean monk seal, the mammoth.
In effect, humans have dug a huge hole in nature over the last 10,000 years.
Now we have the ability, and perhaps the duty, to repair some of that damage.
What we can do is restore and protect nature, and restore and protect populations of endangered species.
Some species that have already died can be brought back into the world waiting for their resurrection.
thank you
(Applause) Thank you.
I have a question
This is an emotional topic and some people will stand up.
On the other hand, some people will sit and ask painful questions like, wait a minute, isn't this kind of human intervention in the natural world a problem?
Cause something unexpected, Pandora's box or something
What do you think about this?
The point I made earlier is that we are the ones who have intervened heavily to drive animals to extinction, many of which are important species, and in doing so, have changed whole ecosystems.
The problem is the change in the baseline level, which means that extinct species are the problem.
I think it's also the providence of nature
It's a long, slow process, and I think it's good that it spans multiple generations.
Even mammoths can regenerate
I found both the story and its possibilities very thrilling I found both the story and its possibilities very thrilling
thank you for speaking
thank you (applause)
Chris Anderson asked me if I could talk about my 25-year campaign to end poverty in 10 minutes.
The British are telling the Irish to speak concisely.
(Laughter) Chris replied, "It's impossible unless a miracle happens."
"Isn't this a good opportunity to make use of your savior desire?"
I see
So I thought I'd talk about it from a much longer perspective than 25 years.
Let's go 3,000 years before Christ, when I think the journey to justice and the march to fix inequality and poverty began.
3,000 years ago, when civilization was built along the Nile, Jewish shepherds who were enslaved, probably dressed in the scent of sheep dung, proclaimed to Pharaoh seated on his high throne, "Your Majesty, you and we It's equal."
Pharaoh replied, "What do you mean
O lowly people, such a thing cannot happen."
The shepherds countered, "That's what our holy book says."
In modern times, same country, same pyramid, different people, different books spreading the idea of ​​equality.
The book is Facebook
People gather in Tahrir Square
We connected SNS from virtual to real and "rebooted" the 21st century.
I know all too well how chaotic the Arab Spring has been since, and I'm not going to overestimate the role of technology, but what the Arab Spring has shown is that the old pyramid of power has been turned upside down, and people are at the top. come to the modern day pharaohs could go to the bottom
And it also shows that information is powerful, and that through its diffusion, we can redress inequalities. Facts, like humans, want freedom, and facts, when unleashed, are the most brutal. Even those in poverty will eventually be liberated. Facts can counter cynicism and cynicism, defeat apathy and indifference, reveal what works and what doesn't, and help solve problems. By listening and paying attention to the facts, we can prepare ourselves to face the challenges that Nelson Mandela spoke of in 2005: extreme poverty, the worst human condition of our generation. His wish is to overcome it. Facts are a great driving force for that.
Forget the rock opera Forget the big words I always say
The only things that resonate in this era are the facts, and that's where my inner otaku heart is drawn to.
So jump out of the rock star frame
Become an Evidence-Based Activist "Factivist"
The facts show that the long and slow journey to equality for people is accelerating.
See what we've accomplished
see this data
Since the beginning of the new millennium in 2000, 8 million people with AIDS have access to antiretroviral drugs.
Eight sub-Saharan African countries have seen a 75% drop in malaria mortality.
2.65 million fewer deaths for children under the age of 5 per year
7,256 children are saved every day.
(Applause) Let's think a little more.
Have you seen a number this significant in the past week?
That's great news, and I'm really disappointed that people don't know this.
7,000 children a day, so are these two.
Michael and Benedicta, they're alive thanks to Dr. Patricia Asamoah and the Global Fund, which we all consciously or unwittingly support financially.
Global Fund distributes antiretroviral drugs to prevent HIV from passing from mother to child
This wonderful news didn't just happen by itself.
It's won through battle and campaign innovation.
More great news is born from here This is how history goes
43% of the world's population in 1990 increased from 33% in 2000 to 33% in 2000 and decreased to 21% in 2010
Let's clap (Applause) We're in half
But the extreme poverty rate is still too high, and too many people are dying who don't need to die.
I still have work to do
But it's shockingly good news.
For the destitute who live on less than $1.25 a day, this is more than just data.
it means a lot
For parents who want the best for their children, this sudden change is a route from despair to hope.
What do you think the number of people living in extreme poverty will be in 2030 if poverty reduction continues at its current rate?
can you believe it?
The data tells us that if we continue like this, it will become zero.
For those who like numbers, zero is like an erogenous zone.
Extreme poverty here means people living on less than $1.25 a day, but inflation is taken into account based on 1990.
good standards are important
that's great
Some might think that these advances are only happening in Asia, Latin America, or model countries like Brazil. We all love the Brazilian model, but let's look at sub-Saharan Africa
Ten countries in this region, sometimes called "lions," have canceled their debts in the last decade, aid has tripled, foreign direct investment has increased tenfold, and domestic resources -- local money -- have quadrupled. If it is used wisely by good governance, we can reduce child mortality by a third, double the education completion rate, halve the extreme poverty rate to 10%, and move it toward zero. can
The prosperity of the Lion Nation is proof that our cause is right.
There are many good sides to this
First, you won't have to listen to nasty upstarts like me.
How are you? (Applause) 2028 or 2030 is coming soon.
That's long enough for the Rolling Stones to do three farewell concerts.
(laughs) I hope you do it three times.
Then we should be very young too
Then why aren't we all excited?
Because the opportunities are real, but the dangers are real too.
Eradication of extreme poverty cannot be realized unless we have the belief that it is really possible.
I want you to see this graph
It's a graph of inertia, it's a road to failure
The next graph is more beautiful
It's a graph of propulsion
This is how we bend the arc of history to bring extreme poverty to zero, and we just have to do what we know works.
inertia and propulsion
There are dangers, and of course, the closer you get to your goal, the harder it gets.
These are difficult times I know the obstacles ahead
In difficult times, those in charge of national finances must want to reduce spending on the life-saving Global Fund.
But it has a countermeasure
Tell politicians that cutting spending will cost lives.
Right now in Oslo the oil companies are at war trying to hide the fact that they pay the government to extract oil in a developing country.
You can do something about this
Join the One campaign with leaders like telecoms entrepreneur Mo Ibrahim Join the One campaign with leaders like telecoms entrepreneur Mo Ibrahim
We're working to get laws made so that at least some of the wealth from the earth goes into the hands of the people who live there.
The greatest disease of our time is not disease, but corruption and corruption.
But there are vaccines for this
Transparency and Open Data Resonate Strongly with the TED Community
You could also call it transparency as bright as daytime.
Because technology is accelerating this
It's getting harder and harder to hide bad things
I want you to hear about the U Report, it's amazing. 150,000 young people in Uganda used 2G mobile phones and text messages to expose government corruption, reveal budget breakdowns and where money is being spent. I'm asking you to
It's an exciting story
Once you have a tool like this, you can't help but use it.
Once you have this knowledge, you can't go back to ignorance
You can't erase data from your brain, but you can erase old images People who suffer from poverty say they can't choose their own life People who suffer from poverty say they can't choose their own life
It's better to forget that image now, because it's no longer true. (Applause) It's a time when everything is changing.
By 2030, robots will not only be serving Guinness beer, they will be drinking it.
By then, even places with sloppy governance will start moving toward what they should be.
I'm here today to infect you with this noble, data-driven virus, the virus called Factivism.
Infected don't die
Rather, it could save the lives of countless people.
I want everyone to become a source of infection, spread this, share it, and pass it on.
It allows you to join the most ambitious and greatest adventure of all time: the journey towards equality.
Can we be the great generation that Mandela wanted?
Respond to Mandela's call with science, reason, fact and emotion.
-factivists have feelings too-
I'm sure some of you have heard of Wael Ghonim.
He created one of the Facebook groups that triggered the Talihar Square protests.
I've been jailed for it His words are engraved in my head
"We win because we don't know politics
We win because we don't use dirty tricks like politicians
We win because we don't have a political agenda
We win 'cause the tears we shed- come from the heart
We will win because we have a dream - we will gladly stand up for it."
As Wael says
When we're united, we're the ones who win, because the power of people united is much stronger than those in power.
thank you
(Applause) Thank you. (Applause)
-- Chris Anderson: I've always been fascinated and amazed by all the things that Netflix has to offer.
you are full of surprises
It must have been 6 years ago
Netflix, which was doing well at the time, was basically a streaming service for movies and TV series made by other companies.
You convinced the financial district that you were right by taking a dramatic turn from just renting out DVDs to a streaming service.
The company was weedy, with six million subscribers and a healthy growth rate, but when the time came, you made a big decision that put your company on the line.
Tell us about that decision and the background.
(Reed Hastings) Cable networks have always started by playing other people's content and then evolved into producing their own content.
So the principle was already known
In fact, we tried to get into original content in 2005. At the time, we only did DVDs, and we sourced from the Sundance Film Festival. it was like
But it didn't work because it was so small.
As you said, back in 2011, my content partner at Netflix, Ted Sarandos, had high hopes for House of Cards.
At the time, it was a $100 million investment that was so attractive that even HBO wanted it.
That was his first real breakthrough choice.
CA: Shows were a big part of the company's revenue at the time.
Why were you so sure it would work?
If I made a mistake, it would have cost the company a lot of money.
(Reed) Yeah, I wasn't sure. It was full of that tension.
We were like, "This is crazy...!"
I was scared
(Laughter) (Chris) You didn't just create new content.
And if I understand correctly, it also created binge viewing.
Instead of saying, "Let's provide a few episodes first and then gradually build up the excitement," Burn! and provided all episodes at once
I took the plunge without even testing it.
Why such a risk?
(Reed) We grew up with DVD rentals.
DVD series and box sets appeared
We all watched great HBO shows on DVD -- yes, we used to watch episode after episode on DVD.
And that's what got me started, and I thought, "Wow, it would be really cool if we could have episodic content all at once, especially for a series."
That's something you can't do with traditional television.
Those two factors made the decision positive.
CA: So, did you come to a numerical conclusion right away, like if you watched "House of Cards" for an hour, you'd make more money than if you watched another company's licensed show?
(Reed) We're a subscription model business, so we don't have to consider those metrics.
It's important for us to strengthen our brand and grow our subscribers.
"House of Cards" did exactly that, because a lot of people talk about the show and associate it with our company. I saw it on netflix, but it didn't connect to our company.
Chris: And then you've had a string of famous series. "Narcos," "Jessica Jones," "Orange is the New Black," "The Crown," "Black Mirror." "Things" too
Next year, we're not going to invest $100 million in new content.
how much?
(Reed) It's about $8 billion worldwide.
it's not enough
There are so many great shows on other networks.
we are still
CA: But $8 billion -- isn't that the biggest amount for any streaming service company?
(Reed) No, not Disney.
And that's the amount that's used all over the world, so it's not that big of an investment.
(Laughter) (Chris) Clearly, Barry Diller and others in the media industry feel like Netflix just came out of nowhere and completely changed the industry.
Like Blockbuster once said, "We're going to make a Blockbuster video," and six years later, it grew to be as big as Disney.
What I thought was impossible happened
(Reed) That's the tricky part about the net. It's fast, isn't it?
everything around me moves fast
CA: The Netflix culture is unusual in that it makes bold -- I wouldn't call it reckless -- decisions that are bold and deliberate.
(Reed) That's right.
Our strength was that we started out as a DVD business, and we expected that form to be temporary.
I never thought I would still be in the rental business 100 years from now.
The paranoia of wondering what the future holds, which is also the spirit that shapes the company, is that we're always worried about the next business environment.
it's a strength
In terms of culture, we value freedom and responsibility very much.
I'm proud to say that I make minimal decisions each quarter.
It's getting more and more sophisticated
Sometimes quarters go by without me making any decisions.
(Laughter) (Applause) (Chris) There's an amazing thing about you guys.
For example, looking at a survey
Netflix employees are said to have the highest salaries compared to other companies in the industry.
And the lowest unemployment rate
If you do a search on "Netflix CultureDeck," you'll find an amazing list of advice for employees.
tell me some of them
CA: At my first company, we were very obsessed with process.
it was in the 1990s
Every time someone made a mistake, I tried to create a process to prevent it, oriented like semiconductor yield analysis.
The problem was that we were trying to create a system that was kind to bad employees.
So, gradually, only bad employees remained.
And of course the market changed, in this case from C++ to Java.
Of course there is always change.
The company couldn't keep up with the change and was acquired by its biggest competitor.
So at Netflix, we were very careful to eliminate process and avoid confusion.
And so we created all the mechanisms, the best talent, the placement, the openness, the sharing of information, and so on -- and we were all amazed at how much information was being freely shared within the company, like basic strategy.
We were 'anti-Apple' You know their divisive culture?
We're quite the opposite, we're making everyone informed.
What we're trying to do is give people a sense of responsibility and discretion.
All too often, we hear about big decisions in hindsight, and sometimes we've never heard of them, and that's a good thing.
Most of the time it works
(Chris) So you wake up in the morning and you see it on the news, like?
(Lead) sometimes splash
(Chris) "You've expanded into China!"
(Reed) That must be a big deal.
(Chris) Let employees set their own vacation days.
They're free to act -- (Reed) The vacation thing is symbolic, because that's what most people actually do.
We certainly have a lot of that discretion.
CA: And you've made courage a core value of the company.
(Reed) I want employees to tell the truth.
We say, "Silence to dissent is a self-destroying act of trust."
I don't encourage you to just sit back and keep records and let the decisions pass.
We've always been very big on making good decisions through discussion, and we always do.
And I try to create an atmosphere where people don't yell at each other.
Curiosity is what drives people to respond.
Chris: It looks like Netflix has another secret weapon: huge amounts of data, and we've talked a lot about this this week.
You took an amazing stance when you were building intelligent algorithms at Netflix.
Around that time, we released our algorithm to the world and said, "Who has a better idea than us?
I'll pay you a million dollars
So you paid a million dollars for something that was 10 percent better than your own.
(Reed) Exactly
(Chris) Was it a good way? Would you do it again?
CA: Yeah, circa 2007, it was really exciting back then.
But I haven't done it since.
It's obviously a very specific method.
I think it's more of a coincidence than our usual framework.
So we've invested heavily in algorithms to try to show the right content for each viewer and make the content-seeking experience fun and convenient.
CA: And then a few years ago we made a very interesting turn. I used to ask users, 'What do you think of these 10 movies?
Which movie do you like best? "
And then we matched the movie against a new recommendation list.
Then I moved away from that method.
can you talk about this?
(Lead) Of course
Everyone rated "Schindler's List" as the best. Adam Sandler's "Do Over If I Was Born Again" got three stars.
But it's almost always the latter that actually got more people watching.
Here's what it means: when we evaluate, we metacognitively think about quality in terms of "should be."
But when you look at the actual selections, you can see that they enjoyed watching the simple pieces, and that's a match that people are much more happy with.
CA: Let's talk about this for a minute, because it seems so important not only to Netflix, but to the Internet as a whole.
About the difference between what you think you should be and what you actually are.
You wisely turned a blind eye to what people were saying, and used your viewing history to figure out what shows people liked. )that's right
(Chris) It's a really bizarre and interesting show.
But if we go too far with an approach that relies on audience ratings, isn't there a risk?
CA: We take pleasure in entertaining people.
It's a fun and stress-free show.
I also sometimes ask for very heavy movies
"Mudbound" is an Oscar nominee -- it's a great, pretty heavy movie.
"Mudbound" racked up 20 million hours watched, which is far from being distributed in theaters or by other distributors.
I mean, we have candy, but we also have lots of broccoli.
And a good balance makes for a healthy diet.
(Chris) Right
But don't algorithms tend to lead people away from vegetables and toward candy? if you're not careful
I just told you that YouTube is just pushing people to more and more extreme content and specific shows just by improving the performance of its algorithms.
Based on the values ​​hidden by the Netflix algorithm, you might end up watching -- (Reed) yes, very vulgar -- (Chris) violent porn or something.
I'm talking about some people
(laughs) Not me!
I'm a missionary kid, so I don't even think about it.
No— (Laughter) But it's possible, right?
(Reed) Actually, you can't just rely on algorithms.
It's a question of both judgment and choice of shows. Unlike Facebook and YouTube, we deliver curated shows, so the question we face is which of these great movies and TV series should I buy? It's as easy as
We also use algorithms there.
CA: John Doerr talked about measuring things that matter.
As a business, the important thing is basically to increase the number of subscribers.
That's your company's unique competitive edge
Do subscribers renew their subscriptions if they spend more time watching Netflix?
Or even if you don't have enough time to watch an entire season of, say, "Perfect Sweets."
Is it something that reaches the viewer's heart and makes them feel this way? "This was a wonderfully good show and I really enjoyed watching it with my family."
What about a business model with less content, but higher quality content, for example, more emotional shows?
(Reed) People choose content that inspires them
When people talk about Netflix, they're certainly talking about content that resonates with them, like "13 Reasons Why" and "The Crown."
They've had a tremendously positive impact, and the increase in subscribers I was talking about is also due to some memorable classics.
We want to offer a wide variety of programs
People don't want to watch the same show every night until they get bored. They want to watch a variety of shows.
And so far, there's never been a demand for violent pornography.
Instead, viewership for a variety of content increased, and "Black Mirror" is currently in production for its fifth season.
When it was only on the BBC, it was an unpopular little show.
And on-demand delivery makes these massive shows possible.
CA: So you're saying that people can be as addicted to virtue as they are to vices.
CA: Well, again, we don't think of it in terms of dependence. What do you choose to do when you want to relax? about it
You can watch traditional TV shows, video games, YouTube or Netflix.
And if Netflix offers high-quality shows in a variety of moods, they'll be picked more often.
Chris: Your organization has staff that routinely measure the real-world impact of your high-performance algorithms.
As a reality check, I asked myself, "Is this really the direction we're going?"
(Reed) That's how we learn.
I have to humbly admit that there is no such thing as a perfect tool.
Algorithms are part of the whole, and they're also influenced by how content is presented and how a company interacts with society.
So we should look at it from different scales and perspectives.
If you just think, "Let's increase the number of views," or "Let's increase the number of subscribers," and stop thinking about it, the company won't grow, it won't be the company it aims to be.
So think of it as multiple measures of success.
CA: You were on the board of directors at Facebook on the topic of controversial algorithms, and I remember you mentoring Mark Zuckerberg.
Can you tell me something about Mark Zuckerberg?
(Reed) Most of you know him.
he is a wonderful person
Genuine top notch
Social platforms like YouTube and Facebook are clearly going to grow exponentially.
All new technology is used
Yesterday we talked about printed DNA, and how it can be both wonderful and terrifying.
Any new technology -- when television first became popular in America in the 1960s, it was called "a vast wasteland." Television was thought to corrupt everyone's minds.
But it was a baseless worry
We've also made some improvements. Think about it this way -- with every new technology, there's a good side and a bad side.
Social platforms are looking into that.
CA: How high is the resolution of that issue on Facebook's board of directors?
Or is it the perception that the company is being criticized for being totally misplaced?
(Reed) I don't think it's misplaced
And Mark, as the person responsible for course correction at Facebook,
pouring heart and soul
CA: Reed, about your other passion.
Now that you've made it on Netflix and become a billionaire, you're spending a lot of your time and money on the education business.
(lead) Yeah
(Chris) Why did you choose education and what exactly did you do?
(Reed) I left college and became a high school math teacher.
And then I went into business, then I became a philanthropist, and I think I was drawn to education and wanted to make a difference in that field.
And I realized that educators want to partner with other great educators to create a lot of unique environments for their children.
We need more diverse systems than we have today, and we need more educator-centered organizations.
The difficulty is that in America right now, most schools are run by local school boards.
We have to meet all the needs of the community, and in fact we need more diversity.
In the United States, we have a form of public education called public charter schools, which are run by non-profit organizations.
And that's what I focus on, and I think that if we have schools run by nonprofits, we should be able to focus more on our mission and better support our educators.
I am a board member of one of the largest, the KIPP Charter School.
We give 30,000 children a year a very inspiring education.
(Chris) Tell me how it's going
(Reed) It's a child-tailored education.
Every child has different needs, and there's no one educational model that meets them all.
I want educational options that are considered necessary for each child
But they should be educator-centered, they should be curiosity-inducing.
Thirty fifth graders, all learning the same thing at the same time, is clearly an industrial regression.
With the current government structure, it's extremely difficult to change that.
But these innovative nonprofit schools are stepping up and letting kids try new things.
As an analogy, think of this as governance reform, a non-profit that aims to reform education.
CA: There is sometimes criticism that charter schools, intentionally or otherwise, deprive public institutions of funding.
about that?
(Lead) Including charter schools
There are several types of public educational institutions.
If you look at charter schools as a whole, the students are poor children.
Because if children from wealthy families fail in school, their parents can send them to private schools or move them for education.
But poor families usually don't have that option.
KIPP and others provide free or discounted school meals to children, 80% of whom are from poor families.
And KIPP's university acceptance rate is high.
CA: You signed the Donation Pledge a few years ago, and you've decided to donate more than half of your fortune in your lifetime.
May I ask how much you have invested in education in the last few years?
CA: Hundreds of millions of dollars. I don't remember the exact amount, but we've continued to invest in education -- (Applause) Thank you. I also aimed
Working for John was a good experience, but politics just wasn't for me.
i like business competition
Competing with Disney and HBO
(Laughter) That's what drives me.
Now that's how I add value to Netflix, so I can donate to schools.
life is perfect now
CA: Reed, you're an amazing person, and you've changed the lives of all of us and our children.
Thank you for coming to TED
(applause)
I have a friend in Portugal whose grandfather used a bicycle and a washing machine to build a car for his family.
I couldn't afford a car, but I actually knew how to make one.
There was a time when people understood how things worked and could build and fix things, and even if they didn't, they made informed decisions about what to buy.
These do-it-yourself (DIY) practices were largely lost in the late 20th century.
But today, with the DIY community and the open source model, we're making our knowledge of how things work and what they're made of more accessible, and I feel the need to take this to the next level. Focusing on the parts that make up the product
We have a general understanding of what traditional materials like paper and fabric are made of and how they are made.
But now we have some amazing futuristic composite materials -- transformable plastics, conductive paints, color-shifting paints, and fabrics that glow.
let me show you some examples
Conductive inks can be used to create electrical circuits without traditional printed circuit boards or wires.
As an example, see here. I used it for a touch sensor that reacts to the skin, so you can turn on a little light.
Conductive inks have traditionally been used by artists, but they've been developed in recent years and will soon be used in laser printers and pens.
This acrylic plate is infused with colorless particles that diffuse light.
Ordinary acrylic sheets diffuse light only around the edges, but here, when you turn on the ambient light, the light is diffused over the entire surface.
Possible uses for this material include interior design and multi-touch systems.
And thermochromic dyes change color with temperature.
Let's put it on a hot plate.
There are many uses for this material, but it can be used in baby bottles.
These are just a few of what we know as smart materials.
In the next few years it will be used in many of the objects and technologies that we use every day.
We don't have sci-fi flying cars yet, but we can have walls that change color depending on the temperature and windows that turn opaque with the push of a keyboard switch that can be rolled up.
I've studied social science, so you're probably wondering why I'm talking about smart materials.
First, because I do DIY.
I'm interested in how things work and how they're made, and I also believe that we need to have a good understanding of the things that make up our world. yeah
It's hard to get smart materials in small quantities.
There's very little information on how to use it, and I don't know how it's made.
So for now, smart materials are no more than trade secrets and proprietary patents that only universities and companies have access to.
About three years ago, Kirsty Boyle and I started a project called "Open Materials."
It's a website -- it's open to anyone to share their experiments, to publish information, to invite others to contribute, to collect research papers, how-to guides, and other resources from DIY enthusiasts like us. I am
We want this website to be a database where we can share do-it-yourself information about smart materials.
Why should we know how smart materials work and what they are made of?
First, you can't make things out of materials you don't understand, and the things you use without understanding ultimately shape us.
So the things we use, the clothes we wear, the houses we live in have a huge impact on our behavior, our health and our quality of life.
So I think if we're going to live in a world made of smart materials, we need to know and understand it.
Second, and just as importantly, it's the layman who has driven the innovation.
Enthusiasts, rather than makers of things, have often contributed as inventors and improvers, examples of which include mountain bikes, semiconductors and personal computers.
The challenge is that materials science is complex and the instruments are expensive.
not necessarily
It happened when two scientists at the University of Illinois published a paper about how to easily make conductive inks.
Jordan Bunker, who had no knowledge of chemistry, read this paper and recreated the experiment using materials and tools that were in his hobby workshop.
I used a toaster oven, and I built my own vortex mixer, using guidance from other scientists and DIY enthusiasts.
Jordan published this work online, and he also published examples of what he'd tried and failed, so others could learn and replicate it.
Jordan's innovation is that he recreated experiments performed in well-equipped university labs in his Chicago garage, using cheap materials and homemade tools.
Now that he's made his work public, others can take over, and maybe find an easier way or an improvement.
Another example I would like to share with you is Hannah Parner Wilson's "Kit of No Parts."
The purpose of this project is to highlight the expressive nature of the material while focusing on the creativity and skill of the maker.
Commercially available electronics kits are very powerful and teach you how things work, but they teach you in a uniform way.
On the other hand, Hannah is trying to promote understanding of the parts themselves, and outline techniques for making strange things that don't have to be built to blueprints.
Of Hannah's many wonderful experiments, this one is my favorite.
"Paper speaker." What you're seeing here is a piece of paper with copper tape attached to it, connected to an MP3 player, and I've put a magnet close to it.
(Music: Happy Together) Inspired by the work of Marcelo Coelho at MIT, Hannah created paper speakers out of a variety of materials, including copper tape, conductive cloth, and ink.
Like Jordan and many other DIY enthusiasts, Hannah published this recipe that anyone can copy and replicate.
Paper-based electronics is one of the most promising fields in materials science, because it allows us to build cheap, flexible electronics.
So this Hannah's craftsmanship -- and her sharing of her work -- has opened the door to new possibilities that are both fascinating and innovative.
The interesting thing about DIYers is that they build things out of passion and curiosity, and they're not afraid to make mistakes.
We approach problems from new angles, discovering alternatives and better ways along the way.
So the more people experimenting with things, the more researchers will share their work, the more manufacturers will share their knowledge, and the more people will have the opportunity to create the technology that they really need. is
I feel a little like Ted Nelson now, when he said in the early 1970s, "You guys have to understand computers now."
At the time, computers were big mainframes that were only relevant to scientists, and no one thought that every household would own one.
So it feels weird to tell you here today -- "You have to understand smart materials now."
Remember to be knowledgeable about the new technologies that are emerging, so that we can create our future with our own hands.
thank you
(applause)
Now, I have a book here, an address book for everyone who had an email address in 1982. (Laughter) It looks pretty big.
Actually, there are only about 20 people on each page, because they have names, addresses and phone numbers.
And they're all listed twice, because they're listed by name and by email address.
As you can imagine, it was a small community.
At the time, there were only two other people named Danny.
we both knew each other
Even though we didn't all know each other, we all somehow trusted each other, and this basic sense of trust permeated the entire network, and it really made me feel like we could rely on each other.
To give you an idea of ​​the degree of mutual trust in the early Internet community, let me tell you about the registration of new domain names at the time.
In fact, I was the one who registered the third domain name in the world on the Internet.
I could choose any domain name I wanted except bbn.com or symbolics.com
So I chose think.com, but there are many other interesting domain names, so
Just in case, I thought about registering a few more.
But in the end, "It's bad, so let's stop"
(Laughter) The attitude of everyone on the network at the time was to take only what they needed, not just the people on the network.
The basic idea of ​​IP (Internet Protocol) and IP's routing algorithms was based on the motto "Work according to your ability, receive according to your need".
For example, if you have enough bandwidth, you can deliver other people's messages
Conversely, if there is room on other lines, have your message sent.
The trust that everyone would do it was the foundation of the Internet.
It was a very interesting event that this kind of communist principle was developed by the Ministry of Defense during the Cold War, but as the success of the Internet shows, it worked very well.
has achieved incredible success
It's been so successful that it's impossible to write a book like this today.
My rough estimate is that it will be over 40 kilometers thick.
You can't do that, because you don't know the name of everyone who has an email address.
The real problem is that there are a lot of bad guys on the Internet, and to address this problem, we've created various walled communities -- secure subnets, VPNs, etc. -- which are not like the Internet itself, but secure subnets and VPNs. So it's not the Internet itself, but it's based on the same technology as the Internet, which is that we're trying to build something secure with a foundation built on trust.
As a result, it's vulnerable to certain kinds of mistakes and certain types of deliberate attacks, and even simple mistakes can be catastrophic.
For example, YouTube recently became inaccessible in the Asian region for some time because Pakistan made a mistake in blocking access to YouTube from domestic networks.
It wasn't meant to involve the whole of Asia, but that's what happened because of the way the protocol was designed.
Here's another example that many of you may remember.A few years ago, just west of the Mississippi, all the planes got stuck.The one routing card in Salt Lake City had a bug. because there was
No one believes that the aviation system depends on the Internet, and in some ways it does.
More on this later
But the fact is, a faulty router broke the internet, and we couldn't fly the plane.
This kind of thing happened more often
For example, in April of last year, there was an interesting incident.
Without warning, almost all communications on the Internet, including communications between US military bases, were relayed through China.
For several hours all communications were relayed through China.
China Telecom inadvertently claimed that it was a mistake. It's very possible, but it's also very possible to make a malicious mistake. It shows how vulnerable the system is to mistakes.
Imagine how vulnerable you are to deliberate attacks
In this day and age, if someone really wanted to attack America or Western civilization, they wouldn't use tanks.
you won't succeed
If they did, it would be an attack like the one that was launched against Iran's nuclear facilities.
No one has stepped forward in connection with this attack.
It's like a factory with only industrial machines
should not be connected to the internet
It was supposed to be isolated from the Internet, but either someone brought in a USB drive, or it was somehow compromised with software, and as a result, the centrifuge, in this case, self-destructed.
Similar software could destroy an oil refinery, or a pharmaceutical factory, or a semiconductor factory.
As you've probably read in the newspapers and elsewhere, cyberattacks are a big concern, and there's a growing interest in how to defend against them.
But a lot of people focus only on protecting the computers on the Internet, and surprisingly little about protecting the Internet itself, the communications infrastructure.
We also need to focus on defending the Internet, because the Internet is, in some ways, very vulnerable.
In the early days when the Internet was the ARPANET, there were many outages, one time it went down completely, and the other reason was because there was a bug in a single message processor.
The way the Internet works is that routers exchange information about how they can get their messages across, and the processor in question, because of a card failure, decided that the message could be delivered in negative time.
He claimed to be able to deliver the message before the time it was sent.
So, of course, the fastest way to send a message is through this broken thing, because it's going to go back in time and deliver it, and as a result, all the messages on the Internet will be concentrated on this node, and of course there's a lot of congestion.
things started to break
What's interesting is that the system administrators at the time were able to fix the problem, but they had to turn everything on the Internet off and on again.
now that's a no-brainer
Turning everything off is like getting a call from your provider about a problem, but it's happening on a global scale.
For various reasons this is currently not possible
One reason is that even the phones we use to communicate with each other often use IP communications, like Skype, or over the Internet. not particularly aware of
I don't even notice it when I'm refueling at a gas station
But many of these systems are now using the Internet.
Very few things have been built on the Internet yet, but gradually the Internet is being used for service functions and business management. And it's starting to spread in terms of business management. It's attractive to use the same principles as the Internet, because it's proven, it's cheap, and it's reusable.
More and more systems are using the same technology and are starting to rely on that technology.
Even modern spacecraft use Internet protocols to communicate from tip to tip of the rocket.
It's crazy because it wasn't designed for that kind of use.
Individual parts of the system that are built are understood, but used in ways that were never expected, and the scale of use is also far removed from the original design.
No one understands exactly what the Internet is used for today.
The Internet, like the financial system, is turning into a new giant system, and although we've designed the individual parts, no one really understands the details and implications of how the whole thing actually works.
When you hear experts talk about the Internet and claim that they can do this, they can do this, or that this will happen, you should be skeptical, just like economists' comments about the economy, or meteorologists' forecasts.
They may have an informed view, but things change so quickly that even experts have a hard time grasping the facts.
If you see a map like this on the Internet, please consider it just someone's guess.
No one knows what the Internet is like today, because it's different than it was even an hour ago.
always changing, always changing configuration
The question is this: Are we headed for some kind of major disaster, similar to the crisis that happened in the financial system, based primarily on trust, primarily built for small scale? It extends beyond the limits of its intended function.
The truth at this point is that we don't know what the consequences of an effective denial-of-service attack will be on the Internet, but what we can say is that the impact will be uglier this year, next year, and the year after that.
What you need here is a plan B
No alternatives currently available
There is no such thing as a backup system that uses completely different infrastructure components carefully isolated from the Internet.
We don't need a system that has the same performance as the Internet, but we do need a system that allows the police to call the fire department and hospitals to order fuel without the Internet.
It doesn't have to be a billion-dollar government project.
Technically, it's relatively simple, because you can take advantage of existing underground fiber networks, you can take advantage of existing wireless infrastructure.
You can do it whenever you want
But people don't think about doing it until they feel the need, and that's the problem today.
Many people have been quietly advocating for a separate system for years, but it's hard to get attention to Plan B while Plan A is ostensibly working well.
Once people understand how dependent they are on the Internet, and understand the fragility of it, they want another system to exist, and if a lot of people have that system, they'll want to use it. will actually be built
it's not a hard problem
Everyone at the venue can make it
In fact, of the many problems you'll hear at this conference, I think it's one of the easiest to solve.
So I'm glad I got to share this story with you today.
thank you
(applause)
When I was little, I believed my country was the best on earth.
I grew up singing the song "We have nothing to envy"
i felt so proud
In school, we spent a lot of time learning about Kim Il-sung's exploits, but we had little opportunity to learn about the rest of the world, and were simply told that the United States, South Korea, and Japan were our enemies.
I often imagined the outside world, but I thought I would live in this country for the rest of my life, but one day, everything changed.
I witnessed my first public execution when I was seven years old.
I still thought my life was normal
My family wasn't poor at the time, and I didn't experience hunger myself.
One day in 1995, my mother brought home a letter from a colleague's sister.
It read, "By the time you receive this letter, my family of five will be gone. The last time I ate was two weeks ago.
Now everyone just lies on the floor, emaciated and waiting to die.”
I was really shocked
It was the first time I knew that there were people in my country who were suffering from hunger.
Shortly after that, I passed by a train station and saw a painful sight that I still can't forget
It was a dead woman, a emaciated child in her arms, helplessly looking into her mother's face.
No one tried to help me, I was just trying to protect myself and my family.
A severe famine hit North Korea in the mid-90s
Over a million people eventually died, and many of those who survived ate grass, bugs, and tree bark to fend off hunger.
Power outages began to occur more frequently, and the night was enveloped in complete darkness. I could see the brilliant lights of the Chinese side.
I've always wondered why it's so bright on the other side and so dark on this side.
Here's a satellite image of North Korea at night, so you can see how it compares to its neighbors.
This river is the Amnok River, which forms the border between North Korea and China.
As you can see, there are several points where the river is narrow, where North Koreans secretly try to cross the border.
but many die
I've seen corpses floating around
I can't tell you the details of how I got out of North Korea.
I thought I would only be away from my family for a short while.
I never imagined it would take 14 years to reunite with my family.
It was tough for a child who was separated from his family to live in China.
I had no idea what kind of life awaited the North Korean defectors.
But I soon realized that life was extremely harsh and extremely dangerous, because in China, North Korean defectors
Because I would be treated as an illegal immigrant. It was a life of constant fear, and once my identity was revealed, I would be deported back to North Korea to a horrible fate.
Then one day, the thing I feared the most happened: I was caught by the Chinese police and taken to a police station for questioning.
After being notified that I was North Korean, the police tested my Chinese language skills and were bombarded with a ton of questions.
so much fear
my heart was about to explode
If there was even the slightest suspicion, they would have been detained and deported.
I thought it was over
Still, I managed to suppress all my emotions and answer the question.
And when all the questions were finished, one of the officers said, "This call was wrong. She's not North Korean."
As a result, I was released. It was a miracle.
North Korean defectors in China seek asylum and run to foreign embassies
Many are detained by the Chinese police and deported.
The girls in this photo were very lucky
Once detained, they were eventually released, thanks to international pressure.
these people were out of luck
Each year, thousands of North Koreans are detained and deported to China, where they can be tortured, imprisoned, and even publicly executed.
I was very lucky to be able to leave the country, but there are many people who are not so lucky.
Sadly, North Koreans are desperate to keep their identities a secret and just survive.
Even if you learn a new language and get a job, life can turn everything upside down in an instant.
So after 10 years of hiding my identity, I decided to take the risk and go to South Korea.
started a new life again
Getting used to life in South Korea was more difficult than I imagined.
English is so important in South Korea that I decided to learn a third language.
At the same time, I've also noticed that there's a big gap, the north-south gap.
We are the same Korean people, but inside we are completely different because of 67 years of division.
I struggled with my own identity
Are you from South Korea? Are you from North Korea?
Where are you from? Who am I?
Suddenly I had no homeland to be proud of.
Adjusting to life in South Korea was difficult, but I made a plan: I started studying for college entrance exams.
It took a while for me to get used to my new life, but I received a shocking phone call.
North Korean authorities tracked down the money I sent to my family, and my family was about to be taken away from home to a secluded place as a warning.
There is no other choice but to escape
I started making an escape plan
North Koreans have to make an endlessly long journey to reach freedom.
It's almost impossible to cross the border with South Korea.
So, ironically, I went back to China and from there to the border with North Korea.
My family doesn't speak Chinese, so they needed my help.In China, we traveled more than 3,000 kilometers and eventually entered Southeast Asia.
The bus journey took a week, and we were nearly detained many times along the way.
Once the bus was stopped and a Chinese police officer boarded.
They took everyone's ID and started interrogating them.
I thought I was going to be arrested because my family couldn't speak Chinese.
When it was my family's turn, I jumped to my feet and said, "These people are deaf, and I am their attendant."
The police looked at me suspiciously, but luckily they believed me.
I finally made it to the Laos border.
I paid almost all of my money as a bribe to a Laotian border guard.
And yet, once we crossed the border, my family was arrested and detained for illegally crossing the border.
After paying a fine and more bribes, I was finally released after a month.
But he was soon remanded in the Laotian capital.
it was the worst moment of my life
I did everything I could for my family's freedom, but I was so close to being detained, just a stone's throw from the Korean embassy.
I made many trips back and forth between immigration and police stations trying to get my family released.
But I ran out of money to pay fines and bribes.
all hope was lost
At that time, a man called out to me, "What's wrong?"
Anyway, I was surprised that a total stranger called out to me
When I explained the situation in my broken English and a dictionary, the man immediately went to the ATM and paid all the bail money for my family and two other North Koreans.
I thanked him from the bottom of my heart and asked, "Why are you helping me?"
The man replied, "I'm not going to help you.
We are helping the people of North Korea.”
it was an iconic moment in my life
This kind stranger is a symbol of new hope, and that's what we North Koreans want most right now.
The outpouring of compassion from this man and the support of the international community are the beacon of hope that the people of North Korea need.
After a long journey, our family was able to reunite in Korea.
Even if we get freedom, our fight will continue
In North Korea, many families are separated, and even if they do end up in a new country, they have little or no money to start life.
The support from the international community is very beneficial, and it helps with education, learning English, vocational training, and so on.
We can act as a bridge between the people inside North Korea and the outside world.
We continue to stay in touch with families in North Korea, providing information and funding to help North Korea transform from within.
I was really lucky. I received a lot of support and encouragement. Now I want to continue to encourage my fellow North Koreans with the support of the international community.
I'm sure there will be more North Koreans around the world, maybe even here at TED.
Thank you for your attention
(applause)
Elon, what crazy dream inspired you to build an all-electric car and venture into the automotive industry?
going back to my college days
I was wondering, what are the issues that will most affect the future of the world and the future of mankind?
And I thought that sustainable transportation and sustainable energy generation would be extremely important.
Environmental issues aside, the issue of sustainable energy is the biggest challenge we have to solve this century.
Even if carbon dioxide emissions weren't bad for the environment, given that we're running out of hydrocarbon resources, we need to find some sustainable way.
America gets most of its electricity from burning fossil fuels.
How can electric vehicles help solve energy problems?
there are two answers
One is that even if we were to use the same fuel to generate electricity in a power plant and charge an electric vehicle, things would be better off.
For example, natural gas, which is the most common hydrocarbon fuel, is about 60 percent efficient when burned in modern General Electric natural gas turbines.
If you use the same fuel in a car with an internal combustion engine, it's about 20 percent efficient.
The reason for this is that power plants can use heavy and bulky materials, and the waste heat can be used to drive steam turbines as a secondary source of power.
As a result, the same fuel is at least twice as efficient to burn in a power plant to charge an electric vehicle, even after accounting for transmission losses.
There are economies of scale.
that's right
Another reason is that we're going to need sustainable means of generating electricity anyway.
If so, it would make sense to choose an electric vehicle as a mode of transportation.
I've got a video of the Tesla assembly plant.
In order to accelerate the arrival of the era of electric transportation, I believe that virtually all modes of transportation will be fully electrified, with one exception: rockets.
There is no way to defeat Newton's third law.
The question is, how do we accelerate the advent of electric transportation?
When it comes to cars, we need to come up with a very energy efficient car, and that starts with making the car very light. What you see here is the only one made in North America with an all-aluminum body and chassis.
We've incorporated a lot of rocket design techniques to create a car that's lightweight even with a large battery pack.
And it has the lowest drag coefficient for a car of this size.
So basically, it has very low energy consumption, and it has the most advanced battery packs, and it has a range that's practically acceptable.
Battery packs are very heavy, but if you do it right, you can combine a light body with a heavy battery to achieve great efficiency.
Well, to offset the weight of the battery, we've made the rest of the car very light and have low air resistance so you can go faster and longer.
There's even a competition among Model S users to see how long they can run.
Recently, there was a strong man who ran 676 kilometers on a single charge.
Bruno Bauden, who made that record, is in this room.
Well, that was good, but the problem was that I was running 29 kilometers an hour all the time trying to set a record, so the police stopped me. prize
Let's take a look at the next video, a Tesla driving through the snow.
I'm not alluding to the New York Times.
What's the most surprising thing about driving this car?
When you're dealing with electric vehicles, it's really amazing how responsive the cars are.
And I want you to experience that feeling. It's like you've melted into the car, you've become one with it.
It's a trick for the responsiveness of electric cars.
It's a no-brainer for a gasoline-powered car.
It's a very fundamental difference, and it's only when you actually drive that you realize it.
I think it's a very nice car, but it's expensive.
Are there any plans to turn this into a mass-market vehicle?
Well, at Tesla, we've always had a three-step process: the first stage is low volume, expensive cars, the second stage is medium volume and price vehicles, and the third stage is high volume, low cost vehicles.
So now it's the second stage
The first was a $100,000 sports car roadster.
Next model S from $ 50,000
And the third generation car, which we'd like to develop in three to four years, would be around $30,000.
Any really new technology usually takes three major versions before it reaches mass market acceptance.
We're moving in that direction, and we're confident we can make it happen.
If it's a short commute, you can drive and then go home and charge it.
There is currently no nationwide network of high-speed charging stations.
Will such a thing be realized, or will it only be possible on some major routes?
In fact, there are far more charging stations than you might think. Tesla has developed a technology called Supercharging, which is free forever to anyone who buys a Model S.
This may be something many people don't know
We've already covered California and Nevada, and we've covered the east coast from Boston to Washington, D.C.
Later this year, you'll be able to travel across the continent from Los Angeles to New York on a Supercharger network that will charge your car five times faster than anything else.
The key is to get the ratio of drive time to stop time up to about 6 or 7.
After three hours of driving, you'll want to take a 20-30 minute break, which most people do.
So I'd leave at 9:00 in the morning, take a break at noon, grab something, go to the bathroom, have some coffee, and then I'd leave.
As a consumer appeal, a full charge takes an hour.
I need you to understand that I can't do it in 10 minutes
The good news is that you can help save the environment, and you won't have to pay a cent for free electricity.
I think a lot of people use it to rest for 20 to 30 minutes instead of an hour.
In fact, after running 260-270 kilometers, it would be better to rest for about 30 minutes before leaving.
that's the natural rhythm
I see, this is one aspect of your approach to energy.
You also run a solar power generation company called Solar City.
What's so special about this?
As I've said before, we need to not only consume electricity sustainably, but also produce it, and I am convinced that solar power will become the primary method of generating electricity.
This is what we call indirect nuclear fusion.
There's a giant fusion reactor in the sky called the sun, and we just need to use it a little bit for human civilization.
What many people don't realize is that the world already runs almost entirely on solar energy.
Without the sun, the earth would be a frozen world with an absolute temperature of 3 degrees Celsius, and the water cycle would also depend on the power of the sun.
Entire ecosystems run on solar energy.
But oil has thousands of years of solar energy concentrated in it, so it's going to be difficult for solar to compete with it.
In fact, I think solar energy is going to overwhelm everything, including natural gas.
(Applause) How?
It has to be, otherwise you're in serious trouble.
You're not selling solar panels to consumers, are you?
what are you doing
no i sell them i can buy solar panels i can lease them
Many people choose to lease
The good thing about a solar system is that it does not require fuel or operating costs.
It will work for decades, maybe 100 years.
So what's important is how low the initial cost of installation is, and how low the cost of financing is, and those are the two major costs of solar power.
We're making big strides on this front, and that's why we're so confident we can beat natural gas.
In other words, the selling point for consumers is that the initial cost is not that high—
is zero
If we install panels on your roof with zero initial cost,
Then you pay How long is the lease normally?
20-year leases are common, the selling point here is, like you said, clear-cut.
Reduces electricity bills with no initial investment required
i think it's a good story
All good things for consumers
NO RISK PAYMENTS WILL BE LOWER
But what about you? Who will own the electricity from the solar panels in the long term?
How do you make a profit as a company?
Basically, SolarCity itself raises its money from companies, from banks.
Google is one of our big partners here.
they expect a return on their investment
With this money, SolarCity buys solar panels, installs them on their roofs, and makes home and business owners pay monthly lease payments that are cheaper than their electricity bills.
You yourself will benefit from that power in the long run.
We're building a new kind of distributed power grid.
That's right, we're going to have a huge distributed power grid.
And I think that's a good thing. Electricity has always been a monopoly, and people didn't have a choice.
This is the first time we've had the opportunity to bring competition to this monopoly. The power grid used to be a monopoly of electric companies, but now everyone has it on their roof.
I think it will be very helpful for people who own homes and for businesses.
And you think that in the future -- in the next 10 years, 20 years, or -- in your lifetime, the sun will be the main source of electricity?
I'm very confident that solar will become the dominant force, and probably most of them will, and I predict that within 20 years, solar will become the dominant force.
(Chris) What is your definition of "mainstay"?
More than any other power source
By the way, who did you bet with?
I'm a friend, but I'm withholding his name.
(Laughter) I made this bet a couple of years ago, so I think in 18 years there will be more solar power than anything else.
Now let's talk about another bet you made, kind of a crazy bet.
With the money you got from selling PayPal
decided to start a space business
Above all, why are you doing that again?
(Laughter) I get asked that question a lot.
You could be teased for a guy's joke about making a fortune in the space business.
As you can guess, the punch line is that he was originally very rich.
That's why I'm going to tell you that I was looking for the fastest way to get ahead and turn big bucks into little bucks.
Then the other person said, "Are you serious?"
Weirdly you were serious so what happened?
There were times when it was dangerous It didn't go well at all
I came to the brink, but I got through it in 2008.
SpaceX's goal is to advance rocket technology, and I think it's extremely important for humanity to become a civilization that goes into space.
A civilization in which mankind advances into space?
Is it a childhood dream or something?
Did you ever dream of going to Mars?
I did build rockets when I was a kid, but my future job is
I didn't think about it. It's more about what needs to happen to make the future exciting and exciting.
I think this makes a fundamental difference between having a civilization that goes into space, exploring the stars, and spreading across multiple planets, which is a very exciting future for mankind, versus being stuck on Earth forever, leading to extinction. The difference is waiting to happen
You cut the cost of building rockets by 75 percent, depending on how you do the math.
How did you do that?
NASA has been around for a long time, right?
We made great strides in various technologies Airframe Engines Electronics Launch operations
There are so many innovations. It's kind of hard to talk about what we've done here, but I don't want you to copy me.
It's not patented, so it's very interesting to me.
Yeah, we don't have patents. Do you think patenting is more dangerous than not patenting?
Our main competitors are questionable nationally enforceable patents (laughter and applause), which is very interesting.
But there's still big innovation to do, so tell us about it.
And that big innovation is -- let's play that video, tell me what you're doing while you're watching this.
The problem with rockets is that they're disposable.
All modern rockets are disposable.
The Space Shuttle was an attempt to create a reusable rocket, but the main tank was thrown away each time, and the reusable parts needed nine months and 10,000 men to repair before the next flight.
As a result, the space shuttle costs a billion dollars to launch each time.
No matter how you look at it, it's not worth it. What the hell are you doing right now? It looks like you've landed
It's important that each stage of the rocket can return to the launch site on its own and be ready to launch again within a few hours.
Wow, that's a real reusable rocket. (Elon) Yeah. (Applause) What a lot of people don't know is that the cost of fuel is very small.
Not much different from a jet plane
The cost of fuel is only about 0.3% of the cost of a rocket.
If rockets were truly reusable, the cost of spaceflight could be improved by a factor of 100.
That's why reuse is so important.
All of the modes of transport we use are reusable: planes, trains, cars, motorcycles, and horses, with the exception of rockets.
This is a problem that needs to be solved in order to become a civilization that advances into space.
You asked me earlier, if you had to burn the boat every time, how popular would it be for voyages?
I'm sure it will be higher
Reuse is indeed a transformative technology that will pave the way for your dream of one day sending humans to Mars on a large scale.
You're thinking of colonizing Mars, right?
Yeah, I think SpaceX has to work with other companies and governments to move in that direction. Spread across multiple planets, on other planets -- Mars is a viable option, but create bases and really create a multiplanetary species. We need to build until
How far have you gone with that "make it reusable"? I just saw a simulation video.
What does it actually look like?
We've made a lot of progress in that regard recently, in what we call the Grasshopper Test Project, where we're testing the vertical landing part, and the final phase of this flight is particularly difficult.
good results in tests
can you show me
to know the size
I have a cowboy mannequin dressed as Johnny Cash strapped to a rocket.
I don't think I've ever seen anything like this before, a rocket takes off, and then -- this rocket is about the size of the 12th floor of a building.
(Rocket launch) It's hovering at a height of 40 meters, constantly adjusting its angle, pitch and yaw controlled by the main engine, and roll controlled by the cold thrusters.
(Applause) Elon, how the hell did you do that?
These projects are PayPal, SolarCity, Tesla, SpaceX.
How could such innovation be possible in one person?
what's so special about you
i honestly don't know
i don't have a good answer
works very well
(Chris) I have a hypothesis (Elon) Okay.
My theory is that you have the ability to think about design at the system level, and you have design, technology, and business, which is TBD, not TED. I can do it, and the bottom line is, I'm very confident in what I've put together, and I'm capable of taking some really big risks.
You bet your fortune on it and you've done it many times
almost no one can
Is it possible to teach you the secret sauce?
Can't we incorporate it into our educational system or pass it on to someone else?
because what you did is truly amazing
thank you
I have a great framework for thinking
It's physics. Principles and reasoning—
It's about boiling things down to their essential truths and then reasoning from there, not reasoning by analogy.
We live our lives by reasoning by analogy, which is essentially imitating what other people are doing and changing it slightly.
it is necessary
If you don't, your daily life becomes mentally difficult.
But when you want to do something new, you have to use a physics approach.
Physics is about new, counterintuitive things like quantum mechanics.
is the way to find
So I think it's important to do that, and it's also important to pay attention to negative feedback, especially asking your friends for their opinion.
It may sound like simple advice, but it's something that very few people are doing, and it's really empowering.
Children watching Let's study physics
imitate this person
I wish I could go on for the whole day, but thank you for coming to TED.
(Elon) Hi, (Chris) It was really cool.
Look (standing ovation) I gotta answer the applause It was really great
thank you
I would like to ask you to raise your hand
Are you over the age of 48?
it seems like a few people
Congratulations, you're living longer than someone born in 1900, as you can see in this slide about American life expectancy.
But look what happened in the 20th century.
If you follow this curve, you'll see that there's a big drop.
That dent is from the 1918 flu.
Now in 2010, life expectancy for a newborn is 79 years, so we still have a long way to go.
this is the good news
but there's a lot to do
For example, how many diseases have molecular mechanisms completely understood?
About 4,000, which is amazing, because most of the molecular discoveries were made very recently.
That's great, but how many of those 4,000 diseases have a cure?
only about 250
This large gap is a significant challenge
You might be thinking, "It's not that hard." We have the ability to bridge the huge gaps in connecting the fundamental information that biology has uncovered about the causes of disease to practical applications. When you think of it, you're probably thinking of a bridge like this, a lovely, bright path that crosses from one end to the other.
Wouldn't it be nice if it was that easy?
unfortunately the reality is different
The reality of attempts to put basic knowledge into practice looks like this
Shining bridges, etc.
It's a dream again
People who swim, row, and use yachts and tugs, even more strange things happen. It starts raining, there's thunder, and worse, there's sharks in the water, and they're in trouble. Swimmers drown, yachts capsize, and tugs hit rocks. I'm sure if you're lucky, you'll cross the river
What is it?
Developing a cure
What are drugs? A drug is a small molecule made up of hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, and several other atoms in one shape, and that shape determines whether the drug actually works on its target.
Can we really get there?
Look at this image, the various shapes are dancing.
If we're going to develop new treatments for things like autism, Alzheimer's disease, and cancer, we need to find the right shape in this mess that will ultimately be both beneficial and safe.
If you look at what happens in this process, you're probably starting with thousands, tens of thousands of compounds.
We go through a series of steps to weed out the ones that don't seem to be useful.
In the end, when it comes to clinical trials, it's narrowed down to four or five, and if the trials go well, one drug will finally get approval after 14 years of development.
It takes more than a billion dollars to successfully develop a single drug.
Seeing this process from an engineer's point of view and thinking about improvement measures
That's the main theme I'm going to share with you here today.
How to shorten the development period?
How can I increase my success rate?
First, let me show you a successful example.
One, just a few months ago, was approved for cystic fibrosis.
but it took a long time
The molecular cause of cystic fibrosis was discovered in 1989 by my research group, in collaboration with another team in Toronto, by identifying mutations in specific genes on chromosome 7.
see this photo
this is the same boy
This is Danny Bezzett, 23 years later. It's the year Danny got married, and it's also the year that the FDA approved the first drug to treat cystic fibrosis defects based on molecular understanding.
this is the good news
The bad news is that this drug won't cure all cases of cystic fibrosis, and it doesn't work for Danny either, so we're still waiting for the next generation of drugs to save him.
But it's taken 23 years, a really long time.
How can we make it faster?
One way to shorten that time is to use technology. One of the key technologies that we can rely on is the human genome, where we unwrap the chromosomes, extract the entire DNA, and decode the letters of the DNA sequence, the ATGC, which are the blueprints of us and all living things. And the cost of decoding used to be in the hundreds of millions of dollars, but over the last 10 years it's gone down faster than Moore's Law, and today it costs one to decode yours and mine. $10,000 or less, and it's likely to hit $1,000 soon.
You excited
How could that be useful for disease applications?
Now let me tell you about another disease.
this is a rare disease
It's called Hutchinson-Guilford Progeria Syndrome, and it's the most dramatic form of premature aging.
About 1 in 4 million children will get this disease, but what it boils down to is that when you have this disease, a mutation in a specific gene causes your cells to make toxic proteins, which makes them seven times faster than normal. Aging progresses in
I'm going to show you a video of what this disease does to cells.
Under the microscope, a normal cell has a central nucleus, but the borders are sharp, round and smooth.
Progeria cells, on the other hand, have lumps and bumps because of a toxic protein called progerin.
After discovering this in 2003, we started trying to find a cure.
Again, once we know the molecular pathways, we can pick out a huge number of compounds that we think might be useful and try them out.
In experiments done with cells in culture, as you can see in this video, if you add a specific compound to a cell that has Progeria and see what happens, just 72 hours later, the cell is, as far as we know, normal. becomes like the cells of
Interesting results, but does it work in humans?
Only four years after the discovery of the causative gene, we were able to bring this compound to clinical trials.
The children you see here are 28 children who volunteered to participate in this trial. If you look at this picture, you can see that they are all people who suffer from this disease, and they all look very similar.
So instead of going into more detail, I'd like to invite one of the study participants, Sam Burns, from Boston, to come on stage to share his experience as a child with Progeria Syndrome.
Sam is 15 years old, and his parents, Scott Burns and Leslie Gordon, both doctors, are also here.
sam please sit down
(Applause) Sam, can you talk to all of us about what happens when you get a disease called progeria syndrome?
Sam Burns: Progeria put me under some restrictions
I can't do sports or exercise, but I've been fortunate enough to be interested in things that don't have to do with those limitations.
But if I really want to do something that Progeria is a barrier to, like marching bands or referees, I always find a way to do it.
(Applause) Francis Collins: So what would you like to say to the researchers in this room and other researchers listening to this?
What would you like to say about research on Progeria and other situations?
Sam: Progeria research has come a long way in less than 15 years, and it shows that researchers had the drive to get this far, both for myself and for other children with Progeria. It means a lot. With that energy, anyone can be cured of any disease, and hopefully in the near future, Progeria will be completely cured, and the 4,000 diseases that Francis was talking about will be eradicated.
Francis: Wonderful. Sam came over from school today, and he's -- (applause) -- he's in the ninth grade at a school in Boston, and he's got an A+ in all subjects.
Please join us in thanking and welcoming Sam
Sam: thank you Francis: well done it was great
(Applause) There are two more things I want to talk about. First, I'm going to talk about specific drugs, and then I'm going to talk about how we generalize our successes to the 4,000 diseases that we've already understood.
As you may have noticed, the anti-Progeria drugs currently in clinical trials were not originally designed for that purpose.
Because it's such a rare disease, it's hard to ask a company to pay millions of dollars to create a drug for it.
It was developed as a cancer drug
It didn't do much for cancer, but it just so happened to have the right properties and forms for Progeria.
Wouldn't it be nice if such things could be done more systematically?
How can we encourage companies to keep drugs in the refrigerator that are actually guaranteed to be safe in humans, but ineffective in treating the disease for which they were originally intended? ?
Now we're working on entirely new molecular pathways, some of which may allow us to do things like 'rearrangement' and 'repurposing' of older drugs.
this can be a worthwhile endeavor
We are currently in active discussions with the NIH and industry about this potential initiative.
Expect great benefits
There are quite a few success stories that show that this leads to great progress.
The first anti-HIV/AIDS drugs created were not against HIV/AIDS
It was made against cancer, called AZT.
AZT didn't do much against cancer, but it was the first drug to show efficacy as an antiretroviral drug, and as you can see from this table, there are others.
So how do we generalize this attempt?
Academia, governments, the private sector, and patient associations need to work together to make this happen.
NIH establishes the National Center for Advanced Translational Sciences NIH establishes the National Center for Advanced Translational Sciences
It was only created last December, but it's a goal.
I'll tell you one more thing we can do.
Wouldn't it be nice if we could test a drug to see if it's effective and safe without putting patients at risk? Because efficacy and safety cannot be guaranteed the first time you try it.
For example, how do you know if a drug is safe before you give it to humans? We usually do animal testing.
It's not completely reliable, and it's expensive and time-consuming.
What if we could experiment with human cells instead?
If you've been following the scientific literature, you know that you can take skin cells and turn them into liver cells, heart cells, kidney cells or brain cells.
What if we used them to test whether a drug was effective or safe?
Here's a picture of a lung made on a chip.
It's made by the Wyss Institute in Boston, and I'm going to show you in a short video how you can extract cells from an individual, turn them into cells that live in your lungs, and then give them a variety of new drug candidates to see if they're harmful or safe. you can check whether
You can even see breathing on the chip
You can also see the blood circulation
In the meantime, we have cells, and we can see what happens when we administer compounds.
Are cells healthy or not?
The same chip technology can be used when you want to see if a drug is causing problems for your kidneys, your heart, your muscle, your liver.
Ultimately, we'll be able to do the same thing on our own, moving towards medical development and clinical trials on a chip.
Summary
We are currently witnessing a moment of great change.
I've been at NIH for almost 20 years, and I've never been more excited about what the future holds for me.
These discoveries have been made in laboratories around the world.
What do I need to do to take advantage of this? First we need resources
This is high-risk and sometimes high-cost research.
In return, the benefits, both in terms of health and economic growth, are immense and need to be supported.
Second, we need new partnerships between academia, government, private industry, and patient associations, the kind of relationships I've described that encourage reuse of new compounds.
And third, and perhaps most importantly, you need talent.
We need the best and brightest people from all walks of life to join us in this effort, regardless of age group, because now is the time.
This is the 21st century biology we've been waiting for, and we have the chance to turn it into something that actually eliminates disease. That's my goal.
hopefully it will be your goal
I think it's the goal of poets, Muppets, surfers, bankers, and everyone in this room. Think about what we're trying to do, why we need it. think about whether
i need it now i need to solve it as soon as possible
If you don't believe me, ask Sam.
thank you
(applause)
In 1991, I had the most profoundly moving experience of my life.
I'm in my third year of college. I've been in college for seven years --
I used to play "Winning Run"
We were on a choir tour in Northern California, and after a day on the bus, we were resting by a tranquil lake in the mountains.
Crickets, birds, and frogs are chirping loudly. Before long, a cloud that looks like something out of a Spielberg movie loomed over us from the mountains to the north. is
There was an instant silence—it seemed like everyone knew what was about to happen.
And when the clouds are overhead, Boom! There was a thunderclap and it began to rain heavily
I can only describe it as amazing. I found a poem by Octavio Paz after I got home, and I decided to put it to music and make a choral piece called "The Heavy Rain."
Fast forward to three years ago
On YouTube, we published this "virtual choir" project, which has 185 singers from 12 countries.
Under my command of a little video, they're each singing in their own dorm room or in their own living room.
Two years ago, I premiered "Virtual Choir 2" at this location, with 2,052 singers from 58 countries singing my song "Sleeping."
And last spring, we launched "Virtual Choir 3," featuring nearly 4,000 singers from 73 countries singing a song I wrote called "Water Night."
(Music) When I was talking to Chris about the future of virtual choirs, he brought up the idea of ​​pushing technology to its limits.
Is it possible to do this in real time?
What does singing together live mean?
I'm going to try that today using Skype
I'll tell you "heavy rain"
The first half is sung by a singer on stage
We've got some of the best amateur choirs in America from California State University, Long Beach, Fullerton, and Riverside City College.
Even with the best of technology, there is still a lag of less than a second, but milliseconds in the world of music.
It's a lifetime's worth of time
So I decided to arrange "Heavy Rain" so that it wouldn't be a problem if there were any discrepancies.
Now, with all your permission, I will play "Heavy Rain".
(Applause) (Piano) Rain... Eyes of water in shadows Eyes of water in wells Eyes of water in dreams Blue sun Green whirlwind Beaks of light peck open Pomegranate stars Tell me, burnt earth, is there no water? All the blood All the dust All the thorns All the footprints The rain wakes me up... I must sleep with my eyes open I must dream with my hands I must dream of the river that finds its way I must dream of my own world Aloud the dream of the sun Must dream, must sing Till the song takes root—trunk, branch, bird, star Must find the lost words Blood, tide, earth, remember what the flesh speaks I have to go back to where I started (music) "Torrential Rain" song / Eric Whitaker poem / Octavio Paz Translated / Lysander Kemp "Torrential Rain" song / Eric Whitaker poem / Octavio Paz translation / Lysander Kemp Beth Annabelle where is Jacob too
(Applause) Thank you very much.
Everything is covered in an invisible ecosystem of tiny organisms: bacteria, viruses, fungi.
The desks, the computers, the pencils, the buildings that we use - everything is full of commensal bacteria.
So when we design things, we can also think about the design of this invisible world and how it interacts with the ecosystem inside our bodies.
Our bodies are home to trillions of microorganisms, and these organisms are part of our bodies.
The microbes in your gut affect your weight and mood.
Microbes on your skin boost your immune system.
Microorganisms in the oral cavity may or may not eliminate bad breath, and the key point here is that they interact with all the ecosystems that the human ecosystem comes in contact with.
For example, when you touch a pencil, microbes move.
If we can design the invisible ecosystems around us, they will have a positive impact on our health in unprecedented ways.
People often ask me, "Can we design microbial ecosystems?"
i believe it is possible
This is what we already do, unconsciously.
So here's the data, part of my research focused on architecture, and I'm going to show you how intentional and unintentional design influences this unseen world.
This is the University of Oregon's Lilith Business Complex, and we've teamed up with a team of architects and biologists to sample more than 300 rooms in this building.
I wanted to get something like a fossil record of the microbes in the building, so I took the dust.
We took bacterial cells out of the dust and compared the genetic sequences within each cell.
So my team vacuumed a lot during the project.
This is Tim. When I took this picture of Tim, he said to me, "Jessica, when I was in my last research group, we were doing field work in the rainforests of Costa Rica, and things have changed. I'm sorry."
So let me start by showing you what we found in each room, and let's take a look at the data using a visualization tool we created in collaboration with Autodesk.
Now, to look at this data, first look outside the circle.
There are different groups of bacteria, and if you look at the central pink mass, you can see the relative abundance of each group.
If you look at the 12 o'clock direction, you'll see a lot of Alphaproteobacteria, and if you look at the 1 o'clock direction, you'll see relatively few bacilli.
Let's look at different spaces in the same building.
If you look inside the restrooms, they're all similar ecosystems. If you look inside the lecture halls, they're all similar ecosystems.
But we find that different types of spaces are fundamentally different from each other.
I like to think of my bathroom as a rainforest.
And I said to Tim, "If you just look at the microbes, it's kind of like being in Costa Rica."
And I like to think of the office as a temperate grassland.
This idea is important for the designer, because it allows us to use the principles of ecology, and the important principle of ecology is probably dispersal, the laws by which organisms move around.
Microorganisms are spread through people and the atmosphere.
So the first thing I wanted to do inside this building was check the air conditioning system.
When mechanical engineers design air conditioning systems, they ensure that the air flow and temperature are just right so that people feel comfortable.
At this point, we apply the principles of physics and chemistry, but we should be able to use biology as well.
If you look at the microbes that live in the same air conditioner in this building, you'll see that they're all pretty much the same.
If you compare this microbe to microbes in different air conditioners, you'll find that they're radically different.
The rooms in this building are like an archipelago, so the mechanical engineer is also an eco-engineer, and he can build any biome he wants in the building.
Microbes can also spread through people. Designers group rooms closer together to make it easier for people to interact, for example between the lab and the office, so ideas can be easily exchanged.
Given that microbes move through people, we can expect rooms that are close together to have very similar biomes.
This is exactly what we investigated
If you look at adjoining lecture rooms, they form a similar ecosystem, but if you walk to an office that's a long way away, the ecosystem changes radically.
Seeing the power of spread through biogeographic patterns, I thought it was possible to tackle challenges like hospital-acquired infections [1 in 20 hospital-acquired infections].
I suspect that this is, in a way, an ecological problem with buildings.
Let me tell you something more about this building.
It's a collaboration with Charlie Brown.
He's an architect, and he's very concerned about global climate change.
Dedicating my life to eco-friendly design
When he met me and realized that he could study how his design choices affect the ecology and biology of buildings in a quantitative way, I was really excited because it brought a new direction to my research. prize
He began to consider not only energy issues, but also people's health.
He designed the building's air-conditioning system and ventilation method.
So the first thing I'm going to show you is the atmosphere that was taken from outside the building.
This is a pattern unique to outdoor bacterial communities, and you can see how it changes over time.
Now I'm going to show you how we experimentally manipulated a lecture room.
We closed the lecture room in the middle of the night, so there's no draft.
A lot of buildings are managed this way, and probably your workplace too, so that companies can save money on their electricity bills.
What we found here was that the air was relatively stagnant until we opened the vents on Saturday.
As we entered the lecture room, there was a foul odor, and the data we had indicated that it was caused by airborne bacterial colonies left behind by people who had been there the previous day.
In contrast to this is the way air is brought in through vents using sustainable and more natural design strategies.
The atmosphere in these rooms mixes relatively well with the outside air, and Charlie's eyes lit up when he saw this.
He felt like he made a good design choice, because it would save energy, and it would eliminate the resident bacteria that live in buildings.
What I've talked about is architecture, but it's all about design.
We might be able to design something with useful microbes, like the inside of an airplane or a phone.
Recently I discovered a new microbe
It's called BLIS (antibacterial protein), and it keeps germs at bay and keeps your breath clean.
Wouldn't it be great if BLIS lived on your phone?
A conscious approach to design, I call it biological design, and I think it's possible.
thank you
(applause)
I live here in Kenya, in the south of Nairobi National Park.
Behind the cow is my dad's cow, and behind the cow is Nairobi National Park.
On the south side of Nairobi National Park, where I live, there are no fences, which means wild animals like zebras roam freely out of the park.
Then predators like lions migrated as well, and lions took over livestock.
I will kill you
This cow was one of our cows, and it was attacked at night. I woke up the next morning as usual, and when I looked at it, it was dead. I thought I had done something really bad. it was a cow
My community, the Maasai, believe that humans came from heaven, along with all the animals and the land they live on, so they take care of their livestock.
I hated lions when I was little
The Morans are Maasai warriors -- they protect our communities and our livestock, because the Morans are also very angry about this issue.
Moran is killing a lion
This is one of the six lions killed in Nairobi.
I think this is why there are so few lions in Nairobi National Park.
In my community, boys between the ages of six and nine are tasked with tending the cows in our homes.
So I thought I had to solve this problem.
The first idea is to use fire, and I thought lions were afraid of fire.
But I realized that it didn't help me much. Instead, I helped the lions find their place by making them stand out.
But I didn't give up
My second idea was to use a scarecrow.
I tried to trick the lion into thinking I was standing near the cow pen...
(Laughter) The lion, on its first day, sees the scarecrow and turns away. (Laughter) And then you jump over the cow fence and kill the livestock.
One night I was walking by a cow fence with a flashlight, and the lion didn't go near the fence that day.
It turns out that lions are scared of moving lights.
That's how I got the idea
Ever since I was little, I've spent all day in my room working on things. I once took apart my mom's new radio. That day, my mom almost killed me. (Laughter) So, to make the idea a reality, the first thing I did was get an old car battery and a turn signal, which is a small piece of equipment on a motorcycle that flashes when the motorcycle turns left or right. to let you know
I also have a switch to make the light blink.
And this is a little light that I took off from a broken flashlight.
assembled this
As you can see, the solar panel charges the battery, and the battery powers a small turn signal, which we call a transformer.
This turn signal flashes a light
The bulb is pointing out, where the lions are coming from.
This is what a lion that comes in the middle of the night looks like
The flashing light bulbs trick the lions into thinking I'm walking around near the cow fence, even though I was sleeping in my bed.
(Laughter) (Applause) Thank you.
I installed this in my house two years ago and haven't had any problems with lions since.
Then my neighbors heard the idea.
One of them was this old lady.
A lot of livestock was being killed by lions, and this old lady asked me to put on my device.
I replied "of course"
And that's how I set up the lights, and what you see in the background is the lion's light.
So far, I've installed it in seven homes in my community, and it's been working fine.
My idea is now spreading all over Kenya, and it's being used to ward off other predators like hyenas and leopards, and it's being used to keep elephants out of farmlands.
Because of this invention, I got a scholarship to go to one of the best schools in Kenya, Brookhouse International School, and I'm really happy about that.
My new school has helped me raise funds and raise awareness of Wright, and has helped me with my efforts.
I've brought my school friends into my community, and they've even helped me install lights in homes that don't already have them, and I'm also teaching them how to install them.
A year ago, I was just a boy on the savanna grasslands tending my dad's cows, watching planes fly by, telling myself, "One day I'll be in one." was
i am standing here today
Because of TED, I was able to fly for the first time.
My dream is to become an aircraft engineer and pilot.
I've always hated lions, but thanks to this invention, I can protect my father's cows and the lions, so I can live without conflict with them.
(Maasai) Ashê olên means thank you in my native language
(Applause) Chris Anderson: It's always exciting to hear stories like you did.
Did you get a scholarship?
You're working on inventing a new electronic device, right?
What is your next invention?
My next invention is... I want to build an electric fence. Is it an electric fence?
I know electric fences have been invented, but... I want to build my own electric fence.
(Laughter) I think I did it once.
I'll always be cheering you on, one step at a time
Thank you very much. Thank you. (Applause)
In fact, I've been waiting for a call from TED for years.
In 2000 I was ready to talk about eBay...but the call never came
In 2003, about the Skoll Foundation and social entrepreneurship, but I didn't get a call.
In 2004, I founded Participant Productions, and my first year was off to a really good start, but I didn't get a call.
And then last year, I finally got the call, and this time it was after JJ Abrams.
(Laughter) TED has a bloodless, tearless, black sense of humor.
(Laughter) When I first moved from Silicon Valley to Hollywood, I was skeptical.
But I've found that being in Hollywood has its perks, too.
(Laughter) And actually, there are benefits to owning your own film company.
I also found that Hollywood and Silicon Valley have more in common than I thought.
Hollywood has sex symbols, so does the Valley
(Laughter) Hollywood had Hollywood rivals, just like Valley.
In Hollywood people gather in front of the power table, and in the Valley we gather at the power table.
So, we had a lot more in common than I thought.
But anyway I'm talking here now
Part of it is personal. When Chris invited me to be a speaker, he told me that in the eyes of others, I was an enigma, and he wanted to know what was driving me. Told
What drives me is the vision of the future we all share.
A world of peace, prosperity and sustainability
Over the last few days, I've heard a lot of presentations from Ed Wilson, from James Nachtwey, from photography, and I've heard that we have a very, very long way to go to get to the new version of Humanity 2.0. think
And I think it's in all of us that we want to end what I consider to be the two scourges of the world today.
One of them is the inequality of opportunity -- what Clinton called last night unequal, unfair and unsustainable -- from which arises all the evils that surround us: poverty, illiteracy, disease. is the
But I think perhaps the bigger gap is the "hope gap"
Somewhere, someone has this very bad idea that normal people can't change the world.
i think this is horrible
So chapter one begins right here, with all of us, because within each of us is the power to equalize the opportunity gap and bridge the hope gap.
If the people at TED can't change the world, who can?
For me, this all started at a very young age, when my family was camping in the suburbs of New York.
There's little to do there during the summer except to be poked around by my sister or read.
So I was reading James Michener, James Clavell, Ayn Rand, etc.
And their stories made the world feel so small and connected.
And I thought, if I could write a story about how the world is small and interconnected, maybe people would care about the problems that surround us and try to change the world.
I didn't think that was the best way to make a living, so I decided to go financially independent first, and then write that kind of story as soon as possible.
And then when I was 14, something happened that woke me up.
One day my father came home and told me that he had cancer and that he looked pretty ill.
And my father said he wasn't so afraid of dying, but he was afraid of not being able to do what he wanted to do with his life.
Luckily, many years later, my father is still alive.
But when I was younger, I thought it was very shocking and people don't know how much time they have left.
So I hurried I studied engineering
I started a few businesses and thought that was my ticket to financial freedom.
One of the businesses was a computer rental business, under the clever name of "Micro on the Move," where people would steal computers all the time.
(Laughter) So I knew I needed to learn more about business, so I went to Stanford Business School to learn.
I made friends with Pierre Omidyar while I was there, and he's here today. Pierre, I'm sorry - this is an old photo.
And soon after I graduated, Pierre came to me with the idea of ​​a system for people to buy and sell what they wanted online.
With the wisdom of my Stanford degree, I said, "Pierre, what a fool."
(Laughter) Of course I'm right.
(Laughter) Shortly after that, in '96, Pierre and I left our full-time jobs to start eBay, and after that, you know.
The company went public two years later and is now one of the most recognized companies in the world.
Hundreds of millions of people use eBay in hundreds of countries, and that's it
But for me it was just a "change"
I started out in a five-person room in Palo Alto, living on leftover food, and suddenly I had all the resources.
And I thought, how can we share the blessings of this resource with the world?
Around that time, I met a remarkable man, John Gardner.
In the 1960s, he was the developer of the "Great Society" program under the Lyndon Johnson administration.
I asked him, "What do you think I, or whoever else, is going to change the world on long-term issues of human nature?"
He said, "Bet on good people doing good deeds."
"Bet on good people doing good deeds"
i really sympathize with that
I decided to create a fund and bet on good people doing good deeds.
Forward-thinking, innovative, non-profit people who use their business skills very effectively to solve social problems.
These are the people who are now called social entrepreneurs.
Take, for example, Mohamed Yunus, who founded the Grameen Bank, lifted more than 100 million people out of poverty, and won the Nobel Peace Prize.
But there are also many lesser-known people
For example, Ann Cotten: She started an organization called CAMFED because she felt that women's education in Africa was being cut short.
It's been 10 years and we've educated more than 250,000 African women.
Or Dr. Victoria Hale, who started the world's first non-profit pharmaceutical company, whose first product was a treatment for a visceral leishmaniasis called "black fever."
She believes that by 2010, we will be able to eradicate the disease, which has been a major affliction in developing countries.
This is my bet on good deeds of good people.
So many of these examples combined to form the spirit of reform, and I think that's a very powerful thing.
This is what it means to Invest, Connect and Celebrate
INVEST - If good people are doing good things, invest in them. Invest in them in their organizations and businesses.
Bringing them together at TED, at events like the World Congress of Social Entrepreneurship that my foundation organizes every year in Oxford, creates so many powerful connections.
And tell their stories and celebrate them, because not only do good people do good things, but their stories reduce the hope gap.
The last part of my mission, "praise," just reminded me of when I was a kid, I wanted stories to draw people's attention to issues that affect us all.
And I had an epiphany: I don't need to write my own story, I can find a writer.
Second inspiration: wouldn't people be more interested in a film or TV than just a book?
I thought about the movies that influenced me, like "Gandhi" and "Schindler's List."
And I thought, who is doing this kind of work now?
And there really weren't any companies that cared about the public interest.
So in 2003, I walked around Los Angeles talking about the idea of ​​a media company focused on social issues, and I got a lot of encouragement.
In all that encouragement, one thing I often heard was, "The streets of Hollywood are full of corpses of people like you. Who would have thought you'd come this far and make a movie?"
Of course, there were other legends, too.
"The way to become a millionaire is to become a millionaire and then enter the world of movies."
(Laughter) Undaunted, I started Participant Productions in 2004 with the vision of a global media company with an eye on the public interest.
Our mission was to make entertainment films that would create social change.
We didn't want people to see our film, say, "That was fun," and then forget about it.
I wanted them to actually get involved in the problem afterwards.
In 2005, we launched our first films: "Murderball," "Standup," "Syriana," and "Good Night and Good Luck."
Surprisingly, they were noted
and was nominated for 11 Oscars
It's been a very good year for this person.
Perhaps more importantly, tens of thousands of people participated in the support and action programs that we created around cinema.
We also created its online version, Participate.net
But thanks to our social sector partners ACLU, PBS, Sierra Club and NRDC, people can take concrete actions to change the world after watching the film.
One such film was "Standup," which was a box office failure.
But this movie, starring Charlize Theron, dealt with women's rights, women's welfare and domestic violence.
The film was released while Congress was considering revising the Violence Against Women Act.
And in collaboration with partners like the National Women's Association, the film was shown and debated in parliament for its effectiveness in leading to successful legislative changes.
That meant a lot to me -- because the movie was based on a true story about a monumental case that led to the passage of the Equal Opportunity Act and the Violence Against Women Act, where people were abused, sued their employers. because
And this person did this and got a bigger renewal.
This is also a bet on the good deeds of good people.
Relatedly, about our fellow TEDster Al Gore Al and I first met at a slide presentation on global warming in 2005
At that time I thought that global warming
I thought it was 30 to 50 years from now.
After watching his slideshow, I knew it was more pressing.
So, shortly after, I met backstage with Al, and Lawrence Bender and Laurie David, who were there, and Davis Guggenheim, who was doing a documentary for Participant.
And with Al's approval, we decided to film it on the spot, which would be easier than Al going around the world and telling 100 or 200 people. because I thought it would be possible to expand
You know, there's another adage in Hollywood, "No one knows anything about anything."
And I thought this movie was kind of a charity that was going to PBS soon.
But to our surprise, the film captured the public's attention and became a required viewing subject in schools in England, Scotland and Scandinavia.
We sent 50,000 DVDs to high school teachers across the country.
Changed the global warming debate
It's been a very good year for this person.
Al has been called the 'George Clooney of global warming'
(Laughter) That was the starting point for Participant.
What we do is focused on the world's major problems
Participant currently has 10 films in the works, with dozens more in the works.
A quick talk about some of the upcoming releases
One is "Charlie Wilson's War" with Tom Hanks
Starring Julia Roberts, it tells how real-life Senator Charlie Wilson financed the Taliban to fight Russia in Afghanistan.
"A Thousand Times for You" is a film also about Afghanistan, based on the book "Kite Runner"
Watching movies will give people a better understanding of the Middle East in general and Afghanistan.
We premiered "The Chicago 10" at the Sundance Film Festival
It's the story of Abbie Hoffman and her friends at the Democratic Convention in 1968, when they marched against the war.
And then there's Jimmy Carter and his long-running Middle East peace documentary.
In particular, I've been following his recent book tour, which, you know, isn't talked about at all.
Finally, I would like to say that everyone has the chance to change the world in their own way.
All the people in this room have done it in their own business lives, their philanthropic endeavors, and so on.
And what I've learned is that there's not just one right way to change the world.
Anyone can do anything in technology, in finance, in non-profit, in entertainment, in any field.
And if we do that, we will close the opportunity gap, close the hope gap,
And if they're achieved, 10 years from now, newspaper headlines will look something like this: "Africa no new AIDS cases to zero." "US ends last oil imports." (Applause) "Israel and Palestine Celebrate 10 Years of Peaceful Coexistence"
(Applause) This is good, isn't it?
(Laughter) And finally, a well-known slideshow on the eBay listing that's outdated and in a museum -- contact Al Gore.
And we believe that by working together, we can achieve all of this.
thank you for inviting me here today
it's a great honor thank you
(Applause) Oh, thank you.
What I want to show you today is just how interesting the invisible can be.
So what you're seeing here is an exciting new technology in action that's changing the way we think about waterproofing.
So here's a block of concrete, one side of which is sprayed with a nanotechnology liquid, which works on most materials.
It's called Ultra Ever Dry, and when you spray it on the surface of a material, it creates a superhydrophobic film.
This block is not sprayed, and as you can see, it has a lot of tiny holes that absorb water.
this does not absorb
absorb do not absorb
So what is superhydrophobicity?
Superhydrophobicity is determined by measuring the contact angle of a water droplet on a solid surface.
The closer the water droplet is to a sphere, the higher the water repellency.
If you have a freshly waxed car, the water droplets will fall apart, and it's at most 90 degrees.
A normal coating on the windshield is about 110 degrees.
But what we're looking at here is 160 degrees to 175 degrees, 150 degrees and above is called superhydrophobic.
So for this demo, I've prepared a pair of gloves, one of which has this nanotechnology coating. Can you guess which one? let me give you a hint
Did you answer correctly? it's dry
Recent developments in nanotechnology and nanoscience have allowed us to see atoms and molecules and actually manipulate them and do amazing things.
this is a very small world
In nanotechnology, in the world of nanometers, one nanometer is one billionth of one meter.
very small but very useful
This coating works for things other than water.
There are many water-based materials, such as concrete, water-based paint, mud, and even refined oils.
you can see the difference
Moving on to the next demo, I took a glass plate and coated the edges with nanotechnology, and now I'm going to pour some green tinted water in the middle. But when it comes to this nano-coating, the water stops, and no matter what you do, it won't spread.
I hate water this much
(Applause) What the hell is going on?
The surface that you sprayed with the coating is filled with nanoparticles, making it a very rough, bumpy surface.
It seems smooth, but it's not.
There are billions of voids on the surface, and those voids, along with the nanoparticles, adsorb air molecules and coat the surface with air.
It's like an expanding air umbrella, and if water or mud or concrete hits that layer of air, it slides down.
When you put it in the water, you can see a silvery reflective membrane around it. This silvery reflective membrane is a layer of air, and it's this layer -- it protects the canoe paddle from contact with the water, so the canoe paddle doesn't get wet. yeah
What can it be used for?
I think there are many people who already have various things floating in their heads.
People get excited when they see this, and they say, "You can do that, you can do this, you can do that."
The general idea is that you can use it for anything you want to waterproof.
that's what we've seen
You can use it for anything you don't want to freeze, because without water, it won't freeze.
Can also be used for things that are difficult to corrode
No water, no corrosion
Can also be used as an antibacterial
Bacteria cannot survive without water.
It is also good for those who need self-cleaning action.
Imagine how something like this could revolutionize your field.
I'd like to conclude with one more demo.
(Applause) I'm sure it will work.
Chris Anderson: You dropped the D from "TED." (Laughter) [After two minutes...] He had a lot of problems doing medical research.
Oh well done!
(applause)
Today I want to talk to you about the strategic brain.
Here, we use an unusual combination of game theory and neuroscience to understand how people socially interact when interests are involved.
Originally, game theory is a branch of applied mathematics, mostly used in economics and political science, and a little bit in biology. It's about how you act and anticipates how others think you'll act.
Many situations apply: competition, cooperation, negotiation, as well as games like hide-and-seek and poker.
Let's start with this simple game
Each person chooses a number from 0 to 100, calculates the average, and whoever is closest to two-thirds of the average wins the prize.
So you want to aim a little below average, not too small, and everyone else does the same, just a little below average.
what number would you choose
It's kind of like a simplified model for selling stocks in a rising market, isn't it?
I don't want to sell too quickly because I also want a profit, but if I wait too long, everyone will sell and the price will drop.
I want to be one step ahead of my opponent, but I can't go too far
I have two theories about how people think at this time, and we'll look at the data later.
I'm sure some of you have ideas, because you think so yourself, and my brain theory shows it.
A lot of people think, "I have no idea what other people will pick, so the average would be 50."
this is not strategic at all
"So let's pick the number that is 2/3 of 50, which is 33." That's the first step.
If you're a bit more intelligent, you can use your working memory to say, "Everybody thinks 50 is the average, and they're going to pick 33, so I'll go with 22, which is two-thirds of 33."
They took it one step further and took two steps.
It's better, of course, in principle -- three steps, four steps, you can do more than that, but then it becomes difficult.
In the same way that complex sentences with recursive structures are difficult to grammatically describe in languages ​​and other fields.
This is called cognitive hierarchy theory.
It's something that I and a few other people have been working on, and it presents a kind of hierarchy of what steps people think, under a hypothetical scenario, and how that thought step is affected by changing many interesting conditions and subjects. I'll show you later
There's a completely different, much more popular and older theory, made famous by John Nash in "A Beautiful Mind," called equilibrium analysis.
Anyone who has ever taken a game theory class should learn about this theory.
Equilibrium is a mathematical state where everyone knows exactly what each other is doing.
It's a very useful concept, but if you're new to these economic games, or if you're new to it, it doesn't necessarily explain exactly how people behave in the real world.
In the game example above, this theory makes the bold prediction that everyone will choose zero, because everyone chooses a lower number than everyone else.
Let's see if this is actually the case. This experiment has been done many times.
Some of the oldest experiments were done by me and Rosemarie Nagel and others in the '90s.
This is a beautiful dataset of 9,000 people who took part in contests held by three newspapers and magazines.
Participants submit their favorite number, and the person closest to two-thirds of the average wins the prize.
As you can see from the data, there are some distinct peaks.
At 33, there's a mountain of people who've taken their thinking one step further.
And the next mountain is visible at 22
Most people choose a number around this
You don't necessarily choose 33 or 22 exactly.
It's all different around here
It is true that there are mountains
There are groups that follow the equilibrium analysis very well, there are groups that adhere to the equilibrium analysis, and they choose 0 or 1.
But they lost, didn't they?
Not everyone will do the equilibrium analysis in the same way, so choosing a number that small is a bad choice.
So they're smart, but they're poor.
(Laughter) Where in the brain are these things happening?
The work of Coricelli and Nagel gives us a very sharp and interesting answer.
They had subjects play this game under two different conditions, measured by fMRI. It is explained that the prize money will be paid if
otherwise pick a random number
You will be told the computer is the other party
What you're seeing here is where there's more brain activity with humans than with computers.
The activity is, as you can see, in the medial prefrontal cortex, the dorsomedial region, and here above, the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, the anterior cingulate region, which has to do with the problem-solving process in games like "The Captain's Command," and then. There are also left and right temporoparietal junctions
All of these are better known as part of the "theory of mind" circuit or the "psychological circuit."
So it's a circuit used to infer what other people are doing.
These were the first studies to link this circuit with game theory.
What's the difference between one-step thinking and two-step thinking?
We're going to classify the subjects according to which strategy they chose, and then look at the difference in which part of the brain is active depending on whether it's a human or a computer.
Above is a 1st level player
almost no difference
Because both themselves and their brains treat other people like they treat computers.
Below is the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex with activity.
Two-step thinkers operate differently.
Now, if we take a step back and say, "What can we do with this information?"
From brain activity, we might be able to say, "This person seems to be good at poker," or "This person is naive." And if we know where this circuit is, we can study things like adolescent brain development. maybe
ok then let's go
I'm going to save your brain a lot of work.
Think about this game with this cell
this is a negotiation game
Two subjects negotiate to share between $1 and $6 as measured using electroencephalography electrodes.
If you can decide in 10 seconds, you'll get that amount of money.
If we don't reach a deal after 10 seconds, we both get nothing.
this is wrong for both
The difference is that one player, here only the one on the left, knows how much money to distribute in each experiment.
they play many times with different amounts
For example, if the distribution is $4
The player who doesn't have the information doesn't know, but he knows what the other player does.
The uninformed player thinks, "Is the other party really fair, or is he offering a small share to make you think it's only $1 or $2?"
In the latter case, the offer may be rejected and negotiations may fail.
So there's a tension between getting as much money as possible and getting money out of someone.
The method of negotiation is to point at a number on the number line from 0 to 6. The uninformed player negotiates how many dollars to get, and the informed player takes the rest.
This is analogous to employer-employee bargaining. In a privately held company, employees don't know the benefits of the company, but they negotiate to extract as much compensation as possible. I want to give the impression that I'm distributing a cup
First, let's look at a behavior. We have a pair of subjects play face-to-face.
Other groups play through the computer
As you can imagine, there are interesting differences.
Some of the face-to-face pairs agreed to split the money evenly each time.
It's boring, it's neurologically uninteresting
Well, it's good for them because they get a lot of money.
But our concern is, you could say, the difference between when there is disagreement and when there isn't.
They argued and couldn't come to an agreement, and ended up with less money.
Sometimes I didn't get it, and sometimes I got less money after all.
They could be on the reality show "The Truth About Wives."
If you look at the left, when we split between $1 and $3, we don't agree about half of the time.
This is in line with what some very complex game theory would have predicted.
It's a little too complicated to explain here, but what the theory is trying to say is that it will take this form.
Intuitively, it would seem that
Now, let me show you the results of the EEG recording.
It's very complicated, because the circuits on the right side of the brain are for people who don't have information, and the circuits on the left are for people who have information.
Because we measured both brains at the same time, we can look at activity in similar or different brain regions in time synchronization, just like we're studying conversation by measuring two people talking to each other. It's kind of like expecting a common movement in the language area when you're actually listening or trying to communicate.
So the arrows connect the places where there's activity at the same time, but the arrows are pointing out of the place where it was first activated and towards the place where it was later activated.
So in this case, if you look closely, most of the arrows are going from right to left.
So the activity in the non-informative brain comes first, followed by the information-bearing brain.
By the way, these are when the deal was done.
This is the situation for the first two seconds
I haven't finished analyzing this data yet, and I've only had a glimpse of it, but ultimately, I hope to be able to look at the first two seconds of movement and be able to say if a deal is going to go through. to avoid - because it is very beneficial
All of this is when a lot of value is lost due to delays and aggression.
This is what happens when there's a disagreement
You can see that it is different from before
there are more arrows than
This means that the brain is more closely synchronized in terms of simultaneous activity, and the arrows are also clearly flowing from left to right.
So the brain with the information decides, "Probably the deal won't work."
And then there's activity going on in the brain that doesn't have the information.
Now let me introduce our relatives
It's hairy and smelly and it's fast and strong.
You may remember Thanksgiving Day
Chimpanzee may have been with you
Charles Darwin and I and you left the chimpanzee lineage about five million years ago.
But they're still genetically closest.
98.8% of genes are the same
We share more genes than zebras and horses do.
Chimpanzee's closest cousin
Chimpanzees are more genetically related to us than gorillas.
So the difference in behavior between humans and chimpanzees could tell us a lot about brain evolution.
This is a great memory test, and it was done at the Primate Research Institute in Nagoya, Japan, where a lot of this kind of research is being done.
This goes way back, they're concerned with working memory.
If you look closely, the chimpanzee sees the numbers 1 to 5 displayed for 200 milliseconds. It sees the numbers 1 to 5 displayed for 200 milliseconds, which is only eight movie frames long.
The numbers disappear and turn into squares, and the chimpanzees are rewarded with apples by pressing the squares that correspond to the numbers in ascending order.
let's see what they do
This is a young chimpanzee, and like humans, younger is better than older.
They're pretty experienced and have done this thousands of times.
As you can imagine, you can clearly see the effect of training.
(Laughter) You make it look very indifferent and easy.
They're not just good at it, they're kind of lazy.
don't you Who thinks they can beat a chimpanzee?
I can't (laughs) You can try Well, let's do our best
Now, the next part of this research, which I will briefly describe, is based on an idea by Tetsuro Matsuzawa.
He boldly came up with the "Intelligence Tradeoff Hypothesis."
Chimpanzees are fast and powerful
I have a strong obsession with status.
What Matsuzawa thought was that chimpanzees might be conserving brain activity and using it to negotiate and win the positions that matter most to them, like strategic thinking in competition. Thing
Now let's have a chimpanzee play a game of touching two touchscreens and see.
they interacted with each other through computers
Press the left or right side of the screen
On the other hand, chimpanzees are "matching aim"
If both of you press left or right, you win.
The other is "disagreement aim"
You win by pressing the screen opposite your opponent.
The reward is a diced apple
Game theorists look at this data like this.
In this graph, the x-axis is the proportion of match-seeking chimpanzees that chose right, and the y-axis is the proportion of correct predictions of non-match-seeking chimpanzees choosing right.
The point of the game is that one player is aiming for a match and the other is for a mismatch.
The square in the middle, labeled NE, CH, QRE, shows where the Nash Equilibrium and other theories predict it should be 50-50. because you can win by pressing right
Each chimpanzee is represented by a triangle, and as you can see, they're all in the predicted neighborhood.
Now let's change the reward
Increase the reward when "match aim" presses left
Cut 3 apples into cubes
In game theory, the behavior of non-match goals should change, because the non-match goals think, "My opponent will bet on the side with the higher reward, so let's go right and not get rewarded."
As you can see, behavior rises in the direction of this change due to the Nash equilibrium.
One last time, change the reward.
4 diced apples, and their behavior approaches the Nash equilibrium again.
They're scattered, but they're pretty close within .01 on average.
Closer than any species we've seen.
What about humans? Are you smarter than a chimpanzee?
Here are two groups of humans, shown in green and blue.
It's closer to 50-50. It's not very responsive to the reward, and it's not as sensitive as the previous reward given the learning in the game.
In terms of being true to game theory, chimpanzees are better players than humans.
This is data for two groups of people, one from Japan and one from Africa, and the results are similar for both.
Both are far from chimpanzees.
Let's review what we learned today
To a limited extent, humans use theory of mind to think strategically.
Preliminary results from bargaining experiments suggest that the brain's early warnings can be used to anticipate bad and costly disagreements, and that chimpanzees are better at games than humans, as judged by game theory.
thank you
(applause)
Once upon a time there was a country called Leicesterland.
Leicesterland looks just like America
It has the same population as the United States, about 311 million people, and of that 311 million people, 144,000 people are named "Leicester."
Mr. Matt (Graining), if you're reading this Mr. Matt (Graining), if you're reading this, I'm borrowing your character, and I'll give it back to you right away.
144,000 people named "Leicester", so 0.05% of the population is Leicester.
The Leicesters of Leicesterland have special powers.
There are two big elections in Leicesterland.
One is the general election.
The other is called the "Leicester Election."
In the general election, the general public can vote, but in the Leicester election, only Leicester can vote.
The tricky part here is
To run for the general election, you need to do well in the Leicester election You need to do well in the Leicester election
You don't necessarily have to win, but you have to put up a good fight.
What can you say about this Leicesterland democracy?
First, as the Citizens United Supreme Court case showed, the general public has the final say on who is elected, as long as there is a general election. must be approved by
Second, this dependence on Lester is responsible for creating a subtle, inconspicuous, and somewhat hidden distortion in Leicester's favor.
There's no question that this is a democracy, but that democracy depends on Leicester, and it depends on the people.
So it's a "conflicting" dependency, and depending on who Lester is, it might be a "conflicting" dependency.
Here's Lesterland's description
There are three points I want you to notice in this explanation.
First point, America is Leicesterland.
America is Leicesterland
In a similar way, the United States has two types of elections, one is a general election and the other is a "financial election," shall we call it.
Any citizen over the age of 18 or with an ID can vote in a general election.
Only political funders can vote in funding elections, and like Leicesterland, you have to do well in funding elections to run for the general election.
And there's the example of Jerry Brown, and you don't necessarily have to win.
have to put up a good fight
The point of this story is that the number of American political funders is as small as Leicester in Leicesterland.
"Really?" you might ask
Really 0.05%?
Here's a statistic from 2010: 0.26% of the US population donated $200 or more to a candidate for Congress. 1% of the United States gave more than $10,000 in political funding, and the most memorable number in the most recent election period is 0.000042%, and if you do the math, it's 132 Americans -- they're this. Provided 60% of the funds used for Special Political Action Committee funds during the period (with no contribution limits).
I'm just a lawyer, but based on this number, I think it's safe to say that only 0.05 percent of us are real funders.
In this sense, political funders are our Leicester.
Now, what can we say about American democracy?
As the Citizens United Supreme Court case showed, of course, as long as there is a general election, the public has the final say in who is elected, but candidates who want to run for the general election must have the approval of their funders. need to receive
Second, it's clear that this reliance on funders is the source of a subtle, inconspicuous, kind of hidden distortion in favor of the funders.
Candidates and incumbents for Congress spend between 30% and 70% of their time fundraising to win the next election and gain power. Like, what would be the impact of spending time on fundraising calls to a very small percentage of people, less than 1%, who have never met?
Legislators, like everyone else, develop a sixth sense for how their actions affect fundraising.
So that the characters in "X-Files" can change their faces at will So that the characters in "X-Files" can change their faces at will Lawmakers should always adjust their opinions to gain an advantage in fundraising It is a minor policy adjustment other than the main policy.
Virginia Democratic Rep. Leslie Byrne was told by a colleague when she was a new member of Congress to "always stick to the 'green' side."
Of course, it's "the green that's not related to environmentalism." Depending on who funders this dependency goes from a 'conflicting' dependency to a 'conflicting' dependency From a 'conflicting' dependency to a 'conflicting' dependency
America is Leicesterland. This is the first point.
let's go to the second point
Actually, America is worse than Leicesterland. Let's say the letter you sent came from the government.
Lester belongs to various strata of society.
Rich Lester, poor Lester, there will be blacks and whites, there will be few female Lesters, but that's okay.
Leicester, who has various backgrounds, thinks carefully about how to make Leicesterland better.
You are also expected to act in the public interest of Leicesterland.
On the other hand, the United States does have some great Lesters, including some of you here today, but the vast majority of Lesters act selfishly. While pursuing private interests rather than the public good of society
I'd say the United States is in a worse situation than Leicesterland in this respect.
And finally, my third point. No matter what anyone says about Leicesterland's history, traditions, whatever. For us, for America, Leicesterland means corruption. Corruption.
And when I say corruption, I don't mean lawmakers embezzling cash in brown paper bags.
Nor is it corrupt like Rod Blagojevich.
not a criminal act
The "corruption" I'm talking about here is perfectly legal.
From the perspective of America's founding ideals, it's corruption.
The framers of the U.S. Constitution gave us the idea of ​​a "republic." The republic they meant was a parliamentary democracy, and parliamentary democracy is what James Madison wrote in The Federalist, vol. As I've shown, governmental authority depends only on ordinary citizens.
In this model of government
There's an exclusive dependency between citizens and government, and the problem here is that Congress' reliance is increasing, not just on citizens, but on funders.
Dependence on funders is also a form of dependence, but unless funders and the public are one and the same, dependence on the public is different and contradictory.
this is corruption
Now, there's good and bad about this corruption.
The good thing is that this is bipartisan, equal opportunity corruption.
Many of the issues we liberals care about don't pass Congress.
The same thing happens on the conservative side, and it's getting harder and harder to get their point across.
Conservatives want small government
When Al Gore was vice president, his team tried to push for massive deregulation of the telecommunications industry.
I took the deregulatory package to Congress, and Congress' reaction to it was, "You're kidding me!
If we deregulate the telecommunications industry, the industry will stop contributing.”
So this system is designed to maintain the status quo, which includes maintaining the status quo in intrusive, big government.
It might be a good thing in terms of blocking both right and left movements.
On the other hand, the bad part is
Corruption pathologically destroys democracy, which means that in any system, if its members are elected by very few, its members are elected by very few. If so, it means that very few members can block reform.
This slide would have been better with a stone or something.
I only had cheese, so I'm sorry
It blocks reform.
There is an economic system here that is based on influence, and it is an economic system that is centered around lobbyists.
It accelerates the polarization and the system becomes dysfunctional.
The worse the situation, the better it is for fundraising.
Henry David Thoreau said, "There are a thousand who strike the branches of evil, but only one who strikes the root with an ax."
This is the very root
everyone here knows this
If you don't know, you wouldn't come here.
I'm pretending I don't know about this unsolvable conundrum.
You look at solvable problems, like ridding the world of polio, taking pictures of the world's roads, building the world's first universal translator, building a fusion reactor in your garage.
These are tractable issues, and you -- (Laughter) (Applause) you ignore corruption.
But we can no longer ignore the problem of corruption.
(Applause) We need a functioning government.
We need a government that works for politicians and citizens on both the left and the right, not just the left and the right, because unless we put an end to this problem of corruption, no real reform is possible.
Now think about the problem that you think is most important.
For me it's climate change, but for you it might be financial reform, tax simplification, social inequality.
Pick that problem and think about it, face the problem and say that Christmas won't come this year.
Christmas will never come
Unless we solve the problems I talked about today, your problems will never be solved.
my problem is not the most important
Each of your problems is an important one, but we won't solve your problems unless we first solve the problem of corruption.
Without decent reform there is no hope for the world or the future Without decent reform there is no hope for the world or the future
What should I do?
The analysis itself is easy and simple
If it's a problem that lawmakers spend so much time raising money from a tiny fraction of America, let's make lawmakers spend less time fundraising and more people raise money. Yes, broadening the reach of fundraising can reduce the influence of funders. can
You don't need to amend the Constitution for this You don't need to amend the Constitution for this
All we need is one law that regulates decentralized citizen-funded political activity. In addition to the Fair Election Act and the U.S. Anti-Corruption Act, I introduced the "Grant Franklin Project" in my book, the introduction of a voucher system that citizens can use for political contributions, and the grassroots democracy law advocated by John Sarbanes.
All of these measures would distribute the influence of funders to the general public and solve the problem of corruption.
Analysis of the solution is easy
The tricky part is the politics. It's hopelessly difficult. Reform will undermine K Street. It has been reduced to the second army
In the minds of legislators, parliamentarians and bureaucrats, there is a common business model: a second life as a lobbyist after retiring from government.
Between 1998 and 2004, 50% of senators and 42% of congressmen became lobbyists after retirement, and that number is only going up.
Last April, a United Republic survey found that the average annual income growth rate for those tracked was 1,452 percent.
I also understand the view that there is nothing that can be done to change this situation.
some may be skeptical
I understand the feeling of sneering and thinking that it is impossible
but i don't think so
this is a solvable problem
If you think about the issues that our parents' generation grappled with in the 20th century, issues like racism and sexism, or homophobia that we're grappling with in this century, these are certainly difficult issues.
You don't wake up one morning and stop being racist.
It takes a long time to remove the sense of discrimination that is deeply rooted in people's minds It takes a long time to remove the sense of discrimination that is deeply rooted in people's minds
Corruption, on the other hand, is just a matter of incentives.
If you change your incentives, you change your behavior. In a short period of time, the states that adopted the system of small-lot elections saw a big change in how they did things.
In Connecticut, in the first year after introducing a system of small ballots, 78 percent of elected representatives declined large donations and only accepted small donations.
So it's solvable, not because it's a Democrat, not because it's a Republican.
We can solve it because we are citizens. We can solve it because we are TEDizens.
The cost of pushing through this reform -- to bring back the "Republic" -- should cost less than half the cost of energy policy reform.
Some of you still can't believe what I'm talking about, and you may still think it's unsolvable. I've been talking about this problem since I gave a TED talk five years ago, and what I've learned is that it's impossible. The thought is not important
it means nothing
When I gave a talk at Dartmouth College, a woman said to me, and I wrote a book about it, she stood up and said, "What you told me, there's no hope of a solution.
There is no way to beat it."
I was surprised when you said that
how to respond to her disappointment
I wondered what the disappointment was
And what came to mind was my six-year-old son.
How would I feel if a doctor came to me and said, "Your son has a terminal brain tumor and there's nothing you can do about it.
There is no way to beat it."
If you were told this, would you do nothing?
Will you sit and do nothing and accept the sentence?
Since there is no choice, would you like to develop Google Glass?
Of course not. I'll do whatever I can. I'll try anything. That's the proof of love.
It's with this because even us liberals love this country.
(Laughter) No matter how many government pundits and politicians say reform is impossible, in patriotism for this country, they say, "That's not the problem."
Losing the Republic means losing something that everyone in this room has loved and cherished, so do whatever you can to prove the critics wrong.
Now I want to ask you guys, do you have that love?
Do you have that love?
If so, folks... what the hell are we doing?
As old Benjamin Franklin was being hauled out of the Constituent Assembly in September 1787, a woman on the side of the road asked, "Mr. Franklin, what have you built?"
Mr. Franklin replied, "It's a republic, if we can keep it together."
republic parliamentary democracy
A government that relies only on ordinary citizens
we lost that republic
We must all work together to bring back the Republic.
thank you very much
(Applause) Thank you. (Applause)
I'm a 26-year-old Asian-British woman who works in media and lives in South West London.
Previously lived at two addresses in Sussex and two in North East London.
He spent his childhood in a detached house in Kent with his family and visited India on vacation every year.
The family did most of their shopping online at Ocado, donated to charity, and subscribed to the Financial Times.
I currently share a newly renovated apartment that I rented directly from the landlord.
I'm interested in movies and ventures, and I've taken five vacations in the last 12 months, mostly to visit friends abroad.
I will buy a ticket within 14 days
I earn around £30,000 to £40,000 a year.
I don't own a TV, I don't watch live TV, but I do use on-demand services like Netflix and Now TV.
Last week it passed through Upper Street in north London on Mondays and Wednesdays at 7pm.
I do cook, but I mostly eat out or take home.
I especially like Thai and Mexican food.
I own no furniture and I have no children.
On weeknights, I often have dinner with friends from college.
I buy my groceries at Sainsbury's, just because it's on the way home.
I'm not interested in cars, I don't own one
I don't like housework in general, and I have a cleaner who cleans my house while I'm at work.
I often go to the pub after work on Fridays.
At home, I spend more time reading restaurant reviews than managing my finances or checking real estate prices.
I am thinking of living abroad someday.
I prefer working in a team rather than working alone
I aim high, and it's important for me to be recognized by my family.
I am rarely swayed by the opinions of others.
All the traits and attitudes and mindsets and aspirations I've described so far define me pretty closely as a person.
It's also an accurate and faithful depiction of what a company called a data tracking company knows about me that I've never seen or heard of before.
I started looking into what these companies knew in 2014, when I got curious about the dark world of data brokers, collecting and sorting through the details of individuals in multibillion-dollar industries. It's an industry that sells. This information is based on online and offline behavior.
I decided to write an article about this in a magazine called Wired.
When I did my research, I was shocked by what I found. It made me even more worried about the profit-seeking system, where every time you use the Internet, you're logging your every move.
I already knew that my records were being collected on a daily basis, things like Google Maps searches, Facebook credit card transactions, and so on.
But the problem is that when you combine this with public information, like land registry, resident tax, voter registration, etc., when combined with my shopping habits, my real-time physical condition, my location, it reveals a lot of seemingly insignificant information. It starts with whether the person is optimistic, politically ambitious, risk-taking, etc.
In the moment you're listening to my talk, even if you're just sitting, your smartphone can detect your exact location and even your posture.
Your life is packaged and sold in these data products.
In other words, you are the product.
Officially, we're protected by data protection laws.
Under British law, personal information must be stripped of personally identifiable information such as names and national insurance numbers.
"Personal information" means even if there is no other information
Anything that can directly identify an individual
sale is not prohibited
It's just that you need your permission
Examples of "personal information" include credit card numbers, bank account statements, and criminal records.
But I discovered that there is no such thing as online anonymity.
Details such as zip code, date of birth, and gender are also freely traded without the consent of the individual, because they are considered anonymous rather than personal information.
So that information alone cannot identify you.
So you're probably wondering why it matters that a company you've never heard of knows your age and your zip code.
It's actually quite a problem.
About a decade ago, Latanya Sweeney, a Harvard privacy professor, proved that 87 percent of Americans can be identified by just three pieces of information: zip code, date of birth and gender.
In the UK, which has a much smaller population, it's even more likely because postal codes are longer than in the US.
Professor Sweeney proved this in a rather daring way, when the former governor of Cambridge, Massachusetts, William Weld, allowed the commercial use of the medical records of 135,000 state employees and their families. It also included a record of
These records didn't include names or social security numbers, but they did contain a great many sensitive medical records, such as drug prescriptions, hospitalizations, and treatments received.
For 20 dollars, Professor Sweeney bought voter records for Cambridge, Massachusetts, which included names, zip codes, dates of birth, and gender for everyone in the area, and then checked them against medical records.
Within minutes, she found former Governor Wells' medical records.
In Cambridge, there are only six people with the same birthday.
three of them were men
The former governor was the only person who lived in that zip code.
Professor Sweeney mailed his medical records to the former governor.
(Laughter) Every day, we hear more and more stories of companies invading our personal lives.
Last November, in the US presidential election, a little-known British company, Cambridge Analytica, was asked to use data analytics to help Donald Trump win the election.
This company used cookies to track people across the web, keeping track of their website visits, search terms, and video views.
To take a deeper look at people's personalities, they popularized psychological tests on Facebook that were used by more than 6 million people.
We've successfully collected data on a total of 220 million voters, with an average of 5,000 records about each individual.
Based on this data, we analyzed people's sentiments and ran targeted ads on Facebook.
Researchers call it a "propaganda machine"
It's not just big companies that are peering into people's lives, it's also free apps and small startups.
I discovered that every time I tracked my workouts on my phone with an app called Endomondo, my location, gender, and other information was being shared with third-party advertising companies.
A medical diagnosis app called WebMD is sharing even more sensitive information with third parties about the symptoms, treatments and medications that users view on the app.
Fitbit provides data to Yahoo
Pregnancy tracking apps sold information obtained within the app -- such as a user's menstrual cycle and ovulation cycle -- to advertising companies like InMobi.
As long as the phone is on, location can be tracked. And it's not just silly apps like Google Maps, but a lot of completely unrelated ones like Uber, Twitter, photo apps, Snapchat, TripAdvisor, and so on.
It's not safe to stay at home
In 2015, it was discovered that Samsung was using the voice recognition system attached to its televisions to record the voices of people in their homes.
This has been improved and now only records when speech recognition is turned on.
it's still creepy
In some cases, services like Google and Facebook, trusted and used by billions of people around the world, have been criticized for crossing the line.
A few weeks ago, my husband and I were in the car after work talking about where we should have dinner.
I suggested a restaurant on the way home, and I opened Google Maps to see where it was.
And it was already marked on the map.
I'm sure I'm not the only one who feels like I'm being watched
With so many stories of people being shown ads based on their actions and conversations in real life, not online, I can't help but wonder if Facebook and Google are eavesdropping on their personal devices.
To get a complete picture of my personal information held by various companies, I interviewed a consumer data analytics company called Eyeota.
This company uses cookies to classify me into a myriad of categories, like my occupation, how many children I have, whether I'm likely to buy Star Wars merchandise, and so on.
(Laughter) Even if they don't know my name, they know me better than my neighbors.
Eyeota also purchases information from third parties, such as a credit rating agency called Experian, which has amassed a huge database that divides people into 15 different demographics and 66 lifestyles based on zip code.
From this information, Eyeota can derive things like that I'm more likely to take a taxi than a bus late at night, that I'm unlikely to visit a hardware store, and so on.
(Laughter) This information will be sold to the highest bidder.
Big data can also be useful for public welfare, whether it's used by medical researchers or urban planning.
But much of this data is held by advertising companies and used commercially.
In fact, eMarketer expects the online advertising industry, which is largely made up of targeted advertising and data tracking, to hit an all-time high of $77 billion this year.
If you don't mind being "naked" by a company, think again.
Web advertising directed at an individual may be harmless, but combining unrelated elements of life to predict a person's future behavior can have unintended consequences.
For example, deciding whether my child would be admitted to a particular college or how much my home and car insurance would cost, I found myself unwittingly falling into the hands of third parties -- my lifestyle and my family. may be data such as the medical history of
In 2014, a privacy and safety expert named Professor Ross Anderson of the University of Cambridge discovered that the NHS had embezzled hospital databases, which contained the hospitalization histories of all British citizens, and this data was It was given to the Society of British Actuaries, an organization that studies the odds of people developing chronic diseases at specific ages.
Of course, this led to higher insurance premiums.
As the amount of data collected grows exponentially, it becomes much easier to identify an individual.
Fitbit, for example, measures your heart rate and how you walk, and you can use that information to determine your height, your weight, and even your gender.
These things are very difficult to imitate or change.
The data doesn't tell you anything about you
you are yourself
Companies are also beginning to predict consumer behavior, like, is he a reliable driver, is he a good employee, has a low credit risk, based on his social media activity, his health, his exercise, his home utility bills, and so on. is
The more companies know about you -- your address, your number of children, your medical history, your purchase history -- the less anonymity makes sense.
Plus, you lose your right to free choice, because companies are making choices for you without your knowledge.
In researching these things, I was initially shocked.
I immediately sent a letter to my local government asking them to keep my voter records private.
I created an email address with a pseudonym and misrepresented my age and gender when registering.
I turned off targeted advertising and demanded that Facebook send me all of my information on file, including the ones I had deleted myself, and I spent hours poring over it.
But after a few weeks, I realized there was no point in doing this.
You can't live hiding from digital
I just couldn't realistically stop using everything. Social media, search, wayfinding apps, the iPhone are all part of modern life that I know and need.
Instead, I realized that knowledge itself can be power.
Knowing the different ways my data is shared and collected helps me take responsibility for where I disclose it.
For example, I've stopped subscribing to services that claim to be "free," like a VIP card for a local beauty salon or a discount coupon for a grocery store.
When you download an app, don't forget to check what information you have permission to use.
Turn off things you don't need, such as location information
there is finally hope
As more and more people begin to realize the footprints left by their data, they will be able to demand protection and stewardship of this data.
Some critics have argued that we should charge for the data that individuals disclose, to strengthen our control over information.
Then it won't be worth the expense for businesses and government nonprofits to scavenge, store, and randomly sell personal information carelessly, but as the data economy matures, power will shift from corporations back to the hands of individuals. Until then, I've lost more than anonymity.
I have surrendered my right to self-determination and free choice.
All I have left is my name
thank you
(applause)
I'm a curator at the Natural History Museum in Rotterdam.
My job is to manage collections and collect specimens, which means collecting animal carcasses.
In 1995, a new wing was built next to the museum.
The work was really successful because it was covered with glass.
Because birds often hit buildings and die.
As you may know, birds don't know what glass is, and they can't see glass, so they collide and die.
All I have to do is go pick up the carcass, make a specimen, and add it to my collection.
(Laughter) At that time, I was already able to tell what kind of bird it was just by the sound of it hitting the glass.
On June 5th, 1995, I heard a loud crash against a window, and that changed my life and ended the life of a duck.
This is what I saw when I looked outside
Carcass of a duck that crashed into a window
dead lying face down
The ducks nearby are alive. Please take a good look.
both are male
And the next moment-
Live ducks climbed onto the carcass and began mating.
I'm a biologist and an ornithologist.
I thought, "Something's wrong"
One is dead and the other is alive so it's necrophilia.
I looked closely, but both are male
So homosexual necrophilia
So -- (Laughter) I got a camera, a notebook, a chair, and started observing behavior.
After 75 minutes -- (Laughter) -- I was satisfied, I was hungry, and I wanted to go home.
So I went out and collected the ducks and before I put them in the freezer, I checked to see if the carcasses were really male.
This is a very rare picture of a duck's phallus, and it was indeed a male.
It's rare because out of 10,000 bird species, only 300 have penises.
"First Case of Homosexual Necrophilia in Mallards." It took me six years to decide to publish my paper, even though I knew I had observed something unusual.
(Laughter) It's the perfect topic for a birthday party or a coffee break -- but when it comes to presenting at a conference, it's a different story.
there was no theoretical framework
Six years later, friends and colleagues urged me to publish "The First Case of Homosexual Necrophilia in a Mallard."
let's sort things out
"a" is my office - "b" is where the duck hit the glass - "c" is where I was observing.
this is the picture from earlier
As many of you may know, even if you write a scientific paper, if it's specific, it's likely to be read by six or seven people at most.
(Laughter) But I have good news.
A man named Mark Abrahams called me and said, "Your duck paper won an Ig Nobel Prize."
The Ig Nobel Prize is -- (Laughter) (Applause) The Ig Nobel Prize is for research that first makes you laugh and then makes you think -- and it aims to get more people interested in science.
I thought it was a good thing, so I decided to accept the award.
(Laughter) By the way Mark didn't call from Stockholm By the way Mark didn't call from Stockholm
It was from Cambridge, Massachusetts.
I flew from Boston to Cambridge to attend a wonderful awards ceremony at Harvard University, which was a lot of fun.
A real Nobel Prize winner will be awarded.
But that's just the beginning
there were nine other winners
He's co-winner Charles Paxton, and his [2002] Biology Prize-winning paper was "Ostrich courtship behavior toward humans under captive conditions in England."
(Laughter) There must be an Ig Nobel winner here right now.
Where is Dan Ariely?
applaud him
(Applause) Dan won a medical award for proving that an expensive placebo worked better than a cheap placebo.
(Laughter) This is what I call "One Minute of Glory" -- my acceptance speech -- and this is the duck.
It will be open to the public for the first time on the West Coast of the United States.
now turn
(laughs) Go ahead.
pass it on to everyone
This is a sample material.You don't have to worry about getting bird flu.
After receiving the award, my life changed completely.
First of all, the duck thing -- the things that were sent to me, and I had a good collection.
(Laughter) Even better, we've got records of amazing animal behavior -- we've got records, so we know anything about perverted animal behavior, really.
(Laughter) This is a moose.
A bison statue about to mate A bison statue about to mate
Recorded in Montana in 2008.
This is a frog trying to mate with a goldfish.
2011 Holland
Australian cane toad
being run over by a car
A case of necrophilia
The posture is also eye-catching
Missionary posture is very rare in the animal kingdom.
Pigeons observed in Rotterdam
2004 Hong Kong Swallow
It's a turkey in Wisconsin. It was observed on the grounds of Ethan Allen Juvenile Detention Center.
Mating took a whole day, so the prisoners had fun.
So what does this action mean?
Why does this happen in nature? this is my question
So I've looked at anecdotes and come to the conclusion that the key factors in necrophilia are sudden and dramatic death and good posture for copulation.
At least that's what I thought until I saw this slide.
There is a carcass of a duck
It's been three days since he died, and he's lying on his back.
My theory of necrophilia is also a bubble
Here's another example of how the glass of a building affects the lives of birds.I'll show you another example of how the glass of a building affects the lives of birds.
This is Mad Max, the blackbird in Rotterdam.
From 2004 to 2008, this bird kept crashing into windows day after day.
watch the video
(Music) (Kon) (Kon) (Kon) (Kon) Actually, this bird is fighting with its reflection in the window.
I think my territory has been violated. Every time I come here, I see an intruder, so there's no end.
I observed this bird for two years, and at first I suspected brain damage.
But that's not the case. Look at the image taken from the video. At the moment it hits the glass, it puts its foot forward, and then it hits it.
Finally, I would like to invite you all to Dead Duck Day.
June 5 every year -
Five minutes before 6:00 p.m., we're going to meet at the Natural History Museum in Rotterdam -- take that duck out of the museum and think about new ways to keep birds from colliding with windows.
I don't know if you know this, but one of the leading causes of bird death worldwide is collision death.
In the United States alone, 1 billion birds have died crashing into glass buildings.
After the ceremony, we all go to a Chinese restaurant and eat a full course of duck.
I look forward to seeing you all next year in Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
thank you
(Applause) Oh, sorry.
Could you give me back my duck?
(Laughter) (Applause) Thank you.
Today I'm going to show you an electric vehicle that's lighter than a bicycle, you can take it anywhere, and you can charge it in 15 minutes using a standard outlet.
When people think of electric vehicles, they think of cars, motorcycles, bicycles, and other everyday vehicles.
But if you change your perspective, you can come up with more interesting and new concepts.
so we made
I have something in my pocket right now—
It's a motor, use this
We can go up hills in San Francisco at about 30 kilometers per hour. We have a battery over here that can go about 10 kilometers.
The best thing about this part is that it's available at toy stores.
It's part of a remote control plane.
The performance is so good that if you change the way you think about vehicles, you can do interesting things.
Let me show you an example of how to use this
Think about not just how fun it would be, but how its portability would change the way you interact with a city like San Francisco.
(Music) [10km/32km/h] [Climbing possible] [Regenerative braking] (Applause) (Cheers) Let me show you what it can do
It's very manoeuvrable, and you can easily accelerate, brake, and even reverse if you want, with a handheld remote control.
Lightness is amazing
You can carry it anywhere
Finally, the most appealing aspect of this technology and this kind of vehicle is
It uses 1/20th the energy per distance of a car. Not only is it quicker to charge and cheaper to build, but it also significantly reduces energy consumption in transportation.
Instead of using a lot of energy for each person to move around the city, we have a much less energy-intensive, sustainable mode of transportation.
Next time you're considering a vehicle, I hope you'll think of something new like we did.
thank you
(applause)
I'm a professor of mechanical engineering at the University of Pennsylvania, and my hobby is photography.
I love taking pictures like this in my travels around the world because it helps me remember the beautiful -- interesting things I've seen.
What photos can't capture and share is the feel of these things.
This is amazing, because touch is such an important sense.
The sense of touch is involved in everything we do, from our daily physical contact to our manual work.
The sense of touch is actually very interesting
consists of two main elements
The first is the tactile sensation -- the feeling of an object touching your skin.
The second is kinesthetic
It's the position the body is in, how it's moving, what forces it's subjected to, and so on.
You combine these two senses so well that you understand the physical touch that you experience in the world, and when you touch the surface of an object, you know whether it's a rock, or a cat, or a rabbit.
As an engineer, I'm fascinated and impressed by the power of the human hand.
I'm interested in whether we can better harness the human sense of touch to improve technology.
Can we improve our interfaces with computers and so on by using our hands better?
I think I can, and this is my area of ​​expertise, called haptics.
It's an interactive, touchable technology.
What I mean by that is, as an engineer, I can build a system that measures your body movements as you move them, and then continuously gives you a stimulus that's the same kind of stimulus that you feel in the real world. I feel like I'm touching something when there's really nothing.
Now let me show you three examples, all from my lab at the University of Pennsylvania.
The first one, which I've already talked about, is how do you capture the feel of an object and recreate that experience?
The way we solve this is to create a hand held tool with a variety of sensors inside.
It has a pressure sensor, so it knows how hard you're pushing, a motion tracking sensor that can measure your movement precisely, and a vibration sensor, an accelerometer, that senses forward and backward motion, so you know it's not silk, it's canvas.
Data recording movement on this surface
I'm taking it out. Here's 10 seconds of data.
You can see that the vibration increases and decreases as you move.
You build a mathematical model that represents these correlations, program it into a tablet PC, and then when you touch the screen with a stylus, a voice coil motor in a white bracket reproduces the vibrations that give you the illusion that you're touching a real surface. I will remind you Touch the real canvas
It's like moving it back and forth, which creates a very realistic illusion.
It can be used on any surface and is a lot of fun.
It's called haptography, it's tactile photography.
There are a lot of possibilities, from online shopping to interactive museum displays, to important cultural properties that you shouldn't be able to touch, but that you want to touch.
The second thing I want to talk about is something I did with Dr. Marguerite Maggio of Dentistry at the University of Pennsylvania.
One of her jobs is teaching dental students how to spot cavities in their patients.
Of course, we look at the x-rays, but the majority of the treatment is done by touching the teeth with a probing needle.
Have you ever had an examination like this?
I feel it because if the tooth is hard, it's healthy, but if it's soft and sticky, it's a sign that the enamel is starting to decay.
These decisions are difficult for new dental students, because they haven't yet touched teeth.
I'd like to practice it before I put it into practice with a patient.
Attached to a groping stylus, Dr. Maggio recorded the feel of different teeth as he touched them.
And you can recreate that as a video with the feel of it. Not only is the soundtrack recorded, but the feel is also recorded, so when you hold this tool, the feel is recreated.
You can touch the same thing that the dentist touched during the recording to make the diagnosis.
this is sample 1
It's a little suspicious
with brown spots
Maybe you're thinking, "I need a filling for this tooth."
But actually, if you look closely at the sense of touch, the surface of this tooth is hard and healthy, so this patient doesn't need a filling.
Doctors make decisions like this every day, and our technology could be useful in a lot of ways in medical education, because it's so simple, and it's so reproducible that the tactile sense of a tool.
The stimulation you feel can make games more interactive, more fun, more realistic.
The last example I want to talk about is also about human movement.
If you've ever played sports, you know how to learn something like surfing.
It's practice
I will practice and practice
Little by little, you'll make adjustments and receive guidance from your coach to improve your movements.
Computers make the process much more efficient and enjoyable.
Here's an example: I want to learn six arm movements, and I'm testing the system in my lab at the University of Pennsylvania.
The Kinect measures your movements, projects graphics onto a screen, and then sends touch cues, or tactile feedback, to a tactile belt on your arm that has a motor inside that directs your movements.
So to sum it up, if you're tracking a movement and you veer off, say, your arm is too high, the motor will stimulate the skin in that area and tell you to "lower down," like a gentle coach teaching you to learn the movement faster. but it's faster and more accurate
This system was developed for rehabilitation of stroke patients, but I think it has many applications, such as dance training, training in any sport.
Now, you know a little bit about haptics, but you'll hear more about it in the future.
I gave you three examples.
I would like to take a moment to thank all of the wonderful students and collaborators I work with in my lab.
great group
Thank you for your attention
(applause)
Let's talk a little about "labor" and "work" today Let's talk a little about "labor" and "work" today
When you think about how people work, the first thing that comes to mind is that people are like rats in a maze -- everyone's only concern is money, and if you give them money, they'll take you one way and another. i think i can move
That's why we give bankers bonuses in so many different ways.
We have a surprisingly simple picture of why people work and how the labor market works.
At the same time, if you think about it, the world is full of crazy behavior.
Let's take mountaineering and mountaineering as an example.
If you read a book about a mountaineer who takes on challenges, do you think the book is full of moments of happiness and joy?
no, it's all hardships
In fact all frostbite and difficulty walking Difficulty breathing In fact all frostbite and difficulty breathing Difficulty breathing Cold and severe conditions
If you only care about making people happy, you'll say the moment you reach the top If you only care about making people happy, the moment you reach the top you'll say, "That was a big mistake. I won't do it again."
"This was a big mistake and I will never do it again"
(Laughs) "I should have been drinking a mojito at the beach instead."
But when people go down and recover, they climb again, but when people come down and recover, they climb again.
If you think about this mountain climbing example, there's a lot to learn.
Is it important for us to reach the final destination, the summit?
I understand that battles and challenges are also important.
It seems that there are many other things that motivate us in our work and in doing all kinds of things.
I personally started thinking about this when a student visited me.
He was a student of mine a few years ago, and he came to campus one day.
And he told me this story that he'd been working on a PowerPoint presentation for over two weeks.
I work for a big bank, and this was a preparation for a bank merger.
So I've put all my effort into this presentation - graph table information
stay late every night
I sent this presentation material to my boss the day before the deadline, and I sent this presentation material to my boss the day before the deadline.
he fell hard
Actually, I was pretty happy when I was working hard.
Every night he enjoyed his work, even staying late to finish this presentation.
But this document was never seen by anyone, and that made him very depressed.
And here I thought, how to study: the idea of ​​"reward" for "labor."
First, we did an experiment where we gave subjects a set of Lego and asked them to build it.
And to some of them, I say, "Could you make me this Lego robot for $3.00? I'll pay you."
"Could you make this LEGO robot for $3.00? I'll pay you."
And they said yes, and they started building Lego.
When you're done, take it and put it down and say, "Now, can you make another one for $2.70?"
If you say yes, give me one more -- and when you're done, say, "Would you like one more?"
We call this a “meaningful” situation.
Everyone make Lego one after another
I put it all under the table when I'm done
I've been told that when the experiment is over, I'll dismantle these LEGOs I received and put them back in the box for the next subject.
Another situation is
Inspired by my student David
It's called "situation of wasted labor"
Do you know the story of Sisyphus in Greek mythology? Sisyphus was punished by the gods and ordered to roll a rock to the top of the mountain.
The essence of this story is wasted effort.
If you could go to different mountains and roll rocks, you might feel a little progress.
And then there's the prison movie, where the guards abuse the prisoners, and they have the prisoners dig holes, and when they're done, they're forced to fill in the holes and dig them up again.
This practice of doing the same task over and over again seems to be particularly related to lowering motivation.
So we used this as the second experimental condition.
You say to the subject, "Could you make me a Lego robot for $3.00?"
If you answer yes, make it
I ask, "Then can you make another one for $2.70 next time?"
If you answer yes, give me another one While I'm working on the new one If you answer yes, give me another one
When they're done, "Can I have another one, this time for 30 cents less?"
If you answer yes, I will give you the disassembled Lego
This is an endless act--they made it and we took it apart in front of them
What do you see when you compare these two conditions?
The first difference is the number of Legos they make. By 11 to 7, people in meaningful situations made more Lego than people in futile situations.
This is not a very meaningful task.
This is different from curing cancer and building bridges.
It's the work of making Lego for a small change reward.
Not only that, but everyone knew that Lego would soon be destroyed.
So it's not an opportunity to get a lot of significance.
But even such a small thing made a difference
Now, we also did another version of this experiment.
In this version of the experiment, instead of putting people in a situation, I asked them to describe the situation, as I do it, and then predict the outcome. I was asked to predict the result
What happened?
The direction was predicted correctly, but the magnitude was wrong.
People who were just given a description of the experiment said that people in "meaningful situations" would have made one more Lego.
So people understand that meaning is important, but they don't understand how important it is.
At this time, there is one more data that I focused on.
If you think about it, some people love Lego and some people don't.
So, folks, if you're a Lego fan, you'd probably guess that you'd make more Lego for less money, because you really enjoy doing this by nature.
Also, people who don't like Lego that much don't make it very often, because there's less fun to be had in the first place.
Meaningful Situations yielded predictable results
There was a very good correlation between the love of Lego and the number of Legos made There was a very good correlation between the love of Lego and the number of Legos made
What happened in the "situation of wasted labor" earlier?
In this case, there was zero correlation. There was no correlation between the love for Lego and the number of Legos you made. By this psychological manipulation, we destroy the little pleasure that we get from this action-
that is, removed
Shortly after this experiment, I went to talk to a large software company in Seattle.
I can't say what, but it's a big company in Seattle.
I spoke to a group of people inside the company who were stationed in another building, and they were told to build the next big product for this company.
A week before I left, the president of this software company told this group of 200 engineers to cancel the project.
So I had to speak in front of 200 people who were the most depressed people I've ever seen.
So when I told them about this Lego experiment -- they said that they felt like they were going through that same experience.
So I asked, "Who's coming to work later than they used to?"
and everyone raised their hands
“Who in this house is coming home earlier than before?”
everyone raised their hands again
“Who reports questionable expenses?”
They didn't raise their hand, but they invited me to dinner and showed me how much I could afford.
I asked, "What do you think the president could have done to keep you guys from being so depressed?"
I came up with various ideas
I wish they'd given us the opportunity to present their hard work over the past two years to the entire company.
They were given the opportunity to think about which part of their technology could be used in other departments.
I wish I could have made a next-generation prototype and seen how it works I should have made a next-generation prototype and seen how it works
Every idea requires effort and motivation to execute.
The president probably didn't understand the importance of "significance."
If he had been as downplaying the nature of "meaningfulness" as the people who predicted the results of the previous experiment, he wouldn't have cared.
And you'll say, "I gave you that command then, but now I give you this command, and it will all work."
But if you understand the importance of meaning, you'll realize what really matters is that it takes time, energy and effort to get people to do something. To make him work hard, it takes time, energy and effort.
The next experiment is a little different
Hand out a piece of paper with random letters, and have them search for the same letter
this is the task
Now that they've done the first one, they ask if they can do the second one for a little less -- if they can do the next one for even less.
We do this in three situations
The first is to ask you to write your name on a piece of paper -- when you find all the pairs of identical letters, hand it over to the experimenter. say put it on the stack of paper next to them
Second, without having your name written down—
The experimenter looks at it, takes the paper, doesn't look at it, doesn't check it, just puts it on top of the paper stack.
So just take it and put it aside
Third, the experimenter takes the paper and immediately shreds it.
What happened under these three circumstances?
This graph shows how much people paid when they stopped working.
So the lower numbers are the people who worked harder, they worked longer.
I worked for 15 cents, the lowest I've ever been in, under "recognisable conditions" for work.
15 cents a page This is the point where I stopped working
Under "Shredder Situation," double that at 30 cents.
similar to the results obtained previously
When you chop up people's efforts and achievements, you end up in a situation where you're not very happy with what you're doing.
The only thing I'd like to point out here is that under the "shredder situation," you could have cheated.
Because I knew I could have done a decent job and was going to be shredded.
I mean, even if you do a good job on the first one, you should be able to do a lot more when you know no one is checking.
So the reality is that under the "shredder situation," everyone could have submitted more and earned more without much effort.
What about "under the circumstances of ignorance"?
Is it closer to "recognition" or "shredder" or somewhere in between?
The result was close to "Shredder"
here's the good news and the bad news
The bad news is that ignoring people's accomplishments is just as bad as chopping them up in front of you.
ignoring pushes people over the edge
The good news is that just taking a quick look at something someone has done and saying "yes, hello" is enough to dramatically increase people's motivation. it's enough to say it's enough
So the good news is that it's not that hard to motivate people.
The bad news is that it's surprisingly easy to destroy motivation -- the bad news is that it's surprisingly easy to destroy motivation -- and if you act without thinking, you'll end up doing too much.
So far, I've talked about forced motivation and how to get rid of it.
In the next part, I'm going to show you how to give good motivation.
There is a store called IKEA in America.
IKEA sells decent furniture that takes a lot of time to assemble.
(Laughter) I don't know about you guys, but whenever I build -- it takes longer, it takes more effort, it's so much more difficult, I put it in the wrong direction, and I don't really enjoy those parts.
I don't think I'm enjoying the process
But when it's done, I think I like that IKEA furniture better than the others But when I finish it, I like that IKEA furniture better than the others
There's an old story about cake mix
When we started producing cake mixes in the '40s, we put this powder in a box and told the housewives to add water and stir it. Just mix it up and put it in the oven – voila! the cake is ready
but it wasn't popular
It didn't sell. The producers thought of various reasons.
Maybe it tasted bad-
no, the taste is fine
They found it was because they didn't put "enough effort" into it.
It's too easy to say, "This is my cake," when you serve it to a customer.
No no this is someone's cake it looks like it was bought from the store
It didn't feel like it belonged to me
then what happened
I took the eggs and the milk out of the flour.
(Laughter) Now I have to crack an egg and add it, measure the milk, put it in, mix it.
Now it's my cake and it's perfect
(Applause) If you think a little bit more about the IKEA effect, it's that you're giving people a higher level of pleasure by making an effort.
How can we experiment with this subject?
We asked the subjects to make origami.
After teaching him how to make origami, I gave him a piece of paper.
By the way, we're all beginners, and what we end up with is very ugly -- it doesn't look like a frog or a crane.
So I tell them, "This origami is ours.
You made it for me, but I'll sell it to you.
how much would you pay for this?
And I researched how much people would pay
I created two groups: the makers and the observers who just saw without creating the makers and the observers who just saw without creating.
As it turned out, the makers rated this origami as excellent, and as it turns out, the makers rated this origami as excellent, and said they would pay five times as much as the observer's evaluation. He said he would pay five times what he assessed
You could also say, if you were the creator -- how would you feel? "I love this origami, but other people may not like it."
Or "I love this origami and I'm sure others will too."
Which of these is correct?
As a result, not only did the maker like origami more than the observer, but he also assumed that everyone else had the same values ​​as him.
I also thought other people would like it more
In the next experiment, we tried the "IKEA effect."
made this experiment more difficult
Give some people the same task as before.
I hid the explanation from the rest of the people and made it more difficult.
At the top of the paper is a diagram of how to fold it-
I have it turned off for some people
It got harder. What happened?
Objectively, this origami is clunkier and more difficult.
If you look at the easier origami, it's the same result as before: the maker likes it, and the observers don't rate it very highly.
Now, if you look at the one that's made the hard way, the effect is even greater.
why? it's because the creators liked it more
I put a lot of effort into this work
What is the observer's evaluation? even lower
because it was even more clumsy than the first version.
Of course, this experiment also shows how we measure things.
think about the children
If I ask, "How much would you sell your child for?"
Memories, connections, etc.
Most people will offer a very large amount.
The day you're a good boy
(Laughter) But imagine it from a slightly different angle.
if you had no children
One day I met children in the park
Let's say you feel like your child and you play with them for a few hours, and as you're about to leave, the parents of the children say, "Before you go, just a minute -- if you're interested, it's on sale."
(Laughter) How much do you think we'll pay this time?
most people wouldn't pay that much
And this is because my children are so valuable, not because they are my children, but because they are so connected to me, because of time and connection.
By the way, for those of you who think IKEA's instructions are bad, think about the instructions that come with your child, because they're extremely difficult.
(Laughter) Anyway, these are my kids, and they're wonderful, of course.
There's one more thing I want to say here, and it's that when we look at what we create, like those creators, we overlook the fact that other people don't see things the same way we do.
Let me add one last thing
If you think about Adam Smith and Karl Marx, Adam Smith had an important notion of efficiency.
He took the pin factory as an example.
He pointed out that there are 12 steps in a pin, and if one person does all 12 steps, the productivity is very low.
However, if one person does process 1, and the next person does process 2, then process 3, but if one person does process 1, and the next person does process 2, then process 3, productivity will skyrocket. it says go up
And certainly this is a great example and reason for the industrial revolution and efficiency.
Karl Marx, on the other hand, said that the idea of ​​"alienated labor" is very important for thinking about the significance of what we do.
By doing all 12 processes of pin manufacturing, it means to cherish the pin.
But people who always do only one step probably don't think it's that important.
Adam Smith was more correct than Karl Marx in this application to the Industrial Revolution.
But the reality is that we've changed and we're living in a knowledge economy, but the reality is that we've changed and we're living in a knowledge economy.
Ask yourself, what will happen in the knowledge economy?
Is efficiency more important than meaning?
I do not think so
Circumstances change and people should decide how much effort, knowledge, commitment and connection they will spend. And suddenly Marx may speak more to you.
When we think about work, we tend to think of motivation and pay as the same thing.
The good news is that when we add up the building blocks and think about how we create meaning and pride and motivation for ourselves and how we bring that to our employees at work, I can make everyone more productive and happier. i believe i can
thank you
(applause)
This is where I've been building prototypes for six hours straight.
It's slave labor, even for my own project.
This is what the DIY and maker movements look like in real life.
Today's construction and manufacturing industries are similarly labor-only assembly.
That's why I started researching how to program self-construction into physical materials.
but there is another world
Today there's a new revolution taking place at the micro and nano level.
It's the ability to program physical and biological materials to change their shape and properties, and to do computations without traditional semiconductors.
They even developed a piece of software called cadnano that allows you to design three-dimensional shapes, like nanorobots or drug delivery systems, and use DNA to self-assemble those functional structures.
But when you look at it on a human scale, there are a lot of problems that nanotechnology hasn't solved.
If you look at construction and manufacturing, it's very inefficient, energy-sapping, and extremely demanding on labor skills.
As an example in infrastructure, let's look at plumbing.
As an example in infrastructure, let's look at plumbing.
Except for expensive pumps and valves, water pipes have a fixed flow rate, so they have a fixed capacity.
it is buried in the ground
If something changes -- if the ground moves, if the environment changes, if the demand changes -- you have to start all over again, dig up the pipes and replace them.
So what I'm proposing is to bring these two worlds together, to combine nanoscale programmable, adaptive materials with the environment around them.
mere machine automation and
It's not like a machine with a brain works for humans.
It uses programmable materials for self-construction.
This is called self-organization, and it's the process by which broken parts form a coherent structure only through interaction with their surroundings.
So what would it take to do this on a human scale?
you need a few simple ingredients
The first is material and shape, but it has to be paired with the energy source.
Energy that can be received from the environment such as heat, vibration, aerodynamic force, gravity, and magnetic force is also acceptable.
Interactions also need to be rigorously designed
It allows us to perform error correction, and allows us to transition the shape from one state to another.
Here are some of the projects I've done, including one-dimensional, two-dimensional, three-dimensional and even four-dimensional systems.
In a one-dimensional system -- in a project called self-folding proteins,
The idea is to recreate the three-dimensional structure of a protein, and here we've taken a protein called clambin -- targeting the backbone -- so there's no cross-linking or interaction with the environment -- and we're going to split it up into pieces.
Incorporate elastic material inside
When you toss it into the air and catch it, you'll find a complete reconstruction of the very complex three-dimensional structure of a protein.
This allows us to model the 3D structures of proteins as entities to understand the principles of folding and geometric complexity.
So we can study proteins as intuitive physical models.
Now we're extending that to a two-dimensional system, where we're making flat sheets self-folding to create three-dimensional structures.
In terms of 3D, there are autonomous parts that I showed at TEDGlobal last year that I worked on with Autodesk and Arthur Olson.
I made 500 such glass beakers.
Each one has a different molecular structure inside, and each color can be combined.
I gave these to the TEDsters.
It provided an intuitive model for understanding how molecular self-assembly occurs at the human scale.
this is the polio virus
If you shake it strongly, it will fall apart.
When shaken randomly, it automatically begins to form structures, correcting errors.
This shows that you can create regular shapes by giving random energy.
And it's been shown that it can be done on a much larger scale.
At TED Long Beach last year, we created exhibits that make exhibits.
We were trying to see if furniture-scale objects could self-assemble.
So we're going to build a large rotating solid, and let people come and spin it at different speeds to energize the system and give them an intuitive understanding of how self-organization works and how it can be used as a technology for manufacturing macroscale architecture and products. was obtained
I said 4D earlier.
Today we're unveiling a new project for the first time, a joint project with Stratasys called 4D printing.
The idea behind 4D printing is to give 3D prints that are made of multiple materials -- the ability to work with multiple materials -- new capabilities, and that ability is the ability to transform, where the parts stand. It becomes capable of transforming directly from one form to another on its own.
It's like robotics without wires and motors.
All you have to do is print a part and it transforms into something else.
We also worked with Autodesk to develop software called Project Cyborg.
This allows us to simulate the self-assembly behavior and optimize which parts fold when.
But most importantly, it's a single piece of software that allows us to design self-assembled systems at both the nanoscale and the human scale.
Although this part is printed with multiple materials,
Let me show you the first demo
When you put this string in water, it folds itself up into the letters M I T.
I'm a biased person
Another is a string-like object submerged in a large tank that folds itself into a cube, a three-dimensional structure.
no human intervention
It's probably the first time that programming and transforming abilities are put directly into a material.
And in the future, it could be an industrial technology to produce more adaptable infrastructure.
I bet you're thinking, oh that's cool, but how do you use this to adapt to your environment? and
So I set up a lab at MIT and called it the Self-Organizing Lab.
Developing programmable materials for artificial environments Developing programmable materials for artificial environments
I think we'll be able to put it to practical use soon in some of our focus areas.
One of them is the use under extreme conditions.
Current construction techniques are useless in environments that are difficult to assemble, because they are too big, too dangerous, too expensive, too many parts.
space is a good example
For space, we're designing transformable, self-organizing structures that can change their functional systems according to their environment.
Back to infrastructure
We're doing joint research with a company called Geosyntec in the suburbs of Boston.
We're trying to create a paradigm shift in pipe technology.
What if water pipes could undulate like a peristalsis so that they could change volume and flow rate, could be stretchable, could move the water itself, and undulate like a peristalsis?
This is not an expensive pump or valve
A programmable and adaptable pipe
So what I want to tell you today is that in our world, assembly is a very real and difficult task.
Complex things are made from complex parts in complex ways.
So if you're in any industry, why don't you join us in reinventing the world and changing it completely, from the nanoscale to the human scale, when the way things are made changes, we can go from this world to this world. is the
thank you
(applause)
The popular quiz show Jeopardy! It will be exactly 9 years in two weeks since I participated in the first round of
It's a long time ago
Considering the age range of the audience, I'm guessing most of the people who saw me are dead by now.
(Laughter) Not all of them.
You may notice while shopping
I got the title of "Doctor of Trivia"
I can't do anything about it now, but for better or worse, my impression is-
I can't do anything about it now, but my impression, for better or worse, is "a man who knows strange things."
well i can't complain
I think it was destined to be. I never told anyone that trivia was my hobby.
Even if you know Captain Kirk's middle name, you won't be popular with girls.
(Laughter) So for a long time, I hid the fact that I was a trivia doctor.
But I've had symptoms since I was a child.
I was a kid who annoyed my parents. In my science books, I read about Halley's Comet, giant squid, and the world's biggest pumpkin pie.
now my 10 year old son does the same thing
I understand how hard it is for parents.
(Laughter) I loved quiz shows, and I was obsessed with them.
In 1979, I remember crying on my first day in kindergarten.
I didn't want to miss the quiz show
In the mid-'80s Jeopardy! has resumed. I ran home from school every day to watch the show.
I loved you before you started making money
I was living in South Korea because of my father's job, and there was only one English channel.
If you don't know Korean on a military channel, you have no other choice.
I run home every day with my friends and play Jeopardy! was watching
I was a boy who loved quizzes
It was so popular in the '80s that I could play against my parents in a game called "Trivial Pursuit."
If I can win on a problem my parents' generation should know about, I feel a little superior.
Anecdotes about the Beatles that even my father didn't know
I realize that knowledge is really power, and it's about extracting the right information at the right time.
Even when deciding on a career, trivia won't lead to a job--there's no college for "trivia" To become a professional quiz king
I gave up early on
i had no idea what i could do
When I heard that it was the age of computers, I studied and became a programmer. Even when I first appeared in
I was just doing it as a job
Computer work later had ironic consequences, maybe a few years later, in 2009, Jeopardy! and said, "It may be early, but IBM wants to build a supercomputer that can beat you in Jeopardy! Can you help me?"
I had never heard of such a plan.
Of course I said yes, and there are several reasons.
First, Jeopardy! is just fun
It's the best entertainment you can do with your pants on.
(Laughter) I think I took it for free.
I didn't tell the show, but I think I would have done it if they just gave me a sandwich.
So much for Jeopardy! I like
And it seemed like the future for nerds like me.
A quiz show in which humans compete against computers is exactly what I imagined in the future, and I could challenge myself.
I had no intention of refusing
The final reason was that I had confidence that I would not lose.
I've taken classes about artificial intelligence.
'Jeopardy! I knew there was no computer that could win at
Written in natural language, Jeopardy! How difficult it is to read hints from the problem sentences, notice double meanings, puns, and tricks, and create a program to lead to the answer.
It's hard for a computer to do things that a three- or four-year-old kid can do.
So I said, "This is a child's trick."
I thought, "I'm going to smash the computer and save the human race."
(Laughter) But as time went on, IBM invested in people and processor speed, and as I heard about their progress, I became a little apprehensive.
If you read a paper about software that answers this unprecedented quiz,
There's a graph summarizing the results of the respondents on Jeopardy!, and the dots at the top are the past winners. Accuracy of answers to numbers
Here you can find out what level your computer needs
Very low initial grades
Nothing could compete with humans in this kind of competition.
But gradually the level rises-
We were getting closer to "winner level"
I noticed that in the upper right corner of the table, there's a black dot that's a different color than the other dots.
What is it? When I looked at it, it was like this
"The black dot is Ken Jennings' record of 74 Jeopardy wins."
computer level was approaching that
exactly that is
I feel like I'm being chased by the future
(Laughter) It's not a terminator sight, but I'm starting to draw a line in my abilities, the only thing that makes me special is the thing that I'm good at.
And a year later, when the show took place, the usual Jeopardy! was completely different from
The shoot wasn't at your usual Ross studio.
Watson doesn't move
Watson is huge
Terabytes of memory in thousands of processors Trillions of bytes of memory
passed through a temperature-controlled server room
It's the first time I've been inside an opponent's body.
Anyway... Watson won't move.
It's a pilgrimage trip that can only be heard from here
Along with other human challengers, I traveled to IBM's secret labs to Westchester County, surrounded by snow-covered trees, to fight computers.
As soon as I arrived, I thought it would be a disadvantage to do it at his home.
There's a Watson logo in the center of the stage.
It's like you're going to Chicago and you're going to fight the Chicago Bulls, right in the middle of the court.
The audience is made up of IBM executives and programmers, rooting for their kid, spending millions of dollars in the hope that humans will screw up, holding up a board that says "Go for it, Watson." like a mother who
I wonder if there was a person who wrote "Watson" with paint on his stomach?
Can you imagine a programmer writing that in his stomach? I can't watch
but they weren't wrong
Spoilers for those of you who are about to watch, but Watson won easily.
I can hear it when I'm standing at the answering table, the sound of the insect robot's thumb.
I have a robot finger that presses a buzzer
I can hear it ticking
"I'm done" I thought
I think I'm behind the times
It was like an '80s Detroit factory worker looking at a robot doing assembly work.
I felt that the first job that this modern thinking computer would eliminate was being a quiz-taker.
That's not all
It's been on the news every now and then, and I see it every day, but now pharmacies have machines that automatically dispense medicines, and you don't need a pharmacist.
It is said that the number of lawyers' assistants is decreasing because there is software that summarizes court summaries and judgments.
No human assistant required
One article says that if you put your baseball or football scores into a program, it will write you a newspaper article, just as if you could actually see it and comment on it.
Of course, they can't be as smart and creative as humans yet, but they're faster and they're a lot cheaper.
how will this affect the economy
Economists say these new technologies will usher in a new era of leisure time, because it frees up time, and Watson and his brothers do the heavy lifting.
There are those who argue that people in the middle class should be concerned that new technology will take away their jobs, which is terrifying.
I'm not an economist
I only know how I feel about getting a job
I'm really disappointed and I feel terrible
It's the only thing they're good at, and if IBM puts a ton of money into it, and they have a bunch of smart people and a bunch of processors working at the same time, they can do the same thing.
Do it better than me on national TV
That got me thinking, what does that mean? When I don't have to do it myself, and when someone better than me does it
You used to remember your friend's phone number, right?
But you don't have to remember anymore when the machine does it for you.
One article says that the hippocampus, the part of the brain that controls spatial connections, shrinks and becomes less functional when you use things like GPS, because it doesn't train your sense of direction.
I'm just following the voice of the car navigation system
The part of the brain that's supposed to do that sort of thing seems to be getting smaller and stupider.
So what would happen if computers were able to remember more knowledge than humans?
Will the whole brain shrink and become useless?
Will the value of knowledge be lost?
As someone who's always believed in the value of knowledge, it's frightening.
The more I think about it, the more I realize, "No, it's still important."
it's still important to know
Recently, I've come to believe in two advantages: people who have the knowledge in their heads don't have people who say, "I'll Google it for you."
The advantage is "quantity" and "time"
First, quantity, the world is getting more complex.
it's full of information
To become a person who knows everything is something that was only possible in the old days, but it's impossible in modern times.
What was possible in the past is impossible today.It is impossible to learn all the fields that humankind has built.
too many
It is said that the amount of information that people possess has doubled in about 18 months.
If you measure in gigabytes, from now until the end of 2014, you'll have everything you've ever had in history.
double in 18 months
This is a problem. When we make big decisions, we have to be well informed.
where do you go to school what should the department do?
Who are you going to vote for?
Are you looking for a job here or there?
It requires making accurate decisions on a lot of different information.
With a variety of information easily accessible to the brain, it will be able to make broader decisions.
If you look at everything, you're in big trouble.
A National Geographic study focused on foreign policy -- 80% of people who went to the presidential election couldn't find Iraq or Afghanistan on a map.
How can someone who doesn't know that try to sift through a ton of information to understand foreign policy?
probably not possible
When you reach a certain point, you'll surely say, "It's too hard, I quit."
and you'll make shallow decisions
Next is the time advantage of the knowledgeable person.
Let's take the story of a girl named Tilly Smith.
A 10-year-old girl from Surrey, England, took a family vacation to Phuket, Thailand, several years ago.
I ran up to my parents at the beach one morning and said, "Mama Papa, let's get off the beach."
When my parents said, "Why? You haven't just arrived?"
Then she said, "Mr. Kearney told me that if the tide goes out suddenly and the waves are chasing it, it's a sign of a tsunami and you should evacuate the beach."
What would you do if your 10-year-old daughter said that to you?
My parents thought and decided to believe her.
I reported to the lifeguards and went back to the hotel. Lifeguards evacuated more than 100 people from the beach, and that's exactly what the tsunami happened the day after Christmas in 2004, in the Indian Ocean and Southeast Asia, killing many people. became
Mai Khao Beach, where they were, was an exception, because the little girl remembered the information she learned in school a month earlier.
If information is useful in this way... I like this story because it conveys the power of information: remembering a piece of information in the right place at the right time. but
This one actually happened
in reality it happens all the time
It happens not only in tsunamis, but also in social situations.
A meeting, a job interview, a first date, having something in common to talk about can make a relationship smoother.
When I asked him where he was from, he responded, "Oh, I know."
Your school, your job, knowing just a little bit about something can help develop the conversation.
It's nice to have a common topic that you know something about yourself.
I feel like you made an effort to get to know me even before we met.
this would be a time advantage
Say "Wait a minute"
"Are you from Fargo, North Dakota? I'll look it up."
"Ah, it's the hometown of Roger Maris."
This is no good, it just annoys me
(Laughter) Samuel Parr, an 18th-century theologian who knew Dr. Johnson, once said, "It's always better to know than not."
If you ask me what my motto is, I'm sure I agree
I believe that what we know and what we know is absolutely beneficial, and what we learn and what remains in our minds is what makes us who we are, as individuals and as human beings.
I don't want to live in a world where knowledge is not respected.
I don't like a world where cultural literacy exists locally as specialized knowledge, where no one knows about the common connections that once bound cultures.
As the last trivia doctor, I'm hiding in the mountains As the last trivia doctor, I'm hiding in the mountains I don't want to be mumbling about state capitals, a scene from The Simpsons, or ABBA songs.
I believe that civilization can only exist if we have a shared cultural heritage, without relying on machines, search engines, smartphones.
When a computer like Watson in the movies has thoughts, it always ends badly.
This kind of movie isn't about a beautiful utopia.
"Terminator," "The Matrix," "2001: A Space Odyssey."
weird things always happen
I feel pressured to choose what kind of future I want to live in. I feel pressured to choose what kind of future I want to live in.
It's a question of leadership, who will lead the future.
One option is a new golden age. For the first time in human history, everyone has access to information so easily. A world where the answers are in your hands.
Or you can choose to live in a dark dystopia, a world where machines have taken over and you've decided that you don't need knowledge because it's in the cloud and it's worthless to learn new things.
Of these two worlds, the one I want to live in has already been decided.
anyone can choose
Be curious and enjoy learning, "When the chime rings, class is over and you don't have to study anymore" or "When the chime rings, class is over and you don't have to study anymore" or "Finally graduated, I won't be studying for the rest of my life."
Don't say, "You don't have to learn new things."
On the contrary, make an effort to learn something new every day.
We should be curious about the world around us
'Jeopardy! These are the challengers of
For a genius trivia doctor like Rainman who memorizes the phone book at home
rarely meet
They're mostly normal people, curious about the world and everything around them, and hungry for knowledge on all sorts of topics.
which world is better
A world where brains and knowledge keep us unique, a world where brains and knowledge keep us unique, or a world that relies on evil supercomputers like Watson.
Everyone chooses
thank you very much
Raise your hand if you have a robot in your house
Not too many
So, of those who raised their hands, who has a robot other than a Roomba?
It's a little
It's fine
Because this is the problem that I and 20 other geeks at Romotive are trying to solve.
What we really want to build is a robot that everyone can use, whether they're 8 years old or 80 years old.
Actually, this is a really hard problem, because the robot has to be small, portable -- not just affordable, but something that people actually want to take home and keep with their kids. don't
This robot shouldn't be disgusting or spooky.
should be friendly and cute
Introducing Romo
Romo uses the iPhone you know and love as your brain.
By harnessing the power of the iPhone's processor, we were able to build a Wi-Fi-enabled, computer-vision-enabled robot for $150, which is about one percent the price of a conventional robot like this.
Romo wakes up and goes into creature mode
follow my face with a video camera attached
If I crouch, Romo will follow
Romo is observant, so he keeps an eye on me
If I come here - Romo will come after me too.
If you come over here -- (Laughter) you're smart.
And if you get too close - like any living creature - you get scared.
In many ways, Romo is like a pet with a mind of its own.
Thank you Romo
(Haction) Take care
If you want to explore the world - oh Romo looks bored. If you want to explore the world with Romo - you can connect to Romo from any iOS device.
I have an iPad here
Romo sends footage to this iPad
See what Romo sees and see the world through the eyes of robots.
It's a free app on the App Store, and if you have this app on your phone, you can literally control this robot and play games with it.
It's really easy, isn't it? Romo sent me a video that shows me and everyone in the audience.
Come face to face with Romo
If you want control, you can drive.
You can even drive the Romo around and take pictures of everyone.
I wanted to film the 1,500 audience at TED.
I'll take one
You can adjust the angle of the camera by scrolling the page on your iPad
So in Romo's eyes, we see everyone.
On top of that, Romo is an extension of me, so I can express emotions with Romo's facial expressions.
Romo will be happy if you do this
But most importantly, we wanted to create something that could literally work completely intuitively.
Control Romo without having to be taught
Anyone want to move a robot?
Come on challenger
here you are
thank you scott
What's even cooler is that you don't have to be in the same geographic location to operate the robot.
So Romo can send audio and video to and from any smart device.
You can log in from your browser, kind of like Skype on wheels.
You mentioned telepresence earlier, and this is a cool example of that.
Imagine an 8-year-old girl with an iPhone asking her mom to buy her a robot.
The kid attached an iPhone to the robot and invited his grandma, who lives far away, via email.
Grandma can log into the robot and play hide-and-seek with her granddaughter, even for 15 minutes every night. Otherwise, she might only see her granddaughter once or twice a year.
thank you scott
(Applause) I've shown you two cool things Romo can do right now.
Finally, I'd like to talk about what we're working on for the future.
It's originally a tool that our engineer, Dom, built one weekend.
Built on Google's open framework called Blockly
You can drag and drop blocks of code, each with its own meaning, to make your robot do whatever you want.
Don't worry if you don't know how to write a program to run Romo
You can simulate the behavior in your browser. Romo is doing it on the left.
If you like it, you can download it to your robot and actually run the program.
And when you've got something to brag about - you can share it with Romo owners around the world.
So these Wi-Fi-enabled robots can learn from each other.
The reason we're so passionate about robots that anyone can train is because personalization is the main attraction of personal robots.
It must be different depending on the person
So if you have a robot in your home, I think that robot should be the embodiment of your imagination.
I wish I could talk about the future of personal robots --
i honestly don't know
But what we do know is that it won't be 10 years from now, it won't be after a hundred billion dollars of investment, it won't be a big humanoid robot.
The future of personal robots is already happening, and it depends on small, agile robots like Romo and the imagination of people like you.
I can't wait to see what you can do with robots in your hands.
thank you
(applause)
Three years ago, I got a phone call from a movie I made a while ago, with an offer to do an intimate interview with the New Hampshire National Guard.
It was my idea -- seriously, I'm sure everyone has experienced waking up suddenly in the middle of the night, and when I go to sleep, I'm still agitated by that phone call.
I was thinking, "I've just finished making a film about World War II veterans, and I'm finally starting to understand the stories of those soldiers." noticed
I went to sleep that night with excitement
I didn't know the details, but I was excited about the possibilities.
It was near midnight rather than early in the morning
wake up suddenly, fully awake
An idea came to my mind: Could it be possible to tell the stories of the soldiers as they really were, in a way that was like a real-time, close-up interview?
A story drawn from the inside rather than the outside, so to speak
I immediately called Major Haleshawn, the spokesman for the New Hampshire National Guard.
I know him, so when I call him "Greg?"
"Deborah what's up?" I replied.
I passed on my idea, and he's one of the bravest people in the world, and so was Colonel Blair, and eventually he let me try this idea.
Visited Fort Dix in 10 days
I'm going to let you choose the troops you want to target.
I chose Charlie's 172nd 3rd Company, the Mountain Infantry, and here's why.
The first is to be infantry
Second, I was supposed to be stationed at the Anaconda base in Iraq, and I was supposed to have internet access.
It was my condition to recruit volunteers.
It's actually incredibly difficult, and when the Major told me that, I had no idea what that meant at first.
So when I got to Fort Dix, I had to present my vision in front of 180 soldiers.
It's easy to imagine being bombarded with questions.
The first question was, "What the hell do you know about the National Guard?"
I started with the Pequot War with the Massachusetts Bay Indians in 1607.
I took nine minutes to respond, and that's where it all started.
Let me show you a part of the movie here
Here's the trailer. You're busy, so you probably haven't seen it.
I'll show you the trailer first, and then I'll go into detail about one scene.
then please turn
[Three National Guard] Sergeant Stephen Pink.
It's a Michael Moriarty specialty.
Do you want to go?
I can't speak to the media.
Because it's not the media - [Dispatch to Iraq for a year]
This day has come life will change
It's time to go, are you ready?
are you OK! Are you ready? Hang on Iraq!
(Zack) Every soldier wants to engage
that's instinct
(Stéphane) You can't do a mission if you're overwhelmed by fear.
(Michael) Every time I go outside, I get attacked.
It's hard to believe
(Zack) Hey Nestor, your asshole is right in front of me.
(Soldier) I-V! attack?
IV! People have fallen! They have fallen!
Continue onward, are you going to do it?
It's so hard for this child without a father
[1 year term] (Michael) These kids are in the middle of a combat zone [filming activity]
At first it was "write something sexy"
[The Unexpected] (George Bush) The World's Newest Democracy [Recording It All]
(Michael) Shooting at me
(Stephen) Don't tell me you're going to send 150,000 troops to build a democracy.
I came to Burger King's drive-thru.
(Stéphane) You're here to make money
(Michael) I support Bush, not for oil.
(John Barril) Worst experience of my life
(Stefan) Barril don't look
(Michael's wife) He's not the same person anymore
(Michael) I don't want to go back.
I was supposed to come to help Iraqi people, but I killed one.
Sergeant Smith has been killed!
It's over there! Over there! Shoot! Shoot!
"The War Tapes" (John) In 20 years we'll be a good country That's why we went there
I want to think so
(Applause) (Deborah) Thank you.
One thing I would like to tell you is that even if it is difficult to talk about, we must have a dialogue.
I experienced it myself at TED.
I don't know how many of you in this room know, but there are actually people in this room who have just returned from Iraq.
Paul, can you stand up?
I'm Paul Anthony
He (applause) served in the Marine Corps, and he talks about a small incident.
We were one of the lucky ones, because we had a Sony camera and Vista software.
Right? and we started talking
You can see the 'The War Tapes' on the name tag, so it's a war story.
I started talking to other members who were in the same position, and it went on and on.
just kept talking for an hour
It made me feel even more acutely my wish. I want you to think about something, and I want you to help me. Many people are afraid to talk about war and politics.
As for why, maybe we have different opinions
I don't know if we'll offend each other
So how can we be more open and have meaningful conversations?
Paul was speaking, and suddenly he said to Constance, "I couldn't have done this without her, because she supported me."
i was very nervous
I'm used to question and answer
Like James said yesterday, I'm the one who runs the camera.
I can answer questions about movies I've made, but 18 minutes on stage feels like a long time.
So I'm glad that Paul is here because you supported me.
This movie isn't about the internet, but it wouldn't have been possible without the internet.
It usually took two weeks for the soldier's video to reach me from Iraq.
During that time, I communicated with soldiers via email and instant messaging.
I didn't save all the conversations, because at first I didn't realize that I would want to record everything.
Still got 3211 emails, instant messages, text messages, just what I was able to save.
I dare to emphasize the numbers because this was a journey that I and my soldiers took together, by portraying the war from the inside.
I'm going to show you a video here, and then I'll talk about the process of creating this clip.
turn it around
(Stefan) It's sports Tuesday.
I want to give the armed forces a fair chance.
So drive with the windows open
Of course it's a joke that we have the clear advantage
I can't open a window
It's a lie because it's so dangerous
wow
(Soldier) Over there
(Stefan) Alright, let's go over there.
Report Just left the Taj (name of the camp)
The explosion appears to have happened just outside the Taj gates, and we're on our way to the scene.
(Soldier) A suicide bomber!
You bastard!
Wear a bulletproof vest!
Go to that bastard- yeah
Platoon 1-4 on standby, head to the gate!
(Stefan) Sheriff 1-6 or other Platoon 1-4, go straight to the Taj Gate, please.
(Soldier) Let's go together.
(Audio) (Stéphane) Bend down and face to the right.
Bring me the bag, the bag!
(Screams) (Stéphane) It was a genocide.
Probably 20 dead, at least 20-30 Iraqis injured
It was as if someone had ripped a man in four, and there wasn't even a bleed from the shrapnel scars.
Everything was burnt, like my body was empty
Situation in the northern part of the blast site
The burnt corpse, the corpse with only the upper half of the body, was put away
There was nothing left from the abdomen down
trace of blood
And when I walk I hear the sound of torn skin
that was all that was left
I remember giving three injections, bandaging the wounded.
The soldier who sat by the wall of sandbags was trembling and screaming.
medics are frightened and not functioning
I later learned that Iraqi wounded should not be treated inside the Taj.
You can get a cheap job there, but you can't afford to die.
You must die outside
If an incompetent medic told me to stop treating him, I would have slit his throat.
9:00 p.m. We're the only troops recollecting what happened today in our heads, whether we want to or not.
(Caster) Armed conflict breaks out again in Iraq
Two suicide bombers explode near base north of Baghdad Eight Iraqis killed, many injured Near coalition base north of Baghdad
(Stefan) In the news
Like being used for good, like being proud
I don't trust the media at all It's fine if you just think it's an unfortunate joke and laugh at it I don't want anything to do with it
i want to thank god for saving my lucky ass
Let's do that, then let's do it
Because this diary has her scent, and tomorrow I won't have time to fuck
The next operation starts at 6:00 a.m.
(Deborah) So... (Applause) Thank you.
As I said at the beginning, it's going from the inside out, not from the outside -- what Chris so fluently meant in his introduction was "blending."
It's a new way of making documentaries.
I met soldiers, and 10 of them agreed to carry a camera -- and in the end, 21 of them filmed for me.
Five of them photographed me throughout their military service.
3 of them will appear
I learned about what happened in the Taj through an email Steve Pink sent me with a picture of the charred car and the dead body attached.
I could tell from the tone of the email that it had been a dark and difficult day.
At the time, an instant message indicated that Mike Moriarty was on base.
So I reached out to Mike to confirm and said, "Can you go interview Mike Pink?"
Because what tends to be lacking in combat footage is called "hot wash" in the military.
It's a sense of realism that you get by interviewing immediately when something happens.
As time passes, the facts soften and soften.
i wanted it
In order to get up close and personal with their situations, and to give them a live experience, the places where we put up the most cameras were on armored towers and on the dashboards of Humvees.
Many Humvees have two cameras.
That makes it more realistic. Do you understand?
This interview was commissioned by Mike at my request, and was taken within 24 hours of the attack.
Five months after returning home, Steve Pink read his diary.
I knew the diary existed, but it's very private.
It happened after I gained trust, especially in documentary films, where relationships are important.
So five months after he returned home, he agreed to read aloud to me for the first time.
As for the news that I inserted in that scene, I think the mainstream media did the best they could with the media they had under the circumstances.
But I'm sure you've heard this often, but American soldiers say, "Why aren't the good news reported?"
this is an example
Pink's unit and another unit were off-base providing humanitarian aid all day long.
it was not a mission
No Americans were attacked
They were outside the base all day to save Iraqi lives, to save the Iraqis working on the base.
So that's exactly what the soldiers complain about, you know?
It's a great gift that they're willing to share this video to fill that gap.
When you talk about such divisive stories, you're bombarded with questions, and everyone makes their own strong points.
I don't listen to people very much.
I'm similarly irritable, but many speakers express their concerns about the state of the world, and my concern is that we need this conversation.
We need to step into the realm of fear, even if we think we already know it.
And open your mind just a little and increase your knowledge
There is a tremendous crack
I want to somehow bridge the crack
There is also this story
People often ask me, "What was special about making this movie?"
At the screenings -- as you all know, because you've given the talks -- there's going to be people staying after the screenings to ask you a lot of questions.
Usually the first question is a practical question like "What kind of camera did you use?"
But as always, there are those who stay until the end.
As time went on, I learned that those who made it to the end were invariably soldiers.
they're waiting until most people are gone
It's one of the most inspiring stories you've ever told me, and it soon became my own. I won't tell you the ending if you haven't seen the movie, so don't worry. Many stepped in front of a Humvee and were run over to death.
There's a scene in the movie where an Iraqi woman dies.
A soldier comes after the movie and stands right next to me, maybe 30 centimeters away.
He was a man of great physique
As he looked at me, he smiled back, and his eyes were filled with tears.
I didn't even try to blink
And he said, "The shooter was throwing candy."
At that point I knew what he was trying to say.
the shooter was throwing candy
I used to give candy to children
Children often get too close
And he said, "I've killed a child."
I am a father and have a child
I can't even tell my wife
Because you think you're a monster."
Of course I hugged him and said, "I'm fine."
He said, "I'm bringing my wife to see this movie.
And let's talk."
So the rift I'm talking about isn't just about people who don't know soldiers. Of course, there are a lot of people who do.In recent years, like in World War II, there's the front lines, the logistics, and the whole nation is involved. because it does not translate
You can live in peace every day without knowing where the war is going on.
I often hear people say, people I know who made this movie, and they tell me, "I'm against war, but I support soldiers."
And I try to say, "That's good, but what exactly are you doing?
Are you volunteering at the Veterans Affairs Office?
Are you going to see someone?
If your neighbors were veterans, would you spend time with them?
Can you be someone to talk to without asking questions?
Do you donate to charity?""
People like Dean Kamen are doing amazing things, even if they're not as good as him, donating computers to organizations that help wounded soldiers.
So what I'm going to say to you is, why don't we do something, not just support the soldiers?
can you be their friend
do you really care?
My thoughts are also a request to all of you, but please reach out your hand.
and give them a hug
thank you
I want to talk to you today about the work of my university, UMBC, the University of Maryland, Baltimore County, which has a history of providing quality education in arts, humanities, science and engineering for all types of students. rice field
What's particularly important here is that we've learned a lot from students who aren't usually seen as high achievers -- students who are of color, who are underrepresented in a particular field.
And what's particularly unique about my story is that I learned how to help African-American and Latino--so-called low-income students--become top talent in science and engineering.
Let me start with my childhood story.
All adults are the product of childhood experiences.
But I still can't believe it's been 50 years since I was in ninth grade in Birmingham, Alabama. When I gave 10 questions, I was the kind of kid who said, "Give me 10 more questions."
And all my classmates said, "Freeman shut up."
The role of kicking me was also decided on a turn system
I always wondered, "How can we get more kids to love studying?"
By chance, I reluctantly went to the church one day, and in the back of the room, I heard a man say, "What if the children in Birmingham, this time of peace?" If you take part in such a demonstration, you can show all of America that even children can tell the difference between right and wrong, and that they aspire to the best possible education."
I looked up and asked, "Who is that person?"
I was told, "It's Dr. King."
I told my parents, "I want to go
Let me participate in the demonstration."
I was told "absolutely not"
(laughs) We had a lot of trouble.
At that time, I didn't speak back to my parents.
But I said, "Dads are hypocrites.
Normally, I would say, "Go to him, listen to him."
I say don't answer that person's call."
parents think all night
came to my room the next morning
parents never sleep
I cried and prayed and thought, "If my 12-year-old protests, he will probably go to jail."
After careful consideration, they agreed to participate.
At first, I was overjoyed at my parents' decision.
But suddenly I saw dogs and fire hoses, and I got really scared.
I always emphasize that sometimes courageous behavior is not a person's degree of courage,
It's just based on the strength of your belief.
i wanted a good education
I hated hand-me-down textbooks
I wanted to go to a school that not only had good teachers, but also had the necessary facilities.
A few days after I was put in jail as a result of my protests, Dr. King came with his parents and said, "What you do as children today will determine the future of your future children."
I recently realized that two-thirds of Americans today were born after 1963.
What they see and hear about the Boy and Girl Crusades in Birmingham on TV is like we see Lincoln in 1863 in the movies: it's history.
The question here is, "What did we learn from that experience?"
The biggest thing for me was that children can take responsibility for their own education.
You can develop a passion for learning and a joy in asking questions.
That's why it's significant that the University of Maryland, Baltimore County, where I now serve as president, was founded in 1963, the same year I was in prison with Dr. King.
The establishment of this university has a special significance, because Maryland, as you know, is a Southern state, and to be honest, we were the first university founded in Maryland at the time to accept students of all races. it was my first time
There were blacks, whites, and various other races of students.
And our school to answer a question
After 50 years of trial and error, the question is, "Is it possible for students from various backgrounds to learn together, become leaders, and cultivate a spirit of mutual support in our educational institutions and universities?"
And through that work, we've found room for improvement in arts, humanities, and social sciences education.
Therefore, in the 1960s, we focused on the fields we just raised.
Developed a large number of human resources from the legal world to the humanities
There are some great artists, like Beckett.
There are many students who go on to the theater world.
There are many students who go on to the theater world.
The challenge we face is the same one that the United States has had for many years: underperforming black students in science and engineering.
But when I looked at the data, I could clearly see that many students, not just black students, struggled.
So we decided to start by helping the African-American and Hispanic students at the bottom of the list.
And philanthropists Robert and Jane Meyerhoff also offered to help.
Robert said, "Everything you see on TV about black kids is bad, except for basketball.
I want to change that, I want to do something useful."
We combined our ideas to create the Meyerhoff Scholarship.
The significance of this program is that we learned a lot from it.
Think about it: How did our school come to be one of the first to produce African-Americans to complete PhDs in science and engineering and medicine?
It's a big deal. Please clap.
(Applause)
(Applause) What most people don't realize is that underperforming in science and engineering isn't limited to minorities.
In fact, this is true of all Americans.
What does that mean? Twenty percent of black Hispanics who major in science and engineering actually graduate from science and engineering, while only 32 percent of whites also graduate from science and engineering, and only 42 percent of Asian Americans do the same.
So what is the problem?
Of course, education from kindergarten to high school
It's one of our challenges. We have to improve.
But the culture of university science and engineering departments is also part of the problem.
You may not know it, but many high school students who do well on the SAT, take college-level courses, go on to top universities, major in medicine/engineering or engineering, and end up changing majors midway through.
The most common reason to change is "I messed up in my first year science class."
In fact, in the United States, it's common to refer to the first-year science and engineering class as the "throw-off" or the "gateway."
Do you have any acquaintances who changed majors within 2 years after majoring in preparatory medical school or engineering school?
about half
I understand
But many of those students are brilliant and talented.
We need a way to let that talent blossom.
There are four things about minority student support that work for students in general.
Part 1: Expecting a lot from students
To be successful in science and engineering, students need to be academically well-qualified, perform well, be able to handle the rigors of their study assignments, develop test-taking skills, and have a strong passion for learning.
It's very important to help students to have them.
It's also important to understand that success comes only through hard work.
It doesn't matter how smart or confident you are
Being smart simply means being ready to learn
You need a heart that delights in learning and asking questions
When Nobel laureate I.I. Ravi was growing up in New York, his friends' parents would ask them every day when they got home from school, "What did you learn today?"
Meanwhile, the rabbi's Jewish mother said, "Izzy, did you ask a good question today?"
High expectations go hand-in-hand with curiosity, getting young people curious.
Because of the high expectations, we found students who we could help out with, not just to make it through science and engineering classes, but to develop them into great talent.
I'll give you an example. One student who got a C in his first course wanted to go to medical school.
Good or bad basic learning affects the next stage
he retakes
Became the first black person to graduate from UMBC and earn an M.D./Ph.D. from the University of Pennsylvania.
I am now an employee at Harvard University.
Good news, clap him!
(Applause) Part 2: Test scores aren't everything.
Sure, exams are important, but they're not the most important thing.
A female student had good grades, but her test scores weren't very good.
but she had great talent
Perfect attendance award from kindergarten to high school
A passion for learning
She continued her studies and completed her M.D./Ph.D. from Hopkins University.
I'm now a tenured professor of psychiatry with a doctorate in neuroscience.
She and her academic advisor hold a patent for using Viagra to treat diabetes.
Applause for her!
(Applause) First, I expect a lot from my students.
And then it's important to build a community of students.
The Faculty of Science and Engineering is often thought of as a place of intense competition.
I don't usually learn to cooperate.
And then we took a tack on it. We got them to understand each other, they built trust, they supported each other, they learned to ask good questions, they learned the art of articulating concepts.
Getting an A for yourself is different from helping someone else's A.
The presence or absence of that sense of responsibility changes the world.
Building a community of students is very important.
Part 3: Researchers training researchers
It doesn't matter if an artist produces an artist, or it doesn't matter if it's a student of the social sciences, whether it's art or science or engineering, it's the scientist who engages the students in the subject.
So our students regularly work in the lab.
Here's a very good example: a few years ago, when there was a snowstorm in Baltimore, our Howard Hughes Medical Institute grant faculty came back a few days later, despite the bad weather, to work in the lab. Other students also refused to go home.
they brought food
They worked in the lab. Work was their life.
they are part of AIDS research
I was studying amazing protein structures.
Everyone was concentrating on the task.
The teacher said, "That's great."
Now, when you have a community, and you have high expectations, and you've got researchers producing researchers, the last thing you need is a teacher -- a teacher who can really connect with students, both inside and outside the classroom.
I will never forget what one professor said to his staff, "I have a black student in my class who just doesn't seem to be enthusiastic about his assignments.
I haven't taken any notes, let's talk to him."
What's remarkable is that he looked at individual students, to distinguish between those who were academically active and those who weren't, and to help them.
rely on staff
that bond is important
The young man has a doctorate in neuromedicine and is now on the faculty at Duke University.
A big round of applause for him!
(Applause) What's important is that we built a model like this to help us understand what's working.
And I knew I needed to restructure the classroom.
So we revisited our chemistry and physics classes.
And now many students feel bored
We are renovating humanities classes
Did you know?
Passive classroom learning is not enough for students at any grade level.
I want to participate in more classes
If you look at our website, you'll see that at our "Chemistry Exploration Center," many people from all over the country come to learn about new forms of our teaching. We use the issues that arise in the field of biotechnology companies in Japan as teaching materials, and instead of just teaching theory to students, we have them wrestle with theory.
This has worked so well that many classes are now being restructured throughout the University of Maryland.
This is "academic innovation"
what do you mean
So now, apart from science and engineering classes, we have programs like this in the arts, the humanities and social sciences, teacher training and IT classes for women.
In fact, since 2000, the number of women majoring in computer science has dropped by 79 percent.
What I'm trying to say is that what makes a difference is building student communities and telling students in general, including young women and minorities, that you can do it.
Most importantly, it provides opportunities to build community, professors to engage students in their studies, and schools to evaluate this system.
Moreover, the dreams and values ​​of a self-conscious student can make a surprising difference.
I was 12 years old in prison in Birmingham, and I kept thinking about what my future might hold.
I never dreamed that a little black kid from Birmingham would become the president of a university that welcomes students from 150 countries who love to learn, who want to be the best and who have the drive to one day change the world.
In the words of Aristotle, "Excellence is never an accident.
It is the result of high purpose, sincere effort, and wise execution.
It's the best choice out of many options."
There is another quote from him that gives me goosebumps.
"It is choice, not chance, that determines one's destiny."
The choices you make, not chance, determine your destiny, your dreams, your values.
thank you for listening
(applause)
I'm going to introduce you to some of my friends, and I'm going to share my own story, which I've never shared publicly before, because I think it's about the need, the possibilities, the ideas about reforming the health care system around the world. is
Twenty-four years ago, when I was a sophomore in college, I had a fainting spell, alcohol had nothing to do with it.
At the university health center, I had a lab test, and the results came out quickly, and I was told I had kidney disease.
It was the beginning of six months of tests, trials and hardships, when six great doctors from two hospitals argued over who had the right idea of ​​what was wrong with my body.
I was sitting in the waiting room for an ultrasound, and all six doctors walked in, and I thought, "Oh, this must be bad news."
Their diagnosis was, "You have two rare kidney diseases. Your kidneys will eventually fail. Your body's immune system contains cancer-like cells that need immediate treatment. A kidney transplant is not possible, and the life expectancy is probably 2-3 years.”
I was devastated by this final judgment, and decided that I had to start preparing to die at the time the doctors had told me. She forced me into the medical library one day, and I did quite a bit of research on similar diseases and diagnoses, and she said, "Eric, it's a disease you usually get in your 70s or 80s.
The doctor doesn't understand you wake up
Take care of yourself and live well.”
I did it
But the doctors who pronounced me dead aren't bad people.
They're really good doctors, but they work in a system that's flawed and expensive because of fundamental problems.
Relying on hospitals and clinics for daily care
It's a system that relies on specialists to examine just one part of the body.
It relies on guesswork in diagnoses and drug formulations, so it can either work or it can kill.
It's also a passive, patient-dependent system that accepts a diagnosis without asking any questions.
The problem with this model is that it's not sustainable on a global scale.
We can't afford it on a global scale.
We need to develop what we call a personal health system.
What will the Personal Health System look like – what new technologies and roles will it involve?
First, let me introduce my new friend, Libby.
This is Libby. It's actually an ultrasound of Libby.
I had a kidney transplant that doctors told me was impossible.
I shot it a few weeks ago for you to see today, and if you've noticed, there's a black shadow at the edge of the footage, which was very worrying.
I'll be livestreaming what Libby actually looks like.
I'll be careful about "accidents", but I'll just remove the belt.
If you're in the front row, don't worry.
(Laughter) We use a device made by a company called Mobisante.
A portable ultrasound machine
Connects to smart phones and tablets
Mobisante is based in Redmond, Washington -- and they actually trained me how to use this device.
not yet authorized for patient use
Please note that this is a demo
Let's apply the gel
I'm sure all of you in the front row are very nervous.
I'm a doctor at Legacy Good Samaritan Hospital in Portland, Oregon.
Dr. Batuk, can you hear me?
Can you see Libby?
Thomas Batuk: Hello Eric
You look busy How are you?
ED: I'm fine. I'm just flipping through clothes in front of hundreds of people. I feel great.
Can you watch the video Is this okay?
I want you to see if there are still shadows
TB: Okay. Let's go look at the scans.
ED: Okay TB: Just move it inwards -- slightly centered.
Good. Can you move it up a little more?
It's OK Please freeze the image This is fine
ED: When you checked last week, you measured the shadow on the right side.
Shall we do it again?
TB: yes let's do it
ED: Okay, this is a bit tricky. One hand is holding my stomach and the other is measuring, but I think it's possible. I'll save the image and send it to the teacher.
Can you tell me a little bit about this shadow
I'm a little worried
TB: Many people who have had a kidney transplant have a small amount of fluid around the kidney.
Most of the time it doesn't hurt, but it's good to double check just in case. Glad I got to see this footage today, and I was able to confirm that the shadows aren't getting too big and that's OK.
It looks better than other pictures
ED: Okay, I can double check the next time we meet.
I'm going to have my six-monthly biopsy in the next few weeks, and I'm going to ask you to do this in your doctor's office, because I can't do it myself.
TB: Good choice. ED: Thank you Dr. Batook.
What you've just seen is an example of mobile, social analytics technology that will dramatically change society.
A foundation for expanding the possibilities of personal health
Today, I want to talk to you about the three pillars of personal health: anywhere care, networked care, and customized care.
You've seen some of the first two parts, this is the conversation with Dr. Batook.
Let's start with care everywhere.
Hospitals and clinics started in the 1780s, so it's time to think again.
Clinicians and patients must be freed from the notion of going to a special building for treatment, because hospitals are often inadequate and expensive for the purpose of treatment.
And sometimes it's not safe to send seriously ill patients, and we're in an age where antibiotic-resistant bacteria and hospital-acquired infections are becoming a problem.
Many countries have been thinking without buildings from the beginning, because the large medical facilities that the developed countries have been so busy building are too expensive to afford.
I personally learned as a child that hospitals can be very dangerous places.
This is a picture when I was in the 3rd grade of elementary school.
I seriously injured my elbow and had surgery, and the doctors feared I might amputate my arm.
During hospitalization after surgery, bed sores
It got a bacterial infection, and he was put on antibiotics, but he had an allergic reaction, which caused sores all over his skin, and the infection spread all over his body.
The longer you stay in the hospital, the worse your illness gets -- the more you pay for medical care, which happens to millions of people around the world every year.
Personal health care, which I'm talking about, is the standard that care takes place at home, not in hospitals or clinics.
People don't stay in the hospital until they're sick enough to need hospital equipment.
The smart phone you carry around with you can become an ultrasound machine with a plug-in, and the possibilities are endless, with sensors on board that will allow you to monitor your vital signs and your behavior in ways that weren't possible before.
A lot of people will be able to have devices implanted so that blood tests can even show protein levels in real time.
Software is getting smarter now, right?
Imagine being an online agent coach who helps you practice safe self-care.
Real-time image processing could do the same kind of interaction as the ultrasound, and the machine would say, "Up, down, right, left -- Eric, let's send that image to the teacher."
So if you have a networked device like this that can care anywhere, of course you're going to need a team of people interacting with each other, and that leads to the second pillar, the network of care.
We need to get out of the paradigm of disparate specialists taking care of each part. We need a multidisciplinary team to deliver individualized care.
Modern uncoordinated care is expensive, and deadly at worst.
In fact, 80 percent of medical errors stem from miscommunication and coordination issues between medical teams.
I've had a terrifying experience myself, when I was in graduate school -- when I was undergoing kidney treatment -- and all of a sudden, I was told, "You seem to have heart problems."
I definitely felt palpitations.
Five weeks of testing -- very expensive, very terrifying -- until the nurse noticed the little medication list I always carried with me and said, "No."
Three different specialists were prescribing three different doses of the same drug.
My heart was fine, but it was a drug overdose.
there was a problem of care management
Problems like this happen to millions of people every year.
I want to run health care as an integrated team using technology that anyone can use.
horribly
In all my years of treatment in hospitals and clinics around the world, the first time I received team-based care was with Legacy Good Samaritan, who I had seen in the last six months.
This is the team that helped me "Graduation" from Legacy
There is also Dr. Batook, who appeared earlier.
Jenny was a nurse -- Alison managed the transplant list -- and there are many others you can't see here: a pharmacist, a psychologist, a dietician, and Lisa was an accounting counselor -- and she sorted through the insurance mess.
When it was sunny and I graduated, I cried
I should have been happy to feel better and go back to my primary care doctor, but I actually cried because I felt so connected to this team.
Now comes the most important point
The photo also shows me and my wife Ashley.
Legacy taught me how to treat at home, lessening the load on hospitals and clinics.
This is the only way the model works
My team is based in China, and we're working on a self-care model project called Elderly Friendly Cities.
We're building social networks to help track and train care for older people -- self-care for older people, care delivered by care workers in families and volunteer communities -- and exchange services through the network. For example, I care for someone's mother three hours a day. We do this online
The most important thing I want to tell you is that the sanctified, over-glamourized, one-on-one doctor-patient relationship is a legacy of the past.
The future of health care will consist of smart teams, including patients themselves.
So the last thing I want to talk to you about is customized care. Even if we have "Care Anywhere" or "Care in the Network," we're going to have a long way to go in improving our health care system. It's from
In 1948, a randomized clinical trial was developed to develop a drug for tuberculosis, and this clinical trial played an important role.
Many miraculous drugs have been developed that have saved millions of lives. But there's a problem. Health care thinks of us as averages, not as individuals. After all, patients are clinical. They're not the same people that were studied in the trials, so that's where we start to rely on guesswork.
Now, we're talking about high-performance computer analytics and big data, and we're going to be able to get predictive models as individual patients.
I can test the treatment beforehand on a soft avatar, so I don't have to suffer.
Let me give you two examples of customized care that I have experienced.
The first is very simple. It wasn't until years ago that I realized that my medical team was focused on prolonging life.
How long you prolong your life will be evaluated.
I want to live my life with a focus on quality of life. Quality of life for me means enjoying the snowy mountains.
I had the doctors write something like this: "Patient's goal: to use low doses of medicine for as long as possible so that the side effects do not prevent him from skiing."
I believe this is the secret to my longevity.
"Snow mountain therapy" was as important as medical supplies.
Before the second example, if you don't have a clear goal, you can't customize your care.
The second example is -- early on, I became a human guinea pig and was lucky enough to have my whole genome sequenced.
But even with Intel's powerful servers, it took about two weeks to complete the analysis, plus six months to compile the data using experts and computers.
In the end, it turned out, "Yes, the diagnosis made by the great teachers many years ago was wrong, and we have a better future ahead of us."
The future that Intel is building is one that cuts the time it takes to analyze a computer in an individual healthcare setting from months and weeks to hours, and puts these tools into practical use on the mainframes of top research hospitals around the world. Not just -- to enable whole-genome sequencing in every patient, every clinic.
This kind of personalized care, encompassing people's goals and genetics, is going to be the most transformative change in health care in our lifetime.
The three pillars of personal health: anywhere care, networked care, and customized care. It's starting to take place little by little, but we, as caregivers and patients, need to step up and take on new roles. will end in complete failure
My friend Verna said, wake up and take care of your health.
Ultimately, technology is just a new and powerful way for people to take care of themselves and others.
So I'd like to briefly introduce you to another friend.
Tracy Gamley donated a kidney to me when I was told I couldn't have a transplant.
(Applause) Tracy, can you briefly tell us about your experience as a donor?
Tracy Gamley: It was so easy
I was hospitalized for only one night
The surgery was done laparoscopically -- it left me with five small scars in my abdomen -- I took four weeks off work -- and then I went back to my normal life -- nothing changed.
ED: I don't think I'll ever have another chance to speak to you in front of such a large audience.
"Thank you" sounds corny, but thank you so much for saving my life.
(Applause) This TED stage, and every TED stage, is a place to celebrate inventions and new technologies. We've achieved this goal this time. It's amazing what TED speakers have to say. prize
Until or even when such amazing technology becomes commonplace, it's important that we take care of each other and save lives.
I hope you can make personal health for yourself and for everyone. Thank you.
(applause)
Let me take you to the 19th century for a moment Let me take you to the 19th century for a moment The date is June 24, 1833
The British Association for the Advancement of Science's third conference is being held at the University of Cambridge.
The first night of the conference -- changing the science that followed -- was about to begin.
The one who stood up was an old man with white hair
Members are shocked to discover that the man is the poet S.T. Coleridge, who hadn't left his home in years.
I'm even more astonished to hear what he said.
"You should give up the title of 'Natural Philosopher'."
Coleridge thought that a true philosopher like himself would sit in an armchair and think about the universe.
Like members of the Promotion Association, they say they won't wander around fossil production areas or get their hands dirty and experiment with electricity piles.
Gradually, the audience became emotional and began to complain.
A young Cambridge scholar named William Whewell stood up and appeased the audience.
I politely stated that there was certainly no name suitable for being a member of the Promotion Association.
"If the term 'philosopher' is too broad and lofty—why not coin the word 'scientist' after the term 'artist'?" The word "scientist" was used, and this was the first time the word "scientist" was used publicly, just 179 years ago.
I learned about this debate as a graduate student and was absolutely amazed.
Why didn't the word "scientist" exist until 1833?
What was it called before?
What kind of change caused the need for a new name at that time?
Before this conference, talented amateurs were studying the natural world.
Like Charles Darwin, local clergyman and landowner, collecting insects and fossils, librarian to the Marquis of Lansdowne, discovering oxygen - like Joseph Priestley, like Joseph Priestley, aristocratic assistant. That's how it was
After this conference, they became scientists, that is, they became experts with scientific methods and objectives, academic societies, and budgets.
A major source of this revolution was four men I met at Cambridge University in 1812: C. Babbage, J. Herschel, R. Jones, and W. Huell.
He was bright, ambitious, and had many outstanding achievements.
As you probably know, Charles Babbage invented the first mechanical calculator, the prototype of the modern computer.
John Herschel documented the stars of the Southern Hemisphere and used his spare time to help develop photography.
Maybe we could be just as creative if we spent less time on Facebook and Twitter.
Richard Jones became a great economist and later influenced Marx.
Huell not only coined the terms "anode", "cathode" and "ion" other than "scientist," he also led an international study of global tides.
In the winter of 1812-13, in Cambridge, these four men met for a "philosophical breakfast".
We're talking about science -- and the need for a new scientific revolution.
They felt that science had stagnated since the 17th-century scientific revolution—they had since the 17th-century scientific revolution.
It was a time when the new revolution that the four of them had sworn to start was needed. What's amazing about them is that they not only had the grand dreams of college students, but also achieved far beyond their dreams.
I'm going to talk to you about the four big changes they made.I'm going to talk to you about the four big changes they made.
"The Evidence-Based Inductive Method" Some 200 years ago, Francis Bacon, and then Newton, proposed the inductive method of science.
Inductive methods derive from observations and experiments Inductive methods derive from observations and experiments general laws of nature, laws of nature, which are modified or refuted as new evidence becomes available.
But in 1809, David Ricardo argued that we should use the deductive method in economics.
And then there's the issue of the argument initiated by some influential Oxford scholars: "If deductive methods work in economics -- they should apply in the natural sciences."
The members of the "Breakfast of Philosophy" objected to this.
They preached the use of induction in all areas of science through books and articles -- widely read by natural philosophers, college students and the general public.
Herschel's book was an important turning point for Darwin, as he later said, "I can't think of anything else in my life that has had such an impact on me.
After reading his book, I felt that I also wanted to contribute to the accumulation of knowledge in the natural sciences.”
That book established the scientific method of Darwin and his colleagues.
"Science for the Common Good" Once upon a time, scientific knowledge was supposed to be used for kings and queens -- or for personal gain.
For example, the captain needed to know the tides to safely dock the ship.
The dockkeepers collected that knowledge and sold it to the captain.
Philosophy breakfasts worked together to change this.
Huell's Global Tidal Survey has created public tide tables and tide maps, putting knowledge that was once reserved for dockkeepers at the disposal of every captain.
Herschel also made tide observations off the coast of South Africa, and reportedly complained to Huell that he had been knocked off the pier by a violent tidal wave.
The four helped each other in every way
He approached the British government to get money to build a machine that Babbage devised, because he thought his machine would be extremely useful to society.
Before calculators were invented, professionals - bankers, insurance agents, captains, engineers - had to consult a quick reference table filled with numbers to find out what numbers they needed.
These quick reference charts were made by part-time workers -- "computers" -- who were doing the calculations over and over again in a fixed sequence.
This nautical calendar contains the changes of each month for a year.
1,365 calculations are required in one month, and many errors are seen.
Babbage's difference engine was the first mechanical calculator designed to always be correct in a table like this.
At the Science Museum in London, we've built two machines in the last 20 years based on Babbage's blueprints, and we've built two machines in the last 20 years.
One is now in the Computer History Museum in California -- it can actually do accurate calculations.
The analysis engine envisioned later was the first mechanical computer in the modern sense.
It had independent memory and a central processing unit.
It could repeat and conditional -- it could be done in parallel, it could be programmed with punch cards -- an idea Babbage got from the jacquard loom.
Unfortunately, Babbage's machine wasn't built at the time.
"The New Society of Science" Founded in Bacon's time, the Royal Society was the premier scientific society, not only in England, but in the world.
In the 19th century, it was a membership club, and in the 19th century, it was a membership club, whose main members were antiquarians, scholars, and aristocrats.
People at the Philosophical Breakfast have helped form a number of new organizations, including the British Association for the Advancement of Science.
The new group required members to be active researchers and to publish their findings.
There was also a resurgence of the tradition of post-publication questions and answers, a practice that the Royal Society had abandoned as "ungentlemanly."
These groups also opened up science to women for the first time.
At the British Association for the Advancement of Science, members were encouraged to bring their wives, daughters and sisters to meetings. Initially women were thought to attend only public lectures and events, but more and more women were showing up in science classes. now
Later, the Association for the Advancement of Science became the first national scientific institution in the world to accept women as members.
"External Aid" Until the 19th century, laboratory equipment and materials were provided by natural philosophers themselves.
Sometimes there were prizes, like the prize given to John Harrison for solving the "Longitude Problem" in the 18th century. did
On the advice of the Philosophy Breakfast, the Society for the Advancement of Science used the surplus funds raised at the meeting to fund research in fields as diverse as astronomy, tidal surveys, fossil fish, and shipbuilding.
Not only did this open up research for people with limited resources, but it encouraged unconventional thinking that didn't just address existing problems.
Since then, the Royal Society and other scientific societies have followed suit, and fortunately this is now the mainstream of science.
The philosophical breakfast meeting was the catalyst that gave birth to the modern scientist.
That's the fruitful part of their story.
On the other hand -
Some of the consequences of their revolution were unforeseen to them.
They would be disappointed to see the current disconnect between science and other areas of culture.
Amazingly, only 28 percent of adults in the United States have basic knowledge of science. The results were obtained through a very simple question: "Did humans and dinosaurs ever live together? ”
"What percentage of the earth's surface is covered with water?"
As scientists became professional groups, a wall gradually formed between them and the rest of the world.
This is a side effect of the revolution that even the people at the Philosophical Breakfast did not expect.
Darwin said, "Public papers are just as important to the progress of science as the original papers."
In fact, "The Origin of Species" was written for the general public, and in fact, "The Origin of Species" was written for the general public and was widely read from the very beginning.
Darwin understood that we're starting to forget that science isn't just for scientists.
thank you
(applause)
talks vulgarly
A few years ago, strangely enough, I wanted to poop, so I found a public restroom, ran in, and pooped like I always did, using the restroom to flush and freshen up.
And for some reason that day, a question arose: where does the waste go?
And with that question, I'm completely immersed in the world of sanitation -- there's more -- (Laughter) sanitation, toilets and poop, and I'm still stuck.
Because I found those uncomfortable places fascinating.
When I think about that toilet, it wasn't particularly fancy, and it wasn't as comfortable as the World Toilet Organization (WTO) toilets.
(World Trade Organization) It's not the WTO (Laughter).
(Laughter) (Applause) But the day that question crossed my mind, I was smarter than ever.
Approximately 2.5 billion people worldwide do not have proper toilets
We don't even have buckets or boxes (for excretion)
About 40% of people in the world don't have a decent toilet.
People are forced to do what this boy does on the side of the freeway at the airport, called open defecation, or open droppings.
This is how he defecate every day, and maybe the man in the picture walks on this every day.
But you should look, the problem is that messy stool carries pathogens.
About 50 infectious diseases are transmitted through human faeces.
Eggs, cysts, bacteria and viruses contained in stool become the source of infection, and there is a risk of infection with 1 gram of stool.
how? This boy probably doesn't wash his hands
And he's barefoot. And when he gets home -- he contaminates his drinking water, his food, his living environment.
Almost everyone here is lucky enough to live in a society with clean water and sewage systems, and diarrhea is a bit of a joke these days.
Diarrhea direct flights and small stories...
In England, we call it Derry Bury, it's a colonial legacy.
When I searched for "diarrhea" from popular stock photos, I found this picture
(Laughter) I don't know why it's a bikini.
And here is another diarrhea picture
She's Marie Sayley and she's nine months old.
The reason she's not in the picture is because she was buried in the bush in the remote countryside of Liberia. She had diarrhea and died in three days.
But this father has a daughter's death
Not only she, but about 4,000 children died that day from diarrhea, and this happens every day.
Diarrhea is the second leading cause of death among children in the world. When you think of diseases that you've been concerned about, like HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and measles, diarrhea kills more children than all these diseases combined.
This is a very deadly weapon of mass destruction.
The cost to the world is enormous, with poor sewage systems costing us $260 billion each year.
This is a bed dedicated to cholera patients in Haiti.
You know cholera, but you don't know diarrhea.
Diarrhea-related illnesses get little attention and little money.
but we know the solution
Because in the middle of the 19th century, the brilliant Victorian engineers introduced a system of sewage, wastewater treatment and flushing toilets that dramatically reduced disease.
This has resulted in an unprecedented reduction in child mortality.
Readers of the British Medical Journal recognized the flush toilet as the greatest medical breakthrough of the last 200 years, picking it over the pill, anesthesia and surgery.
It's a great waste disposal device.
What I really like is that the toilet doesn't stink -- it's in the house, the door is locked, and I've locked my mouth so that we don't talk about it.
i don't have the right words
It's inappropriate to say poop
Speaking of shit irritates people, excretion is too medical.
So when I see that object, I can't explain what's going on.
We know a solution to diarrhea and public health, but if you look at the national budgets of developed and developing countries, you'll think it's a miscalculation, and it's because of this kind of absurdity. of children are dying of diarrhea, yet we spend 47 times more on military spending than we do on water and sanitation.
But if you knew that the budget for water and sanitation was extremely low, but if you knew that the budget for water and sanitation was extremely low, if 75 to 90 percent of the budget could go to clean water supply, that would be great. people need water
everyone needs water
Just by doubling our use of clean water, like public toilets and flush toilets, we can reduce disease.
For example, imagine the boy from earlier, wishing he could go home and have clean water, but the reality is that his dirty hands contaminate the drinking water.
I think the real faecal waste is people wasting a resource that's great for development, because toilets and poop are good for people.
Girls can go back to school if there is a toilet
25% of girls in India drop out of school because of inadequate sanitation
For years girls have been holding back in class
It goes on day after day, and when you hit puberty and start menstruating, your patience runs out.
I understand who can blame you?
If you tell an educator, "One simple thing can improve attendance by 25 percent," many educators will become your friends.
there's more you can do
You can cook dinner with poop
poop contains nutrients
Humans take in nutrients and excrete
cannot be stored in the body
In Rwanda, 75 percent of prison cooking fuel now comes from prisoner waste.
Butare's prison holds many prisoners.
Many of the prisoners are genocides. They stir up their own toilets, because when they have a large amount of excrement in their closed tanks, they give off gas, just like the stomach does, and can be used as fuel for cooking.
You'd think it would be retributive for prisoners to stir up their faeces, but it's actually good for the economy, saving millions of dollars each year.
This reduces deforestation, and the fuel supply they've found is inexhaustible, limitless, and free of charge.
It's not just poor societies that poop saves people.
The brown substance that this woman is being injected with by a syringe is what you're imagining.
A new title, stool donor, was born.
it's like a sperm donor
She's infected with a super-resistant bacteria called Clostridium difficile, which is resistant to most antibiotics.
she has suffered for years
It was administered with the stool of a healthy person, and this is a treatment that has a 94 percent cure rate.
It's amazing, but very few people practice this treatment.
It's hard to accept
But it's okay, a Canadian team of researchers has developed an artificial feces called RePOOPulate.
You might think, "The solution is simple: give everyone a toilet."
It's really interesting, but people aren't simple, so you can't just solve it.
What makes public health research so interesting, exciting and fascinating is the need to understand the human mind.
We don't just have to give you the hardware, we have to understand the software.
Governments in many developing countries have joined in and installed free toilets, and when you return a few years later, you'll find new goat huts, new temples, parlors, and owners rushing through them to empty lots to relieve themselves. I was on my way
So the key is to manipulate people's minds.
It's been in use for decades, and the soap companies used it in the early 20th century.
Soap that sold health didn't sell.
Soap sold well when sexy was sold.
Currently in India, there is a movement that says "Brides should not marry into houses that do not have toilets."
This is called "No Loo (Toilet), No I Do"
(Laughter) For those of you who think this is just propaganda, she's Priyanka, 23.
We met in India last October, and she grew up in a conservative environment.
Growing up in a poor rural town in India, she got engaged at 14 and married into her husband's house at about 21.
When she got married, she was horrified because there was no toilet.
The toilet was natural for her
Toilets are just like people
On the night she got married, her mother-in-law woke her up at four in the morning and told her to go outside and go to the bathroom in the dark.
She was frightened by the prowling drunks
And scared of snakes, scared of sexual assault.
Three days later she did the unthinkable
left home
If you've ever seen rural India, you know it's an act of bravery beyond words.
not only that
She's got a toilet and is encouraging rural women in India to imitate her.
This is called social contagion, and it's a really powerful and exciting phenomenon.
Another Indian village near Priyanka's village, called Rakala, had no toilets at all about a year ago.
Children were dying of diarrhea and cholera.
A group of people who came there used a behavior-change trick where they placed plates of food and faeces outside so they could watch the flies fly back and forth between them.
All of a sudden, people who had been perfectly fine with what they were doing were thinking, "Wait a minute."
Doesn't this mean you're eating your neighbor's feces?
that changed their habits
So the boy's mother installed a toilet within hours.
Within hours, a woman who had used the shade of a banana plantation all her life installed a toilet.
It won't cost you anything and it will save this boy's life.
When I was disappointed with the state of public health, it was actually a very inspiring time, because I was involved in the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation's toilet reform program, and I was involved in Matt Damon's toilet strike. At best, it's bad for your colon.
sometimes i worry
This is the least accomplished Millennium Development Goal.
It will take 50 years to restore
In this situation, providing sanitation doesn't meet our goals.
When I thought about sanitation and my heart ached, Japan came to my mind. Seventy years ago, Japan used a vault toilet and wiped it off with a stick, but today Japan has washlets.
It has a function of washing with warm water, so you can wash without using your hands.There are various other functions, such as a heated toilet seat function and an automatic opening and closing function of the lid, which is said to be a gadget for a happy couple.
(Laughter) But the most important thing that Japan has done -- and I'm very impressed by this -- is that they've moved the toilet out of the closed room.
It became possible to talk about
People started going out to buy the newest toilets.
We started talking about toilets, and now they're clean places.
I hope everyone can do it.It's not that hard.
What we need to do is face this issue and treat it as an urgent and shameful issue.
I don't think it's a problem limited to unfortunate poor societies.
Sewage facilities are outdated
Things are getting worse here
all solutions are really easy
In the free time after this, I have one request for you all.
thank you
(applause)
Let's start with the good news. Did you know that the good news is that biomedical research is changing the outcomes for many critical illnesses? Did you know
Let's start with leukemia. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common childhood cancer.
When I was a student the mortality rate was about 95% When I was a student the mortality rate was about 95%
Today, 25, 30 years later, the death rate is down 85 percent.
Every year, 6,000 children who could not be helped before are saved.
higher numbers are found in heart disease
Heart disease used to be the biggest killer, especially for men in their 40s.
Today, the mortality rate from heart disease is down 63 percent. Today, the death rate from heart disease is down 63 percent.
In the last few months, AIDS has come to be called a chronic disease, because just 10 years ago, it was said that a 20-year-old with HIV could live no longer than weeks, months, years. But now people think they can live for decades, probably in their 60s and 70s, and they probably died from complications.
These changes in the outlook for some of the leading causes of death are truly astonishing.
In particular, what many of you may not know is that stroke, along with heart disease, has long been one of the leading causes of death in the nation. About 30% of patients can be discharged without any sequelae if they are treated in the treatment room.
Amazing stories, good news, because at the end of the day, they're all stories of early detection and early treatment of a disease.
Early detection, early treatment, that's the seed of these successes.
Unfortunately it's not all good news
Let me tell you one more thing, about suicide.
Of course, suicide itself is not a disease.
A state or situation that leads to death A state or situation that leads to death
Many of you may not realize how prevalent it is.
There are 38,000 suicides in America each year.
About 1 person every 15 minutes
It's the third leading cause of death among young people aged 15 to 25.
It's a shocking fact when you think about it, twice as many as homicides, and more than the leading cause of death in this country, car crashes.
Now, suicide has medical causes, because 90 percent of suicides are associated with mental illness: depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, anorexia, borderline personality disorder, there are many factors, and many of them early in life. is
But the problem isn't just disability mortality.
is the morbidity
If you look at disability, these numbers are calculated by the World Health Organization (WHO) using a specialized measure called Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) by economists or -- lost due to disability from medical causes. It's a metric that's not used except for the purpose of estimating the number of years it's been on.
"What are you talking about?"
Those with cancer or heart disease
It seems much more serious
But they're much lower on the list, because this is about disability.
What causes psychoses like schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and depression?
why are they the most
There are probably three reasons
First, say that it is very prevalent.
About 1 in 5 people will suffer from some disease at some point in their lives.
And second, some of them are really incapacitated, about four to five percent, maybe one in 20.
But what's most likely to cause such high morbidity and even higher mortality is that they start early in life.
50% by age 14 75% by age 24. Think of it as a whole different story. Serious illnesses like cancer, heart disease, diabetes, high blood pressure, for example, are like many other conditions that can lead to illness and death. is not at all
It's just a chronic disease of the younger generation.
Well, I was the first to tell you the good news.
Now the story is quite the opposite.
It's probably the hardest part, and in a way it's also my confession.
My job is to make progress in understanding and coping with these obstacles.
i work for the government
exactly to you
At this point, you know what I've done and what I haven't done, and you might think I should be fired.
But listen to what I'm going to tell you now, that's why I'm here today.
So far, I've talked about mental disorders, and I'm talking about "mental illness."
In fact, the term has fallen out of use these days, for a variety of reasons, but "behavioral disorder" is a fairer term, and behavioral disorders are defined as "mental illnesses."
OK, they're both behavioral disorders and mental illnesses.
But what I'm trying to say here is that both terms have been around for over a century, and they're holding back progress. It's a matter
Now, some of you will say, "Oh, again!"
"Biochemical imbalances, drugs, simplistic observations of subjective experiences began again." will start
The brain story is never superficial, nor is it simply reductionist talk.
Of course, it depends on the scale and scope of what you're talking about, but the brain is such a complex organ that we're only beginning to understand how to study it. combines the functionality of
We're just beginning to explore how we can make sense of this complex information processing organ, and how the mind can make sense of this complex brain that underpins our mind.
It's a kind of cruel evolutionary prank. We don't have the brains to figure out our own brains.
In a way, you might feel that we're doing research in the safe realm of behavior and cognition that we can actually observe, and that's much simpler and more reductionist than this very complex and mysterious organ that we're starting to explore. you will feel targeted
Now, I was talking about "brain disorders," but when it comes to depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, PTSD, etc., we -- PTSD, etc., we -- what kind of abnormal processing is going on in our brains? While we don't have a deep understanding of how the brain functions during disease, we already have some different connections or different circuits in the brains of people with these disorders. I know that
This is what we call the human connectome. Think of the connectome as the neural diagram of the brain. Think of the connectome as the neural diagram of the brain.
I will explain this later
The important thing is that when you look at someone with one of these "disorders," one in five of us suffers from some kind of symptom, and just as there are many different types of circuits in the brain, the symptoms vary, but they have predictable characteristics. is a risk factor for any "disorder"
It's a little bit different than Huntington's or Parkinson's or Alzheimer's, which destroys a part of the cerebral cortex.
It's like a traffic jam.
You can compare this to a disease like myocardial infarction or a heart attack where cells die, to a disease like myocardial infarction or a heart attack where cells die, and there's a disruption of communication in the organ, and it's just not working. arrhythmia caused by
Which one do you think is the fatal and severe disability?
Let's dig a little deeper. Let's take the example of a disorder called schizophrenia.
These scans were taken by Judy Rappaport and her team at the National Institute of Mental Health, where they studied children with early-onset schizophrenia. So there are areas that have been depleted, which indicate a lack of gray matter, and we continued to study them for five years and compare them to age-matched controls, and as you can see, particularly in areas like the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and the superior temporal gyrus. of gray matter is significantly reduced
Now here's the big one: during normal growth, you'll find that cortical mass and cortical gray matter decrease, and what about in schizophrenia, it's too much, and at some point, it crosses a threshold in disease. That's when you realize something, because your symptoms are manifested in your behavior, things like hallucinations and delusions.
It's a visible symptom.
But if you look closely, they've crossed another threshold.
You're hitting brain thresholds much earlier, probably before you're 22, 20, maybe 15, 16, when you start to realize that your developmental path is completely different, and that's what you see in your brain, and it shows in your behavior. not
Why is this important? First of all, it's the final stage of behavioral change in brain disorders.
Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease
10+ years before symptoms show up in behavior there are changes in the brain 10+ years before symptoms show up in behavior there are changes in the brain
Technology now allows us to spot changes in the brain much earlier, before symptoms appear.
But there's something more important, let's get back to the beginning.
The good news in medicine is early detection and early treatment.
If we don't do anything until we have a heart attack, we're costing the lives of 1.1 million people in this country every year.
And that's the reality today: people with brain damage and circuit abnormalities are assumed to have behavioral disorders.
It's too late to wait until symptoms appear
That doesn't mean early detection or early treatment.
I'm definitely not ready
We don't have it all figured out, we don't know what tools to use, or exactly what to look for in all diseases before behavioral disorders appear.
But this tells us how to think about disease and where to go.
Is the goal in sight?
It's probably still a few years away from getting there, but I'll end with a quote that predicts this future: someone who's thought a lot about change in thinking and technology.
"We always overestimate the change that will happen in the next two years and underestimate the change that will happen in the next 10 years." -Bill Gates
thank you
(applause)
A year ago I rented a car in Jerusalem To meet someone I've never met but who changed my life
I didn't know your phone number.
I didn't even know the exact address. All I knew was that the name was Abed and that I lived in a town of 15,000 people called Kfakara.21 years ago, I broke my neck just outside this holy city. rice field
Headed north one gloomy January morning In a silver Chevrolet Looking for Abed And looking for peace of mind
Coming down the road and leaving the city of Jerusalem
And that's where Abbett's four-ton truck with floor tiles came around the corner at a tremendous speed and slammed into the left rear of the minibus I was in.
I was 19 then
At that time, I grew 13 centimeters taller in 8 months, and I did 20,000 push-ups in 8 months.The night before the accident happened, I enjoyed playing basketball with my friends until dawn with my well-trained body.It was a refreshing May morning.
I could catch the ball with my big right hand, and when that hand reached the ring, I thought I was invincible.
I was on the bus to buy the pizza I won in basketball
Unsuspecting Abed's truck crashing into
From my seat on the bus I was looking up at the stone town on the hill in the midday sun And then I heard a terrible noise behind me It was like a bomb had hit it, it was loud and loud.
My head bends behind the red seats on the bus
My eardrum was ruptured and my shoes were blown off
I was blown up with my whole body, my neck was broken, my head was wobbly, and when I was slammed to the ground, my hands and feet were crippled.
A few months after the accident, I was able to breathe on my own, and I could sit, stand, and walk, but my body was still split in two.
He returned to New York with a semi-paralyzed body and spent four years in a wheelchair throughout college.
After graduating from college, I returned to Jerusalem for a year.
By that time, I was wheelchair-free and able to walk with a cane, so I started researching the accident, and from the pictures of the accident, I tracked down all the passengers on the bus. was not the motionless body of
I saw the healthy, fine muscles of my left shoulder in the picture and mourned that they were gone.
Abed's account of the crash was written the morning after he was driving in the right lane of the highway on the way to Jerusalem.
Anger welled up while reading
That was the first time I was angry with Abed, and if the accident hadn't happened-
On the paper where the testimony was copied, the accident hadn't happened yet.
If Abed steers left, the truck will slide past the bus and I won't lose my freedom
"Abed watch out slow down"
But Abed didn't slow down On the piece of testimony I broke my neck again and my anger subsided.
I decided to find Abed Finally I found him and called him and greeted him in Hebrew and he greeted me back as if he was waiting for my call
I may have been waiting
I didn't mention Abed's past driving history, but he had 27 offenses by the time he was 25. The last offense was not going into low gear on a hill that May day. I didn't talk about being crippled and having a catheter Anxiety and loss - being crippled and having a catheter Anxiety and loss - when Abed started talking about being badly injured in that accident I knew from the police report that he wasn't seriously injured, but I didn't say that.
i said i want to see you
A few weeks later, he asked me to call him again, and when I did, the phone number was no longer in use. I gave up on seeing Abed and forgot about the accident.
it's been years since
I used a cane, braced my ankles, carried a backpack, and walked six continents.
I started playing softball every week, I threw it overhand in Central Park, and in my hometown of New York, as a journalist and writer, I typed countless words with one finger.
A friend pointed out that everything I write reflects my own experiences. Something happened that changed my life in an instant.In addition to the accident, inheritance, the swing of the bat, the shutter of the camera. sound arrest case
All my work was about the before and after of life-changing events.
I've been through a lot of trouble
Yet when I returned to Israel last year to write about the accident, I thought little of Abed, but when I was about to finish writing Half-Life, I found myself still longing to see Abed, and finally met Abed. Now I know why I want to be with you
It's natural to apologize when you do something wrong
I confirmed with the police that Abed still lives somewhere in the same town as before I drove to that town with a pot of yellow roses in my car But suddenly the thought of sending flowers seemed absurd
But what should I give to the fool who broke my neck?
(Laughter) I went into the city of Abu Ghosh and bought one Turkish sweet: pistachio and rose water jelly Better than flowers.
I envisioned a reunion with Abed on the highway.
Will Abed hug me Will Abed spit on me
Will Abed apologize to me
Again, as I've done many times in the past, I began to wonder How different my life would have been if I hadn't been crippled How different would my life have been if I hadn't been crippled My genes gave me a different life would you let me walk
who was i
Am I the same person I was before the accident? Though the accident made my life as different as the left and right of an open book
Are you defined by what happened to you?
Do we all exist as a result of what happened to us, the betrayal of our parents and partners, the inheritance that defines our existence?
Or is it due to the strengths and weaknesses you were born with?
It seemed like nothing but heredity and experience, but how could we distinguish between heredity and experience?
This universal question also leads to Yates's question: "Ah, my body swaying to the music, ah, my shining gaze, how can I distinguish between a dance and a dancer?"
After driving for about an hour, when I looked in the rearview mirror, I noticed my glowing eyes
As if my eyes were blue since I was born, the light I've always had in my eyes
It's the temperament and the desire that makes me who I am When I was a kid I tried to paddle out on Chicago's lakes in a boat And when I was a teenager I tried to jump into the raging Cape Cod Bay after a hurricane.
But at the same time, what I saw in the mirror, if I hadn't been injured in an accident, would have been a doctor, married, and a father by now.
I wouldn't have thought about time or death, and above all, I wouldn't have been handicapped.
Because my five fingers didn't move as I wanted, I tried to open things with my teeth that I couldn't open with my hands, and my teeth chipped here and there.
In me, dancing and dancers were hopelessly entwined
Shortly after 11 o'clock we turned right on the highway towards Ahura, passed the quarry and soon reached Kafakara.
I suddenly became very anxious
Chopin's seven beautiful mazurkas were playing on the radio, and I parked my car next to a gas station and listened to Chopin to calm myself down.
Once upon a time, it was said that in an Arab city, if you could name one local, you would know who he was.
So we talked about Abed and I, emphasizing that we had come to reconcile with the townspeople. Around noon, outside the post office, I met a man named Mohammed.
he listened to me
When you tell a story about how you got disabled, most of the time the people who heard it were telling stories about themselves that they hadn't told anyone about.
many people shed tears
A woman I met on the street one day also had the same reaction.
I listened to her words and I think she was sincere
I was still me, but to her, I was a strong person who overcame obstacles.
Mohammed told me a story that he probably never told anyone before.
Then he guided me to the stucco house and left.
As I sat down and thought about what to say, a woman in a black robe and shawl approached me.
I got out of the car, said hello in Hebrew, gave my name, and said my husband, Abed, would be home from work in about four hours.
Her Hebrew is broken - I later found out that she thought I was an internet service provider at first.
(Laughter) I left and came back at 4:30, using the minaret as a landmark to get back to where I was.
As I approached the front door, Abed saw me and my jeans, my flannel clothes, my cane.
He was dressed in black and white, with slippers over his socks, loose sweatpants, a mottled sweater, and a striped ski cap pulled down over his eyes.
he knew i was coming
Mohammed called me We immediately shook hands and smiled at each other I handed Abed a gift "Welcome home" Abed said We sat side by side on the cloth sofa
As soon as Abed sat down, he continued the painful story he had spoken to him on the phone 16 years earlier.
"I just had eye surgery," Abed said.
And again, "My back and legs are bad, and I lost my teeth in that accident.
Shall I show you my dentures? also said
After turning on the TV to keep me from getting bored, Abed left the room and came back with a photo of the accident and an old driver's license.
"You must be handsome," he said
I saw Abed's photo on my driver's license
Rather than handsome, he had a round face, a thick neck, and dark hair.
Because of this young man on May 16th, 1990, my neck and another's were broken, one suffered a brain contusion, and one died.
Twenty years after the accident, Abed was thinner than his wife and had looser skin on his face Seeing Abed look at pictures of himself when he was younger After the accident, I remembered how I felt when I was looking at pictures when I was younger The accident Feeling nostalgic for what happened before
"That accident changed your life and mine," I said.
Abed showed a picture of the wrecked truck and said the accident happened because the bus driver in the left lane didn't give way.
I didn't want to repeat the story of Abed and the accident
I just wanted to hand over the souvenir Turkish sweets and leave after hearing a word of apology.
That's why I didn't dare to point out that Abed didn't say anything about the bus driver in his testimony the day after the accident.
I didn't talk much 'cause I didn't come to know the truth
I'm here to make sure Abed is sorry.
I turned the conversation away from the bus to see if you regretted it.
"I understand that the accident wasn't your fault, but isn't it painful for the victims of the accident?"
Abed replied briefly
"Oh, it was hard."
Then we started talking about why it was so hard
He says that he was ungodly until the accident happened, and God gave him the accident as punishment, but now that he has changed his mind and become religious, God is pleased with him.
It means that the accident was the work of God.The TV was showing the news of a car accident.Three people died in that accident up north.
We saw a wrecked car on video
I said "strange"
Abed also said "weird"
I thought that Route 804, the site of the accident, had a relationship between the victim and the perpetrator of the car accident.
Some, like Abed, forget the day
Some people can't forget like me
After reporting the accident, Abed opened his mouth.
"It's a shame the police in this country aren't doing enough to crack down on reckless drivers."
i was confused
Abed just said something amazing
Did Abed say he was acquitted of the accident?
Or are you saying you should have been in prison longer because of your guilt?
He served six months after the accident and didn't have a truck driver's license for ten years.
I changed my mind about staying silent
I asked Abed, "You had some problem driving before the accident, right?"
He said, "Oh, I did 60 once when I was 40."
There must have been 27 other infractions, ignoring traffic lights, speeding, driving in the opposite lane, and where I should have put it in low gear, hitting the brakes and going down that hill.
That's when I realized that humans tend to interpret the facts as they see fit.
Goats become heroes Perpetrators become victims
That's when I realized Abed never apologized.
Abed and I sat down and had coffee
And spent an hour and a half, I knew him
He wasn't particularly bad, he wasn't particularly good
He was a narrow-minded man, but he was kind to me in his own way.
Giving the Jewish custom of bowing, he said that I may live to be 120 years old.
But I couldn't understand this insouciant person, the person who caused that tragic accident, but recovered completely and said he thought there were only two people who died in that accident.
Abed had a lot to say
I wanted to tell Abed that it's okay for people to notice my disability, but it's wrong for people to marvel that a disabled person like me can smile.
People don't know that the handicapped have suffered more.The scars inflicted on the heart are heavier than being run over by a truck, and more painful than breaking the bones of your neck a hundred times.
I wanted to tell Abed that you are what you are in your mind and body, not what happens to you or what doesn't happen, but how you react to it.
Psychologist Viktor Frankl said, "People never lose the freedom to decide how they behave in any given situation."
I wanted to tell Abed that it's not just the handicapped and the given that have to accept reality and move on, the old and the anxious and the divorced are all thinning It's the same for anyone, whether it's a bankrupt
I also wanted to tell Abed that the accident was God's work So I'm glad the accident was that way I'm glad I broke my neck Don't say that I'm lucky in my misfortune
Misfortune sucks, but I can say that there are still many wonderful things in the natural world.
I wanted to tell Abed that in the end it's clear what we're supposed to do People have to get up in the face of bad luck
One should surround oneself with good things and enjoy them: learning, career, adventure, friendship, yes, friendship, society and love.
Above all, I wanted to convey to Abed what Herman Melville wrote, "To enjoy true physical warmth, some parts must be cold, because everything in this world is perceived simply by contrast. Because it's a thing
Yes, everything is in contrast
If we know what we don't have, then we will truly know what we do have.If God is compassionate, we will truly appreciate what we do have.
That is the only grace that can be given to a man, if he is suffering from something real.
Man is conscious of death and wakes up every morning to live the life that was prepared for him.
People have a cold side, so they can truly enjoy the warm side and feel the colder side cold.
One morning, many years after the accident, I stepped on a stone and felt a momentary chill on the bottom of my left foot.It was the moment when my nerves finally woke up.The feeling of snow lifted my heart.
But I never told Abed these things.
All I said was that one person died in that accident, not two.
and that person's name
And I said goodbye to Abed
thank you everyone
(Applause) Thank you very much, everyone.
(applause)
First thing I want to say is that not all neurosurgeons wear boots.
Not bad (laughs)
I'm a neurosurgeon, and I have a long history of working in neurology, and today I'm going to talk to you about how you can dial in all of the brain's neural circuits, activate and deactivate functions, and treat patients. is
As I said, neurosurgery
It has a long history, about 7,000 years old.
Neurosurgery existed in Mesoamerica, and there were neurosurgeons who were treating patients.
They knew that the brain had something to do with neuropathy and psychosis.
I didn't know exactly
(Laughter) But they think that the cause of neuropsychiatric illness is being possessed by demons.
It causes neurological and psychiatric problems, and the treatment requires a hole in the skull to expel the evil spirits.
This is the hole
At times, the patient seems to be quite resistant, because there are multiple puncture marks. I understand that
this is how it used to be
One percent of the skulls found in some of the sites have holes in them, suggesting that neuropsychiatric disorders were fairly common 7,000 years ago.
As time progressed, we began to understand the functions of different brain regions.
The brain is assigned to areas such as those that control movement, vision, memory, appetite, etc.
When things are going well, your nervous system functions well and everything is functioning normally.
But sometimes things don't go so well, and a neural circuit in the brain gets in trouble, and misbehaving mutant neurons cause problems, slow down, and don't function as they should.
The disease it causes depends on where the mutated neurons are in the brain.
When the mutated neurons are in the motor circuit, the motor system malfunctions, causing things like Parkinson's disease.
If you have malfunctions in the circuits that control your mood, you have things like depression, and if you have malfunctions in the circuits that control memory and cognition, you have things like Alzheimer's disease.
So what we can do is pinpoint the point of failure and intervene in the neural circuits of the brain to modulate their function.
It's kind of like turning the dial on a radio to pick the right station.
Whether it's jazz or opera, once you've picked the right station -- whether it's neurologically it's a movement or a state of mind -- you put a dial there and use the other button to adjust the volume. can be strengthened or weakened
So the next thing I'm going to talk about is modulating brain function in a patient by boosting or weakening the areas of the brain's neural circuits in which the electrodes are implanted.
It's about the deep brain stimulation device.
Implant electrodes in the brain like this.
A dime-sized hole is drilled in the skull, just like in the old days, and the electrodes are inserted, the wires are buried completely under the skin, and lead to the pacemaker in the chest, just like a TV remote control, where the remote control directs power to the target area. adjusted
You can strengthen it, weaken it, turn it on or off
About 100,000 patients around the world are currently receiving deep brain stimulation. Let me show you a case where deep brain stimulation was used to treat movement disorders, mood disorders, and dementia disorders.
It's the state in the brain where the electrodes are implanted.
You can see the electrodes going through the skull into the brain, so they can be placed anywhere in the brain.
I've often said that no neuron can hide from a neurosurgeon, because it can reach anywhere in the brain reliably and safely.
The first example I'm going to show you is a patient with Parkinson's disease. This woman has Parkinson's disease, and she has electrodes implanted in her brain. turn on the electrodes
It looks like this
The electrodes are now off and you can see the tremor
Doctor: Okay Patient: I can't Doctor: Can you touch my finger?
Doctor: It's a little better Patient: I prefer that side
turn on the electrodes
now turned on
This way you will see immediate results
The difference between shaking and not shaking -- (Applause) The difference between shaking and not shaking is associated with malfunctioning of 25,000 neurons in the subthalamic nucleus.
find the problem neuron
"I want you to stop"
controlled by electricity
Using electricity, looking at neuron activation, blocking malfunctions
It's suppressing the activity of the mutant neurons.
We've started using this technique for other diseases. Let me tell you about an interesting problem. I've encountered a case of dystonia.
Dystonia is a disease that affects children
It's a genetic disorder that causes twisting, which gradually becomes more severe twisting, twists until it hurts, you can't breathe, you get a urinary tract infection, and you die.
In 1997, I was referred to see this boy who had a genetic dystonia, although he had no other problems.
The family has eight children
Five of them had dystonia.
that boy
The boy was 9 years old and was healthy until 6 years old, when his right leg first began to twist, then his left leg, then his right arm, then his left arm and then his trunk. I can't
They were becoming crippled, a common progression of the disease.
He's one of the five children we just talked about.
I had no choice but to crawl around like this.
no medicine worked
I don't know what to do with this boy
I didn't know what kind of surgery to do, or where in the brain to target therapeutically. let's see what happens
Surgery in hopes of recovery Surgery in hopes of recovery
This is him now, back in Israel, three months after surgery.
(Applause) Building on this success, this surgery is now being performed around the world, and hundreds of children have been helped by this type of surgery.
This boy is now in college and living a normal life.
This is one of the most satisfying surgeries I've ever had in my career to restore movement and gait in a child with dystonia.
(Applause) So we thought that this technology could be used not only to control motor circuits, but also other circuits, and then to control mood circuits.
I decided to tackle depression, partly because it's so prevalent. As you know, there are many treatments for depression, including drugs, psychotherapy, and even electroconvulsive therapy. Thing, 10 to 20 percent of people with depression don't respond to that kind of treatment, and that's the kind of patient I want to help.
Let's see if we can use it to help people with depression.
First of all, we compared what's different in the brains of depressed people and healthy people, and we took PET images to see specifically the blood flow in the brain. is that it has ceased functioning in a certain area of
It's really the blue area, and that blue area is the areas that are involved in motivation, motivation, and decision-making.
The other thing we found was the overactive area, area 25. You can see it in red. Area 25 is the center of grief.
When you make someone sad, like when I remind you of the last parent or friend you saw before you died, this area of ​​your brain lights up.
It's the sad center of the brain.
Depressive patients are overactive here
The realm of sorrow is red
It's at its peak, while other areas of the brain involved in drive and motivation shut down.
So I wondered if we could place electrodes in the area of ​​grief and slow down the activity, like turning a thermostat down to regulate the temperature, and what would be the consequences?
Implanted electrodes in depressed patients
This is the result of a joint study with my colleague Helen Mayburg at Emory University.
The electrodes were placed in area 25. The top scan is pre-surgery. Area 25. The sad area is red with hyperactivity and the frontal lobe is blue with arrest. a complete reversal was achieved
We were able to suppress area 25 and restore the frontal lobes of the brain to more normal levels, and we're seeing very significant results in people with severe depression.
Now in phase III clinical trials, this could be a new treatment if it proves safe and effective for treating patients with severe depression.
Deep brain stimulation can be used to treat the motor system in cases of Parkinson's disease and dystonia.
We've shown in a case of depression that it can be used to treat mental circuitry.
So could we use deep brain stimulation to make us smarter?
(laughs) Are you interested?
(Applause) Of course you can, right?
So we decided to accelerate memory circuits in the brain.
To see if we can accelerate activity, we place electrodes in circuits that control memory and cognitive functions.
Not currently available to healthy people
We do it in patients with cognitive impairment.
As you know, cognitive impairment and memory impairment are the main early symptoms of Alzheimer's disease.
So we placed electrodes in circuits in an area of ​​the brain called the fornix, which is the highway that allows memories to flow in and out. is
But in Alzheimer's disease, we found a significant problem with how the brain consumes glucose.
The brain is a little voracious when it comes to glucose consumption.
The glucose consumption of the brain is 20% of the glucose consumption of the human body, and although the brain weighs only 2% of body weight, it's 10 times more --
Twenty percent of the body's total glucose consumption is used by the brain, and going from a normal state to a state of mild cognitive impairment is a precursor to Alzheimer's disease, and eventually Alzheimer's disease, where certain areas of the brain stop consuming glucose.
It means that it stops working
Certainly, the surrounding red area is gradually covered with blue. Indeed, the surrounding red area is gradually covered with blue, and you can see that it continues until the function completely stops. I know you are
This is similar to blackouts, partial blackouts in areas of the brain.
A person with Alzheimer's disease is like a part of the brain where the lights go out. Will the lights go out forever, or can they come back on?
Can areas of the brain make glucose available again?
So we implanted electrodes into the brain arches of people with Alzheimer's disease, turned them on, and saw what happened to the brain's glucose consumption.
At the top is pre-surgery.
These brain areas have stopped
It's like the lights are out
Place the DBS electrodes, wait a month to a year, and the areas in red are the areas with increased glucose consumption.
We were able to turn the area that was not consuming glucose into an area that consumes glucose again.
So, in Alzheimer's disease, the lights are off, but there's someone in the house and you can turn them back on, and we hope that our method will bring back function to these areas of the brain.
Currently in clinical trials
We plan to perform surgery on 50 patients with early Alzheimer's disease to see if it's safe and effective and if it can improve neurological function.
(Applause) What I want to share with you today is that there are neural circuits in the brain that malfunction across a wide range of conditions, whether it's Parkinson's disease, depression, schizophrenia, Alzheimer's disease.
We're working to understand which brain circuits and areas are involved in clinical signs and disease symptoms.
Now in those neural circuits
Reach and embed electrodes
It is possible to modify the activity of the circuit
Trouble-causing overactivity that is sensed throughout the brain can be reduced, and diminished function can be strengthened, and in doing so, overall brain function can be improved. may become
So, of course, we might be able to improve the condition, but we also know that we can use electricity to repair damaged areas, which is important for the future. It's not just the activity itself, it's possible to repair the brain function itself.
We anticipate that the application of this technology will expand greatly.
Electrodes will be placed in many brain diseases.
One of the most exciting things is in all areas
It's about collaborating with technologists, with medical imaging and basic scientists, with neurologists, with psychiatrists, with neurosurgeons - with multidisciplinary collaborations that inspire each other.
And in the future, as time goes on, we will be able to drive more and more demons out of our brains, and as a result, of course, we will be able to help more patients.
thank you
Texting is said to be the source of disaster
They say that texting will cause a significant decline in literacy in general -- and writing in particular -- among young people, not just in America, but around the world.
We tend to think this to be true, but it's not. Put it another way, and understand that text messaging is not just vibrant, it's miraculous -- and what's happening before us is the emergence of linguistic diversity. To do that, we need to look at the nature of language from a distance, and what we see is that text messages are not written language.
What do you mean?
Language has been around for probably 150,000 years, or at least 80,000 years ago, first appearing as spoken language.
Perhaps speaking is a genetic trait of humans.
language is primarily for speaking
Writing didn't appear until much later. As others have said, there are differing opinions on exactly when, but the accepted theory is that in a 24-hour period of human history, writing appeared around 11:00 pm. it's only about 7:00
The written word is a recent thing
First there was spoken language, and then written language emerged as a form of communication.
But don't misunderstand, and the written word has its strengths.
Because writing is a conscious process that allows you to review, you can use phrases that you don't often do when you speak.
Consider, for example, Gibbon's "History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire." "The battle lasted more than twelve hours, and the Persians, who were gradually retreating, began a chaotic rout. A particularly shameful example was the chief captains and Surenas himself. there were"
It's a beautiful sentence, but no one actually speaks like that.
At least if you're interested in regeneration, you shouldn't be speaking this way. (Laughter) This is not normal speaking.
It's a completely different way of speaking
According to linguists, when we speak unconsciously, we tend to speak in chunks of seven to 10 words.
You can find out by recording yourself or someone else talking.
Spoken language is like that
Highly flexible and straightforward like a telegram
It is very different from written language in that it does not elaborate
We tend to think of language as written because we often see it as written language, but language is actually spoken language, and the two are different things.
But as history progresses, it's only natural that there will be some degree of mixing between the spoken and written language.
For example, once upon a time, when speaking to an audience, it was normal to speak like a written word.
Like in the old movies, when I stood in front of people, I cleared my throat and said, "Ahem, ladies and gentlemen..." That's a different way of speaking.
The style is stiff, like the Gibbon, and the sentences are longer.
They were speaking like written words, for example, there's a movie coming out recently, and people talk about Lincoln a lot.
That Gettysburg speech is too short to be called the main event.
Before that, for two hours, Edward Everett gave an unappealing speech today, or even then.
The important thing is to hear the speech as written.
Ordinary people listened to it while standing for two hours.
that was the norm
Speaking like a written word was the way of the day.
If you can speak like written language, then logically, sometimes you want to write like spoken language.
But there was a problem with spoken language, because it used to be technically difficult to transcribe spoken language.
Except for shorthand, handwriting is almost impossible - and it limits what you can convey.
It's been very difficult, let alone a manual type -- even a motorized type or a computer -- because you need someone who can keep up with the pace of speaking in the first place -- even if you can type well, you can get the message instantly.
Only when you have a mobile device that can receive messages -- and only if you have a mobile device that can receive messages -- you have the conditions to write like you speak.
And here comes the text message
The structure of text messages is very sloppy.
No one cares about capital letters and punctuation when you send, but when you speak, right?
It's the same when you send a text message.
Texting involves writing, but texting involves writing, but it's essentially speaking with your fingers.
Now I can write like I speak
This is interesting, but people tend to think of it as a kind of depravity.
Text messages are sloppy in structure and tend to deviate from grammar and what you learn in school.
I know that feeling
But what's really happening is the emergence of a kind of diversity.
You can get a glimpse of it from "speaking with your fingers"
To understand it, we have to watch how new structures emerge in this new language.
A common expression in text messages is "lol".
We usually think that "lol" means "to laugh out loud."
Yes, it's basically true, and it's actually used in this sense in old text messages.
But if you're a frequent text messager or conscious of the context behind the change, "lol" no longer really means laughing.
You will notice that it has changed to a more formal language.
This is an actual text message sent recently by a woman in her 20s. This is an actual text message sent recently.
"By the way, I like that font"
Julie: "lol thanks gmail is slow" it's not funny
No one is actually laughing.
Susan "lol yeah" again saying too much laughter for inconvenience
Julie: I sent you an email.
Susan "lol it's here"
If you take "lol" literally, it looks very funny.
Julie: So what happened?
Susan "lol I have to write 10 reports"
there's no reason you think it's funny
where "lol" is
It's used as a sign of sympathy and goodwill.
We linguists call this a pragmatic particle.
commonly used in real speech
In Japanese, we often add "~ne" at the end of sentences.
"yo" is used in words spoken by young black people
It's a subject on which you can write as many papers as you like, and I think there are many people who actually write about it.
"lol" is becoming a pragmatic particle
Here is the actual language usage
Another example is "/" (forward slash)
Traditional slash - like "I'm having a party/get-together" Like "I'm going to have a party/get-together"
will feel
In young people's text messages, slashes are used quite differently.
It is used for changing the topic
For example, Sally says, "So I need to find someone to play with." Jake, "Haha." This "Haha" is also interesting, but I'm not going to do it now. "Haha, are you going alone? Why?"
Sally "During NYU's Summer Program Only"
Jake: "Haha Slash I'm watching a video of a Suns player shooting with one eye."
this slash is funny
I don't know much about the rest of the story, but I do know that the topic changed halfway through.
It sounds silly, but when you think about it, it seems silly, but when you think about it, there are a few ways to smoothly change the subject in a real conversation.
Instead of suddenly changing the subject
They'll tap their knees, they'll look thoughtfully into the distance, or they'll say, "Well, if you say so..." when it's nothing.
You can't do that with text messages, so methods have evolved to make it possible.
Any spoken language has some elements that linguists call new information markers.
A slash is a new information indicator in a text message
New expressions like this are popping up all the time, but it's still easy to think there's something wrong.
something is wrong with the structure
It's not as sophisticated as the language of the Wall Street Journal.
But when you think about it, texting didn't exist yet, but when you think about it, texting didn't exist yet, and someone said this in 1956, when "I Love Lucy" was on the air.
"There are many people who don't know the alphabet or multiplication tables and can't write grammatically." As one teacher said in 1917,
1917 is a time that we all believe was perfect in all respects of writing.
"Universities all over the country are screaming, 'New students don't know how to spell or punctuate.'" You can even go back in time.
In the words of a Harvard president in 1871.
It was a time when there was no electricity and people called people by their full names.
"If you write, you'll have bad spelling, mistakes, and poor expressions."
The people who are getting hit are the people who can keep up with their college studies, except for writing.
Further back
In 1841, an unnamed superintendent was angry because he had long been worried about his neglect of the art of writing.
And even further back in time, A.D. 63 -- (Laughter) a man is complaining about a Latin mess. A man is complaining about a Latin mess.
But the Latin he pointed out later became French.
(Laughter) (Applause) There will always be people who care, and yet the earth keeps spinning...
So what I've been thinking about texting lately is this: what we're seeing right now is a whole new written language that young people are developing, and they're using it in conjunction with their normal written language, so they can speak two words.
Evidence is accumulating that being bilingual has a positive impact on cognition.
The same goes for dialect usage.
It should also apply to the written language.
Texting is evidence that today's youth are subconsciously balancing two languages, increasing their linguistic repertoire.
very simple
Suppose a person from the world of 1973 sees a bulletin board in a student dormitory in 1993. Even if the slang is slightly different from the era of "A Poem of Love," the slang is a little different from the era of "A Poem of Love." Even if it's different, you should be able to understand the contents of the bulletin board.
But 1993 wasn't that long ago, but it took people out like Bill and Ted's Big Adventure.
Written by a modern 20-year-old - even if you let him read a mediocre text message
You probably won't understand half of it, because in this casual moment when young people today speak on their tiny devices, there's a whole new language emerging.
If I could go to the future, let's say 2033, the first thing I would ask is if David Simon made a sequel to "The Wire."
I'd really like to hear this, and then "Downton Abbey"
i want to know what happened
And then I want you to show me a sentence written by a 16-year-old girl. I want you to show me a sentence. I want to study the miracle of language.I want to study the miracle of language that is happening.
thank you very much
(Applause) Thank you. (Applause)
In 1900, travel was like this.
It's a carriage without a hood, and there's no heating.
No air conditioning
A horse pulls a cart at a speed of 1% of the speed of sound, and a rutted dirt road will get you stuck in the mud every time it rains.
This is Boeing 707
Just 60 years after the horse-drawn carriage, the 707 travels at 80% the speed of sound, and it's still the fastest way to travel today, because the supersonic aviation business is dead.
It made me wonder, and I began to wonder, are the best years of American economic growth over?
This leads to the suggestion that economic growth may have stalled.
There's part of the reason why, but it's not discussed.
In fact, there are four headwinds in the American economy, and we're facing them head-on.
The headwinds are demographic change, education, debt and inequality.
These are so powerful that they cut your growth in half.
We need a lot of innovation to make up for the cuts.
My thesis is this: Given this headwind, even with the same level of innovation as the last 150 years, growth would be cut in half.
If innovation isn't as strong as it used to be, and if we can't invent the great and the great, the growth rate will be even lower than half of what it used to be.
Now, this is a graph of economic growth for eight centuries.
The vertical axis shows the annual growth rate in percentage.
The white line is the UK growth rate, and since 1900,
America takes the lead in the economy, and from there, the color of the line changes to red.
We see very little growth in the first four centuries, just 0.2 percent.
then grow steadily
In the 1930s, '40s, '50s, it peaked and started to slow down.
The last step of the falling red line is not actual data.
This part is what I predicted six years ago, that growth would slow down to 1.3 percent.
But what actually happened?
What happened to per capita income growth in the United States over the past six years?
was negative
I came up with this
What if we were to draw a predictive curve based on this historical record?
I can put the end of the curve anywhere I like, but I've settled on 0.2 percent, which is about the same as the first four centuries of British growth on the graph.
So far, historically, we've averaged 2.0 percent growth each year overall, from 1891 to 2007, and have been slightly negative since 2007.
But if growth slows, unlike in the past, where the affluence of living standards has doubled with each generation, we can't expect this country to be twice as prosperous as our parents' generations in the future. I can't even wait
Now let's move on and look at per capita income over time.
This time, the vertical axis is replaced with the current value in thousands of dollars.
You can see that in 1891, on the far left, it was about $5,000.
Right now, we're producing about $44,000 per person.
So what if we could continue to grow in the 2% range over the next 70 years?
calculated mathematically
At 2% growth, living standards will quadruple in 70 years.
means it will be between $44,000 and $180,000
Well it won't be because of the headwind
the first headwind
Demographic change. Obviously, living standards will rise faster than productivity and hourly output, provided the average number of hours worked rises.
Luckily, this phenomenon happened in the '70s and '80s as women entered the labor force.
But now things have turned upside down
Now, the number of working hours continues to shrink. One reason is that the baby boomers are retiring. because it is no longer considered a population
The next headwind is education
The education system also has problems here and there in the "race to the top" -- despite policies.
College tertiary education is experiencing education inflation, and health care inflation is on a dwarf scale.
Higher education has $1 trillion in student loan debt, and on top of that, college completion rates in the United States are 15 percentage points lower than those in Canada.
and have a lot of debt
From 2000 to 2007, our economy grew, but it did so at the expense of consumers taking on an enormous debt overhang.
Now that debt has to be repaid, it's one of the main reasons for slowing the economic recovery.
Of course, as we all know, the federal government's debt-to-GDP ratio is growing at an alarming rate. It's a method of combining restraint.
This brings us down from 1.5% growth to 1.3% when you look at education.
Fourth, there is inequality.
Over the last 15 years, before the crisis, the bottom 99 percent of the income distribution grew at half a percentage point slower than the average we've been talking about.
The rest are all top 1% stuff.
This will slow the growth down to 0.8%.
Even this 0.8% is a big barrier.
Will we grow at 0.8%?
For that to happen, our innovations need to be as important as those that have happened in the last 150 years.
So let's take a look at these past innovations.
In 1875, if you wanted to read at night, you needed a kerosene or gas lamp.
Fuel was polluting, smelly, difficult to work with, dimly lit, and dangerous as a fire hazard.
By 1929, electric lights were ubiquitous.
Skyscrapers appeared, there was the invention of the elevator.
Now skyscrapers in downtown Manhattan are possible.
And in addition to this, during the same period, more and more manual tools were being replaced by power tools or electromechanical devices, all accomplished by electricity.
Electricity was also very powerful in liberating women.
In the late 19th century, women spent two days a week doing laundry.
using a washboard
To dry the clothes, after drying them outside
had to capture
I spent two days out of the week doing this laundry.
And now you can use the electric washing machine.
By 1950, it was ubiquitous.
Women still needed to shop every day, but that was no longer necessary, because electricity brought us electric refrigerators.
Because in the second half of the 19th century, the main source of heat in most homes was the large fireplace in the kitchen, used for cooking and heating.
The bedroom was cold and had no heating
By 1929, but certainly by 1950, central heating was everywhere.
What about the internal combustion engine, invented in 1879?
Before the automobile, America relied entirely on urban horses for locomotion. Horses would unhesitatingly drop 10 to 20 kilograms of dung onto the road each day, along with about four liters of urine.
In urban areas, this amount went from two to four tons per square kilometer per day.
Horses ate a quarter of America's agricultural land.
This is the percentage of agricultural land in the United States needed to feed horses.
Of course, after the automobile was invented, by 1929, automobiles were ubiquitous, and so horse farming land was available for people, and maybe even for export.
There's an interesting ratio: in the United States, in 1900, the ratio of car ownership per household went from zero to 90 percent in 30 years, in just 30 years.
Before the turn of the century, women also had other problems.
All the water for cooking, cleaning and bathing had to be fetched from the outdoors in pails and buckets over and over again.
This is a historical fact from 1885, when the average North Carolina housewife walked 238 kilometers and carried 35 tons of water a year.
By 1929, the cities of this country had underground waterways.
Underground sewer pipes were also laid, and as a result, water-borne diseases such as cholera, one of the greatest plagues of the late 19th century, began to disappear.
Tech optimists may be surprised by the fact that, for the first half of the 20th century alone, the rate of increase in life expectancy rose three times faster than in the second half of the 19th century.
It's a clear fact that nothing can go beyond 100%.
Here are some examples
We've gone from 1% to 90% of the speed of sound.
Electrification, central heating, private cars, they all went from 0% to 100%.
The urban environment has made people more productive than agricultural land.
Shortly after the war, the urban share progressed from 25% to 75%.
What about the electric revolution?
this is an early computer
great mainframe computer
It was invented in 1942, and by 1960, computers were making phone bills and bank statements.
The first mobile phones and personal computers were invented in the 1970s.
Bill Gates brought DOS in the 1980s, ATMs replaced bank tellers, barcode scanners reduced sales jobs.
Fast forward to the '90s, and there was the dot-com revolution, and there was only a brief rise in productivity.
Let's do an experiment with you
What if you had to choose option A or B?
(Laughter) Option A can use inventions from the last 10 years.
You can use Google and Amazon You can use Wikipedia There is also running water and indoor toilets
Option B is to use yesterday's inventions, you can use Facebook, you can use your iPhone, but you can give up the indoor toilet, go to the outdoor toilet, and bring water.
Hurricane Sandy robbed many of us of the 20th century, maybe a few days, maybe a week.
The problem we face is that we have to invent more inventions to match the great inventions of the past. Push it down to %, along with the first line you drew on the spur of the moment.
That's right, this takes us back to the days of horse-drawn carriages.
I want to award Oscars to inventions of the 20th century, from Graham Bell, to Thomas Edison, to the Wright Brothers, and so on.
Can you produce results like ours? this is your problem
Thank you very much
(applause)
About Simplicity. It's a great subject to start with.
To begin with, I was following trends around books, such as the 'ready-to-read' series.
Do you know a book called "Series that even an idiot can understand"?
My daughters pointed out that we look very similar, so that's a bit of a problem.
(Laughter) Anyway, I was looking for a book like this on Amazon.com.
Did you know that there are other "Complete Idiot Guides"?
In this way, it seems that there is a business model around idiots in a way.
For some reason, people like to be offended by technology.
But I liked the idea, so I wrote a book called The Laws of Simplicity.
I was in Milan last week for the publication of the Italian edition.
It is a book about questions in simplicity.
The answer is still less. I myself think, "What is simplicity?"
is that a good one? Or is it bad? Is complexity better? I do not understand.
After finishing The Laws of Simplicity, as you can imagine, I got tired of thinking about simplicity.
Throughout my life, I've realized that vacationing is the most important skill for any successful person.
Because your company is always stealing your life, but it can never steal your vacation. Theoretically.
(Laughter) So I went to Cape Cod last summer to get away from Simplicity, and all I had was black pants, so I stopped by Gap.
So I bought some khaki shorts, etc. Unfortunately, Gap's tagline was "keep it simple."
(Laughter) If you open the magazine, Visa's tagline is, "Business chooses simplicity."
When developing a photo, Kodak says, "Keep it simple."
It felt strange as if Simplicity was chasing me around.
So, I don't usually watch TV, but when I turned on the TV, this guy -- Paris Hilton,
She was on the show "Simple Life".
I watched the show, and it was far from simple, but rather complicated.
(Laughter) I tried to watch another program.
When I opened the TV guide, it seems that this "simple life" is very popular on the E! channel.
It was broadcast over and over again.
(Laughs) It was going to be traumatic, so
I got into my car again trying to escape Simplicity.
Cape Cod has idyllic roads that you can drive on like this.
And when driving, such signs are very important.
A very simple sign that says "Road" and "Road approaching".
When I was driving while looking at them, I saw a sign like this.
(Laughter) I thought the complexity was suddenly attacking me. And I thought, "Simplicity is still important."
So what kind of simplicity can we think of in the case of the beach?
If the sky is 41 percent gray, wouldn't it be the perfect sky?
In this case, it means the sky according to simplicity.
But in reality the sky looks like this. A beautiful, complex sky.
Colors such as pink and blue appear in the sky. In this way, we love complexity.
we are human We like complexity.
We like building relationships. We are very complex beings and we love this kind of thing.
I belong to a place called the Media Lab.
I am sure some of you have heard of this place.
It was designed by I.M. Pei, one of the famous contemporary architects.
Modernism means white box. Here is a perfect white box.
(Laughter) I'm sure some of you are entrepreneurs.
When I visited Google last month, no, but that cafeteria...
You all get stock options here in Silicon Valley,
In academia, you get a lot of titles.
When I gave a TED talk last year, my title was: A lot of titles.
Default title, but he's also the father of my daughters.
At this year's TED, I am very happy to announce that I have a new title in addition to my previous one.
With the new joint research director,
This also happened. We have five daughters in all.
(Laughter) This is my baby Reina. thank you.
My life is made more complicated by the birth of my child. But that's okay. I hope my marriage with my wife will continue.
I would like to go back to when I was a child. I grew up in a tofu shop in Seattle.
Most people don't like tofu, probably because they've never eaten good tofu, but tofu is very delicious. It's a very simple food.
Making tofu takes a lot of effort.
When I was a child, I worked from 1:00 p.m. to 6:00 p.m. six days a week.
My father, like Andy Grove, was a man of extreme concern about competition.
So often seven days a week. Family business means child labor.
We were that model. So I really liked going to school.
School is great, and maybe going to school helped bring me to this media lab.
(laughs) Thank you.
The Media Lab is a very interesting place and a very important place for me. Because I was a computer science undergraduate at the time, and later in life I was involved in design.
There was a man named Muriel Cooper.
Anyone know Muriel Cooper?
Amazing woman, don't you think? Muriel Cooper was an eccentric.
She was also at TED and showed the world how to make computers beautiful again.
She was a very important person in my life. Because he was the one who encouraged me to leave MIT and go to art school.
It was the best advice I have ever had in my life. That's why I went to art school because of her.
She passed away in 1994 and I returned to MIT to replace her, but I am always humbled by her greatness.
All in all, Muriel Cooper is an amazing person.
When I went to art school in Japan, I was blessed. Anyway, it was because I was able to meet Paul Rand.
Some of you may know Paul Rand. Greatest graphic designer, sorry there,
The greatest graphic designer, Paul Rand, is the person who designed the IBM logo and the Westinghouse logo.
He basically said, "I designed everything."
And Ikko Tanaka, Paul Rand from Japan, was a very important mentor in my life. He designed many of the well-known symbols in Japan such as ISSEY MIYAKE and MUJI.
Kareem Abdul Jabbar was talking about mentors the other day, but when you have mentors in your life, the problem is they die.
This is sad, but it is also a joy. Because we can remember them in their pure form.
The mentors we meet seem to give us humanity.
As we get older and try to do crazy things, our mentors keep us cool.
I am very grateful to my mentors. I'm sure you are all the same.
Because when I'm at MIT, I don't really touch on humanity.
The T stands for "technology", not "human".
That's why I always thought about "humanity".
So all this time I've been googling this word "human" to see how many hits I get.
In 2001, it had 26 million hits, while A Little Against Humanity Computer had 42 million hits. Let me do it Al Gore style here.
Comparing in this way, "computers" versus "humans", if you track this down to last year, the ratio of "computers" versus "humans" has changed over the last year.
Until recently, the difference was more than double, but recently humans are catching up.
We humans are doing our best. We started to go side by side with computers.
Interesting things are happening in the world of Simplicity.
When comparing complexity and simplicity, simplicity is catching up in a way as well.
Somehow, I think humans and simplicity are related to each other.
I confess that I am not the person who embodies simplicity.
When I started my career, I was just making complex pieces.
I made a lot of complicated things.
I wrote a program to create complex graphics like this.
A Japanese client asked me to create something this complicated.
I've always felt sorry for this in a way.
So I hid myself in chronological order,
I made things in the space-time dimension.
I made this series of calendars for Shiseido.
This is a flower-themed calendar I made in 1997, and this is the fireworks calendar. Launch the numbers into the sky. Japanese people seem to believe that when they see fireworks, they somehow feel cooler.
For this reason, there are fireworks festivals in summer in Japan.
It's a very extreme culture.
Finally, this is a calendar representing autumn. Because there are many leaves in my garden,
These represent the leaves in my garden.
In this way, I made many works like this.
Luckily, I was able to get ahead of others before they did something similar. I've made a lot of works that look like blinders.
I feel a little sorry about this.
Paola Antonelli will speak tomorrow. I like her.
She now has an exhibition like this at MoMA, where you can see some of my early work through a MoMA wall-mounted display.
If you live in New York, please go see it.
There's one problem with making moving pieces like this, people say to me, 'Oh, I know your work.
You are the one who makes eye candy. "Is called.
When I say this, it makes me feel a little strange.
"Eye candy" sounds a little ironic, doesn't it? So instead
"No, I make eye meat," I answer.
(Laughter) Eye meat is different, fibrous, and probably more powerful. But what exactly is eye meat?
I was actually much more interested in computer programs.
A computer program is basically a tree, and one problem arises when creating art with a computer program.
The paradox exists that when you create art using a computer program, you are always with the tree, and you have to leave the tree to create good art.
I found this complexity.
So to get away from that tree, I started using my old computer.
I brought these to Tokyo in 2001 to create computer objects.
This represents my new typing using my old Color Classic.
You can't type well with this.
I also discovered that infrared mice reacted to the light emitted by the CRT and began to move on their own. This is an automatic drawing machine.
Then, one day, I saw a caddy coming out of the Bondi Blue G3 with a bang.
I thought, ``This is interesting.
I actually did a collision test.
(Laughter) We measured the strength of the impact, so to speak. I made these things to understand the essence of the actual materials used.
(Laughter) Shortly after this, 9/11 happened and I was very depressed.
Concern about the expressions of anger and the sorrowful contemporary art made me want to think of something happy.
So I focused on the food area. I picked up a mandarin orange skin like this.
Peeling a mandarin orange at once is said to be wonderful in Japan. Has anyone done this in the past? Have you ever peeled a mandarin orange at once?
Those who haven't tried it yet are losing out.
It was a great experience and I discovered that I could actually use it to make sculptures in many different ways.
If you dry it quickly, you can make elephants, cows, etc., but my wife didn't like it because it got moldy, so I stopped doing it.
So I went back to my computer, bought five large boxes of French fries, and scanned them all. I was looking for some kind of food research topic, so I created a software that automatically places images of french fries.
When I was a kid, I used to listen to that song that everyone is familiar with. "Ah, how beautiful the open sky, the amber rippling ears of grain." So I created this amber wave image.
It's like a Midwestern cornfield made out of French fries.
Also, as a kid, I was the fattest kid in my class, and I loved Cheetos. Oh my favorite Cheetos, they look delicious.
So I wanted to play with Cheetos somehow.
Not knowing how to proceed, I invented cheat paint.
Cheetos Paint is a very easy way to paint with Cheetos.
(Laughs) I realized that Cheetos is a very expressive material,
I started thinking, "What can I make out of these Cheetos?"
So I prepared potato chips and pretzels cut into jagged pieces,
I tried to make it look like something, and in the end, I was able to make 100 butterflies "fries."
Do you understand? (Laughter) Each butterfly “fly” is made up of different parts.
People ask me how I made the antenna part,
That's my hair, like sometimes there's hair in food.
My hair is clean so it's fine.
I'm a tenured professor, so basically I don't have to work anymore.
It's a very strange business model. I can go to work every day and spend all day staring at five stapled sheets of paper with a cafe latte in my hand.
that's all.
(Laughter) But that kind of life would be very boring. I started thinking about life and suddenly noticed something very strange about my digital camera and my car.
A car is a very big object and a camera is a very small object, yet the camera's manual is much larger than the car's manual.
This is completely incomprehensible.
(Laughter) When I was on Cape Cod, I wrote the word "simplicity." Then, in a mystical form of M-Night Shyamalan, I discovered the word "M-I-T", the letters you know.
Simplicity and Complexity contain the letters "M-I-T".
A little spooky, don't you think?
Therefore, I decided to work on this theme for the next 20 years or so.
I wrote this book, The Law of Simplicity.
This is a very short and simple book. There are 10 laws and 3 keys.
I won't go into those details today. That's what the book is for, and we make it available for free on the web.
The 10 rules are as diverse as sushi.
Some rules have high barriers, like sushi toppings.
The 10th law is as high a barrier as sea urchins that you are not good at.
Some people even hate the tenth law as much as sea urchins.
The three keys are easy to implement. It's easy to eat like a cooked conger eel.
Then enjoy your sushi later with the laws of simplicity.
Because I want to keep things simple for you.
It's all about how to keep things simple, that's the theme of this book.
So, to make the Law of Simplicity short, there's the "cookies versus the laundry" analogy.
If you have children, you know that if your children were to choose between a large cookie and a small cookie, which cookie would they choose? It's a big cookie.
Even if you say that a small cookie contains Godiva chocolate granules, it doesn't make sense to a child. He wants a big cookie.
But if you were to ask your child to fold two piles of laundry, would he choose the small pile or the large pile?
Strangely enough, it's not a big mountain. So it's that simple.
If you want more, it's because you want to enjoy it.
Because if you want less, it's about work.
So, ultimately, simplicity is about living life with more fun and less pain.
I think it's simply a matter of more or less.
It mostly depends.
I wrote this book because I wanted to know about life.
I love life and I am happy to be alive. i like to see things
In Simplicity, life is a very big proposition. Because it is very difficult to keep your life simple.
I can't help but love to see the world. The world is an amazing place.
Attending TED allows us to see many things at once.
I can't help but enjoy seeing everything in the world.
Every time I wake up
Everything you experience is so much fun.
Strange hotel lobbies, saran wrap on the windows, when I paved the road in front of my house black and found this white moth dead in the sun.
All these events excite me. Because life is finite.
This is the data I received from the chairman of Shiseido.
He is an expert on aging. This horizontal axis shows how old you are: 12, 24, 74, 96, and so on. And this is some medical data. Brain capacity increases until the age of 60, after which it gradually declines. It's kind of depressing in a way.
Next, let's look at physical fitness.
I have a lot of cocky MIT freshmen, and they say, 'Oh, your bodies are really getting stronger and stronger, but by the time you're in your late 20s and mid-30s, your cells start dying. I'll tell you.
After hearing this, there are some people who work even harder at training.
There is also something interesting about vision.
From infancy, eyesight improves with age, and in the late teens and early twenties, people search for a partner, and then their eyesight begins to decline.
(Laughter) Social responsibility is also interesting.
As you get older, you may want to have children.
And once your child graduates, your responsibilities are gone. I think this is also a good thing.
So what increases with age? What are the good things about getting older?
I think that insight improves with age.
I love 80 and 90 year old men and women.
They have many thoughts and many insights. And this TED initiative also
This is my fourth time attending, and it's like I'm here for this insight.
The overall effect of TED seems to be to increase insight.
I am very happy to be here. Thanks for joining us, Chris.
It's been a great experience for me too.
growth is not dead
(Applause) Let's start from 120 years ago, when American factories switched to electricity, and the Second Industrial Revolution was about to ignite.
Amazingly, over the next 30 years, factory productivity didn't improve -- 30 years.
In the meantime, the executives have changed completely.
So the original executives simply turned the steam engine into an electric motor, they didn't reorganize the factory to take advantage of the flexibility of electricity.
It was the next generation that invented new ways of working, and the resulting spikes in productivity saw double and even triple improvements.
Electricity is an example of general purpose technology, as is the steam engine that preceded it.
Commodity technology drives most of our economic growth, because it's complemented by a flurry of innovations, from light bulbs to factory restructuring.
So is there a universal technology in this day and age?
Of course it's a computer
But technology alone is not enough
We cannot entrust the entire future to technology.
People shape the future. Factories needed to be reorganized, and like previous generations of executives, organizations and even the entire economic system would need to be reinvented.
This review is still inadequate
As I'm going to show you, productivity is doing well, but it's becoming decoupled from employment, and the typical worker's income is stagnant.
This problem is sometimes analyzed as "innovation is dead," but that's not true. It's the growing pains of changing times. Andrew McAfee and I have dubbed this era the "New Machine Age."
Let's take a look at the data
Shows GDP per capita in USA
Although there are some irregularities, the graph as a whole is straight and follows a ruler.
The scale of the graph is logarithmic, which means constant growth means that growth is accelerating in real numbers.
This shows productivity
There's a bit of a stagnation in the mid-'70s, and there was a similar stagnation during the Second Industrial Revolution, when we were trying to figure out how to electrify factories.
After a slump, productivity picked up again.
You might say, "History doesn't repeat itself, but it rhymes."
Now, productivity is at an all-time high, and despite the Great Recession, productivity growth in the 2000s outpaced that of the 1990s, when the boom times were more productive than the '70s and '80s.
grew faster than it did during the Second Industrial Revolution
This data is for the US only.
Look at the world and it gets better
Over the past decade, global income has grown at an unprecedented rate.
But these numbers rather underestimate progress, because the new machine age will focus more on knowledge creation than on material production.
Mind over substance Brain over strength Ideas over things
Unfortunately, traditional economic statistics don't cover it, because more and more of it is free: Wikipedia, Google, Skype, and once it's on the web, this TED talk is free.
it's good to get it for free
yeah of course
But that's what economists don't count in GDP.
Anything with a price of zero has zero weight in the GDP statistic.
Statistics show that the music industry is half the size it was 10 years ago, but I'm listening to more good music than ever before.
Is that the case with you too?
My research estimates that total GDP is $300 billion worth of missing free goods and services online each year.
Now let's look to the future
Some very smart people have argued that growth is over, but in order to understand growth in the future, we have to make predictions about the drivers of growth.
I'm optimistic because the new machine age will be characterized by digital exponential combinations.
Anything that's digitized can be duplicated, perfect quality, almost zero cost, and instant delivery.
Welcome to the economy of excess.
The digital world also has subtle benefits
Measurement is essential to science and progress
In the age of big data, we can measure the world in ways never before possible.
Second, the characteristics of the Machine Age are exponential.
Computers advance faster than ever before
A child's PlayStation today is more powerful than a military supercomputer in 1996.
But people tend to think of linear growth.
As a result, I am amazed at the exponential growth
I used to teach in class that even computers can be bad at things, like driving a car on the road.
(Laughter) You're right, Andy and I are laughing like idiots in this picture because it's right after we drove Route 101. Yes, it was self-driving.
Thirdly, the new mechanical era is characterized by combination
The stagnationist sees ideas as dead, like low-lying fruit, but in reality every innovation is a building block for more innovation.
Here's an example of one of my students developing an app in just a few weeks that quickly gained 1.3 million users.
It was easy because we built the app using Facebook, and Facebook uses the web, and the web uses the Internet, and so on and on.
Digital Exponential Combination Any one of these alone is a game changer.
Combined, we're seeing an astounding wave of innovation: robots working in factories, robots that can run faster than cheetahs, and robots that can leap over tall buildings.
Yes, robotic innovation extends to cat locomotion.
(Laughter) And the most important invention is machine learning.
Let's take a look at IBM's Watson
The quiz show Jeopardy! It is a graph showing the results of the winners of
In the beginning, Watson was a total wreck, but he progressed faster than anyone, and shortly after Dave Ferrucci showed this graph to my class at MIT, Watson said, 'Jeopardy! defeated the world champion of
He's seven years old, and Watson is still kind of a kid.
Internet surfing alone is allowed these days.
From the next day, terrible words began to be mixed in the answers
Damn (Laughter) But Watson's growing up fast.
Call centers are starting to adopt it after trials
It's been tested in law, in banking, in medicine, and it's starting to be used in some areas.
Isn't it ironic that some people argue that innovation is stagnating at a time when the most important inventions in human history are appearing - building intelligent machines?
Like the first two industrial revolutions, it will take at least a hundred years for the full impact of the new machine age to become apparent, but the end result is staggering.
Is there anything to worry about?
Yes, we cannot entrust the entire future to technological development.
Productivity is at an all-time high, but fewer people have jobs.
The wealth created in the last decade is unprecedented, but the incomes of most Americans have fallen.
This is the great separation between productivity and employment, between wealth and work.
This great division has disillusioned millions of people, but, like many others, they have misunderstood its basic causes.
Technology is ahead of us, and more and more people are being left behind.
Now, if it's a repetitive task, you can program it into instructions that the machine understands, and it can be repeated a million times.
I recently heard a conversation like this that best describes this new economy.
“Recently, I have decided not to use HRB tax services.
Tax returns can be completed by TurboTax alone, and this is quicker, cheaper, and more accurate.”
Can an experienced clerk beat $39 software?
That's impossible
Millions of Americans now complete their tax returns quickly, cheaply and accurately, although the founder of Intuit is well rewarded.
17 percent of tax return clerks lost their jobs
It's a microcosm of what's happening right now, not just in software and services, but in media and music, in finance and manufacturing and retail and trade, in all industries.
Humans are competing against machines, and many people are losing the race.
How Can We Share Prosperity Widely?
Slowing down technology is not the answer
Instead of competing with machines, we have to compete with machines.
this is our big problem
The new machine era began 15 years ago when world chess champion Garry Kasparov took on the supercomputer Deep Blue.
Since the day the machine won, now even a chess program that runs on a mobile phone can beat a chess master.
When asked about his strategy for playing against a computer in such a difficult situation, the Dutch master Jan Doner replied, "I'll take the hammer."
(Laughter) But nowadays, even computers aren't the world's chess champions.
Not even people. Kasparov organized a freestyle tournament where humans and computers could compete together. The winning team had no chess masters and no supercomputers.
What the winning team had was excellent teamwork, showing that when humans and computers teamed up, they could beat any computer, or any single player.
Competing with machines is better than competing with machines
We cannot entrust the entire future to technology.
people shape the future
thank you
(applause)
Liu Bolin: By becoming invisible, what I want to challenge is the relationship between our civilization and its evolution -- a counterbalance.
Interpreter: By becoming invisible, I seek to examine and question the contradictions and countervailing relationships between our civilization and its development.
LB: This is my first work, made in November 2005.
This is the Beijing International Art Village, where I was working until the government forced me to remove it.
At the same time, I want you to look at the living conditions of artists and the current state of freedom to create.
On the other hand, the series has had a spirit of resistance and speculation and an uncompromising spirit from the beginning.
Like a sniper, makeup allows me to protect myself and spot my enemies, just like this guy (Laughter). And I realized that not just me, but all Chinese people are confused.
As you can see, they're all about family planning, legal elections, propaganda for the system of people's congresses.
This work is "The person who left the workplace"
In Chinese, "fired" is a roundabout way of saying:
People who lost their jobs as China transitioned from a planned economy to a market economy.
Between 1998 and 2000, 21.37 million people lost their jobs in China 21.37 million people lost their jobs in China
The six people pictured here are also "left-off" workers.
We made six people invisible in the remains of the store where they lived and worked.
On the wall behind us is the Cultural Revolution slogan: "The Communist Party of China, the power that leads our cause."
I spent half a month looking for people to participate in the work.
There are only six people here, but the truth is that all the laid-off workers are hidden, you just can't see them.
The title of this work is "Studio"
This spring, while I was having a solo exhibition in Paris, I had the opportunity to shoot at France3's news studio, and I chose the news photo of the day.
One of the wars in the Middle East - the other of the French demonstrations.
I realized that in every culture there are inescapable contradictions.
This is a collaboration between me and the French artist JR
Interpreter: This is a collaboration between me and the French artist JR
(Applause) LB: I tried to blend in with JR's eyes, but JR only uses models with big eyes.
I opened my eyes with my finger
Unfortunately it was still too small
Interpreter: I tried to blend in with JR's eyes, but JR only uses models with large eyes.
I opened my eyes with my finger
It doesn't work. My eyes were too small.
LB: This is a piece about the memory of 9/11.
This is an aircraft carrier moored in the Hudson River.
It's Kenny Scharf's graffiti art.
(Laughter) Venice, Italy.
It is predicted that global warming will cause sea levels to rise and that they will disappear in the next few decades.
This is the ancient city of Pompeii
Interpreter: This is the ancient city of Pompeii
LB: It's the Borghese Gallery in Rome LB: It's the Borghese Gallery in Rome
When I create a new piece, I take care to allow my thoughts to emerge.
For example, why do you make yourself invisible?
What can you make people think by becoming invisible here?
This is a work called "instant ramen"
Interpreter: It's called "Instant Ramen." (Laughter) LB: Since August 2012, harmful fluorescent substances have been found in all famous brand instant ramen containers sold in Chinese supermarkets.
This fluorescent substance is also carcinogenic.
To make this piece, I bought a lot of cup noodles and displayed them in the studio to make it look like a supermarket.
My job is to stand still, and then position the camera and work with my assistant to paint the colors and shapes behind my body on the front, even when the background is simple, three or four. time is standing
In the case of this work, the background is much more complicated, so it takes 3-4 days to prepare in advance.
This is the outfit I wore during the supermarket shoot.
The image has not been processed in any way
Interpreter: This is the outfit I wore during the supermarket shoot.
(Laughter) LB: This is about Chinese cultural memory.
And this is a piece about food safety in China, and this is a piece about food safety in China.
Unsafe food is bad for people's health, but a lot of magazines are misleading. represents whether
I believe that the most important element in art is the attitude of the artist.
If a work of art moves you, it's not just the skill, it's the artist's thought and effort.
Through repeated struggles in life, a work of art is born in any form.
(Music) That's it. Thank you very much. (Applause)
Thank you very much. (Applause)
bean bag cushions are the best
But I see some people standing over there.
Using the resources on weight loss in the Livestrong Foundation's online database, I can do the math. By the time I finish this speech, people who are standing are burning 7.5 more calories than people who are sitting on bean bags. let
(Laughter) Now, I have a question. Weight loss. More specifically, weight.
I'm actually in front of you and we're all here together.
But this speech has been recorded and videotaped for people around the world to watch on their computers, mobile devices and televisions.
my weight is about 86 kg
How much does the video weigh?
I think about these questions every week on my channel Vsauce.
Over the last two years, I've been thinking about really interesting questions.
I research and write, produce and host, edit and upload, and manage my social media on my own, but I'm not alone, because Vsauce has over 2 million subscribers, and my videos are over 20 million people each month. is being watched by
That's right
(Applause) It's very exciting.
I've found that quirky questions are a great way to engage people, not just people, but fans.
Fans aren't just viewers or spectators; they keep coming back.
Fans want to subscribe to your YouTube channel and see everything you've made and all that you plan to make. People are curious, and it's a great temptation to pique their curiosity.
It's a good way to capture people's hearts
Once you've captured someone's heart, you have a kind of captive audience in front of you, and you're taught a lot in the process, with the ultimate answer in mind.
Check out some of my videos here
there are about eight
In the bottom right corner, it says, "What color is the mirror?"
When I saw the title, I couldn't help but click because -- "Are you serious?
There is no way I can answer such a question.”
Well, so far, 7.6 million people have watched a five-minute video about what color mirrors are.
In that episode, I'm able to answer that question and also explain a subject that many people think is a bit boring -- optics -- diffusion and specular reflection -- the properties of light, how light behaves on the retina, and white and black. It is the etymology of words that express colors such as
Now, spoiler alert: mirrors aren't transparent, and they're not silver, as they say.
Strictly speaking, the mirror is only slightly—
it's green
This can be demonstrated by placing two mirrors facing each other and reflecting them infinitely at each other.
If you look behind an endless stream of reflections, it gets darker and darker, because light is lost or absorbed with each reflection. As for the light, it's because this light is most likely to be reflected by mirrors.
Now, how much does the video weigh?
When you stream video to your computer, that information is temporarily stored electronically.
The number of electrons in a computer doesn't really increase or decrease.
But to store it in one place, you need energy, and thanks to Albert Einstein, we know there's a relationship between energy and mass.
Now think about it, you're watching a YouTube video in 720p, which is a very nice resolution.
Using typical bitrates, it turns out that one minute of YouTube video needs to use about 10 million electrons in your computer.
If you apply this formula to the electrons it takes to watch that video and the energy to hold it together, then one minute of YouTube video adds roughly 10 to the minus 19th power of grams to your computer's mass.
When I write it out, it looks like this
(whistling) It's almost nothing.
It doesn't matter if you say it's "nearly nothing," because even the best instruments invented to detect this change can only accurately measure 10 to the minus 9 grams. is
So you can't measure it, but you can calculate it.
And this is great because when I was a kid, my school had two shelves of science books.
It was great, but I read it all in about two years. It was hard to get more books, because they were heavy, they needed storage space, and moving books back then was harder than it is now. was
With this light weight, I can fit thousands of books in my e-reader.
You can stream YouTube videos for hours or even days without actually slowing down your computer.
When information becomes this lightweight, it becomes more democratic, because more teachers, more moderators, more creators, more viewers can participate than ever before.
Now YouTube is experiencing an explosion of this kind of content.
The three Vsauce channels are in the corners of the screen,
When you put the other channels together, the views on them dwarf the views on the videos I'm working on alone or co-creating, which is very exciting.
Arousing people's curiosity and taking responsibility for answering their questions is a great way to build a fan base, an audience, and an audience.
It's also a great way for brands and businesses to gain trust.
So while calculating the weight of a video is a bit of an odd question, I'm excited to see what questions I'll come up with and answer next.
thank you for always watching
(applause)
My relationship with the internet reminds me of a run-of-the-mill horror movie setting.
Here's a happy family in their perfect new home envisioning their perfect future It's sunny outside and I hear the birds chirping
But soon it will be night
sound from the attic
You realize the house you thought was perfect isn't
In 2006, when I started at Google, Facebook was two years old and Twitter didn't exist yet.
And I was in awe of the internet and its potential, that it would bring us closer together, make us smarter, and make us more free.
But as we got involved in the fascinating business of creating search engines, video-sharing sites, and social networks, criminals, dictators, and terrorists found ways to abuse those same platforms against us.
We couldn't foresee it and we couldn't stop it.
Over the past few years, geopolitical forces have moved online with the intent of subversiveness.
Google, on the other hand, helped me and a few colleagues to create an organization called Jigsaw, whose mission is to protect people from threats like violent extremism, censorship, persecution, born in Iran, violence. It's a threat I personally feel very strongly about, having left the country after a violent revolution.
But I've noticed that even with all the resources of the world's technology companies combined, they're going to fail if they miss just one critical factor: the threat I mentioned earlier. Experiences of victims and perpetrators
There are many issues that I can talk about here today.
I will narrow it down to two
The first is terrorism
I met with dozens of former extremist members to understand the process of radicalization.
One of them, a British schoolgirl, was taken off the plane at London Heathrow on her way to Syria to join ISIS.
And he was only 13 years old
I sat down with the child's father and asked, "Why?"
The answer was, "When I saw pictures of what life was like in Syria, I knew I could live in an Islamic Disneyland."
That was ISIS from the child's point of view.
He thought he'd meet someone like ISIS' Brad Pitt there, get married, spend all day shopping at the mall, and live happily ever after.
ISIS knows what moves people, and crafts a message that is painstakingly tailored to each reader.
Look at how many languages ​​ISIS' recruitment materials have been translated into.
We create brochures, radio programs and videos in English and Arabic, but also in German, Russian, French, Turkish, Kurdish, Hebrew and Chinese.
I've even seen a sign language video made by ISIS.
Just think about it, ISIS has gone to great lengths and effort to make sure that people who are deaf can get their message.
ISIS doesn't win hearts and minds because it's tech savvy.
This is because we identify the prejudices, weaknesses, and desires of the person we want to convey our thoughts to.
That's why it's not enough to look at removing ISIS recruitment materials from the internet.
If we want to develop useful technology to counter extremism, we have to start at the heart of human life.
So we went to Iraq to meet the heroism and justice promised by ISIS, to meet the young men who took up arms as fighters but deserted after seeing the brutality of ISIS's rule.
I was sitting in a simple makeshift prison in northern Iraq with a 23-year-old who had been trained as a suicide bomber before ISIS escaped.
He said, "I arrived in Syria full of hope, but immediately afterward, they took away the two most important things to me: my passport and my mobile phone."
I was stripped of my physical and electronic symbols of freedom as soon as they arrived.
About that moment of loss he
I put it this way: "It's like the scene in the Tom and Jerry cartoon where Jerry is trying to escape and Tom locks the door and swallows the key and you can see it going down Tom's throat and into his stomach. feeling"
Of course, I could clearly see the scenes he described, and I could really relate to the feelings he was trying to convey, the feeling of helplessness when you knew there was no way out.
And then I wondered, what would have happened if there had been something that made him change his mind on the day he left home?
So I asked, "If you knew everything you know now -- the pain, the corruption, the brutality of ISIS the day you left home, would you still go?"
he answered yes
I was confused when I heard that, and he said, "At that point, I was too brainwashed to accept any information that denied ISIS.
My feelings wouldn't change."
"What if you knew half a year before that?" I asked.
"I probably would have changed my mind then," he replied.
Radicalization is not a simple yes or no choice.
It happens as people question ideas, religions, and living conditions.
So we search the internet for answers, and this is an opportunity for ISIS.
There are also videos of people who know the right answers floating around the internet, like the story of a runaway who tells how he entered and escaped a violent world, or the story of a young man he met in an Iraqi prison.
Some of the locals even uploaded pictures of what life was like under ISIS' rule with their cell phones.
Some clerics preach a peaceful interpretation of Islam.
But these people are usually
Not as outspoken as ISIS
We risk our lives to stand up to terrorist propaganda, but tragically, our words fall short of those who deserve to hear them most.
At our company, we tried to change that with the power of technology.
In 2016, we partnered with Moonshot CVE to test a new countermeasure against extremists: the "redirect method."
It's about using the power of online advertising to bridge the chasm that exists between those who are vulnerable to ISIS's outreach and those who have credibility to expose ISIS' shortcomings.
So here's how it works. If someone looking for information about extremists did a search for "how to get into ISIS," they'd see a cleric, a deserter, someone who knew the right answer -- a YouTube video. A leading ad will appear
Ad targeting is done by identifying things that are directly related to what a person is searching for or asking, regardless of who the searcher is.
After an eight-week pilot study in English and Arabic, we were able to reach more than 300,000 people who expressed interest in, or sympathy with, extremist Islamist groups.
They were able to watch a video that might help them avoid making catastrophic choices.
And because violent extremism is not confined to one language, religion, or ideology, redirect methods are now being rolled out all over the world to protect people from being approached by followers of violent ideologies online. The goal is to give people, whether they are extremists, white supremacists, or other violent extremists, a chance to choose a different path by listening to those who are on the other side of the path they are taking.
After all, bad guys are often just good at exploiting the internet, not because they're tech savvy, but because they know what makes people tick.
Now let me give you a second example: online harassment.
Online harassers also want to know what makes people emotional.
But like ISIS, it's not to recruit, it's to inflict pain.
Imagine you're a woman, you're married, you have children.
I posted something on the internet, and there was a comment saying that I was going to rape him, and I was going to do it in front of my son, and he would even give me details of when and where.
And for all to see, he published his home address.
It feels like a big threat
can i go home
Can you keep doing what you've been doing?
Can you continue to do things that irritate the perpetrator?
Cyberbullying these days has become the culmination of a twisted game of figuring out what makes people angry, what makes them scared, what makes them uneasy, and then pokes them until they shut up.
When harassment on the Internet is rampant, it becomes impossible to speak freely.
Even the organizers of discussions raise their hands and give up and close comments and forums.
What that means is that we're losing out on the internet as a place to meet and exchange ideas.
And we end up talking only to like-minded people where we're left.
But it also encourages the spread of misinformation and contributes to polarization.
Couldn't we use technology to spread empathy instead?
This question has led to partnerships with Google's anti-abuse technology team and newspapers like Wikipedia and the New York Times.
The idea is to see if we can build a machine learning model that understands how words affect emotions.
I wondered if I could predict a comment that would push someone out of an online conversation.
That would be the most difficult skill
Achieving AI isn't half-hearted.
If you think about the two messages that may have been sent to me last week, you can see that.
"Do your best (as much as break your leg) at TED"
and "I'll break your leg at TED"
(Laughter) Because you're all human, you can see that there's a clear difference between words that sound almost the same.
It takes some training to teach an utterance pattern before an AI can recognize it.
The beauty of building an AI that can tell the difference is that it can be scaled up to scale with the scale of online abuse.
Thanks to Perspective, the New York Times, for example, has made more conversations online.
Prior to our partnership, only about 10% of all articles could be commented on.
But thanks to machine learning, it went up to 30%.
It's three times what it used to be.
But it's not just about efficiency on the part of the conversation host.
Now that you're in sight, I can guess how my story will be received.
There is no such opportunity on the Internet
What if we could use machine learning to give instant feedback about how the commenter might be perceived by the other person while they were typing, like facial expressions in a face-to-face conversation?
Machine learning isn't perfect, it still makes a lot of mistakes.
But if we can develop technology that understands the emotional impact of words, we can cultivate empathy.
What that means is that conversations can take place between people with different political views, different worldviews, and different values.
It can revitalize an online space that most people have abandoned.
Those who use technology to exploit and harm others are fed by human fears and vulnerabilities.
If it ever crossed your mind that you could create an internet world that's insulated from the ugly side of humanity, you're wrong.
If you want to build technology that can overcome the challenges that humans face, you have to put your heart and soul into understanding the problem and creating a solution that's as human as the problem.
let us make it happen
Thank you for your attention
(applause)
I'm an MIT professor, but my specialty isn't designing buildings or computer systems.
I make artificial limbs for humans, bionic limbs that enhance walking and running.
In 1982, I had an accident while climbing and had both legs amputated due to tissue damage from frostbite.
These are my legs, and inside are 24 sensors, 6 microprocessors, actuators that act as muscles and tendons.
So from my knees down, it's a mass of machinery.
But this advanced bionic technology allows me to skip, dance and run.
(Applause) Thank you.
(Applause) I'm a bionic man, but I'm not a cyborg yet.
When I think about moving my legs, nerve signals travel through my central nervous system and move the muscles in my remaining legs.
An artificial electrode picks up that signal, and a tiny computer inside the bionic leg translates the neural pulses into intended movement patterns.
Simply put, when I think about moving, that command is sent to the prosthetic part of my body.
But the computer can't pass information to my nervous system.
When I touch something with my prosthetic leg or move it around, I don't feel the normal touch or movement.
If I could be a cyborg, able to feel my legs through a tiny computer that feeds information into my nervous system, my relationship with artificial limbs would be radically changed.
Now I can't feel my legs, so my legs are separate instruments, disconnected from my mind and body.
not part of me
If I was a cyborg and I could feel my legs, I would be able to feel these legs as part of me.
At MIT, we're thinking about "neuro-embodied design."
In this design method, the designer designs the human biological body itself in conjunction with the artificial component to enhance the two-way connection between the nervous system and the artificial component.
Neuro-embodied design is a method of creating cyborg functions
In the process of designing, the designers envision a future where technology no longer compromises with lifeless tools, separate from the human mind and body, a future where technology is carefully integrated into our natural ways, living and not. It's a world where the boundaries between people and non-natural things and non-natural things become infinitely ambiguous.
In that future, mankind will acquire new bodies.
Neuro-embodied design extends our nervous system into the man-made world, extends the man-made world into us, and fundamentally changes our existence.
By designing our biological bodies to better interact with the world of artificially designed objects, humanity will provide the scientific and technological foundations to eliminate disability and extend human capabilities in the 21st century. It will elevate cognitive, emotional and physical human functioning beyond the innate physical level.
From the molecular to the tissue to the organ level, there are many different ways to create a new body.
Today I'm going to talk to you about the field of neuro-embodied design, the modification and construction of the body through surgical and regenerative medical processes.
Today's amputees haven't really advanced since the Civil War, and they've become obsolete in the face of dramatic advances in actuators, control systems, and neural interface technology.
What's missing is dynamic muscle engagement for control and proprioception.
What is proprioception?
When you bend your ankle, the muscles in front of your shin contract while the muscles in back stretch.
The opposite happens when you extend your ankle.
Thus, the muscles in the back of the leg contract and the muscles in the front lengthen.
As these muscles stretch and contract, sensory receptors in the muscles and tendons send information through nerves to the brain.
That's why I can tell what's going on with my legs without even looking at them.
Current limb amputations cut off this dynamic muscle engagement, resulting in a loss of proprioception.
As a result, standard prostheses cannot provide feedback to the nervous system about where the prosthesis is in space.
As a result, the patient cannot visually sense the position and movement of the joints in the prosthesis.
Both my legs were amputated the Civil War era way.
I can feel my legs right now through phantom limb consciousness.
I can't move even if I want to
It's like your feet are stuck in thick ski boots.
To solve these problems, at MIT, we created the agonist-antagonist muscle-neural interface, or AMI for short.
AMI is a method of connecting nerves in the remaining part of the body to an external bionic prosthesis.
What are AMIs and how do they work?
AMI consists of two surgically connected muscles, a prime mover and an antagonist.
When the agonist muscle contracts due to electrical stimulation, it lengthens the antagonist muscle.
This dynamic interaction of the muscles allows the sensory organs in the muscles and tendons to transmit information through the nerves to the central nervous system about the length, velocity and force applied to the muscles and tendons.
This is how muscle/tendon proprioception works, and it's the basic way we humans perceive and perceive the position, movement, and applied force of our limbs.
When amputating a limb, the surgeon connects opposing muscles of the remaining limb to create an AMI.
We can also create multiple AMIs to control and sense multiple prosthetic joints.
Artificial electrodes are then implanted into each AMI muscle, and a tiny computer inside the bionic limb analyzes the signals and controls powerful motors in the limb.
When the bionic limb moves, the AMI muscles move back and forth, sending signals through nerves to the brain, giving the wearer a natural sense of the position and movement of the prosthesis.
Can this tissue design principle actually be applied to the human body?
A few years ago, my friend of 34 years, Jim Ewing, called me for help.
I had a serious climbing accident.
In the Cayman Islands, the rope came off and I fell 15 meters.
I had a lot of trauma, a punctured lung, and broken bones all over the place.
After this accident, he still hoped to return to climbing, but would that be possible?
The answer was Team Cyborg, a group of surgeons, scientists and engineers at MIT to rebuild Jim's body to its former strength as a climber.
A member of the team, Dr. Matthew Carty, amputated Jim's badly damaged leg in an AMI procedure at Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston.
A tendon pulley was attached to the tibia to connect the opposing muscles.
The AMI method reconstructed the neural circuits between the muscles that move Jim's ankle and his brain.
When Jim tries to move his phantom limb, the connected muscles move in pairs, sending proprioceptive signals through the nerves to his brain, so Jim can feel the position and movement of his ankle and beyond as a natural sensation, even when he's blindfolded. can be
This is Jim in a post-surgery lab at MIT.
We connected Jim's AMI muscles to the bionic prosthesis via electrodes, and Jim quickly learned how to move the bionic prosthesis' ankle joint in all four directions.
We were happy with the results, but then Jim got up and something really amazing happened.
The natural biomechanics mediated by the central nervous system are recreated as involuntary reflexes through artificial limbs.
The intricate footwork of climbing stairs -- (applause) -- unfolded in front of me.
Here we are walking down a flight of stairs, stretching our bionic toes to the bottom step and letting our feet move automatically and naturally without any conscious effort to move them.
Because Jim's central nervous system receives signals from his proprioception and knows how to move his artificial limb naturally.
Jim moves as if the prosthetic limb were part of his body.
For example, one day in the lab, he accidentally stepped on some insulating tape.
What do you do when something sticks to your shoes?
You don't crouch awkwardly like this, do you?
Instead, it's supposed to swing, and Jim did just that, just a few hours after he had the nerves attached to his prosthetic.
What I found most interesting was what Jim felt.
He said, "The robot has become part of me."
Ewing: The morning after I was hooked up to the robot, my daughter came downstairs and asked me what it was like to be a cyborg.
I feel like I have my own legs, and I don't feel like I'm attached to the robot, or that the robot is attached to me.
It quickly became my own leg
(Ha) Thank you
(Applause) Neurological integration was achieved by bidirectionally connecting Jim's nervous system to the artificial limb.
Because Jim was able to move the prosthetic limb at will, and feel those movements in his nervous system, the prosthetic limb was no longer a separate tool disconnected from his body, but a complete part of Jim's body. I thought that
Because of his neurological integration, he doesn't feel like a cyborg.
He just feels like he's got his legs back and his body back.
I've been asked a lot, when do I plan to have my prosthetic limbs bi-directionally connected via nerves, which is to say, when I'm going to be a cyborg.
Actually, I'm hesitant to become a cyborg.
I was a terrible student before my leg was amputated.
It was just a failing grade
Then I had both legs amputated, and suddenly I was a professor at MIT.
(Laughter) (Applause) I'm afraid that if I reconnect with my legs, my head will go back to the way it used to be.
(Laughter) But now that I'm a tenured professor at MIT, maybe it's okay.
(Laughter) (Applause) I believe that neuro-embodied design will go far beyond limb replacement to something that will fundamentally redefine what humanity is capable of.
In the 21st century, designers will extend the nervous system into a robust exoskeleton that allows us to feel and move with our minds.
Muscles within the body could be reconfigured to control powerful motors and sense the movement of the exoskeleton, enhancing a person's strength, jumping ability, running ability, and more.
I believe humans will become superheroes in the 21st century.
Humans may extend their bodies into non-human structures such as wings, and be able to control and feel the movement of their wings through nerves.
In the words of Leonardo da Vinci, "Once you've tasted flight, even when you walk on the ground, your eyes will always look up at the sky, because you'll always want to return to the sky you've been to."
I think that by the end of this century, humans will look very different in their morphology and in their athleticism.
Mankind will fly high in the sky
Jim Ewing crashed and was badly injured, but his eyes were on the sky he always wanted to return to.
After my accident, I not only dreamed of walking again, but I wanted to get back into mountain climbing.
At MIT, "Team Cyborg" built a prosthetic limb for the vertical world specifically for Jim, a prosthetic limb with full brain-powered position and motion sensors.
With the power of this technology, Jim returned to the Cayman Islands where the accident had happened, turned into a cyborg, and started climbing into the sky again.
(Sound of crashing waves) (Applause) Thank you.
(Applause) Ladies and gentlemen, Jim Ewing is the first cyborg climber.
(applause)
What happens when technology gets to know us better than we know ourselves?
Computers today can detect even the faintest facial expressions and tell if a smile is real or not.
that's just the beginning
Technology has become so intelligent that it already knows a great deal about what goes on inside a person.
Like it or not, we are already unable to hide a part of ourselves.
This seems like a problem, because a lot of people don't want their hearts to be known.
I want to control what I let out and what I don't let out.
I want to have a poker face
But that's all in the past
This may sound scary, but it's not necessarily a bad thing.
I've been studying the brain circuits that create each of us' unique perceptual realities.
Now we're putting it all together and combining it with the latest technology to create technology that makes us feel better, connect better, make us better people.
In order to do that, I think we have to accept a certain amount of loss of control.
It's amazing, and it's made me able to capture the inner experience of certain animals.
We can see the mechanical relationship between how we react to the world around us and the state of our body's biological systems.
Evolutionary pressure to mate and avoid being eaten creates defined behavioral responses to information in the world around them.
We're starting to look inside creatures and their biological experiences.
I think it's pretty amazing
I'm going to get my ears dirty a little — I play the violin, but I'm not a singer.
But criticism might already come from this spider.
(low singing) (medium singing) (high singing—spider responds) (low singing) (mid singing) (high singing—spider responds) (Laughter) some spiders You tune the nest like a violin so that it resonates with a certain note.
When my singing gets higher in pitch and volume, and it's closer to the echolocation of a bat predator or the call of a bird, the spider reacts accordingly.
you told me to go away
i think it's very interesting
The spider's reaction to the outside world allows us to see what's going on inside.
It's a biologically regulated response that reveals the spider's inner self.
But we humans are different.
We believe that we can control what others see and understand about our inner world: our emotions, our fears, our bluffs, our hardships and our reactions to them.
we can use poker face
But maybe not
let's try
The eye responds to how the brain works
The eye reaction you see is caused by mental exertion and not by changes in light intensity.
backed by neuroscience
Your eyes are doing the same thing as this subject, whether you want it or not.
I hear multiple voices
Listen to what I'm saying and look into my eyes
It's hard at first, but when one disappears, it becomes much easier.
Changes in effort can be seen in pupil size.
(Two overlapping voices) (One voice) Intelligence technology relies on personal data
(Two overlapping voices) (One voice) Intelligence technology relies on personal data
eyes don't lie
the eyes are breaking the poker face
When the brain has to work hard, the autonomic nervous system dilates the pupil.
otherwise shrink
If you remove one of the two voices, it's much easier to understand the story.
You can also make it easier by placing the two voices in different spatial positions, or by making one voice louder.
must have experience
We think we're better than spiders at hiding our inner selves, but maybe we're not.
Modern technology is making it easier to detect a variety of signs that reveal a person's inner self.
Combining machine learning with sensor data about ourselves and the environment around us can tell us much more than cameras and microphones that capture the outside world.
Through physiological temperature changes, our bodies tell stories.
What you see on the screen is an infrared thermal image, where red is warm and blue is cold.
The pattern of body temperature changes tells us a lot, from how stressed you are, how mentally you're working, whether you're paying attention, whether you're following a conversation, to whether a picture of a fire feels like real fire.
In fact, you'll see your cheeks heat up in response to the flame image.
What if you could not only detect bluffing at poker, but also read your opponent's interest in their body temperature?
Seeing honest emotions in thermal images could be part of the process of starting a relationship.
By analyzing changes in the timing of spoken words captured by a microphone, we can also listen, gain insight, and predict mental and physical health conditions.
Machine learning has been shown to be able to predict whether a person is likely to develop psychosis by applying statistical changes in language.
We could take this a step further and look at the changes in speech and voice that occur in response to different medical conditions.
Dementia and diabetes change the characteristics of the voice.
Language changes associated with Alzheimer's disease can appear 10 years or more before the disease is diagnosed.
What we say and how we say it says a lot more than we previously thought.
And if you're willing, you can use the devices in your home to gain valuable insight.
The chemical composition of your breath tells you how you feel.
It's a mixture of acetone, isoprene, and carbon dioxide, and when your heart beats faster and your muscles tense, the composition of your exhaled breath changes, even if you can't see it.
let's watch the video together
Something will appear on the side screen, but please pay attention to the man by the window that appears on the front screen.
(creepy music) (female screams) Sorry to startle you, I wanted to see your reactions.
(Laughter) Right now, we're measuring the carbon dioxide you exhale.
There are tubes all over the venue, and they're near the floor because CO2 is heavier than air.
And that tube is connected to a device behind it that's really measuring changes in CO2 concentration in real time.
The cloud-like thing on the horizontal screen is a real-time visualization of the CO2 concentration in the venue.
You can see the red part on the screen, but when I was watching the horror movie, the red part got bigger.
where everyone was startled
Everyone's anxiety changed the carbon dioxide concentration.
let's watch the video again
(cheerful music) (female laughter)
You can see that if you change the author's intention, it becomes something completely different.
Music and sound effects can completely alter the emotional response of the same scene.
You can read that from your breath
Anxiety, fear and joy all appear as reproducible, visually discernible moments.
We keep releasing chemical imprints of our emotions.
poker face is the end
The space and technology around us will begin to capture our emotions.
we get to know each other much better
You may come into contact with the other person's basic human experiences and feelings, and become emotionally and socially connected.
The age of empaths is coming
We are gaining the ability to bring true technological partners to human-to-human and human-to-technology connections.
If we recognize the power of empathy through technology, we have the potential to bridge the emotional and cognitive divides with technology.
It will change the way we tell our stories.
Technologies like augmented reality will empower us to connect more deeply with others and create a better future, while empowering ourselves.
Imagine a high school counselor realizing that a seemingly cheerful student is deeply troubled and reaching out to make a significant change.
Or hope that authorities can distinguish between people with mental illness and different types of aggression so that they can respond appropriately.
Or that artists learn to see direct reactions to their work.
Tolstoy's idea of ​​art was whether the audience experienced what the author intended.
Today's artists can know how we feel.
Whether it's art or relationships, today's technology will allow us to understand what others are going through, and that will bring us closer and more authentically.
But I also know that you're reluctant to share your data, especially if you don't want people to know that you didn't choose to share it.
When we talk to someone, when we look at someone, or when we don't look at someone, there is data exchanged, from which people learn what they know and make decisions about themselves and others.
I don't want a world where our inner lives are exposed and our personal data and privacy are handed over to people and organizations we don't want.
The world I want to build is a world where people care more about each other, and when someone has feelings that we should pay attention to, we know it.
Technology enables us to have richer experiences
Technology can be used for good or bad.
Transparency and effective regulation are important in building trust in things like this.
The benefits empathic technology brings to our lives are worth addressing the issues that make us uneasy.
Otherwise, too many opportunities and too many emotions will be missed.
thank you
(applause)
Let's face it, driving is dangerous.
We avoid thinking about it, but the fact is that religious icons and good luck charms adorn the dashboards of cars around the world, and yet we refuse to accept this as the truth.
Car crashes are the leading cause of death among 16- to 19-year-olds in the United States, and 75% of those crashes aren't drug or alcohol related.
So what's going on?
I can't say for sure, but I remember my first accident.
When I was younger, I was driving down the highway and saw the brake lights of the car in front of me flashing.
I thought to myself, "You're slowing down, so I have to slow down, too."
i hit the brakes
But that person wasn't just slowing down.
Stopped, and it came to a complete stop on the highway.
From about 100km/h to 0km/h
i slam the brakes
I could see that the ABS had kicked in, but the car still kept going, and as I knew it, I couldn't stop it.
But I have no idea why the car in front stopped, and this situation could have been avoided.
I thought it would be easier to drive if cars could talk to each other.
I want you to think for a moment about what it's like to drive a car.
You get in your car, close the door, and you're sealed in a cramped space inside the glass.
The world around us becomes unrecognizable directly
that car body
You have to maneuver at speeds that no human can, while slipping through the iron giants on a partially visible road.
May I? I can only trust my own eyes
Yes, it forces us to do things that the human eye is not naturally good at. What do you need to do first when you change lanes?
look away from the road? that's right
Stop looking in the direction of travel, check your blind spots, and drive without looking ahead.
Equally for everyone, this is considered a safe way to drive.
Why do we do this? Because you have to choose where you look
What's more important?
Normally, we're pretty good at choosing what to focus on on the road.
Sometimes I overlook something or I'm late in noticing things
You may misinterpret
Drivers always excuse themselves after an accident by saying, "I didn't realize it."
believe it
It's impossible to pay attention to everything
But now the technology exists to improve the situation.
In the future, by exchanging data with each other, it will be possible to not only see three cars in front of you, but also three cars behind, to your left and right at the same time, and see what's going on inside your car. until
You'll also be able to see the speed of the car in front of you, and you'll know how fast it's cruising and when it's about to stop.
You can know in advance that you're about to stop.
We will also be able to predict the future through computations using algorithms and predictive models.
it would seem impossible
how to predict the future It's certainly very difficult, but—
Actually no. It's not impossible when it comes to cars.
A car is a three-dimensional object, and at some point in time it has a fixed position and a fixed speed.
In addition, it is intended to run on the road
often take a route known in advance
It's not that hard to make a reasonable guess about where a car will be a short distance later.
If you're in a car and a motorcycle whizzes across your lane at 135 kilometers an hour -- and I'm sure many of you have experienced this -- it doesn't just appear out of nowhere.
The man was on the road for about half an hour.
(Laughter) What I'm trying to say here is that someone saw the rider.
Even before 10km, 20km, 30km, someone must have seen the person. If a car sees the person and marks it on the map, it will show up on the map and give you the location, the speed, the estimate that it will continue to travel at 135km/h, and so on.
This can be detected in advance, because other cars whisper in their ears, "By the way, in five minutes, look out for the bikes."
We can make reasonable predictions about the car's behavior.
A car is an object that obeys Newtonian mechanics, which is very convenient.
A car is an object that obeys Newtonian mechanics, which is very convenient.
How do you do that?
Let's start with something as simple as using GPS to share your location.
If my car had a GPS and a camera, I would be able to tell with a very high degree of accuracy where I was going and how fast I was going.
Using computer vision, we can also figure out things like the location of cars around us and the direction they're heading.
Same for other cars
I know exactly where I am, and roughly where other cars are.
So what happens when two cars share that data? What if cars could talk to each other?
it's easy
Both predictive models are improved
everyone wins
Professor Bob Wang's team ran computer simulations to see what happens when cars share only GPS data, and combine vague estimates with low traffic. We conducted an experiment with a robot equipped with sensors that are actually installed in a car, using a stereo camera, a GPS, and a common two-dimensional laser range finder as an auxiliary system.
And apart from that, we installed a short-range radio to allow communication between the robots.
When the robots get close to each other, they can accurately track each other's position and avoid collisions.
We're still working on improving it, but we've run into some problems.
One of them is that if you add too much information, you'll run out of data to process.
If the robotic car is just following a predicted trajectory, then you can throw away that information.
Priority should be given to cars that are taking different paths than expected.
Things like that are the problem
New trajectories can be predicted
Not only do we know when we've strayed, but we know how we've strayed.
We also know which drivers need to be warned to back off.
What's the best way to warn everyone?
How can the car whisper, "You better go away"?
It depends on two things: the ability of the car and the ability of the driver.
Even if you have a good car, if you're on the phone or doing something, you probably won't be able to react immediately in an emergency.
So we launched another line of research, trying to model the state of the driver.
Now, with three cameras, we can detect whether the driver is facing forward, facing sideways or down, making a phone call, or having a cup of coffee.
We can predict accidents, and by calculating the safe route for everyone, we can predict who and which car will be in the best position to clear the road.
Essentially, these technologies already exist.
Right now, the biggest problem is the willingness to share data.
Certainly, I think it's a very reluctant idea to have your car watch over you, have other cars talk about you, and go through gossip.
But I believe it's possible to do it in a way that doesn't invade your privacy.
It's the same with license plates It's the same with license plates
Cars might talk in the back, though
(Laughter) I think this idea is a great one.
Think about it, you don't want that distracted teen in the back to know that you're about to hit the brakes and come to a dead stop?
By willingly sharing data, we can do what's best for everyone.
let the car gossip
because it makes the roads so safe
thank you
(applause)
[This talk contains a cruel scene] My parents' dream is to make me a doctor.
But you never dreamed you'd be a doctor studying carrion-eating condors.
(Laughter) I'm studying the carrion-scavenging habits of condors and their impact on crime scenes.
Today, I'm going to talk to you about how condors are neglected in forensic science.
please ask before
We will take everyone at the venue on a trip
We're standing at a racetrack in Nashville, Tennessee, May 2014.
As I stand in line for a portable toilet, I see two stylish women in high heels with pearls and a nice wide-brimmed derby hat.
I feel like I'm about to chat about grandma's fine china.
not at all
Instead, I hear him say, "Hey, look.
Something is dead."
If you look up at the sky, on the left, you'll see the Condor circling over and over again.
At this moment, I thought to myself, if the women of the Derby race are also aware of the connection between condors and death, why aren't we talking more about condors at crime scenes?
Even if ordinary people associate the condor with death,
I have no idea how it's related
For example, here's an email from a detective in Louisiana: "Doctor, there was a kidnapping.
What kind of vultures and condors are there in Louisiana?”
I'm going to talk about vultures and condors that I always get asked before kidnappings.
vultures don't live in america
It is a bird of the hawk family that lives in Europe.
The condor is a bird with large black feathers that flies in circles in America.
Louisiana has two species of condor, the turkey vulture and the black vulture.
In order to familiarize you with the Condor's role in forensics, we'll take you on a tour of the forensic scene.
This email tells me
Detective believes victim was murdered
I want to use birds to find bodies.
Like the woman in Nashville, detectives believe that circling condors will guide them to the location of the corpse.
But it's not that simple
I don't know if any of you have seen it up close or been with it for a long time, but condors are very big.
It has a wingspan of 2m
The condor circles because it's too big to flap its wings, so it soars high into the air.
It soars in the air vortices created by the difference in air pressure during the daytime, when the temperature of the earth is warmed by the heat of the sun, the thermal current.
So when a condor is circling, it's usually going from point A to point B, not on carrion.
In fact, if you want to use a condor to find a dead body, look for a condor perched on a tree or fence post.
Because they are big and slow, they can't hunt.
Condors scavenge carrion
In fact, the condor is the only animal in the world that feeds on carrion.
The turkey vulture in this picture is pretty cool, and it's one of the few birds that can actually smell dead bodies.
It searches for carrion by sensing the chemicals emitted by decaying carcasses.
The condor's evolutionary role is to keep the earth free of carrion toxins.
Upon sensing death, the turkey vulture swoops down and quickly feeds on carrion.
Condors are usually eaten starting with the eyes, splitting the skin and stripping the carcass away of the bones.
That's why condors on the ground, not in the sky, matter.
The sight of scavenging carrion is horrifying
Even if your first date sucks, you don't have to worry about someone calling you again if you talk about this talk.
(Laughter) As horrifying as it is, condors are essential to forensic science, and why?
Condors eat human corpses just as they eat run over animals.
You don't know, but the condor eats up cleanly.
If condors eat human corpses to survive, why aren't they in forensics and training textbooks?
The answer is that, traditionally, when researchers study corpse decay, they cage the corpse to keep out carnivores.
Why?
The researchers feared that the carrion would take away the subjects they were studying, and they would lose data, so they ended up excluding the animal's involvement in the long skeletalization process. used in investigations
So often at crime scenes, when you see a skeletal corpse, you think, "It hasn't been found for a long time."
no no no
the condor hastened the decay
If the condor ate it, the skeletal carcass might be only five days old.
If you don't take the carrion-eating condor into account, forensic scientists get the number of days since death wrong, and they end up looking for the wrong missing persons file.
So the goal is to turn forensic scientists' attention to Condor tracks, and get police to consider the possibility that they were recently eaten by the Condor when they found the skeletal remains.
Let's get back to the importance of that kidnapping case.
I told the detective that condors like water.
It prefers where white-tailed deer are, and usually within five days after death, it will go to the site of the carcass and leave behind an intact spine and wings.
The detective replied, "We found a shallowly buried body.
I also found the feather that the teacher pointed out."
But there was a problem: the feather was located about 35 meters from where the body was found.
The feather was next to a bloody pine cone
Condors aren't attracted to blood, and they generally don't walk around.
Even if you walk 12m, you won't walk around 35m
You never know when you'll have your next meal, so you don't waste your energy.
So the first thing I did was determine if Condor was at the murder scene.
Indeed, the feathers by the pine cone belonged to a turkey vulture.
So why did Condor walk 35 meters?
I like condors because their behavior can be explained by biology and physics.
It reminded me of a bait lure experiment I did on a corpse farm in Texas.
A corpse farm is a place to donate bodies to science.
It also reminded me of the experience of capturing a condor and attaching a GPS to it.
For a year, we observed the condor using remote GPS technology.
From the records of the field survey, I was taken aback.
There are two things that lure the Condor to a point 35m away from the corpse-
intestines and brains
I gave this information to detectives, who thought the victim was immobilized by a blunt force injury to the head.
The alleged blow to the head was where a pine cone was found, after which the victim was dragged 35 meters and buried shallowly.
It's speculated that the brain lured the condor, and studies of the behavior of the condor will help us find out.
The detective also sent me this photo
The victim's arm is sticking out of the ground.
As a forensic scientist, you need to see the big picture.
The condor was present at the scene, as indicated by the feathers by the pine cone.
This crime scene photo shows the characteristic carnivorous nature of condors.
If you zoom in, you can see the turkey vulture's characteristic white feathers.
the skin is torn near the wrist
When a turkey vulture smells the stench of a dead body, it descends to the ground.
He pulls his hand through the pine needles and uses his beak to tear the skin and strip the soft tissue from the bone.
split and peel, split and peel
You can see from this photo that condors are very efficient at scavenging corpses.
This is very important because it also helps detectives explore the timeline of murders.
not much evidence
I don't think you'll ever see a condor at a murder scene.
The Condor Leaves a Few Clues
Rather than looking for condors, look for feathers and intact bones.
Condors are important, because they quickly turn them into skeletons.
like a tornado
I won't give you time to blink
I gave the detectives my take on the condor trail.
Detectives showed Condor's evidence in court.
The kidnapping case is a death penalty case.
defendant was found guilty
This case shows how studying the behavior of condors can revolutionize forensics.
It's only natural that murder victims should be investigated as thoroughly as possible.
By considering the Condor in forensics, we can learn more about what happened to whom and when.
Next time you're at a murder scene (Laughter), look on the ground and look for clues that Condor left behind.
If someone brings up the condor on a date, don't let that person go.
thank you
(applause)
I noticed something interesting about society and culture.
A license is required for high-risk activities.
Driving a car, owning a handgun, getting married.
(Laughter) That applies to all high-risk activities, except for technology.
For some reason, there are no textbooks or basic classes on technology.
You're just given a computer and kicked out of the nest.
How the hell am I supposed to learn?
Do you wait for it to slowly permeate your brain?
No one will tell you, "This is how it works."
So today, I'm going to show you 10 tricks that we take for granted, but that no one really knows.
First of all, on the web, when you want to scroll down the screen, don't use your mouse to click on the scroll bar, it's a terrible waste of time.
It's a different story if you're on an hourly wage.
press space instead
Spacebar scrolls one page
Hold shift and scroll up with space
Space bar scrolls one page Same for all kinds of computers and browsers
You probably know that when you're filling out a form on a website, like an address, you can press the Tab key to move from item to item.
But what about the state popup menu?
No need to click to open, it's a waste of energy
Type the first letter of the state repeatedly
Type C twice for Connecticut
In Texas, you can type T twice to reach your destination without opening the pop-up menu.
If you're browsing a website and the text is too small, press Control + Plus (+)
Letters increase with each press
Same for all kinds of computers and browsers Control + Minus (-) to make it smaller
If it is a Mac, it may be the Command key instead of Control
No need to switch to symbol input to type a period and capitalize the next letter when typing on your Blackberry Android iPhone
Just press the spacebar twice
My phone will type a period followed by a space and a capital letter.
space space it's amazing
On any mobile phone, if you want to call the last person you dialed again, press the call button, and the last number you dialed will automatically be entered, so press the call button again to actually dial.
You don't have to go to your call history, if the other person is on a call, just press the call button again
There's one thing that really annoys me. I want to leave a message on someone's answering machine, and they say, "Leave a message," followed by 15 seconds of useless explanation. I've had an answering machine for 45 years. It's on!
(Laughter) I don't hold a grudge.
In fact, there's a keyboard shortcut that skips to the start of recording beep, and it looks like this.
Answering machine: "After the tone... bee"
Unfortunately, each cell phone company didn't adopt the same key, so each one is different, so you need to know which key the other carrier uses.
Nothing is perfect, folks, Google makes your website
You might think it's something you search for, but it's also a dictionary.
Type the word you want to know the meaning of after "define"
you don't even have to press click
Just type to see the definition
It even has a Federal Aviation Administration database
Enter your airline and flight number
It displays the current location of the plane, the gate number, the terminal number, and the time until arrival.You don't need a flight information app.
You can also convert units and currencies
Again, you don't have to click on the search results.
Type what you want to know in the search box and the answer will appear
I mentioned the letters, but let's say you want to highlight a word. This is just an example. prize
Just double-click Notice the 200 Double-click
Then it will select only that word
You don't have to press the delete key to remove highlighted characters
Just type and it's gone Same for all software
Also, if you drag the mouse after double-clicking, you can extend the selection by word units.
It's nice to be accurate. As I said earlier, you don't need the delete key.
Just type from above (laughs)
Shutter time lag is the short lag between when you press the shutter on your camera and when the picture is actually taken.
Very frustrating for cameras under $1000
(Camera click) (Laughter) That's because the camera has to calculate focus and exposure.
I succeed every time
I used this trick to turn a $50 camera into a $1000 camera.
Finally, sometimes when you're giving a presentation, for some reason your audience is looking at your slides, not at the person speaking! (smile)
You can use this trick in Keynote, PowerPoint, or anything else, but if you press B on your keyboard, the slide will black out, which will bring the audience's attention back to the presenter.To continue the slide, press B again. You can out Press W again to continue sliding
I spoke very quickly, so if you missed anything,
I would be happy to send you the list of tricks we talked about today.
Congratulations, everyone
Award California Technology License
Hello everyone
(applause)
What you are doing right now is shortening your life.
The technology that we rely on on a daily basis, more than our cars, the internet, or the ever-popular mobile devices, is our butt.
People today spend 9.3 hours a day sitting, more than the average sleep time of 7.7 hours.
Now that sitting is such a big part of our lives, we don't even care how long we sit, and because everyone else is sitting around us, we don't even think it's bad.
The act of sitting in this way is like the modern smoking problem of the past.
Of course, the health ramifications of this are far more terrifying than just increased girth.
Diseases like breast cancer and colon cancer are directly related to lack of physical activity, in fact, 10 percent of people have both breast and colon cancer.
6% have heart disease, 7% have type 2 diabetes, my father also died of diabetes.
All of these stats are compelling enough to lift your knees, but none of these stats are compelling enough to make you lift your knees, but not to people like me.
It was my connection with society that moved me
One day, I was invited to a meeting in a regular conference room, and one day, I was invited to a meeting in a regular conference room, and my schedule didn't work, and they said, "Tomorrow. I'm going to walk my dog, so could you come at that time?"
It seemed a little strange, in fact, at that first meeting, I remember thinking, "Next time, I have to ask my own questions."
I took this strange idea and made it my own.
So instead of going to a coffee meeting or meeting in a conference room with bright fluorescent lights, I'm suggesting that you go to a 30- to 40-kilometer walking meeting a week.
it changed my life
But before that, I used to think that I could take care of my health, or that I could do my duty, but to achieve one, I had to sacrifice the other.
I've done hundreds of walking meetings and learned a few things.
First of all, this brilliant idea, which is actually breaking the mold, leads to unconventional thinking.
Regardless of whether you are conscious of it or not, you will surely get good results.
The second, I'd say, is more about the deeper part of thinking, which is that you can look at a problem 180 degrees in the opposite direction, in other words, you can look at the problem in the opposite direction of what it actually is.
If you look at the world in a completely different way to solve a problem, whether it's politics, business, the environment, job creation, or anything else, you can think of ways to reframe the problem so that it's true inside out. prize
And that's how this idea of ​​talking while walking became viable and sustainable and viable.
I started today with the butt, but the bottom line of this story is walking and talking.
let the conversation walk
You'll be amazed at how fresh air can bring you fresh thoughts, and in doing so, you'll bring a whole new set of ideas to your life.
thank you
(applause)
I have a big announcement today, so I'm very excited.
For those of you who are familiar with my research and my work so far, this may come as a bit of a surprise.
I've been trying to solve some of the big problems -- counterterrorism, nuclear terrorism, health, cancer diagnosis and treatment -- but when I started thinking about these problems, I realized that the biggest problem we're facing right now. Problems -- where each of these problems ends up is energy, electricity, the flow of electrons.
So I decided to try to solve this problem.
this is probably not what you're expecting
You might think I'm here to talk about fusion, because I've devoted my life to it.
But today's story is -- (Laughter) -- but today's story is about nuclear fission.
It's about taking ancient technology to the extreme and bringing it into the 21st century.
First, let me tell you a little bit about how nuclear fission works.
A nuclear power plant has a large pressurized vessel of water and fuel rods consisting of tiny uranium dioxide fuel pellets coated with zirconium, and the nuclear fission reaction is controlled and maintained at an appropriate level by the nuclear fission reaction. The water is heated, the water turns into steam, and the steam spins a turbine, producing electricity.
For the past 100 years, we've been producing electricity this way -- steam turbines. Nuclear power is a big step forward in how we heat water, but it's still the same: you heat water, you turn it into steam, and it turns a turbine.
So I thought, is this the best way to do it?
Has nuclear fission become a dead technology? Or is there still something left to innovate?
So I had an idea that I could change the world, and it had a huge potential.
This one
It's a small modular reactor
It's not as big as the reactor shown in the diagram over there.
But 50 to 100 megawatts
can generate a lot of power
That's about 25,000 to 100,000 electricity for the average home.
The beauty of this reactor is that it can be built in a factory.
These modular reactors can basically be built on an assembly line, transported anywhere in the world, installed and generating electricity.
Just this part of the reactor
This is the important part, it's buried underground.
If you're familiar with counter-terrorism, it's hard to say how great a non-proliferation and security thing it would be to bury it underground.
There is molten salt in the reactor, which is great news for thorium devotees, but this type of reactor is well suited for breeding and burning in the thorium fuel cycle, which is uranium-233.
But I'm not too worried about fuel.
The fuel that can be used in this reactor -- my favorite fuel -- is diluted nuclear bomb cores, diluted high-enriched uranium and weapons-grade plutonium.
This would not work for a nuclear weapon, but it would be perfect for this reactor.
Old nuclear weapons are a big problem, and these things are piling up.
During the Cold War, we built a lot of these nuclear weapons, and they were a big deal back then, but we don't need them anymore.
We have a lot of nuclear weapons
We're going to keep it safe, but we'd rather just burn it up and use it up, right? This reactor can do that.
It's a molten salt reactor, which has a core and a heat exchanger that transfers heat from the hot, or radioactive, salt to the cold, or non-radioactive, salt.
It's hot, but it's non-radioactive salt.
What makes this design really interesting is the heat exchanger, which does the heat transfer to the gas.
Now, I said earlier that all electricity, with the exception of solar power, is produced by heating steam and turning turbines. Efficiency
This number is the ratio of the thermal energy output by the furnace to the power that can actually be generated.
The reason they're thermally inefficient is because these furnaces run at low temperatures.
The furnace temperature is at most 200 to 300 degrees Celsius.
But the new furnaces run at 600 to 700 degrees Celsius, and the higher the temperature, the better the thermal efficiency.
And this reactor doesn't use water, it uses supercritical gases like CO2 and helium to turn a turbine, and it's called the Brayton cycle.
In the thermodynamic cycle that makes electricity, the thermal efficiency is almost 50%, 45% to 50% efficiency.
What I think is great is that the core is pretty compact.
Molten salt reactors are small to begin with, but what's even more amazing is that they can produce more electricity from fissioned uranium, and on top of that, they burn away.
This burn rate is quite high
For the same amount of fuel, this furnace can use a much higher percentage.
The problem with these conventional nuclear power plants is that they have zirconium-coated fuel rods with uranium dioxide fuel pellets inside.
Uranium dioxide is a ceramic, and what's inside the ceramic is hard to release.
And then you get what's called a xenon pit, and some of the fission products are neutron-loving.
It's flying around -- it's picking up the neutrons that are causing this reaction.
Because of the neutron erosion and the fact that the cladding doesn't last very long, it can only run for about 18 months without refueling.
New reactors can run for 30 years without refueling, which I think is really cool, because it's a sealed system.
It doesn't have to be refueled, so it's sealed, there's no danger of proliferation, there's no leakage of nuclear or radioactive material out of the core.
Let's go back to the safety issue. After the Fukushima accident, everyone had to rethink the safety of nuclear power. So I have high hopes for this reactor, mainly for two reasons.
First, do not operate under high pressure.
Conventional nuclear reactors, such as pressurized water reactors and boiling water reactors, use very hot water under high pressure, so in the event of an accident, if the stainless steel pressure vessel were to break, the coolant would flow out of the core.
New reactors operate at near-atmospheric pressure, so in the event of an accident, the fission products do not escape from the reactor.
Plus, it's running hot, and the fuel is melted, so there's no meltdown. And when the reactor goes overboard or the power goes out, like in Fukushima, there's a discharge tank.
Because the fuel is a liquid, along with the coolant, it can be flushed out of the core and brought down to subcritical conditions, basically into a tank of neutron absorbers underneath the reactor.
This is really important because it can stop nuclear reactions.
Older nuclear reactors can't do that.
As I said earlier, the fuel is the ceramic in the zirconium fuel rods, and when the accident happened in this reactor, in Fukushima and -- before that, at Three Mile Island, it took us a long time to figure it out -- the zirconium in the fuel rods. The cladding produces hydrogen when exposed to high pressure water or steam in an oxidizing environment, which can explode, releasing the products of fission.
Because the core of a new reactor is unpressurized, no chemical reaction occurs and the fission products inside do not escape from the reactor.
Even if there was an accident, well, the reactor might go bad, which is bad for the power companies, but it wouldn't pollute a lot of land.
I think it will take another 20 years for fusion to become a reality, and new nuclear reactors will provide carbon-free electricity as a source of energy in the meantime.
carbon free electricity
It's an amazing technology, because it's not just about stopping climate change, it's about innovation.
It's also a way to provide electricity to developing countries, because it's factory-made and cheap.
Can be installed anywhere in the world
maybe you can use it for other things
When I was a kid, I was obsessed with space
I was also into nuclear science, sort of, but before that, I was in space.
I think I'm back here, because if you put a small nuclear reactor on a rocket, you can deliver 50 to 100 megawatts of power.
This is a rocket designer's dream
Immigration to another planet is no longer a dream
With 50 to 100 megawatts of power, not only can you go where you want to go, but you have power when you get there.
If you use solar panels and fuel cells in your rocket design, you can put out a few watts, a few kilowatts, and that's a lot of power.
But we're talking 100 megawatts here.
That's a lot of power
We can power a city on Mars
We can also supply rockets over there.
So, I hope that along with my passion for nuclear power, I'll also have a passion for rockets.
People will say, "What if we send this radioactive material into space and there's an accident?"
But we've been using plutonium batteries for a long time now.
We all love the Mars rover Curiosity, but it has plutonium batteries on board, and it uses plutonium-238, but the low-concentration uranium fuel from the molten-salt reactor has a lower specific activity than the plutonium. The effect is negligible, because the reactor is only activated in space, and there is no fission reaction when it launches.
i'm really excited
Because I think this nuclear reactor that I designed will be a revolutionary source of energy that can be used for all kinds of great scientific work, and I'm ready to go.
I graduated from high school in May -- (Laughter) (Applause) -- I graduated from high school in May and decided to start my own business. -- We're going to commercialize a production system for medical isotopes. I am
I think, looking at the technology, it's about the same or cheaper than natural gas, and it won't need refueling for 30 years, and that's going to be a huge advantage for the developing world.
As a scientist, it's funny, but I'd like to end by saying something philosophical.
But I think there's something very poetic about using atomic energy to fly to other stars, because the stars in space are giant fusion reactors.
It's a giant nuclear reactor floating in the sky.
The energy source I'm talking about today was originally derived from nuclear reactions and converted into the chemical energy of food, so I think it's poetic to perfect the technology of nuclear fission and use it as an innovative energy source in the future. increase
thank you
(applause)
Performing arts are important because democracy is important.
The theater is an art form that is essential to democracy, because the theater and democracy share the same birthplace.
Western democratic teachings emerged in the second half of the sixth century BC.
It was, of course, an imperfect and flawed democracy, but the same century also saw the birth of the idea that power should emanate from the consent of those governed, that power should flow from the bottom up, not the other way around.
Legend has it that a man named Thespis invented the method of dialogue around the same time.
What does it mean to devise a "dialogue"?
What we do know is that the Festival of Dionysus brought together all the citizens of Athens, next to the Acropolis, where they listened to music, watched dances, and listened to stories told as part of the Festival of Dionysus.
Storytelling is like what's happening right now, and I'm here to speak to you as the sole authority.
You sit back and listen to my message
You may disagree with me and think I'm an asshole, and the story may be totally boring, but most of that dialogue takes place in your head.
But instead of me talking to you, which Thespis devised, what would happen if I turned 90 degrees to the left and talked to another person on stage?
Everything will change, and at that point I will no longer be the owner of the truth, I will be the owner of an opinion.
i am talking to another person
What happens then?
The other side has an opinion too, see, that's the drama, the conflict — the other side disagrees with me.
Two points of view conflict
The claims that appear there are only born when there is a conflict of opinion that differs from the truth.
that it is not owned by an individual
If you support democracy, you have to believe that this is right.
If you don't think so, you're a dictator and you're just putting up with democracy.
That's the idea of ​​democracy, and the conflict between different perspectives leads to truth.
What else is going on here?
I don't ask you to sit back and listen,
It's about leaning forward and imagining my point of view, what I see and what I feel from who I am.
I want you to switch sides and think about how the person you're talking to feels.
I'm asking you to empathize with the other person.
And the idea that truth emerges from the clash of ideas and the emotional force of empathy is a necessary tool for democratic citizenship.
what else happens?
Third is about yourself, about your community, about your audience.
You may have a personal experience, but when you go to a movie and it's empty, you're happy because there's nothing between you and the movie.
You can put your feet up on the audience seats, or you can eat popcorn and have fun without worrying about anything.
But when you walk into a live theater and it's only half full, you feel down.
You're quickly disappointed because, even if you don't realize it, your purpose in coming to the theater is to be part of the audience.
Because we want to share common experiences, laugh together, cry together, breathe together, and wait together for what happens next.
Even if you enter the theater as a customer, if the theatrical task is well accomplished, when you leave, you feel part of the whole, part of the shared experience.
It's in the DNA of the art forms I work with.
2,500 years after the birth of the performing arts, director Joe Papp believed that this culture belonged to every citizen of the United States, and that his duty was to fulfill its promise.
Launched "Free Shakespeare in the Park"
The idea of ​​free Shakespeare in the park is really simple: the best stage in the country, the best art that comes out of this country, should be available to all citizens and shared with all citizens, and that's why it's still happening today. Every night of the summer, 2,000 people line up in New York's Central Park to see one of the best shows we can give away for free.
No commercial purpose here
In 1967, thirteen years after Papp came up with the idea, I realized that this time it was different.
It means that we should let the citizens themselves produce their own classical dramas and perform them.
So in 1967, Joe opened the Public Theater in downtown Astor Place, and his first production was the world premiere of "Hair."
It was Joe's first non-Shakespeare work.
Clive Burns of The Times wrote, "It's as if Mr. Papp had cleared the streets of the East Village of trash and shoveled it onto the stage of the Public Theatre."
(Laughter) It wasn't meant as a compliment, but Joe proudly hung it up in the lobby of the theater.
(Laughter) (Applause) The public theater has gone on to do great things over the years -- For Colored Girls Who Have Considered Suicide / When the Rainbow Is Enuf, A Chorus Line, etc. -- and one of the most extraordinary examples is Larry. Kramer's 'Normal Heart' tells the angry cry of the AIDS crisis
By the time Joe made this piece in 1985, he knew more about AIDS in Frank Rich's review of the piece, published in The New York Times, than what the New York Times has published in the past four years. there were also many
Larry changed the conventional wisdom about AIDS by writing this play, and Joe transformed it again by producing it.
I was asked to do a stage adaptation of Tony Kushner's "Angels in America." Not only did it become a reality, but theater also played a part in that trend, changing the understanding of being gay in America.
I am also very proud of this
(Applause) In 2005, when I replaced Joe at the Public Theatre, I realized that our problems were the victims of our success, even though "Shakespeare in the Park" was born to reach out to the public. Regardless, it was the hardest ticket to get in New York City.
The spectators were camping out for two days trying to get their tickets.
What was the result?
The other 98% of citizens no longer wanted to go to the event.
So we reformed our touring theater unit and took Shakespeare to prisons, to homeless shelters, to community centers in the five boroughs of New York City, and then to New Jersey and Westchester County.
This experiment confirmed what we had intuited: that people's need for a stage to survive is just as important as their need for food and water.
This effort has been a resounding success and has been ongoing.
And then I realized another barrier I hadn't crossed yet: participation.
The idea is this: How can we turn a stage that has become a commodity, a mere object, back into what it was meant to be, the relationships between people?
Under the wonderful guidance of Leah Debessonne, we started the Public Works program, which now puts on a huge Shakespeare musical show every summer, among Tony Award-winning actors and musicians, sitters and domestic workers retired. Military personnel and newly imprisoned prisoners, amateurs and professionals, play together on the same stage.
This isn't just a great social program, it's the best art we can make.
The argument here is that art is not made by a few hands.
All humans have the ability to express themselves in art.
It's just that there are people like us who can spend more time doing it.
And out of that, every once in a while -- (Applause) -- comes a miraculous work like "Hamilton," a musical adaptation of the story of America's founding by Lin-Manuel, about an illegitimate immigrant orphan from the West Indies. A complete rewrite of the Founding Anecdote through the eyes of one and only Founding Father
Lynn's attempt was exactly the same as Shakespeare's.
I was able to use the voice of the people, to elevate the words of the people to the form of poetry, and in doing so, to ennoble the words of the people, and thus to honor the nobility of those who spoke them.
And what Lynn wanted to convey to us by composing this play with actors of all black and brown races, revived in us, is the most important desire we have for America. The good thing about America, the way we want this country to be, is the inclusion of diversity that's fundamental to the American Dream.
This film made me and the audience feel a surge of patriotism, and it's proof that those feelings will never stop.
But there's another side to this, and that's the last thing I'd like to tell you, the last story I want to tell you today.
Some of you may know that I came to see "Hamilton."
Some New Yorkers booed him when he got there.
Mr. Pence made a brilliant comment, "That's the sound of freedom."
At the end of the stage, we, the creators, read out comments from the stage that were, in my opinion, very sincere. Mr. Pence listened, but the incident caused some outrage, a tweet storm, and the internet said, 'Hamilton. ' boycott spread among people angry at Mr Pence for being disrespectful.
I saw that boycott and thought something was wrong with it.
The people who signed the boycott letter didn't want to see "Hamilton" anyway.
This stage is not scheduled to be performed near the town where they live.
They couldn't afford the expensive tickets when the show was on, and even if they had the money, they didn't have the connections to get the tickets.
They were the ones who were boycotted, not us.
If I were to look at a red-and-blue electoral map of America and I say to you, "The blue areas represent the major non-profit cultural organizations in this country," it's true.
you can believe
We intellectuals had the exact same attitude towards the economy, the education system, the technology of this country, which meant turning our backs on many people in this country.
We have to keep the mindset of inclusion in diversity.
Next fall, we'll begin the touring production of the Pulitzer Prize-winning play "Sweat," a wonderful production by Lynn Natage.
Written after years of research in Reading, Pennsylvania, this book tells the story of the deindustrialization of Pennsylvania, the anger, relationship tensions, and racism unleashed by unemployment after the steel industry left. I am
We're going to tour rural Pennsylvania, Ohio, Michigan, Minnesota, Wisconsin with this play.
We will work with local organizations in the area to not only make sure that this play is properly communicated to those who want to reach out, but also listen to their stories and say, "Culture is for you too." I want to say
Because -- (Applause) As cultural workers, as performers, we can't make excuses if we don't know what we're doing.
Because it's in the theater's DNA.
In Hamlet's words, our duty as stage performers is to "turn the mirror toward nature, to reflect the good and the ugly as they were, and to reflect the shape of the times."
Our task is to idealize America, to not only represent who we are as individuals, but to restore the commonality that we need -- a sense of unity, a sense of belonging to the nation.
That's what theater is supposed to do, and that's what we're supposed to do with our best efforts.
thank you
(applause)
My life is with the school. Spending time inside the school building. Heading to the school building. Talking about what happened in the school building.
My father and mother were educators, and my maternal grandparents were educators, and for the last 40 years, I've done the same.
So, over the years, we've had the opportunity to look at education reform from many different angles.
with good reforms
There was also a not so good one
Reasons for dropping out and reasons for not studying
Reasons for dropping out and reasons for not studying
Poverty, lack of attendance, the influence of bad company, I get it.
But one of the things that hasn't been discussed and that's been overlooked is the value and importance of human connections, human relationships.
The connection between people, the value and importance of human relationships.
James Comer says there can be no fruitful learning without fruitful relationships.
G. W. Carver said that learning is about understanding relationships.
All of you gathered here today are influenced by teachers and other adults.
I have watched teachers for many years.
Some teachers were the best, some were the worst.
A colleague once said to me, "I'm not paid to love children.
I get paid to teach
Children's job is to learn
I teach, the children learn, the matter is settled."
I told her, "Children don't learn from people they don't like."
(Laughter and applause) Because she says, "It's ridiculous."
I said, "Your teaching career is going to be long and hard."
it actually happened
Some people think that building relationships is a matter of aptitude, and some people think that building relationships is a matter of aptitude.
I support S. Covey's idea
Instead of trying to be understood first, try to understand the other first, and start doing that yourself.
It's a little thing, like apologizing
have you ever thought
Try to apologize to the child, the child will be surprised.
It was when I taught you about percentages.
I'm not good at math, but I did my best
After class, check the manual
Everything I taught you was wrong (laughs).
The next day, in class, I said, "I have to apologize to everyone.
Yesterday's class was all wrong, I'm sorry."
Children say, "Okay
The teacher was in high spirits, so I kept silent.” (laughter and applause)
I have been in charge of a class with extremely low grades.
I worried about how far I could raise these students from where they are in nine months.
it was really hard
How can I help my child build confidence and improve grades at the same time?
How many years have you come up with a good idea
I said to all the students, "You were chosen to be in this class. I am the teacher's representative, and you are the student's representative. The goal is to make the best possible combination and set an example for other children."
One of the students said, "You're lying, aren't you?"
(Laughter) "It's true, you have to be very quiet, because when you walk down the hallway as a role model for other kids, everyone's staring.
Let me show you the good side."
It made me say, "I'm an important person.
was originally important
become a more important person
i have power i am strong
i deserve to learn here i have something to do
There are places you go with someone who impresses you.”
The students said "yes!"
If you keep saying it all the time, it will become flesh and blood
In that class -- (applause) we did a quiz, 20 questions.
There was a student who got 18 questions wrong.
I drew a big smiley mark saying "plus 2" and returned it.
“Teacher, is this a failure?”
"Yes"
"Then why the smiley mark?"
"Because you're hot
I got two correct answers, not all the questions are wrong
And if you review this, you'll be able to do it right, right? "
"Yes I will try my best"
"Minus 18" makes it impossible to recover
If it's "plus 2" then "it's not something you throw away" (laughter and applause)
For many years, I followed my mother's footsteps, watching students review during breaks and visiting homes in the afternoons as a teacher. Give your child a towel and soap
It's hard to teach a stinky child
Children are cruel sometimes
My mother always had these things, and many years later, after she retired, I saw these kids come to her and say, "You changed me, you changed my life. made it work
My teacher made my life work
I felt like I was important even though I knew it wasn't
I want the teacher to see how I am now.”
When my mother died two years ago at the age of 92, my students flocked to her funeral. I cried, not because she was gone, but because I was touched by the enduring relationships she left behind. because I touched on relationships
Of course, it is possible to build more relationships.
If I were to ask every student to like me, it would be impossible
The more difficult a child is, the more likely he or she will come to school without taking a break.
(Laughter) You can't like everyone.
There is meaning in the existence of difficult children
That's connection, that's relationship, and if you can't like everyone, it's important that you don't let your kids realize that.
Teachers make great actors.
because that's the job
Teaching and learning must be accompanied by joy
If children weren't afraid to take risks, weren't afraid to think, and had strong allies, how powerful the world would be, how powerful the world would be.
Every child can have a strong ally, an adult who never abandons the child, who understands the beauty of the connection, and who can bring out the best in the child.
You think it's hard, you're right, it's really hard
but it's not impossible
We can because we are educators.
Born to contribute
thank you
(applause)
Do you know my photos here?
Please take a look at some photos first, and then I'll talk to you.
I'm going to tell you a little bit about my background, because it's relevant to what I'm going to talk about here today.
I was born in Brazil in 1944, when Brazil was not yet a market economy.
I was born on a farm, more than 50 percent of my farm was still rainforest.
it's really a great land
I lived among wonderful birds and animals - I swam with caimans (crocodiles) in small rivers.
About 35 households lived on our farm.
Only a few were marketed
We only ship once a year -- beef cattle that we raise. We take thousands of cattle, take 45 days to the slaughterhouse, and 20 days to get back to the farm.
When I was 15, I left for the city, a little bit, no, a much bigger town, to get my upper secondary education.
I learned something different there
Brazil was beginning to urbanize and industrialize. I was interested in politics, so I became a little more radical.
went to college to become an economist
I got a master's degree in economics
Also, the most important thing in my life happened during this time.
I met an amazing woman, my lifelong best friend, who helped me with everything I did, my wife, Lelia Wanik Salgado.
Brazil becomes politically radical
We fought valiantly against a dictatorship, and eventually we had to choose between taking up arms and becoming guerrillas, or leaving our country. thought it would be better to leave the country, so I went to France, and I got my PhD in economics -- I went to France, I got my PhD in economics -- and Leria became an architect.
I then worked at an investment bank
I traveled a lot for the World Bank's Financing for Development project in Africa -- an economic project.
At that time, I became completely captivated by photography.
I became a photographer, I threw everything away and started taking pictures, and this was important to me.
A lot of people call me a photojournalist, an anthropological photographer, an activist photographer.
i did more than that
I think of photography as my life
Throughout my long-term projects, I live entirely in photography. Here are some of the photographs, which give you an idea of ​​the social projects I've been involved in. I've published many books about these photographs. I did, but for now I'll show you a little bit.
Photographing the story of Migrations, 1994-2000
Photo book and exhibition
But when I was taking this picture, I was going through a very difficult time in my life, mostly in Rwanda.
In Rwanda, we have seen the worst atrocities.
I see thousands die every day
lost faith in humanity
I thought humanity could no longer survive, and then I started getting my own staphylococci.
infected everywhere
When I made love to my wife, instead of semen, blood flowed.
I went to my friend's doctor in Paris and told him I was really sick.
After a long examination, he said, "Sebastian, you're not sick. Your prostate is perfect."
But you're dying yourself because you've seen too much death-
Stop it-
Otherwise you will really die."
so i decided to stop
I was really pissed off with photography and everything in the world, so I decided to go back to where I was born.
at that time just
It coincided with the time when my parents were getting old.
I have seven sisters and I'm the only male, so Lelia and I will inherit the family land.
When I took over, the land was dying, as was mine.
When I was a kid, more than half of it was rainforest.
When we inherited the land, it was less than half a percent rainforest, and it was the same everywhere around us.
Development in Brazil has resulted in the destruction of many forests
Here in the United States, in India -- all over the face of the earth, destruction has taken place.
It created a big contradiction, destroying the environment around us for the sake of development.
I used to have thousands of cows on my farm, but now it's just a few hundred and I'm at a loss as to what to do.
Then Lelia came up with a great, crazy idea.
She said, "What if we revived the rainforest?
of your birthplace
Let's build Paradise again."
So I met a dear friend who knew a lot about forest engineering and started preparing the project, and then I started planting trees.
We started planting hundreds of thousands of trees, but only indigenous species, reviving destroyed ecosystems, and life began to regenerate in amazing ways.
We needed to turn this land into a national park We needed to turn this land into a national park
improve the land and return it to its natural state
became a national park
We founded an organization called the Instituto Terra and started a large environmental project to raise money.
We're also active here in Los Angeles and in the San Francisco Bay Area, tax-deductible in the United States.
So far, we've raised a lot of money in Spain, Italy and Brazil.
In Brazil, we work with a lot of companies and governments that invest in us.
My life began to shine, and I returned to my big dream of taking pictures again.
But this time, what I'm trying to photograph is not us, the people we've photographed all our lives.
Other creatures, landscapes -- other creatures, landscapes -- and humans, in their primal form, coexisting with nature.
started in early 2004 and finished in 2011
A huge number of photographs were produced, and Lelia designed all the books and exhibitions, she is the creator, so to speak.
The purpose of these photographs is to see what remains of the earth in its original state, what should be left on the earth for human survival and harmony with nature.
It was to create controversy, and I also wanted to see humans using stone tools.
Yes, it still exists. Last week, I went to the Brazilian National Foundation for the Conservation of Indigenous Peoples, and there are about 110 indigenous groups living isolated lives in the Amazon Basin alone.
so we have to protect the forest
And with my photography, I want to create a body of knowledge.
We've been trying to show the planet from a new perspective.Here are some photos of the project.
(Applause) Thank you very much.
We must fight with all our might to protect what you just saw.
But there's also something else that we need to come together to regenerate: building a society, a modern family that lives in it, and we can't go back.
On the other hand, it creates a big contradiction.
Destroying much to build what is now
Our forest in Brazil is a pristine forest the size of California, and 93 percent of it has been destroyed.
The forests are being destroyed here on the West Coast, too, right?
The redwoods around here have disappeared
disappeared in a flash
Two days ago, when I came here via Atlanta, I flew over a desert that we created ourselves.
India has no more trees, neither does Spain.
we have to regenerate the forest
Forest is the source of our life
We have to breathe, but only forests can convert carbon dioxide into oxygen.
Only forests can absorb carbon dioxide. We emit carbon dioxide all the time.
Three or four weeks ago, I had an idea, when I read an article about millions of fish dying in Norway.
The cause of death was the lack of oxygen in the water.
So I thought, since no living thing, including humans, can ever run out of oxygen, it's hard to see what's going on.
Trees are also important in water systems.
Let me give you a little example to make it clearer
If you're a happy person with a lot of hair like you, it takes two to three hours for your hair to dry without a hairdryer after you take a shower.
But in my case, it dries in 1 minute.
Trees are like hair on the ground
If it rains where there are no trees, the rainwater will flow into rivers in minutes, washing away the soil, destroying water sources -- destroying rivers and not retaining water.
But if there are trees, the roots hold the water
Fallen leaves and branches create areas of high humidity that, over the course of months, descend into the groundwater and reach the rivers, thus sustaining the rivers that are our source.
The most important thing is to understand that we need water for everything we do.
So, at the end, I'm going to show you some pictures that are important for the future.
As I said earlier, when my parents gave me the farm that was my paradise --
The land was completely destroyed, eroded and dry.
But as you can see in the pictures, we were starting to build an education center at this time, which became one of the largest environmental centers in Brazil.
You can see that there are many areas that look like dots.
where we planted trees
planted thousands of trees
Taken in exactly the same place two months ago - see this photo.
(Applause) As I said at the beginning, we had to plant 2.5 million trees of about 200 species to restore the ecosystem.
Please see the last photo
We've grown two million trees on this land.
Thanks to these trees, we're sequestering about 100,000 tons of carbon dioxide.
Ladies and gentlemen, this is really easy, even we could do it.
I used the disaster that befell me to return to my home country and regenerate the ecosystem.
I'm sure everyone here has the same fears: the model that we created in Brazil can be used here.
Can it be applied all over the world?
I think we can all spread this model together.
thank you very much
(applause)
I'm going to take four related themes: big data, tattoos, immortality, and Greece.
How about?
Speaking of tattoos, tattoos make a statement without words, don't they?
"Beautiful" "Attractive" No need to say much
"Loyalty." "Very intimate." "Big failure." (Laughter) Tattoos tell a lot of stories.
This is a rude question - do any of you have tattoos?
It's a minority
Facebook Google Twitter LinkedIn - cell phone GPS Foursquare Yelp Travel Advisor What if the social network you use is an electronic tattoo?
What if we gave you information about who you are and who you are, just like a tattoo?
What's happened in the last few decades is that you've become as much a subject of coverage as a head of state or a super-celebrity. and your own behavior
I also advocate electronic tattoos
And while we're worried about the implications, there's something even more troubling going on: beyond electronic tattoos, for example, we're getting better at facial recognition.
So when I take a photo with my iPhone, I can see everyone's name. Of course, I make mistakes. You can download the record Everyone has an electronic tattoo Everyone has an electronic tattoo
Companies like Face.com have 18 billion faces online.
the end of this company
"June 18, 2012 Face.com sold to Facebook." There are other companies that use cameras like this, and they have nothing to do with Facebook, but they take pictures of you and put them on social media. If you find out that you prefer dresses from
What if Andy Warhol got it wrong?
his argument is this
"In the future, anyone can become a world-famous celebrity for 15 minutes."
Anyone can be anonymous for 15 minutes. (Laughter) Electronic tattoos may have brought us all closer to immortality. Electronic tattoos live on beyond our bodies.
If that's true, then four lessons from Greece and one lesson from Latin America might help.
why greece?
The Greeks wondered what would happen if humans, gods and immortality mixed for too long.
So Lesson 1: Sisyphus
In Greek mythology, Sisyphus repeats the penance of lifting a tumbling boulder to the top of a mountain as a sin for committing a mortal sin.
Sounds like our reputation
Once you get an electronic tattoo, you're either touted or vilified, so if you're online, be careful what you post.
Lesson 2: Orpheus was charming, popular, and a wonderful minstrel. He went into the underworld to retrieve his beloved wife.The pitiful tone of his lyre played fascinated the people of the underworld. with the proviso that
I get my wife back, but on my way out of the underworld, I was tempted to watch it, and I lost my wife forever.
So it might be wise not to delve too deeply into your loved one's past data.
Lesson 3: Atalanta
She's very quick on her feet and doesn't choose her competitors.
If I win the race, I will marry the winner
If you lose, the loser will be killed
So how did Hippomenes defeat her?
He had three golden apples, and he threw them behind her every time she tried to pass.
Every time she tried to pass, I threw an apple behind her.
Taking advantage of her distraction, Hippomenes won the race.
When you see those golden apples rolling around, and you post, you tweet, you stay up late texting -- think about whether it's wise.
Narcissus is next
Everyone who comes here is related, isn't it?
(Laughter) As for Narcissus, as you might imagine -- don't get carried away with your post.
A final lesson from Latin America: the great poet Jorge Luis Borges.
When he was threatened by the military junta's legions in Argentina, he said, "You can't frighten anyone except with death."
What's interesting is that it's a new perspective, but what if we threatened people with the fear of immortality?
That's the reality of electronic tattoos that threatens us today. That's the reality of digital tattoos that threatens us today.
thank you
(applause)
i teach chemistry
(Burn) It's okay
More than just explosions, chemistry is everywhere.
Have you ever done this over and over again in a daze at a restaurant?
Some people are nodding their heads
I recently gave this to my students and asked them to try and explain why this happens.
The questions and discussions that followed were great.
Check out this video that my student Maddie sent me that night.
Khan: (Laughter) As a chemistry teacher for Maddie, I'm really happy that she went home and did this funny demo that we did in class.
But what was even more compelling was that Maddie's curiosity took her to new levels.
I look at the beaker and there's a candle inside
Maddie is experimenting with this phenomenon in new conditions by changing the temperature.
It's questions and curiosities like Maddie's that are the magnets that draw us to our teachers.
But if we put this technology ahead of our students' inquisitive minds, we risk robbing ourselves of one of our greatest tools as teachers: questioning.
For example, moving a boring lecture from the classroom to the screen of a mobile device might save instruction time, but if you focus on the student's experience, it's just the same impersonal chatter dressed up in nice clothes.
If we have the guts to confuse and confuse our students and elicit real questions, then those questions will guide us as teachers in a robust and informed way to tailor the education to the child.
21st century jargon, industry jargon, and gibberish aside, the truth is, I've been teaching for 13 years, and it wasn't until I was in a life-or-death situation that I got out of 10 years of pseudo-education, and the questions my students asked me. I realized that this was the beginning of real learning, not a set curriculum that gave you bits and pieces of random information.
In May 2010, when I was 35, with a 2-year-old child and my wife's second child, they discovered a large aneurysm in my thoracic aorta.
I had open heart surgery, and this is the actual email I received from my doctor.
When I saw this, I literally—really freaked out.
But I was so relieved that I was somewhat surprised by the overflowing confidence of my surgeon.
Where did this man get such confidence and boldness?
When I asked, my teacher told me three things
The first is that my curiosity has driven me to ask hard questions about treatments and which ones work and which don't.
The second thing is that I was not afraid to try and try, but I was happy about it, the tedious process of trial and error, the inevitable process.
And third, the focused, deliberate, gathered information, planned, and modified surgery that saved my life.
I learned a lot from these thought-provoking quotes. Before I returned to school that fall, I set three rules for myself that I still use in my lesson plans.
Rule #1 "Curiosity First"
Questions pave the way for good teaching, not the other way around.
Rule 2 "Much welcome"
We are teachers and we know learning is ugly
So even though the scientific method is on page 5, chapter 1, section 1.2, feel free to skip it.
Rule #3 “Perform Deliberation”
What we do is important and should be cherished, but it's also worth fixing.
Can we be surgeons in our class?
It's as if what we're doing is saving lives.
students are worth it
And no one is the same
(Burn) Excuse me.
As a chemistry teacher, I feel compelled to do this before I move on.
these are my daughters
On the right is Emalou, a very southern name.
Then on the left is Riley
Riley will be a big sister in two weeks.
I'm turning 4. As you all know, 4-year-olds love to ask, "Why?"
so why
You can teach this kid anything, because he's so curious about everything.
There was a time when everyone was that age.
But the hardest part is Riley's future teachers, whom I haven't met yet.
How do you nurture this curiosity?
As you've probably noticed, Riley is the metaphor for all children. School dropout comes in many forms: upperclassmen who don't listen to class, empty seats in the back of an urban middle school classroom.
But if we, educators, stop being just disseminators of information and start embracing new paradigms and cultivating curiosity and inquiry, then we can give our students a little more meaning in school and let their imaginations shine.
thank you
(applause)
I'm a little nervous today. My wife, Yvon, said to me, "Hey, you've seen TED, haven't you?"
"Of course I love TED," said his wife.
"Look, these guys are so smart and talented..." "I know, I know."
(Laughter) So I said, "Okay, I'll do it right - yeah, I'll do it."
But I'm still angry. (Laughter) The last time I saw -- (Applause), while I was feeling high, here's why I came here today with anger.
Millions of children will be needlessly dropped out this year, and we could have saved them all in the meantime.
You've seen some of the brilliant educators here.
Don't tell even them that they can't save those kids, it can't be.
absolutely possible
So why is it not improved?
Because we, the educators, were so caught up in the operating plan that we didn't care how many children were left out, and we kept doing things that didn't work. How many times have I said, "It's just too much"
The utterly pointless operating plan is this:
I grew up in the heart of a big city. When I first started school 56 years ago, the schools that had failing students are still in shambles today, 56 years later.
Do you know what a bad school looks like?
different from wine
right? (Laughter) You wouldn't say '1987 was a good year', would you?
That's what it means. Year after year, year after year -- the same thing over and over again, isn't it?
This is one size I hope it fits, but if it doesn't - I'm just unlucky
Why haven't we encouraged reform?
There's no way you couldn't have done more
Look, I went to a school that had failed students for 50 years, and I said, "So what are you going to do?"
You say, "Well, this year, we're going to do the same thing we did last year."
Where in the world is there a business plan like that?
Banks used to be open from 10am to 3pm.
10am to 3pm Closed for lunch
Who can go to the bank between 10:00 and 3:00? people without jobs
They don't need a bank 'cause they ain't got no money to deposit
Who created such a business model? right?
It's been like this for decades
because they didn't care
I didn't care about the customer.
Bank employees are more important, so we created a system that works best for us.
How are you supposed to go to the bank while you're at work? i didn't know
It doesn't matter if I, Jeff, get frustrated because I can't go to the bank.
But are you with me everywhere?
And then one day a little crazy bank clerk came up with an idea
If everyone could go to the bank after work
It might be pretty funny What do you think about opening on Saturdays?
Do you want to introduce some new technology?
Well, I like new things, but to be honest, I'm a little older.
I was a little naive, and I didn't believe in the power of technology, so when that strange machine first came out -- you put in your cards and you got cash -- "I don't think machines can count bills accurately, do you?"
I will definitely use it." That's what I thought.
Technology has changed, and so has the world.
But the field of education remains the same. Why?
Why do we still teach in exactly the same way that we did when telephones had dials and people were crippled by polio?
If you come up with something different, people will label you as "radical."
you will be verbally abused
If science -- not me, but scientific research -- suggests that children from the poorest families drop out over the summer, then in June, it's all good.
But when September came, I was down
Oh! I heard this when I was studying education at Harvard in 1975.
I thought, "Wow, this is important research."
'Cause I'm pointing out that something has to be done
(Laughter) The same study is done every decade.
Each time it shows exactly the same result: children from poor families drop out during the summer.
The current system prevents schools from opening in the summer.
I always wonder who makes those rules?
For years I've been -- you know, I went to Harvard
I thought I learned something
It's said that it's because of the farmer's calendar.
It doesn't make sense, it doesn't make sense at all, because we all know that if you're a farmer, you don't plant in July or August.
Spring is the time to do it, right?
So who came up with that? who's opinion?
What made you do that?
In fact, in the 1840s, some schools were open year-round because -- many people had to work all day.
In the meantime, there was nowhere else for the children to stay.
I wish I had a school
So this is not by the gods of education or anything.
Then why? why?
Because our industry refused to use science.
It's science. Bill Gates comes up and says, "You can do it, right? Everyone can do it."
How many places in this America will change? is zero
Zero: Are there two places? oh dear -
There are places like that, because some people do the right thing.
We, the experts, have to stop this situation, because the science clearly proves it.
as you all know
Problems start right after birth
Right? The idea is that 0 to 3 years old is the winner.
Yvon and I have four children, three grown ups and one 15.
There are many things about it
(Laughter) When we had our first child, neither my wife nor I knew the science of brain development.
I had no way of knowing how important the first three years of my life were.
I had no idea what was going on in the baby's brain.
Little did I know that stimulus-response language would play such an important role in children's brain development.
And now that you know, what are you doing? not doing anything
Wealthy people know, intellectuals know
So their children have an advantage
The poor people have no idea, and we're not going to help them at all.
But you know the situation is serious.
What about kindergartens for three- and four-year-olds?
It's important for children
It's a necessary experience for children from poor families.
No, in many places such facilities do not exist.
public health services are important
I'm a service provider, and people keep grumbling to me. I'm focused on responsibility and data and other things that are worthwhile, but you need to raise a lot of money to provide public health services. there is
Backers often said to me, "Jeff, why are you offering this service?"
At that time, I answered appropriately something like that.
"Well, you know--you know, kids with cavities--we were told they couldn't even study."
I had no choice. I had to raise money.
But now that I'm older, I answer
Why give our children access to all these medical benefits and sports and recreation and art?
because he likes children
(Laughter) (Applause) And to those stubborn people who still don't get it, I say, "Until you do what you do to your child."
Even if you've never read a Massachusetts Institute of Technology study that says dance lessons help kids improve their algebra skills, you get your kids to learn to dance, and when your kids feel like it, you're happy, and you're happy with it, so why? Shouldn't the poor kids be doing the same thing? it's the children's right
(Applause) And there's more.
I'm a test lover. We need data, and we need information, because when you're working on something, you think it's going well, but you know it's not.
So the bottom line is, educators, all right, that's fine, that's great, but it turns out that they didn't really get it.
But I have a problem with the test.
So the exam we're doing -- we're doing it in New York next week -- is in April.
Do you know when the results will come out?
maybe july or june
The results contain important data
It's valid data, like, "Raheem is so far behind, he can't do two-digit multiplication," but it's only available after the school year ends.
What are you doing at that time?
(Laughter) And when you get back from vacation,
I have received the test results from the previous year.
I don't see that kind of thing
need to see?
Even though the year has already started
How much money are you spending on these things?
Billions of dollars are spent on useless data
I need that data in September.
i want to use it in november
I want to know what my students are having trouble understanding and whether my teaching has been effective.
Also within this week
It's too late to find out at the end of the school year
As I gained experience, I became like a clairvoyant.
I can predict the exam results of that school.
any school is fine
Sluggish schools in big city centers are easier to understand
Let's say, last year, 48 percent of the students in that school were grade-appropriate.
I said, "So what are you planning to do? Last year and this year -- what did you do?"
"I'm doing the same thing."
So let me make a prediction. (Laughter) This year, roughly 44 percent to 52 percent of students will remain grade-appropriate.
And my predictions are never wrong
What do you get for spending so much money?
Teachers need real information about what's going on with their students.
I can do something. Now is the time for high stakes.
I think there are other issues to worry about.
We can't stand in the way of innovation in education as a business.
Innovation is important, and people in education are outraged by innovation.
If you try to do something else, they will resent you.
And when you try something new, people's reaction is, "Hey, special accredited school." So let's try it.
'Cause it's been 55 years and it doesn't work
Let's do something different, and that's where the trouble is
As a result of trying, there are some things that do not work
Then it's like, 'Oh, it's a special accredited school.
Many cases fail and should be closed
yes it should be closed
But don't confuse trying to figure out science with doing nothing because it doesn't work.
right? 'Cause that's not how the world goes around
In terms of technology, if we think in the same way in the field of technology
Every time something breaks down, you immediately give up and say, "I'm done with it," right?
It was persuasive. I'm sure there are many here, but the most advanced electronic diary, the PalmPilot.
People said to me, "Jeff, if you have this - you don't need anything else."
It lasted three weeks, that's all
I was annoyed thinking that I wasted my money on something like that.
So did we stop inventing? no -
Everyone continued development boldly
Failure shouldn't stop science from moving forward.
As educators, there's clearly something we can do. Let's do it.
For example, performance evaluation has to start when children are young, and it has to be well supported.
We have to give our children every opportunity.
That's important.
By the way, this will be a challenge for the entire education sector.
America can't spend another 50 years fixing the status quo.
I'm out of time
The "financial cliff" doesn't quite make sense, but right now we're walking on the brink of an education cliff. You said it would cost you a billion dollars
$5 billion for America?
How much did you spend in Afghanistan this year?
How many trillion dollars? (Applause) When a country does something, in the blink of an eye, trillions of dollars are thrown in.
It doesn't matter how much you spend when national security is threatened.
What we need most for the security of this country is preparing the next generation to replace us and become world leaders in thought, technology, democracy and other important areas.
It's probably just a little thing, a little thing, what we need to really start solving these problems.
When that time finally comes, my anger will subside (Laughter).
thank you thank you
(Applause) What is the high school dropout rate in the Harlem Children's Zone?
Well, John, last year all of our students graduated from high school.
and all went to college
All students are expected to graduate this year.
And of those, 93% of the students have decided to go on to college.
We will focus on the remaining 7%
(Applause) What kind of relationship are you going to have with them after high school?
As you know, one of the problems we have in this country is that these kids, these defenseless kids, drop out in record numbers after they finally get into school.
So it became clear that I had to build a solid support network and imitate how a good parent behaves in every way.
Aren't those parents annoying? "Show me your report card, how was the last test?
want to quit school What are you talking about!
If you do that, you won't be able to enter the house."
Similarly, a lot of the kids in our school district know that if they do that, they won't be able to go back to Harlem, because Jeff's watching over them.
I'm thinking, "This is really bad." I can't, I have to go to school properly
I'm not joking.
Children feel pressure in a different way when they know they can't easily fail, and they don't give up easily.
Sometimes you don't even realize it in the first place, but you're like, "Well, I really don't like it—you know, my mother is so noisy."
It's important for children, and it helps them get through different situations.
Right now, I'm trying to find a way to encourage people to say, "You can do it, it's pretty tough, but I won't let you fail," along with creating a strategic structure for tutoring and other support that you need.
Dr. thank you canada
Everyone give a big round of applause
(applause)
At the age of 27, I quit my very demanding job in management consulting for a much more demanding job as a teacher.
I taught first grade math at a public middle school in New York.
Create quizzes and exams like a teacher
I gave my homework
When I got the answers back, I gave a grade.
What struck me was that IQ isn't the only difference between a good student and a bad student.
Some students did very well, but they didn't have a very high IQ.
There were kids who were very smart but didn't get good grades.
so i thought
Certainly difficult to learn in 7th grade mathematics Percentage Decimal - Area of ​​a parallelogram
But mastering these concepts is not impossible, and I'm convinced that any student can master them if they put in enough time and work hard enough.
After several years of teaching, I've come to the conclusion that education needs a better understanding of students and learning from a motivational, psychological perspective.
The only yardstick we know well in education is
IQ. But what if doing well in school and in life depends on more than your ability to learn quickly and easily?
So I quit teaching and went to graduate school to become a psychologist.
I started to study children and adults in a variety of hyper-challenging environments, and in every study, the question was, who was successful and why?
Our research team went to West Point Military Academy.
I was trying to predict which cadets would stay in army training and who would drop out.
In a national spelling contest, we tried to predict which child would outperform the competition.
We looked at novice teachers working in hard-to-reach neighborhoods to see which teachers continued to teach until the end of the school year, and which of them were most successful in improving student learning outcomes.
We also partnered with private companies to find out which salespeople were still working.
and who makes the most money
In all of these situations, one feature was critical to success.
it's not social intelligence
It wasn't good looks, it wasn't physical health, it wasn't IQ.
It's the power to persevere
The ability to persevere is passion and perseverance toward ultra-long-term goals
It's also about having stamina
Perseverance is about being obsessed with your future day in and day out. It's about working hard and making that dream come true, not just for the week or the month, but for years.
Perseverance is living like you're running a marathon, not a sprint.
A few years ago, I started researching grit in a public school in Chicago.
We polled thousands of high school sophomores about their grit and waited over a year to see who graduated.
The results showed that people with higher perseverance were more likely to complete graduation, even when all the metrics were the same, even when family income and standardized test scores were the same, even though how safe they felt in school. is
Perseverance was important not only at the Military Academy and national spelling contests, but also in schools.
It was especially important for students who were on the verge of failing.
For me, the most shocking thing about grit is how little we know about developing grit, and how little we know about science.
Parents and teachers ask me every day, "How do you nurture your child's perseverance?
How do you instill a desire to learn?
How do you keep yourself motivated for the long haul? "
I honestly don't know (laughs).
I know there's a difference between talent and grit.
As our data clearly shows, there are many talented people who simply don't follow through on what they set out to do.
In fact, data shows that grit isn't usually associated with talent, and even inversely correlates with it.
The best thing I've heard about cultivating grit in kids is something called "growth thinking."
Carol Dweck of Stanford University discovered that success thinking is the belief that the ability to learn is not fixed, but can be changed through effort.
Dr. Dweck has shown that when children learn about brain function and how their brains change and grow in response to challenges, they are more likely to be more patient when they fail, because they believe failure is not a permanent condition.
So growth thinking is very good for developing perseverance.
but that's not enough
That's all I can say, we're still at that stage.
From there, it's a matter of working from now on.
The best idea, you have to use your strongest intuition to try it.
Knowing if we're succeeding, making mistakes, making mistakes, and learning from them, we have to start all over again.
In other words, we have to persevere ourselves to increase the perseverance of our children.
thank you
(applause)
I grew up in rough East Los Angeles, not knowing that my family was poor.
My father was a powerful gang member and he ran the neighborhood.
Everyone knew me and thought I was special and cared for. My father was in and out of prison for most of my childhood, but my mother was a very strong person.
My mother worked as a secretary in the principal's office at a nearby high school, so she saw many students who were kicked out of class and summoned to the principal's office for one reason or another.
No, my mother's office was full of these students.
Children like us, who grew up in a poor and unsafe place, have various problems at home, and when they get home, they can't start studying right away.
But that doesn't mean you can't
it just takes more time and effort than others
For example, I remember one day my father was shaking violently and foaming out of his mouth, and he was overdosed and he was lying in the bathroom.
Do you really think doing your homework on those nights is the most important thing?
no way
I desperately needed people around me to help me so that I didn't become a victim myself in my situation, someone who pushed me to keep going when I thought I couldn't do more. was needed
I needed a teacher who would say, "You can do better" every day in class.
But unfortunately, we didn't have a teacher like that at our local middle school.
Gangs dominated, and there was a lot of teacher turnover.
So my mother decided, "I'm going to have to ride the bus for an hour and a half every day to go to a school far away."
For the next two years, I took the bus to school.
I got on the school bus and went to an area where the rich lived.
I ended up going to a school with a mixed mix of students.
Some were involved in gangs, and other students were working as hard as I was to get into high school.
It was inevitable to stay out of bad things.
to survive sometimes
I had to do things I didn't want to do
In the teacher's mind, "This child is no good.
I don't get along with teachers
From now on, no matter what you do, it will be useless.”
There were several teachers who abandoned me, saying there was nothing I could do.
So when I graduated from high school, these teachers were very surprised.
I enrolled at Pepperdine University, and after graduating, I returned to my middle school to become a special education assistant.
So I said to my teachers, "I want to be a teacher."
And then everyone's reaction was, "Huh? Why?"
"Why do you want to be a teacher?"
My teaching career thus began in the middle school I attended, and I really wanted to help a lot of students like myself.
Every year, I tell my students a story from when I was in middle school, because we've all been through it, we've all been through it, and we've all been through it, and we all need help to get through it.
And when that happens, I want them to know that I'm there for them.
I've been doing that since I was a new teacher.
One day a student walked into my classroom despite having been stabbed with a knife the night before.
"You should go to the hospital."
He said, "Teacher, I'm not going.
I can't skip classes because I want to graduate. I said
This student knew that I wouldn't allow her to become a victim in her unfortunate situation, and she had no choice but to keep going and not stop there.
I wanted to create a safe space for my students, to keep track of their situation, and to build relationships with their families. was impossible
How can you build a close relationship between students and teachers in such a situation?
So we decided to set up a new school.
Established San Fernando High School to focus on multimedia Established San Fernando High School to focus on multimedia
We set it up to belong to the old school district so that we could get funding and support.
Because it gave us more freedom, like hiring teachers who fit the school's goals, or designing a curriculum, not having to teach a certain page in a certain textbook, and controlling the school's budget. You can, and you can spend your money where you need it most, and you don't have to just do what the school district or state says.
I wanted that kind of freedom
But completely changing the way we do things isn't easy, and we're not even done with it.
But I had to do it
Our community should have had a new way of doing things.
As the first middle school in the Los Angeles Unified School District to experiment with new methods, there were, of course, some who disagreed with us.
It comes from fear What if these people's plans go wrong? for fear of
But what if we're really totally wrong?
But what if I'm right?
so i did
Teachers objected to this, but I set the tenure of teachers to one year, because teachers who are not good at teaching or who are unmotivated are not qualified to teach at my school.
(Applause) What have we achieved in our third year?
Well, I made it a school worth coming to every day.
It made me realize that all the students are important to us.
We've made the school curriculum more rigorous and adapted to the students, and the technology they're used to, like computers and tablets.
All of these are provided at school.
Animation software, film making software, all of these are available
And then they connected it to what the students were doing, for example, the students used this software to create a commercial for the Cancer Society.
This commercial was on a local trolley train.
There's nothing better than teaching them the elements of persuasion.
State-level achievement test scores have gone up over 80 points since our school became independent.
This is because all the people who are interested in the success of this school, and all the teachers, including the principal, who is hired for a one-year term, worked together for unpaid overtime and worked hard together.
And it's all thanks to the school board that says, "Once you follow some rules, you're free to do the rest."
And thanks to an active group of parents who not only walked in and out of school every day, but also became part of the school, thinking that they could do this or that for their children.
Why do our students have to go to school far away from their homes?
They should be able to have a good school near their home, a school that they can be proud to say they went to, and a school that the community can be proud of. I need teachers to help me not get carried away
Because it's time for kids like me to become the norm, not the exception.
thank you
(applause)
Today, I want to take a slightly different perspective and talk about why investing in early childhood education makes sense as a public investment.
So where's the difference? When it comes to early childhood education, there's usually a discussion about what kind of positive impact it has. or earn a higher income
That's very important, but what I want to talk about is how early childhood education plays a role in promoting economic stability and development in the state.
This is actually very important, because what we need to do to increase investment in early childhood education is to get state governments interested.
Because the federal government has its hands full, so the state governments will push forward.
So we have to appeal to legislators in our states, and make them understand that we have to promote economic development in our states.
Encouraging economic development doesn't mean using magic.
Early childhood education has the potential to create more and better jobs, which in turn drives higher per capita incomes in the state.
By the way, people don't usually connect state and local development to childcare and early childhood education programs all the time.
You're right, I've spent most of my research life on these issues.
And I spoke to officials from the Economic Development Board and a number of legislators about these issues.
When they think about economic development, the first thing they think about is tax incentives, property tax cuts, job creation credits.
Let's say, for example, that the state is very aggressive in encouraging the expansion of new car factories and car factories.
They administer all kinds of business tax measures
If they can really attract business, then these plans make sense, because this will increase employment rates by creating more and better jobs, which will raise the personal incomes of state residents.
Lower corporate taxes mean that state residents will benefit from the costs they pay.
My argument is, essentially, that early childhood education programs can do exactly the same thing, and create a lot more and better jobs, but in a different way.
Certainly more indirect
The way these programs create more and better jobs is to invest in quality early childhood education and to improve the skills of local workers in the future, if more educated children stay on the land, in turn. That quality workforce is the key to driving local job creation and per capita income.
Now let's turn to the numbers on this.
Now let's look at the results of a wide range of studies, starting with studies that show how early childhood education programs affect academic performance, wages and skills in today's adults -- we already know this effect, and how many people. of people who stay in the state rather than immigrate and contribute to the local economy -- and how much of their ability to create jobs -- these three studies draw the conclusion that for every dollar invested in early childhood education, state residents. per capita income would rise by $2.78, which would mean a tripling of profits.
It's possible to increase this to a 16-fold return, assuming even less crime and no one with early childhood education leaves the state -- but there's good reason to focus on that $3. Because it's an important number for legislators and politicians in states that need to act.
Herein lies an important advantage that state politicians should consider when considering economic development.
Now, I hear a lot of the naysayers who don't shy away from saying it, so maybe you've never heard of it, like why should we pay more taxes to invest in other people's children?
It's about what you get
The problem with this objection is that it reflects a complete misunderstanding, a lack of understanding of just how much a community involves each individual.
Interdependence, in particular, is the massive knock-on effect of technology: when other people's children gain more skills, in fact, everyone else, including those who don't have the same skills, thrives more.
For example, a huge body of research on what actually drives growth in urban areas shows that it's not about low taxes, low costs, low wages, it's the skill level in the area, and the measure of skill is the university in the area. graduation rate
If you look at urban areas like Boston, Minneapolis, St. Paul, Silicon Valley, just because these cities are low cost doesn't mean they're doing well economically.
Buying a house in Silicon Valley
not cheap at all
These cities can grow because they have high-level skills.
So investing in other people's children and improving their skills means increasing employment rates across urban areas.
Let me give you another example. When we look at statistical studies of what determines an individual's wages, we find that an individual's wages are partly related to the education they receive, such as whether they have a college degree. is
It's also interesting to add that even if your personal education level remains constant, statistically, the education level of everyone else in the city area will affect your wages.
Even if your educational background doesn't change, you'll find that if you increase the rate of college graduates in urban areas, it will have a very positive effect on your wages.
In fact, the effect is so high that when a person completes a degree, the ripple effect that it has on the wages of other people in urban areas is actually greater than its direct effect.
A degree increases a person's lifetime earnings by more than $700,000.
If you raise the college graduation rate in an urban area, it will affect everyone in that area. It's a small impact for just one individual, but if you raise the education level of everyone in an urban area, in fact, in total, you can increase wages per capita by a million. It will raise about a dollar
It's actually far more than the immediate benefits for those who choose to get an education.
what is going on here
How can we explain these enormous educational ramifications?
let's think about it
Suppose I'm the most skilled person in the world, but if everyone else in my company doesn't have the skills, employers will find it difficult to introduce new manufacturing technologies.
Employers are less productive as a result
You won't be able to afford to pay me a good wage
Even if the people in the company have the skills, if the people who supply the company don't have the good skills, my company won't be competitive to compete in the domestic and international market.
And similarly, uncompetitive companies won't be able to pay me well, and tech businesses, especially, are constantly stealing ideas and talent from other businesses.
So it's clear that the productivity of a Silicon Valley firm has a lot to do with the skill of not only the people working in that firm, but the skills of other firms in the metropolitan area.
After all, if you can invest in other people's children, through things like quality early childhood education, you're not only helping those children, but you're helping people in urban areas to get better wages and jobs. is
Another objection that we sometimes see here when it comes to investing in early childhood education is the question of people who migrate.
Let's say, for example, that Ohio is considering investing more in early childhood education in Columbus.
And the state of Michigan is worried that even if it invests in early childhood education in Ann Arbor, Michigan children will eventually migrate and become residents of Ohio.
Both sides hold back on investing because everyone is going to migrate.
The data actually shows that Americans aren't as active on the move as people think.
Data shows that more than 60 percent of Americans spend most of their careers in their state of birth.
That ratio doesn't vary that much from state to state.
It doesn't change much with the state's economy, boom or bust, doesn't change much with the times.
What that means is that if you invest in your children, they're actually going to stay in the state.
Or at least there will be enough of them to give back to the state economy.
In short, many studies have shown that when early childhood education is managed with high quality, it leads to higher proficiency skills.
Studies have also shown that people who stay in the state are more interested in the local state's economy, and that more highly skilled workers lead to higher wages and higher jobs in the local economy. It turns out that for every dollar invested, there's about a three-dollar return to the state's economy.
In my opinion, the results of this study are very compelling and logical.
So what are the obstacles to achieving this?
Well, one obvious barrier is cost.
So just how much would it cost -- if every state government invested in every kindergarten with a four-year-old full-day program, the national cost would be roughly $30 billion.
$30 billion is a lot of money
On the other hand, given that the United States has a population of over 300 million people, we're talking about a hundred dollars per person.
Look, $100 per person is something any state government can afford.
So it's just a matter of political will.
Of course, as I said earlier, this cost is proportional to the benefit.
I said that in terms of $80 billion of surplus revenue, the state economy is about three times as profitable.
Now, let's take the billions of hard-to-find stories and compare them to a familiar story, which is that just sending an average low-income child to early childhood education can increase that child's lifetime earnings by about 10 percent. The thing is, not by improving K-12 education, or by improving college tuition or enrollment rates, but by directly improving kindergarten, middle-class children can earn five percent more.
So this is an investment that pays off in a tangible way to a wide range of income segments in the state's population, and that yields a number of tangible benefits.
The cost barrier is now cleared
In fact, a deeper barrier is the time it takes for the benefits of early childhood programs to become apparent.
What I'm trying to say in this discussion is that if we improve the quality of our local labor force, we're going to boost economic development.
Even if you have a kindergarten for four-year-olds, you're not going to force them to work in a hostile environment as soon as they turn five, right? i hope so
This investment that we're talking about isn't going to pay off in 15 to 20 years from the perspective of its impact on the state economy.
The answer to this is that these programs have benefits in early reductions in the cost of special education and remedial education, and the economic impact of parents' interest in early education, the search for quality kindergartens, and migration. You may be right, but in a way you're missing an important point.
After all, we are investing in the future.
The last thing I want you to consider is the ultimate question.
I'm an economist, but this is ultimately not an economic question, but a moral question. Can we make the political choice to pay more taxes and sacrifice the present for a better future?
Can we do it as a country?
And that's what every citizen and voter needs to ask themselves.
Are you interested in long-term investments and do you believe they are worth investing in?
That's the concept of investment.
Sacrifice the present for later gains
I think the research evidence for the benefits of early childhood education to the local economy is pretty strong.
But as citizens and as voters, our moral and political choices are still up to us.
Thank you. (Applause)
Growing up in Taiwan as the daughter of a calligrapher, my most treasured memory is that my mother taught me the shape, origin and beauty of Chinese characters.
Since then, I've become fascinated by this wonderful language.
But Chinese may seem like the Great Wall of China to the outsider.
For the last few years, I've been thinking about breaking down this wall so that everyone can understand and appreciate the beauty of this sophisticated language.
The first thing I thought was, how can I learn new Chinese faster?
From the age of five, I began to learn how to write the individual lines that appear in every letter, including the stroke order.
For the next 15 years, I learned a new kanji every day.
You only have five minutes, so it's better to be quick and concise.
Chinese scholars know about 20,000 Chinese characters,
1,000 characters is enough for normal reading and writing
In particular, the top 200 most frequently used kanji covers 40% of the commonly used kanji, which is enough to roughly understand things like road signs, restaurant menus, web pages, and newspaper articles.
So for now, let me show you what this method looks like in eight characters.
Are you ready?
Open your mouth as wide as possible and make a square.
That's the word for mouth
This is a person who is out for a walk
"people"
If the shape of the fire looks like a person with two arms outstretched to the sides, it's like they're panicking and yelling, "Help me! There's a fire!" I like to think, whichever you prefer
this is a tree
"wood"
this is the mountain
Day
moon
This letter for door looks like a tavern door in the Old West.
These eight letters are called radicals
By combining these blocks, you can make more characters.
people
If someone is walking behind you, it will be a character that means "to follow."
As the old saying goes, two are companions, three are crowds
When people open their hands, they probably say, "It's so big."
If a person enters the mouth, that person is a prisoner.
A prisoner, like Jonah swallowed by a whale.
A single tree is a tree, but two trees together form a forest.
When three trees come together, it becomes a forest.
Placing a plank under a tree provides a foundation
If you put your mouth on a tree, you're an idiot. (Laughter) It's easy to understand, right? Talking trees are stupid
Remember the word fire?
When two fires come together, they become hot like flames
When three come together, it becomes a lot of flames.
If you light a fire under two trees, they will burn.
For us the sun is the source of prosperity
Prosper in two days
It shines with 3
When the sun and moon shine together, it means bright
"Day and night" can also mean tomorrow
The sun rises above the horizon, it's sunrise
If you place a board inside the kanji character for a door, it becomes a kannuki.
Putting your mouth under the door means asking a question.
Konkon, did someone come back?
This person is sneaking out the door and trying to run and hide.
a woman on the left
When two women meet, an argument begins.
(Laughter) When three women are together, be careful, it's adultery.
I've seen about 30 characters so far
Using this method, you can memorize 32 characters in the first eight radicals.
If you learn another eight letters, you'll also be able to memorize 32 letters.
You can memorize hundreds of characters without much effort, and you'll quickly catch up with an eight-year-old Chinese.
Now that you have memorized the characters, let's start studying idioms
For example, when you combine a mountain and a fire, you get a mountain that emits fire, a volcano.
It is well known that Japan is the land of the rising sun.
It has to do with the direction the sun rises, because Japan is east of China.
The sun and the origin came together to form Japan.
What will happen if people follow Japan?
I am Japanese
The kanji on the left is made up of two mountains stacked on top of each other.
In ancient Chinese dynasties, it meant banishment, but it comes from the fact that the Chinese emperor at that time exiled his political opponents beyond the mountains.
Today, deportation has turned into escape
Together with the mouth that indicates the place to escape, it becomes an exit
This slide is a reminder to me to finish my talk and leave the stage. Thank you.
(applause)
It's 7:45 in the morning, I open the door of the building, and it's a building for raising people, but I feel discouraged.
Every time I leave, I pass through hallways that are being cleaned, but it's not enough to praise the "normal" cleaners for excellence.
Rocker is like a teenage boy looking at a girl with clothes that hide only her fears The rest is in full view
A man who grew up in a fatherless house boasts of his macho style, and those who bully him are disgustingly armed as camouflage.
Teaching job is not worth the salary
Young people who take classes rush like the sea, but they don't learn to swim, and when the bell rings, they scatter like the broken Red Sea.
This place is a training ground
My high school in Chicago Diverse, but intentionally discriminatory
Barbed wire draws lines of social disparity
The labels "normal" and "honor student" follow me forever
Even I, the "honor student", goes home with the "ordinary" students.
This is a training ground. The sorting of "ordinary" and "honor student" is repeated endlessly. A system for recycling garbage in the social system.
I've been taught since I was young that you can become a big shot if you're resourceful and capitalist.
In this training ground, there are those who learn to lead and those who have no choice but to obey.
It's no wonder you can't accept such a hard-to-swallow truth
In order to graduate, they are all frozen and unable to move.
Homework is also depressing Every day when I get home I have work at home, and on top of that, I can't do my homework
Even reading textbooks is depressing I feel like I can't help but read my life My life is already written It's decided whether I die or I'm caught
It's depressing to take the test Filling in the mark sheet can't stop the bullets from flying
I hear that the education system is failing, but I believe that education serves its purpose, to train and keep us on track, to enable us to pursue the American Dream that so many of us have given up on.
(applause)
thank you
Twelve years ago, I immigrated to the United States with my wife and two children.
But it was actually Los Angeles. (Laughter) I thought I was in America, but Los Angeles is closer.
When I moved to America 12 years ago, I heard a lot of things, like, "Americans don't understand sarcasm."
Have you heard of it?
It's not true. I've been all over America.
There was no indication that Americans didn't understand sarcasm.
It's a kind of cultural myth, like the saying, "British people are modest."
I don't know why you feel that way
We Brits have invaded every country we come across (Laughter).
We Brits have invaded every country we've come across. (Laughter) It's a lie that Americans don't understand the sarcasm. Just know that there are people who say that behind your back.
In Europe, they say that everyone will leave.
When I saw a bill, I knew Americans would quip, too, it was the "No Child Left Behind Act."
It's obvious that this is ironic
It's obvious that this is ironic
(Laughter) (Applause) Millions of children are falling behind.
I know it sounds bad as a bill if it's just like that.
"What's in that plan?"
"Millions of children will be left behind. This is how it's supposed to—"
and succeeded brilliantly
In some areas, as many as 60% of children drop out of high school.
In the case of indigenous communities, 80% drop out.
It's estimated that if we could cut the number of dropouts in half, that would add nearly $1 trillion to the American economy over a decade.
It's a good deal economically, right? should do
It costs a lot of money to clean up after the dropout problem.
But the dropout problem is just the tip of the iceberg.
So what's not taken into consideration are the children who go to school but don't take it seriously, who don't enjoy it, who don't receive any tangible benefits.
This is not a money issue This is not a money issue
America spends more money on education than other countries.
Class sizes are also smaller than many countries.
Hundreds of actions are taken each year to improve education.
The problem is that everyone is heading in the wrong direction.
There are three conditions for a person's life to flourish, but these have been denied by the educational climate, and education has become mere labor for teachers and nothing more than endurance for students.
The first condition is that humans are, to begin with, diverse beings.
Anyone who has children, would you please raise your hand?
Who has grandchildren?
Who has two or more children?
Others have seen it too, right?
(Laughter) I'm talking about that little, mobile human being.
Let's make one bet, I'm sure we'll win
If you have more than one child, they are very different, aren't they?
how is it? (applause)
You don't mix things up, do you?
"Which one are you?
Mom and I have decided to color-code you guys so that you won't make a mistake next time."
"No Child Left Behind" education is based on uniformity, not diversity.
What schools are asked to do is look at a child's abilities in a very narrow domain.
One of the effects of the "no child left behind" policy is the overemphasis on science and technology, and STEM fields are certainly important.
I have no intention of being against science or mathematics.
It's necessary, but it's not enough
Education should give equal weight to arts, humanities and physical education.
So many children -- (Applause) By some estimates, nearly 10 percent of children in America today are diagnosed with a variety of conditions that fall under the category of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
I'm not saying it's a lie
I can't imagine it being that prevalent.
If you let your kids sit and do low-level paperwork for hours, it's not surprising that they start to get nervous.
(Laughter) (Applause) Children often don't suffer from psychosis.
I'm suffering from childhood. (Laughter)
I know why
Because, actually, I have a childhood experience too.
Children thrive best when a wide variety of talents are recognized by a broad curriculum, not when they are confined.
By the way, art is not only important in and of itself, it also advances mathematics.
Because it touches parts of our children that otherwise wouldn't be touched.
The second -- (Applause) The second condition that makes a person's life flourish is curiosity.
If you can ignite a child's curiosity, they will learn on their own without much help.
Children are natural learners
It's a big deal, whether you use or kill a child's abilities.
Curiosity is the driving force for achievement
I say that because the current culture in America has degraded teachers.
Whether you look at the world or the United States, schools are no better than teachers.
Teachers are the source of school success
teaching is a creative job
The essence of teaching is not delivery
A teacher is not just a receiver of information.
Good teachers do that, but they also guide, inspire, elicit, and get involved.
education is for learning
Where there is no learning, there is no education
However, it happens that while discussing education endlessly, we do not talk about learning.
The purpose of education is to teach
An old friend of mine, really old—
It's been dead for a long time -- (Laughter) that tends to happen as you get older --
But he was a great man, a great thinker.
He used to talk about the difference between work and accomplishment in action.
You're working on it, but you don't get it, dieting is a good example of that.
"He's on a diet." "Has he lost weight?"
teaching is the same
"Miss Deborah teaches in Classroom 34."
But if no one is learning anything, the teacher is doing the job of teaching but not doing it.
The teacher's role is all about facilitating learning.
The problem, I think, is that education has become more about testing than teaching and learning.
Tests are important and standard tests have a role
But testing shouldn't be the center of education.
should be limited to diagnosis and assistance
(Applause) If I were to be tested at a hospital, I'd like to see a standardized test.
I would like to know how my cholesterol compares to the norm.
I don't want to be told in units that my family doctor came up with in the car.
"Your cholesterol was orange level."
"Is that good? Is it bad?"
Tests should help, not hinder, learning
In fact, it often happens—
Our culture favors obedience over curiosity.
Children and teachers alike are expected to follow a routine instead of being excited by the power of imagination and curiosity.
The third condition is that humans are inherently creative.
That's why no two resumes are the same.
We build our lives and remake them as we go.
Creativity is something we all have in common
That's why human culture is so interesting and diverse.
They're very mobile. Other animals may have imagination and creativity, but they're not as clear as we are.
If you have a dog
You know that dogs can get depressed too.
But you don't listen to sad Radiohead songs, do you?
(Laughter) You don't even look out the window with a bourbon in hand, do you?
(Laughter) When I asked, "Would you like to go for a walk?"
"Oh I'm fine
Come on, show me the picture later."
We shape our lives by constantly imagining other possibilities and options, and the role of education is to awaken and develop this creative capacity.
But what we're actually doing is standardization.
It doesn't have to be like that, really
Finland ranks well in mathematics, science and reading
They're at the top, but the results only tell us that they're excellent on current test subjects.
that's the problem with the test
You don't pay attention to other important things
The point here in Finland is that we don't just focus on test subjects.
We take a broad approach to education, with a focus on the humanities, physical education, and the arts.
The second important thing is that Finland doesn't have standardized tests.
I have a little bit, but I don't get up in the morning for it or study for it.
Third, I recently met some people from Finland -- they were Finns -- and someone in the American education community asked them, "Isn't it a headache to have so many dropouts?"
Bewildered, they replied, "There's no such thing as a dropout.
Why are you dropping out?
As soon as I see a child in trouble — I help them.”
Every time I say this, someone responds by saying, "Finland and America aren't the same."
No, Finland has a population of about 5 million people.
You can compare it with the states of the United States.
Many states in America have smaller populations than that.
I was in one state, and I was the only one in that state. (Laughter)
It's true, they asked me to lock the door when I left.
(Laughter) What all the best places in the world are doing, unfortunately, is rarely seen in America today.
One is to individualize teaching and learning.
Successful places recognize that it's the students who learn, and that the system should involve them and respond to their curiosity, their individuality, their creativity.
Only then will students learn
Second, the social status of educators is very high.
We understand that you can't improve education unless you have the best people as teachers, and you have to constantly support them and help them grow.
Skill development is not a cost
It's an investment. Every successful country knows it, whether it's Australia, Canada, South Korea, Singapore, Hong Kong, Shanghai, they all know it.
Third, they entrust the task of education to the school.
There's a big difference from management-controlled education.
The idea is that central and state governments think they know best, and they give orders.
The problem is that education doesn't happen in committees and parliaments.
It happens in schools and classrooms, and it's the teachers and the students who do it.
We need to give authority back to the people on the ground.
(Applause) We have great education in America.
But it's happening in spite of the interference, not the help, of the culture that prevails in education.
It's like we're all constantly facing headwinds.
The reason I think so is that much of our current policy is based on a mechanical view of education.
They say that education is an industrial process that can be improved with good data, and policy makers are under the assumption that if they are well-coordinated and well-configured, everything will continue to work.
it doesn't work and i never did
The bottom line is that education is not a mechanical system
It's a human system, it's about people.
Some people want to learn, some don't.
Students who drop out of school have their own circumstances and reasons.
Was it boring or did you think it didn't make sense
Did you think life outside of school was more promising?
There are trends from time to time, but circumstances are always unique.
I recently attended a conference in Los Angeles on alternative education.
The purpose of alternative education is to bring children back into education.
have some common characteristics
be personalized
Strong teacher support Community ties Extensive and diverse curriculum In-school and out-of-school programs, etc.
it's working
What's interesting is that it's called "alternative education."
It's called "alternative education."
Evidence from around the world shows that if this becomes the norm, there will be no need for replacement.
(Applause) We need a different metaphor.
We have to recognize that education is a human system, and there are conditions in which people can succeed and conditions in which they can fail.
We are, after all, organic creatures, and the soil of our schools is extremely important.
Soil is organic, right?
Not far from my home is a place called Death Valley.
Nothing grows in the hottest, driest land in America.
because it doesn't rain
That's why it's called Death Valley.
The winter of 2004, it rained in Death Valley.
180mm of rain fell in a very short time.
And then in the spring of 2005 something happened.
Death Valley was covered with flowers
Death Valley is covered in a blanket of flowers, which shows that Death Valley is not dead.
i'm asleep
Beneath the surface, there's a seed of possibility waiting for the right conditions, and in an organic system, if the conditions are right, life is inevitable. It's happening all the time.
Whether it's in the school or in the community, change the conditions, give people a different sense of possibility, give them different expectations, give them a wider range of opportunities, value the teacher-student relationship, be creative, give them the freedom to do innovative things. If you give, the withered school will overflow with life
A good leader knows
The role of leadership in education -- which is true at the national, state, school, and all levels -- should not be administrative control.
The real role of leadership is to shape the environment, to create a climate of possibility.
And people will do things in response that they never imagined.
Benjamin Franklin has these wonderful words.
"There are three kinds of people in the world. First, there are the immovable people who don't understand, don't understand, they don't do anything. Then there are the manipulative people who understand the need for change and are ready to listen. And there are people in action, and those people get things done.”
If we can motivate more people, it will become a movement.
And when a movement is strong enough, it's revolutionary in the best sense of the word.
that's what we need
thank you very much
(Applause) Thank you very much. (Applause)
everyone needs a coach
So do basketball players, tennis players, gymnasts, bridge players.
(Laughter) My bridge coach, Sharon Osberg, complains that she has more pictures of the back of her head than anyone else in the world.
We all need people to give us feedback
That's how I improve
Unfortunately, people in some professions are given very little systematic feedback to improve, even though they're doing the most important jobs in the world.
I mean teacher
Melinda and I were very surprised to see how little feedback there was for teachers.
Until very recently, 98% of teachers received only one word of feedback: "Enough."
If my bridge coach just told me it was "good enough," I doubt I'd get any better.
who did the best
I have no way of knowing what the difference is between him and me.
Many school districts are currently reforming how teachers are evaluated, but they are giving very little feedback to help teachers actually improve.
teachers should be valued more
The current system is good for both teachers and students
It's unfair, and it jeopardizes America's position as world leader.
So today I'm going to talk to you about how every teacher wants and deserves to have the tools to improve.
Start by asking what is doing well
Unfortunately, there's no world ranking for how teacher feedback works.
So I looked at countries where students are doing well academically, because I wanted to know what they were doing to improve their teachers.
Let's take a look at the reading comprehension ranking
America is not number one
not even in the top 10
It ranks 15th, along with Iceland and Poland.
How many countries outperform the United States in reading have formal programs to help teachers improve?
11 out of 14 countries
America ranks 15th in reading, 23rd in science, and 31st in math.
The only thing America ranks high on is that it fails to give teachers the help they need to improve their skills.
Let's take a look at Shanghai, China, which has the best academic results.
It ranks first in reading, mathematics and science, and the key to Shanghai's impressive success lies in its ability to help teachers continually improve.
Helping new teachers see and learn from great teachers
Every week, we have a teacher's study group where we discuss better ways of teaching.
In addition, they are asked to watch their colleagues' classes and give feedback.
Why is such a mechanism important?
Because the quality of teachers varies so widely.
Some teachers teach much more effectively than others
There are teachers all over the country who are developing their students wonderfully.
If average teachers did as well as their teachers, American students would overwhelm students in other countries.
We need a system that helps all teachers become as good as the best teachers.
What is the mechanism?
To find out, the Gates Foundation is working with 3,000 teachers across the country on a project called the Effective Teaching Evaluation (MET).
We watch videos of teachers teaching in the classroom and evaluate them on a number of different fronts.
For example, "Are you asking questions that make you think?" Or, for example, "Are you asking questions that make you think?"
"Am I explaining the same concept in multiple ways?"
We also have students survey, "Does the teacher understand if the student understands?" "Does the teacher understand if the student understands?"
“Are you able to correct your own mistakes?”
the results were amazing
First of all, in this observation, in the class of the teacher with the best grades, the students are also doing great.
So we're asking the right questions.
Second, the teachers who have participated in the program say that the videos and surveys are great diagnostic tools, because they show them exactly where they need to improve.
See what the video looks like in action
(music) good morning everyone
let's talk about what to do today
Was it peer review day?
Let's rate each other. Today's goal is to be able to determine if there is logic in your essay.
I'm Sarah Wesling
I'm an English teacher at Johnston High School in Johnston, Iowa.
face to face with the person next to you
What do you mean by "logic development"? I think there's a gap between what teachers have of how we teach and what reality is.
Everyone please submit your report.
The video shows us a reality
I have to admit that it's reflected in it, and there's a lot to learn from it.
I have a small camcorder, a tripod and a tiny wide-angle lens.
I'm going to put this in the back of the classroom before class because it doesn't look that good.
There are some parts that the camera can't see.
I can hear sounds and I can see many things
you can learn a lot from it
So this is a simple but powerful tool for reflection.
Look at the long one first.
After you record it, you can download it to your computer and watch it.
If you don't write it down, it won't stay in your head
Taking notes is part of the thought process.
I use it for personal growth and to review all aspects of teaching, including teaching strategies, methodologies, and classroom management.
You've done this process before, so you can tell when it works and when it doesn't.
What the video reveals is that it's essential for us teachers to learn and understand, and it also helps the community around us to understand the nature of this difficult task.
What this exemplifies and illustrates is something that lesson plans, curriculum guidelines, and even academic books cannot convey.
Have a nice weekend everyone
see you next week
[Every classroom can be like this] (Applause) I hope one day every classroom in America can be like this.
but that's not enough
Diagnosing teachers where they can improve is only half the story.
We need tools for teachers to act on that diagnosis.
If we find that we need to improve the way we teach fractions, we should make it possible to watch videos of how the best teachers in the world teach fractions.
It's hard to create mechanisms for teacher feedback and improvement.
For example, some teachers object to the recording of lessons.
I know how you feel, but what I've learned from this project is that if the teachers themselves are in charge of running this process, they can shoot their own videos, and they can choose which videos to submit, many of them will be very enthusiastic about participating.
A large investment is required to build this system.
The Gates Foundation estimates that it will cost about $5 billion.
That's a lot of money, but another way of looking at it is that it's less than 2 percent of what's being spent on teachers' salaries each year.
Great effect on teachers
We can finally give teachers feedback and the means to respond.
But this system will bring even greater benefits to our country.
It means that every student will get a great education, find a worthwhile job, and open the door to realizing their dreams.
not only to make the country prosperous,
fair and just
I'm excited about this opportunity to give all teachers the support they want and deserve.
I hope you feel the same
thank you
(applause)
Architects design for the present, recognizing the past, and design for a future that is inherently unknown.
The green agenda is probably the most important topic and challenge today.
So I would like to share some of our experience over the last 40 years -- we are celebrating our 40th anniversary -- and explore and touch on some of the insights we have about the nature of sustainability.
How far can we predict what will come out? What are the threats, what are the possibilities, challenges and opportunities?
I've been saying this for years, even before the concept of the green agenda was invented, that this is not fad, it's survival.
But what I've never said before and I'm going to discuss now is that green is really cool.
Because all the projects that were influenced in some way by the green agenda were about a lifestyle to celebrate, a celebration of the places and spaces that define the quality of life.
I seldom quote anything, so give me a moment to look through my notes, and this is someone from late last year -- Thomas Friedman, the influential critic, analyst, and reporter -- I thought about what 2006 was for me, and I wrote it for the Herald Tribune.
He says, "I think the most important thing that happened in 2006 was the mainstreaming of green living and thinking.
We have reached a tipping point this year. Citizens and entrepreneurs who understand that being green is the most patriotic, capitalist, geopolitical and competitive thing to do in how we live, act, design, invest and produce. , the number of bureaucrats became a decisive majority
So my title goes like this: Green is the new red, white, and blue."
So I ask myself, and I look back, "When did the first germination of an awareness of this planet and its fragility occur?"
I believe it was July 20, 1969, the first time humans looked back at planet Earth.
And in a way, it was Buckminster Fuller who coined the phrase.
And I had the privilege of meeting many Soviet cosmonauts in Space City and elsewhere in Russia before the communist regime collapsed.
And in retrospect, it's funny, they were the first environmentalists.
They were inspired by the problems of the Aral Sea and filled with a sort of pioneering passion.
In that era, in a way, there was a lot going on.
Buckminster Fuller was a sort of green guru -- another word that didn't exist then.
He was a design scientist, or a poet, but he foresaw everything that was happening.
This is a different subject and I need to talk about it again
If you read his work, you'll see that it's truly extraordinary.
At that time, Buckminster's prophecies, his concerns as a citizen of this planet, inspired an awareness of the issues that influenced my thinking and the work that we do at the time.
Hundreds of projects affected
I chose this one because it's from 1973 and it's a master plan for an island in the Canary Islands.
And this probably coincides with the time when the origins of planet Earth were shown and the hippie movement took off.
The characteristics of the life we ​​recommend are summarized in this sketch.
All of the elements in the sketches are now, almost 30 years later, common and familiar words: wind power, recycling, biomass, solar cells.
Also at the same time there was a professional design office.
The people there were very design-minded and were influenced by the work of Dieter Rams and the work he created for Braun.
Now we're talking about the 50's and 60's.
And Buckminster's prophecy--everything will be miniaturized, technology will give rise to amazing styles, convenience and comfort--despite this prophecy, this sketch fits in so stylishly. It was very difficult to imagine
It also fits in the palm of your hand.
I think the digital revolution has now reached a point where it has brought so many people to this place, by connecting the virtual world with the physical world to create a human reality, making the digital world a familiar, intuitive analog world. have the characteristics of
In a way, you were kind enough to have me at lunch with this stylish alternative, which epitomizes that.
very beautiful thing
What was highly specialized in the mid-'50s and '60s is, interestingly enough, common today.
The iPod, for example, has inspired new thinking about function and expression -- and very interestingly, at the start of 2007, the Financial Times published this commentary: Detroit company acquired by Toyota with the Prius. Envying the reputation of being a hybrid and energy-efficient, the Prius has become an iconic product that rivals the iPod.
And as an architect or someone in the design business, the idea that the answer to a problem lies in architecture is very appealing.
Architecture is important, but it's only one component of the big picture.
So, as I'm about to show you, if you can achieve the impossible equivalent of a perpetual motion machine, you can design, say, a carbon-free house, and that's-
will be the answer
unfortunately that's not the answer
Only the beginning of the problem
Buildings cannot be separated from urban infrastructure and transportation.
For example, if, like that Bucky-infused phrase, let's take a step back and look at planet Earth, and if we look at a typical industrialized society -- the breakdown of energy consumption is 44 percent for buildings and 34 percent for transportation. % the rest will be industrial
Of course this is part of the bigger picture
So if you look at buildings together with the transportation that goes with them -- people move, which is 26 percent -- 70 percent of energy consumption is influenced by the interaction of cities and infrastructure.
So the question of sustainability cannot be separated from the nature of the city in which it is built.
For example, let's take a modern city and compare it to what I call a North American city -- Detroit, which is a good example of a city that's very car-dependent.
The city expands in a circle, consuming green space after green space, more roads, more energy, wasted transporting people to and from the center of the city, deprived of livelihoods from the city center, reduced to mere commercial land, and dead. arrive
Let's compare Detroit to a city in Northern Europe -- Munich is a good example, relying more on walking and biking, and only 1/10th the energy consumption despite only twice the density.
So the difference in energy in this comparative example is huge.
So if we generalize this, we can prove that an increase in population density can lead to dramatic reductions in energy consumption.
Of course, this cannot be separated from issues such as the diversity of cities, the vastness of public transportation, comfortable walking distances, and the quality of public space.
Once again, Detroit, highlighted in yellow, is at the top, extraordinary consumption, and far below is Copenhagen.
Copenhagen is certainly dense, but it's not nearly as dense as a truly dense city.
Now, in 2000, something pretty interesting happened.
For the first time, mega-cities of more than five million people have appeared in the developing world.
And now, 33 of the 46 typical megacities are in the developing world.
So we have to rethink the environmental impacts of countries like China and India.
Now consider China, and Beijing in particular, where the replacement of bicycles with cars in its transportation system has caused pollution related to energy consumption.
In other words, if you put 1,000 new cars on the road every day -- and this is what's happening, and the statistics show that it's the fastest growing car market in the world -- and you've carried 1.3 billion people. Billions of bicycles are disappearing
Its urbanization is proceeding at an extraordinary pace.
It took our society 200 years to change from rural to urban, but the same change is happening in 20 years.
In other words, it's 10 times faster.
And it's also interesting to note that over the last 60 years or so, life expectancy has doubled during a time period when urbanization has tripled.
Now let's switch from a global perspective and look at the same period from a technology perspective -- from a technology as a designer's tool perspective -- and we're going to use our experience as a company to do that, and we'll take a look at a few projects. I'll explain-- first, how do we measure change in technology?
How does it affect building design?
And above all, how does it relate to creating buildings that are more energy efficient, less polluting and more socially responsible?
The story, in terms of architecture, started in the late '60s, early '70s.
As an example, I'd like to take the corporate headquarters of Willis and Faber, which is located in a small rural town in the North East of England, within commuting distance of London.
First of all, what you can see is that the roof of this building is like a very warm blanket, a kind of insulating garden, but also a celebration of public space.
In other words, this community has a garden in the air.
Every aspect of this work has a strong humanistic ideal, which I think is epitomized in these early sketches: green foliage, sunshine, connection with nature.
And nature is part of the driving force, and it's nature that makes the building turn.
And symbolically, the interior colors are green and yellow.
It has facilities such as a swimming pool and a flextime system.It is the center of society, a social space, and is in contact with nature.
this was in 1973
In 2001 this building won an award
The award honored a building that had been in use for a very long time.
The people who created it, the project manager and the president at the time, got together again.
They said, "Architects, especially Norman, always recommended designing for the future -- and -- because it didn't seem to cost much.
We decided to satisfy him and make him happy."
If you take a closer look at the video above, you can see that this building has been designed to allow electrical wiring.
This building was prepared for change.
In the 1975 footage, there's a typewriter.
And when this picture was taken, it became a word processor.
In addition, at the awards ceremony, the presidents said that other companies had to build new buildings for every new technology.
We were lucky because we had the building future-proofed.
Even if the change was unknown, this building was supposed to change.
When I was designing this building, I did this sketch, which I recently pulled from the archives.
I used to write, "But we don't have the time, and we don't have any direct technical expertise."
So they didn't have the technology to make the building really innovative.
It's a kind of three-dimensional bubble, and it's a really interesting exterior that's naturally ventilated, it breathes, and it's energy load is significantly reduced.
And yet, this building was a very pioneering building for green architecture.
And what's interesting, if you look ahead in time, is that technology is now available and widespread.
The Free University of Berlin Library, which opened last year, is one example.
Again, this was translated from thousands of sketches and computer images into the real world.
And this combination -- these heavy concrete bookshelves and this membrane enveloping them -- allowed the ventilation of the building to work in concert with the forces of nature, dramatically reducing energy consumption.
And what's interesting is that the user reaction to this system is very positive.
This is the lifestyle story I mentioned earlier, and that environmental protection is very much in line with our ethos.
It's not that you're sacrificing anything, it's quite the opposite.
I think it's great and wonderful
In terms of energy consumption, we can evaluate the performance of this building compared to a typical library.
Now I'm going to show you another side of this technology in a completely different context, this apartment in the Swiss Alps.
It is a prefabricated type that uses the most traditional building materials. Although it is traditional, it is the most advanced building material due to the development of technology and calculation methods, the prefab construction method, and the highly functional members manufactured from logs.
So let me give you a high-level overview of the technology. Once you've plotted the points in space, you can transfer that information, and now you can transfer it directly to the factory.
Now, just across the border, in a small factory in Germany, you can see a man and a computer screen, and the spatial plot from earlier is being conveyed.
And on the left is the factory's milling rig, which allows us to manufacture the individual parts, which are then assembled together on site, plus or minus a few millimeters.
And interestingly enough, the exterior of the building is covered with the oldest technique of handmade kokerabuki.
250,000 shingles were hand-attached and finished.
And again, the way the building is designed is for the residents and visitors to enjoy the space.
If I were to start using these new technologies, how -- what would I have done before?
I mean, yeah, what was life like before cell phones, which we now take for granted?
Of course there were buildings.
This is the interior of the Bank of Hong Kong in 1979, which opened in 1985 and reflected sunlight into the depths of the space -- into the center of the space.
In the days before computers, we needed physical models.
For example, they put the model under an artificial sky.
In a wind tunnel, literally -- you put a model in the wind tunnel and let the air flow through it, and you're going to need a few kilometers of cables and a bunch of other stuff.
The turning point for us was probably when we got our first computer.
We were just trying to redesign and reinvent the airport.
This is Terminal 4 at Heathrow Airport, a typical airport terminal: huge, heavy, sun-blocking roof, lots of noisy machinery, huge pipes.
And Stansted is a green alternative, a gentle space with natural light, where you can feel connected to the outside world.
And for most of the day, we don't need electric lights, which generate heat and increase the load on air conditioning.
And the few computers of that time were like this.
The small image is Stansted's dendritic structure.
Our office in 1990, not so long ago.
If you look closely, they're sketching with pencils, and they're also using big rulers and triangles.
It's not that long ago. It's been 17 years. Now it's like this.
would be a big change
There was once a woman named Valerie Larkin, in 1987, who had all of our information on one disc.
Now, each week, we record 84 million discs worth of information about our past, present and future projects.
If you stack them up, they'll be 21 kilometers high.
This is the view when looking down from there
But in the meantime, as you know, great leaders like Al Gore have pointed out that we've entered a situation where the temperature rise is unstoppable.
This German parliament building -- a project with a well-known mission -- a place that seeks to reinterpret the relationship between politicians, society, the public sphere through the power of oratory -- and perhaps its hidden mission is energy policy -- us. use no known fuel -- is to use nothing at all
to make it fully playable
And then again, this human sketch turns into a public space, but this is really green design.
I didn't have to actually build a model this time.
We did the wind tunnel testing, of course, but now we can research and plan on the computer and see how the forces of nature work. increase
Combining biological resources with aquifers and burning vegetable oils, this process was interestingly developed in East Germany when it was still dependent on the Soviet Union.
And we've reintroduced these technologies to develop very clean technologies that are essentially pollution-free buildings.
this can be evaluated
You can measure the emissions from that building in terms of its annual carbon dioxide emissions. When we started the project, if we used natural gas, we had over 7,000 tons of emissions, and we ended up with 450 tons using vegetable oil.
So 94% reduction -- practically clean
You can see the same process at work at Commerce Bank: reliance on natural ventilation, garden modeling, spiral placement.
And again, they're really about lifestyle, quality of life -- making it a more enjoyable place to work.
And we can also assess the reduction in energy consumption.
We're seeing progress during the project, and at Swiss Re we've taken it a little further -- it was a project in London.
This series of videos shows the evolution of the model.
The first image, which I think is really interesting, is that there's a circle, and public space surrounds it.
What other ways are there to put the same amount of volume in this place?
For example, if you try a building that rises vertically from the edge of the pavement, it will have the same volume.
And in the end, I draw an outline like this and cut a groove in it.
That groove becomes a kind of natural lung, which gives the landscape, gives the light, ventilates and cleanses this building.
And then we wrap it in the structure that forms the core of the look, which is a triangular mesh structure, and here again there's a distant connection to some of those Buckminster Fuller works, and this triangular grid improves performance, and also. It's also what gives this building its identity.
And here are the details of how this building is vented to the atmosphere and sucked into the atrium, and those details can be modeled by a computer, and you can see where the wind pressure is high and where it's low. increase
Therefore, regardless of the direction of the wind, fresh air can be efficiently introduced into the building at all times.
And unlike traditional architecture, the top of the building is now amazing.
It's an observatory for people, not machines.
And the ground floor of this building is also public space.
It's much larger than a typical building. What happens when we take a really big view and use design strategies like these?
So I'd like to show you two images from a company research project.
It's a well-known story that the Dead Sea is actually dying.
Its water level continues to fall like the Aral Sea.
And, of course, the Dead Sea is lower than the surrounding oceans and oceans.
So there was a plan to build a pipeline to save the Dead Sea, which would bring water from the Gulf of Aqaba to the Dead Sea via pipes that were partly above ground and partly buried, to restore the water's surface.
Let's take this project as we've established it for 40 years. Let's take this project as we've established it for 40 years.
What if, like the Grand Canal, it creates value for people everywhere: tourism, living, desalination, agriculture.
In other words, water is our lifeblood.
Let's go back to the previous screen. The region is unstable, and armed conflict is taking place. Design ideas like this, if you take a humanitarian stance, and if you can bring the adversaries together, they're arguably green and broadly productive. We may be able to work together toward a single goal.
A huge infrastructure is also inseparable from communication.
And communication, virtual or real, and communication, virtual or real, is really important to society.
How can we bring clarity to this growing world, especially in some of the places I'm talking about -- like China, where they're going to build 400 new airports in the next decade.
what kind of airport?
How can we be environmentally friendly at this scale?
I call Hong Kong Airport a kind of analog experience in the digital age.
And what would happen if we developed it in Chinese society?
And in some ways, maybe we can create the ultimate megastructure.
It was the largest physically large project on the planet at the time.
250--Excuse me, 50,000 people working 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.
That's 17% more than all of Heathrow's terminals plus the unfinished Terminal 5 combined.
And the challenge here is to make the building green, regardless of its size, in terms of a compact and human travel experience, and in a comfortable way, which means going back to where we started, it's a lifestyle thing.
And in the end, it's all about space to celebrate.
I had lunch with Hubert and we were talking about this challenge and the city.
He said, "These are the new cathedrals"--so true
One of the cornerstones of this conversation was inspired by a New Year's Eve speech I gave in China about the ambition and ambition of environmental policy at the Olympic Games in China.
It was then that I uttered an opinion -- it came to me on New Year's Eve, the symbolic turning point heading into 2006 and 2007 -- that perhaps the most powerful and innovative nation of the future will emerge. If I can
As powerful as Kennedy's inspirational words, "We will put mankind on the moon."
As forcefully as we do, we will declare a break from our dependence on fossil fuels and the nasty regime that uses them as a shield.
it is a complex foundation
Will utilize multiple reproducible techniques
It was the turn of the year when I uttered this idea, and perhaps the big powers other than our own, such as China and India, and the tigers of the Asia-Pacific, will be able to realize that idea.
thank you
(applause)
When I was in my 20s, I saw my first patient in psychological counseling.
At the time, I was a PhD student studying clinical psychology at UC Berkeley.
The patient was a 26-year-old woman named Alex.
On his first visit, Alex put on jeans and a baggy shirt, slammed onto the couch in the doctor's office, kicked off his sloppy shoes, and said he'd come to see me about a boy's problem.
I was really relieved to hear that
My classmate was an arsonist for the first time.
(Laughter) Compared to that, I'm a 20-something woman who's worried about boys.
I thought I could do this without any problems
It seems that I was thinking sweetly
Every time Alex would bring in a funny story, I would sympathize with her and put the problem on hold.
When Alex said, "30 is the old 20," I thought so too.
Employment, marriage, and childbirth are later than in the past, and even death comes earlier
In my twenties, Alex and I had plenty of time.
But after a while, my academic advisor pushed me to dictate to Alex about relationships.
I pushed back by saying
"I'm sure she's dating the wrong guy and sleeping with a stupid man, but I don't think she's going to marry him."
And my supervisor said, "I'm fine now, but I might marry the next guy.
Anyway, the best time for Alex to think about getting married is before he meets someone he's going to marry."
It's the moment psychologists call the "aha experience."
In that moment, I realized that 30 is not the same as 20 years ago.
It's true that it's slower to settle down than it used to be, but that doesn't mean that Alex's 20s are a good time to stop striving for self-actualization.
In fact, the delay made it a perfect time for self-actualization, and we were wasting it.
It was then that I realized that this kind of wait-and-see attitude, not just for Alex and her relationship, but for people in their 20s in general, whether it's their careers, their families, their futures, is a real problem, and it's having serious consequences. is that
There are now 50 million people in their 20s in America.
We're talking about 15% of the American population, but given that no one reaches adulthood without even being in their 20s, that's 100% of the population.
Raise your hand if you are in your 20s?
I hope there are several
That's right! That's excellent
Are you involved with people in their 20s at work, or dating people in their 20s? Please put your hands up. Thank you. It's great. Your 20s really matter.
That's why I specialize in my twenties, because I want all of you, the 50 million people in your twenties, to know that psychologists, sociologists, neurologists, reproductive and fertility experts already know this. There are many ways to do this, but making the most of your 20s is one of the simplest yet most impactful things you can do in your career, your relationship, your happiness, and possibly the world. determine even the possibility of contributing to
This is not my personal opinion, it's a fact.
We know that 80% of life-defining events happen before the age of 35.
So eight out of 10 life-defining decisions, experiences, aha experiences happen by the time you're in your mid-30s.
If you're over 40, don't panic!
I hope everyone at the venue is okay.
The first 10 years of your career exponentially affect how much money you'll make later.
More than half of Americans are married, dating or living with a future partner by age 30.
During your twenties, your brain is rewired for adulthood, and at the same time, it undergoes a second and final iteration of life that stretches and stretches to perfection.
There is no time when personality changes as much as in your 20s, and women's fertility peaks at age 28, and after age 35, things become more difficult.
Your 20s are the time to really understand your body and your choices in life.
It's widely known that the first five years are a critical period in child development for language skills, attachment and brain development.
It's a period of time when your ordinary, everyday life has an extraordinarily large impact on the formation of your personality.
But we don't talk much about adulthood development, even though the twenties are a critical period of adult development.
But people in their 20s don't hear that.
The news is that the timing of life planning has changed
Even researchers say 20s is still a moratorium period
Journalists also give 20-somethings silly nicknames like "parasite single" and "kidult."
It's true
As a culture, we've neglected the most important decade in shaping adulthood.
Leonard Bernstein said that great things take planning and impatience.
Quite true, isn't it?
What happens when you stroke your 20s head and say, "I have 10 years left to start my life"?
nothing happens at all
If you take away the urgency and ambition from the person, absolutely nothing will happen.
And every day, smart, interesting 20-somethings like your children and yourself come into my office and say, "I know he's not the right guy for me, but I'm not ready for a serious relationship. It's a waste of time, so it's fine."
Or, "Everyone says if you start working before you're 30, you'll be fine."
But then they start saying things like, "I'm almost out of my 20s, and I have nothing to brag about.
My resume looked better right out of college."
And if you go further, you'll eventually start saying things like, "Dating in my 20s was like playing a chair game.
I had a lot of fun hanging out with people, but by the time I was about 30, they all started sitting in their chairs, as if the music had stopped.
I didn't like it when I was the only one to miss a seat, so sometimes I think I married my husband because he was the closest chair to me when I was 30."
Where are the people in their 20s from earlier?
Don't do it like that
It's a bit of an understatement, but don't get me wrong, the stakes are so high.
When you put a lot of things off until your 30s, the pressures of your 30s become enormous: start building a career, pick a city to live in, find a partner, and have two or three kids in an even shorter period of time. will be
You can't do many of these things at the same time, and as a very recent study has shown, doing it all in one go during your 30s is simply difficult and stressful.
Post-2000 midlife crises don't come in the form of buying a bright red sports car.
Not being able to pursue the career you want
It comes when you realize that you want a child but can't have one, or that you can't give your child a sibling.
Too many people in their 30s, 40s, sitting across from me in the doctor's office, looking at themselves against me, and invariably saying about their 20s, "What the hell have I been doing? What the hell have I been doing? were you thinking of
I want to change the way people think and act in their 20s.
to show the change
I have a perfect story for you, it's about a woman named Emma.
When Emma was 25, she came into the doctor's office because, in her words, she was losing herself.
She told me that she wondered if she could work in the arts and entertainment field, but was still undecided, and instead worked as a waitress for several years.
At the time, Emma was living with her boyfriend, who had a bad temper, and who didn't have any dreams for the future, just because she could afford it.
Her 20s were difficult, but life before that was much more difficult.
During the examination, I cried many times, but each time I calmed down by saying, "I can't choose my family, but I can choose my friends."
One day, Emma came in, hugged her knees, hung her head, and sobbed for most of the doctor's appointment.
She had just bought a new contact book, and she spent the morning filling out a large number of contacts, but she couldn't fill in the blanks after the words, "In case of emergency, please contact me." It was
She looked at me hysterically and said, "If I get into a bad car accident, who's going to come?
Who's going to take care of you if you get cancer? "
In that moment, I desperately wanted to say, "I'll do it."
What Emma needed wasn't a caring therapist.
I thought all I needed was a good life and this would be a turning point for me to think about life.
I've learned so much since Alex's first visit, and I couldn't just sit back and watch Emma waste ten precious years.
Over the next few weeks and months, I told Emma three things every 20-something, male or female, should know.
First, I told them to forget that they were in an identity crisis and build some identity capital.
"Building identity capital" means doing things that make you more valuable.
It's about doing something that's an investment in yourself to get closer to your ideal future.
I didn't know Emma's future career, and no one knows what her future job will be, but one thing is for sure: identity capital will attract more and more identity capital.
So now is the time to do the international job, the internship, the entrepreneurship you've always wanted to do.
I'm not disrespecting exploration in your 20s. I'm disrespecting exploration that doesn't add meaning to your life, but it's not even an exploration.
it's just procrastinating
I told Emma to look for a job and choose one that fits her purpose.
The second thing I told Emma was that the urbanist way of life is overrated.
My best friend is kind enough to drop me off at the airport, but when people in their 20s hang out with like-minded people, they don't know what their friends know, who they know, how they think and talk, or what their friends do at work. Locations, etc. are limited to a limited range.
Your new capital and new companions are almost always outside your inner circle.
New things come from so-called loose ties, like friends of friends of friends.
Yes, half of people in their 20s are unemployed or underemployed.
Half don't. Loose ties are the way to get into the latter group.
Half the jobs aren't advertised, so reaching out to your neighbor's boss is a way to get an unpublished job.
It's not cheating, because that's how information spreads.
Last but not least, Emma believed that "you can't choose your family, but you can choose your friends."
That's what Emma grew up with, but now that she's in her 20s, Emma will soon choose a family: marry her partner and start a family of her own.
I told Emma that now is the time to start choosing a family.
You might think that 30 is a lot better than 20, maybe 25, to get married and set up, and I agree with that.
But by the time you start getting marriage announcements on Facebook, trying to catch whoever you live with or who you slept with just isn't going to elevate you.
The best time to prepare for marriage is before you meet the right person, which means you should be as conscious of your love life as you are of your career.
Choosing a family isn't about hanging out vaguely and killing time with someone who just happened to choose you, it's about consciously choosing who and what you want.
What happened to Emma?
After digging through my contact book with Emma, ​​I found a former roommate's cousin who works at a museum in another state.
Thanks to a loose connection, Emma found a job at the museum.
I left my boyfriend with whom I lived together because of the employment contract for that job.
Now, five years later, Emma is in charge of planning special events for the museum.
She married a carefully chosen man and started a new career.
I love it so much, I love my new family, and a postcard from Emma says, "Now I'm starting to think that even a blank emergency contact is too narrow."
Listening to Emma's experience makes it seem easy, but that's what I love about dealing with my 20s.
very easy to save
People in their 20s are like planes about to take off from Los Angeles International Airport to somewhere in the west.
Right after takeoff, just a little change of course and the landing point could be Alaska or Fiji.
Similarly, whether you're 21, 25 or 29, one great conversation, one turning point, one great TED talk can have a huge impact for years and generations.
This is an idea worth spreading to all the 20-somethings out there.
It's a simple thing I learned from seeing Alex.
Now, I'm happy to be in a position to pass this on to Emma, ​​who is in her 20s, on a daily basis. 30 years old today isn't the same as 20 years ago. Please choose a family by taking advantage of
Don't be bound by what you didn't know or didn't do
You are deciding your life right now
thank you
(applause)
"Don't talk to people you don't know"
It's a phrase that's been heard by friends, family, schools and the media for decades.
This is the norm, the social norm.
But it's a special social norm, because it's a norm that defines who you can have relationships with and who you shouldn't.
"Don't talk to strangers" means "keep your distance from strangers"
and stay with those who know
Be with people who are like you.”
Is this appealing?
But at the best of times, you don't act like this.
Under the best of circumstances, you will meet people who are different from you, because when you meet people who are different from you, you can learn from them.
What I mean by "different" here is basically "unknown." In today's digitized and aggregated world, strangers don't really matter.
All we have to worry about is how much we face the unknown
Why "unknown"? Because more and more social relationships are becoming data-mediated, and data is also making social relationships digital. It brings robustness, discovery -- surprise, unpredictability -- and things like that.
Why ignorant people are not the problem
Because strangers are part of the world's hardened boundaries.
So it belongs to the view that divides the world into those who know and those who don't, but in my digital relationships, I'm already doing something with strangers.
the question is not if i know you
The question is what can I do with you
what i can learn with you
It's about being able to do something together that's beneficial to both of us.
I've been reflecting on this, how social landscapes are changing, how new technologies bring new constraints and new opportunities to people.
The most important changes we're facing today are with the data itself and the digital relationships it brings, the relationships that will eventually become possible in the future.
The economy of the future depends on this.
Our social life also depends on this.
We should not be afraid of strangers
What we should be afraid of is whether we can properly accept the unknown.
Twentieth-century psychologists and sociologists were thinking about strangers, but they weren't thinking about relationships as dynamic as this, they were thinking about the actual impact of strangers.
Stanley Milgram conducted the Small World Experiment in the '60s and '70s, later known as "Six Degrees of Separation," in which two people were randomly selected through their acquaintances of five to seven people. claimed to be connected
The point is that there are people who don't know
It's about getting to a stranger, there's a path to get to that person.
Mark Granovetter, a sociologist at Stanford University, wrote in his famous 1973 paper, The Strength of Weak Ties, that weak ties (those with weaker ties) are closer to us when it comes to disseminating information in networks. proved to be more useful than strong people.
He makes this critique of strong ties, saying that in our lives, people who have very strong ties to us have a homogenizing effect.
they create identity
Over the last few years, I've been working with my colleagues at Intel to explore how digital platforms are reshaping our everyday lives and what new habits emerge.
What really caught my attention was the digital platform that allows us to take what we own, what used to be reserved for family and friends in our homes, and put it into the hands of strangers.
It's our clothes, our cars -- our bikes, our books, our music -- and we can now put them to use -- people we've never met.
And we came to a very important conclusion: in people's lives, just as relationships between people and things change, so do relationships between people.
If you rely too much on recommendation systems, you may keep missing important opportunities.
Because the system predicts what you need based on past analysis of your personality and what you've done.
If you continue to think only about protecting data from threats and attacks by installing multiple layers of security technology, you will be trapped in extremely limited relationships.
From categories like "friends," "family," "contacts," and "colleagues," we don't know the actual relationships.
Perhaps a more effective way to think about relationships is whether they're close or distant. It is decided whether it is close or far from
People are not "close or far"
Humans are always a combination of the two, and that combination is ever-changing.
What if technology gets in the way and shifts the balance of this relationship?
What if technology could help me find the person I need right now?
The unknown is one of the scales that defines the distance, the source of finding the people I need right now, the intimacy, the new discoveries, the inspiration.
"Unknown" isn't about meeting someone you don't know
It gives you a perspective to step out of your familiar territory.
One way to think about the unknown is to revisit familiar territory. Today, this is a problem that faces not only individuals, but also organizations that face many new challenges.
Political parties are compelled to clarify who belongs and who does not, even if it is disadvantageous to them, and governments, from the standpoint of protecting social institutions such as marriage, try to limit the number of people eligible for those institutions. Situation, even if you're a teenage girl in your room struggling with your relationship with your parents.
we have to change the norm
We must change the norm so that new technologies are the foundation of new businesses.
A world without strangers would be uninteresting, wouldn't it?
So what are the different ways you can look at relationships?
What are the different ways you can look at relationships in different groups?
What different ways can we look at our relationship with technology, which itself effectively acts as a member of society?
The spread of digital relationships is tremendous
Considering this vast digital relationship, safely exploring the unknown may provide a new platform for innovation.
thank you
(applause)
Hello
Now I hear "McGyver MacGyver," but that's funny.
And - (Vienna) (laughs) it went very well.
made a big impact on me
Sounds stupid, but I thought, I can change the way the world works, and these little things can change me.
So is my relationship with things, especially those made by humans.Even if someone tells me to use it this way, I can say that I can use it in a slightly different way.
And then, about 20 years later, without much thought, I went to Costa Rica and spent time with the Guaimi natives, and they took leaves from trees and made shingles out of them. observed
She splits this palm leaf, breaks it apart, takes out a thin thread, rolls it by hand into a slightly thicker thread, like a string, and then knits the string together so that this very bag is shaped like this. In the space of three days, it was constructed before my eyes, and at the same time, the stereotypical way the world worked, the reality began to unravel in my mind, for this bag and these clothes and my house. A trampoline, a pencil sharpener, whatever you're holding is made of wood, or stone, or something you've dug up from the ground and worked with, even if it's complicated, it's all made that way.
So I started researching, who makes these decisions?
who made these and how
shouldn't we do it?
This is how reality is created.
I got started right away, at the time I was at the MIT Media Lab studying maker movements and makers and creativity.
I started making things in nature because I saw the people of the Guaimi tribe and they seemed to have fewer obstacles.
I went to a "no-back-to-school camp" in Vermont, where out-of-school kids get together and try different things.
So I said, "Let's go to the woods by the creek and put something together and build something. I don't care about geometric figures. Use what's there.
I'm not taking anything
It can be done in a blink of an eye, it's so easy for adults, it's so easy for kids, yes.
This is a triangular shape under the creek, made from oak leaf shapes gathered from other smaller oak leaves.
A leaf tied to a stick with grass
Materiality and plumpness are expressed by the mushroom umbrella supporting various objects.
After 45 minutes, you've got something really intricate: colored leaves with faded colors, arranged in a circle like a wreath.
The boy who made this said, "This is fire, that's what I call it."
Someone asked, "How do you balance that stick on the tree?"
He said, "I don't know, but I can show you."
I thought, "This is amazing
I don't know, but I can show you."
His hand, his intuition, knows that sometimes our knowledge gets in the way of what's possible, especially when it comes to the world that humans have created and built.
We think we know how to use things, so we can't imagine how we can use them.
Because I know how things should be, I no longer think anything is possible
Children don't think so when I see my son, so I gave him this book.
I'm a good hippie dad, so I say, "Look, learn to love the moon.
I'll give you a building block. It's a cactus-shaped building block with no straight lines, so it's real."
my son doesn't know what to do with this
I didn't tell you
My son said, "Let's play."
It's no different from the young man who found a stick in the forest.
I try to shape it and press it down.
Pretty soon, my son figured out how it worked, and he was trying to get it going, and he wanted us to help him.
That's when I started thinking, what kind of tools should I give people? Especially for adults who know too much about things, to know that there are various possibilities in the world, and to realize that they can bring about change in their daily lives.
Because most cutting edge scientists are just pushing the way the world works, what matter can do, and most cutting edge artists are pushing it, and doing complex enough jobs -- whether it's a cook or a carpenter -- raising a child. No matter how complicated it is, it shows up with a problem that hasn't been solved yet.
It doesn't matter if the pencil is used for writing
I use it differently."
So let me give you a quick demo
Here's a little piano circuit, and this is a regular paintbrush, and I'm going to rub it together.
But this isn't the big deal
What's amazing is what happens when you give someone a piano circuit.
a pencil is no longer a pencil
see what's in the middle
There's a wire running through the middle, and that wire isn't just a wire if you put a piano circuit in the middle of a pencil with a thumbtack.
It's kind of like hacking a pencil, and just adding a little piano circuit.
This electricity flows through your body as well.
Remove the piano circuit from the pencil
I can make this paintbrush in no time
All you have to do is connect it to the bristles of a brush, and if the bristles are wet, they conduct electricity. So is the human body, leather is great for this, and you can connect anything this way, even the kitchen sink.
The metal of the sink conducts electricity.
The water that flows from the faucet is like an electronic musical instrument theremin or a violin
(music) You can tie it to a tree.
Everything in the world is either conductive or not, so they can work together.
You see -- (Laughter) -- I gave this to these young men, and they're -- they're really cool, and they try things that I can't even think of.
In my case, even if I wanted to, I don't have any piercings on my face.
This young woman created something called a hula looper, where she puts a circuit on her shirt while she spins the hula hoop.
in the picture she'll be pointing
When the hula-hoop touches the body, the two copper wires connect, making a sound, and then immediately again, playing the same sound over and over like a loop.
This workshop is held in various places
In a museum in Taiwan, this 12-year-old girl built a "mushroom organ" out of mushrooms from Taiwan, electrical tape, and hot glue.
Even professional designers use it to create works of art.
I've been invited by big companies like Intel and small design firms like IDEO and startups like Bump to do workshops where I break down electronics and put everyday things together just to practice that mindset. to
And we thought, let's not just not use electronics, but let's destroy the computer with everyday objects and see what happens.
I would like to do a simple demo
This is the MaKey Makey circuit I'll show you how to set it up from scratch here
I plugged it in and now it's connected via USB.
Connect the "right arrow" button
I'm going to match the orientation of everyone.
connect the ground wire
Now, when you touch this pizza over here, the slide advances.
If you connect this line to a "left arrow," where you connect it, you're programming, so you have left and right arrows, and you can go forward, back, and repeat.
So we said, "We have to make a video."
'Cause no one believed in the importance and significance of this, except me and one other person.
I made a video to prove that a lot of things can be done.
Sketch in clay, like Google for game controllers
Ordinary clay, nothing special
You can literally draw a joystick, find Pac-Man on your computer, and connect it.
If you go outside, a lot of water will get in. You might hurt your toes, so be careful.
In the Happiness Project, experts build piano keyboards. Cool, right?
I think it's cool, but we should be able to do it ourselves.
It doesn't have to be an expert to decide how the world works.
We can all join in and together we can change the way the world works
I have an aluminum foil cat
When you put water on it, it becomes a photography device for Mac OS
Move the mouse over the "shoot" button to create a photo booth for cats
I had to get hundreds of people to buy this.
Otherwise it cannot be put on the market.
So we used the funding platform Kickstarter, and hundreds of people bought it on the first day of launch.
And 30 days later, we had 11,000 people backing us.
The best thing is I got a lot of videos from people doing crazy things with it.
This is the "American National Anthem" being played over lunch, and I'm also drinking Listerine.
In fact, we provide material for this person.
"We are sponsors
You're a professional builder."
just take a look at this
(Laughter) (Applause) They're playing houseplants as drums in an interactive science education facility.
Dad and daughter are turning on the circuit in a special way.
This brother is- look at this blueprint.
It says "sister".
I love having people in my blueprints
I always put people in. When you draw technical blueprints, put people in.
It's so cute. I made a trampoline slideshow for my sister so she could be the star of the show for her birthday.
This man collected dogs and made a "dog piano".
That's interesting. What could be more useful than being lively and fun?
This is also important, because there is the issue of accessibility, because not everyone has access to a computer.
This father's letter states that his son has cerebral palsy and cannot use a normal keyboard.
Dad can't buy all those special controllers.
So with Makey Makey, we've made it possible for you to navigate the web with your gloves on.
We had a big discussion about the issue of accessibility, and we were very excited.
I didn't plan for this
And then professional musicians started using it, like Coachella, and Jurassic 5 was using it onstage just this weekend, and this DJ is from here in Brooklyn, and he started using it last year.
I like the carrots on that turntable
(Music: "Teardrop" by Massive Attach) Most people can't play like this. (Laughter) When this started to become a big deal, I thought, I've got to put a "warning label" on the box or I have to do this. I thought I'd buy it and warn people because they're all messengers of creative change and the government is going to collapse because I haven't told anyone.
And I also added a little treat: when I opened the lid of the box, it said, "The world is a construction kit."
I think when you start playing like this, it's a small thing, but you'll begin to see everyday landscapes as something that allows you to express yourself a little bit, something that you can participate in shaping how the world will work in the future.
If you drop an M&amp;M chocolate while riding an escalator, it may not be an escalator, but an M&amp;M surfboard, so please don't pick it up right away.
Take something out of your pocket and try tossing it, lipstick or whatever
I used to want to create a utopian society, something like a perfect world.
But as I got older, I began to break it down, and I gradually realized that what I call the perfect world can't be built by one person, not even by millions of experts.
The truth is that the hands of seven billion people, following their passions, are born like a mosaic to create the world, in their backyards and kitchens.
That's the world I really want to live in
thank you
(applause)
What would a good end to life look like?
What we're talking about here is the real end
is to die
Everyone thinks about how to live well
I'll tell you how you can make it easier to die a good death.
I'm not a geriatrician
Considering reading skills training curriculum for young children
I learned about today's topic from a qualitative study with a sample size of two.
Over the last few years, I've helped two friends end their lives the way they want.
Jim Modini and his wife, Shirley, have spent 68 years of their marriage in seclusion on their 1,700-acre ranch in Sonoma County.
They kept only the livestock they needed to feed themselves, leaving most of the land to sanctuaries for the many animals that live there, including bears and leopards.
that was their dream
I met Jim and Shirley when they were in their 80s.
They were both only children and never had children.
I became friends with them over time, became their trustee and medical representative, and took on a more important role, managing the days leading up to the end of their lives.
I learned a few things about how to end life well.
Jim and Shirley suffered cancer, broken bones, infections and neurological problems in their final years.
As a matter of fact-
As we approach the end of our lives, our bodily functions and ability to care for ourselves approach zero.
But I've found that with planning and partnering with the right people, I can maintain a high quality of life.
The days leading up to the end of life (text: Time to finish the unfinished business) begin with the events of death (text: Time to finish the unfinished business). After their death, they decided to entrust the ranch to the conservation group ACR.
This gave them peace of mind to move forward.
The beginning may be a diagnosis of illness or it may be your own intuition (text: Time to accept)
Eventually, the time will come when you will think that it will not last forever (Text: Time to accept)
During this period, Jim and Shirley told all their friends, "The end is near, but we'll be fine."
Dying from cancer and dying from a neurological disease (Text: Time to welcome) are different situations (Text: Time to welcome)
But in either case, I want you to be calm and reassured in your final days.
Jim passed away first.
I could see in his eyes that he wanted one last reassurance, and he said, "You'll be fine, Jim Shirley will take good care of you here at the ranch, and ACR will forever protect the wildlife."
From this experience, I would like to share five things to practice.
The worksheets are online so you can plan your own ending.
The first thing is to have a plan
Most people say, "I want to die at home."
But 80 percent of Americans die in hospitals or nursing homes.
Just saying you want to die at home doesn't make a plan
Many people say, "If that happens, just shoot me."
This is not a plan either, it's illegal
(Laughter) Planning involves answering a few straightforward questions about the end you want.
Where would you like to be when your body is incapacitated?
What kind of medical treatment do you expect?
Who do you want to put your plan into action?
I need someone to represent my will
If there are several people, it will be easier for them to reach the end they desire.
Don't assume it's natural to leave it to your spouse or children
What you need is someone who has the time to do this job well, who's close by who can coordinate well with people under the pressure of ever-changing situations.
Hospital preparation is also important.
You're likely to be taken to the emergency room, so you need to be properly prepared.
Keep your medical history, medications, and family doctor information on a piece of paper.
Put it in a brightly colored envelope, and enclose a copy of your insurance card, a power of attorney, and a do-not-resuscitate order.
one in the agent's car
Stick one on your refrigerator
When you're taken to the emergency room, having this will make the hospitalization process a lot smoother.
Caregivers will also be needed
Your personality and your financial situation will also determine whether a nursing home or home care is best for you.
In any case, do not compromise
After many caregivers, we finally found the perfect team, Marsha's. And Kaitlyn, in front of her, you can't skip your morning gymnastics, but she understands how Jim feels and says, "Your wife is fine."
The last item is the last word you want to hear
What kind of words would you like to hear from someone when it's really your last moment?
In my experience, what you want to hear is that what you're worried about is going to work.
When you know you don't have to worry
This theme normally evokes fear and rejection.
What I've learned from this experience is that if you take the time to plan for the end of your life, you're most likely to maintain your quality of life.
This is how Jim and Shirley decided who to entrust the ranch to.
This is Jim just a few weeks before he passed away, and unexpectedly, we were able to celebrate another birthday.
This is Shirley, a few days before she died, reading an article in the newspaper that day about the importance of wildlife conservation at the Modini Ranch.
Jim and Shirley ended their lives well, and I hope that by telling you this story, we can do the same.
thank you
(applause)
I'm happy to be at TED again.
Let me show you this video first
(music) (video) Man 1: Alright Glass, record it.
Woman 1: Ready, show starts in 2 minutes
Man 2: Glass, connect me to the Flying Club.
Man 3: Google "tiger face pictures"
Man 4: Okay? let's go! (barking) Woman 2: Stand there Glass take a picture
(Children cheering) Man 5: Go!
Man 6: Wow! wonderful!
Child: Whoa! Snake!
Woman 3: Come on Glass, record it!
Man 7: It's the first exit after crossing the bridge.
Man 8: Gate A12 over there!
(applause) (children singing) Man 9: How do you say "delicious" in Thai?
Google Glass: อร่อย Man 9: Hmmm (in Thai) Delicious
Woman 4: Search for "jellyfish"
(music) Man 10: It's beautiful~
(Applause) Sergey Brin: Excuse me, I got a message from a Nigerian prince.
They say they need 10 million dollars.
I want to be interested, because that's what Google did in the beginning, and it was very successful in raising money.
Seriously, I was just looking into my phone, and that attitude was one of the reasons I started the Google Glass project.
Because I've always wondered if we're going to continue to connect with other people and information in this way for the rest of our lives.
Is it the final form to look down and walk?
With this vision in mind, we designed Google Glass.
I'm not going to go into detail about what you can and can't do with this, but rather what motivated me to create Google Glass.
Looking into your phone while you're out and about not only isolates you from society, but it also makes you wonder if that's the right way to use your body.
I just stand there and rub the flat glass screen
it's just moving around
In developing Google Glass, we really thought about how we could free our hands.
In the video I showed you earlier, you did a lot of things.
It was all taken by someone with a Google Glass on.
We also wanted to free our eyes.
So I raised the display so it's out of my line of sight, so it doesn't get in the way when I'm looking at something, and it doesn't get in the way of making eye contact.
I also wanted to keep my ears free, so I made the sound go directly to my skull.
Ironically, if you want to hear the sound of the glass clearly, you can plug your ears. Surprisingly, that's how it works.
When I started Google 15 years ago, my vision was that one day we'd never have to type a search term.
The information you need will come to you
Now, 15 years later, we have the first form of product that fulfills that vision, and you can use it while talking to people outside.
This project has been going on for a little over two years
learned a lot
It was very important to make it comfortable to use.
The first prototype was huge, with a cell phone on its head.
seemed to tie
It was very heavy and difficult to use.
I kept the details a secret from the designer until I said I would take the job, and I was one step away from screaming and running away when I found out the truth.
We've come a long way since then
Another unexpected surprise is the camera.
The first prototype didn't have a camera, but it was really cool to be able to record time with my family and my kids.
You don't have to hunt down your digital camera, your cell phone, or any other equipment.
In my experiments with glasses, the last thing I realized was that I have a nervous habit that I repeat unconsciously.
I have a habit of looking at my cell phone - although sometimes I have to look into it.
It's like if you were a smoker, you would smoke a cigarette.
If you light a cigarette, that's cool
It might look something like this - but with a phone, you just pop it out and use it like you're doing something important.
But it made me realize how much time I had been withdrawing, emailing, social media, etc., even though it wasn't that important or urgent.
With Google Glass, you get messages that really matter, but you don't have to check them all the time.
Exploring the world for yourself and having fun while experiencing more crazy things like this video.
thank you
(applause)
I have a video for you to see
Reporter: This has greatly upset millions of people in China. A two-year-old girl is run over by a truck and bleeding on the side of the road as passers-by walk past.
This accident was recorded by cameras from beginning to end.
After the driver ran over the girl, he stopped with his rear wheel on top of the girl.
Then, in the space of two minutes, three people pass by two-year-old Wang Yu.
This person walks past a critically ill child.
other people pass by and glance
There are other people who passed by Wang Yu. Another truck ran over their leg. It was like this until the street sweepers took action.
He was rushed to the hospital, but it was too late, he died.
How many of you will see this and say, "I will never overlook it, I will definitely help you"
do you think
If you think so, please raise your hand
As expected, most people do
I think everyone will
But before you overestimate yourself - see here
A 2011 UNICEF report that 6.9 million children under the age of five die from preventable poverty-related diseases.
UNICEF says this is good news, because in 1990 the number was 12 million, and the number is steadily declining, which is good.
But it's still 6.9 million people, 19,000 people die every day.
Can you be proud of not passing by indifferently by the roadside?
They're far away, so why not?
I don't think there's any morally significant difference.
In fact, children are out of reach, different nationalities, different races, but morally I don't think it matters.
What really matters is – can we reduce the number of children dying? It's about saving the 19,000 children who are dying every day.
i think i can
we all waste money on things we don't need
Think about your lifestyle -- buying a new car, traveling, buying bottled water when tap water is safe to drink.
Why don't you donate the money you spend on unwanted items to the Against Malaria Fund, which will use the money you donate to buy these bed nets and protect these kids. We can ensure that they use it and reduce the number of children who die from malaria as a result of these preventable diseases that kill 19,000 children every day.
Fortunately, this idea is starting to catch on with a lot of people, and as a result, there's a growing movement: effective altruism.
It's very important in terms of capturing both the emotional and the rational.
Emotions are what you feel
to feel sorry for the child
But it's also very important to think rationally, to ensure that we help in an effective and targeted way. And suffering as much as we do Parents, like us, grieve over the death of their children Just as our lives and health matter to us, it matters to all these people in the same way. is that
In other words, reasoning is not only a neutral tool for achieving goals, but also --
I think it brings a new perspective to the situation in which we find ourselves.
So, it makes sense that many of the important people who have effective altruistic views have backgrounds in philosophy, economics, mathematics.
It may come as a surprise to you, because many people think that philosophy is disconnected from reality, that economics makes people selfish, and that mathematics is only for geeks.
But there are actually geeks who are actually making a difference, and they're actually doing effective altruism.
It's on the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation website, and in the top right corner it says, "All life is of equal value."
This is, I think, the logical way of thinking about the state of the world, and it's the way of thinking that gave rise to some of the most effective altruists in history, the Gates and Warren Buffett.
(Applause) Even Andrew Carnegie and John D. Rockefeller don't donate more than each of them.
By one estimate, the Gates Foundation has saved 5.8 million lives so far, and millions more from illnesses that would otherwise lead to severe illness.
The Gates Foundation will continue to donate more and save more lives.
If you're a billionaire and you can do something of that scale, some of you might think that you can't do it.
So what can you do if you don't have money?
Think about four obstacles to donating money.
people wonder what they can do
But you don't have to be a millionaire
This is Toby Ord, a Research Fellow in Philosophy at the University of Oxford.
Through his career as a researcher, he calculated how much he earned, and as a result, he became an effective altruist, donating money to treat 80,000 blind people in developing countries. I calculated that I had enough money left over to keep my standard of living reasonable.
Toby spread this information by starting an organization called Giving What We Can to bring together people who want to share their income and ask them to donate 10 percent of their lifetime earnings to fight poverty worldwide. I say
Toby did a better job
I made a pledge to live on £18,000 a year, just under $30,000, and donated the rest of my income to other charities.
Toby is married and has a mortgage.
This elderly couple -- Charlie Bresler and Diana Schott -- and when they met, they were activists against the Vietnam War, fighting for social justice, though they didn't give up their beliefs when the war ended. Like everyone else, I didn't do anything special.
Then came the year many people were thinking about retirement, and they decided to return to their beliefs, to save money, to live modestly, and to devote their money and time to fighting global poverty.
When you hear about spending your time, you might think, So should I quit my job and put all my energy into saving the 19,000 lives that are lost every day? Should I spend it to save 19,000 lives?
One man, Will Crouch, has thought about how we can do work that has a positive impact on the world.
He's a graduate student majoring in philosophy, and he started a website called 80,000 Hours, which is an estimate of the average person's lifetime working hours, and advises them on what the most meaningful and effective jobs are.
It may surprise you, but I advise people who have the right skills and aptitude for that path to consider going into banking or finance.
I wonder why? If you make a lot of money -- you can give a lot of money, so being successful in your career means you can donate to an aid organization, like an aid organization that hires five people to work in developing countries. And each one of them will contribute as great as you do.
So by choosing a high-income occupation, you can contribute five times as much.
There's a young man who implemented this advice.
Matt Wager
I majored in philosophy and mathematics at Princeton University, and when I graduated last year, I won the best paper award in the philosophy department.
Then I got a job in finance in New York.
I had enough money to donate hundreds of thousands of dollars to worthy charities, and I was able to make ends meet.
Matt also helped found a charitable organization named after my book, "The Lives You Can Save," whose purpose is to change our culture and lead a moral life. To do that, we're promoting the idea that it's not enough to just follow the bans on lying, stealing, violence, and murder, but if you have enough money, give some of it to those who need it.
This organization connects different people and generations. For example, college student Holly Morgan, who donates 10 percent of what little money she has, and Ada Wang on the right, who works for the poor. But now I'm doing an MBA at Yale University so I can contribute even more.
Many people may think that charity is ineffective.
Now let's think about effectiveness.
Toby Ord was very concerned about this, and calculated that some charities are a hundred or a thousand times more effective than others, so it's important to choose an effective charity.
For example, let's say you want to donate a guide dog to a blind person.
Good deed, right?
That's certainly a good thing -- but you should consider what else you can do with the same money.
We need $40,000 to train guide dogs, and we need to train blind people because guide dogs are effective helpers.
The amount needed to treat contagious blindness in the developing world is 20 to 50 dollars.
So do the math and see what works for you.
For the same money, you could give one blind American a guide dog, or you could save 400 to 2,000 people from blindness.
I think it's clear what's best
If you want to donate to a good charity, here's a good website.
GiveWell does research on the impact of charities, not just judging how well they're operating, but it's evaluated hundreds of charities and currently recommends only three, the Against Malaria Foundation at the top.
Finding a good charity can be very difficult, but thelifeyoucansave.com and Giving What We Can show you a broader range of effective charities that do more than just save lives out of poverty.
There's a website where you can do the same thing for animal rescue charities.
I've always been concerned about animal welfare, the devastating impact that humans have on tens of billions of animals each year.
If you're looking for an effective charity to reduce this negative impact, visit the site Effective Animal Activism.
Some effective altruists believe that the very survival of living things matters.
So we're looking for ways to reduce the risk of extinction.
As we all know, an asteroid that recently passed by Earth is an example of an extinction crisis.
Research not only predicts the trajectory of a planet colliding with the Earth, but it can also deflect it from its orbit.
So there are people who do this research as a good thing and donate to it.
there are many possibilities
My final question, some people think that giving is painful.
i deny
Giving has been my joy since my graduate school days.
enriched my life
Charlie Bressler said he's not an altruist.
He thinks it's his own life that he's saving.
Holly Morgan confessed to battling depression until she got into effective altruism, and now she looks blissfully happy.
By becoming an effective altruist, I think we can overcome this problem, the problem of Sisyphus.
Titian's depiction of Sisyphus in Greek mythology - God's punishment for him was to carry a boulder to the top of a mountain.
Shortly after reaching the summit--the rock loses its weight and rolls down--and has to be lifted from the base again--and this penance continues forever.
Isn't it similar to consumer's lifestyle? You work hard for money – you waste it Are you happy with what you buy?
But I'm out of money so I'm going to earn more and buy more To maintain the same level of happiness I'm going to work again I'm like a treadmill of endless pleasure
No matter how long you keep running over it, you'll never be truly satisfied
Gain meaning and fulfillment by being an effective altruist.
You'll have a solid foundation of self-esteem to say your life was truly worth it.
I have one last thing to say to you. About a month ago, while I was writing this talk, I received an email.
It was from a total stranger named Chris Croy.
Here's a picture of him recovering after surgery.
Why did you have the surgery?
The email begins like this: "Last Tuesday, I anonymously donated my right kidney to someone else.
This had an effect on others, and in the end four patients received kidney donations."
About 100 people across the United States each year—
And many more people are donors in other countries.
I was happy to read this because Chris decided to donate a kidney because he was inspired by my book.
To be honest, I was ashamed of myself because I have two kidneys.
Chris also said that what he did wasn't great, but if you calculate the length of life he's saved by donating a kidney, he's donating $5,000 to the Against Malaria Foundation. It was to produce results equivalent to doing
It's a little comforting to hear that, because I donate over $5,000 to the Against Malaria Foundation and other effective charities.
If you're still embarrassed by having two kidneys, there are other ways you can contribute.
thank you
(applause)
When I was in art school, my hands started shaking, even though I was trying to draw as straight as possible.
Looking back, there were times when a shiver helped me, like mixing paint or shaking a Polaroid, but at the time I thought it was all over.
My dream of becoming an artist was cut short.
The cause of the trembling is the result of continuing to hit extremely small dots for many years in an attempt to perfect pointillism.
What was once a perfect circle turned into a tadpole shape because of the tremors.
If you grip the pen tightly to prevent that from happening, the trembling will get worse and worse, so you'll grip it even harder.
This vicious circle continued, and I had severe pain and joint symptoms.
I wanted to be an artist all my life, but I dropped out of art school and left art.
Years later, I still couldn't forget about art, so I decided to go to a neurologist, but it turned out to be an incurable neurological disorder.
Seeing the jerky lines, the doctor said, "Why don't you get along with your tremors?"
So accept the trembling, go home, pick up a pencil and let your hands tremble
I drew a picture with squishy lines
It was a little different than what I was after, but it still felt great.
I learned that if I accepted the trembling, I could continue working.
All I had to do was find a different way to create the work I wanted.
But I loved the fragmentation of pointillism, the way small dots come together to form an image.
So I started trying to fragment the image in other ways, without the tremor effect, like sticking my feet in the paint and walking across the canvas, or burning a two-dimensional image onto a three-dimensional building made of squared timber with a burner. I got
It didn't hurt my hands to do large-scale work with large materials. By moving away from a single technique, I found a way to subvert the framework of my art -- to increase my creativity.
That was the first time I thought, "Even if you accept your limitations, you'll be more creative."
I was just about to leave school at the time, and I was so excited to finally have a job and new art supplies.
I had only crude tools, so I thought I could do more with professional art supplies.
Not even ordinary scissors
Until I brought one from work - I was using metal scissors.
After I got out of school, got a job, and got paid, I went to art supply stores and bought art supplies like crazy.
When I got home, I sat down and tried to start working on something that defies convention.
But hours go by and nothing comes to mind.
The next day, and the day after that, it was the same, and I couldn't make any work.
I was stuck in a dark slump for a long time.
I don't know why, I finally got what I needed, but my creativity disappeared.
But in the darkness, I realized that I was at a loss because I had more choices than I had ever experienced.
At that moment, I remembered my trembling hand
accept the tremor
If you want to reclaim your creativity, don't try to get out of the box, go back into the box.
And I wondered, does imposing constraints increase creativity?
What if you could make a piece of art with only one dollar of art supplies?
These days, and I still do, I spend a lot of my evenings at Starbucks, and I knew they would give me extra cups, so I decided to give them 50.
I was surprised when he gave it to me so quickly, I made this piece with a pencil I had for just 80 cents.
It was a moment of realization, that in order to go beyond limits, you first had to be constrained.
I applied thinking in a frame to the canvas. What if I could only paint on my body instead of the canvas?
I painted 30 different images, layered on top of each other, all of the things that have influenced my life.
Or what if you didn't paint with brushes, but only with karate chops? (Laughter) I dipped my hands in paint and attacked the canvas.
(Laughter) (Applause) Or what if you had to ask someone other than yourself to come up with the subject of your work? What if I had to make you think?
I lived in front of a webcam for six days.
As I sat on the floor eating takeout, I called out to everyone, "Call me and tell me about a moment that changed your life."
As you write your story on a rotating canvas, it becomes a work of art.
(Applause) What if instead of creating and exhibiting the work, we had to destroy it?
This is probably the ultimate limitation: I'm an artist, but I have no work.
This idea was born out of a year-long effort called "Sayonara Art."
At first, I broke it myself, for example, I made an image of Jimi Hendrix out of over 7,000 matches.
(Laughter) Then I added a piece that naturally collapsed.
I looked for materials that would disappear, like spitting out food, (Laughter) chalk drawings on the pavement, even frozen wine.
The final version of Destruction tried to create something that didn't exist in the first place.
I put the candles on a table, lit them, then put them out, and I did this over and over again on a set of candles, and then I collected the videos I shot and put them together into a big image.
you can't actually see the whole final image
destroyed before it existed
I made 23 works in the "Sayonara Art" series, and I have nothing left to display.
What I thought was the ultimate constraint was actually the ultimate freedom. By destroying every piece I made, I was able to return to a state of neutrality and start working on the next piece with a fresh mind.
but it's not easy
Sometimes the production doesn't go off the rails, or you put a lot of time into it and the image comes out badly.
But if you follow this process with dedication, really amazing things can happen.
What I've learned from destroying my work is to not care. I don't care about the results. I don't care about the failures.
And what they discovered, instead, was the process of creating art continuously, regardless of the outcome.
I became more creative all the time, thinking only about what I was going to make next, and the ideas just kept coming.
I was away from my dream of art - looking back on the three years, I was just doing form, not looking for other ways to pursue my dreams, just giving up.
What would have happened if I hadn't accepted the trembling...
Because embracing tremors isn't just about art and technique.
It had to do with life and the art of living.
Because most of what we do is done within a limited window of means.
Learning to be creative within our constraints is the surest way to change ourselves and change the world as a whole.
Seeing limitations as a source of creativity changed my life.
Even now, I still hit walls and get lost -- sometimes I struggle -- in the creative process, but I try to follow the process and explore the possibilities. Painting with the oil of...
(Laughter) Recently, I've been working on translating some of the habits I've learned that encourage creativity so that others can copy them.
Constraints can make it hard to harness your creativity, but it's the best way to get out of the rut, rethink categories, and challenge accepted norms.
So instead of saying, "Enjoy the moment," why not think about it every day, "Enjoy the constraints."
thank you
(applause)
The words "architect" and "designer" are used in the sense of professional professionals, who are paid workers, and these professionals are the ones who solve the really big architectural design challenges that we face. I believe they are the people who can help us with challenges like climate change, urbanization, and social inequality.
I have this stereotype about architects.
i think this is wrong in real life
In 2008, after a few years of architecture studies, I was about to graduate, and I was about to go out and get a job, and then this happened.
jobs disappeared from the market
A few things came to my mind when I saw this
First, don't listen to the career advice
The second is an interesting contradiction to architecture, the contradiction is that while design thinking is more important than ever as a society, architecture is becoming virtually unusable.
While we talk about the depths of design, there's an unspoken economic side of architecture that needs to be talked about.
Should I start by considering my own annual income?
When I started my career as an architect, I could expect to earn around £24,000 a year.
$36,000 to $37,000
From the perspective of the world's population, even at this annual income, I'm already in the top 1.95 percent of the richest people.
Here's a disturbing fact: in fact, almost everything we call architecture today is actually a job of thinking about design for the world's top 1 percent of the richest people, and it's always been that way.
The reason we forgot about this is that it was at a time like this in history when architecture was at its most powerful and transforming society. I was trying to build it for a variety of reasons, from 19th-century philanthropy to 20th-century socialism to social security housing to, most recently, the inflated real estate bubble.
All of these overheats have taken their own different and characteristic paths to self-destruction, and then we're back to the same situation: the world's brightest, most prestigious designers and architects, 1% of the world's population. can only really work for
Not only is it democratically bad, but it's certainly not a smart business strategy, it's true.
The challenge facing the next generation of architects is how to transform the current 1% business partner into a 100% business partner.
How can I solve this? It's a bit counterintuitive -- I'd like to offer three ideas.
First, we need to question the idea that architecture is about building buildings.
In fact, trying to solve something with a building is the most expensive solution to any kind of problem.
Design should be much more interesting when it's fundamentally problem-solving and creating new assumptions.
I have a story
I was in charge of a school that had an architectural firm, and the school building was an old Victorian building.
The school tells the architects, "Look, the corridors are already a nightmare.
Anyway, it's narrow and it gets crowded every time you take a break.
There's bullying too, and it's out of my control
So I want the school to be completely redesigned, I know it will cost millions of pounds, but I can't help it, so I decided."
The team in charge thought about it, the school staff went home, and the team concluded that
"Let's not redesign, let's remove the bell instead.
Instead of ringing the whole school with just one bell, let's set up a few smaller bells and ring them at different times and places, so we can spread the congestion in the hallways."
It solves the same problem, but instead of spending millions, it costs hundreds of pounds.
It sounds like you're trying to put yourself out of a job, but no, it actually makes you more valuable.
Actually, architects are really, really good at this kind of witty, strategic thinking.
The problem, like many other design jobs, is that they're bound by the stereotype of offering a generalized product, and I don't think they need to be bound by it anymore.
The second idea worth questioning is the 20th-century idea that mass architecture should be big: big buildings, lots of money.
Indeed, we're trapped in an industrial-age mentality, where the idea that cities can be built is for us to be built by mega-organizations and corporations that buy all the land in the region and make each of them uniform and single. development plan and because "form follows money"
In the end, you'll end up with a uniform, single region based on the idea of ​​mass production.
And it's too expensive for most people to afford.
But what if, instead of cities being built by the few who have much, cities are also built by the many who don't have much?
If there's a lot of people, they'll all bring very different values ​​about their ideal home.
And this raises a very interesting question: how do we plan cities and how do we finance development?
How would you market your architect business?
What if in a democratic society, citizens were allowed to advance their building plans?
In some ways, it's clear that perhaps in the 21st century, cities can be developed by citizens.
And the third thing we need to remember is that, from a strictly economic standpoint alone, design is akin to sex and elderly care -- mostly done by amateurs.
this is a good thing
Outside of the money economy, this activity is happening in the so-called federated economy, the local currency economy, where we do our own thing.
The problem is, until now, only the money economy has had all the production bases and tools.
The challenge we face is how do we create the tools, the infrastructure, the institutions needed for architecture to become a connected economy.
It started with open source software
In the last few years, we've been moving into the world of tangible matter through open-source machines, free and shared blueprints that anyone can download, and anyone can create new blueprints.
This is where 3D printers really get very interesting.
That's right? As soon as we had an open-source 3D printer, we could make the components for that printer with another 3D printer.
It's the same idea, but this time it's a CNC machine, which is like a big printer that cuts plywood.
What these technologies are causing is a steep decline in the time, cost and skill required.
These technologies are trying to overthrow the notion that they should be mass-produced products in order to be affordable.
Technology is also poised to provide a wide range of complex manufacturing capabilities.
We're heading towards a future where everywhere is a factory, and that means that more and more everyone is part of the design team.
This is really the next industrial revolution.
The main ideological conflicts that have been inherited have all stemmed from the question of who should control the means of production, but these technologies have already provided solutions and answers, and the means are probably already someone else's. It's not a thing, it's all of us
I'm very fascinated by what this means for architecture.
A year and a half ago, we started a project called WikiHouse, which is an open source architecture method.
What this means is that anyone can connect to the internet and download free, shared 3D designs and import them -- for now -- into SketchUp, because it's free and easy to use. With the click of a button, you'll instantly have a cutting file that you can use to actually carve out the pieces of your house using common boards like plywood and a CNC machine.
All the pieces are numbered, and the end result is something like an IKEA furniture kit, much bigger.
(Laughter) You can put it together without screws.
Attach with wedges and fasteners
The mallets used for assembly can also be provided as cut sheets.
If you have two or three people working together as a team, you can build this.
None of the skills required for conventional construction are required.
You don't need a huge array of power tools or anything like that, and you can build a tiny house this size in a day.
(Applause) At the end of the day, only the basic frame of the house will be completed, so we can add various windows, exteriors, insulation, and other materials, and additional work, selected from cheap and marketable items. increase
Of course, the house is not a finished product.
This is a paradigm shift. A house is not a finished product.
With CNC machines, you can make new parts out of old parts, and you can use the parts you made to build your neighbor's house.
This means that we're beginning to see the buds of a completely open-source, citizen-guided urban development future.
We and others have been prototyping all over the world, and we've had some really interesting experiences.
One of those lessons is to be surprisingly open.
You don't know if people are building or playing.
But the principles of openness go down to the most mundane physical details.
For example, don't design parts that can't be lifted
When designing, make sure that it cannot be assembled in the wrong direction, or that it is symmetrical and does not matter if it is assembled incorrectly.
Perhaps this principle that runs deep within us is the principle that open source pioneer Linus Torvalds aspired to: "Be crafty and lazy like a fox."
Don't waste what you have
Use what you already have and modify it to suit your needs.
It's in stark contrast to everything you'd be taught in architecture, but it's nice to emulate.
It's also appropriate, because the fact is that laziness isn't revolutionary.
In fact, for hundreds of years before the Industrial Revolution, people used the same construction method to build their local barns.
The only difference between traditional local architecture and open source architecture might be internet connectivity, but it's actually a really big difference.
We've shared all of WikiHouse under a Creative Commons license, and groups around the world are just beginning to download it, use it, analyze it, tinker with it, and that's great.
A group in Christchurch, New Zealand, sees it as a residential development after the earthquake. Thanks to the TED City Prize, we're working with an amazing group in the slums of Rio to create something like a factory for the community and a mini-college for the community. trying to make
This is just a small beginning, but it's not shown on this map, but in the last week alone, more people have contacted me.
Next time you look at this map, I hope you won't even recognize it as a map.
I know Wikihouse is a very, very small solution, but it's a small solution to a really, really big problem.
Whatever form it takes, it's a self-made city.
If we're talking about cities in the 21st century, they're the ones who make them.
Like it or not, we're the world's largest group of designers.
If we're serious about climate change, urbanization, public health, the existing methods of urban development don't really help.
As Robert Neuwirth puts it, banks, corporations, governments, NGOs, if they think of citizens only as consumers, they won't be able to develop.
But if it's like this, how wonderful it would be to say, "What if we could not only solve the structural problems that we've been trying to solve, but we could also solve the infrastructure problems, like solar air conditioners, distributed air conditioners. What if power and distributed sewage systems were low-cost, open-source, high-performance solutions that were very, very easy for anyone to build, put them in Creative Commons, owned by everyone, and available to everyone? ”
It's like a physical version of Wikipedia, right?
Also, once you enter the commons, you can always use it from there.
How much will this change the rules?
I think technology is on our side
The big project of the 20th century was to democratize consumption, represented by Henry Ford, the mega-new-town project, Coca-Cola, IKEA, etc. The great project of the 21st century is democratization of production.
When it comes to building cities, that's really important.
Thank you for your attention
(applause)
i have a tough job
If you look at the profiles of the people in the audience right now, you'll see that many of them are doing a lot of different things and working with a lot of people.
I'll give you 4 ideas in 20 minutes, it's like a 4-piece puzzle.
If it's successful, maybe you can take this idea home with you and make it happen and help me with my work.
The first piece is about remoteness and educational quality.
The word remoteness has several meanings.
Of course, in general, that means moving farther away from the city center.
What will happen in the educational setting?
The second meaning is the pockets, the slums and shantytowns, that exist in all the megacities of the world, that are socially and economically isolated from us.
wind blows pollen
please remember this
Hypothesize that there are not enough teachers in remote schools.
even if you had
It's just that we don't have enough foundation to hold back.
Even if you have the infrastructure, it's hard to maintain.
To test this hypothesis, last year I googled a route from New Delhi to northern India and rented a car.This route doesn't go through any megacities.I drove 300 kilometers, found a school and did some basic tests. was collected and put into a graph
The graph was interesting, of course.
Note that the sample is small and cannot be generalized.
But it's pretty self-explanatory: this route I took, the farther the distance, the worse the results.
This seemed like a small piece of evidence, so I tried to find a connection with infrastructure and electricity.
To my surprise, this was not correct.
Attract pollen carriers
The quality of social infrastructure
Poverty level didn't matter at all.
We asked the teachers at each school just one question, and we got one result: "Do you want to transfer to the city?" 69% said yes. I answered "no" in the wealthy suburbs of Delhi This is in the relatively wealthy areas 200km away from Delhi the answer was always "yes"
I think teachers walk into the classroom every day thinking, "I wish I had worked at a different school."
So teacher motivation and retention are likely to have a lot to do with primary school performance, regardless of whether your child is well fed or not in a crowded classroom.
If you look at the literature on technology-enabled education, things like websites and collaborative environments -- you may have heard this morning -- are tested first in the best urban schools, and I think that skews the results. is
The use of technology in education is consistently criticized in the scientific literature as "too noisy and ineffective."
Teachers always say "this is good but too expensive"
Because we're experimenting with students who can already do it, students who can score 80.
Even if you introduce top-notch technology, it will only improve to 83 points
So the valuation goes like this: $300,000 for three points, that's ridiculous.
If you put the same thing in a remote school, the score would go up by 30 to 40 points, and that's the fundamental difference.
Technology-enabled education is much more effective when it's applied to the bottom of the pyramid, not the top, and it's not just pretty.
I came to the conclusion that it would make insects feel good.
And the question that remains is, "How do we change teachers' perceptions?"
In any era, when you show a new technology, the teacher's first reaction is that there's no way you can replace the teacher with a machine.
This plant, if you think it's impossible, quotes the sci-fi writer Arthur C. Clarke, whom I met in Colombo, and he said that no teacher could be replaced by a machine.
says it should be replaced
Teachers are going to compete with machines.
By the way, we're looking at alternatives to the current primary education. Schools don't exist. Schools aren't of good quality. Teachers aren't there.
If you didn't grow up in this environment, you don't need alternative education.
Except for one example, I don't know of any area like that, although some people say they don't have that problem because they have perfect teachers and schools.
i have only seen one
I'm going to talk about an experiment that led to ideas about child self-organization and alternative education.
It's a "hole in the wall" experiment.
This is a combination of several experiments.
The first experiment was conducted in New Delhi in 1999
it's a very simple experiment
This twisted alum is on the wall between the office and the shantytown.
So I cut a hole, and this is a hole in the wall, and I put a powerful PC in there, built into the wall, so that I could see the monitor from the other side, and the touchpad as well. left it alone
and this is what i saw after installation
This is my office and this is a hole in the wall
About eight hours later I saw this boy
The boy on the right is 8 years old and the little girl on the left is 6 years old.
he teaches the girl to browse
some questions arise here
The hair that I saw earlier is withered, and he can't know English.
Will my computer be broken and stolen? did someone tell you?
Everyone asked about this, but the kids must have put their heads in the wall and had someone in my office show them how to use it.
So we moved out of Delhi and continued our experiment in a town called Chipri in central India, where no one is ever going to teach you how to use a computer.
(Laughter) It was a warm day, and the hole in the wall had been set up in this old building, and this was the first kid to come in. It turns out he was 13 and had dropped out of school.
Touch around the touchpad first Immediately
He quickly realized that when he put his finger on the touchpad, something moved on the screen, and later he told me that he had never seen a television that could do so many things.
Within two minutes, he found himself operating the television.
And again, by tapping the touchpad, I accidentally clicked,
The Internet Explorer page has changed
After eight minutes, I was able to touch the screen and browse back and forth.
Then he called the neighborhood kids over to show them what they could do.
By nightfall, 70 kids were browsing.
Eight minutes and an embedded computer, that's all it took to make this happen.
It turns out that groups of children can teach themselves how to use computers and the Internet, but what kind of environment do they need?
The main problem this time was about English.
Many people said that we need to use the Indian language
But it's impossible for me to translate all the content into the Indian language.
so i need another way
So how did the children overcome the language barrier?
Most bees can't see red. I chose Madantushi. There were no English teachers there, and the children had never learned English.
I put my computer in a hole in the wall, just like before.
The big difference from the urban slums is that more girls came than boys.
Girls didn't approach much in urban areas
I couldn't connect to the internet, so I left my computer with a bunch of CDs, and when I came back in three months,
8-year-old and 12-year-old kids were playing games on their computers.
As soon as they found me, they said they needed a faster CPU and a better mouse.
(Laughter) I was really surprised.
I took pictures so as not to damage the flowers.
I was told that I knew it from the CD, so
I asked how you understood
So I exposed it to UV light, so I studied English."
All the kids were able to use 200 English words, pronounced differently, but they were using them correctly. Words like quit, stop, search, save.
Madantushi taught me that language is not a barrier, and language can be self-learning if you really want to.
Then I finally got the funding to run an experiment to see if this same thing could happen anywhere.
India is the perfect place for this kind of experiment: it's ethnically diverse, it's racially diverse, it's socio-economically diverse.
So we can take a diverse sample that can be said to cover the whole world.
I did this experiment for about five years, traveling all over India.
This is the cold region of the Himalayas in northern India.
I was using a regular computer for my experiments, so I had to tweak the design to be able to withstand outdoor use, and India has many climates, both cold and hot.
This is the desert in western India, near the border with Pakistan.
I'm going to show you a short video I shot around here, and the first thing they did was find a website where they could study the alphabet.
It's a warm, humid fishing village in central India. Humidity is the enemy of electronics.
We also had a problem with electricity, so we had to solve it without air conditioning. The solution was to keep the machine running by directing the wind to the right place.
I won't go into details, but I did some experiments here and there.
And this cut is great, too, of a six-year-old boy teaching his sister what she can do.
It's common to see small children teaching older people around computers.
These experiments showed that children between the ages of 6 and 13 were able to self-learn on the Internet in any domain that could be measured.
If they have access to a computer, they will self-study.
We didn't find any correlations with other factors, but we needed groups.
You'll be intrigued, too. Groups are at the center of everyone's conversations.
What the experiment showed is the power that a group of children can exert in the absence of adult intervention.
Let's see the result
I won't go into details, but using standard statistical techniques,
I got a nice learning curve, the same one you get in school.
I won't say more, because this graph says it all.
what the children learned
Basic Windows functions such as browsing, drawing, chatting, emailing, playing games, teaching materials, downloading music, playing videos, etc.
similar to what we do
Over 300 kids with six months of exposure to a single computer will be able to do all of this.
how did you do it
When I calculated the actual usage time, it was about a few minutes a day.
In practice while one child is using
I have about three kids around me, advising me on what to do.
If you test them, all four will get the same score.
Around the four of us is a group of about 16 children, who usually mis-teach how computers work.
When I test them, they all pass.
Children learn by looking at computers, not just by touching them.
It's hard for adults to understand.
what would an 8 year old do
Observe carefully how others touch the bottle
And when tested, it will answer correctly on that topic.
you can learn it very quickly
What are the conclusions obtained in 6 years?
that primary education, or some part of it, occurs naturally.
Doesn't have to be top down
You can have a self-learning system, and the other thing I want to tell you is that children can self-learn and achieve their educational goals.
The third piece is about values. We tested more than 500 children across India, asking them 68 questions about their values.
"Yes" "No" "I don't know"
I pulled out the questions with half yes and half no.There were 16 questions.
These are half yes, half no, so you could say the kids were confused.
For example, the question, "Sometimes lies are necessary."
They have no way of judging this question, and neither do we.
So I'll leave it up to you to decide
Can technology change values?
Finally, I've talked a lot about self-learning systems, so I don't need to say any more.
Everything in nature is self-learning. Galaxies, molecules, cells, organisms, societies.
At this point, you could say, thinking scientifically, that it's self-learning.
Other examples include traffic jams, stock markets, social and disaster recovery, terrorism, and riots.
You may also be familiar with Internet-based self-learning systems.
I want to tell you 4 points
Remoteness impacts educational quality
Technology-enabled education should be introduced in remote areas first, then spread to other areas.
Values ​​are earned, but dogmas and beliefs are imposed, contradictory structures.
Learning, in most cases, is a self-learning system.
Taken together, these four give us a goal and a vision for technology-enabled education.
Technology-enabled education is electronic, automated, disability-resilient, non-intrusive and connected self-learning.
Educators have never asked for technology before.
PowerPoint is supposed to be a great teaching tool, but it's not for teaching, it's for chalkboard presentations.
Videoconferencing and the computer itself are borrowed technologies.
It's time for educators to define technology specs, specs like the ones I've described.
We should use those specifications to create technology that can deal with remoteness, values, and violence.
Let's call it "de-doctrinalization"
It's going to be the pinnacle of technology-enabled education in the future.
I want to finish with this
thank you
(applause)
(Music) (Applause) Thank you.
hello everyone
(Korean): Nice to meet you.
I would like to introduce a little bit of the life that I have played
I may look successful and happy in front of you, but there was a time when I suffered from severe depression and was on the brink of despair.
The violin, which was my everything, became a heavy burden.
Many people tried to comfort and encourage me, but their words sounded like meaningless noise.
After years of suffering and trying to give it all up, I began to rediscover the true power of music.
(music) In the face of hardship, music was what brought my soul back to life.
I can't put into words the reassurance that music gave me. It was also a truly eye-opening experience.
Are you feeling alone?
May this song touch your heart and heal you like it did for me
(Music) (Applause) Thank you.
I'm touching people's hearts through music.I've discovered that there are no walls.
Everyone listening here is my audience, even those who don't listen to much classical music.
I don't just perform in prestigious venues like Carnegie Hall or the Kennedy Center, I also perform in hospitals, churches, prisons, and restricted leprosy sanatoriums, to name a few.
Now, the last song I want to show you is that classical music can be very fun and exciting, and it can make you feel rock-and-roll.
I'd like to introduce you to my latest project, "Baroque in Rock," which was recently certified gold.
I feel very honored
I feel like I'm enjoying my life as a happy musician and still getting recognition in ways I never could have imagined.
it's your turn next
By changing your perspective, you not only change yourself, but you change the world.
All you have to do is play your life and share it with the world.
I can't wait to see how you and your fellow TED stars change the world.
Play your life! now please listen
(music) (applause)
When I was a little girl, I looked through my father's microscope and saw insects trapped in amber.
The insects were remarkably well preserved and morphologically perfect.
My father and I imagined that one day the insects would come back to life and crawl out of the amber and take flight.
If you were asked 10 years ago if you could sequence the genomes of extinct animals, you probably would have said, "No."
If you asked me if I could bring an extinct animal back to life, I would have answered, "It's a pipe dream."
But what I would like to share with you today, surprisingly, is that recreating the DNA sequences of extinct species is no longer a possibility, but a reality. Not from insects in amber -- come to think of it, mosquitoes inspired "Jurassic Park" to bring back well-preserved woolly mammoths in permafrost.
Woolly mammoths are really interesting representatives of the Ice Age.
huge and hairy
They have big tusks. We seem to have the same affinity for woolly mammoths as we do for elephants.
I think that's because elephants and we have a lot in common.
bury the dead and educate the children
have a strong social
The familiarity may be ancient, because elephants, like us, originated in Africa about seven million years ago. emigrated with
The earliest large mammoth was the Meridionalis mammoth, which was 4 meters tall at the shoulders, weighed 10 tons, and was adapted to woodlands.
Then another climate change created new habitats, giving rise to the trogonteri mammoth, a steppe-adapted species in Central Asia, driving the meridionalis mammoth to western Europe.
Then came the open savannahs of North America, giving birth to the Colombian mammoth, a giant short-haired species endemic to North America.
About 500,000 years later, the long-haired mammoth arose. It's a species that's very familiar to us. It was cruising to and from the Bering Strait, the coldest period of the Ice Age, and eventually came into direct contact with the Columbian mammoths that lived to the south, and these two species survived for hundreds of thousands of years under extreme climate change.
Mammoths are highly adaptable animals that survive admirably in extreme changes in temperature and environment.
And on the mainland, it survived to about 10,000 years ago, and surprisingly, on the small islands off Siberia and Alaska, it survived to about 3,000 years ago.
By the time the pyramids were being built in Egypt, mammoths still survived on these islands.
and they perished
Like 99% of all animals that once lived, mammoths went extinct, likely due to global warming and the rapid northward movement of woodland, as the great Paul Martin suggested, during the Pleistocene epoch, large animals became extinct. Maybe it's because we've been overkilled by hunted humans.
Luckily, millions of carcasses are now found all over the deep permafrost of Siberia and Alaska, so you can go out there and dig them up.
The state of preservation is as amazing as insects in amber.
Teeth, blood-stained bones, blood that even retains its color, body hair, and even intact bodies and heads with brains still in them have been found.
How DNA is preserved and how it survives depends on many factors, the details of which are still unknown, but when the organism died, how quickly it was buried, how deep it was buried, and whether the temperature of the buried environment was constant. These factors affect the lifespan of DNA in geological timeframes.
You might be surprised, but it's not the time that matters, nor how long it's been stored, it's the temperature stability that matters most during storage.
The DNA in the back of fossilized bones and teeth, once intact and tightly wrapped around histone proteins, is now being attacked by bacteria that lived symbiotically with mammoths during their lifetime.
These bacteria, along with other bacteria in the environment, are stripping water and oxygen and breaking down the DNA into smaller DNA fragments, eventually reaching 10 base pairs, or at most hundreds of base pairs.
The vast majority of recorded fossils leave no trace of organic matter.
Only a few fossils preserve fragments of DNA separated by thousands or millions of years.
Using state-of-the-art cleanroom technology, we've figured out how to extract the pieces of DNA from the dirty tissue. I don't think you'd be surprised when I say yes, but to make things even more complicated, you're extracting all the unwanted DNA from the bacteria and fungi that survived with you.
And a mammoth preserved in permafrost has about 50 percent of its DNA, whereas a Colombian mammoth that lives in a warmer climate and is preserved in a temperate environment has only 3 to 10 percent of its DNA. only come from mammoths
But we've developed a clever way to identify and extract mammoth DNA from other DNA, and with advances in decoding equipment, we're using bioinformatic methods to rearrange small pieces of mammoth DNA into Asian and African elephants. Now we can superimpose on the structure of the chromosome.
In this way, we were able to capture all the points that differentiated mammoths from Asian elephants. So what did we learn about mammoths?
The mammoth genome has been almost entirely sequenced, and it's actually mammoth-sized.
The hominid genome is about 3 billion base pairs, but the elephant and mammoth genomes are an additional 2 billion base pairs, many of which are composed of small repetitive sequences of DNA, making it difficult to reconstruct the entire genome.
Armed with this information, we're able to answer an interesting question about the relationship between mammoths and living Asian and African elephants. Previously, the genome of the mammoth showed that it shared ancestry with the Asian elephant, which is more closely related to the Asian elephant.
Advances in ancient DNA analysis techniques have also allowed us to sequence the genomes of other mammoths, and I'll tell you about two of them, the woolly mammoth and the Colombian mammoth, which were in close proximity during the coldest period of the Ice Age. When the North American continent was covered with thick glaciers, the woolly mammoths fled to the south, where there were no glaciers, and met the Colombian mammoths. Not only
Became a place of interbreeding
This is not uncommon for proboscideans, as large male African elephants have been known to out-compete and mate with female forest elephants.
A large, short-haired Colombian mammoth could have beaten a smaller long-haired male.
It's frustrating, but it reminds me of my high school days
(Laughter) This fact cannot be overlooked when trying to restore extinct species, because African elephants and Asian elephants can interbreed and have offspring.
So you take the Asian elephant chromosome, replace all the parts that differ from the mammoth genome, replace it with the mammoth genome, insert it into the enucleated cell, differentiate it into a stem cell, which is further differentiated into a sperm, and artificially inseminate the Asian elephant egg. If applied, it would be possible to bring back a mammoth-like animal through a long and difficult process.
It's not going to be a perfect copy, because, as I said earlier, the pieces of DNA are too short to reconstruct the exact DNA, but it looks and feels like a woolly mammoth.
When I talk to my friends about this, where in the world can I get an animal like that?
Where do mammoths live?
We are told that there is no climate or habitat suitable for them.
That's not true
Northern Siberia and the Yukon Territory are suitable habitats for mammoths.
Remember, mammoths were adaptable animals that lived in a wide range of climates.
Mammoths will live just fine in this land. Honestly, my boyish heart longs to see these majestic animals roam the northern permafrost once again. I'm wondering if the adult self in me should do that.
thank you
(Applause) Ryan Phelan: Please don't leave just yet.
you asked us
You're asking yourself, "Should I revive or not?"
You suggested enough possibilities and withheld your answer.
why?
rather than holding back
Because I want to think deeply about the implications and consequences of our actions, and I wanted to say that if we can have deep, meaningful discussions like this, we'll have better answers.
In the first place, I wanted to take the time to think about whether such an act was necessary.
very good answer thank you Hendrick
Thank you very much. (Applause)
I'm like a fanatic
I believe a new world is coming, it's the "age of design"
I always think that when the weather is nice, it's a good design day.
When I go to an exhibition and see a particularly nice work, when I go to an exhibition and see a particularly nice work, I think, "It's great because it's designed." I think
I firmly believe that design is the highest form of creative expression.
So today, I'm going to talk about the age of design, and even in the age of design, design means cool furniture, posters, sports cars, and this is what you see at MoMA.
But what I really want to share with you is, but what I really want to share with you is that robot-made chairs and stuff like that are really interesting. A robot squeezes out a paste-like material made from recycled refrigerator parts into the shape of a chair.
The computer fonts that are used all the time and have become part of our lives are also good designs.
I want to show you that design isn't just about a nice chair, it's about everything in your life.
Interestingly enough, a lot of this evening's topics have to do with interaction design.
I've been working on collecting interaction design for MoMA for the last few years. I started with pieces that were clear, not vague. Lisa Strausfeld's interface "Sugar", used in the "OLPC (PCs for Every Child in the World)" project ``TENORI-ON'', a musical instrument created by Toshio Iwai Philip Worthington The "Shadow Monster" by John Maeda "The Reactive Book" Jonathan Harris and Sepp Cumber's "I Want You To Want Me"
These are some of the first collections that popularized the idea of ​​interaction design.
Recently, I've been working on delving deeper into interaction design, like emotive stuff, and almost perfect descriptions of interaction design, almost perfect descriptions of interaction design.
Wattenberg and Viegas' "wind map" is a brilliant idea.
The American territory looks like a field of wheat, which is a representation of the current of the wind, which perfectly conveys the image of the wind blowing in the United States.
And recently, MoMA has started collecting video games, and this has caused a lot of fun noise (Laughter).
What I found really interesting is the different reactions when we collect video games, the different reactions when we collect video games.
First, the well-known New York Magazine
ranked top right
“Intelligent” and “Excellent” were evaluated. Well said “Intelligent” and “Excellent” were evaluated.
By the way, I usually rank higher... No, of course I'm happy, but the art critics' comments are amazing.
Jonathan Jones from The Guardian
“Sorry to MoMA, but video games are not art”
Did I say "art"? "Interaction Design"
"Pac-Man and Tetris are displayed side by side with Picasso and Van Gogh." Actually, it's two floors away (laughs).
I'm going to end the world of art
We talked about the new world, but it's coming soon.
In response to Jonathan Jones' article
In the same Guardian, there was a counterargument, "Are video games art? Impossible arguments.
Was last week's article correct that games are not art? Was last week's article correct that games are not art?
and is that a problem? ” Exactly
Again, this is a big problem. There are so many people who mistakenly think that design is art, and that designers want to be called artists.
It's a misconception, designers want to be good designers.
It's a misconception, designers want to be good designers.
And that's when John Maeda came to my rescue, and he proudly explained to me why MoMA owns games.
I was very happy
But there's another great article in The New Republic, by Riel Leibovitz, who said, "MoMA misinterprets video games as art.
"Pac-Man" is lined up on Picasso
Miss the point.”
no you're missing the point
And here, "Are video games art? The answer is clearly no. Video games are not art. They're something else entirely: code."
So Picasso is oil paint, so it's not art.
What's really interesting is, why is there such a strong objection? Why is there such a strong objection?
On the other hand, for this "cat video movie festival"
On the other hand, there didn't seem to be much criticism of this "Neko Doga Movie Festival" (laughs).
I'm so envious that the Walker Art Center did it and it seems to have been a huge success.
There is a quote by Flaubert that I love: "I want to live away from the world, but one annoying thing after another keeps coming and trying to get in my way."
By "annoying things" do you mean me
(Laughter) (Applause) It happens all the time.
In the 1930s, MoMA was preparing an exhibition of abstract art, but customs officials said that these works were not art.
I'm sure we'll continue to battle these preconceived notions, but for now, I'm very proud to call Pac-Man part of MoMA's collection.
So is Tetris, the original Soviet version.
Alexei Pajitnov developed "Tetris" while working for the Soviet government. Alexei developed "Tetris" while working for the Soviet government. They even provided us with a display.
very nice
Acquiring artwork in a museum requires an enormous amount of work. Acquiring an artwork in a museum requires an enormous amount of work. At MoMA, we also approach popular culture as part of our interaction design. To be in the collection, it needs to be researched. To be in the MoMA collection, it needs to be researched.
When choosing "The Outer Worlds" by Eric Shy When choosing "The Outer Worlds" by Eric Shy, we set up a panel of experts to review We set up a panel of experts to review And me and Kate Carmody around Paul Galloway
I worked on this for a year and a half
So many people have helped me, game designers, Jamin Warren of Killscreen magazine, Jamin Warren of Killscreen magazine and Kevin Slavin.
Thank you very much for your help
We're game amateurs, so we had to consult.
From the SimCity series, I chose SimCity 2000 in particular, and these selection criteria were very strict.
Established standards for display and preservation
We take this collection seriously and not lightly, because we need to think about how to preserve and display things that will become more and more essential to our lives in the future. it's for
We don't currently live in just the digital world or just the physical world, we live in a soup that's a mix of both.
The interaction is right there, and that's why it matters.
In order to explain interaction, we need to recognize how we relate to our lives.
So I'm going to talk about non-videogame examples, because videogames are the purest forms of interaction, and they're not bound by function or outcome.
I think the MetroCard vending machine is a masterpiece of interaction.
the interface is nice
It's like a beefy subway worker came out.
You can buy a card while wearing gloves, don't you think? Many ATM interfaces are difficult to use I think many ATM interfaces are difficult to use
So what I'm emphasizing is that if you know how to think about interaction, you can see good and bad. If you know how to think about interaction, you can see good and bad.
In the Sims people exhibit, we're trying to convey one thing in particular: that when you play this game, you have to be as responsible as you are to be a Tamagotchi.
Video games can be very meaningful even if you play them innocently.
In "Katamari Damacy", rolling the lump
Involve as many things as possible within the time limit Involve as many things as possible within the time limit Hopefully become a star
I've never been to a star, but...
"Bibbon" was never sold in America.
It was a PlayStation game, mainly for Japan.
It's one of the first video games where you can choose your own music.
When you put your own CD in the Playstation When you put your own CD in the Playstation the game changes according to the music
"EVE Online" is an artificial space world
EVE Online is an artificial space world. In Benghazi, Ambassador Stevens and his diplomats were murdered. In Benghazi, Ambassador Stevens and his diplomats were murdered. Man was famous for "EVE Online." Maybe he was a real-life diplomat trying out diplomatic ideas and stuff in a game. The first reports of the bombing were published on EVE Online. is
I recently attended the EVE Online Fanfest in Reykjavik.
It may sound strange, but I learned a lot from talking about my gaming experiences. I learned a lot from talking about my gaming experiences.
Of course, there are games that teach you more.
Dwarf Fortress is, in some ways, the ideal massively multiplayer online game. The Adams brothers, the developers, were also in Reykjavik, and they were very well received by all the fans of EVE Online. All the fans of EVE Online. were very welcome
it's definitely a great game
As you can see, for museum collections like MoMA, aesthetics is very important, as you can see, for museum collections like MoMA, and the same is true when choosing a game like this.
Portal, developed by Valve, is an example of a video game with a form of violence. We had to discuss whether to treat
have to make a policy
In fact, the art department at MoMA has a lot of works that depict violence. When I came to MoMA 19 years ago, I said I wanted to show Beretta guns. if you say you want
I was told by the design department that I couldn't put a gun in there.
I thought, "Why?"
And it turns out that in design, it's what you see, it's what you see, it's what you see.
If there's a gun in the design department, it's taken as an instrument to kill.
Within the art department, it could be a critique of the instrument of death.
it's interesting
We're also incorporating this critical element in our design department, so maybe one day we'll be able to store guns.
I've consulted with Kate and Paul about this game, and decided it wouldn't be considered senseless violence.
The purpose of shooting walls with Portal is to create space.
"Street Fighter II" is also a martial art, so it's okay
(Laughter) I'm not planning on collecting "Grand Theft Auto." Maybe it's because of my point of view, because when I do, I end up crashing cars and shooting people I don't like.
(Laughter) It's a joke, but we've talked about this issue for a long time.
Even now, I still feel unsure There is no need to hesitate with "flOw"
A calm and majestic game
You can experience the sensation of becoming a sea creature
There is also a classic game in which the screen moves parallel.
The collection is diverse
We originally collected 14 games, but there are still a few more that we plan to collect. And it's not just the games that aren't in the collection. It's not just the games.
Because you also need a relationship with the manufacturer.
What we want is the source code
Of course it's hard to get
Codes can save video games for the long term Codes can save video games for the long term That's what museums do.
It is also to pass it on to future generations.
But sometimes video game makers aren't very supportive, and if you can't get the code, build a relationship with them.
As long as the other party doesn't stop, I intend to continue
As long as the other party doesn't stop, I intend to continue
And then one day I'll get the code. (Laughter) Aesthetics is a very important selection criteria for interaction design.
This "Core War" is an early game, and it's beautiful because it takes advantage of the limited processor power.
Something like this beautiful wall is also artfully rendered within technical constraints.
Space in games is also important
I think that the classic video games involved a competent architect, who, if not an architect, had a good education and understanding of architecture.
How the space is laid out is extremely important.
And time, video games, like any other interaction design, can be an amazing experience of time.
There's real time and there's in-game time, and in Animal Crossing, for example, the seasons change, just like in the real world.
Time, space, beauty, and most importantly behavior.
The core issue in interaction design is behavior.
How we behave in interaction design affects the rest of our lives.
Design behavior is not limited to what is on the screen
Marble Madness is a beautiful looking game Marble Madness is a beautiful looking game In this game you use a trackball to move a ball on the screen. will be
So video games are the purest aspect of interaction design, and they go a long way in explaining what interaction is.
But I don't want it to look like an arcade, full of video game machines.
If you're going to show it with me, it's the code. This is Ben Fry's rendering of the source code for "Pac-Man."
Our game storage method is unusual and unconventional. We display it side by side with chairs and other designs. We display it side by side with chairs and other designs. just put the controller
The controller is essential for the experience The controller is essential for the experience
Surprisingly, there was no major criticism from the people who played the game.
There was no big criticism. I told you my intentions, and they understood. I told you my intentions, and they understood. In the MoMA exhibition room, propeller blades and machinery -- in the MoMA exhibition room, propeller blades and machinery -- on a white pedestal, like a Brancusi sculpture, on a white pedestal. I lined up
This unfamiliar exhibition space shook people's minds, broadened their perception of the fascination and importance of design.
i want to do the same thing with video games
We need to get rid of childhood images of dirty carpets and cigarette butts, and we want people to understand that video games are an important form of design.
Video games, fonts, things like that, in a way, they help broaden the awareness of what design means.
I have a dream collection, and one of the things I've been thinking about for the last few years that I want to collect the most right now is the Boeing 747.
But I don't want to own
I don't want the real thing to be in MoMA, I want it to fly.
I don't want the real thing to be in MoMA, I want it to fly.
And by acquisition, I mean MoMA has made a deal with the airlines to keep the Boeing 747s flying.
The same applies to the “@” mark that was collected a few years ago.
It's the first collection that's in the public domain.The first collection that's in the public domain.
For example, if a butterfly is flying, it will cast a shadow on the wall.For example, if a butterfly is flying, it will cast a shadow on the wall.
If it's a very important thing that no one can own, if it's a very important thing that no one can own, we're showing it in tangible form.
It's a long story, so you can read more about it on the MoMA blog. It explains why the @mark is a great example of design.It explains why the @mark is a great example of design.
On the other hand, we had to get rid of some chairs.
Design concepts also need to be reshuffled.
A lot of people are coming to the exhibition. A lot of people are coming to the exhibition.
Design is ubiquitous and no less important. Design is ubiquitous and no less important. Design is diverse and plays a central role in our lives. I would be happy if more people would look to design as part of their profession, hobby or culture.
thank you
(applause)
I'm going to show you an innovative perspective on issues like gender violence -- sexual assault, domestic violence, sexual harassment, sexual abuse.
"Gender violence" has generally been thought of as "a woman's problem that good men should help," but I don't think it's right, it's unacceptable.
It's not "women's problems that good men should help"
First and foremost, it's the men who have the problem.
(Applause) It's also a women's problem, I get it, but calling this a women's problem is part of the problem.
First men stop caring
When you say 'women's problem' a man drives it out of his mind 'I'm a man it's a girl's problem' And literally one step ahead
it will not progress
It's like when you hear "women's issues," it's like a chip in your head telling your neural circuits to point in a different direction. It's the same when you hear "gender."
When I hear that, a lot of people think I mean "women," and when I say "gender issues," I mean "women's issues."
There's a confusion of usage, and I'll use an analogy to explain this confusion.
Let's talk about race. When you say "race" in America,
Think "African American" "Latina" "Asian" "Native" "South Asian" "Pacific Islander" Other
When you hear "sexual orientation," you think it means "homosexual" or "bisexual."
When you hear "gender," it's about women
no one cares about the ruling class
There are no racial identities or category concepts for whites, heterosexuals have no sexual orientation, and men seem to have no gender.
In this way, the system of domination is maintained and reproduced: the stable ruling classes are unaware of their superiority; the characteristics of power and privilege are that they are not considered; The main problem we have is mostly
Domestic violence and sexual violence are rarely talked about in a spectacular way about men, even though men are at the center of the problem.
I'm going to explain it the old fashioned way.
I'm basically an old person
Filmmaking is high tech. It's old fashioned as a teacher. This exercise shows us, at the level of sentence structure, how our thinking and word choice ignores men.
Exercise themes apply to DV and other issues.
It's the work of linguist Penelope.
There's a very basic sentence: "John beat Mary."
no problem english
"John" is the subject "I hit" is the verb "Mary" is the object
Let's move on to the next sentence, saying the same thing in the passive voice.
The sentence is "Mary was beaten by John."
the sentence changes drastically
From "John beaten" to "Mary was beaten"
The focus has shifted from John to Mary John is about to disappear from our minds near the end of the sentence
In the third sentence he disappears. The sentence is "Mary was beaten." The subject is only Mary.
I don't even think about John
I used to say "I was beaten" instead of "I was beaten" So I can say "Mary got beaten"
The last sentence after the previous one is "Mary is a woman to be beaten."
Her identity as "a beaten woman" was given to John in the first sentence.
and he's been off the topic for a long time
When I work in domestic violence and sexual violence, I find that there's a tendency to blame the victim. It's not the person who did something, but the person who did it. "Why are you hanging out with that guy?"
"Why do you like that kind of man?"
"Why aren't you leaving?" "What were you wearing?"
"What a fool to drink with men in a hotel room."
There are many reasons for blaming the victim, but one is that the human cognitive structure is designed to question.
unconsciously ask
A woman's choice, what she was doing, what she was thinking, what she was wearing
I won't tell you to stop, because it's legal to ask about women.
but let's be clear
That doesn't prevent violence, we have to ask different questions.
you already understand
It's about John, not Mary
Why does John hit Mary?
Why is domestic violence still a serious problem worldwide?
what's going on Why do men physically, emotionally, verbally, and otherwise abuse women and other men? why the one you love What's wrong with men?
Why do so many adult men sexually abuse children?
Why is it a common problem in the US and around the world? church or football club
Why are there so many scandals in big organizations such as the Boy Scouts?
Locally and nationally, we hear about it all the time.
child sexual abuse
what about men? Why do so many men beat women all over the world?
Or another man?
What's wrong with men?
How America's Traditions Make Abusive Men All the rage
not individual criminals
It's a way to understand more deeply rooted social system problems.
They're not monsters, they don't crawl out of the swamp, go to town, do bad things, and go back to darkness.
"It's a monster" is too sweet an idea
they are more normal, ordinary people
The problem is worldwide, including the United States
It's human behavior, how customs create abusive men.
Religious belief systems Sports Porn Family structures How the economy etc. intersect Race and ethnicity?
how it works
If you combine those elements and look at the big issues, you can tell how you can change, change the way you do things.
change the rules
What causes the status quo – how to change the socialization and 'masculinity' of boys?
There are many things to question, many things to do, and you will never get there if you keep dwelling on women's behavior and interpersonal relationships.
Until now, many women have tried to speak out on these issues and have been silenced because of it.
And it's been nicknamed "man-bashing," "man-hating," and the filthy, aggressive "feminazi."
What is this phenomenon?
"Emissary Killing" A woman stands up
If you speak up for yourself, other women, men, boys, they'll say, "Sit down and shut up, keep the system going." People hate those who make waves and challenge power.
Basically it's better to sit quietly
luckily women didn't luckily in the world
Many Women Leaders Confront The Important Things Men Can Do
You can say things that women can't say, but if a woman says it, people will ignore it, but if a man says it, people will listen.
In fact there is always-
Say to men, "More men need to stand up, speak out, and stand by women."
By the way, my head really hurts-
For some reason, feminists and others who have campaigned against female violence and rape are said to be anti-masculine.
What happens to the boy who is badly abused and badly affected?
Doesn't it count?
What about boys and young people who have been traumatized by adult male violence?
the same system
Men who abuse men also give birth to male victims.
Let's talk: In the vast majority of cases of male violence, the perpetrators are men.
What men and women can say in common is that the perpetrator is a man
most of the men i know
There are women who are important to me, such as family and friends, but I am directly involved with men, not just them.
There are many reasons why men should speak up
It's obvious right?
In sports, in the U.S. military, what my peers and I do in school is the "bystander approach" that we developed to prevent gender violence.
I'm going to talk about the big part, because it's an attempt to make a big shift in the subject. There are many examples, but the core is to stop thinking of men as perpetrators, women as victims, or women as perpetrators and men as victims. case
I said "man" and "woman"
There are genders other than men and women
A woman can be the perpetrator and a man can be the victim, anything is possible.
stop seeing things in dichotomies
We see everyone as a bystander. A bystander is someone in a given situation who is neither the perpetrator nor the victim. As a member What would you do if you were involved with someone who seems to be involved in abuse?
how to raise your voice and challenge your friends
Reach out? what should I do-
Can you stay silent in the face of abuse?
In male culture, the goal is to bring in a man who doesn't abuse and have him face off against a man who does.
When I say abuse, it's not just men who beat women.
If your friend is abusing your lover, you have to stop it on the spot, and that's not all.
It's naive to try to change society with this
Before that happened, men were talking to each other
I want you to intervene. For example, you're a man and you play, talk, and go out with just men, and another man says something sexist or— derogatory to women. Do you laugh together? pretend you can't hear? I want you to say instead
"I can't laugh when I think of my sister."
"This is no good"
You're white and another white-
If I make a racist remark, I want another white man to interrupt the racist remarks made by my fellow whites.
If you're heterosexual and you don't harass people of various sexual orientations, but you don't say anything to heterosexual people who do, isn't that silence, in a way, the same as agreeing and complicit?
The bystander approach encourages people to interrupt this process, speak up, and create a culture of equality, where behavior that hurts is not only unlawful, it's wrong and unacceptable.
What if sexist men lose their status? What if boys and young people who are sexist towards women and who behave badly towards other boys and men lose their positions because of it?
Abuse will be greatly reduced
The perpetrator is not a disease or an evil spirit.
Other than being abusive, it's normal.
One of Dr. King's short-lived quotes was, "In the end, it's not what your enemies say that hurts the most, but what your friends say."
That's right, it's not the enemy's words that hurt the most, but the friend's silence.
Male violence against women and children Male culture has been silent on this ongoing tragedy.
didn't say anything
We have to break this silence, and more men
But it's not as easy as it sounds, and I said, "We have to break it," but in a male culture, sometimes it's hard to challenge other men. need conversion of
It must be a strong adult man whose responsibility cannot ultimately fall on a young boy, high school student, or college student to take a stand.
We need to be held accountable as a problem-solving leader.In the peer culture, if someone were to speak up, challenge their peers, and break in, would that person be the leader?
The bigger picture is that powerful adult men need to be more of a priority, but that's not the case.
A long time ago, when I was working on all of the U.S. Army, Navy, and Air Force.
At dinner, a woman asked me if I thought I was smart.
"Excuse me, but sensitivity training - not in the Navy, but in the Marine Corps -
I teach leadership
It's an ugly answer, but it's an important distinction. What we need is not sensitivity training.
Leadership training. I work in sports, too, but when professional baseball and soccer coaches make sexist, homophobic, racist remarks, they get debates on blogs and on the radio.
Some people say, "I need sensitivity training."
People who say, "Leave me alone," also say, "The prohibition of discriminatory language goes too far."
"It's a silly statement, but don't hold back." In my opinion, what we need is
leadership training
Because the speaker is a terrible leader, gender, sexuality- (Applause) In a society that is racially and ethnically diverse, that statement? leader is disqualified
If we could all make this case that I'm making to powerful men and women with all levels of authority and power, things would change, people's minds would change.
For example, I work with college sports teams across North America.
How to prevent domestic violence and sexual violence is well known
There is no reason not to have mandatory prevention training for all athletes and coaches as part of the educational process.
it's easy to do
but not enough leadership
not student athletes
Leaders such as team coaches, university presidents, funding, and people setting priorities within the organization lack leadership Most of the time, the “leaders” are men.
at Pennsylvania State University
A model of approach was born
It's incredible how many men in power have failed to protect their children, in this case boys.
Step inside and you'll know
the pressure on men
Men are constrained by peer culture and need to work to break through that pressure.
For example, say, "Many men are concerned about this issue."
It's true, I know I've worked with tens of thousands, hundreds of thousands of men for decades.
It's appalling that it's taken so long
A lot of men have concerns, but "concern" isn't enough.
We need more men with guts, courage, and morals to break the silence of accomplices and challenge their allies as allies, not enemies of women.
This is the duty of women
no doubt
It is also my duty to my sons
It is also our duty to young people around the world who grow up in such a culture that forces them to "be a man" even though they didn't choose it.
It's not their choice, we adults have the opportunity to choose.
We have a duty to them, hopefully, to move this movement forward, so that men and women working together can make a difference, so that the tragedy that happens every day can be eliminated in the future.
Thank you for your attention. (Applause)
How many people checked their email today?
please give me your hand
Who are you checking now?
(Laughter) What about assets: credit cards, investment accounts, etc.
Did you check today?
How is your week going?
What about household energy consumption?
has anyone checked today
This week, last week is fine
You seem to be a bit of an energy geek
nice to meet you
As for the rest, it seems that this room is full of people who care about the future of the planet, but who don't care about the energy consumption that's driving climate change.
The woman in the picture with me is Harriet.
We met on our first family vacation
Harriet is concerned with her energy expenditure, not an energy geek at all
This is the story of how she came to be interested.
This is coal. It's the most used source of electricity on the planet. This coal has enough energy to keep this light bulb on for over a year.
Unfortunately, most of the energy is lost between the coal and the light bulb due to transmission losses and heat dissipation.
Only 10% of it actually becomes light.
This coal will only last a little over a month
If you want to light this bulb for a year, you need this much coal.
The bad news is that we waste nine times as much energy as we consume.
And that's actually good news, because when we save energy, we're saving nine times as many resources.
The question is, how do we get people in this room, and people around the world, to care about their energy consumption, and how to save money?
The answer came 10 years ago in the summer of a behavioral science experiment in San Marcos, California, about 145 kilometers from here.
Graduate students hung messages on the doorknobs of neighbors' homes telling them to turn off the heating and cooling and turn on the fans.
The message I sent to quarters was, "Did you know you can save $54 a month this summer?"
"Let's turn off the air conditioner and run the fan."
Another group of households was given an environmental message.
A third group of households was given a message telling them to be good citizens to prevent blackouts.
Normally, I think the power saving notice would be the most effective.
None of the messages actually had any effect.
It didn't affect energy consumption at all.
It's as if the graduate student visit never happened in the first place.
But the fourth message simply said, "Surveys show that 77 percent of the homes in my neighborhood turn off the air conditioner and run the fans.
Please join us in turning off the air conditioner and turning it into a fan."
So what if everyone switched to fans?
People who received this message saw a significant drop in energy consumption just by telling them about their neighbors' homes.
What does this result indicate?
If the inconvenience is there, even if we know that saving money is important, appeals to conscience and economic incentives won't move us, but social pressure is very powerful.
If you use it well, it will benefit the world and people.
In fact, we already have results.
This insight inspired me and my friend Dan Yates to start a company called Opower.
We've partnered with a power company that wants to develop software and help consumers save electricity.
We deliver power consumption reports tailored to each home and compared to neighboring homes of similar size.
Similar to the message in the previous experiment, we compare each home to its neighborhood and give them incentives to help them save.
We started with paper, then with mobile apps, then the web, then with remote thermostats, and for the last five years, we've been conducting the world's largest behavioral science experiment.
it's going well
We've saved more than $250 million in electricity bills for ordinary homeowners and renters, but we're just getting started.
This year alone, we expect to save an additional two terawatt hours of electricity through partnerships with more than 80 facilities in six countries.
Energy geeks know how much, but for the rest of us, two terawatt-hours of energy is enough to power every home in St. Louis and Salt Lake City for over a year.
Two terawatt-hours is roughly half of what the US solar industry generated last year.
2 terawatt-hours in terms of coal is the amount of electricity that can be obtained by burning 34 trucks every minute of the year all year round.
we didn't burn anything
It's just about getting people's attention and encouraging them to change their behavior.
We're just one company scratching the surface of the energy problem.
Twenty percent of the electricity we use in our homes is wasted, and by waste we don't mean using inefficient light bulbs, although you may.
Waste is leaving the lights on in an empty room, or turning on the AC when no one is home.
Forty billion dollars a year is wasted on electricity that doesn't serve anyone, and it's also contributing to climate change.
$40 billion -- that's a billion each year in the United States alone.
half of our coal consumption is here
Thankfully, some of the world's best material scientists are exploring these sustainable resources as alternatives to coal, which is wonderful and essential.
But the most sustainable energy sources to consider for the future aren't on this slide.
That's everyone in this hall and it's me
We don't need new material science, we can simply apply behavioral science to take advantage of the resource that we are.
You can get started today, and we know it works, and you'll save money on your electricity bill in no time.
Any reason not to start?
Regulations on electricity generation in many areas haven't changed much since the days of Thomas Edison.
Utilities still profit from consumers wasting energy.
Consumers should make money by saving money.
This story isn't just about home power consumption.
look at the prius
And it's because Toyota invested in behavioral science, not just in material science, that it was so efficient.
This dashboard shows you in real time how much energy you're saving, and it's made the once-speed freaks drive like cautious grandmas.
Now back to Harriet's story
I met her during our first family trip
She came to say hello to my daughter and was delighted to find that her name was also Harriet.
When asked what I do for a living, I replied that I work with the power company to help people save electricity.
Then she started to light up
Look at me and say, "You are exactly who I want to talk to.
My husband and I received a letter from the power company two weeks ago.
It says we use twice as much electricity as our neighbors."
(Laughter) "What we've been thinking and talking and debating for the last two weeks is that we need to save electricity.
I've done everything the letter said, but I know there's more I can do.
And now I met an expert.
Please tell me what should I do to save electricity? "
There are many experts who can answer this question.
My goal is to get people to ask questions like that.
thank you
(applause)
I was training to be a gymnast for two years in the 1970s in Hunan, China.
When I was in first grade, the government tried to transfer me to physical education school, and it was free.
But my strict mother said, "I won't allow that."
My parents told me to be an engineer like them.
After surviving the Cultural Revolution, they adamantly believed that the only way to be happy was a stable, well-paying job.
It doesn't matter if I like the job
But my dream was to become a Chinese opera singer.
This is me playing the piano in my imagination
To be a dramatist, you had to train in acrobatics from a young age, so I did everything I could to get myself into drama school.
I even told the principal and the radio DJ how I felt.
But none of the adults agreed with me.
no one believed i was serious
My friends were the only ones who supported me, but they were still young and as weak as I was.
And when I turned 15, it was too late to start training.
my dreams won't come true anymore
I was scared that all I could hope for for the rest of my life was second-rate happiness.
But I couldn't stand it
So I decided to look for another dream
there's no one to tell me what to dream
So I turned to books
I quenched my parents' hunger for teachings with this book by a family of writers and musicians ["You, listen to the sound of the strings"], which, while Confucianism calls for obedience, shows me the image of an independent woman I aspire to be. It was this book ["Jane Eyre"] that gave me, and it was this book ["A Dozen is Cheaper"] that taught me the importance of efficiency.
["Sanmo Complete Works" Sanmo ] ["Learning from History" Nan Yujin] I came to America in 1995. What was the first book you read after coming here?
Of course, the book was forbidden to be sold in China.
"Earth" depicts the life of a Chinese farmer.
This is bad for propaganda
the bible is funny but weird
(Laughter) We'll talk about that another time.
But the fifth of the ten commandments, "Respect your father and mother," changed me.
"Respect is very different from obedience, and much better," I thought.
This freed me from the guilt of violating Confucianism and gave me the opportunity to start over with my parents.
Also, encounters with new cultures have started the habit of comparative reading.
this gives a lot of insight
For example, at first I thought this map was funny, because this is what Chinese students use.
I didn't know that China didn't have to be the center of the world.
The map is written from someone's point of view
Comparative reading is nothing new
It's standard practice in academia
There are even areas of study such as comparative religion and comparative literature.
Comparison and contrast allow us to understand something more completely.
So I wondered if I could make use of comparative reading, which is being used in my research, in my daily life.
Started reading two books in pairs
These books include [Benjamin Franklin] [John Adams] These books include [Benjamin Franklin] [John Adams] People and experiences who were involved in the same events written about friends
[Kathryn Graham: My Life] [Snowball: The Life of Warren Buffett] I also compared the same story in different genres (laughs) [King James Bible] [The Lamb] from different cultures. We also compared similar stories, such as Joseph Campbell's wonderful book [The Power of Myth], for example, Christ and Buddha both overcame three temptations.
Christ's temptations are economic, political, spiritual
Buddha is all psychological, desires, fears, social obligations, this is interesting.
If you want to learn a foreign language, I recommend reading your favorite book in two languages ​​["Zhuangzi's Method"] ["Laozi: Like Flowing Water"].
I also recommend reading it in two languages ​​["Zhuangzi's Method"] ["Laozi: Like Flowing Water"] There was much to be gained in exchange for something lost in translation.
For example, through translation, I learned that "happiness (pleasure)" in Chinese literally means "rapid joy."
"Bride (new daughter)" in Chinese means "new mother" Oops
(Laughter) Books provide a magical doorway between the past and the present.
I will never feel alone or helpless again
Compared to the suffering of many people, broken dreams are nothing.
I now believe that the purpose of dreams is not only to come true
Its most important purpose is to help you realize where your dreams come from, where your passion comes from, and where your happiness comes from.
Even the dreams I gave up give me these
Because of books, I'm here today, happy, always purposeful, never lost.
May you always have a book by your side
thank you
(Applause) Thank you (Applause) Thank you (Applause)
“Homosexuality is a misuse of the sexual function, even without any religious references.
It's a hopelessly vulgar substitute for reality, a pathetic escape from life.
There is no other way but to regard it as an incurable disease that deserves no sympathy in itself, a minority affliction that does not deserve a cure.”
This is a quote from TIME magazine, published in 1966 when I was three years old.
And last year, the president of the United States announced his support for same-sex marriage.
(Applause) What has it been like to get here?
How "disease" became an identity
When I was about six years old, I went to a shoe store with my mother and my brother.
After I bought the shoes, the shopkeeper said he would give me a balloon.
My brother wanted a red balloon and I wanted a pink balloon.
My mother said to me, "You really like blue, don't you?"
But I definitely liked pink
My mother reminded me, "You must have liked the color blue."
Now, I like blue, but I'm still gay -- (Laughter) -- and it's a testament to both the power of motherhood and its limitations.
(Laughter) (Applause) When I was little, my mother used to say, "The love a parent has for their child is like no other emotion.
You won't know until you have a child."
To raise us brothers like that, my mother's words were the greatest compliment to me when I was young.
As I hit puberty, I came to realize that I was gay and probably never had a family.
Then my mother's words made me uneasy.
Even after coming out, my mother kept saying that line, and I felt angry.
"I'm gay, so I'm not going in that direction."
I said, "Don't say it again"
About 20 years ago, I was asked by the editor of the New York Times Magazine to write an article about deaf culture.
I was very confused
I thought "deaf" was just a disease Poor deaf people What can I do for them who are deaf?
Eventually I entered the deaf world
went to a deaf club
I went to see a deaf play and sign language poetry
I went to a deaf beauty pageant in Nashville, Tennessee, and everyone was complaining, "Southern sign language is accented."
(Laughter) As I immersed myself deeper and deeper into the deaf world, I became convinced that deafness was a culture. I felt tough
I was an outsider and didn't particularly want to be part of that culture, but I knew that it was a culture and that it was as valuable to its members as Latin culture, gay culture, Jewish culture. I felt what
Even if you compare it to American culture, it will hold up.
Around the same time, a friend of a friend had a daughter with dwarfism.
As soon as my daughter was born, a question popped up in front of her mother, and it's something that I can relate to a lot now.
The question is, "How do I deal with this child?"
Do you say, "You're a little small, but you're just like everyone else"?
Or should I join Little People of America and look at the reality of dwarfism as I seek to establish my identity as a dwarf?
It occurred to me that most deaf children are born to able-bodied parents.
Parents tend to think of "treatment"
When children reach puberty, they discover deaf communities.
Most homosexuals are born to straight parents.
Straight parents usually want to be able to live in what they think is "normal," but gays will eventually discover their identity.
A friend of mine is now facing the issue of identity for her dwarf daughter.
I thought the same
I've come to believe that there are two types of identity.
One is the vertical identity, which is passed down from parent to child.
Ethnicity, often nationality, language, religion, etc.
These are shared identities between parent and child.
Some of them are severe, but no one tries to "cure" them.
Even though the current president is of color, it's still difficult to be a person of color in the United States.
But no one wants to make the next generation of African-American and Asian children cream-skinned and yellow-haired.
There's another identity that you learn from your peers, and I call this your "horizontal" identity, because companionship is a horizontal sense.
About this identity, because parents are outsiders, you have to find out about it through your peer relationships.
These lateral identities are most often targeted for "treatment."
I wanted to explore the process by which people with these identities come to interact with them.
Apparently, there were three stages of acceptance throughout the process.
It's self acceptance, family acceptance and societal acceptance.
does not necessarily occur at the same time
People in these situations are usually filled with anger because they feel that their parents don't love them, when in fact their parents just don't accept them.
Love, ideally, should always be unconditional between parent and child.
but acceptance takes time
it takes time
I knew a man with dwarfism named Clinton Brown.
He was born with deforming dwarfism, a severe disability, and his parents were told that he couldn't walk, he couldn't talk, he wasn't intelligent, and he probably wouldn't even recognize his parents. Deaf
And they advised me to leave him in the hospital so he could die peacefully.
But his mother flatly refused and took him home.
Educationally and financially, her mother found the best doctor in the country and put Clinton in there to fight deformity dwarfism.
He underwent 30 major surgeries during his childhood.
He spent all of that time in the hospital, but thanks to that he was able to walk.
His parents hired a tutor so he could do his schoolwork while he was in the hospital, so he studied hard because he had nothing else to do.
And finally, he reached a level that no one in his family could ever have imagined.
He was the first in his family to go to college, lived on campus, and drove a car specially equipped for his particular body.
His mother told me this story on his way home one day, his college is nearby, and he said, "You know that kid's car when you see it, it's in the bar parking lot. (laughs)
"The others are 180 cm tall, he's 90 cm tall.
Two beers are enough for him for four." "I can't cut in, so I went home and left his cellphone eight times."
"At the time, I thought, when he was born, did someone say, 'Someday, I'm going to drive out with my college mates and make them worry about me.'"
(Applause) I asked her, "What did you do to make him so attractive, so brilliant, so wonderful?"
She said "What did I do? I loved him and that's all
Clinton was a child of shining talent
My husband and I were lucky to be the first to see it."
And here's another quote from another magazine from the '60s.
It's from The Atlantic magazine in 1968, The Voice of Liberal America, written by a leading bioethicist.
"You don't have to feel guilty about abandoning a child with Down's Syndrome, even if it's a more responsible, more responsable, life-threatening way to sneak it into an institution.
It's sad and disgusting, but it's not sinful
Sins are limited to those committed against humans, but Down's syndrome is not human."
There's been a lot of public discourse about the big strides in gay treatment.
The media reports every day that attitudes toward gays have changed.
But we've forgotten how we viewed other people with differences in the past, how we viewed disabled people, how we've made people cruel creatures.
The changes achieved today are as radical as gays, but we haven't paid enough attention to them.
Among the families I interviewed were Tom and Karen Robards. These young and successful New Yorkers were very surprised when their first child was diagnosed with Down syndrome.
The couple decided that the education provided for their son was inadequate, so they decided to build a small educational center of their own. Together with other parents, they built two classrooms and began educating children with Down syndrome.
It eventually grew to be called the Cook Center, where thousands of children with intellectual disabilities are now educated.
From that Atlantic article to today, life expectancy for people with Down syndrome has tripled.
Some people with Down's syndrome have become actors, they've become writers, they've managed to live as fully independent adults.
Credit to Mr. and Mrs. Robards.
I asked the couple, "Do you have any regrets?"
"Do you wish your child didn't have Down syndrome?
Do you want a life free of Down syndrome? "
The father's answer was interesting: "I have regrets about my son David, because I'm making life difficult for him. I wanted to give him an easier life."
But if you lose all the children with Down syndrome, it's a huge loss."
Karen Robards said, "I'm just like Tom.
As for my son, I want to heal him as soon as possible so that he can live more comfortably.
But for me, it was unthinkable 23 years ago when David was born.
My involvement with Down Syndrome has made me a much kinder and better person, and I've learned to live with a clear purpose, so as far as I'm concerned, I have no regrets."
We are living in an age when various disabilities, including Down syndrome, are accepted by society.
And at the same time, our age has reached levels of our ability to remove those obstacles that we never imagined possible.
Today, most deaf babies in America can have cochlear implant surgery, which is implanted in the brain and connected to a receiver that allows them to hear and speak through electrical transmissions.
An investigational drug called BMN-111, which has already been tested in mice, is effective in blocking the action of the achondroplasia gene.
Achondroplasia is the most common cause of dwarfism, and when mice carrying the achondroplasia gene are given the drug, they grow to normal size.
Human clinical trials are just around the corner.
There are also advances in blood tests that can detect fetuses with Down's syndrome more accurately and earlier than ever before, making it easier if you want to terminate the pregnancy.
So we're making progress, both socially and medically.
i think both are important
I think social progress is nice, and I think it's meaningful and great, and I think medical progress is equally great.
However, it would be a tragedy if the intentions of both sides passed each other.
I sometimes think that the interplay of these two advances in the environment surrounding the three obstacles I have mentioned is like a scene in a grand opera. That scene of picking up
(Laughter) We have to think together about how we feel about therapy.
From a parent's point of view, the question is always, what do we value in our child, what do we fix in our child?
Jim Sinclair, a well-known autism activist, once said, "When a parent says, 'I wish my child didn't have autism,' it's like, 'I wish this child had never been born. And instead, I wish I had a child who wasn't autistic.'" "Think about it, it sounds like we're crying out for our existence.
When you wish for us to heal, we feel that your greatest wish is that we cease to exist and only the substance of us is secretly replaced by someone you do not know and love."
This is a very extreme point of view, but it shows the reality that people with disabilities face in their lives: they don't want to be cured, they don't want change, they don't want their disability removed.
No matter what the circumstances, they want to be themselves.
Among the families interviewed for this project were those of Dylan Klebold, one of the Columbine High School massacres.
It took me a long time to persuade them to tell me, but once they did, they started pouring out their stories, and they kept telling me endlessly. But I recorded over 20 hours of conversation.
We were all exhausted by Sunday night.
We sat in the kitchen, and Sue Klebold was preparing dinner.
I asked, "If Dylan were here now, would you be willing to ask him anything?"
The father replied, "Of course
I want to ask you what your intentions were in doing such a thing."
Sue stared at the floor and thought for a moment.
When she looked up, she said, "I want to ask you to forgive me for not being able to understand what was going on inside of him as a mother."
A few years later, I was having dinner with her, one of the many times we met, and she said, "I regret getting married and having children when that incident happened. I was there
If I hadn't gone to Ohio State and met Tom, that child wouldn't have been born and that tragedy wouldn't have happened.
But I've finally come to realize that I loved my children so much I can't imagine my life without them
I can never forgive those children for the pain they caused to other people, but as far as my pain is concerned, I will forgive you."
"So I decided that if Dylan had never been born, it would have been better for the world, but not for me."
I found it amazing that families with children with all kinds of problems usually try to work around them and find great significance in what they've experienced as parents.
And I thought that all parents who have children love their children with all their imperfections.
If all of a sudden a beautiful angel came down from the living room ceiling and told me that instead of taking my child, I'd give her a better one--a polite, a funny, an obedient, a smart one--I would cling to my child and the worst of it. I pray that the situation will pass
These feelings are, after all, the equivalent of throwing a pair of nonflammable pajamas into the fire just in case your child reaches for the stove to make sure it doesn't catch on. Stories are a universal manifestation of parental love, the same emotion that a parent has when they look at their child's face and wonder, "Where are you from?"
(Laughter) Because each difference is individual and unrelated in and of itself, one family is dealing with schizophrenia, another is having a transgender child, and so on, but even families with gifted children face challenges. are very similar as, although the number of families in each category is limited,
If you try to think of other people as having the experience of coming to terms with the differences that have arisen in your family, you'll find that it's a very common phenomenon.
It's ironic, but it's because we have differences, and how we come to terms with those differences, that it creates a bond between us.
While working on this project, I decided to have a child myself.
A lot of people were surprised and said, "During the research on how hard it is to raise children, I often thought about having children."
I replied, "I'm not investigating hardships.
What I'm investigating is how there's a lot of love in what seems like a lot of hard work."
I often thought of a mother who had a child with a disability, a child who was severely disabled and who died through caregiver neglect.
When the ashes were buried, the mother said, "I pray that you will forgive me for the sins taken from me twice, once the child I wanted and once the child I loved."
After hearing that, I realized that if you have a strong will, you can love anyone and any child.
My husband has two biological children with a lesbian friend in Minneapolis.
I had a best friend from college who wanted a child after a divorce.
She and I have a daughter.She and my daughter live in Texas.
My husband and I have a son who has lived with us all our life, but he and I are related by blood. The surrogate was a lesbian named Laura in Minneapolis, who has two children, Oliver and Lucy.
(Applause) So, in summary, there are five parents of four children in three states.
There are people who believe that the existence of such a family will hurt, weaken, harm their own family.
Some people think that something like my family should not be allowed to exist.
I don't accept subtractive love, I only accept additive love
Just as we need species diversity to ensure the survival of our planet, we need love diversity and family diversity to strengthen our kindness ecosphere.
The day after my son was born, the pediatrician came into the room and said he had something to worry about.
She said that the way my son stretched his legs was weird.
They said he might have brain damage.
It's true that his legs aren't symmetrical, which is why the doctors thought it might be some kind of tumor.
He also had such a large head that doctors thought it might be a sign of hydrocephalus.
Listening to the doctor's explanation, I felt like my center was overflowing onto the floor.
In my previous job, I had written about the significance people felt through their experiences of raising children with disabilities, and I didn't want to be part of it, because what I was facing was the notion of illness.
Like all parents since the dawn of history, I wanted to protect my child from disease.
I also wanted to protect myself from illness.
At the same time, through my work, I'm going to have an examination, and even if my son has some kind of problem, in the end it will become his identity, and if that's the case, it will also become my identity. I knew that I was going to change
We had him go through MRI's and CT's, and we had our one-day-old son undergo an arterial blood test.
I felt helpless
And after five hours, the doctors said nothing was wrong with his brain and he could stretch his legs better.
When I asked my pediatrician what happened, he said, "Maybe it was because I had a seizure in the morning."
(Laughter) And yet, I thought my mother was right.
"A parent's love for his child is irreplaceable by any other emotion.
You won't know until you have a child." I really thought so.
In the moment I connected fatherhood with loss, I think my children tested me.
But I don't know if I would have noticed that if I hadn't been in the middle of an investigation.
I've seen so many strange forms of love, and I've naturally fallen into those fascinating patterns.
And I've seen that even the most irredeemable weaknesses can find light.
What I've witnessed and learned over the past decade is the daunting joy that comes with an unbearable burden, and I've come to realize that it trumps all else.
During my interviews, there were times when I thought this parent was an idiot for devoting his life to an unappreciative child, throwing his life away, trying to weave an identity out of misfortune. I knew, thanks to my research, that I was grounded and prepared to share the fate of other parents.
thank you
(applause)
Unfortunately, I can't show you my face, because if I did, the bad guys would get me.
My journey started 14 years ago
When I had just graduated from college and had just become a journalist
i took the scoop
The scoop was really simple
A police officer was taking a bribe from a street hawker.
As a young reporter, I thought to myself, I'm not going to write a normal story, but I'm going to shake the world with this, because everyone knows there's bribery, but they're not doing anything to stop it.
I made up my mind and went to the scene and pretended to be a peddler.
In the course of the transaction, I was able to leave a perfect documentary evidence.
The response was amazing.
It was awesome
This kind of undercover reporting was called "immersion journalism" or "undercover journalism."
I'm an undercover journalist
My journalism is governed by three basic principles: defacing, desecrating, and sending you to jail.
Journalism is all about results
And it's our mission to influence and change communities and societies -- and in the most innovative ways.
I've been working on this for over 14 years, and I can assure you that the results are very good.
The first thing that comes to mind in my undercover interviews is "Devil's Child - Spirit Child".
This is a child born with a malformation. In some villages, when a child is born with a malformation, the parents think that the child is unfit to live in society, so the child is poisoned. will die
I made a lifelike baby and rode into the village, pretending that the baby had deformities, and these people came to kill the deformed babies.
everything is in order
On the day of the murder, I had the police on standby.On that fateful morning, they came to kill the child.
How seriously were you making the poison?
You put the potion on fire, it boils to a simmer, and it's ready to be given to the child.
While this preparation was underway, I asked for help -- the police were standing by. And just before the poison was ready and given to the children, I called the police, and luckily the police burst in and arrested them.
they are still on trial
Don't forget an important principle: expose your name, defile it, send it to jail.
Court proceedings are underway, and I'm confident that in the end, we'll expose them and let them go where they need to go.
Another important piece of coverage that sticks with me is related to the "Devil's Child" phenomenon, the "Curse of Congenital Hypopigmentation."
Most of you have probably heard that in Tanzania, children with congenital hypopigmentation are sometimes considered unfit to live in society.
Their bodies are mutilated with machetes, they're made into pharmaceuticals, they're used to make money, and there are so many stories about this.
So I went undercover again
I pretended to be interested in this business and went undercover.
I also made an arm that looks just like the real thing.
For the first time, we had hidden cameras filming people making this deal, and they were buying an arm, and they were going to use it for medicine, and they were going to use it for medicine.
Fortunately, the Tanzanian government has already taken action, but the problem is that the Tanzanian government only acted because of the evidence.
My journalism lives on irrefutable evidence
When I say, "You stole," I'll show you proof that you stole.
I'll show you how you stole it, when you stole it, what you used it for, and why you stole it.
If you can't contribute to society, there's no point in journalism
My style of journalism was born out of the society I'm in.
Sure, sometimes there are criticisms of this kind of undercover journalism.
(Video) Official: He took the money out of his pocket and put it on the table so we wouldn't be scared.
He wanted to import cocoa and send it to Ivory Coast.
I hid my true feelings and remained silent
not speaking a word
But my colleagues didn't know
So I collected the money, and after he left, I waited for him to come back with the goods.
As soon as he left, I told my colleagues that I was the leader of the group, and that I was going to arrest them when they came back.
Second official: I don't know where to say that.
never even set foot
so i was surprised
In the video, you can see hands counting money in front of me.
The next moment somehow the money is in my hands I'm counting but I'm not in touch with anyone
I never did business with anyone
REPORTER: Metro News reached out to an undercover reporter, Mr. Annas, for comment.
It shows the official, who had previously denied involvement, tapping on a calculator to calculate the amount of money taken from the cocoa smugglers.
Anas: This is one of the fights against corruption.
here he denies
But as you can see, if you have hard evidence, you can change society.
Here are some of the headlines of the article (music) "Annas will be cursed to death" "Annas is a liar" "Anas' corruption video alarms" "Conspiracy against customs officials exposed" "Anas is powered by an unseen force" "Annas's video shocks the government" "Capture the hunters" "Annas's 'bribery' official goes to trial" "Annas's video kills 15 heads" "Finance minister defends Annas" " Questionnaire to 11 customs officials over Annas video” “Ghana Journalists Association supports Annas” “President Mills makes a surprise visit to Tema Harbor due to Annas video” “The late John Evans Ata Mills Professor: Former President of Ghana." John Evans Atta Mills: We know all too well what Annas is alleging. John Evans Atta Mills: We all know all too well Annas alleging. I want to say to those who trap you, listen carefully, Ghana will not make you a hero for this.
Anas: The one who was our president.
I expected something special to come here.
I've brought you an unreleased work, and I'm happy to show it to you for the first time here.
I was undercover in a prison
and for quite some time
It was a sad situation to be honest
Again, society and governments can only be moved when they bring up irrefutable evidence.
The prison authorities have repeatedly denied that they have ever had substance abuse or homosexuality problems, and they have categorically denied that there were many.
How do you get irrefutable evidence?
My answer is to go to jail [Nusawan Prison] What you're looking at now is a pile of corpses.
I ended up following one of my prison buddies, a friend of mine, from his sickbed to his death, which is never a good sight.
The food they serve is terrible, and some of it I've eaten and it's not human food.
the toilet is really bad
You have to line up to use a "decent" toilet. "Decent" is a toilet with four people using one manhole.
If you told someone this, no one would believe you.
The only way to get them to believe you is to show them irrefutable evidence.
Of course drugs are rampant
It's easier and faster to get cannabis, heroin, and cocaine here than outside the walls.
Evil in society is a freak disease
Abnormal illness requires rough treatment
My kind of journalism may not work on other continents -- in other countries -- but what I do know is that it works on the African continent where I am. When people talk about corruption, they say, "Where's the evidence?"
"Show me the evidence"
That's why I show you "This is the proof"
And because of this, I sent a lot of people to prison.
In Africa, this kind of coverage matters, because all of us out there face problems, because all of us out there face problems.
That's why my heart throbbed when I decided to investigate African countries in the "Africa Undercover" series.
This "Africa Undercover" series was a success, and now I'm working on a "World Undercover".
By the time it's over, our continent will have many more bad guys in prison.
This fight never ends
I will continue this kind of journalism, because if bad people destroy society, then good people must be built and solidified.
thank you
(Applause) Chris Anderson, CA: Thank you very much. I have a few questions.
Chris Anderson (CA): Thank you very much I have a few questions.
How do you get to jail? It was a few weeks ago, wasn't it?
Annas: You're right. Undercover investigations are all about -- prioritizing the right things, so they put me in court to get the point across.
I'll go through the legal process, and eventually the prison will find out if I was actually in custody, and that's how I got in.
CA: So someone sued you in court and you got caught and remanded in the process, and you did it on purpose.
Anas: yes yes
CA: Fear -- and please let me know how you combat it. You're putting your life at risk all the time.
how are you doing?
Anas: Undercover investigation is the last resort.
Before you infiltrate, follow a set procedure.
Calm down and let go of fear is when you're sure all the steps have been taken and I'm not going it alone, make sure you have a back-up team to help make sure all the systems that keep you safe and all that work. Now, in situations like this, you have to make really smart decisions.
If you don't, you will lose your life.
If you have a backup system in place, I'm fine, I can do it, it's dangerous, but there's always risk in any job.
I mean, everyone has risks.
The moment you decide on your job, you have to take that risk, no matter when.
CA: You're a great person and you've done a great job, and what you've taught me is something no one has ever heard before.
Thank you very much.
Anas: thank you
CA: Thank you. Please continue to be careful. (Applause)
Now let's go to the Bahamas to meet the dolphins I've been studying in the wild for 28 years.
My research interest is in how dolphins, with their big brains and high intelligence, live in the wild.
We know that dolphins are highly intelligent and have complex social lives, but what do we really know about dolphin intelligence?
We know a few things, the ratio of the brain to the total body
It's a measure of intelligence that can be measured from the body, and it's second only to humans.
Cognitively, dolphins can understand artificial languages.
Recognize yourself in the mirror
In some areas, some dolphins use sponges as tools to catch fish.
But the big question remains: do dolphins have a language, and if so, what do they say?
Decades ago -- not years -- I set out to find a place where I could watch dolphins underwater to unlock the secrets of their communication system.
In most of the world's oceans, the water is so murky that it's difficult to see animals underwater, and we were able to spot a group of dolphins living in the clear waters of the shallow, sandy beaches of the Bahamas, just east of the Florida peninsula. will be
During the day, the dolphins stay in shallow waters to rest and congregate.At night, they emerge from the shallows to hunt in the deep waters.
Not a bad place to study.
Every summer, for about five months, we go out there, and in a few-week cycle, we set up a 20-meter catamaran for research and living.
The main tools we use are underwater video cameras and sound collectors, which are underwater microphones that we use to associate sounds with actions.
Minimize interference with dolphin life
We observe the dolphins' activities underwater, so we follow their manners underwater.
Atlantic spotted dolphins are in some respects good dolphins for study, when they're born.
They don't have spots, but they do appear as they grow, and the stages of growth are distinct, and it's fun to record their behavior.
Around the age of 15, the whole body is covered with black and white spots.
This is Mugsy the mother dolphin
He was 35 when the photo was taken, and dolphins can live to be in their early 50s.
Like the dolphins in the pod, they photographed Mugsy, documented its spots, documented the scars on its dorsal fin and its unique markings as it grew.
Young dolphins learn a lot as they grow up, learning social skills in their teenage years.At about nine years of age, female dolphins are sexually mature and fertile. Males reach maturity much later, around age 15. increase
Because dolphins have random relationships, they have to find out who the paternity is, so they collect excrement from the water, extract DNA, and run tests to confirm paternity.
Over the course of 28 years, the results revealed three generations of ancestry, including grandparents.
Dolphins are naturally good at manipulating sounds.
It can emit sounds 10 times louder than humans can hear, and can hear sounds 10 times louder.
I have other means of communication
It has excellent visual perception and can communicate with body posture.
The sense of smell is useless, but the sense of taste and
Excellent tactile sensation
Underwater, you can feel the sound on your skin because the acoustic properties of water and skin are similar.
You can also chat loudly from a distance
We're learning more about how we use sound to accompany certain behaviors.
A call called a signature whistle is unique to an individual, it's like a name (whistle call). can do
Another thing that's being researched is echolocation clicks.
Dolphin sonar (echolocation sound) This click is used when hunting and feeding.
These two sounds can be made at the same time and used as social sounds.
For example, in courtship pursuit, the male stimulates the female with this sound.
Actually, I was also approached for this.
(Laughter) Please keep it a secret.
I can feel it in my body, so it's a secret
(Laughter) Dolphins also have the bargaining power to settle disputes.
(Dolphins howling) When they fight, they emit this burst pulse sound, and they also show head-to-head behavior.
This is a sound that hasn't been studied enough, because it's hard to measure.
This is what a typical dolphin fight looks like
(dolphins croaking) There are two groups. They're showing head-to-head behavior.
bubbles are blowing
Eventually one of the groups retreated and the matter was resolved, not really a hard fight.
Bottlenose dolphins also live in the Bahamas and interact with spotted dolphins.
look after each other's children
Males pursue each other's females and also display demonstrations.
These two species of dolphins sometimes combine to scare off sharks.
Cooperative behavioral communication is done through entrainment.
The dolphins coordinate their voices and postures to make their voices louder and make their bodies appear larger.
(Dolphin call) This is a bottlenose dolphin.
(Dolphins croaking) And you'll hear me matching my voice and actions to my mate and another couple.
I wish I could cooperate like this
It's important to note that the sounds that humans can hear are only a fraction of what dolphins make. Dolphins also emit ultrasound, and to record ultrasound, they bring in special equipment.
Researchers have used information theory to analyze the complexity of dolphin whistles, finding that the calls are so highly complex that they can even be compared to human language.
But the burst pulse sound is a bit of a mystery.
Here are three voiceprints
Two are human words and one is dolphin speech.
Which one of these belongs to the dolphin?
Burst pulse sounds are a bit like phonemes in human speech.
One way to decipher this is to interpret and make sense of each sound signal, which is difficult.
The second way is to develop some way of enabling two-way communication, which we've been working on, for immediate communication.
Scientists have used keyboards to try to communicate with different creatures, such as chimpanzees and dolphins.
This underwater keyboard from the Epcot Center in Orlando, Florida, is the most sophisticated interface designed for underwater interaction and communication between humans and dolphins.
In the Bahamas, we tried to develop a similar interface in a more natural environment.
I thought this was possible because dolphins have become very curious about us.
They spontaneously mimicked our vocalizations, they mimicked our postures, they invited us to play games with the dolphins.
Dolphins are social mammals and they love to play, and one of their favorite pastimes is to hook on seaweed -- in this case, a kind of sargassum -- to swim with.
Very good at carrying and picking up from fin to fin.
The dolphin in this video is an adult, and his name is Kalaw.
I was 25 years old at the time, and this is a newborn Cobalt, and he's just starting to learn how to play games.
(Dolphins cry) She teases children a lot.
Children crave seaweed
When dolphins invite humans to play this game, they first sink straight down, then they catch a piece of seaweed on their fins, and then they shake their bodies and let the seaweed fall to the bottom for us to retrieve. This is the seaweed catch game
If we don't dive to get the seaweed, the dolphins will pick up the seaweed and bring it to the surface, hook it on their tail fins, shake it in front of us, and drop it into the water just like they would do to a baby dolphin. The game starts when we go pick it up
This inspired me to develop a device that would allow dolphins to request their favorite toy on the spot.
My initial idea was to have a computer-tethered keyboard that could be lowered into the water from the ship, and the diver and the dolphin could press keys and have fun communicating and requesting toys.
But I soon learned that the dolphins didn't stay around the boat and didn't use the keyboard.
There are more fun things to do in nature
You can't do that in the wild, if you're in captivity. Desu (cries) Now the whistle indicates a scarf Associates the tone with the symbols that represent things
The tone of the whistle is man-made.
It's not a normal dolphin call, but it's easy for dolphins to imitate.
In collaboration with my colleagues Adam Puck and Fabian Delfoe, we took turns using this keyboard and experimented for four years in the presence of dolphins.
dolphins join the play
You can also point to a visible object and mimic the sound of a whistle.
Here is the recording of the experiment
A diver is holding a rope toy I am holding a keyboard on my left side I pressed the key that indicated the rope and made a sound This is the signal to ask the human for the rope
I'm diving with the rope, trying to get the attention of the dolphins, who are like little children.
must draw attention
drop the rope will the dolphins come
Here we come, picking up the rope and pulling it around as a toy.
I'm on the left keyboard, and this is a recording of the first time I did this experiment.
Request a rope toy using the sound I indicate the rope
Let's see if it makes sense
(Whistle sound) This is the sound that calls for the rope
A dolphin came and dropped the rope I did it!
(Applause) Because this was just one time.
I don't know if I really understood the role of sound
So here's the second toy
It's a scarf. Invite the dolphin to show you the keyboard. It's a scarf symbol and a sound signal.
We call this dolphin the "scarf thief."
I wonder if there's a store open somewhere in the Bahamas
I reach out and she holds the scarf with her right fin
I try not to touch dolphins as much as possible.
bring me back to the keyboard
Hear a sound for the diver to claim the scarf
I'll give you my scarf
oops almost got taken
This is the moment when everything is possible
dolphin head to keyboard
focus on human behavior
This can go on for hours and hours
The reason I'm showing you this video is not because of breakthroughs -- not breakthroughs yet -- but I want you to see the willpower and focus and fascination with experimental equipment that dolphins exhibit. It's from
That led me to believe that we needed more sophisticated technology.
So I teamed up with Tad Sterner's Wearable Computing Research team at the Georgia Institute of Technology to develop a wearable computer that can be used underwater. Sound only The diver operates a keypad worn on his forearm to produce sound.The sound is emitted from an underwater speaker.When a dolphin imitates a whistle or a person emits a whistle, two underwater microphones emit sounds. pick up and record the position
If the computer succeeds in recognizing the words, it can determine from the location of who requested the toy.
The strength of this system is that its sound recognition is instantaneous, so it can react to the dolphins quickly and accurately.
At the moment it's in the prototype stage, but when it's finished
Divers A and B wear wearable computers, and the dolphins hear and understand the whistle as it is.The diver hears the dolphin's whistle underwater, but also hears its meaning through bone conduction.
Diver A emits a scarf whistle Diver B emits a seaweed whistle to make the dolphin demand a toy
Hopefully, when diver A is holding seaweed, the dolphin imitates the whistle and emits the seaweed whistle, the diver feeds the seaweed to the dolphin who asked for it, and the dolphin and the diver disappear into the setting sun, playing with the seaweed forever. I will continue
So what is the future of communication like this?
CHAT is designed to enhance dolphins' ability to ask for things from humans.
designed to be interactive
Do dolphins understand and imitate how whistles work?
we think so
While we are analyzing the dolphins' speech, we are also inputting the analysis results into a computer for analysis.
Now you can enter their signature whistle into the computer and choose a specific dolphin to play with.
Similarly, we can create names for ourselves, whistle names, and have the dolphins play with specific divers.
Today's mobile technology may facilitate communication with animals that are closely related to us.
Some of you may be hesitant to admit it, but dolphins are in many ways similar to us in terms of their intelligence, but they live in very different environments, and sensor systems need to fill that gap.
How wonderful it would be if we could truly understand the mind of another intelligent being living on this planet.
thank you
(applause)
Novelist George Eliot warns that of all mistakes, prophecy is the most redundant.
The same idea was shared by Yogi Berra, who you might agree is the 20th-century equivalent of this novelist.
He also said, "It's hard to predict, especially the future."
From now on, I'll ignore that advice and make one very specific prediction.
In the world we're creating, we'll see more and more things that feel like science fiction, and fewer and fewer jobs like the ones we have today.
Cars will drive themselves any day soon, and truck drivers won't need as much as they do now.
We're going to connect Siri to Watson, and we're going to use Watson to automate the tasks that are currently done in customer service and helpdesk troubleshooting and root cause diagnosis. I'm doing the task of moving the luggage racks at home, so most of the people who move the warehouse from left to right won't need it.
Now, for the last 200 years or so, people have been telling me exactly the same story that I'm telling you now -- that in the near future, technological change will make us unemployed -- and just over two centuries ago, we smashed machines. There was a movement to destroy the looms in England, but they were all wrong.
Developed economies have done well so far with near-full employment.
A critical question that comes to mind is, why is this time different? really different
This time it's different because, even just in the last few years, machines have begun to acquire and demonstrate skills that were never possible before: understanding, speaking, listening, seeing, answering, writing, and yet machines are capable of other things. I keep learning new skills
For example, humanoid robots that can move around are still very primitive, but the Department of Defense Research has launched a competition to get robots to do these kinds of tasks. will surely succeed
Looking around us like this, I don't think it's too far off to have humanoid robots do many of the tasks that humans do today.
The world that mankind is trying to create now is a world full of high-tech, where jobs are getting smaller and smaller.
This is what Eric Brynjolfsson and I call the "New Machine Age."
And keep in mind, this is absolutely great news.
This is the best economic news on earth in recent years.
It's not like there's a lot of competition
This is the best economic news in recent times for two main reasons.
The first reason is that technological progress has allowed us to continue the amazing progress of recent years, in which total output has risen, while at the same time prices have fallen and sales volume and quality have really exploded. continuing
Some people look at this phenomenon and call it shallow materialism, but that's a totally wrong way of looking at it.
And that's what we're trying to provide in our economic system because it's plentiful.
The second reason why the new machine age is great news is that once a humanoid robot can perform a task, humans don't have to do it.It frees humans from toil and toil.
Now, when I tell my friends in Cambridge and Silicon Valley about this, they react by saying, "Great! No more toil, no more toil.
We might have a society that feels very different, where creators and explorers and performers and reformers come together with their supporters and investors to discuss issues and to acknowledge and inspire and inspire each other. It becomes
In such a society, it's just like the TED conference.
There's actually a lot of truth here.
I'm seeing amazing developments springing up.
In a world where objects can be created as easily as printing a document, the new possibilities are staggering.
Those who used to be artisans and hobbyists are now makers, and they're the ones who continue to innovate.
Artists can now do things that they could never have done before, even if they wanted to.
Yes, this is a time of great prosperity, and the more I look around me, the more convinced I am that the physicist Freeman Dyson said these words without the slightest exaggeration: this is just a fact.
we are in a period of tremendous change
[Technology is a gift of God, the greatest gift after life, and the mother of art, science and civilization." - Freeman Dyson
[Technology is a gift of God, the greatest gift after life, and the mother of art, science and civilization." - Freeman Dyson This raises yet another big question.
It doesn't happen, right? The story is over, fanfare, let's go home
As we move toward the future we're creating, we must confront two thorny challenges.
The first is economic, and it's best illustrated by the allegedly dubious conversation between Henry Ford II and Walter Luther, then president of the Auto Workers' Union.
They're inspecting a new, modern factory, and Ford jokingly says to Luther, "By the way, how are you going to get union dues from these robots?"
Luther replied, "So how are you going to sell cars to these robots?"
In this anecdote, the problem Luther had was that if we had an economy full of robots, it would be difficult for workers to contribute to the economy, and this is very clear from the economic statistics.
If you look at the rate of return on capital over the past few decades -- you could say corporate earnings as a percentage of GDP -- you see that it's been going up, it's been at an all-time high.
If you look at the rate of return on labor -- or you could say what the wages of the economy as a whole have been -- you can see it's at an all-time low, and you can see corporate earnings and labor earnings moving in opposite directions.
Bad news for Luther, obviously.
It sounds like great news for Ford, but it's actually different: if you want to sell a lot of reasonably expensive stuff to people, you need a large, stable, affluent middle class.
America has always had a middle class after the war.
The middle class is now clearly in existential danger.
There are a lot of economic statistics out there, and we all know that, but I'm going to pick just one. In fact, median income in the United States has been falling for the last 15 years. in danger
Coming with the inequalities this creates, the social challenge deserves more attention.
There are many social issues, but there are also some that I'm not concerned about, such as this photo.
These kinds of social problems are not the problems I'm worried about.
There is no end to the pessimistic vision of what will happen if machines begin to have their own will, stand up and launch systematic attacks on humans.
I won't worry about that until my computer can recognize the printer by itself.
(Laughter) (Applause) So these aren't really issues to worry about.
In order to address the social challenges that will arise in the new machine age, I would like to share the life story of two typical American workers.
Let's make them both white men to make it more representative.
Let's say the first is a college-educated professional, a creative worker, a manager, an engineer, a doctor, a lawyer.
Let's call him "Ted"
belongs to the top of America's middle class
On the other hand, the other doesn't have a college degree and works as a manual laborer or as a clerk, and financially has a lower white-collar job or a blue-collar job.
Let's call him "Bill"
If you go back 50 years, Bill and Ted would have lived pretty much the same.
For example, in 1960, both of them equally had full-time jobs, working at least 40 hours a week.
But as the sociologist Charles Murray summarized in his book, as the economy began to automate -- 1960 was when computers began to be used in business -- we needed to keep injecting new technologies, automation, digital advances into the economy. And then, Bill and Ted's futures began to go in different directions.
During this period of time on screen, Ted was able to keep a full-time job, but not Bill.
In many cases, Bill was cut off from the economy, and most Teds weren't.
Even though time passed, Ted's family was happy.
Bill was different
Ted's children will grow up with their parents, but Bill's children will most likely not grow up with their parents.
What else Bill from society
Are you falling out? Bill's voter turnout dropped in presidential elections, and he ended up in jail more often.
So, I can't tell you a happy story about this social trend, and there are no signs that it will turn around.
And that's true no matter what ethnic group or demographic group you look at. This disparity is so severe that it risks overwhelming even the incredible progress that the civil rights movement has made.
My friends in Silicon Valley and Cambridge have overlooked the fact that they are Ted themselves.
They have amazingly busy and productive lives, and they get everything they can get out of it, but Bill lives a completely different life.
Both of them demonstrate by example how right Voltaire was when he said that having a job saves you not only from unemployment, but also from the three great evils.
["Work saves us from the three great evils of boredom, vice and poverty" - Voltaire] How can we deal with these challenges?
Economic game strategy is remarkably clear, and remarkably straightforward, especially in the short term.
Robots aren't going to take over all jobs in the next year or two, so the classic strategies you see in introductory economics are going to work well enough, like promoting entrepreneurship, even if it's risky. Strategies like doubling down on infrastructure investments and ensuring that the education system produces people with the right skills.
But in the long term, if we're going to move to an economy that's more technology-oriented and less manual labor-oriented, and we're going to move, we should be thinking about more drastic interventions, like minimum incomes, for example. is
I'm sure there are people in this room who are uncomfortable hearing this, because it implies a very radical policy of wealth redistribution, with a very leftist side to it.
I've done a little research into this idea, and the results may help ease your discomfort. The idea of ​​a guaranteed minimum income, hotly debated by socialists, was promoted by Friedrich Hayek, Richard Nixon, and Milton Friedman. it was an idea
If you're worried that something like income security will discourage you from trying to achieve success or make you feel complacent, here's a story about one of the things that Americans are proud of. It's also worth noting that some social mobility is lower than in the Nordic countries, where there are generous social safety nets.
While the economic strategy is surprisingly simple,
social strategy is much more difficult.
I don't know what the strategy is for Bill to get a job and work for the rest of his life.
I understand that education is a big part of strategy.
because I personally experienced
The first few years of my school life, I had a Montessori education, and what I learned from this education was that the world was interesting and what I needed to do was explore the world.
When I was in the third grade, my school closed and I was put into the public school system.
At that school, what I was supposed to do was prepare myself to be a clerk or a manual laborer, but at the time I felt bored and conforming was what I was supposed to do. we are better-
must do
We can't keep producing Bill.
Various new buds are emerging for improvement
Technology is having a huge impact on education, motivating learners from the very young to the very old.
Some of the most prominent names in business say we need to rethink what we hold dear.
We're making a serious, ongoing, data-driven effort to understand how we can intervene to solve our community's problems.
Yes, new buds are sprouting
But I don't want to pretend, even for a moment, that this is enough.
I am facing a very tough challenge
To give just one example, 5 million Americans have been unemployed for at least six months.
Montessori education doesn't solve the problem if they start over.
What worries me most is the world we're creating, a world in which brilliant technology is co-opted by a society that is on the verge of decline, and is pulled by an economy that creates inequality instead of opportunity.
I don't think it's actually going in that direction.
I think we can do something much more for a very simple reason, because the facts are so close.
The realities of this new machine age and the changing economy are becoming more widely known.
If we want to accelerate this movement, why not have our best economists and policymakers take on Watson and play Jeopardy.
We could also give Congress a tour of autonomous vehicles.
If you do a lot of things like this, you'll begin to understand more about how the world is changing.
And you'll start running races, and I'm sure you'll never forget how to solve a difficult problem, or become so callous and uninterested that you won't even try to solve it.
I started today's story with a quote from a novelist who wields words across centuries and oceans.
I would like to conclude with the words of a politician from an equally distant world.
Winston Churchill said at my alma mater, MIT, in 1949, "If you want the broad masses of any country to enjoy a prosperous life, it can only be achieved by continuous improvement of all industrial methods of production."
Abraham Lincoln talks about another factor
"I have a strong belief in people
If you tell the truth, you can count on people to face a national crisis, and the bottom line is-
Just show the obvious facts."
Finally, my optimistic conclusion is that the important thing is that the arrival of the new machine age is a clear fact, that we will be able to navigate the challenges of building an economy of abundance by leveraging the age of the machine. I'm sure
thank you
(applause)
I made a movie that was impossible to make, but I didn't think it was impossible, so I think I did it.
Mars &amp; Avril is a sci-fi movie
The stage is Montreal, Canada 50 years later
No one in Quebec has ever done this kind of film.
But ever since I was a kid, I really wanted to make a movie like this. When I was a kid, I read comic books and wondered what the future would hold.
American producers, looking at this movie, think it's a pretty big budget, maybe 23 million dollars.
But the actual budget was 10% of that.
'Mars &amp; Avril' was made for $2.3 million
why did you do that
you may be wondering
There are two secrets. The first is time.
When you don't have money, you have to take your time.In my case, Mars &amp; Avril took seven years to complete.
The second secret is love
I received generous support from those involved in the production
The film crew had no budget and nothing, so it was left to everyone's creativity, and every problem turned into an opportunity.
And this brings me to the main topic of today's talk: how creative constraints can lead to increased creativity.
First of all, let's rewind time a little.
When I was in my early twenties, I started writing graphic novels, which is different from your typical graphic novel.
It used text and photography to tell a sci-fi story, and many of the actors in the film adaptation of Mars &amp; was
One of them is Robert Lepage, a great stage director and actor.
i love him
i loved it since i was a kid
I admire the work he does
I wanted you to join me in one of my crazy projects, and he let me use his image for a character called Eugène Spaak, an artist who studies cosmology: time, space, love, music, women. Seeking a relationship that exists between
Robert was the perfect fit for the role. Actually, it was Robert who gave me the first chance.
He believed in me and encouraged me to adapt my graphic novel into a film that I would write, direct and produce myself.
In fact, Robert was the first example of how constraints can improve creativity.
because he's the busiest person on earth
He has a tight schedule until 2042, and it's hard to get him time, but I wanted him to play the same character in the movie.
But the problem is, if we wait until 2042, this movie won't be a futuristic movie, right? So I can't wait until he's free.
this is a big problem
How do you get someone this busy to be in a movie?
I jokingly said at a production meeting, but by the way, it's true, "Why don't we turn Robert into a hologram?
He's everywhere on the planet at the same time, and he's not there, and to me, he's like a god, someone who's somewhere between the real and the virtual world, so making him a hologram is perfect. You're on target.'
Everyone in the meeting laughed, but the joke made it seem like it would work, and in fact, this is how we solved the problem.
First, we shoot Robert with six cameras.
I'm going to have him put on a green suit and walk into what looks like a green aquarium.
Each camera captured 60 degrees of his head, so we were able to cover most of the angles we needed for post-production editing. We only captured his head.
Six months later, on the actual set, he's going to act as a stand-in for his body, and this will be the body he'll rest his head on.
The understudy's head is covered in green, so when editing, we removed this part and replaced it with Robert Lepage's head.
Now it looks like a polymath, and in the movie it looks like this
(music) Robert Lepage: As usual, Arthur's blueprints do not seem to take into account any technical problems.
I tried closing the gap, but air still leaks from the valve
I tried lifting the reed pallet to reduce the pressure inside the soundbox, but it might have hit a chord.
The sound is still too low Jacques Langiland: It's normal
(Music) The instruments in the scene you just saw are a second example of how constraints can enhance creativity. They're essential in my films.
can be said to be an object of desire
an imaginary instrument
There's a nice anecdote about this instrument.
I actually had an image in my head of what this instrument would look like.
The problem was that I didn't have the money to make this instrument, which was very out of my reach.
So in a way it was a big deal.
How do you get what you can't reach?
I woke up one morning with a pretty good idea.
I was like, "What if I make someone pay for it?"
(Laughter) But who in the world would be interested in seven yet-to-be-made musical instruments inspired by the female body?
So I came up with Cirque du Soleil in Montreal, because I thought they would best understand the crazy, poetic things I wanted to put on screen.
So I met Guy Laliberté, the CEO of Cirque du Soleil, and I presented my crazy idea with these sketches and visual aids, and something really cool happened.
Guy was interested not because I asked for money, but because he brought me a good idea that could make everyone happy.
There were actually three people who made me happy.
I made a bet
The second artist, Dominic Engel, is amazing, and he was happy to have a dream project that he could spend a year working on, and of course, I was happy.
I got the musical instruments for the film for free, just as I had hoped, and they fit our needs perfectly.
here is the instrument
Constraints enhance creativity. Let me tell you about my last example. It comes from green. It's a strange, crazy color, isn't it?
I had a lot of ideas in my head that pretty much defined what the world would be like, and this was also going back to my childhood fantasies, and I came up with a Belgian master of comics, François Squiten from Belgium.
I had a lot of respect for this guy as well, and I wanted him to be involved with the film as a production designer.
But people around me said, "Martin is too busy, he's going to turn you down anyway."
But rather than imitate his style, I decided to call him up and ask him to do it, and I gave him my book, and he replied that he wanted to be part of the making of the film, because he could be a big fish in a small tank.
because you can follow your dreams
He created the Montreal of the future with my childhood hero, frame by frame, from the movie.
It was a wonderful collaboration to work with such a great artist that I admired so much.
But ultimately, I have to actually make this painting.
So again my solution was to find the best artist in me.
Carlos Monzon in Montreal is a Quebecois and a very talented visual effects artist.
He's one of the leading artists in the field, and he's worked on "Avatar," "Star Trek," "Transformers," and other obscure films like that. I persuaded him to work with me He agreed
Why you ask? Because I gave him a chance to pursue his dreams.
So if you don't have the money to give to everyone, please try to spark their imagination with all the wonderful power you can think of.
So that's what happened with this movie and how it all happened. And then I found this amazing post-production company called Vision Global in Montreal, and they hired 60 full-time artists for my crazy movie. So I lent it to you for six months.
So what I want to tell you is, if you have a crazy idea and people around you say it's not possible, go for it, because people tend to see problems more than achievements. By making yourself an ally rather than a thinker, life will begin to dance wonderfully in ways you never thought possible.
i have experienced
Then you can do crazy projects, and one day you might even go to Mars.
thank you
(applause)
July 5, 2014 Ukrainian forces enter the city of Slavyansk in eastern Ukraine.
The army gathered all the locals on Lenin Square.
They crucified the son of a pro-Russian activist on the spot.
I have a three-year-old child.
This story was told by refugee Galina Pishnjak to Russian Channel One.
Actually this incident did not happen
I visited Slavyansk
There was no such thing as Lenin Square
Galina's husband was actually a pro-Russian extremist in Donbass.
This is just one example of many
It's been four years since Ukraine has been plagued by Russian propaganda and fake news, but Russia isn't the only one in the universe doing it.
Fake news is all over the world
we all know what fake news is
I often watch and read
But the problem with fake news is that we don't always know what's false and what's true, but we make judgments based on the facts we get from the media and social media.
If the facts are wrong, the judgment will be wrong.
Many people lose all trust in others, which makes it even more dangerous.
Such people can easily fall prey to populists in elections and even take up arms.
Fake news isn't just for journalism
It is also a threat to democracy and society.
Four years ago, soldiers of unknown affiliation invaded Crimea, and at the same time, the Russian media was furious about fake news about Ukraine.
So, as journalists, we set up a website to investigate fake news.
We named it StopFake
The idea is simple: take a piece of news and compare it to verifiable corroborating evidence, photos, videos and other strong evidence.
If we find out it's fake, we'll publish it on our site.
StopFake is now a hub of information, analyzing all aspects of propaganda.
The site is available in 11 languages, has been viewed millions of times, and we've taught over 10,000 people how to tell the truth.
And we're training fact-checkers around the world to test the facts.
StopFake has exposed over 1,000 fake news stories about Ukraine
So far, we've identified 18 stories based on fake news, such as that Ukraine is a fascist state, a failed state, a military state empowered by a coup.
We've proven that this isn't bad reporting, it's deliberate misinformation.
Fake news is a powerful weapon in information warfare, but we have ways to fight it.
everyone has a smartphone
When I see something interesting, I often do it automatically.
Click to spread
So how can you avoid being complicit in fake news?
First, if some piece of information is overly dramatic, overly emotional, overly clickable, it's probably not true.
the truth is boring sometimes
(Laughter) Artificial things are always fascinating.
Because it's made to capture your heart
do your own research
This is the second point. It's very simple.
take a look at other sites
Check another source
Search for names, addresses, car licenses, experts and authors
Please don't just take it for granted
This is the only way to stop the spread of this fake news.
Fake news isn't the only problem in this information war.
Our society is built on trust: trust in institutions, trust in science, trust in leaders, trust in the press.
Fake news destroys trust, and it's up to us to restore trust.
So ask yourself, what trust have you lost?
Where was your trust shredded?
And what are you going to do about it?
thank you
(applause)
What I want to talk to you about today is a comparison of completely different perspectives on sexual activity and sex education.
If you talk to someone about sex today in America, you'll quickly realize that you're not just talking about sex.
You could say it's talking about baseball.
Because in America, baseball is the analogy most often used when talking about sex, and in English, it's often the case that when you think you're talking about baseball, you're actually talking about sex.
Suppose you're the pitcher or the catcher, and that's a metaphor for whether you're the giver or receiver of the sexual act.
And of course there's the base, which in a definite order means a specific sexual act, and the final result is a score or a home run, which is usually vaginal intercourse, which means reaching an orgasm, at least for men. yes
(Laughter) There's also a strikeout, which means no sexual activity at all.
If you're a substitute, you may be living a sex-free life or you may be a virgin. Is it age or incapacity?
Butt means penis — bench means vulva or vagina
Gloves and catcher's mitts are condoms
Switch hitters are bisexual, gays and lesbians play for the other team.
There's a saying, "If there's a field, let's play baseball."
It's usually something like this: If you're young, especially young women, and you have pubic hair, you're old enough to have sex.
This baseball model has a surprising problem.
discrimination against homosexuals
It's a targeted competition
That's not going to foster healthy sexuality in young people and adults.
i need a new model
I'm here today to introduce that model.
The model is — pizza.
Now that pizza is known all over the world, most people imagine positive things from it.
so let's do this
To discuss the three aspects of sexual activity -- let's compare baseball to pizza -- what triggers the sexual activity -- what happens during the act -- three of the expected outcomes of the act.
What time do you play baseball?
During baseball season or — when it's planned.
You can't always choose
It's prom night or wedding night — at a party or when your parents aren't at home. it is said
Can you say this to your coach? "Today I don't feel like it, so I won't be in the game."
there's no such thing
As soon as you get together to play baseball -- two opposing teams come together, one team defending and the other attacking, how they rush across the field.
means male behavior
The figure that tries to hold down the person pushing through the ground
It's a metaphor for women's behavior
it's a competitive world
We don't get along
they are competing
You show up at a baseball game -- no one talks about what you're going to do or how the game is going.
everyone knows the rules
Just take your position and play the match.
But when you eat pizza?
When I want to eat pizza, I eat it
It's from a feeling that comes from within, a desire or a need.
"Yeah, let's have some pizza."
(Laughter) It's a desire that comes from within -- there's a certain sense of control.
I know I'm hungry, but I can tell if it's time to eat or not.
So when you're eating pizza with someone -- you're not competing with them -- you want the experience to be satisfying for the two of you -- for the two of you to share -- that's what you're looking for. what do you do to
let's talk
what do you want
let's talk about what you want to eat
may even negotiate
"How about some pepperoni?" (laughs) "I don't really like mushrooms."
"Then let's go half and half."
Even if you've been eating pizza with someone for a long time, why not say, "Let's just do what we always do."
(Laughter) "Or do you want to be a little more adventurous?"
But let's look at baseball, and if you compare what happens with sex to baseball, you're just supposed to go around the bases one by one in the correct order.
You can't run to first base without hitting the ball
it can't be
You can't go to second base and say, "I'm here because I like it here."
Is useless
Baseball, of course, requires special tools and all sorts of skills.
Not everyone can do it, it's pretty limited
What about pizza?
When you think about what's good about pizza — it's nothing but joy, isn't it?
All kinds of pizza —
All kinds of toppings —
There are all kinds of ways to eat
Nothing wrong, just different
Difference is a good thing, because it gives us more options for a satisfying experience.
Finally, what results can we expect from baseball?
In baseball, you play to win —
The more runners you send out, the more points you get.
There are always winners in baseball, which means there are always losers.
What about pizza?
Well there is no winning How do you win pizza
Impossible, just have fun and say, "Are you satisfied?"
Sometimes different times -- different people, different days -- different amounts.
you can decide when you want
If you're still hungry, you might eat more
But if you eat too much — you'll just get sick.
(Laughter) What if we took this pizza model -- into sex education?
A lot of sex education today -- inspired by the baseball model -- is creating an education that's bound to create unhealthy sexuality among young people.
that's how they get old
But if we build sex education like pizza -- we can build education that is inclusive. Think about your needs, think about your needs, make decisions, talk with your partner, and ultimately, not extrinsic outcomes. — we seek mutual satisfaction — it's up to us to decide.
You may have already noticed, but in the comparison between baseball and pizza, I can say that in baseball, everything is an exclamation point.
is an order
But in the pizza model the question is
Who can answer such questions?
you and me
Remember, when you think about sex education and sex — the baseball model is old.
The pizza model is a way of looking at healthy, satisfying sexual activity -- and inclusive sex education.
Thank you very much
(applause)
Arthur C. Clarke, the famous science fiction writer of the 1950s, said, "We overestimate technology in the short term and underestimate technology in the long term."
A good example of this is how we worry about the joblessness of artificial intelligence and robots.
So in the short term, we overestimate the technology.
But my concern is, will I get the skills I need in the long run?
Due to demographic changes, labor shortages will force our society to rely on the iron shoulders of robots in the future.
That's why I'm afraid of the robot shortage.
For a long time, people worried that technology would make them jobless.
1957 Spencer Tracy and Katharine Hepburn in the film
You know the ending: Spencer Tracy put a computer into his archival work, a big computer back in 1957.
At that company, the librarian was researching what company executives wanted to know, and when asked, "What is the name of Santa Claus's reindeer?"
look up the answer
This computer was supposed to help with that task.
Of course, computers in 1957 weren't very useful.
Librarians were worried they would lose their jobs
but the reality was different
Employment in these types of jobs has continued to grow since 1957.
It wasn't until the spread of the Internet and the spread of websites and search engines that the work of researching materials decreased.
Also, in 1957, I think everyone underestimated the technology we have today, and the reality is that today, everyone can carry technology in their pocket.
You could say, "What is the name of Santa Claus's reindeer?"
By the way, during that time, librarians' wages rose faster than any other job in America, because librarians became computer partners.
The computer became a tool, which made the librarian's job more effective at the time, with more tools at his disposal.
the same thing happens in the office
Once upon a time, spreadsheets were used
So I was doing the calculations by hand using paper spreadsheets.
But here's where something interesting happens
With the personal computer revolution around 1980, spreadsheets were improved for clerks.
So the clerk becomes a spreadsheet programmer.
its ability has improved
It freed me from the tedious calculations and allowed me to do more than that.
Today, we see robots everywhere.
The photo on the left is iRobot's packbot
If a soldier encounters a bomb while driving in Iraq or Afghanistan, they don't have to put on a protective suit and go out and poke it with a stick.
In other words, robots will do the dangerous work.
The picture on the right is called TUG, and it's from Aethon of Pittsburgh.
Tags have been installed in hundreds of hospitals across the United States.
Take the dirty sheets to the laundry
Carry the finished dishes to the kitchen
and bring medicine from the pharmacy
With tags, nurses and nursing aides can be freed from menial tasks like mechanical carrying, so they can spend more time with their patients.
In fact, robots are permeating our lives in many ways.
But when it comes to factory robots, I think people still fear them because they're dangerous to have around.
You have to think in 4th and 6th dimensions to program.
normal people can't work together
I think this technology is going in the wrong direction.
We're shutting workers out of technology
So what we really need to look at is technology that allows ordinary workers to work together.
As an example of that, today I want to introduce you to Baxter.
This Baxter thinks it's the first generation of robots that ordinary people can work with in an industrial environment.
Here comes Baxter
Chris Herbert from Rethink Robotics is with us.
there is a conveyor
I hope the lighting isn't too harsh - look, I lifted things off the conveyor.
bring it over here and put it down
Then return to your starting position and reach for the next object.
What's interesting is that Baxter also has some basic common sense.
Now look into Baxter's eyes
with eyes on the screen
Looking in the direction the robot is trying to move
So the person using the robot knows what the robot is going to do next and isn't surprised.
Now Chris has taken the object from the robot's hand, and Baxter has returned without making any motion to put it down, knowing he needs to pick it up again.
Baxter uses a little common sense to go get things.
Baxter is safe to interact with
You can't do this with today's industrial robots, can you?
But Baxter is fine
Baxter feels empowered and realizes Chris is there, pushing him away and not hurting him.
What I find most interesting about Baxter is the user interface.
Chris grabs Baxter's other hand.
When grabbed by the arm, Baxter goes into a powerless, gravity-compensating mode and displays graphics on the screen.
Icons on the left side of the screen indicate the status of your right arm.
Chris puts something in Baxter's hand, brings it over to him, and presses a button to release the object from his hand.
So the robot understands, "Hey, you want me to put things down here."
and you will see a small icon
When Chris moves and lets the robot's finger grasp it, the robot understands, "You want me to pick up the object."
A green icon will appear
Now set the range from where to pick things up.
This movement tells the robot that it's an area to search.
No need to interact with the screen
And Chris goes away and trains the movement. Let's continue.
So while we're still training, let me tell you what this is going to look like in the factory.
This robot ships daily
Delivered to factories nationwide
This is Mildred
I work in a factory in Connecticut
I have worked on production lines for over 20 years.
Seeing an industrial robot for the first time, she programmed a few factory tasks in an hour.
I'm sure she likes robots
The robot is doing simple repetitive tasks that she had to do before.
I'm making a robot now
When we first asked factory workers how they could work better with robots, we also asked them, "Do you want your children to work in factories?"
They all said, "No, I want my kids to do a better job."
After all, Mildred is the quintessential American factory worker of today.
Factory workers are aging rapidly
Young people don't get factory jobs very often.
So while factory work becomes a burden for the people who work there, we need to give them the tools to work together so that they themselves become part of the solution, so that they can continue to work and make things in America. To
We want workers like Mildred to go from "line workers" to "robot trainees."
Workers improve their skills, just as clerks in the 1980s improved their skills at the jobs they could do.
We don't want to provide tools that require years of study to use.
It's a tool that you can learn how to operate in a few minutes.
Now there are two great forces that are volitional but unavoidable.
climate change and demographics
demographics really change our world
This is the percentage of the working population
It's gone down a bit over the last 40 years.
The next 40 years will change dramatically, even in China.
The working-age population has fallen dramatically
The percentage of people who are retiring is going up really fast because the baby boomers are retiring.
So while we have less money to spend on Social Security, more people need Social Security.
But the older you get, the weaker you become, and you can't do the tasks you used to be able to do.
And if you look at the statistics about the age of caregivers, you can see that the age range of caregivers is going up and up.
That's what's happening statistically right now.
The number of people reaching retirement age is increasing, and the number of people caring for them is decreasing.
we really need robot help
We don't think of robots as companions.
Robots can do things that we find difficult to do as we get older.
It's like taking the groceries out of the car and up the stairs to the kitchen.
When I'm older, I can drive a car to see people.
With robotics, we might be able to maintain our dignity as we age, all we have to do is control robotic solutions.
There are fewer and fewer people you can rely on, but you don't need to rely on others.
I believe that we'll spend more time and more time with robots like Baxter in our daily lives, and -- well done, Baxter.
And in the next 40 years, we will rely on robots as part of our daily lives.
thank you
(applause)
“Everything is connected”
As a Synnecoque Indian, I was taught that growing up.
A small fishing tribe with a settlement on the southeastern tip of Long Island near Southampton, New York.
When I was a little girl, my grandfather took me to sit in the sun on a hot summer day.
there is not a single cloud in the sky
I started sweating
Then my grandfather pointed to the sky and said, "Hey, can you see it?"
"That's part of you"
“Your sweat eventually becomes clouds” “Clouds become rain and nurture plants” “Animals live by eating those plants”
I've been chasing nature all my life, because I can draw this connection of all life. I started chasing storms in 2008 because my daughter told me, "Mommy, you gotta shoot that."
Three days later, I was driving and chasing a giant cloud, a "supercell," that can bring grapefruit-sized hail and devastating tornadoes, but only 2% of the time.
As this cloud grows, it can be 80 kilometers wide and 20 kilometers thick.
Because of its size, the sun is blocked under these clouds, and it feels very dark and eerie.
When you're chasing a storm, you can feel its presence all over your body.
You feel the warm, moist air blowing on your back, and you smell the dirt, the wheat, the grass, the charged particles.
And the clouds have a special color, they look green and blue-green when it's hail.
I've also come to respect thunder
my hair was originally straight
(Laughter) It's a lie.
(Laughter) It's exciting to see storm clouds moving, swirling and spinning and rippling.
grows into a cute monster
When I take pictures of those clouds, my grandfather's words come to mind.
When I look up at the clouds, I'm not just looking at the clouds. I'm filled with pride that I'm witnessing the same process that shapes the universe. I came
Thank you for everything that connects me
(applause)
What is a machine that excels in movement?
I'm going to show you a demonstration of the machine's athleticism and the research that goes into it, using a quadcopter.
So-called quads have been around for a long time.
The reason it's become so popular lately is that it's structurally very simple.
By controlling the speed of the four propellers, you can roll, pitch, yaw and accelerate in the direction of the propeller.
It also has a battery, a computer, various sensors and a radio.
Quads are very agile
Instead, it's unstable and needs feedback control to fly properly.
how did you do that now
A camera on the ceiling and a laptop act as a positioning system for this room.
Measuring the position of an object with reflective markers
That data is sent to another PC that runs the guess and control algorithm, which sends commands to the quad, which itself is also running the guess and control algorithm.
Algorithms are a big part of our research.
That's the magic that brings this machine to life.
So how do we design algorithms for mechanical athletes?
We use a technique widely called "model-based design."
First, we use mathematical models to get a physical understanding of how the machine works.
And then we use a kind of mathematics called control theory to analyze that model and build an algorithm for control.
For example, how can I make it hover?
First, we describe the mechanical properties as a set of differential equations.
And then we use control theory to manipulate the equations and create an algorithm that stabilizes the quadcopter.
Let me show you how powerful this approach is.
Let's have the quadcopter not only hover, but also balance it and put this stick up.
With a little practice, humans can do it effortlessly, as long as you keep your feet on the ground and use your dexterous hands to --
But when you stand on one leg and you don't use your hands to do it with your feet, it's a little bit more difficult.
Note that the stick has a reflective marker at the end to help you locate it in the room.
(Applause) You can see how the quads are finely tuned to balance the sticks.
How did you design this algorithm?
I added a mathematical model of the bar to the quad.
Once you have a model of the combined quad and rod, you can use control theory to create an algorithm to control it.
As you can see, it's stable, and if you give it a little push, it'll return to its balanced state.
You can extend this model to include the places you want it to go.
I'm going to use this wand with the reflective markers to tell the quad where I want it to go at a certain distance from me.
The key to this kind of aerobatics is algorithms designed based on mathematical models and control theory.
I'm going to go back to the quad and tell it to drop the stick, and then I'm going to show you how important it is to have a physical model, to understand how the physical world works.
You'll notice that when I put the cup of water on it, it lost altitude.
Unlike when we balanced the bar, this cup isn't part of the mathematical model.
The system doesn't even know there's a glass full of water.
Like before, you can use the pointer to direct the quad wherever you want. (Applause)
You may be wondering, why is the water in the glass not spilling?
There are two factors, one is that gravity affects everything
working the same way
The other thing is that the propellers are all pointing straight up like the glass.
As a result of these two things, the lateral force on the cup is small, primarily an aerodynamic effect, but negligible at today's speeds.
That's why you don't have to include the cup in the model.
No matter how the quad flies, the water won't spill
(Applause) The lesson here is that some movements are easier than others, and what's easier can be determined by understanding the physics.
In this case, it's easy to carry a glass of water,
It's hard to balance the stick.
I hear a lot about athletes who are injured and still do amazing things.
In the case of a machine, can it still function even if there is major damage to the main body?
In general, you need at least four propellers to fly it, because it has four degrees of freedom: roll, pitch, yaw, and acceleration.
Hexacopters and octocopters have six or eight propellers for redundancy, and quads are popular because they have a minimum of four motors and propellers.
What if it's missing?
When we analyzed the mathematical model with only two functioning propellers, we found that it was able to fly in an unusual way.
Algorithms based on a new configuration allow us to give up control of yaw, but keep control of roll, pitch and acceleration.
A mathematical model can tell us exactly when and why that's possible.
With this knowledge, we can design new structures and better algorithms that are flexible enough to deal with damage to the airframe, like a human athlete instead of being redundant.
When you see a diver tumbling into the water, or a vaulter twisting in mid-air as the ground approaches, you hold your breath.
Can divers land cleanly on the water?
Can a vaulter make a landing?
Let's say I want this quad to do a three somersault back to its original position.
It requires very quick movements, so you can't tell it where it's going while you're doing it and let it correct its movements.
i don't have enough time
Instead, the quad does it blindfolded and observes how it completes a movement, and uses that information to modify its movement so it can do better next time.
Only by practicing and mastering the movement, like a diver or a vaulter, can such a movement be achieved.
(Applause) Hitting a moving ball back is a skill that many sports require.
How do you get a machine to do what athletes seem to do effortlessly?
(Applause) This quad has a racket on it, but the sweet spot is only about the size of an apple.
We're doing the next calculation every 20 milliseconds, or 50 times per second.
Find where the ball is going first
We then calculate how the ball needs to be hit to hit where it was thrown.
Then we plan a trajectory to move from our current position to where we want to hit the ball.
And then execute that plan for 20 milliseconds.
Twenty milliseconds later, we repeat this whole process again, until we hit the ball.
(Applause) Machines can perform dynamic behavior not only in isolation, but also in groups.
These three quads work together to hold the net.
(Applause) It's a very dynamic, collective action to get the ball back at me.
The quad is upright when you pull it all the way, right?
(Applause) In fact, this force is about five times the force that a bungee jumper would experience at the end of the rope.
The algorithm for this is very similar to hitting the ball alone.
Using a mathematical model, we're constantly re-planning our coordinated actions 50 times per second.
So far, you've seen the capabilities of the machine.
What happens when you combine this machine's athleticism with a human?
What's in front of me is an off-the-shelf gesture sensor, mostly used in games.
I can see my body movements in real time.
Similar to the pointers we used earlier, this can also be used as an input system.
This makes it possible to naturally control the movement of the machine with gestures.
(Applause) Interactions can be physical as well as virtual.
For example this quad is
try to stay in a certain place
Even if you try to move it to another place, it will resist and return to its original place.
But you can also change this behavior.
We use a mathematical model that estimates the force exerted on the quad.
If you know the force, you can change the laws of physics, as far as quads are concerned.
This quad behaves as if it's in a viscous liquid.
Machines can now be instructed to hint
Let's use this new ability to move this quad with a camera into a position suitable for filming a demo.
I could physically interact with the quads and change the laws of physics.
Let's play a little with this
What you'll see next is that the quad appears to be on Pluto at first.
As time progresses, the force of gravity gets stronger and back to Earth's gravity, although it won't last that long.
let's do one
(Laughter) (Laughter) (Applause) Phew!
You might be thinking, "These guys play too much." And you might be wondering what we're going to do with these mechanical athletes.
There's a theory that in the animal world, play plays a role in developing skills and abilities.
Some theorize that there is a social role that binds groups together.
We're similarly trying to use sports and athletic analogies to create new algorithms for machines and push the boundaries.
What impact will machine speed have on our lives?
Like all inventions and creations of the past, it could be used to improve people's lives, and it could be misused.
What we face is not a technological choice, but a social choice.
Let's make the right choices and get the best out of the machines of the future, just as sports bring out the best in us.
Let me introduce you to the magicians behind the green curtain.
Current member of the "Thopter Arena" research team.
(Applause) Federico Augriaro Dario Bresciannini Marcus Hahn Sergei Rupersin Mark Muller Robin Ritz
These are the people who were born to do great things.
Thank you very much. (Applause)
I would like to tell a story that is different from the speeches I have made so far.
What I'm talking about is international politics and failings as leaders in a globalized economy.
We don't offer ready-made solutions that sound good.
Instead, ultimately, I want to encourage you to think again about what I think is the progress of democracy on a global scale, and to take risks and participate.
to fail as a current leader
What does that mean?
Why is our democracy not working?
I think the reason for our failure is that we shut you out of the democratic process.
So I want you to learn from my personal experience, and I want you to put a little more perspective into why our current challenges are so intractable, and why politics is at a dead end.
let's start from scratch
From "Democracy"
For the people of ancient Greece, the possibility of being able to decide their own destiny, to research, to learn, to envision, to create with their own hands what a better life would be, was a new discovery.
Democracy was a political invention that protected that freedom, because democracy freed the people from fear so that the human mind, whether it was that of a dictator or that of an imposed doctrine, could take center stage. because it became
Democracy was a political invention by the people, whether they were tyrants or clerics, to limit their natural inclinations and powers to gain as much wealth and power as possible.
I figured it out when I was 14
I used to sneak into the living room to get away from my homework and listen to my parents and their friends arguing.
In Greece at the time, the country was entwined under the rule of a powerful regime. My father was leading a powerful political movement, and he envisioned a Greece where freedom reigned and citizens could truly rule their own country. was
I used to accompany my father on his campaigns, and that's me next to him.
the young man next door
You may not be able to tell because my hair is parted differently these days.
(Laughter) In 1967, my father had an election coming up, and the race was going well, and my family was excited.
I had a strong feeling that a major progressive reform would take place in Greece.
One night, a military truck pulled up in front of my house.
Soldiers rushed to the door
I was found on the upper terrace
A sergeant comes up with a machine gun and puts it to my head and says, "Tell me where my father is or I'm dead."
My father, who was hiding nearby, came out and was taken straight to prison.
We survived, but democracy is over.
For seven brutal years under a dictatorship, our family was deported.
Now, our democracy is at another critical moment.
There was such a thing
It was a Sunday night in Brussels, April 2010.
I was in a meeting with the EU leaders.
I had just been elected prime minister, and I had a heavy responsibility to expose the truth: Greece's debt was actually 15.6 percent, not 6 percent, as announced just days before the elections by the previous government.
But the debt was just the manifestation of deeper problems facing Greece. I was elected with a mandate rather than a mandate to address these problems: a lack of transparency and accountability in politics, and a lack of accountability. There's a situation that relies on connections to favor those in power, tax avoidance fueled by a global system of tax evasion, and political and media issues that are drawn to interests.
But despite the electoral confidence, it didn't get the confidence of the market.
Financing costs skyrocketed, and there was a danger that we wouldn't be able to service our debt.
So I went to Brussels and argued that there should be a coordinated response across Europe, a response that would give the market some time to cool down and make reforms.
But I just didn't get the time
Imagine yourself at the conference in Brussels.
Negotiations are rough, tensions are high, no progress is being made, and when it's 10 minutes to 2:00, a Prime Minister says, 'We have to come to a conclusion in 10 minutes.'
"Why? It's a big decision.
Let's think about it a little more," I said.
Now another prime minister says, "No, I'm going to draw a conclusion now. In 10 minutes, the Japanese stock market will open, and the global economy will be in chaos."
I ended up jumping to conclusions in those 10 minutes.
At this point, it wasn't the military that was holding a gun to all of us, it was the market.
What followed was the most difficult decision of my life, one that was painful for me and my people, to impose budget cuts and austerity measures, even on those who were not directly responsible for the euro crisis.
These sacrifices saved Greece from going bankrupt and the Eurozone from collapsing.
But after all, it was Greece that caused the euro crisis, so some people blamed me for pulling the trigger.
But by now, most people would agree that the Greek crisis is merely a manifestation of deeper structural problems in the eurozone, broader global economic instability and democratic weakness.
Rather than being too big to fail, our democracy is trapped in a system too big to control.
Our democracies are weakened in a global economy filled with law and tax dodgers and those who violate environmental and labor standards.
And it's eroded by rising inequality and the concentration of wealth and power -- lobbying and corruption -- at the mercy of the speed of the market -- and simply the fear of an impending crisis is holding back our democracy, and that's why we're doing it. are forgetting that they have the power to find solutions on their own, and it's getting harder to actually use that power.
Greece's plight is just a preview of what awaits us all.
Maybe I was too optimistic, but I saw the euro crisis as an opportunity for Greece, Europe and the world to fundamentally democratize their institutions.
But it turned out to be a humiliating experience.
In Brussels, everyone was frantically searching for common solutions over and over again, but I realized that no one there had ever dealt with a crisis like this.
Worse still, everyone falls into the trap of ignorance
swayed by fear
This fear has led us to blindly believe that fiscal austerity measures are justified.
Instead of trying to find more creative solutions that rely on the wisdom of society and the wisdom of society as a whole, we have made the choice to look politically embarrassed.
What's even more surprising is that none of the special measures that were decided there were enough to stop the euro crisis, and of course, the blame for this failure of Europe as a whole immediately began, and Greece was naturally the perfect opponent to blame.
It's the Greeks who are bad spenders, who are lazy, who drink and who dance, Punish them!
These obvious but unfounded prejudices are sometimes more damaging than fiscal austerity.
But what I want to say here is that this is not just a Greek problem.
It may be a recurring pattern when national leaders deal with complex, borderless issues like climate change, immigration and financial systems.
It's a pattern of abandoning the ability to think together about what we can do and falling prey to fears and prejudices and entrenched notions to shut people out of, let alone build a people-centered process.
Even if you do that, the people's desire for a democratic process will not be shaken.
It's no surprise that many political leaders, myself included, have lost public trust.
We have a big problem with our democracy when things like the riot police guarding the Capitol that we see all over the world.
That's why I called for a referendum to give the Greek people a voice in determining the terms of the bailout.
European leaders -- at least some of them -- objected by saying,
“No referendum, another market turmoil”
And I said, "Before we can restore market confidence, we have to restore public trust and confidence."
After I resigned, I had time to reflect on those days.
We've weathered the storms in Greece and Europe, but the challenges continue.
If politics is the power to think and act on what we can do, then the 60 percent youth unemployment rate in Greece and elsewhere is a lack of imagination, if not a lack of empathy. is no doubt
So far, we've dealt with the euro crisis economically, although most of the time it's been fiscal austerity, and we could have figured it out differently: stimulus for eco-friendly businesses, or if we're in trouble. There might have been more practical ways to protect and support countries from market pressures, like euro bonds.
But I've come to think that this is not an economic problem, it's a democratic problem.
so let's try another way
Let's think about how the public can participate in decision-making again.
Let's deal with problems with democracy
The ancient Greeks had their flaws, but they relied on the wisdom of the crowd in times of need, and they all believed in the power of the people.
Democracy wouldn't work unless citizens thoughtfully considered, debated, and held public affairs accountable.
Ordinary citizens were sometimes commissioned to make decisions on issues that mattered at the time.
Science, drama, academic research, philosophy, and other forms of entertainment involving the mind and body were practiced on a daily basis.
It was social education that encouraged citizen participation, education that increased the power and potential of citizens.
People who shy away from politics were called "idiots"
The name originated in ancient Greece, Athens.
The root word for "idiot" is "idio" "oneself"
A person who is selfish, isolated and marginalized; a person who neglects his/her duty to participate in government and who does not care.
The place of political participation was called the Agora, and the Agora had two meanings: marketplace and place of political debate.
At that time, markets and politics were one, accessible, transparent, where the people were empowered.
Both were for the people. This is democracy.
Direct control of the people prevailed over the government over the market.
Today, while markets are globalized, democratic institutions are not.
Politicians are bound by local politics, and citizens, even though they see great potential, are prey to power beyond their reach.
How to reintegrate politics and economics?
What is the democratic way of globalization?
I'm not talking about the reforms needed by the UN or the G20.
The question here is how to secure the territory, the people and the value base so that everyone's talents can be harnessed.
In my opinion, Europe is just that place.
Despite previous failures, Europe has become one of the world's most successful cross-border peace testing grounds.
So could we make it a testing ground for a new form of democracy, global democracy?
Could we design a European agora, not just for goods and services, but for citizens, a place where people work together, think together, learn from each other, exchange arts and cultures, where creative solutions emerge.
a system in which the citizens of Europe elect the President of European unity directly elects the President of European unity directly elects and elects representatives by lot so that they can consider for themselves important and controversial issues; and Imagine a system across Europe where citizens could stand on the side of making laws and vote on treaties.
So here's one idea: to produce the first real European citizens, why not give immigrants European citizenship instead of Greek or German or Swedish citizenship?
To empower the unemployed, issue scholarship coupons so they can choose to study anywhere in Europe.
In doing so, democracy becomes our common identity, education is advanced through political participation, and trust and solidarity replace exclusion and xenophobia.
Europe of the people by the people, Europe as a laboratory for deepening and broadening transnational democracy.
Now, some people will criticize my thinking as being too simplistic or relying too much on the wisdom and power of the people.
Having been in politics for decades, I'm also a realist.
I've been and still am in the political system, and I understand the need for change.
We must re-establish politics to regain the power to envision, re-imagine, and re-design a better world.
But on the other hand, the current political system doesn't have the power to make that kind of dramatic change.
The revival of democratic politics starts with each and every one of you.
From here at TED and from outside, on the internet, in your hometown, on the internet, in your hometown, we're going to start with all of you who are participating in this global exchange of ideas. So let's start with all those who resist racism over empathy, stereotypes over critical thinking, technology supremacy over democracy, resistance to unbridled power, authoritarian leaders and tax. Start with all the people who resist the pressure groups who hide their wealth in Haven and the pressure groups who only protect the few in power.
If we're all stupid, they're the ones who benefit.
don't let it
thank you
(Applause) Bruno Giussani: In your talk, you've mentioned how political leaders are being tossed around by not being able to respond adequately to financial markets.
How did you feel after making the decision?
Even though it was clearly not a wise decision, how did you feel as an individual rather than as Prime Minister?
Georgios Papandreou: Yes, there were constraints, and it didn't work out the way we wanted it to. Debt is just a manifestation of the problem.
So it was a tough decision, first of all, it hurt the younger generation, and it's not just them, but a lot of people are demonstrating, so that's part of the problem.
I believe that we have to change the situation in which, in the face of crisis, we are shutting out the great potential of society from the process and shutting ourselves into politics. We need to find ways to participate, and we'll find better solutions, but we need openness.
Bruno: You seem to think that Europe's development needs to be more cohesive, and that's not going to be easy for most European countries.
Rather, they are closing borders more tightly, reducing cooperation, and possibly even moving away from various European organizations.
How do you come to terms with this move?
Georgios: The worst part of this crisis has been the blame game.
Europe's fundamental ideology must have been to cooperate across borders, to overcome conflict, to work together.
And yet this hunt for the bad guys has weakened my ability to persuade the public that they need to work together, when it's time to join forces.
As a European united, not only will the EU be more empowered,
European citizens will be given more power and Europe will become a real people's enterprise.
I think that's a way to alleviate some of the fears that permeate society.
Bruno: thank you
Georgios: Thank you very much Bruno: Thank you (applause)
I'm a sci-fi thriller novelist, and when I say "killer robot," you probably think of something like this.
But I'm not here today to talk about fiction.
I'm here to talk to you about "killer robots" that are really becoming a reality -- yes, fully autonomous combat drones.
I'm not talking about the Predator or Reaper you know, these drones rely on humans to make targeting decisions.
I'm talking about a fully autonomous robotic weapon, where the decision to kill a human is made by the robot itself.
In fact, there's even a technical term for this: "fully autonomous lethal force."
Killer robots with "fully autonomous killing functions" come in many different forms, some flying, some running, some ambush.
In fact, these robots are rapidly becoming a reality.
These two automatic sniper devices are currently deployed on the South Korean side of the demilitarized zone with North Korea.
Both of these machines are capable of automatically identifying and shooting at human targets, and the one on the left has a range of over a kilometer.
Right now, both machines have a human intervention in the frame of the decision to shoot or kill, but technically it doesn't require a human, and we chose to have a human in it.
And that choice is what I want to focus on today, because this murderous decision-making is moving from humans to software, which not only dehumanizes war, but also transforms the social landscape far from the battlefield. because there is a danger of changing
Because the way humans resolve conflicts shapes the social climate around us.
It's been formed that way throughout history.
For example, in 1400 AD, this was the most advanced weapon system.
Both were very expensive to build and maintain, but they gave you control over the people.
Power was concentrated in those at the top of power.
What has changed since then? innovation
gunpowder cannon
Soon armor and castles became obsolete. It didn't matter who you brought to the battlefield, it mattered how many people you could bring to the battlefield.
As armies began to grow in size, the defensive—political and logistical imperatives of the state—became necessary.
Leaders had to rely on the people, and power was shared.
And a representative system begins to form
Again, the ways in which we resolve conflicts shape the social landscape that surrounds us.
Autonomous robotic weapons are one such tool, but because it takes so few people to start a war, there is a risk of re-centralizing power in the hands of very few. It might turn you back for a minute
But if we understand this risk, we can take decisive action to protect our democratic institutions through the ability that humans are so good at: adaptability.
But timing matters
Seventy countries are developing their own remote-controlled combat drones, and as you can see, remote-controlled combat drones are a precursor to the creation of autonomous robotic weapons.
Because once remote-controlled drones are deployed, there are three big factors that push decision-making out of the hands of humans and into the weapons themselves.
The first factor is that the amount of video captured by drones is huge.
For example, in 2004, the U.S. drone fleet captured a total of 71 hours of reconnaissance footage that needed analysis.
By 2011, that number had grown to 300,000 hours, and it's beyond human capacity to look at it all, and that number is still on the rise.
The U.S. Department of Defense's Gorgonsteer and Argus programs will put up to 65 independent camera eyes on each drone, far more than a human can see.
Now you'll need the power of visual information analysis software to discover objects of interest.
This means that soon drones will be telling humans where to look, not from the human side.
The second factor driving decision-making from humans to machines is the electromagnetic jamming, which cuts off the communication between the drone and the remote operator.
There was an example of this happening in 2011, when a US military RQ-170 Sentinel drone was disrupted by a GPS signal spoofing attack by the Iranian military, and any remotely controlled drone is vulnerable to this type of attack. So drones will have to take on a greater share of the decision-making process.
Drones will be able to grasp operational objectives and respond to new situations without human guidance.
The drone ignores radio signals from the outside world and emits very little of its own.
And this brings us to the third and most powerful driver for shifting decision-making from people to weapons: plausible denial.
we are in the era of global economy
High-tech manufacturing takes place on most continents.
As part of cyber espionage warfare, advanced designs are hidden in various parts, and in such an environment, drone designs are very likely to be imitated in contract factories and spread to the back market.
In this situation, after examining the wreckage of the suicide drone, we have no idea who launched the attack with the weapon.
Fighting an invisible enemy is emerging as a very real possibility.
It has the potential to flip the geopolitical balance 180 degrees, making it very difficult for states to fight back against those who attack them, and this shifts the focus from defense-centric to offensive-centric thinking in the 21st century. may end up
Being able to attack anonymously makes military action a viable tool for small states, criminal organizations, private corporations, and even powerful individuals.
This undermines the rule of law and civil society, and may create a situation of rivalry.
Accountability and transparency may be the underpinnings of representative government, but autonomous robotic weapons could undermine both.
You might think that citizens of high-tech countries have an edge in robot warfare, and that citizens of these countries are less vulnerable, especially against developing countries.
But I think the truth is quite the opposite.
Citizens of high-tech societies are at greater risk from robotic weapons, and the reason for this can be summed up in one word: data.
Data drives our high-tech society
Cell phone location information, metadata gleaned from phone conversations, social media, emails, SMS, financial transaction data, transportation and movement data, these are huge chunks of real-time data that describe people's activities and social interactions.
That's why we're more open to machines than any human being at any time in history, which makes them perfect for autonomous weapons to find targets.
What we're seeing on the screen right now is an analysis of how certain social groups are connected.
Lines represent social connections between individuals
We can automatically generate diagrams like this from the traces of data left by modern humans on a daily basis.
This technology is usually used for demographic targeting and marketing of goods and services, but it's also a double-edged technology, because the targeting technology has other uses.
There are people in red, and this is
They are the hubs of social networks.
These are the organizers, the opinion makers, the leaders of the organization, and these people, too, can be automatically discovered by tracking their communication patterns.
If you're a marketer, you'll target social groups to send product samples to promote your brand.
But if an oppressive government is looking for political enemies, they'll be targets for elimination, killing leaders, disrupting social groups, and leaving groups of people without social connections. or lose organization
In a world rife with cheap robotic weapons, borders are hardly a line of defense against distant dissenters and international criminal gangs.
Any advocacy and change-making agitation will be detected early, before it reaches critical mass, and leaders will be eliminated.
The environment in which ideas can reach critical mass is what political movement in people's governments are all about.
The existence of an unidentified lethal weapon will make it easier for any conflict of interest to choose to kill.
And this will cringe at the very core of democracy: freedom of speech and support for political action.
This is why we need an international treaty on robotic weapons, especially a global ban on the development and deployment of killer robots.
We already have an international treaty on nuclear and biological weapons.
But robotic weapons are all just as dangerous, and they will almost certainly come into use and undermine democratic institutions.
In November 2012, the U.S. Department of Defense issued an order requiring human intervention in all killing decisions.
This effectively bans the U.S. military's autonomous weapons for now, but that mandate needs to be made permanent.
If this is done, it could be the standard by which the world behaves in the same way.
An international legal framework for robotic weapons is a necessary one.
And we need it now, before catastrophic attacks or terrorist attacks trigger the world's nations to en masse adopt these weapons without considering their consequences. It is
Autonomous robotic weapons would concentrate too much power in the hands of a few, jeopardizing democracy itself.
But don't get me wrong, I think civilian unarmed unmanned drones have a lot of great uses, like environmental observation, search and rescue, and transportation.
If there is an international treaty on robotic weapons, how can we still enjoy the benefits of autonomous drones and autonomous vehicles, but still protect ourselves against illegal robotic weapons?
The secret of success should be transparency
I don't want people to think that robots have privacy -- as long as they're in public places.
(Applause) Every single robot or drone should be cryptographically signed with an individual number when it leaves the factory so that it can be tracked in public places.
Cars already have license plates, planes already have fuselage markings.
Robots are no exception
Anyone should be able to download an app that shows the whereabouts of drones and autonomous vehicles moving in public space, both current and historical records.
Citizen leaders should deploy detectors and drones to hunt for rogue drones, and instead of sending attack drones to shoot down rogue drones, they should let humans know they're there.
In high-security areas, rogue drones could be captured by civilian drones and dragged to a bomb disposal facility.
Note that this is more of an immune system than a weapon system.
In this way, autonomous vehicles and drones can be used by humans while maintaining an open civil society.
We need to ban the development and deployment of killer robots.
Resist the temptation to automate warfare.
Authoritarian governments and criminal gangs will undoubtedly succumb to their lure, but let us not fall into the same category.
Autonomous robotic weapons would concentrate too much power in the hands of too few people, and would undermine democratic institutions.
For the sake of democracy, let's keep killer robots fictional.
thank you
(Applause) Thank you. (Applause)
Let me start this story with one question.
All over the world, people are fighting for their freedom and for their rights.
Sometimes the enemy you're fighting is government oppression,
can be social oppression
Which one is the toughest enemy?
I would like to think with you about the answer to this question.
That was two years ago
with her five-year-old son Aboudi at her bedside
when i was trying to put him to sleep
After the prayer, my son straightened his eyes and asked, "Mama, are we bad people?"
I was very surprised
“Why are you asking me that?”
Actually, that day, my son came home from school with a scar on his face.
Even if you ask me why, I just keep my mouth shut
When I finally open my heavy mouth
“I was beaten by two friends”
“I saw your mother on Facebook”
"You guys are going to jail."
I have lived a life that I am not ashamed of as a single woman.
The moment I looked into my son's frightened, asking eyes was the moment of truth for me.
I am a Saudi woman who has been incarcerated. Driving a car is a charge. Women are not allowed to drive in a country.
My brother has been detained twice just for trying to hand over his car keys to me, which has led to a lot of harassment, forced him out of his position as a geologist, forced him to leave the country with his wife and children. it's gone
During Friday services, my father heard preachers taunt a female driver and call her a depraved tigress in front of a large crowd of worshipers, in the presence of friends and relatives.
The storm of insults eventually spread, and the rumors that flew through the local media poured oil into ordinary homes, public places, and even schools.
I was really embarrassed
When I thought about it later, the children who beat my son had no intention of bullying me.
I am only influenced by the adults around me.
Not because I've done something wrong or as a punishment for driving a few miles.
It's a punishment for having bothered to stand up to the world.
The story doesn't end here
Let's talk a little more
It was May 2011, and I was complaining to a colleague at work.Why am I being treated like this?I can't even go home alone.My car is mine.I have an international driver's license.
As far as I know, Saudi women have always been dissatisfied with the rule that they can't drive.
Then my colleague said
“There is no law against women driving.”
I looked it up and it was true
There is no such provision in Saudi law.
It's just a custom, an age-old practice, stipulated in strict religious fatwas and imposed on women.
Knowing that inspired me to take action on June 17th, the Women's Drive campaign to encourage women to get behind the wheel.
A few weeks later, I heard voices everywhere saying, "If you drive like a woman, you'll be attacked by a man who looks like a wolf."
There was one courageous woman, her name was Nazira Hariri, she was also Saudi and she lived in Jeddah.
I wanted to leave something that would serve as evidence
So I drove it and posted it on YouTube.
And then, just the day I posted it, it had over 100,000 views.
what happens then
That's right, the threatening comments are going up in flames. I'll kill you, I'll attack you, don't pretend to be a hero.
The authorities decided to keep quiet from beginning to end.
it was rather creepy
My campaign had female compatriots as well as male activists.
What worries us is what the authorities will do on June 17th, the day the women go out for a drive.
So I asked my brother to run alongside the police car.
We were immediately arrested, signed a pledge not to drive again, and released.
Then I was arrested again, my brother was released after a day in custody, and I was jailed.
This doesn't make sense to me, because the interrogation doesn't even identify the suspicion in the first place.
innocence was clear
I didn't break the law, and I was well dressed. I wore the abaya, a black robe that I wore when I went out. I said, "No, I'm leaving today."
At that time, outside the prison, the whole country was in an uproar. Some people were blaming me, some were supporters, and they were even signing petitions to submit a petition to the King for my release.
He was released after nine days
And then came June 17th
Road after road was filled with police cars, there were also religious police vehicles, and hundreds of brave Saudi women broke the law and drove their cars that day.
Zero arrests finally broke the taboo
(Applause) Now that we think about it again, we all know that women aren't allowed to drive in Saudi Arabia, but few people know the original reason.
This is actually the case
A formal study has been submitted to the Advisory Council, the legislative body appointed by the King of Saudi Arabia, and the study was done by a professor at a university in the country.
The professor said it's based on UNESCO research.
The study concluded that rape and adultery, illegitimate births, drug abuse and prostitution rates are higher in countries with more female drivers than in countries where women don't drive.
(Laughter) I was kind of stunned.
Yes, Saudi Arabia is the only country in the world where women can't drive.
When you open up the world map, the world is really two: Saudi Arabia and the rest.
As soon as I created a hashtag on Twitter denouncing the study, this story went around the world.
[BBC: 'The End of Chastity' women driving Saudi cleric warns] (Laughter) [BBC: 'The End of Chastity' women driving Saudi cleric warns] If you stand up, even those who oppress you will not be afraid
The greatest weapon you can take away from your opponent is fear.
This structural foundation is based on highly conservative traditions and customs, where women are treated as inferior, need to be protected by those in power, and cannot do anything without permission from their patrons, unwritten and statutory laws. Regardless of the fact that it's a lifelong rule
It's like a woman doesn't come of age until she dies.
The situation is even more serious if the idea is given a special place in a religious fatwa and is based on a misinterpretation of Shari'a law.
And even worse, it's codified into the fabric of the state as law, and women are made to believe they're inferior, and those who dare to stand up and question the laws are forced down by force.
In my case, not only do I face these obstacles,
It's like being forced to live as two very different faces: at home as a disrespectful villain and abroad as a hero.
And in the last two years, this has happened
One was when I was in prison.
During my nine days in prison, I'm sure you've seen stories like this one running around the world's media announcing my arrest.
But in my homeland, it's just the opposite.
"Manal al-Sharif Suspected Suspicion of Disturbance" "Instigators Encouraging Women to Drive"
it must be terrible
“Manal al-Sharif withdraws from agitation”
This is better
"Manal al-Sharif, Fallen Heroine's Confession" "I was deceived by a conspiracy by foreign forces"
It's like the opposite
Last year I was asked to speak at the Freedom Forum in Oslo.
People around me lovingly supported me and told me they gave me courage.
On the other hand, when I returned to my country, the reputation of my lectures was terrible.
A lot of people said they were traitors, they were mockers of the people, they even had the hashtag 'Oslo Traitor' on Twitter.
Areyoareyo approaching 10,000 tweets, while the "Heroes of Oslo" hashtag popped up, but there were only a handful of tweets.
Furthermore, the survey has started
More than 13,000 people responded Whether or not that lecture was traitorous
90% condemn me as a traitor
This is one of the two completely different faces I mentioned earlier.
I am proud to be a Saudi woman and I love my country.
I believe that there can be no free society without the freedom of the women who compose it.
(Applause) Thank you.
(Applause) Thank you, thank you.
(Applause) Thank you.
You can gain insight from what happened to you
I also had a series of realizations
So the first thing I did when I got out of prison, aside from the shower, was to open the net. I opened Twitter and logged into Facebook.
Let's read through their messages and stop the lip service
I wanted to show it by action.I filed a lawsuit against the recommendation to stop the activity, in the first lawsuit against the chief of the traffic police, protesting against issuing me a driver's license.
Also, a lot of people, 3,000 people supported me and signed a petition for my release.
I also submitted a petition to the Advisory Council, calling for women to drive, and this time around 3,500 people signed it.
The people I just spoke to are just a few examples. These amazing people are people who believe and act for the rights of Saudi women.
Saudi Arabia is just now taking a small step towards expanding women's rights.
The Advisory Council is a body appointed by the King. By decree of King Abdullah, 30 women were appointed to the Council last year.
That's 20 percent. (Applause) And this council, after four previous denials of women's petitions for driving licenses, finally got it last February.
(Applause) After I was sent to prison, flogged, and tried, a spokesperson for the traffic police announced that female drivers would only be penalized for traffic violations.
The Grand Mufti, the supreme religious and judicial authority in Saudi Arabia, declared that although he did not endorse women driving,
The Former Prohibition is a Legacy of the Predecessor Great Mufti
Even small steps like this are important.
women themselves have to think
A friend of mine said to me, "When will women be able to drive?"
I replied, "It's time to stop asking when." "Now, not when."
It's not just about institutions, it's about us as women taking control of our lives.
Before I knew it myself, if I noticed
became an activist
All I can say is, if one day someone asks me to tell this story again, I'll say, "I'm proud of myself." By standing up against the , everyone can enjoy freedom.”
So back to the question I started with, is the more formidable enemy governmental oppression or societal oppression?
You already know the clue to the answer
thank you
(Applause) Thank you.
(Applause) Thank you. (Applause)
Once upon a time, people lived in economic growth and prosperity.
This era was called the "Great Stabilization," but many economists and policy makers -- central bankers -- have mistakenly assumed that it was a new world of endless growth and prosperity.
Yes, at that time GDP was growing steadily, inflation was subdued, unemployment was low, and market volatility was well controlled.
But the Great Recession of 2007 and 2008 caused a cataclysmic crash that shattered the illusion.
Hundreds of billions of dollars lost in the financial sector increased the loss of global GDP to $5 trillion, and the global stock market combined lost about $30 trillion.
And the interpretation of the Great Recession was something like this: It was totally unexpected, it was like the wrath of God.
no one's fault
So in response to this, we opened the Financial Crisis Observatory.
The goal is to research and analyze real-time financial bubbles and identify in advance when the bubble will burst.
What are the scientific underpinnings of this economic observatory?
The "Dragon King" theory
Dragon King stands for extreme events on a scale unlike any other.
something special something outstanding
Because it's triggered by a special mechanism, it could be predicted and even controlled.
If you look at a financial time series, or you look at a particular stock, or an ideal stock, or a global index, it's the same.
You can see undulations like this
In fact, a good indicator of financial market risk is the maximum price decline, which represents the worst-case scenario of buying at the highest price and selling at the lowest price.
If you look at the statistics, you can see how often different magnitudes - the maximum drop - occur, and the graph shows that.
Interestingly, we find that 99% of these price movements, with different amplitudes, follow a classic power law, the red line [Vertical axis: Complementary cumulative distribution of maximum rate of decline].
But what's interesting is that there are a number of exceptions [vertical axis: complementary cumulative distribution of the maximum rate of decline] that fall outside the red line. On "horizontal axis: price volatility of NSDEQ (%)" there are at least 100 times more exceptions than predicted "horizontal axis: price volatility of NSDEQ (%)"
It's all about strong dependencies. Losses beget losses, and losses beget other losses.
That kind of dependency is missed by standard crisis management tools, they're just looking at little lizards, they're missing the dragon king.
The underlying mechanism of the Dragon King is a gradual instability, a process towards a bubble, and when the bubble reaches its extreme, it usually crashes.
This is analogous to slowly heating water, as the temperature of the test tube approaches the boiling point, the liquid becomes unstable and vaporizes.
This process is not entirely linear, it cannot be predicted by conventional methods, it is a combination of factors, and it is fundamentally internal.
Crashes and crises must be caused by the instability within the system, and the slightest turmoil creates this instability.
You might think that this has something to do with the popular black swan theory.
The theory is that black swans are so rare that when you encounter one, you undermine your belief that swans are white. This theory captures the unpredictability of things, the notion that extreme events are basically unpredictable. It's basically the concept of unpredictability.
It's the exact opposite of my Dragon King theory, the exact opposite of my Dragon King theory, where many extreme events can be understood and even predicted.
If you acquire this ability, you will be able to accurately predict rare events.
Defeat the Black Swan with Dragon King
(Laughter) There are many early warning signals that this theory predicts.
Let me introduce you to one: super-rapid growth with positive feedback.
What is it?
If you make an investment like this, and you get a 5% return in the first year, a 10% return in the second year, a 20% return in the third year, and a 40% return the next year, that would be great.
this is super fast growth
If it's a normal burst of growth, it's going to keep a constant growth rate, say, 10 percent. It's going to be this super-rapid form of pushing growth further, which is very powerful and unsustainable.
What's important is that at some point the mathematical answer to this kind of model will be infinite, which means that there will come a crisis, a system collapse, a regime shift.
May collapse, may stagnate
More importantly, information about when the crisis will occur is in the early stages of hypergrowth.
Our first success in testing this theory was in diagnosing damage to a major component of the Ariane rocket.
So when you use microfractures -- this is a faint sound that a structure makes -- you can tell how much stress or damage is being done to the structure, in situations where positive feedback builds up and damage creates damage. It allows us to predict when failure will occur with considerable accuracy.
It's been so successful that it's now being used in the early stages of flight inspection.
What's even more amazing is that similar theories can be found in biology, in medicine, in childbirth, in epileptic seizures.
From the seventh month of pregnancy, the mother begins to experience temporary premonitory labor pains, a sign that instability is maturing, giving birth to a baby, the Dragon King is born.
By measuring early warning signs, we can identify impending problems before they happen.
Epileptic seizures also come in many different scales. When the brain is at its most critical, the Dragon King appears, and there is some degree of predictability that allows patients to cope with the disease.
We've applied this theory to many systems, including landslides, glacier collapses, predicting business success, rental videos, YouTube movies, and more.
But most importantly, it's about finance, and I think this theory has revealed the root cause of the financial crisis we've been through.
It's rooted in the 30-year history of the bubble, a global bubble that started in 1980, burst in 1987, and there have been many other bubbles since.
The biggest one was the "new economy" IT bubble, which burst in 2000. Housing bubbles in many countries. Derivatives bubbles around the world. Stock market bubbles. Commodity market bubbles. Debt and credit bubbles.
A global bubble has occurred
This is evidence that markets were globally -- overvalued, and represents the illusion of a money machine believed to last forever that suddenly collapsed in 2007.
The problem, especially through quantitative easing, is that the same thing has been repeated since 2008, the idea that we need a new money machine to get us out of the crisis, in the United States, in Europe, in Japan.
It's important to understand that quantitative easing and austerity policies will fail if they don't attack the core: they have to attack the structures that give rise to the idea of ​​a persistent money machine.
i said big
Can you believe it?
Over the past 15 years, we've come out of the ivory tower and announced to the public proactively, and I emphasize proactively, before bubbles and excesses of the economy are brought to light by the economic crisis.
It's a projection of the major bubbles we've experienced in recent years.
Each one has an interesting story.
I'm just going to talk about a few things this time, about giant bubbles.
you know the miracle of china
This is the stock market's reaction to the giant bubble, which has grown by 300 percent in just a few short years.
In September of 2007, I was asked to speak at a macro hedge fund management conference, and I made a prediction that at the end of 2007, the current bubble would shift the regime.
It may collapse and there is no way it can be maintained
Bright, ambitious, well-informed - can you imagine how the heads of macro hedge funds reacted?
These are the people who rode the bubble well and made a lot of money.
They told me, "Didier, the market may be overvalued, but there's something you forgot.
With the Beijing Olympics in August 2008, it's clear that the Chinese government will control the economy, and they will do whatever it takes to avoid problems, and they will control the stock market."
Three weeks after my talk, the market dropped 20 percent, followed by market volatility, economic turmoil, and a 70 percent loss at the end of the year.
Why do we make so many wrong decisions, misinterpreting and ignoring the scientific evidence, when instability persists and as the system matures, it becomes impossible to manage any uncertainties?
The Chinese market crashed, but it bounced back.
In 2009, we decided that this small new bubble was unsustainable.
When critics saw this prediction, they said, "No way."
"The Chinese government is on
You should manage it well by making use of the experience of failure
We want to profit from this growth.”
It might be the critics who didn't make the most of their experience of failure.
The crisis happened and the market corrected.
And then the pundits say, "Well, the very fact that you published the prediction
influenced the market
I wouldn't call it a 'prediction'."
I must have had a lot of power
it's interesting
Developing economic science has been basically impossible up until now, because people consciously look ahead, which creates the problem of self-fulfilling prophecies.
So I invented a new scientific method.
"Economic Bubble Experiment"
Here's a rundown: Observing the market
Identify Excess Bubbles
I will investigate and write a report I will write a prediction of when the bubble will burst
I won't reveal it, I'll keep it a secret
We use modern cryptography to hash it, publish the public key, and six months later publish the report, including the production record.
It's done through international archives, so you can't be accused of postponing it.
Let's take a look at some recent analysis
May 17, 2013, just two weeks ago, the U.S. stock market was in a volatile state, and on May 21st, we announced on the web that the regime would shift.
The next day, the regime began to shift.
not a financial collapse
It's still in its early stages of creating a giant bubble.
Even if you change the subject to the size of the planet, the process is the same.
It's the same everywhere you look: in the biosphere, in the atmosphere, in the ocean, hyperrapid orbits like these appear, revealing unsustainable directions and signaling phase transitions.
This figure on the right is a very nice culmination of many studies that suggest that non-linear changes can indeed occur in the decades to come.
Bubbles are everywhere
It's kind of fun, and it's great for a college professor like me -- chasing bubbles and slaying dragons, as they say in the media.
But can the dragon be exterminated?
Just recently, I worked with another agency to study a dynamic system in which very small turbulences were deliberately timed to eliminate the Dragon King, which looked like a large ring.
〈To govern is to foresee〉
“Governance is planning and forecasting”
But this is not the biggest problem facing humanity. We have a responsibility to sustain society and the planet in the face of increasing challenges and crises.
There is hope in the Dragon King theory
It turns out that many of the systems have predictive signs.
It is possible to develop methods to anticipate crises in advance, so that if we are prepared and take action, we will be able to respond responsibly. for
thank you
(applause)
The idea of ​​ending poverty is a very big goal.
All of you gathered here, I'm sure no one would disagree.
What worries me is that it sounds so easy when it's said by a well-meaning politician or a charismatic rock star.
Now, I don't have a lot of money, I can't pass legislation, and I don't even have a guitar in my hand.
I'll leave that to someone else.
But I do have an idea, an idea called "housing for health."
"Housing for Health" works with the poor
The goal is to work in the communities where these people live and make them healthier.
Over the past 28 years, the hard, daunting and dirty work has been done by literally thousands of people across Australia and more recently abroad, and the results are that purposeful planning is the worst kind of life. It became clear that even the environment could be improved.
We can improve sanitation and reduce, if not eradicate, poverty itself.
Let's start with the origin of this story, Central Australia in 1985.
An Aboriginal man named Yami Lester ran a medical facility.
Eighty percent of the people who came there with some kind of disease were infected with infectious diseases, which are common in the third world, developing countries, and are caused by poor living conditions.
Yami assembled a team in Alice Springs.
A doctor joined
An environmental hygienist also participated
And he personally selected the local Aboriginal people to work on the project.
At the first meeting he told me that he didn't have the money. carry out the meaningful task of "planning"
that was our task
First of all, the doctor left the field for about six months, first of all the doctor left the field for about six months
We set out to develop what we would later aim to be, the nine steps to good health.
And six months later he gave me a piece of paper on which I wrote those nine words The nine principles of healthy living: bathing, washing, draining, nutrition, crowding, pests, dust, temperature, injury.
The nine principles of healthy living: bathing, washing, draining, nutrition, crowding, pests, dust, temperature, injury.
this is no good
What I didn't know then, and what you don't know now, is that he compiled thousands of pages of research into why these could be goals, local, national, and even global health.
It was compiling thousands of pages of research, and not long after that the illustrations were ready.
There was a simple reason: our bosses, the Aboriginal people and the elders, are generally illiterate, so we needed to draw a picture of what each item meant.
We work with their communities, not telling them what's going on in a language they don't understand.
And so the goals were set, and they -- I can't tell you all of them -- are about putting people and people's health issues at the center, and connecting them to the little things in the physical environment that are necessary to stay healthy.
And the number one priority, as you can see, is bathing once a day, especially for children.
Most of you are probably thinking, "Huh? That's pretty easy," right? Most of you are probably thinking, "Huh? That's pretty easy," right?
Now I'm going to ask you guys a very personal question.
Who could take a shower if they wanted to before coming here this morning?
I won't ask you if you actually took a bath. It's not that rude.
Yes, it's fine. I would say most of you were able to take a shower.
Then next problem
Choose the one you like from the 25 houses here.
If you choose, please remember the location of the house.
Have you chosen? to the house you chose
You will live here for 2-3 months, so please choose wisely. The location is the northwestern part of Western Australia.It's a very nice place.
Let's see if the shower in your house works.
I can hear you say "oh" or "uh"
Houses with a green check have showers.
you and your kids are fine
Houses with red crosses - well, looking around the venue, they don't seem to have much of an impact on everyone.
Why? because you're all too old
I know some of you will be shocked to hear that, but it's true.
Before you leave your seat in anger, I say, in this case, "I'm too old," because most of the people in this room are over the age of five.
Our primary focus is on infants from 0 to 5 years old.
Why? Bathing is a way to prevent pathogenic bacteria
That's because the common eye, ear, chest, and skin infections that develop in the first five years of life can damage those organs for the rest of their lives.
The impact will last a lifetime
This means that by the time you are five years old, your eyesight will begin to decline and stay that way for the rest of your life.
Similarly, the weakened hearing ability remains the same for the rest of one's life.
Breathing becomes difficult, by the age of 5
you lose a third of your lung capacity
Even dermatitis, at first, we didn't think it was that serious of a problem. You will need
This is a serious problem, and that's why this check and cross is such an important factor for children.
These marks represent the 7,800 homes we've seen across Australia, in the same proportions.
As you can see, 35% of these not-so-famous houses are home to 50,000 indigenous people, and 35% of them have showers.
And 10% of these 7,800 homes have secure electrical systems.
58% of homes had access to toilets
The inspection method is very simple and common
Can you use both hot and cold water in the shower? Can you use both faucets? Can you pump up water and wash your head and body properly in the shower? Can water flow properly from the drain?
Well-designed and aesthetically pleasing, not elegant, just to see if it works.
I did a similar check on the electrical system and the toilet.
The purpose of our project is not to measure the degree of defects, but to improve the condition of housing.
Start working from the first day
I decided not to vouch for anything or write a report.
In the morning, I go to the site with tools, mountains of equipment and workers, and train the local team from the first day.
By the first night, several houses in the community are in better condition than they were when we arrived in the morning.
These activities will continue for six months to a year until all the homes are improved. The total budget per home is
$7,500. That's the average budget.
At the end of the construction period of six months to one year, we check all the houses again.
Funds will be gone in no time
It is extremely difficult to improve all the functions of such houses.
We inspect and check 250 locations based on "9 principles" for each house and carry out repairs.
And here's what that $7,500 fund did.
86% of the showers are working, 77% of the electrical systems are working and 90% of the toilets are working.
thank you (applause)
Everyone on the team does a great job. Credit to them.
I have a simple question for you to consider.
Why is this activity necessary in the first place?
Why are there houses in such poor condition?
70% of cases are due to lack of regular maintenance, which can happen to anyone's home.
Things get old, so it should be done by the state government or the local government.
Also, 21% of repairs are due to faulty construction.
it doesn't work so i have to fix it
If you've lived in Australia for the last 30 years, you've probably heard that the other reason that remains is that the natives are destroying your home.
That's one of the very strong pieces of evidence that I haven't personally witnessed, but that it's a problem and a hindrance in Aboriginal housing.
Indeed, 9% of repairs are due to breakage, misuse, abuse.
And let me be clear, the people who live there are not the cause of the problem at all.
Let's take a closer look. In fact, residents play a big role in solving problems.
In fact, 75 percent of our Australian team -- now more than that -- are indigenous people from the communities in which we work.
they do all the work
(Applause) For example, in 2010, 831 Aboriginal people across Australia, on Torres Strait Island, in every state, improved the homes they and their families live in. It's very important.
Our work has always been focused on health, and that's the point.
Bacteria found in developing countries Trachoma causes blindness
It's very common in developing countries, but as you can see, in the late 1990s, in one Aboriginal community, 95 percent of all school-aged children had progressive trachoma.
Now what shall we do?
I'll fix the shower first.
Why? I wash away germs in the shower
We built washing facilities in schools so that children could wash their faces as many times as they wanted in a day.
wash away the germs
Next, according to the ophthalmologist, if the eyes are damaged by dust, it is easy for germs to enter.
I contacted Dr. Dust - yes there are people like that.
he was dispatched by a mining company
The person who controls the dust level at the mine.
Within a full day of arrival, most of the dust in the area was collected within 1 meter of the ground surface. I recommend that you take measures to avoid adverse effects.
I used mud to prevent dust from entering
Dr. also provided me with a dust meter.
When I tried it, the dust was reduced
Next, I wanted to do something about the bacteria themselves.
But how?
So I contacted Dr. Flies. Yes, there are such people in the world.
Our Aboriginal fellow said, "You white people should know more about the world."
(Laughter) The fly doctor immediately identified a type of fly that carried the germs.
He gave the schoolchildren in that community an amazing fly-catching device like the one you see here.
The flies collected by the children are sent to Dr. Perth.
Around the time the germs came into play, Dr. sent back a few dung beetles.
The dung beetle eats camel poop, the less food the flies eventually die, and the trachoma lessens.
By the end of the year, trachoma had declined dramatically, and hasn't increased since.
We didn't just cure the disease, we changed the environment that caused it.
And finally I was able to break away from the disease
It's these little hygiene improvements and little pieces of the puzzle that make a big difference.
The New South Wales Health Department is known for being progressive. I tested a project of this kind in the same state on
We found a 40 percent reduction in hospital admissions for diseases caused by poor living conditions, a 40 percent reduction.
(Applause) I'm going to give you an example of how these principles that we've used in Australia can be applied elsewhere, and one of those places is Nepal.
very beautiful place
A small village of 600 people asked me to build a toilet that the village doesn't have yet.
Hygiene is not good
No big plans, no contracts that come with big projects, just to build a toilet for each of the two families.
During the design phase of the first toilet, I was invited to the family for lunch and was shown into the hall of the house.
It was suffocating with smoke
They were cooking with raw wood as their only fuel.
The smoke from the wood is suffocating, and you can't even breathe indoors.
Then I learned that respiratory failure was the leading cause of illness and death in the region.
So all of a sudden I had two problems.
Originally, the idea was to build toilets to keep people's waste off the surface, and that's okay.
But suddenly a second problem popped up: How do we reduce smoke pollution?
I have to clear these two challenges
The solution is to collect human feces, collect animal feces, put it in a chamber and extract biogas, methane gas.
You can cook for about 3 to 4 hours a day with that gas, it's clean, smokeless, and you don't have to pay to use it.
(Applause) I ask you all: Will these actions end poverty?
A team in Nepal, who's been working on it for a while now, said, "I'm not kidding, before we even try to do that, we've got to build three million more toilets.
I'm not going to think about anything else."
But as I'm sitting here, over 100 toilets have been installed in this village, and a few more in the neighborhood.
Well over 1000 people use it every day
Yami Lama is still a boy
With the toilets, human waste has disappeared from the streets, and bacterial digestive infections have become much less common.
Kanji Maya is a mother, but she's very happy.
By now, you're probably using smokeless fuel, biogas, to cook lunch for your family.
Her lungs are better and will continue to improve, because she's no longer cooking in smoke.
After the suria extracts the biogas, the excrement is taken out of the chamber and used to fertilize the crops.
And the yield has tripled, and the family has more food and more income.
Lastly, Vishnu, the team leader. He believes that we have built not just a toilet, but a team, and the team is now working in two villages, where they will develop the next two villages. This is how we expand our activities.
I think that's the key. (Applause)
I think that's the key. (Applause) People are fine.
Never before has there been such a thing
The problem is poor living conditions and housing, and germs that pose a health hazard to people.
These factors are not limited by geography, skin color or religion, none of them.
All the challenges we face have one thing in common: poverty All the challenges we face have one thing in common: poverty
In the mid-2000s, not far from here, Nelson Mandela said, like slavery and apartheid, "Poverty is not a natural phenomenon.
Poverty is created by humans, poverty is endured – and poverty is overcome by humans.”
Finally, I would like to say that through the power of thousands of ordinary people, their tremendous efforts have actually improved sanitation and, if only slightly, reduced poverty.
Thank you for joining us
(applause)
First, I'm going to speak frankly about how I see the dangers and opportunities facing this world, and then ask whether we should be optimistic or pessimistic.
I'm going to tell you specifically why I'm a hopeless optimist.
First, I'm going to show you an Al Gore-style video that some of you may have seen.
"An Inconvenient Truth" is famous, but this one is a little more inconvenient.
(Video): Man: …a very dangerous question.
Because with our current knowledge, we have no idea what's going to happen.
At this very moment, humans may be unwittingly altering the world's climate with the waste products of civilization.
Our factories and cars emit 6 billion tons of carbon dioxide each year -- which helps the air absorb heat from the sun -- and our atmosphere seems to be getting warmer.
is this a bad thing?
First, it's estimated that the polar ice caps will melt if global temperatures rise by a few degrees.
That would make most of the area along the Mississippi River inland sea.
Glass-bottom boat tourists will see submerged Miami skyscrapers through 150 feet of tropical waters.
In climate, multiple forces are involved -- more than nuclear physics -- but also life itself.
Larry Brilliant: Should we be good? Or should I regret it? Looking ahead 50 years into the future, yet achieving little
well it depends on your purpose
Whenever I think about purpose, I always end up with Gandhi's philosophy.
When asked, "How do you know if your next action is right or wrong?" Mahatma Gandhi said, "Imagine the face of the poorest and weakest person you have ever met and what you are thinking. Think about whether your actions will help the person
If it works, you're right; if it doesn't work, think again."
For those of us in this room, it's not just about the poorest and most vulnerable, but about community, culture, and the world.
And the trends surrounding the fringes of our society, the poorest and most vulnerable, evoke pessimism.
But there are some wonderful things that can make you optimistic.
Let's look at both, first the megatrends.
A temperature rise of 2 to 3 degrees Celsius is unavoidable from now on.
This causes sea levels to rise and salt deposits in wells and land.
The poorest and most vulnerable are unfairly hurt the most, and it's the same people who suffer from population growth.
We've avoided Paul Ehrlich's "population bomb," so we won't reach the 20 billion people he predicted in the next decade, but we're eating 20 billion people.
We consume so much that when our grandchildren's generation raises the total population from 6.5 billion to 9.5 billion, this too will unfairly harm the poorest and most vulnerable.
Because of this they migrate to cities
So this June, we, as a species, will live more than 51 percent of the time in cities, shantytowns, slums, barracks.
Rural areas aren't producing as much food as they used to.
The Green Revolution Did Not Reach Africa
Sandstorms caused by desertification, such as in places like the Gobi Desert and Ogaden, are making it difficult for even one hectare of land to produce as many calories as it did 15 years ago.
people are becoming more carnivorous
Last year in Africa, Africans ate 600 million wild animals, or 2 billion kilograms of wild animals.
Every kilogram of wild meat contains hundreds of thousands of new viruses, viruses that have never been classified and whose genetic sequences are unknown.
We don't know how likely they are to cause a pandemic, but we do know that we're in an environment where we're facing new animal-borne diseases.
The explosive growth of technology is also something I want to emphasize.
Most people benefit from growth, but it also has its downsides. Technologies like bioweapons make us clash with each other, fueling feelings of anger, hatred and division.
What's more, accelerating globalization has produced many winners and even more losers, and the world today is considered the most diverse and unfair in its history.
1% of people own 40% of all products and services
What if the 1 billion people living on less than a dollar a day increased to 3 billion over the next 30 years?
The 1% of people will own 40% or more of the world's goods and services, not because they're getting richer, but because the rest of the world is getting poorer.
Last week, Bill Clinton accepted the TED Prize and said, "This is unprecedented, unequal, unfair and precarious."
So there are many reasons to be pessimistic.
Conflict in Darfur – its roots are a battle for resources
Last year there were 85,000 riots in China, 230 a day - requiring police or military intervention.
mostly about resources
The disasters we face are unprecedented in number and scale.
There are climate issues, human rights issues, and epidemics.
In the face of emerging epidemics, H5N1 and bird flu may just be the harbinger of the world's instability.
And unlike the volatile world of the past, it's streamed on YouTube, and you can watch it on your digital TV or your mobile phone.
What does this bring?
People who are led to anger, religious and partisan violence, and terrorism—
Some may become withdrawn, nihilistic, and materialistic.
Where will it lead us as social activists and entrepreneurs?
Are we discouraged by these trends? Or will you be energized?
Let's look at one case, the case of Bangladesh.
First of all, global warming won't stop even if carbon dioxide emissions stop today.
If global warming -- take a look at this blue line, the dotted line shows that even if greenhouse gas emissions stopped today, sea levels would continue to rise over the next decade.
A sea level rise of at least 50 to 75 centimeters is the most conservative projection, and a rise of 10 times that is possible.
Let's see how it affects Bangladesh
here is bangladesh
70% of Bangladesh is below 1.5 meters above sea level
A short climb to see the Himalayas
And as global warming melts the snow, more water flows downwards, and deforestation-prone tubs simply can't absorb the running water, because trees are like straws that soak up excess seasonal moisture.
Now go south through Kali Gandaki
I think many people have trekked here.
And let's go down the river and look at Bangladesh, and see what happens when the meltwater from the north and the seawater in the south increase together.
We're looking at the five major rivers that feed Bangladesh.
Let's look at the three-dimensional topography from the south side
Sea level rise of at least 50 to 100 centimeters combined with increased water flow from the Himalayas, and look at this.
As many as 100 million refugees are expected to migrate from Bangladesh, India and into China.
A challenge of this magnitude in one country.
And if you look around the world, anywhere in the world at low altitudes or in settlements near water will face rising sea levels that will challenge our lives.
Sub-Saharan Africa and our San Francisco Bay Area
we all face the same challenges
It's not something that happens to a stranger in some distant land.
Global warming will hit everyone all at once.
And so are the emerging epidemics. Twenty years ago, we didn't even hear these names: Ebola, Lassa, monkeypox.
Erosion of the greenbelt that separated humans and animals allowed them to share their viral environment.
Twenty years ago, I had never heard of West Nile fever.
And once a case arrives on the east coast of the United States, we see it propagating west each year.
I had never even heard of Ebola until hundreds of people died in Central Africa.
Unfortunately these are just the beginning
In the last 30 years, 30 new epidemics have emerged that can be transmitted from animals to species.
More than enough reason to be pessimistic
(Laughter) Enough bad news. Humanity has always faced challenges.
A look at the list of Nobel laureates should remind you.
We've been in this state before, paralyzed by fear, lethargic and passive. Somebody -- maybe someone in this room -- has made a breakthrough and is "socially social" to face the nuclear threat. Doctors to Responsibility launched organizations like Médecins Sans Frontières, a new disaster relief effort, and Muhammad ElBaradei and the great hope and optimism he brought to us, Muhammad Yunus. is
and we eradicated smallpox
We may be able to witness the eradication of polio this year
Only 2,000 cases were reported worldwide last year.
Next year we may witness the eradication of the guinea worm - only 35,000 cases remain.
20 years ago there were 3.5 million cases
And we're looking at new diseases, 30 new epidemics and other diseases.
It's called the "suddenly rich man's disease."
Across the tech sector, young people are suffering from "sudden rich man's disease."
But they use their wealth very differently than their ancestors did.
They're not ready to set up a fund when they die.
Actively using their money, resources, passion and commitment to create a better world Actively using their money, resources, passion and commitment to create a better world
There's no better reason to be optimistic
There's reason to be more optimistic. In the '60s -- I'm a '60s guy -- there was a movement.
We all knew we were a part of it, and we felt that a better world was just around the corner, that we were witnessing the birth of a world free of hatred and violence and prejudice.
There's another movement going on today, a movement to save the planet.
this is just the beginning
Five weeks ago, business activists came together to try to stop plans to build nine new coal-fired power plants at Texas Utilities, which would have been devastating to the environment.
Six months ago, business activists met with the Democratic governor of California to pass state law AB32, the most far-reaching law in the history of environmental protection.
Al Gore made presentations to the Senate and House of Representatives as an expert reviewer.
Can you imagine? (Laughter) Now, the scientific and religious worlds have joined forces to form an Anglo-French Entente. Five years ago, it would have been hard to believe that the church community had come to understand the global warming crisis. is the
4,000 churches now participate in the environmental movement.
It's a fact that can be very optimistic.
Europe's 20-20-20 plan is a great breakthrough, and one that I think will make everyone feel like hope is rising over the horizon.
And on April 14th, we have Step Up Day, a day when thousands of people -- mobilizing social activism in America to protest against bills -- to back laws to stop global warming.
And on July 7th, there will be Live Earth concerts all over the world, which I only learned about yesterday.
And you can feel the optimism that we can save the planet.
And this doesn't mean that everyone understands that global warming is going to hurt the weakest, the poorest people.
This is people taking the first step -- everyone has started to act altruistically.
Big investors -- CARE, Rockefeller, Rockefeller Brothers Fund, Hewlett Mercy Corps, you guys, Google, and many other institutions are beginning to understand what we need to do to stop global warming. the need to address not only primary prevention of disease, but also secondary prevention to prevent what happens to the poorest and most vulnerable as a result.
But there's another reason I'm an utterly observant.
I'm sure you've heard many stories that have inspired you. Me too. I want to share one with you.
My background, to be exact, does not include any existing medical education.
I lived in a monastery in the Himalayas and studied under a very bright teacher He kicked me out of the monastery and said, just like Yoda, your destiny is to work for the WHO and do your part to eradicate smallpox. This was at a time when there was still no organized response to smallpox.
And the fact that smallpox no longer exists should give you some optimism, because it was the worst epidemic in history.
In the 20th century -- that was just seven years ago -- 500 million people died of smallpox -- more than any war in history -- and more than any other epidemic in history.
In 1967, the year of the Summer of Love, two million people, including children, died of smallpox.
this is not an ancient record
Smallpox is described in the Bible as "the boiling plague."
Pharaoh Ramesses V - The person in this painting died of smallpox
To defeat smallpox, we had to muster the largest United Nations army in history.
We visited every household in India looking for smallpox -- 120 million households -- once a month for two years.
Cruelly, we're almost out of it -- this is the last realm you have to learn as a social entrepreneur.
When smallpox was about to be eradicated, it revived. Companies in the town of Tata brought in workers, and jobs brought them to move.
Because I caught smallpox in the only place where smallpox remained, and I went home to die.
At that time, they brought smallpox to 10 other countries, and the epidemic returned.
we had to redo everything
But in the end, we succeeded, and the last smallpox patient was this little girl, Rahina Bhanu, in Barisal, Bangladesh, when she coughed or exhaled, the last smallpox virus left her lungs. Falling to the ground, the sun killed the last virus, and the greatest fear of all time, the chain of epidemics, was broken.
Shouldn't this make you feel optimistic?
The epidemic that killed hundreds of thousands of people in India and blinded half the people in India has been eradicated.
And the most important thing for all of you in this room is the connection.
Between doctors and health workers from 30 different countries, all ethnicities, religions and races joined forces and fought together, not against each other, but against a common enemy.
How can this not make you optimistic about your future?
thank you
(applause)
Some people compare living in Africa to living at the end of the world, and it really is.
Human intellectual and technological innovations happened in Europe and other parts of the world, but Africa was sort of disconnected.
The arrival of ships changed that, followed by the Renaissance, followed by the Scientific and Industrial Revolutions.
And now it's the digital revolution
These revolutions have not arrived evenly across continents and countries.
there is no such attempt
This is a map of the submarine fiber optic cable that connects Africa and the world.
Amazingly, Africa transcends geography.
Africa is as connected to the outside world as it is to the inside.
Connectivity has improved dramatically, but obstacles remain
Under these circumstances, Ushahidi was born.
The problem we faced in 2008 was the lack of information flow.
In 2008, following the general election riots in Kenya, severe media restrictions were imposed.
It was a very sad and difficult time.
So we got together and created a piece of software called Ushahidi.
Ushahidi means 'witness' or 'witness' in Swahili.
I'm lucky to have two great friends
I worked with David and Eric on development.
Even though we have different mothers, we are like brothers
It seems that I have a German mother
Together we developed and improved Ushahidi.
What this software does is collect information from things like SMS, email, the web, and map it onto a map so you can see what's happening where. Visualization is data.
After an initial prototype, we released it as free, open-source software, so other developers didn't have to reinvent the wheel.
At the same time, through development, we want to improve Ushahidi and give something back to the local engineering community that has supported us.
We've set up an iHub in Nairobi. It's a real physical space, where we can collaborate. It's now part of Kenya's Integrated Technology Coordination System.
It was founded with the help of several organizations, including the MacArthur Foundation and the Omidia Network.
We expanded our use of the Ushahidi, and over the years it grew into a very useful piece of software, when it was used in Haiti to track the whereabouts of victims and shortages of supplies, and in Japan, when it was radioactive. I was both grateful and humbled when it was used to study materials and tsunami damage.
This year the Internet turns 20, Ushahidi turns 5.
This started from the software we built
It has become an organization and a community that is willing to use this technology in ways we could never have foreseen.
I never imagined that so many maps would be made around the world using this.
From "Hazard Maps", "Election Maps", "Corruption Maps" to "Environmental Monitoring Cloud Maps"
I really appreciate that this software has its roots in Kenya and is being used by people all over the world to solve various problems.
We're trying to find something beyond collective intelligence, where I, as a citizen, can share events with you from the devices I have, so that you can see events more holistically. increase
I returned to Kenya in 2011
Eric returned in 2010
I used to live in Chicago, where I had no problem with an internet connection, so things changed dramatically.
I had never experienced a power outage before.
In Kenya, the situation is completely different, where despite economic growth and the digital revolution, a reliable supply of electricity has been a challenge.
Day in and day out, I was tormented by this problem and felt very uncomfortable.
Power outages are really inconvenient
I'm sitting at my desk trying to get to work and all of a sudden there's a power outage.
And then another power outage, this repeats
This is the reality of Kenya, where we live, as well as other African countries.
Another challenge is high phone bills.
Five Kenyan shillings, or six cents in the US dollar, you can call the United States or Canada or China.
How much does it cost to call Rwanda, Ghana, Nigeria?
That's 30 Kenyan shillings. Calls to African countries cost six times more than calls abroad.
And when traveling in Africa, different mobile providers have different settings.
have to deal with this reality
A fellow Ushahidi joke, "If it works in Africa, it works all over the world."
[Functions are determined by technology, but here it's the other way around] Is it possible to overcome the problems of unstable Internet and power supply and further reduce the cost of connection?
I wondered if we could use cloud technology—
I made cloud maps and Ushahidi.
I wondered if it would be possible to use these technologies to smoothly switch between countries when traveling from country to country.
I looked at modems, they're a critical piece of infrastructure for the internet, and the problem was that modern modems were built for a completely different situation, with stable electricity and the internet. Here in Nairobi, that's a luxury. can't hope
They tried to redesign the modem to match the realities and realities of developing countries.
Could we reduce the disruption to communications?
And the result is this BRCK
It backs up your internet connection.In the event of a sudden power outage, it will automatically connect to the nearest GSM cellular network.
Cellular connectivity spreads across Africa
is permeating
At least 3G connectivity is possible in towns
Let's take advantage of this. That's how BRCK was born.
Another feature is that if there's a power outage, the battery will run for eight hours, so you won't be interrupted, you won't be productive, and you'll be less stressed.
In rural areas, BRCK will be the main means of connecting to the Internet.
Ushahidi's ability to switch is currently being improved. It uses a cloud service to automatically analyze other networks, and when it fails, it switches to a backup line and always picks up the fastest network. So if it finds a faster internet line, it switches to it, and if it doesn't have enough uptime, it automatically switches to yet another line.
The point is that you can have connectivity from anywhere.
Load balancing technology makes this possible.
The other thing that we're interested in -- connecting sensors -- is to bridge the Internet of Things.
Imagine a weather station can connect to BRCK
BRCK has a modular specification, so if you install a satellite communication module, you can connect to the Internet even in remote places.
Adversity breeds innovation. How can Kenya's ambitious programmers and inventors not be discouraged by inadequate infrastructure?
In our case, we started by solving our local Kenyan problem.
Of course there are difficulties
When team members come to Kenya, they become donkey couriers, bringing in parts from the United States, and customs asks them some interesting questions.
"What on earth is this?"
Local financing is not enough for hardware projects
So we raised some money on Kickstarter, and with the help of a lot of people out there and on the internet, BRCK kickstarted, and we're in an interesting stage of getting this to market.
A final word: If BRCK can solve the connectivity problem in the local market, it will be a big boon not only for programmers in Nairobi, but also for small business owners who need a stable internet connection, reducing the cost of connectivity. And if done well, it will also reduce the cost of mutual cooperation between African countries.
The building blocks of the digital economy are connectivity and entrepreneurship.
We hope that BRCK will help connect Africa and lead the global digital revolution.
thank you
(applause)
I was born and raised in North Korea
My family always suffered from poverty, but I was always loved and cared for first, because my sister was the only family and I was the only son.
But in 1994 there was a great famine.
when i was 4 years old
My sister and I used to go looking for firewood. We would leave at five in the morning and return at midnight.
I roamed the streets looking for food, and I remember seeing a little kid on his mother's back eating potato chips and thinking of stealing them.
Hunger is humiliation Hunger is despair
Politics and liberty were irrelevant to a hungry child Politics and liberty were irrelevant to a hungry child
On my ninth birthday, my parents couldn't bring me anything to eat.
I felt the pain of my parents in my child's heart.
In North Korea, over a million people starved to death at the time, and in 2003, when I was 13, my father did the same.
I saw my father wither away and die.
One day in the same year, my mother disappeared, and my sister told me that she would go to China to make money, save up, bring food, and come back soon.
We had never been apart before, and thought we would live together forever. When my sister left, I didn't even give her a goodbye hug.
Biggest mistake of my life
But I didn't know it was going to be a long break But I didn't know it was going to be a long break
I haven't seen my mother or my sister since.
Suddenly I'm a homeless orphan
Daily life was very hard and monotonous.
All I had in mind was looking for dusty bread in the trash.
But you can't live on that alone
Gradually I realized that I couldn't make it by begging
I started stealing food from black market stalls.
I also sometimes did simple tasks to get food.
I worked in a coal mine for two months in the winter. I worked in a coal mine for two months in the winter.
it was common
A lot of orphans survived this way, better still.
When I couldn't sleep because of the bitter cold or the bitterness of hunger, I thought, The next morning, my sister would come back and wake me up.
Because I had this feeling, I was able to live
It's never too much hope
I believe that I will find bread in the next trash can, even if it's not usually possible.
If I didn't think so, I couldn't do anything anymore and I had no choice but to die
Hope was my lifeline
Every day I told myself I have to live no matter what the circumstances
After three years of waiting for my sister to return, I decided to go to China to find my sister.
I thought I wouldn't be able to survive long like this.
I knew it would be a dangerous trip, but my life was in danger anyway.
I might starve to death in North Korea like my father did, so let's at least escape to China and get a better life.
I've seen many people try to cross the Chinese border at night to avoid being spotted.
North Korean border guards often shoot people who cross the border without authorization.
Chinese Soldiers Capture and Repatriate North Koreans; Severe Punishment Awaits Repatriates
I decided to move during the day, and since I was a child, I was afraid of the dark. I thought it was possible to cross without being seen.
I went to China on February 15, 2006.
was 16
I thought life in China would be easier, there's a lot of food, a lot of people --
i thought i could help you
But life was tougher than in North Korea, because I had no freedom.
I was always afraid of being caught and deported.
Miraculously, a few months later, I met someone who ran a secret hideout for North Koreans, and I ended up living there, eating normally for the first time in years.
That year, an activist helped me leave China for the United States as a refugee.
I went to America without knowing any English, but my social worker told me to go to high school.
Even in North Korea I was a failed student
(Laughter) And I didn't even finish elementary school.
I remember fighting every day at school
I was not good at textbooks and libraries
My father tried very hard to get me to study, but it didn't work at all.
One day my father gave up and said
"You are no longer my son"
I was only 11 or 12 years old and I was deeply hurt.
But my desire to learn didn't change until my father died.
So when I was told to go to high school in America, it was really funny.
I didn't even go to middle school
I decided to go to high school without much effort.
But one day, I came home and my adoptive mother was cooking chicken wings for dinner.
As I was eating, I tried to take another one, but when I realized everyone was running out, I stopped.
But when I looked at my plate, there were chicken wings, my adoptive father gave me mine.
i was very happy
I saw my father sitting next to me
Without saying anything, my father looked at me very kindly.
At that moment, I suddenly remembered my biological father
My adoptive father's loving little gestures reminded me of my biological father, who was so hungry that he would starve to death, but he was willing to share his food with me.
I felt like I was suffocating. We have plenty of food in America, but my father starved to death.
That night, I thought, I wanted to cook for my father, and I thought, what else could I do for him? And I thought, what else could I do for him?
My answer was, study hard, get the best education in America, and honor his sacrifice.
And then I took classes seriously, for the first time in my life.
(Applause) Chicken wings changed my life.
(Laughter) Hope is yours and no one can give it to you.
you have to choose to have hope
make hope your own
In North Korea, I made hope my own.
I was able to come to America because I had hope.
But in America, I didn't know what to do, because I had so much freedom.
At that dinner, my adoptive father guided me, inspired me, and gave me purpose in America.
I couldn't do it alone
Hope is not enough
So far, many people have reached out to me
North Koreans are fighting desperately for their lives
We're all working hard to survive, and we have hope, but hope can't come true without help.
this is a message for you
Have hope for yourself and help each other
life is hard no matter where you live
My adoptive father didn't try to change my life.
But those same small acts of love can change someone's life.
A piece of bread satisfies hunger, and if you wish, you can have bread to keep you alive.
I can confidently say that if you act with love, you can help people like me, and you can change the lives of thousands of people who are trying to live with hope.
thank you
(Applause) Thank you, Joseph. It was a very personal and special story.
It's been 10 years since I haven't seen you. Your sister may be watching.
in Korean?
first in english then korean
(Laughter) Okay, I can't speak Korean, because speaking Korean brings tears to my eyes.
Noona, it's already been 10 years since we parted.
i miss you i love you come back alive
after that-
I haven't given up hope to meet again
I'll live my life happily and study hard Until the day we meet, I promise I won't cry anymore
(laughs) I'm really looking forward to meeting you Even if you can't find me, I'll find you I really want to see you someday
May I send a message to my mother too?
of course
The time I spent with you was short but I know you still love me and still pray for me and think of me.
thank you for bringing me into this world
thank you
(applause)
Writing a biography is a strange thing
It's a journey into a realm of someone else's life that isn't yours, a journey of exploration that takes you to places you never dreamed you'd go. Like, if an agnostic Jew traces the life of the Prophet Muhammad, what if he traces the life of the Prophet Muhammad?
For example, five years ago, I woke up in a foggy Seattle morning with an unanswerable question, that desert night on the other side of the world, half a century ago, in that moment, what did it really mean? happened?
So what happened on that night in 610 AD when Muhammad received his first revelation from the Quran on a mountain just outside Mecca?
It's a moment of central mystery in Islam, although of course this question cannot be analyzed empirically.
But this question never left my mind
I know it's completely impudent for a non-religious person like me to ask.
(Laughter) I plead guilty, because exploration is inevitably guilty of crossing boundaries, both physical and intellectual.
Although there is a difference in the size of the boundary
Now, to the Muslims, Muhammad was to them, but to the rationalists, it's a wishful fiction rather than a fact, because, like you, I consider myself a rationalist.
When I look at the oldest accounts of that night, I'm more fascinated by what didn't happen than what happened.
Muhammad did not descend from the mountain as if he were walking on air.
"Hallelujah!" "Bless God!"
I didn't come down screaming
neither light nor joy emanated
There was no chorus of angels, no heavenly music, no exaltation, no ecstasy, no golden aura surrounding her, nothing to make her feel her absolute and destined role as God's messenger.
There was nothing of the kind, so it would have been easy to accuse the story of being a religious hoax.
quite the opposite
He testified himself that at first he thought that what happened then could not be real.
At best it must have been a hallucination Is it an illusion, is it an auditory hallucination
It's the worst if you're attacked by a demon djinn and possessed.
In fact, he thought he was Majnun, possessed by the demon djinn, and when he realized he was still alive, he tried to end it all at once by jumping off the highest cliff and putting an end to all the experiences he had experienced. I tried to escape from the fear of
The man ran down the mountain that night, trembling not with joy but with cruel, primal fear.
He didn't have a shred of certainty, but rather was overwhelmed with doubts.
And the panicked sense of direction, the disconnection from all that was familiar, the realization of something beyond human comprehension and overwhelming, was nothing short of terrifying "awe."
Now that we use the word "awesome" to describe the latest apps and popular videos, this feeling can be hard to understand.
We don't experience real awe, except for things like giant earthquakes.
He shuts himself off from the outside world, shrinks back, believes he's in control, or at least he hopes so.
We struggle to turn a blind eye to the fact that sometimes it's beyond our control and we can't even explain it.
But whether you are a rationalist or a mystic, whether you believe that the words Muhammad heard that night came from within him or from without, what is certain is that he experienced it, and in that experience. A force that shattered his ego and worldview transformed this otherwise humble man into a radical advocate for social and economic justice.
Fear was the legitimate response, no other human response.
It was so human that conservative Islamic theologians, for example, argued that Muhammad's desire to die should be kept under wraps, even though it is recorded in the earliest Islamic biographies.
Theologians claim that Muhammad never doubted, much less despaired, for a moment.
Seeking perfection, they refused to accept human imperfection.
But where exactly is doubt imperfect?
After reading the old accounts, I realized that Muhammad didn't die, and I can accept him as a real person, only because he had doubts.
The more I think about it, the more it makes sense that he doubted, because doubt is the essence of faith.
If you think this is a shocking idea, think of suspicion as "the heart of the matter," as Graham Greene once said.
Eliminate doubt, and what remains is not faith, but absolute, coreless belief.
You will be convinced that you have the "Truth," the one and only absolute truth, represented by a capital T. And this belief will quickly morph into doctrine and justice. It's the emotional, arrogant pride that flaunts its own legitimacy, the arrogance of fundamentalism.
The irony of history is that the preferred swear word of the Islamic fundamentalists is the same favorite of the Christian fundamentalists known as the Crusaders. is Latin for "without faith"
The doubly ironic thing is that their absolutism is actually the exact opposite of faith.
In fact, they are heathens
Fundamentalists in any religion are only answers, not questions.
It's the perfect way to avoid thinking, and the ideal way to hide from the harsh demands of true faith.
Now the fundamentalists, not just Jacob who fought the angels all night long, or Jesus who spent 40 days in the wilderness training, or that night on the mountain where he received a revelation, but all his life as a prophet, holding the Quran in his hand, said, "Don't despair." I no longer have to fight like Muhammad, who denounced those who said to themselves, loudly, "I know everything and I am only right."
Moreover, we, a vastly outnumbered but silent mass, have given the public space to this extremist minority.
Judaism was used by savior-seekers to force their way into the West Bank, Christianity by homophobic hypocrites and misogynistic bigots, and Islam by suicide bombers. allowed to use
They didn't understand the fact that armed extremists are not any religion, even if they claim to be Christians, Jews, or Muslims.
All armed extremists are cults, clan friends in the blood of others.
this is not faith
fanaticism, don't mix the two
You must know that true faith has no easy answers.
A difficult and difficult opponent
It's a constant struggle.
We go hand in hand with doubt, engage in endless dialogue with doubt, sometimes consciously confront doubt.
This conscious conflict is what allows me to be an agnostic and still have faith.
I believe that peace in the Middle East, for example, is achievable despite the mounting evidence that it's not going to happen.
i'm not sure
I don't mean to say "it's possible"
We just believe it's possible and we express this belief.Otherwise we are tempted to give up this belief.Otherwise we are tempted to give up this belief and give up speaking up. It's from
because despair will come true
When we say "impossible," we are trying to make it impossible.
At least I refuse to live like that
In fact, most people refuse. Whether you're an atheist or a theist, or somewhere in between or beyond, it's the doubts that move us, but the doubts. to reject the nihilism of despair
We express our faith in the future and in our relationship
I don't care if you say it's a naive idea
You could call me an extreme idealist
But one thing is certain, we are human
If Muhammad had no faith and rejected the arrogance of narrow convictions, could he have changed the world so radically?
I do not think so
I've been working with him for the past five years through his writing, and I think he must be very angry with the fundamentalist extremists who claim to be operating in the Middle East and elsewhere today in the name of Muhammad. increase
He would be appalled that half the population is being oppressed by gender.
Hearts will be torn apart by bitter rivalries between factions.
He will cry out terrorism not just for crime, but for the insane twisting of everything he believed in and strived for.
He will preach the teachings of the Koran, "Whoever kills a man -- kills all mankind."
"He who saves lives saves the lives of all mankind"
And he will commit himself to the tough and thorny process of peacebuilding.
thank you
(Applause) Thank you. (Applause)
In the northwestern United States, right on the Canadian border, there's a small town called Libby, Montana, surrounded by pine forests, lakes, beautiful wildlife, and giant trees that reach to the sky.
I visited Libby, a small town surrounded by such an environment, and it was a lonely place, like an isolated island.
Libby has a unique woman named Gayla Benefield.
Although she's of Russian descent, she's lived in the city for most of her life, but she's always felt that she's different.
She told me that she was the only girl in school who chose mechanical drawing.
Then Gayla got a job and started going door to door reading gas and electric meters.
It was a daytime job, but what bothered her was that there were men in the house during the day, and they were middle-aged people in their 40s and 50s, and quite a few of them had oxygen cylinders.
she thought something was wrong
A few years later, Gayla's father died at the age of 59, just five days before he started receiving his pension.
I was a miner
Guira thought it was the result of hard work.
But a few years later, her mother passed away, and her death seemed even more bizarre, because her family had lived long enough to live forever.
In fact, Gayla's uncle is still alive and well, learning the waltz.
My Mother Died Young—I Couldn't Find a Reason
The death was "abnormal," which worried Guira.
I remembered many things while thinking
For example, something like this happened when my mom went to the hospital with a broken leg -- and they took a bunch of X-rays -- two leg pictures, of course, but six chest pictures. was
She remembered and thought about every moment in her and her parents' lives, trying to make sense of what she saw.
I thought of my town
The town used to have a vermiculite mine.
When vermiculite is used as a soil amendment, plants grow larger and faster.
It was also used to insulate the attic, which in large quantities can keep you warm during the long Montana winters.
Vermiculite is also in the park
on the football field
There was also a skating rink
It wasn't until Gayla tackled the problem that she learned that vermiculite contained asbestos, a highly toxic substance.
After solving the mystery, she tried to tell everyone what had happened, and what had happened to her parents and the people who stayed home during the day with their oxygen tanks on.
but she is amazed
I thought that if everyone knew the truth, something would start, but no one wanted to know.
The more I tried to tell this story to my neighbors, my friends, everyone in my community, the more people hated it, and eventually, some of our residents made stickers and proudly put them on their cars. I even put it on my car. It's a sticker that says, "I'm from Libby, Montana, and I don't have asbestos."
Still, Gayla didn't give up and continued her investigation.
The spread of the Internet has boosted the investigation.
Talk to as many people as you can—
After a lot of controversy, she finally got lucky. She learned that a researcher was going to visit the town to investigate the history of mining. At first they didn't believe me, but when the researcher returned to Seattle to investigate, it turned out to be true.
I made friends like this
Still the residents do not want to know
They said, "If it was that dangerous, someone would have told me."
"If that's the real reason people are dying - the doctor would have warned you."
Men accustomed to hard labor said, "What about victims?
I would never want to be—but accidents happen in every industry.”
But Gayla didn't give up, and she finally managed to get federal agencies into town to get health checks for 15,000 residents, and it turned out that the death rate in the town was 80 times higher than the death rate in the United States as a whole. was to climb
It was 2002, but even then, no one was willing to raise the alarm. "Look at the park where your grandchildren are playing --
It's full of vermiculite," no one said.
this is not due to ignorance
due to "intentional ignorance"
Intentional ignorance, in legal terms, is information that you not only know, but should know, but if you try not to know it -- legally it's considered willful ignorance.
I chose not to know
There are many examples of intentional ignorance all around us these days.
It's a deliberate ignorance by banks that there are thousands of people selling mortgages to people who have no money.
The fact that everyone knew that interest rates were being manipulated and deliberately neglected it, and the fact that everyone knew that interest rates were being manipulated and deliberately neglected it was a deliberate ignorance by the banks.
Decades of neglect of child abuse within the Catholic Church is also a deliberate neglect.
Deliberate neglect was also seen in the preparations for the Iraq War.
While this kind of intentional neglect exists on a large scale, it also exists on a very small scale in families, homes, communities, and organizations.
When investigating intentional neglect by companies, we ask questions such as, "Are there any issues at work that employees are afraid to bring up?"
When researchers surveyed American companies -- when researchers surveyed American companies -- 85 percent of people said yes to these questions.
85% of people know there's a problem, but don't say anything about it.
When I did the same survey in Europe, using the same questions, we got exactly the same percentages.
85% So many silences -
so many ignores
What I found interesting was that when I went to a company in Switzerland, they said, "This is a Swiss problem."
If you go to Germany, you will be told, "This is the German disease."
In British companies, they say, "This is where British people are not good at."
But it's really a human problem.
We deliberately ignore everyone when the environment is right.
Research shows that while some people ignore it out of fear or fear of retaliation,
It's useless to turn your eyes, because nothing will change anyway
that some people ignore
For example, protesting against the Iraq war will not change anything.
I think it's better not to see
One thing I hear over and over again is people say, "The people you look up to are scumbags, and you know what's going to happen to them."
There's a deep-seated misconception about whistleblowers, first of all, that they're crazy.
I've traveled around the world -- talking to whistleblowers -- and what I've found is that they're very honest, and many of them are conservative.
They have a deep sense of loyalty to the organizations they belong to, and the reason they speak up -- the reason they keep an eye on them -- is because they really care about them and want them to be healthy.
About whistleblowers, they also say things like, "What they're doing is meaningless. Look at what happened to them.
I will be crushed
No one wants that kind of experience."
On the other hand, when I talk to whistleblowers, there is always pride in their tone.
For example, Joe Darby
We all remember the photos of Abu Ghraib Prison, which shook the world and showed what the war in Iraq was like.
But do you remember Joe Darby, who was a good, obedient soldier who discovered that photo and made the accusations?
In his words, "I'm not the type to sell other people, but I had already crossed the finish line.
I was told that it would be better for me if I didn't know, but I can't stand it."
I also spoke with British doctor Steve Borsin, who spent five years trying to let people know about a dangerous surgeon who was killing babies.
When I asked him what got him started, he said, "My daughter pushed me.
My daughter came up one night and said, 'Dad, don't let the kids die.'" Cynthia Thomas is the daughter and wife of a very loyal military man. I was shocked by the military's refusal to acknowledge their deplorable mental state and post-traumatic stress syndrome, so I opened a cafe in the middle of a town full of military personnel and offered legal, emotional and medical support. started
She said, "I've always said I don't know what I want to be in the future.
But when I started this job, I realized that I had changed.”
Now we enjoy a lot of freedoms, hard-earned freedoms, like the freedom to publish what we write without fear of censorship -- freedoms that didn't exist when we were here in Hungary before, and the freedom to vote. - Especially for women, it has been a struggle to get it - the freedom of people of all races and cultures - the freedom to live as they wish...
But freedom doesn't exist unless you exercise it, and what whistleblowers like Gayla Bennefield are doing is exercising their own freedom.
They're ready for what's to come, saying, "We're going to have arguments, we're going to argue with neighbors, with co-workers, with friends, and we're going to be strong in these conflicts."
"I will deal with negative people, because they make my case better and stronger."
"Let's cooperate with those who stand against us to make our activities better."
They're very tenacious, they have great patience, they're determined not to ignore or keep silent.
When I went to Libby, Montana, I visited an asbestos clinic, thanks to Gayla Bennefield, and even people who initially needed treatment and came in for help sometimes walked in through the back door. I didn't want to admit she was right I didn't want to admit she was right
As I was looking out from my dining room, I could see trucks driving up and down the highway, taking dirt out of people's yards and replacing it with new, clean soil.
I took my 12-year-old daughter with me to meet Gayla.
"Why?" my daughter asks
I said, "Gayla's not a movie star, not a celebrity, not an expert, and as she says herself - not a saint.
But it's very important that she's a normal person.
She's an ordinary person like us-
I had freedom and I tried to use it."
thank you
(applause)
I will never forget that day, the spring of 2006.
I was a surgical resident at Johns Hopkins Hospital, and I was a surgical resident at Johns Hopkins Hospital.
I got an emergency call at 2 a.m. I went to the ER to see a diabetic woman with gangrene on her leg.I was scheduled to see a diabetic woman with gangrene on her leg.
I still remember that rotting flesh smell when I opened the curtains and saw her I still remember that rotting flesh smell
Severe and clearly required hospitalization Severe and clearly required hospitalization
But the choice I had to make wasn't whether I needed hospitalization.
But the choice I had to make wasn't whether I needed hospitalization, but whether I should have an amputation.
Looking back, I wish I had treated this patient with the same kindness that I had treated a few days before. I came to the ER and it turned out to be advanced pancreatic cancer.
The cancer was so advanced that nothing could have been done to save her life.
But I did everything I could to make her feel comfortable, including warm blankets and coffee delivered to her and her parents.
And most of all, I never thought she was to blame, because she wasn't the cause of my illness.
So why, three days later, was I in the same ER, and why, three days later, when I decided to amputate a diabetic's leg, did I despise her?
Because unlike the patient three days ago, she has type 2 diabetes.
and I was fat
It's common sense to think that eating too much and not exercising is the cause.It's common sense to think that eating too much and not exercising is the cause.
Even though it's easy to prevent
Looking at her lying on the bed, I thought to myself, if only I had been a little more careful, I wouldn't have been in this situation. is the
Why did you think it was natural to make such a decision?
I would like to say that I do not understand
I actually know why
I thought I knew everything about her, perhaps because of my youthful arrogance.
I ate too much and unfortunately
I had diabetes-- that's the only way I thought
Ironically, I was doing cancer research at the time, and ironically, I was doing cancer research at the time, and it was about immunotherapy for melanoma, and in this research world, we were taught that we doubted everything and allowed speculation. Don't doubt anything, don't allow speculation, and think scientifically.
And yet, in the United States, I never once questioned the wisdom of diabetes, which is eight times more deadly than melanoma in the United States.
I assumed that a series of pathological events had been scientifically resolved.
3 years later I realize I was wrong
This time I became the patient.
Despite exercising three to four hours a day and taking care of my nutrition, I gained weight and developed metabolic syndrome.
Some of you may know
became insulin resistant
Insulin can be described as the hormone that regulates how the body responds to the food it eats: whether it is burned or stored.
In a nutshell, it's metabolic control.
Lack of insulin can affect your life
Insulin resistance, as the name suggests, is when cells become resistant to insulin and are unable to exert its effects.
Once you become insulin resistant, you are at greater risk of diabetes Once you become insulin resistant, you are at greater risk of diabetes because your pancreas is overwhelmed with resistance and cannot make enough insulin.
Blood sugar levels start to rise, triggering all sorts of diseases: heart disease, cancer, Alzheimer's, heart disease, cancer, Alzheimer's, etc. It can even lead to the amputation of a leg, just like the woman did a few years ago.
I was terrified, and I immediately started overhauling my diet, adding things, subtracting things, in ways I wouldn't normally think of.
Mysteriously, I was exercising less, but I lost 18 kg.
As you can see, I'm not obese anymore
And more importantly, it also overcame insulin resistance.
But I was left with three questions that I couldn't get out of my head.
If you're sick despite your common sense about nutrition, are there other people out there doing the same?
These questions made me really want to understand the relationship between obesity and insulin resistance.
Most researchers believe that obesity is the cause of insulin resistance.
That's why I recommend weight loss to treat insulin resistance.So I recommend weight loss to treat insulin resistance.
First treat obesity
But what if it's the other way around?
Obesity does not cause insulin resistance
What if it's a symptom of a deeper problem? We may just be looking at the tip of the iceberg
It may sound silly in this age of obesity, but listen to me.
What if obesity is a response to a much worse problem happening inside our cells? What if it's a countermeasure to a much worse problem?
It doesn't mean that obesity is harmless. It just means that it's better than other underlying metabolic problems. It means that it's better than other underlying metabolic problems.
Insulin resistance impairs energy allocation Impairs energy allocation Impairs proper burning and storage of calories from food
Insulin resistance causes homeostatic imbalance Insulin resistance causes homeostatic imbalance
So when insulin is asked to burn more energy than the cell thinks is safe, most of the time the cell says, "No, I'd rather store it."
Fat cells don't have as complex a cellular machinery as other cells, so they're the perfect place for storage.
For the 75 million Americans who have insulin resistance, the body's correct response may be to store it as fat.
It's a subtle difference, but the implications are quite different.
Think about it, you accidentally hit your shin on the table and got a bruise.
It hurts like hell and the bruise is discolored It hurts like hell and the bruise is discolored But it's clear that the bruise itself isn't the problem.
Rather, it's the opposite, a healthy response to trauma: mobilizing the immune system to the wound to pick up cellular debris.
If we believe that the bruise itself is a problem, and we've developed a cure for bruises, and we've developed a cure for bruises, masking creams, pain relievers, etc. But people who hit their shins on the table are back. No, but people who slam their shins on the table never stop.
You should do something about the cause. You can tell people walking in the living room to be careful. You can tell people walking in the living room to be careful.
A correct understanding of cause and effect can make a big difference A correct understanding of cause and effect can make a big difference
Wrong understanding is good for drug companies and shareholders Wrong understanding is good for drug companies and shareholders but it does nothing for people with bruises on their shins.
is cause and effect
What I'm saying about obesity and insulin resistance is that we may be confusing cause and effect in obesity and insulin resistance.
Maybe we should ask ourselves this question: Is insulin resistance likely to cause obesity and obesity-related diseases for many people? Could I get obesity or obesity-related diseases?
What if being obese is just a metabolic response to a greater threat lurking behind us? What if it's just a metabolic response to a greater threat lurking behind? here are some important facts
in America
There are 30 million people who are obese and not insulin resistant.
It's not likely that you're at more risk of disease than skinny people It's not likely that you're at more risk of disease than skinny people
Conversely, 6 million lean people are insulin resistant. Conversely, 6 million lean people are insulin resistant. People in this group are more likely to have metabolic-related diseases, and people in this group are more likely to have metabolic-related diseases.
I don't know why, but it's probably because in this group the cells just can't handle the excess energy.
You can be obese and not have insulin resistance, and you can be thin and have insulin resistance. prize?
What if you fight with the wrong opponent? What if you were fighting obesity instead of insulin resistance?
Isn't blaming obesity the same as blaming the victim?
What if our basic knowledge about obesity is wrong? What if our basic knowledge about obesity is wrong?
I stopped arrogantly assuming I stopped arrogantly assuming
But I'm interested in other ideas, but I'm also interested in other ideas
Here's my hypothesis Here's my hypothesis
What do cells protect themselves from when they become insulin resistant? What do cells protect themselves from when they become insulin resistant? Probably not excess food.
The answer is excess glucose, or blood sugar.
Refined grains and starches are known to raise blood sugar in the short term Refined grains and starches are known to raise blood sugar in the short term Also why sugar directly causes insulin resistance I have
If this process works -- we can hypothesize that it's the increased uptake of sugars -- refined grains, sugars, starches, etc. that's driving obesity and diabetes, not refined grains, sugars, starches, etc. We can hypothesize that the cause is insulin resistance, not necessarily eating too much or not exercising enough, but insulin resistance is not always the result of eating too much or not exercising enough.
A few years ago, when I lost 18 kg, I was simply doing these restrictions. I admit it's an idea based on my experience.
But that doesn't mean the prejudice is wrong, and most importantly, it's all scientifically scrutinized.
The first step is to accept that the conventional wisdom about obesity, diabetes and insulin resistance may be wrong.
I run my career
I have devoted my life to this problem, and I will continue to follow where science leads.
I've decided to stop pretending to know things I don't know I've decided to stop pretending to know things I don't know
It made me realize how many things I didn't know
Last year, I was fortunate enough to work with some of America's brightest obesity and diabetes researchers, and best of all, just as Lincoln had his rivals around him, so did I.
We pick our rival scientists, all brilliant, but with very different theories about the crux of the problem.
Some people eat too many calories
Some people have too much fat in their diet
Some people think it's too much refined grains and too much starch.
This skeptical team of brilliant researchers agrees on two things.
One is that the obesity problem is not so trivial as to be dismissed as solved.
And the second thing is that if we're not afraid to make mistakes, if we challenge common sense, if it's based on scientific experiments, we can solve the problem.
It's true that it's tempting to look for answers too quickly, like, what kind of behavior is good for you, or if you eat this, it's good for you, or if you want to get this right. Before we need more rigorous science
As a countermeasure, our research has three themes As a countermeasure, our research has three themes
The first is how the food you put into your body affects your metabolism, your hormones and your enzymes through molecular mechanisms.
And the second is, based on this knowledge, can people change their diet in a safe and workable way?
After finally figuring out the safe and actionable dietary changes, after finally figuring out the safe and actionable dietary changes, how can I live my life in such a way that I don't think of healthy eating as something special, and naturally choose it? Is it possible to change? Is it possible to change your life as you naturally choose?
Knowing what to do doesn't mean you can do it Knowing what to do doesn't mean you can do it
That's why I need to give you a boost from time to time.
I don't know how this journey will end, but one thing is clear: I can no longer blame people who are obese or have diabetes, which is what I did.
Many patients want to do the right thing, but they don't know how to do it right.
I dream that one day my patients will lose unnecessary weight and one day they will overcome their insulin resistance. We need purpose, we need the courage to open our minds and let go of the past We need the courage to open our minds and let go of the past.
Adhering to these ideas is good for both patients and science.
If obesity is just a marker of metabolic disease, if obesity is just a marker of metabolic disease, then blaming the metrics won't do you any good.
I sometimes think of that night in the ER.
already 7 years ago
I wish I could talk to that woman again
i want to say i'm sorry
I did all I could as a doctor, I did all I could as a doctor, but as a human being, I hurt him.
You didn't need my evaluation or criticism.
What you needed was compassion and empathy. More than anything, you needed a doctor who cared. Most of all, you needed a doctor who cared.
There might have been a mistake in the system that included me in the past There might have been a mistake in the system that included me in the past
If you're looking at this now, I hope you'll forgive me.
(applause)
I'm going to talk about how to create humor, which is interesting, but I'm also going to talk about the constraints involved and why humor can and can't be funny in some situations.
Well, I'm from New York, so this is 100% funny.
But it's not really possible, because humor is best when it's 75 percent funny.
No one is 100% satisfied with humor, except this one.
(Laughter) My first wife.
(Laughter) We both got along well around here.
(Laughter) Now, let's take a look at this cartoon.
What's important here is that these comics are what the reader sees on the pages of The New Yorker, surrounded by this elegant typeface, and on this page, they look like okay comics.
It's a little tease about getting old, and I think most people will enjoy it.
But like I said earlier, you can't please everyone.
this man was useless
"It's another joke about an old man, isn't it funny?
It's fun to make fun of old people But you'll grow old someday too I hope you don't die on the way
(Laughter) With "The New Yorker," it's easy to offend the reader if you're not careful.
As you can see, this is a special environment.
now here you all listen to me
It's a group, so you can hear everyone laughing by the laughter around them.
In the case of The New Yorker, the magazine is in the hands of many different readers, and even if you're reading it alone, you never know who else might be laughing at what they're seeing. increase
Check out this manga
"Sad Data About Antidepressants"
(Laughter) This is really sad.
Now, almost everyone in this room is laughing at this.
They all found it interesting.
In general, this is a funny cartoon, but let's take a look at the results of an online survey.
About 85% of the respondents answered that it was interesting
109 gave the highest rating of 10, 10 gave 1
just look at the individual reactions
"I LOVE ANIMALS!!!!!" Look at this love for animals
(Laughter) "I don't want to abuse animals. I don't think this is funny."
This person got a 2
"I don't want to see animals suffer - even in cartoons."
We tell these people that we print with anesthetic ink.
other people found this funny
That's the nature of the distribution of humor, and that's what happens when humor doesn't diffuse well.
humor is a kind of entertainment
All entertainment comes with a little thrill, something bad might happen, but it's still fun if you're on the safe side.
It's the same with zoos, it's dangerous, tigers are right there.
There's a cage, so you can enjoy yourself in peace, right?
This kind of zoo is boring
(Laughter) It's a good zoo for animal lovers, but it's not fun to go to.
but this is worse
(Laughter) When you're dealing with humor in the setting of The New Yorker, you have to think about where you put the tiger.
Where the danger works
how to control
My job is to judge 1000 manga every week.
The New Yorker has 16 or 17 pages, but there are 1,000 in total.
Of course, a lot of manga has to be scrapped.
If we reduce the number of articles from magazines, we can publish more cartoons.
(Laughter) But that would be a big loss, a bearable loss, but a big loss.
Every week a new cartoonist sends us a work
Cartoonists who continue to contribute to the magazine send us 10 to 15 ideas a week.
most of them will be rejected
That's what creativity is about
many leave and some remain
Matt Diffie is one of them
this is his work
(Laughter) Drew Dernavich, The Accountant's Impromptu Comedy.
"Now let's have the audience shout out a random number."
Paul Noss: "He looks good, I wish he was a little more Israeli"
(Laughter) I know the pain of being rejected. When I gave up my studies in psychology -- or more accurately, got kicked out of school -- and decided to become a manga artist, it was a natural progression, and between 1974 and 1977, I made 2,000 copies. I sent my comics to The New Yorker, and they all got rejected.
(Unfortunately not accepted, thank you for posting) (Unfortunately not accepted, thank you for posting) In 1977, out of the blue, I received this:
(Hey, you're hired. Seriously, your comics are going to be in the New Yorker.) (Laughter) Of course not, but that's how I feel.
Of course, it's not even the "New Yorker" humor.
What is the humor in The New Yorker?
In 1977, the manga began appearing in The New Yorker.
In 1980, with all due respect, I signed a contract with The New Yorker.
Here's the contract I got in 1980: "Mr. Mankoff, this time, I'm going to sign a contract for an idea sketch."
In this "idea sketch," I don't see the word "manga" anywhere in the contract.
In fact, there is no New Yorker cartoon without an idea sketch.
So what is an idea sketch? it makes the viewer think
This isn't a manga. It's only when you combine your thoughts with the thoughts of a manga artist that you become a manga.
(Laughter) This will give you an idea of ​​what I mean by comics.
"The world is unfair. You could say that this world is right. This world is wonderful."
It's a "lemming idea." (Laughter)
(Laughter) "The New Yorker," I commented. Cartoons are something that leaves ambiguity in its meaning.
What does this manga mean? Something about lemmings?
no it's about us
For example, my basic idea about religion is that all interreligious conflicts and controversies are about whose imaginary friend is the best.
(Laughter) This is my most famous cartoon.
“No, not Thursday.
It's been copied thousands of times, arbitrarily.
Even the women's underwear, "What do you mean - why don't you ever see them again?"
These seem to be very different forms of humor, but they're actually very similar.
both fall short of our expectations
Both stories take unexpected turns
there is disagreement and contrast
In "No Thursdays, what do you mean - why don't we meet?"
Politeness and rudeness live together in the same sentence
That's how humor works: it's a cognitive synergy that mixes two irreconcilable things, and makes them exist temporarily in the reader's head.
he is polite and rude
There's the sincerity and the rudeness of the words of the "New Yorker" here.
This is how humor works
You could say I'm a humor analyst
E.B. White said that analyzing humor is like dissecting a frog.
Do something that doesn't make much sense, just kill the frog.
I'll kill some of them too, but I won't massacre them.
But as a result - look at this picture, audience laughing
There's a lot of people and a nice guy up there, they're all laughing, they're all except one.
It's this guy. Who is it? I am a critic
A critic of humor. I have to be in this position. This is the danger of being in The New Yorker. You're going to end up like this guy.
Here's a short video by Matt Diffie.
Bob Mankoff "Oh no"
Wow
oh hmm too funny
Normally it's fine, but now I'm annoyed
Maybe I'll enjoy it alone
No, no, no
too much too bad
Good art but not funny enough
no no
Impossible, no good at all
(music) No no no no no [4 hours later] Oh this is good What did you bring?
Colleague: "Ham cheese sandwich on rye bread?" Bob Mankoff: "No."
Colleague: "Okay, pastrami sandwich?" Bob: "No."
Colleague: "Smoked turkey and bacon sandwich?" Bob: "No."
Colleague "Falafel?" Bob "Let me see"
Oh no
Colleague: "Grilled cheese sandwich?" Bob: "No."
Colleague "BLT?" Bob "No."
Colleague: “Ham, mozzarella and apple mustard sandwich?” Bob: “No.”
Colleague "Green bean salad?" Bob "No."
(music) no no
No [several hours after lunch] (Siren) No, just go.
(Laughter) It's an exaggeration of my work.
It's true that we discard a lot of manga -- there are so many that there are so many books that are called "collection of discarded books."
"Broken Collection" is a kind of humor that doesn't quite fit in The New Yorker.
Have you noticed the homeless people on the sidewalks, drunken ventriloquist puppets throwing up?
This wouldn't be "The New Yorker" humor.
Actually, this was edited by our cartoonist, Matt Diffie.
Here are some of the botsu collection humor
"I want children"
(Laughter) Interesting -- it's a hesitant laugh, a laugh that defies common sense.
(laughs)
(Laughter) The humor is perfect for the purpose of the book, which is "Cartoons you'll never see in the New Yorker."
let me explain
The concept of humor has the idea of ​​harmless transgression.
So in order for something to be funny, it has to be wrong but forgiven.
We will say, "That's no good," when it's completely wrong.
What's wrong with being perfectly permissible? That means
"No Thursday, how about?" is harmless, but "Why don't we ever meet again?" is rude.
It's an impossible combination.
In this case, I feel that this is fine.
In this collection, "I don't know what to do. Help me." This is a forgivable offense.
But when it comes to putting this on the New Yorker...
"T Cell Army: Could the Body's Immune Response Help Cure Cancer?"
You're reading this difficult article, an intelligent analysis of the immune system.
When I glanced at him, he said, "I can't find anything, please help me."
This violation is unacceptable.It's not going to work.
There is no such thing as funny in any situation
Everything is situational and within our expectations.
Here's one way to look at it
It's kind of like motivation by how we look, it's a matter of motivation and mood, where your mood determines your likes and dislikes.
Seeking stimulation when playful
I enjoy being excited
Even the same thing can cause anxiety in a serious mood.
"Botu Collection" is definitely a manga of this category.
Sometimes I want to be inspired
I don't want to violate
It's kind of like an amusement park
VOICE: Let's go (cheers) He's laughing He's in a dangerous and safe place and he's really inspired I don't need jokes I don't need to
When people are stimulated and excited, they start laughing at anything.
This is another manga from "botu collection"
"Too tight?"
This is a manga about terrorism
The atmosphere of The New Yorker is unique
It has its own sense of playfulness, but it's also serious, and the manga you publish in such a place will be unique.
I'm going to show you a cartoon that The New Yorker put out right after 9/11, and it's a very sensitive area for humor.
What happened to The New Yorker?
The man with the bomb can't say, "Is it too tight?"
There's another manga that I didn't show you because I thought some people would be offended.
It's a great Sam Gross cartoon that came out after Muhammad's argument that Muhammad is in heaven and the suicide bombers are in the mix and Muhammad says to the suicide bomber, "If you find your penis, there will be a maiden waiting for you." ”
(Laughter) I'd rather not paint.
I took a break from publishing manga during the week of the terrorist attack.
It's not a humor act, it really was.
Humor is not always good
But the next week, I posted my first manga.
"I never thought I could laugh again until I saw your clothes"
This means that if you live, you can laugh and you can breathe
It's going to exist. This is another manga.
"I realized that if I didn't have my third martini, the terrorists won."
These stories aren't about terrorists, they're about us.
Our humor reflects who we are
The simplest form of humor, though legitimate, is friends making fun of their enemies.
called trend humor
95% of humor is this, not ours.
let me show you one more
"I'd rather live in a Muslim fundamentalist country."
(Laughter) Humor needs a target.
Interestingly enough, The New Yorker's target is us.
The target is the reader, the humor maker.
Humor is a reflection of the self and makes us think about our own assumptions.
Check out Roz Chaist's cartoon A man is reading an obituary
"2 years younger, 12 years older, 3 years younger, exactly the same age, exactly the same age"
this is a very deep manga
In a way, "The New Yorker" is letting cartoons tell us more about ourselves than just being funny.
"I became a vegetarian for my health and as a moral choice. Now I just want to annoy people."
(Laughter) "Excuse me - I think this is kind of weird. It's a small detail that no one but me could point out."
This represents our obsession, our narcissism, our shortcomings and our conceit, not anyone else.
The New Yorker asks the reader to do some intellectual work, to do something about the relationship between humor, art, and science, something that Arthur Koestler called a dichotomy in "Theory of Creative Activity." I'm looking for something called a former bond.
You can't understand manga unless you combine ideas from different frameworks and quickly.
If you can't combine different frameworks within half a second, it's not fun.
it's a different framework
"Did you sleep with her?"
(Laughs) "Lassie! Call someone!"
(Laughs) This is a "French Army Knife"
(Laughter) This is Einstein's bedroom.
(Laughter) Some manga are a little more difficult.
this would be hard to understand
How many people know the meaning of this manga?
The dog is giving signs that it wants to go for a walk
The catcher signs the batter to "walk"
That's why we do a cartoon feature every year "Magic: The New Yorker's Cartoon IQ Test"
(Laughter) Another thing I love about "The New Yorker" is that it's out of place.
Anything that is too natural and logical is not interesting.
Out of place works with humor within observational reality.
"My boss always gives me instructions."
This is possible. It's humor within the realm of reality.
Here the cowboy is saying to the cow, "I'd love to have 5,000 more like you."
I can understand this, it's crazy, but we can connect the two.
This is nonsense. "Don't worry, Mr. Hopkins. You must read the message carefully."
This is a bit difficult.It doesn't connect well.
People who enjoy nonsense generally like more abstract art, they're more liberal than conservative.
But for us, when we help create humor, it doesn't make sense to compare one to the other.
It's interesting because there are various
I'm going to use this cartoon caption to summarize today's story, and I think it sums up the "New Yorker" cartoon very well.
"It makes you stop and think."
(Laughter) When you look at The New Yorker cartoons, I want you to stop and think for a moment.
thank you
(Applause) Thank you. (Applause)
I would like to examine this proposition, which is of great interest to all of you: "Does extinction have to be eternal?"
I'm going to tell you about two projects I'm involved in.
One is the thylacine project
The other is the Lazarus Project, which is about the platypus, which raises its young in its stomach.
Of course, you might ask, "Why these two animals?"
First, because both were the last species in their respective families.
lost all the species in the family
So we've lost most of the world's genome.
i want it back
The second reason is that we killed them.
Unfortunately the thylacine
Humans have shot and killed every single one of them, they have massacred them.
In the case of the platypus, we can say that we killed it with a "germ weapon."
There's a terrible fungus that's going around the world, called chytrid, that's plaguing frogs all over the world, including the platypus --
I think I got hit by chytrid, and it's humans that spread this chytrid.
This brings us to a very important ethical question, which I'm sure you've been asked many times every time this topic comes up.
I think it's important, since it's clear that we've made these species extinct, that we're morally imperative to think about what we can do -- but also what we should do while we can. I think it's a moral responsibility
Now let's talk about the Lazarus Project.
frog
But it wasn't just any frog
Ordinary frogs lay their eggs in the water and walk away and leave it up to the heavens, but this frog swallowed the fertilized egg, sending it into the stomach for food, but the egg was not digested and the stomach into the uterus. I'll change it
In the stomach the eggs become tadpoles And in the stomach the tadpoles become frogs In the stomach the eggs become tadpoles When the poor parent frog's stomach is about to burst.
When the parent frog makes a small cough and hiccup, the small frogs jump out.
When biologists saw this, they went crazy.
i thought this was great
Animals, let alone frogs, can change one organ into another.
As you can imagine, the medical community was in a frenzy.
If we can figure out how this frog controls its stomach, then maybe we can use it to understand how our own bodies work, or have medical applications?
I'm not saying you want to raise your baby in your stomach, but I'm saying that it will be possible to control gastric secretion.
When everyone was excited like this, bang!
Extinct
I called a friend, Mike Tyler, professor at the University of Adelaide.
He was the last one who had this frog, and he had a group in his lab.
I said, "Mike, could you-" This was 3, 40 years ago.
"Didn't you perhaps cryopreserve this frog's tissue?"
So he thought, and he went to the freezer, a freezer that was -20 degrees Celsius, and he turned everything inside out and found a jar at the bottom, and it contained this frog tissue.
I was thrilled, but -- there's no guarantee this will work, because this tissue didn't have cryoprotectants in it, and it wasn't made to freeze when frozen.
Normally, when water freezes, it expands, as you know, and the same thing happens inside cells.
When you freeze tissue, the water expands, damaging or rupturing the cell walls.
But when you look at the tissue under a microscope,
It wasn't bad, the cell walls were intact.
So I thought let's try
What we did is what we call - somatic cell nuclear transfer.
We take the eggs of our distant relative, the frog, and inactivate the nucleus of the egg.
used ultraviolet radiation
They took dead cell nuclei from the dead tissue of extinct frogs and transplanted the nuclei into eggs.
Of course, it's a kind of cloning project, kind of like Dolly the sheep, but it's not really.
It was a miracle, but it wasn't impossible
What we're doing is taking dead cell nuclei from extinct species, transplanting them into completely different species, and reviving them.
I had no reason to expect success, but I've done this hundreds of times.
And this past February, during my most recent experiment, I saw a real miracle begin.
Most of the eggs failed, but suddenly one egg began to divide.
I was thrilled and the egg split again
And so, it divides over and over again, and soon becomes an early embryo with hundreds of cells.
We've looked at the DNA of this cell, and we've confirmed that it's from an extinct frog.
I was really excited, not yet a tadpole or a frog, but an extinct species.
It's a long way to regenerate and regain
By the way, this is the first public release.
I'm excited, I've passed the first barrier
Next, I want the clumps of cells to form the gastrula, from which I want to make other tissues.
And it just becomes a tadpole frog.
Please take a good look I am this frog
I think I will fly back to this world with joy.
Thank you. (Applause)
We're not quite there yet, but please get ready to applaud.
I'd like to talk about the second thylacine project.
To most people, thylacines look like dogs, and they have stripes, so they might be tigers.
But it has nothing to do with either
The thylacine is a marsupial that is raised in a pouch, just like koalas and kangaroos.
But it's also a tragic history.
The thylacine is thought to have first appeared in Australia's ancient rainforests about 25 million years ago, with the help of the National Geographic Society to explore fossil deposits here at Riversley.
There were some amazing animals in the fossils
owl lion and
Also a carnivorous kangaroo
Kangaroos, unlike you might think, kill animals and eat their meat.
We also found the world's largest bird, even bigger than the one in Madagascar, which was also carnivorous, a giant, strange duck.
Crocodiles weren't what they were back then.
When you think of crocodiles, you think of animals that do horrible things, and they stay in the water.
This crocodile lives on the ground and climbs trees to catch prey on the ground.
I pounced. There was a tree crocodile in Australia. It's real.
And what was attacking from above was not only other strange animals, but also thylacines.
There were five species of thylacine in this ancient rainforest, ranging in size from very large to medium to as small as a Chihuahua.
Even Paris Hilton could carry one in a small handbag, until that alligator attacked her from above.
Anyway, it was a charming place, but unfortunately Australia is going through a period of change.
Climate change impacted the world for a long period of time, and gradually the rainforests disappeared, the land began to dry up, and the thylacine species decreased to just one species five million years ago.
It disappeared from New Guinea 10,000 years ago, and unfortunately, 4,000 years ago, someone, I don't know who, brought a very ancient dog called the dingo to Australia.
As you can see, dingoes are very similar in physical appearance to thylacines.
probably in a competitive relationship
ate similar foods
It's also possible that Aborigines kept dingoes as pets, so dingoes might have had an advantage in the struggle for survival.
What we do know is that the thylacine disappeared from mainland Australia soon after the dingo was introduced, and was Tasmania's only survivor after that.
And then, unfortunately, another tragedy awaited them when Europeans landed in 1788, bringing with them sheep and other things of value to them.
One look at a Tasmanian thylacine and they thought, 'Wait, this is in trouble.
This guy eats all our sheep."
that didn't actually happen
It was a wild dog that ate the sheep, and the thylacine was falsely accused.
But soon the government gave up and issued an order saying, "Get rid of the thylacines." The government offered incentives to have the thylacines uprooted.
In the early 1930s, 3,000 to 4,000 thylacines were killed, a catastrophe.
It's really a pinch
Watch this video
It really makes me sad that we had such an amazing animal, and we had the technology to capture it in this way, but before the thylacine was driven to extinction, unfortunately, we didn't think for a moment about the thriving of this species. is
This is Benjamin, the last surviving thylacine wolf in captivity at Hobart's Beaumaris Zoo.
The species was nearly wiped out, and to make matters worse, Benjamin died because his keepers forgot to put him in the shed and he was exposed to the cold on a freezing Hobart night.
Zookeepers found it the next morning, but it was still treated roughly and the carcass was dumped in a landfill.
Is it okay to leave it like this?
1990 I was at the Australian Museum
I was fascinated by the thylacine, and have been fascinated by these animals ever since.
I looked at the skulls, trying to find relationships with other animals, and when I looked at this jar, it was a tiny female thylacine cub, about six months old.
The man who found this and killed the mother wolf was preserving the offspring by soaking them in alcohol.
I'm a paleontologist, and I knew alcohol could preserve DNA.
But it was 1990, and I asked a geneticist friend, "If you look at this wolf pup and you have the DNA, can you take the DNA and use it in the future to bring back a thylacine?"
Geneticists laughed it off, but this was six years before Dolly was born.
When cloning was just science fiction, not real life.
And then suddenly the clone succeeded.
When I became director of the Australian Museum, cloning was just science fiction, not real life, and I thought, let's do it.
i set up a team
We examined the child to see if there was anything left, and we had the thylacine DNA.
really excited
Unfortunately, it also contained a lot of human DNA.
All the curators who worked at that museum would find this wonderful specimen, stick their hands in it, take it out, say, "Wow, that's amazing," and put it back in. The specimen was contaminated.
I was worried about taking the DNA and using it.
My goal was to bring the thylacine back to life, so what I didn't want to do was run that information through a machine, and when the job was done, the machine would come out with a wrinkled, hideous curator. (Laughter)
Curators may be happy, but we're not.
So we went back to the specimen and looked at it more closely, especially the teeth of the skull, where the hard part, where you can't put your finger, there was much better DNA.
The mitochondrial gene was there.
Did it
So what can you do with this?
George Church, in his book Resurrection, says that many techniques for analyzing fragmented DNA are advancing rapidly.
We hope that we can bring the DNA back to life so that it can be implanted in the eggs of other species, as we did with the Lazarus project.
Eggs should be different species So what's better? What about the Tasmanian Devil?
A distant relative of the thylacine
Tasmanian devil gives birth to thylacine
Critics of the project say
A thylacine and a Tasmanian devil? how painful
No, it's nothing like that. They're all marsupials.
Baby is about the size of a jelly bean
The Tasmanian Devil didn't even realize she gave birth
Eventually, you'll think you've got a child of the world's ugliest Tasmanian Devil, and you may need a little help raising it.
Andrew Pask and his colleagues have shown that this is not a waste of time.
This is a long way off, we're not quite there yet, but it's something we want to think about, and the Pasks are using the same thylacine DNA.
We spliced ​​it into the mouse gene, and then we inserted a landmark marker so that when the mouse pups were born, the tissues produced by the wolf DNA would be blue-green.
In other words, thylacine tissue is recognizable because it is composed of thylacine DNA.
When the child was born, it was full of turquoise tissue.
So if you take a set of genes and transplant them into a living cell, you can create a thylacine.
Is this dangerous?
Take a little bit of one animal, mix it up and put it in a different animal's cell.
Can you make a Frankenstein? Or a hybrid chimera?
the answer is no
If the only DNA nucleus that can be put into a hybrid cell is from a thylacine, the devil will only produce a thylacine.
So if this works, can we get it back?
this is an important question for everyone
Does it have to stay in the lab forever, or can it be released back into the wild?
Can we bring the thylacine back under the control of its native Tasmanian King of Beasts and restore the ecosystem?
Has Tasmania changed too much to no longer be possible?
Tasmania also had a good population of thylacines—
i went to many places
I also talked to locals, including Peter Carter, who was 90 years old when I spoke to him.
When I was talking to him, looking into his eyes, I realized that the brain behind these eyes holds a lot of memories: touches, smells, sounds.
he maneuvered freely with a rope
What he went through is what I wish I had left my left leg.
I wish we could all do that
I asked Peter, if possible, to take me to the place where he caught the thylacine.
I wanted to know if the environment had changed
He tried his best to remember who was in that hut
It was 80 years ago, but anyway, he had gone off the beaten track, and there was a hut just as he remembered it, and tears welled up in his eyes.
he was staring at the hut
I went into the hut, and there were wooden boards on either side, where he was sleeping with his father and brother.
He told me, memory after memory came back
"The thylacine was roaming around this hut trying to figure out what was inside," he said, and yelled, "Yip! Yip! Yip!"
These are all part of his life and memory.
And I asked the question I wanted to ask Peter.
"What about climate change?" he said no.
The southern beech forest that surrounds his hut was just as it was when he was there in 1926.
grasslands spread out
It was typical thylacine habitat.
The animals that lived there were the same as when the thylacines were.
so can i get it back? it's jesus
Is that all we do? this is an interesting question
Sometimes it can be undone, but is that the safest way not to exterminate it again? I do not think so
As I looked at species around the world, I began to think that wild animals were becoming less safe in the wild.
I'd like to think it's a cliché anymore, but the truth is different.
we need to advance other strategies in parallel
this is also interesting
All thylacines in zoos and reserves, even those in museums, have collar marks around their necks.
They were kept as pets, and that's why I learned a lot from the memories of those owners, who were wonderfully friendly.
This thylacine came out of the forest, licked the boy, curled up in front of the fireplace and fell asleep, it's a wild animal.
I want to ask that we all—
The question to ask is, if it wasn't illegal to keep thylacines as pets, would they have gone extinct?
That's definitely not the case
i have to think about this now
Wouldn't it be possible to prevent extinction by keeping animals close to us and caring for them?
This is an important issue for us, because if we don't do it, we will see more animals on the road to extinction.
As for me, this is why I do these regeneration projects.
It restores the balance of nature that we have disrupted.
thank you
(applause)
good morning
My name is Eric Lee I was born here
no no
I was born here in Shanghai, in the midst of the Cultural Revolution.
My grandmother said she heard the gunshot with my first cry.
When I was a kid, I heard a story about what you need to know about humanity.
It teaches you everything
According to the story, all human societies develop through the same stages, starting with primitive societies, through slavery, through feudalism, through capitalism, through socialism, and where do they end up?
Communism!
Sooner or later, all of humanity, regardless of culture, language or nationality, will reach the final stage of political and social development.
And all peoples will unite in paradise on earth and live happily ever after.
But for this story to happen, it's a battle between good and evil, a battle between good socialism and bad capitalism, and good must win.
Of course, this was a metanarrative based on Karl Marx's theory.
The Chinese adopted this
We were taught this big story day after day.
It gradually became a part of us, and I completely believed it.
This story was a bestseller
A third of the world's people lived under this metanarrative.
Then the world changed overnight
As for me, I became disillusioned with the failure of my creed and went to the United States to become a hippie in Berkeley.
(Laughter) So my experience as a young man was
As if one story wasn't enough, I was told another "metanarrative."
This is also a great story.
It is the claim that human society develops in the same steps toward a single end point.
I'm going to explain this in detail: all societies, regardless of culture, Christianity, Islam, Confucianism, the group is the basic unit, from the traditional societies to the modern societies where the individual is the atomic unit of autonomy. Individuals here are rational, and the only thing people want is a vote.
Because people are so rational that all they have to do is vote to have a good government and live happily ever after.
Here too, a paradise on earth will be created.
One day electoral democracy will be elected all over the world and it will be the only political system that will make everyone rich with the free market.
But to make this story happen, we have to struggle again, yes, between good and evil.
(Laughter) The good are the people who support democracy, who are on a mission to spread democracy around the world, sometimes by force, in bad countries that don't have democratic elections.
George H.W. Bush: The New World Order...
George W. Bush: Stop world tyranny...
Barack Obama: Common Standards for Those in Power
[George W. Bush: "Mission Accomplished!"] (Laughter) (Applause) That story also became a bestseller.
According to Freedom House statistics, the number of democracies has gone from 45 in 1970 to 115 in 2010.
For the last two decades, the Western elites have tirelessly peddled this vision around the world, against developing countries that have long suffered from the popular vote, as political parties scramble for political power. is the only way to salvation
If you follow this path, you're guaranteed success.
If you deviate from that path, you are a failure.
At this time the Chinese did not adopt this
I was fooled once too...
(Laughter) The results are clear from history.
In just 30 years, China has gone from being the world's poorest agricultural country to the world's second-largest economy.
650 million people lifted out of poverty
Eighty percent of the world's successful poverty alleviation during that period was done in China.
So all the new and old democracies combined fall short of what the one-party states that don't hold elections have accomplished.
I grew up with these things: food stamps.
At one point, meat was rationed at a few hundred grams per person per month.
Needless to say, I ate my grandmother's portion.
What the hell is going on? I asked myself
Here in my hometown, my business is booming.
New companies are born every day
The middle class is expanding at a speed and scale unprecedented in human history.
But according to the big story I mentioned earlier, this can't happen.
So the only thing I could do was do some research.
As you know, China is a one-party state ruled by the Communist Party of China, and it doesn't hold elections.
Three hypotheses were formulated using the prevailing political theory of our time.
China's regime is operationally inflexible, politically closed and morally ill-equipped.
The hypothesis was actually wrong.
it was actually the opposite
China's one-party system has three characteristics: adaptability, elitism, and legitimacy.
Most political scientists say that a one-party system is inherently incapable of self-correction.
So I'm assuming it's not adaptable and won't last long.
but what about the facts
After 64 years of being the world's largest country, the Chinese Communist Party's policies are unrivaled in recent years. Jiang Zemin took a major political step in allowing capitalists to join the Communist Party, something unimaginable in Mao's time.
So the party's self-correction takes place in this dramatic way.
Institutionally, new regulations are enacted to compensate for dysfunctional regulations.
For example, term system
Political leaders used to have lifelong appointments, which they used to increase their power and impose their own rules.
Mao Zedong is the founding father of modern China, but his long rule resulted in a tragic blunder.
So the Chinese Communist Party set the retirement age at 68 to 70.
I often hear people say, "China's political reform has lagged far behind its economic revolution, so there is an urgent need for political reform."
But this criticism is a verbal trap hidden in political bias.
In other words, we decide from the outset what changes should be made, and only those changes can be called political reforms.
In fact, political reform never stopped.
Compared to 30 years ago, 20 years ago, or even 10 years ago, many aspects of Chinese society, from the local level to the top of the central government, are very different today.
Without fundamental political reform, such a change would not be possible.
It may sound bold, but when it comes to political reform, the Chinese Communist Party is the world's forerunner.
The second assumption is that a one-party state, where power is held in the hands of a few, is unruly and corrupt.
Corruption is certainly a big problem, but let's start with the big picture.
Although it may be contrary to your intuition,
The Chinese Communist Party is one of the most meritocratic political parties in the world today.
China's supreme leadership body, the Central Politburo, is composed of 25 members.
Under the current system, only five of them are from the privileged class, the so-called Prince Party.
Twenty people, including the other presidents and prime ministers of the State Council, are from ordinary families.
There are more than 300 people on the Central Committee, but an even smaller percentage come from families of power and wealth.
Most of China's top leaders have been competing to rise to the top.
Compared to the ruling elites of other developed and developing countries, you will find that the Chinese Communist Party has a very high career chance.
Now the question is, can a one-party system really do this?
I would like to introduce you to a powerful political organization that is largely unknown to the Western world: the Central Organizational Department of the Communist Party of China.
This organization acts like the envy of the most successful, giant talent engines.
It operates like a revolving pyramid, and it's made up of three pillars: government offices, state-owned enterprises, and social organizations that run universities and government-controlled businesses.
We are training integrated party cadres for different organizations.
All three paths recruit university graduates and give them positions at the level of new graduates, and the lowest position is called Keyuan.
After that, they will be promoted through four ranks Vice Chief (Fuke) Chief (Ke) Vice Chief (Fuchu) Chief (Chu)
Not the name of the karate move from the movie The Karate Kid
A serious personnel system
There's a wide variety of jobs, from implementing village health care to managing foreign-invested companies in cities.
Once a year there is an evaluation of the organization's membership.
I interviewed my superiors, colleagues and subordinates and conducted background checks.
Using public opinion polls
promote successful people
Executives can also have work experience in all three areas.
Particularly successful executives leap beyond the four basic levels to Deputy Director (Fuju) and Director (Ju) levels.
be led down the path of high bureaucracy
By that time, you'll be taking on the following responsibilities: overseeing communities with millions of people and companies with millions of dollars in revenue.
Let me explain how competitive this system is. In 2012, there were 900,000 deputy chiefs and deputy chiefs. 600,000 deputy chiefs and chiefs. is
The few outstanding executives above director-general level are promoted several ranks and finally join the Central Committee.
This process will take 20-30 years
Will sponsors be involved? of course
But the basic driving force is meritocracy.
In short, what the Party is doing is a modern version of China's old system of mentoring.
Xi Jinping, China's new president, is the son of a former party leader.
It took even Xi Jinping 30 years to rise to the top.
His career began as a rural administrator, and when he joined the Politburo, he oversaw a region with a total population of 150 million, with a regional GDP of $1.5 trillion.
Now don't get me wrong
I'm not criticizing anyone, it's just a fact
Remember George W. Bush?
By the way, this is not a criticism.
(Laughter) Before he became governor of Texas, before President Obama ran for president, the Chinese system wouldn't have been able to even run a small town.
Winston Churchill said, Democracy is a terrible system, but it's the best.
Churchill apparently didn't know anything about the Chinese Communist Party.
Westerners used universal suffrage - believing multiparty elections to be the only politically justifiable option.
“If the Chinese Communist Party is not elected, where is its legitimacy?”
I have been asked
I replied, "What if we judge by ability?"
You can check if it's true
When the Chinese Communist Party came to power in 1949, China was stuck in a civil war, torn apart by armed aggression from other countries, and life expectancy at that time was 41.
Today, China is the second largest economy in the world.It is the cornerstone of industry, and people's lives are becoming more and more affluent.
A recent Pew Research Center poll of Chinese people found that:
85% of citizens are satisfied with the direction of the country
70% of people think they're in a better place than they were five years ago.
82% of people expect the future to be bright
According to the latest figures released last week in the Financial Times Global Youth Survey,
93% of China's Generation Y are positive about the country's future
If this isn't the proof of legitimacy I mentioned earlier, what is the proof?
In contrast, electoral democracies, which hold most elections in the world, are underperforming.
I don't need to spell out how dysfunctional major governments from Washington to Europe are.
With a handful of exceptions, many developing countries with elective systems still suffer from poverty and civil strife.
An elected government can drop below 50 percent approval in a matter of months and continue to decline until the next election.
Democracy has become an endless cycle of choosing and regretting.
At this rate, isn't China's one-party system at stake, but democracy?
I don't want to give you the wrong impression here, but I'm not saying that China is great and that it's going to be a superpower or the best in the world.
China faces big challenges
Socio-economic issues with severe changes are very complex
Air pollution, food safety, population issues.
Politically, corruption is the worst problem.
Corruption is rampant, weakening institutions and tarnishing moral images.
But most analysts misjudge this cause.
Corruption comes from the one-party system, and we are told that to remedy this, we must change the whole system.
But if you look carefully, you'll see that it's not.
According to Transparency International (TI), in the ranking of countries with the lowest corruption index, China has risen in the last few years to 70-80 out of 170 countries.
India, the world's largest democracy, slips to 94th.
Of the nearly 100 countries under China, more than half are electoral democracies.
So if elections are a panacea for corruption, why can't low-ranking countries get back on their feet?
I'm an investor so I'm making a bet
So it wouldn't be fair if we didn't try to predict the future in today's talk.
let's do it
Within the next 10 years, China will overtake the United States
become the world's largest economy
Nearly top per capita income of all developing countries
Corruption will be reduced, but not eradicated, and will move up 10-20 places in the TI rankings to the top 60.
Economic transformation will accelerate, political reforms will continue, and the one-party system will remain.
we are approaching the end of an era
We failed in the 20th century, and we are failing in the 21st, because of the universal metanarrative.
The metanarrative is the cancer that destroys democracy from within.
Let me be clear here
I'm not saying democracy is bad.
On the contrary, I believe that democracy contributed to the development of the West and the creation of modern society.
The problem is that many Western elites overconfidence in their own political system is at the root of the modern ills of the Western world.
If they spend a little less time trying to impose their ways on other countries and more time reforming their own politics, they may have a better chance at democracy.
China's political model will never hijack electoral democracy, because I don't think it works everywhere.
You can't export to other countries, but that's the point.
The strikingness of China's example isn't suggesting an alternative, it's showing itself that different forms of government can exist.
Let's End the Metanarrative Era
Communism and democracy may both be great ideals, but the days of asserting their universality are over.
Let's stop telling people around us and our children that there is only one political system and that all societies have one way to go.
wrong and very irresponsible
Above all, it's boring
Let's embrace the idea that many things can exist.
Perhaps more interesting times are coming
Are you brave enough to welcome everyone?
thank you
(Applause) Thank you, thank you very much.
Bruno Giusani: I have a question, please tell us a little more.
I think many of you here, and in the West in general, would agree that democratic institutions are failing, but at the same time, many of us worry about the unelected powers. that they make decisions about national interests without oversight or consultation from others.
Can you tell us about the mechanism of the Chinese model? Can the people actually criticize when the interests of the state conflict with those of the people?
Political scientist Francis Fukuyama called the Chinese regime "corresponding authoritarianism."
Strictly speaking, it's different, but I think it's a way of capturing the point.
We have the biggest poll company in China.
Who do you think are your biggest clients?
is the Chinese government
And it's used not only by the central government, but also by cities, provincial governments, and even the smallest district governments.
I always do polls
Are you happy with your garbage collection?
Are you satisfied with the direction of national politics? what do you hear
As you can see, China has a different kind of mechanism that responds very well to people's ideas and needs.
What I'm trying to say is that we need to move away from the idea that there is only one political system that can meet the needs of the people, that is, elections.
I don't believe that elections in this world will create responsive governments.
(Applause) A lot of people seem to agree.
One of the hallmarks of democratic systems is the ability of civil society to express their will.
Earlier, you gave us concrete numbers about how much support the government and authorities have in China.
But you mentioned other issues as well, such as big challenges, and there must be a lot of data that could lead you in the other direction -- tens of thousands of unrest, protests, environmental protests.
This makes the Chinese model look like the people don't have the freedom to speak outside the party and civil society.
Regardless of the environment or otherwise, China has a vibrant civil society.
But it's different from other countries, so you wouldn't know.
According to the Western definition of civil society, it must be separate from, or against, the political system, but this definition does not apply to Chinese culture.
China has had a civil society for thousands of years, and yet it's coherent in direction, and I think it's part of the political order, which is a big cultural difference.
Bruno Giusani: Thank you for sharing at TED Eric Lee: Thank you
There's an old joke that a cop was patrolling his territory in the middle of the night when he came across a man under a streetlight staring at the ground, walking back and forth, "What are you doing?" the cop asks. and
The man says he is looking for the key
So the police got together and searched all over the area.
there is no key
The cop asked, "Are you sure you're here?
Are you sure you lost it here? "
The man's answer was "no."
(Laughter) I hear the term "big data" a lot these days.
It's all the data that we create every day in our interactions over the Internet, from Facebook and Twitter to music and movies and streaming, and of course, live TED.
Big data researchers say the biggest problem today is that there is just too much information.
How to organize it is said to be a big problem
For me, who works in the field of global health, it doesn't matter.
Because even though the Internet makes it easier to get information, the information that solves the problems that are in front of us isn't there in the first place.
For example, we don't currently know how many people are suffering from disasters and conflicts.
In the developing world, you have no idea which hospitals have drugs and which don't.
We don't know the system for supplying medicines to hospitals in such countries.
What's even more amazing is how many children were born and live in developing countries like Bolivia, Botswana, Bhutan.
I don't even know how many children died last week in these countries.
I don't know the needs of the elderly or the mentally ill.
We know very little about these areas with very important problems and problems to solve.
One of the reasons is that this is the information system that we use to collect data to solve global health problems.
in a way that has been around for about 5,000 years
Some of you may have used
It's outdated, but we still use it for 99% of our jobs.
paper questionnaire
In this picture, a nurse from the Indonesian Ministry of Health is going around the countryside with a paper questionnaire. I would like
Do you have children? What about vaccination? "and
Because there's no information on the internet about how many children in Indonesia have been vaccinated or not, you just have to knock on the door and walk, sometimes to tens of thousands of houses.
It can take months or even years.
Indonesia's census will take two years.
And the problem, of course, is that everything is paper-based. Paper questionnaires are used everywhere, even vaccine surveys.
Paper records for hospital patients
Paper is used to manage medicines, blood supplies... paper is used for many other things, all of which end up in the same place, like this.
A full track of data
This is just one survey I was a part of, a few years ago, in a rural area of ​​Zambia, on the vaccination status of just one plot.
All I wanted to know was how many children in Zambia were being vaccinated, and here's the data from one district, in a matter of weeks, the size of a county in the United States.
Can you imagine the problem? All of Zambia can answer just one question
It will be something like this
Many trucks are filled with data.
Worse, it's just the beginning
Once you've collected the data, of course someone unlucky has to type it into the computer.
In fact, when I was a student, I was that unlucky person.
I often didn't do it very politely.
I'm sure there are a lot of typos, and nobody knows, but the quality of the data must have been bad.
Anyway, once the data comes in, it's analyzed, and when the analysis comes out, the results are used to drive vaccine deployment.
Because the worst thing that could happen to the health of the planet as a whole is that children die because they didn't get vaccinated, just because they didn't vaccinate for just a dollar.
Millions of children die each year
In fact, millions is a rough estimate, and we don't know the exact number of children who die each year.
To make matters worse, the data entry part that I did as a student can take up to six months.
It's even been two years, and you're just typing it into the computer, and sometimes it's not even typed in. It's not uncommon.
Now please share your wisdom
We have a team of hundreds here
They set out to find answers to certain questions.
It's going to cost hundreds of thousands of dollars in fuel and copying and per diems.
And if, for some reason, the research stalls or runs out of money, it's all for nothing, because the data you collect isn't going into the computer.
it stops processing
And this kind of thing happens all the time
So when we make decisions about global health, the data we rely on is either sparse, outdated, or non-existent.
So in 1995, I started thinking about how we could improve this trend.
Thinking about it now, 1995 was a long time ago.
I'm trembling at the speed of the flow of time
The movie that was popular at the time was "Die Hard 3."
Bruce Willis had more hair than he does now
I work for the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) and I had more hair myself.
But in 1995, the most important thing was this.
It's hard to imagine now, but this was a state-of-the-art mobile device.
Neither iPhone nor Galaxy
Palm Pilot
When I saw this device for the first time, I thought, "This device can store tens of thousands of questionnaires.
Why don't you put it in this, then you can take this one with you and go out into the field.
let's try
If we can do that, that is, if it can be collected in electronic form from the beginning, we can eliminate the input process and the human input.
The analysis can be started immediately and the results can be immediately used to save lives."
so i took action
While I was traveling around the world for various programs in my job at the CDC, I started teaching them how to collect data on the Palm Pilot instead of paper questionnaires.
it worked very well
Exactly what everyone expected
do you understand?
Digital data collection is much more efficient than paper
Around this time, my business partner, Rose, who is here today with her husband, Matthew, was doing something similar with the American Red Cross.
But after a few years, maybe after six or seven programs, I suddenly realized that if I continued at this rate, I would be able to do 20 or 30 before I retired.
But the problem is that 20 or 30 programs that teach you how to do it are just a drop in the ocean.
The amount of data needed to improve programs in developing countries, even narrowed down to just the health sector, is enormous.
There are millions and tens of millions of programs, millions of hospitals needing programs to deliver medicines and vaccines.
Schools also keep track of student attendance.
As you can see, we need a lot of different data.
Continuing in the way I've always done, I realized that by the time I finished my career, I could not change the world in any way.
So I started to think, what was the process that I went through?
How have we taught people, what are the barriers to training faster and more effectively?
After thinking about it for a while, I came to the unfortunate conclusion
It was a rather sad discovery, but it was me.
what do you mean
The process I developed always assumed that I was at the center.
If you want to use this technology, you must contact me.
First, confirm my existence.
On top of that, I have to make all the arrangements for my business trip.
It'll cost between $10,000 and $30,000, and that's assuming it fits my schedule and I'm not on vacation.
In other words, this whole system has to depend on one particular person, and sometimes that person might be more than one person, and we can't keep up at this pace.
This was the problem with dissemination of the technology, and it needs to be addressed now.
So I started thinking about taking myself out of the box.
I thought, how do I put myself outside the box?
It took me a long time to come up with
Up until that point, I had been taught that you needed consultants to spread the technology outside your own country.
They're mostly men, they look like me, and they usually fly from land like this country to a country of dark-skinned people.
Spend time buying airline tickets, paying travel allowances, spending money on hotel bills and paying staff
As far as I knew at the time, this was the only way to spread the technology, and I couldn't find another way.
But then a miracle happened, in a nutshell: Hotmail.
You might be thinking, "What's the miracle?" And for me, it was. When I was working on this problem, I was working in sub-Saharan Africa, and I was working with a local health worker. All of them had Hotmail accounts.
I was taken aback, "Wait a minute," and said, "Hotmail people didn't come to Kenya's Ministry of Health and do some training.
In other words, Hotmail's technology has penetrated everyone without flying around the world
I think we need to think a little more.”
While I was thinking, there was something new going on in the world.
Novelties such as LinledIn, Flickr Gmail, and Google Maps have appeared.
Of course, they're all cloud-based and require no training.
no programmer needed
no consultant needed
Because all of these business models are simple enough that you can use them right away without any training.
just go to the website
So I decided to turn my activities into software.
Instead of teaching people how to use their devices, why not create new software that requires no training or my involvement?
So I put it into action
I developed Magpi, an online questionnaire creation software.
You don't need to contact me, just look at the website
Once you've created a questionnaire, you can simply send it to a wide variety of widely available mobile phone models.
Now we no longer use Palm Pilot, but it's the age of mobile phones.
It doesn't have to be a smartphone, but a simple device like this is fine.
The strengths of this software are the same as Hotmail.
It's cloud-based and requires no training, no programming, no consultants.
There are also additional benefits
When we first launched this system, it was just to collect data, upload it instantly, and create datasets, just like we did with the Palm Pilot.
But because the data is in the computer, we can quickly create maps, analyzes and graphs.
We were able to reduce a process that took two years to complete to five minutes.
Efficiency has skyrocketed
With the cloud, you don't need training, you don't need consultants, and you don't need me.
As I explained earlier, for the first few years of this work, we traveled around the world the old-fashioned way, training about 1,000 people.
What happened after installing the software?
In the three years that followed, the website had 14,000 registered users, and they began collecting a wide variety of data. Some people followed the supply situation
I also like the example of the International Rescue Commission (IRC), where we give midwives who are slightly illiterate a $10 cell phone and have them use our software to send us an email once a week. So the IRC now has access to data that has never been seen before in global health. It's a near-real-time tally in Sierra Leone. How many babies were born in the country? I know how many children
And take the example of Physicians for Human Rights (PHR). This work is a little different from health care. The PHR was in Congo, teaching people how to test for rape, because the demand was so high. uses our software to record evidence, such as photographs, for use during criminal trials.
Meanwhile, British charity Camfed is subsidizing families to keep girls in school.
It's the most effective program in the organization's activities.
We used to keep records of payments and attendance and grades on paper.
It took about two or three years for the teachers to put together a report on the grades and attendance of the girls they sent to the organization.
Now it's real time processing.
Using this cloud-based, low-cost system, Camfed is operating in five countries and helping tens of thousands of girls, all at a cost of $10,000 a year.
It's a lot cheaper than me traveling to the site for two weeks and consulting.
Again, when I was working the old fashioned way, I thought that no matter how hard I tried, my accomplishments were just a drop in the ocean, because it's like 10 to 30 programs.
We've come a long way since then, but at this point, I still believe that even if a website has 14,000 users, it's still a drop in the ocean.
But something's different from the old days. Obviously, a lot has changed.
What's different is that we no longer meet people who need help in person, because we don't have enough time to help everyone, so we've made it possible for them to act without contacting us.
We're building tools to help kids stay in school, to count infant births and deaths, to help arrest and prosecute criminals, and so on. It is to capture and grasp more precisely
That's how we want to save lives and improve the quality of life.
thank you
(applause)
In the next 18 minutes, I will take you on a journey.
It's a journey we've been on for many years, and it began about 50 years ago, when humans took their first steps off this planet.
In the last 50 years, literally, we've not just set foot on the moon, we've sent drones to all eight planets, landed on asteroids, met comets, and now Pluto. A probe is heading for Pluto, which was supposed to be a planet.
All of these unmanned explorations are part of humanity's epic journey, a journey that gives us a sense of the universe, an understanding of our origins, an understanding of our origins and how the Earth and all of us came to exist on it.
Every part of our solar system that we're going to visit and explore will answer these questions: Saturn. It's possible because the Cassini spacecraft spent seven years traveling through interplanetary space before being able to orbit Saturn in the summer of 2004. It became the forefront base to revolve around the sun.
The Saturn system is a rich system.
The mysteries and scientific insights of Saturn are unparalleled in their majesty.Exploring this star system can help us understand the universe better.
In Saturn's rings alone, we can learn a lot about what we call spiral galaxies, disc-shaped clusters of stars and gas.
This is a beautiful picture of the Andromeda Nebula. Andromeda is the largest spiral galaxy and closest to our Milky Way galaxy.
Here's a beautiful picture of a baby galaxy, taken by the Hubble telescope.
So, metaphorically, our return to Saturn is part of humanity's epic journey, an epic journey of understanding how everything that surrounds us is connected and how we exist within it. is
I'm sorry I can't tell you everything I've learned from the Cassini spacecraft.
It's a pity that I don't have enough time to show you all the beautiful pictures I took over the past two and a half years.
So I want to tell you two of the most interesting stories about the discoveries that were made during this great expedition, the discoveries that were made in orbit around Saturn in the last two and a half years.
Saturn has many unique satellites
They range in size from a few kilometers in diameter to those that span the length of the United States.
Most of the beautiful pictures of Saturn that I've taken have their moons with them. This is Saturn with Dione. You can see the tips of Saturn's rings.
Two of the 47 satellites stand out
This is Titan and Enceladus. Titan, Saturn's largest moon, remained the largest unexplored region of the solar system until Cassini arrived.
This star has long fascinated those who have seen it.
With a very thick atmosphere, its surface environment was believed to be more Earth-like than any other star in our solar system, at least in the past.
The atmosphere is mostly made up of molecular nitrogen, the same stuff you breathe in this room, except that it contains simple organics like methane and propane-ethane.
And as these molecules break down in Titan's upper atmosphere, the resulting material combines into haze particles.
Haze is everywhere on Titan, completely engulfing the planet.
So in the visible spectrum, we can't see the surface of the Earth with our eyes.
But the particles in the haze were already predicted before the Cassini spacecraft arrived: over billions of years, the particles slowly fell and were covered with a thick layer of organic mud.
There is, if you will, the tar or oil of Titan.
This is what we expected, especially methane and ethane molecules, which are liquids at Titan's surface temperature.
It turns out that Titan's methane is the equivalent of water on Earth.
It exists in a condensable state in the atmosphere, and given the circumstances, it leads us to the possibility that a very strange world exists, a cloud of methane, and hundreds of kilometers above this cloud, particles and sunlight. is preventing from reaching the surface
The surface temperature is about -210°C
Even at temperatures this low, it's possible for rain to fall on Titan's surface.
On Titan, like rain on Earth, this rain forms valleys and rivers, forms waterfalls, canyons, and can accumulate in large depressions and craters.
It pushes the mud from the high ground, like the peaks and hills, into the lowlands, a little bit here.
Imagine the surface of Titan
Noon on Titan is darker than dusk on Earth.
It's cold and eerie, it's misty and it might be raining. It's like we're standing on the shores of Lake Michigan, filled with paint thinner. Now, let me tell you what I've discovered about Titan, which presents a slightly different picture, but it's a very fascinating one nonetheless.
It's as if, from Cassini's point of view, the adventures of Jules Verne came true.
The existence of a thick and dense atmosphere is as I mentioned earlier.
Here's a photo of Titan lit by the sun in the background, with the rings providing a beautiful backdrop.
And I can see another satellite, and I don't even know which satellite it is, and there's a very thick atmosphere.
Cassini is equipped with tools that can see through the atmosphere to the surface, and this camera is one of those tools.
I took a picture like this
There are bright and dark areas, but I captured the possible range.
It was shrouded in mystery, and I couldn't make out what I was seeing.
If you look closely at this area, you can see something. It looks like a wavy waterway, but I can't really tell.
Later it turned out that this was a crater, but there aren't many craters on Titan's surface, which means the surface is still young.
There are traces like crustal movements
looks torn apart
If there is a straight line on the star, it means the existence of a rift like a fault.
structurally severely deformed
It wasn't until six months into orbit that we were able to make sense of this picture, and the events that took place there were thought to be the highlights of Cassini's exploration of Titan.
That event was the drop of the Huygens Probe. This European probe was loaded into Cassini, transported seven years through the solar system, and dropped into Titan's atmosphere over a two and a half hour flight. descended and landed on the surface
I hope you understand how great the event was.
For the first time in human history, a human-made device has landed in the outer solar system.
It was such a big event that it should have been celebrated with a confetti parade in every city in the United States and Europe, but unfortunately it didn't happen.
(laughter)
And there's another important implication of this: it's an international mission, and Europe, and especially Germany, celebrated its successes, but the congratulatory speeches were delivered in British accents, American accents, German, French, Italian, Dutch accents. was
This is exactly what the word "United Nations" really means: a true union of nations working together in a grand cause for good.
In this case, that endeavor was a grand undertaking -- a grand undertaking to explore planets and to better understand planetary systems -- something no human being has ever been able to accomplish. was able to achieve
Just talking to you like this brings back that excitement.
It was a truly heartbreaking event that I will never forget, and I am sure you will too.
(applause)
Anyway, during the descent, the spacecraft investigated the composition of the atmosphere and also took panoramic images.
I can't put into words what it was like when I saw the first picture. Here's a picture of Titan's surface as seen from the spacecraft.
It was a shocking picture, because we got the picture we wanted.
clear pattern you can see a geological pattern
Something like this dendritic drainage is a shape that only forms when liquid flows through it.
If you follow these waterways, you'll find them all in one place.
It joins this waterway and flows out into this area.
this is the coastline
I don't know if it's a fluid coastline
It's the coastline anyway.
This was taken 16km above
This is eight kilometers up, again the coastline.
16km 8km, that's about as high as an aircraft flies.
When I fly across the United States, I fly at about this altitude.
(Laughter) And finally, the spacecraft made it to the surface. So let me show you the first time on the surface of a satellite in the outer solar system. This is a photo taken
Is this the horizon?
There are pebbles made from frozen water
(applause)
The spacecraft landed somewhere in this flat, dark area, and it wasn't submerged, which means the landing site wasn't liquid.
The observation plane landed in an area equivalent to Titan's tidal flats.
Soft ground covered in liquid methane.
The material here was probably washed from the highlands of Titan through those channels, and over billions of years filled the lowlands.
That's where the Huygens Observatory landed.
But neither our pictures nor Huygens' pictures show any recognizable signs of the presence of liquid.
where did it disappear? With the discovery of sand dunes, our questions grew even deeper.
Here's a video shot in Titan's equatorial region, showing sand dunes, 100 meters high, miles apart, and it's been like this for a long time.
Dunes range from hundreds to 1,200 miles (about 2,000 km)
You could call it the Sahara desert of Titan.
It's pretty obvious that it's a very dry place, otherwise dunes wouldn't form.
So the problem is that we can't confirm the presence of liquids, but we did find lakes in the polar regions.
It's a lake in the Antarctic region of Titan.
It's as big as Lake Ontario
A week and a half ago, we explored Titan's north pole and discovered a feature the size of the Caspian Sea.
So liquids, for unknown reasons, and maybe a seasonal phenomenon, are present in Titan's polar regions.
You'll agree that Titan is remarkable. It's mysterious, it's quirky, it's somehow Earth-like. A world as fascinating, complex and diverse as this can only be found on Titan and Earth.
So let's move on to Enceladus. It's a tiny moon, about a tenth the size of Titan.
(laughter)
Enceladus is a pure white, very bright star with distinct cracks on its surface.
It's a geologically very active star.
But the main vein of Enceladus was found in Antarctica, and this is the Antarctic, where they found the cracks.
The different colors are due to different compositions.
The surface is not bare, but covered with organic matter.
What's more, Antarctica is a hot region all over, making it the hottest place on the planet.
It's strange that the South Pole of the Earth is hotter than the tropics.
After taking some more pictures, we found tiny ice particles erupting from the cracks, reaching hundreds of miles into the sky.
I changed the color of the photos so that you can see the faint areas, and it turns out that these eruptions are plumes, and in some photos they're erupting thousands of miles above the surface.
Our team looked at the photos and looked at other information that Cassini gave us.
And we were able to come to the conclusion that these eruptions may be coming from a pool of liquid water beneath the surface of Enceladus.
So there could be liquid water, organic matter, and enough heat.
In other words, we may have stumbled upon the holy grail of modern planetary exploration, or this environment may be suitable for organisms.
It goes without saying that finding life anywhere in the solar system, whether it's on Enceladus or elsewhere, has enormous cultural and scientific implications.
If we can show that the creation of the world happened not once, but twice, in different parts of the solar system, then it's possible that the creation of the world could happen many times, because the universe is vast and 13.7 billion years old. because there is a history of
So far, Earth is the only planet known to be full of life.
It's so precious and unique, and it's also my only home.
If you've spent the 1960s, or if you haven't, I'm sure you'll remember this famous photograph taken by the Apollo 8 astronauts in 1968.
It was the first time I had ever seen the Earth from space, and it shook my feelings about planets in space, and made me feel more responsible to protect this planet.
And Cassini took a similar first-ever photo that humans have never seen before.
A total solar eclipse seen from the other side of Saturn
Incredibly beautiful, the ring is illuminated by the sun's rays and reflects the refracted form of the sun, and the ring is made of emissions from Enceladus.
As if that wasn't enough, in this beautiful image we see our planet, cradled in the arms of Saturn's rings.
Seeing ourselves from afar is a thrill. To capture the image of a small blue ocean planet is to see it from another world's sky.
And the view of ourselves that it gives us might be the most amazing thing we could have in a voyage of exploration that began half a century ago.
thank you
(applause)
cloud
How many people complain about clouds
not very popular
If you think about it, in English, clouds are associated only with negative things.
Being depressed and melancholy is called "clouding the face"
When bad things are about to happen, we express it as "a shadow casts a shadow over the future."
This is an article I saw the other day
Headlines for articles dealing with computing problems on the Internet
It was "A shadow casts on the cloud"
It seems to be the metaphor that everyone naturally chooses when the prospects are bleak.
But don't you think clouds are beautiful things?
Beauty is overlooked because it's everywhere and it's so commonplace that it goes unnoticed.I don't think it's commonplace.
Far from noticing its beauty, you won't even notice it unless you block out the sun's rays.
Everyone thinks clouds are a nuisance
I see it as a cumbersome and frustrating obstacle, and when I run away from it, blue sky thinking begins.
(Laughter) But if you stop and ask a lot of people, they'll admit to having a strange obsession with clouds.
It's like a nostalgic attachment that reminds me of my childhood.
We all remember, as children, looking at clouds and discovering shapes.
When I was a master of imagination
The ancient Greek playwright Aristophanes portrayed the cloud as a goddess protecting the lazy, 2,500 years ago.
It's a pity that adults these days seem to be reluctant to let their imaginations run wild and drift away.
I think we should do more of that
It's a beautiful sight, like the sun's rays peeking through the clouds -- "Hey, two cats dancing salsa!"
(Laughter) (Applause) This big, white, fluffy cloud above the shopping center looks like a snowman trying to rob a bank.
(Laughter) It's the Rorschach test of nature, the one that psychiatrists used in examining their patients in the '60s. If we could substitute for asking what the clouds look like, we could save money on psychoanalysis.
For example, if you are in love—
What do you see when you look up at the sky?
May I? But maybe the other way around
Maybe you just got dumped by your lover - everything you see looks like a kissing couple
(Laughter) If you have existential anxiety,
Think about the death that will come someday
Look, I see death on the horizon
(Laughter) You might see people sunbathing topless.
(Laughter) What does this mean?
i don't know what this means
But one thing is clear: the bad publicity around clouds is a completely biased view.
Let's support the clouds, so a few years ago I started the Cloud Appreciation Society.
Now we have about 10,000 members in about 100 countries.
All the pictures I'm showing you were sent to me by a member.
This meeting is to spread the following message: Please don't speak ill of clouds.
In fact, clouds are some of the most diverse, inspiring, and poetic things in nature.
I think that sometimes letting your mind play in the clouds helps you build a solid footing.
I'm going to show you a nice picture of clouds to explain why.
Well, let's start with this one. It's a cirrus cloud, which means curly hair in Latin.
These clouds are made up of ice crystals, and when the ice crystals drifting down from the upper troposphere and speeding up and down in different wind directions at different altitudes, they look like they've been brushed against each other. known as
The wind can blow violently in the sky
It can reach speeds of 300 to 500 kilometers per hour.
The ice clouds that fall from there, when viewed from here, appear to move as gracefully and calmly as normal clouds.
Relaxing to the rhythm of the slow clouds slows the pace and calms the mind.
It's quiet like a little meditation.
Up to this point, it was a common cloud
A more unusual lenticular cloud, a UFO-shaped lenticular cloud.
These clouds form in mountainous areas.
The wind blows, and there's a wavy path that rises along the mountain and then descends over the ridgeline, and on the crests of this invisible standing wave, these clouds emerge and form a flying saucer, an old black-and-white photo of a UFO. has a picture of a lenticular cloud, it's true.
A little more unusual are the punctured clouds.
When a layer of air is made up of very cold droplets of water that begin to freeze at one point, a chain reaction spreads around them, causing the ice crystals to cascade down, giving the appearance of a jellyfish with hanging tentacles.
Even more unusual are the Kelvin-Helmholtz clouds.
I want a nicer name I need branding
It looks like wave crests breaking one after another. This is when the clouds shift due to the force of the wind, the wind speed is different between the upper and lower layers of the cloud, and the air swells in the cloud layer between them. Then, when the velocities of each other are just right, the leading edge of the swell becomes entangled, creating a beautiful whirlpool of crashing waves.
Of course, they're rarer than cirrus clouds, but they're not that rare.
If you keep your eyes on the sky and pay attention, you'll see it eventually, it may not be as dramatic as the picture, but you'll find it.
It is a cloud that should be found in the neighborhood where you live.
No natural landscape is more equal than the clouds, because everyone can feel good and have a great view of the sky.
Ordinary clouds and occasional clouds make us realize that we can find something different in our daily lives.
Active curiosity feeds on surprise and wonder as its greatest source of inspiration, which is why we all come to TED, right?
Seeking surprise doesn't mean you have to jump out of your comfort zone and go to the other side of the world.
Let's just go out there and pay attention to the mundane, the mundane, the mundane, the things that everyone misses.
This cloud is the first thing you won't miss, it's a cumulonimbus cloud.
A cloud that produces thunder, lightning, and hail
The top of this cloud spreads out like a giant pinnacle, reaching heights of 16,000 meters.
It depicts the majestic structure of our atmosphere.
From the ground, you can see the powerful forces of nature that move this atmosphere.
If you're there, you'll feel the connection with the pouring rain and the hail, and even the connection with the atmosphere.
You will realize that we are creatures that live in the sea of ​​air.
We don't live under the sky, we live in the sky
That intuitive connection to the atmosphere feels like an antidote to me.
It's an antidote to a growing trend: the tendency to believe that just by connecting to the radio and looking at a computer screen, you're making life seem real.
The cumulus cloud is one of the best examples of how enjoying the sight of clouds is becoming especially important these days.
Occurs on sunny days
When you close your eyes and imagine a cloud, you probably thought of a cloud like this.
The clouds of various shapes that I showed you in the first half of the talk were all cumulus clouds.
It's a sharp, sharp outline, so you can find a lot of different shapes.
Looking at the clouds and having fun is a purposeless activity, isn't it? It's a purposeless activity.
You don't think you can change the world by lying down and looking at the sky.
It's meaningless, it's a meaningless activity, and that's why it's a very important activity.
In the digital world, we're all driven to be busy all the time.
Instead of the traditional tasks of making a living, putting food on the table, feeding my family, writing thank you letters, what I'm grappling with now is a mountain of unanswered emails, Facebook updates, and Twitter feeds.
You don't have to do that when you're looking at the clouds
(Laughter) Sometimes what we need -- (Applause) sometimes we need a reason not to do anything.
The cloud, known as the goddess of laziness, teaches us something: Sit back and enjoy the moment here and forget all the things you should have done in the future and the past. Leave it on the ground Let your imagination float in the sky Let's enjoy the present It's important to feel refreshed
for ideas and creativity
it's important for the soul
So always look up at the sky Let your heart dance with fleeting beauty Don't forget to let your heart play in the clouds
thank you
(applause)
Since the birth of the computer, efforts have been made to reduce the "wall" between humans and digital data. It's the wall between the real world where objects exist and the world inside the screen. hey
And little by little, the walls got thinner and thinner, and they got thinner and thinner until they finally became ultra-thin, less than a millimeter, just the glass of the screen, and the power of computers became easily accessible to everyone.
So what would happen if the walls were completely gone?
I've come to imagine what it can do
First, I made this tool: a pen that pierces into the digital space, and when you press it hard against the screen, the physical shrinkage appears as pixels on the screen.
3D printers allow designers to quickly bring their ideas to life, and surgeons can practice their procedures on a "virtual organ" on a screen.
Using this tool, I was able to break down this "wall".
But this still leaves both hands out of the screen.
Can't you put your hand inside the screen? How can you manipulate digital data directly with both hands?
I worked with my mentor Kati at Microsoft's research arm, ASG, to design a new kind of computer, turning the space above the keyboard into a "digital workspace."
A combination of a see-through screen and a depth camera recognizes the operator's fingers and face.You can operate without touching the keyboard.You can put your hand into the 3D space and grab the pixels with your bare hands.
(Applause) Windows and files are floating in space. Selecting a file is as simple as taking a book off a shelf.
You can also use the virtual touchpad below to select lines and phrases while flipping through the pages of your chosen book.
You can directly stretch the building model with both hands -- you can even rotate it.
The examples so far have been human attempts to enter the digital world.
Let's reverse the idea here. Isn't it possible to make digital data pop out of the screen and make it more human-like?
Have you ever bought something online and returned it because it wasn't what you expected?
you don't have to worry anymore
Let me show you the "extended fitting room" here.
You can see it like this, where the system recognizes your position in space and synthesizes it into a head-mounted display or a see-through screen.
So I thought, let's take this idea a little further. Couldn't we make the pixels in a tangible space, not just display them, but give them substance? so you can touch and feel
What would the future look like if this were to happen?
At the MIT Media Lab, I worked with my advisor, Yutaka Ishii, and my collaborator, Remi Post, to materialize the pixels.
This time around, this spherical magnet behaves like a free-moving pixel in the space we've created.
What we've done here is basically to counteract the force of gravity on an object to control its motion, by combining magnetic levitation, mechanical actuation, and motion detection techniques.
By writing a program to control an object, we free it from the constraints of time and space, which means we can do things like this: we can record human movements, and we can reproduce those movements as they would in the real world, indefinitely. can leave
Then you can learn the dance choreography from a distance, and you can recreate the legendary shots of famous athletes.
You can apply this to student teaching materials to make complex concepts easier to understand, such as planetary motion or physics, and unlike computer screens and textbooks, 3D provides a more immersive, tactile experience. The impression you get from what you feel is strong
Actually, there's something much more exciting than materializing the data that's inside the computer: imagining that programming a new kind of world might change even the way we exercise to keep our bodies healthy.
(Laughter) As I've shown you, digital information can be turned into physical objects. It's not just a screen.
I started today by talking about the wall between the digital world and the real world, but if we remove this wall, the only wall left may be the limits of our imagination.
thank you
(applause)
(Playing) (Applause) (Playing) (Applause) (Robbie Mizoni) Hi
(Tony Mizoni) Thank you. I'm so excited to be here.
We three brothers are from New Jersey When you think of bluegrass music, you think of New Jersey, right?
(Laughter) We discovered bluegrass music a few years ago and fell in love with it, and I hope you will too.
The next song is our original song "Timelapse" and I think it lives up to its name.
(Tuning) (Playing) (Applause) (Tommy) Thank you very much.
(Robbie) I'd like to introduce the band here.
The guitar is played by my brother Tommy, who is 15 years old.
(Applause) Banjo is 10 year old Johnny.
(Applause) It's our little brother.
I'm Robbie, 14, playing fiddle.
(Applause) To make it challenging, I chose three songs tonight -- songs in different keys.
I get asked this a lot, so let me explain, but that's where the name "Sleepy Man Banjo Boys" comes from.
When we started, Johnny was very young, and when he played the banjo, he would always lay on his back with his eyes closed, because it was like he was sleeping.
It became such a name
Tommy: I don't know why, but it could be that the instrument felt really heavy.
(Playing) (Applause) (Playing) (Applause) (Tommy) Thank you.
(Robbie) Hi
I'd like to start with a question: Does anyone know about the blue-green algae problem?
many of you know
I'm sure you all will agree that it's a real problem.
No one wants to drink polluted water, and no one wants to swim in a blue-green algae lake.
don't you
I don't want to disappoint you, but this time it's not blue-green algae.
Instead, I'm going to talk about the phosphorus crisis that's at the root of this problem.
I chose this theme
because no one picks it up
By the end of this presentation, I'm sure you'll be interested.
So why does algae occur in the first place?
Actually, it is due to the farming method.
use chemical fertilizers for crops
So why use chemical fertilizers?
for better crop growth and yield
But it also creates unprecedented environmental problems.
Let's start with a brief introduction to plant biology.
What do plants need to grow?
Light, CO2, but even more so, nutrients from the soil are essential.
These nutrients are essential elements Phosphorus, Nitrogen, Calcium
Plants use roots to extract from the soil
This time, we're going to focus on a critical issue with Lynn.
why lynn?
because it's a nasty chemical
By the end of this presentation, I think you will understand the problem and the current situation.
Phosphorus is an essential substance for life, and this is the most important point.
So I want you to have a solid understanding of the phosphorus problem.
Phosphorus is also a building block of many molecules, a building block of biomolecules.
If you're an expert in this field, you know cell communication as phosphorus-based -- phosphorylation, dephosphorylation.
Cell membranes are also phosphorus-based, and these are called phospholipids.
ATP, the energy source for all living things, is also based on phosphorus.
Above all, phosphorus is an important DNA building block, and I'm sure you're familiar with this image.
DNA controls heredity
Again, phosphorus is an important substance.
Where is Rin
How do humans get it?
As I explained earlier, plants extract phosphorus from the soil through water.
Humans consume phosphorus in food Plants, vegetables, fruits Eggs, meat, milk
There are individual differences in eating habits
Some people eat well and some don't.
If you look here, it's modern farming, let's call it large-scale farming.
Basic use of chemical fertilizers